APPLETONS' PUBLISHING ESTABLISHMENT. D. APPLETON & CO., 346 & 348 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, BOOKSELLERS, PUBLISHERS & IMPORTERS, Respectfully invite the attention of Literary and Professional . Gentlemen, Heads of Public Institutions, the Trade, and the 1 ublic generally, to their very Extensive and Choice Collection of STANDARD WORKS, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Embracing the Best Editions of the Best Authors. THEIR OWN PUBLICATIONS comprise some of the most Important Works in the English Language. THEIR SCHOOL-BOOK PUBLICATIONS Cover every branch of human knowledge. Catalogues furnished gratis on application to the Publishers. They Pui-jlisii APPLETONS' RAILWAY AND STEAM NAVIGATION GUIDE, i Published monthly, under the supervision of the Railway Com- j panics. Illustrated with over sixty Maps. Price 26 cents. IMPORTANT STANDARD PUBLICATIONS PUBLISHED BY D . APPLETON & CO., 346 & 348 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. APPLETON CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY, FOR- EIGN AND AMERICAN. Edited by the Rev. Dr. Hawks. 1 vol. royal Svo. Illustrated with COO Engrav- ings. Cloth ....^5.00 Do., Half-morocco 6.G0 BENTON S THIRTY YEARS 1 VIEW; or, A History of the Working of the American Government for Thirty Years, from 1320 to 1851. 2 large vols. Svo. 1527 pages. Cloth 5.00 Do., Sheep 6.00 Do., Half-morocco 7.00 ABRIDGEMENT OF THE DEBATES OF CONGRESS, from 1789 to 1856. From Gales and Seaton's Annals of Congress, from their Register of Debates, and from the Official Reported Debates, by John C. Rives. By the Author of the " Thirty Years' View."' To be com- pleted in 15 volumes. Vol. I. now readv. Price 3.00 BUTLER'S PHILOSOPHY OF THE WEATHER, and a Guide to its Changes. 12mo 1.00 BRYANT'S POEMS. 2 vols. 12mo. Cloth 2.00 CALHOUN (J. C) THE WORKS OF, (now first collected). 6 vols. Svo. Cloth 12.00 COUSIN'S COURSE OF MODERN PHILOSOPHY. Translated by Wight 2 vols. 12mo 3.00 D'ABRANTES'S MEMOIRS OF NAPOLEON, his Court and Familv. 2 vols, large Svo. With Portraits. Cloth.. 4.00 GARLAND'S LIFE OF JOHN RANDOLPH. 2 vols, in 1. 8vo 1.50 ICONOGRAPHIC ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF SCIENCE, LITERATURE AND ART. Systematically arranged. Illustrated with 500 Fine Steel-Plate Engravings, 6 vols. Half-morocco 40.00 JOHNSON S CHEMISTRY OF COMMON LIFE. Illus- trated with numerous Wood-cuts. 2 vols. 12mo 2.00 MAC AULA YS ESSAY'S, Critical and Miscellaneous. Best ! Edition. 5 vols, small Svo. Cloth 3.75 I MILLEDULCIA ; a Thousand Pleasant Things. Selected ■ from Notes and Queries. Cloth 1.50 , PERRY'S NARRATIVE OF AN EXPEDITION OF AN ' AMERICAN SQUADRON TO THE CHINA SEAS ! AND JAPAN, performed in the Years 1S52, 1S53, and I ! 1854. 1 vol. 8vo. With 200 Illustrations 5.00 , SPECTATOR (The\ a New Edition, carefully Revised. 6 large vols. Svo. Cloth 9.00 THIERS' S FRENCH REVOLUTION. 4 vols. Svo. Cloth. 5.80; I J THE BEST SPOOL COTTON IN USE, MESSRS. J. & J. CLARK'S SIX CORD SPOOL SEWING' COTTON Still maintains its superiority over all others, possessing the following advantages : First— Its Great Strength. Second — Its perfect Smoothness and wonderful Elas- ticity. Third — Being made from Sea Island Cotton, it has perfect freedom from inequalities that prevent the free action of the Needle. It is especially suitable for Sewing Machines, being smooth, level, and free from knots. {HIP As a guaranty of quality and length, observe that the name of " Geosge Claek, Sole Agent, New York, 11 is on each Spool. Sold by the principal Fancy and Dry Goods Houses, and Whole- sale only by the Subscriber. GEO. A. CLARK, 32 Dey-st^eet, New Yoek. MILWARD'S NEEDLES. THE FAV02ITE OF EVERY LADY WHO ONCE USES TTIEM. The Ne Plus Ultra of Needle Manufacture. HENRY MILWARD & SON'S CELEBRATED NEEDLES. These justly celebrated Needles, direct from our own Manufactories. ESTABLISHED ONE HUNDRED AND j TWENTY-SIX YEARS, in Redditch, England, are un- rivaled for their TEMPER, the fineness of their POINTS, 1 and their beautiful FINISH. They received the First-class Silver Prize Medal of the Great Paris Exhibition of 1855. g'W Grooveless — Gold- Eyed — Sharps — Bet weens. Samples given to the Trade. All numbers and assorted numbers for Sale at Wholesale by J. FRED. MILWARD, Of IIensy Milwabd & Son's, 32 Dey-st., New York. THE NEW YORK ALMANAC AND WEATHER BOOK FOR THE YEAR 1857, BEING THE EIGHTY-SECOND YEAR OF THE INDEPEND- ENCE OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. CONTAINING, IN ADDITION TO THE CALENDAR, A EECOED OF THH STATE OF THE THERMOMETER FOE EVERY DAY IN TTIE YEAS ENDING DECEMBER 1ST, 1S5G, A COMPLETE DIARY FOB THE YEAR 1857, WITH A GBEAT AMOUNT OF TABLES, AND USEFUL INFORMATION GENERALLY. NEW YORK: MASON" BROTHERS. PREFACE. The best Preface to a book like this is its index. A glance at that part of this volume will show that, small as it is in size, and low as is its price, it contains a vast amount and variety of matter which must be of great use and interest to every body. The most valuable portion of the matter relative to the weather has been prepared by Mr. E. Meeiam, of Brooklyn Heights. The fame of Mr. Meriam's ability and accuracy in meteorological matters has extended far and wide. The fact that it is by him will be a sufficient guaranty of its accuracy. It is the intention to continue the " New York Almanac and Weather Book" from year to year, a new volume being published each December for the year ensuing. At once an Almanac and a Dbry ; a complete record of the Tem- perature of every day of the year; a complete manual of the Weather, with a world of useful information beside — convenient for the pocket, and drawing so tiifling a sum therefrom, who will not have a copy? Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1S5G, by MASON BROTHERS, In the Clerk's Office for the Southern District of New York. Electrotyped by T. B. Smith, 82 & 84 Beekman SU Frintcd by C. A. Alvord, 15 Yandewater St. CONTENTS. Pace Academy, The Free . 151 Accidents (from the use of Camphene) 114 Do., (while Gunning) 109 Do., (Lightning) 96 Do., (from the neglect of the Ferry Company to put up life-saving gates) 104 Ae'rolites 93 America, Chronological History of 1S3 Do., Mean Temperature of, compared with that of Europe 78 Angles, Table of, made by Points of Compass 170 Apothecaries 1 Weight 222 Army, U. S., Strength of 192 Assay Office, U. S 170 Asteroids, The 53 Astor Library, The 157 Atmosphere, The 64 Avoirdupois "Weight ' 221 Banks, Boston 163 Do., New York City 158 Do., Philadelphia.." 164 Do., for Savings, in New York City 100 Bell Towers in do. do. 147 Bible Society, The American 157 Bloomingdale Asylum for the Insane 153 Breezes, Sea and "Land 79 Bremen Pvix Dollars reduced to Dollars and Cents. . . 209 Brick-work, Table for Calculating 223 Calendar, The 59 Do., of the Jews GO Cartmen, Rates of m lTfi Chronological Cvcles- 59 Cirro-cumulus, or Sonder Cloud C3 Cirro-stratus, or "Wan e Cloud 69 Cirrus, The, or Curl Cloud 6(> City Government of New York. 137 Cloth Measure 220 Clouds 65 Coins, Value of Foreign 20S-209 Colored Orphans 1 Asylum 155 Comparative Measures of Length 220 Comparison of the Year 1857 with Ancient Eras 59 iv CONTENTS. Cooper Institute, The 152 Councilmen, Board of 137 Cubic Measure 221 £umulo-cirro-stratus, or Rain Cloud 71 Cumulo-stratus, or Wane Cloud 69 Cumulus, The, or Slacken Cloud 66 Custom House, The New York 174 Day and Night, Length of , 224 Day Stations of Policemen 145 Deaf and Dumb Institutes - 154 Departments, Heads of 133 Dew 72 Dispensary, The New York 156 Distances in New York City, Table of 210 District (or Justices') Courts 143 Drowned, Apparently, Directions for Restoring Persons 122 Drv Measure 221 Earthquakes— 1855, 1856 100 Eclipses in the Year 1857 57 Education, Board of 143 England, Exchange on 209 English Sterling reduced to Dollars and Cents 108 Ferries from New York City 147 Fire Department of the City of New York 170 Do. Engine F orce t>f, in each District. . 171 Do. do., Stations of 172 . Do. Signals in the City of New York 172 Fogs 72 Foreign Weights and Measures 223 French Fraucs reduced to Dollars and Cents . 208 Frost, Hoar ' 77 Gregorian Year, The 61 Hackney Coach Fares 175 Hail 76 Hospitals, The New York 152 Hudson river, Opening and Closing 123 Icebergs 95 Immigration to the United States 208 Do., Progress and Extent of 205 Instances, Remarkable, of Extreme Heat and Cold 129 Institutions for the Blind 154 Institutions of the City of New York 150 Insurance Companies in Boston 164 Do. do. in New York City 161 Do. do. in Philadelphia 165 Justices' Courts 148 Latitude and Ldngitude of Principal Places iu the United States 194 Length of Day and Night 224 Libraries in New York \ 169 Life Insurance Companies in New York City 162 CONTENTS. V Lightning Accidents— 1855, 1S56 96 Do. at Sea 96-106 Do. Fire Balls 107 Liquid Measure 221 Marine Hospital, The 156 Do. Insurance Companies in New York City 168 Do. do. do. in Philadelphia 165 Mayor, The, of New York , . 137 Measure, Cloth 220 Do., Comparative 220 Do., Cubic 221 Do., Dry 221 Do., Liquid 219 Do., Long 217 Do., Nautical 219 Do., Surveyors' 219 Do., Square 220 Do., Wine 221 Mercury 5S Mercantile Library 157 Metals, in their order of Ductility 222 Meteors and Aerolites— 1S55, 1856 93 Meteorological Facts, Brief 65 Milky Way, The 58 Military Establishment of New York State 212 Mist, Falling 77 Mint, U.S 136 Morning and Evening Stars 58 Movable Feasts and Fasts, 1S57 59 Naturalization, Laws of 181 Nautical Measure 219 Newspapers in the United States 226 New York City Banks 158 Do. do. Description of 144 Do. do. History of 131 Observatory of Mr. E. Meriam 84 Public Observatories and Telescopes in United States 200 Private do. do. do 200 Foreign do. do. do 201 Officers under City Government, with their Salaries 13S Official Directory." 141 Orphan Asylum 155 Do. do., Colored 155 Parks in New York City. . . . 144 Phenomena, &c, for 1857 63 Piers, Location of in New York 180 Planets, Periodical Revolutions of the 62 Police, Captains of, with their Salaries 140 Policemen, Day, Stations of 145 Police Station Houses 147 VI CONTENTS. Population of Cities ? 2n Do. of the United states 56 Do. of the Globe 148 Presidents and Vice-Presidents of the United States , 193 Prognostications of a Cold, also of a Warm Winter 58 Do. from the appearance of Clouds 81 Do. from the direction and force of the Wind 82 Do. of the Rainbow 83 Do. of the Weather, from the Moon's Age 83 Do. from the color of the Sky, and the appearance of the Heavenly bodies 61 Public Porters, Laws to Regulate. . ; ITS Public Squares in New York City 1 H Bain -. 74 Do., Depth of, 1855, 185S 9 3 Do., Signs of 75 Railroads in the United States 182 Religious Denominations in United States 237 Revenue and Expenditure of the United States for 185G 210 Schools for Colored Children ICS Do., do. do., Primary 183 Do., Primary. Do., Ward 17o Seamen's Retreat, The 15'3 Seasons, Beginnings of the 57 Do., Duration of the 57 Sea and Land Breezes 70 Sleet 74 Snow 74 Stratus, or Fall Cloud 63 Surveyors' Measure 210 Table showing number of days from any day In one month to the same day in another 227 Telescopes, The Great Craicr 2 1 Do., The Reflecting Telegraph Companies 140 Temperature, Equilibriums and Equilibrations of. 92 Temperature, Highest and Lowest Degrees of, for every day in month of December, 1855. . . 86 Do. do. do. do. January, 1S56.. . 86 Do. do. do. do. February, . 87 Do. do. do. do. March, u . 87 Do. do. do. do. April, . 88 . 88 Do. do. do. do. May, M Do. do. do. do. June, " II . 89 Do. do. do. do. July, H . 89 Do. do. do. do. August, ■ . 90 Do. do. do. do. September, . 90 Do. do. do. do. October, . 91 Do. do. do. do. November, . 91 CONTENTS. Vll Page Temperature, Hourly Record of, for December, 1S55 53 Do. do. do. January, 1856 9 Po. do. do. February, " 13 Do. do. do. March, " 17 Do. do. do. April, " 21 Do. do. do. May, " 25 Do. do. do. June, " 29 Do. do. do. July, " 83 Do. do. do. August, " 87 Do. do. do. September, " 41 Do. do. do. October, " 45 Do. do. do. November, " 49 Terms, Hot and Cold 62 Thalers reduced to Dollars and Cents 208 Thunderbolts, Aerolites 93 Thunder and Lightning 94 Thunder Storms, Safety during 122 Tide Table 61 Tract Society, The American 157 Trov Weight 222 True Time 62 Trust Companies in New York 161 United States, Government of 136 United States, History of 183 Variations in the Temperature of Water 77 Vessels Struck by Lightning — 1S55, 1856 96 Weights and Measures, Foreign . . . .• 223 Do. do., United States 219 Do. of Cubic Foot of various substances 222 Whale Fishery, Value of 210 Wharfage, Eates of, at Port of New York 175 Winds, Characteristic qualities of 80 Do., Cold and Dry 80 Do., do. and Moist 80 Do., Hot and Dry 80 Do., do. and Moist 80 Do., Trade 79 Do., Velocity and Force of 2H3 Do., Table 224 Zodiacal Light 58 ist month. JANUARY, 1857. 31 days. MOON'S PHASES. BOSTON. N. YORK. BALTI- MORE. rH4RiFs SnnonMe- tov !' iidian,or i noonmnrk. First Quart 3 Full Moon. 10 Third Qr. 17 New Moon. !25 H f 30 mo. 4 24 mo. 6 mo. 6 42 ev. 18 mo. 4 12 mo. 11 54 ev. 6 30 ev. a j *8 mo. 4 2 mo. 11 44 ev. 6 20 ev. H. M. D. 6 51 mo. 1 3 48 morH 9 11 30 ev. 17 6 6 ev. [j 25 H. M. s. 12 4 4 12 7 36 12 10 32 12 12 44 — CALENDAR FOR 1 N. YORK CITY; 7j Philadel*, Conn., 1 a N. Jersey. Peim., 1 c O Ohio, and Illi Indiana, an nois. >. >> Sun Sun | Moon H.W, , B. 22 RISES. SETS.) SETS. N. Y. 1 O / // H. M. n m. H. M. H. M. 1 1 22 53 39 7 25 4 43 10 45 morn 2 F 00 10 £^ Do i-Jj 7 25 4 44 11 55 39 3 S 22 47 19 7 25 4 45 morn 1 25 4 s AT 22 41 7 25 4 46 1 8 2 15 5 22 34 14 7 25 4 40 2 24 3 11 G T OO Oft £.6 iXi DJ 7 25 4 47 3 40 4 18 21 13 37 7 23 4 55 9 36 11 40 rp 21 2 35 7 22 4 57 10 36 ev 17 1 ft F 20 51 8 7 22 4 5S 11 30 53 1 i Q □ 20 39 15 7 21 4 59 morn 1 28 S 20 27 2 7 20 5 1 38 2 4 19 M 20 14 25 7 20 5 2 1 38 2 47 20 T 20 1 24 7 19 5 3 2 41 3 43 21 W 19 4S 1 7 18 5 4 3 46 4 55 22 T 19 34 10 7 18 5 5 4 48 6 10 ■2:: F 19 20 8 7 17 5 6 5 49 1 7 21 24 S 19 5 39 7 16 5 7 6 41 8 14 25 s 18 50 49 7 16 5 8 sets 9 2 2<; M 18 35 41 7 15 5 9 6 5 9 44 27 T IS 20 10 7 14 5 11 7 20 10 22 28 W 18 4 20 7 13 5 12 8 34 11 3 29 T 17 48 10 7 13 5 13 9 47 11 42 3( 17 31 41 7 12 5 15 10 59 morn 31 ,1 II 17 14 51 7 11 5 16 morn 22 CALENDAR FOR WASHINGTON, and serving for , Maryland, Va.,1 Kentucky, Mo., and California. Sun j Sun II RISES. SETS. I Moon .&S. 7 19 7 19 7 19 7 19 7 19 7 19 7 19 7 19 7 19 7 19 7 18 7 18 7 18 7 17 7 17 7 16 7 16 7 16 7 15 7 14 7 14 7 13 H M. 4 49 4 50 4 51 4 52 4 52 4 53 4 54 4 55 4 56 4 57 4 58 4 59 5 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 6 5 7 5 8 5 9 5 10 7 12 5 11 V 7 11 5 12 15 13 5 14 5 15 5 16 5 17 6 19 5 20 H. M. 10 24 11 34 morn 46 1 56 3 10 4 25 5 36 6 42 rises 6 38 7 34 8 4S 9 43 10 47 11 44 morn 43 1 44 3 11 4 3 4 52 5 36 6 17 sets 5 36 6 47 7 53 9 9 10 18 11 30 TABLE OF TE 3£PER ATUKE— HOTJKL Y OBSERVATIONS. By E. MERIA3I, Brooklyn Heights, L. L For JANUARY, 1856. MORXIXG HOUR3. EVENING HOURS. 1 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 91011 12' 12 I 4 § 6 7 8 910 1lTi 1 20 2) 2 ' 20 19 19 19 19 20 23 26 28 i 29 30 30 28 27 25 24 23 22 22 ~ — 2 22 21 20 19 19 20 20 22 22 27 2^ 2S 2-* 2^ 28 2S ZD «i 23 2^ 28 30 3' 3 31 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 31 34 34 36 35 35 34 34 34 32 32 31 30 29 2v 4 26 24 22 20 18 18 18 17 18 2) 20 22 ~~ 22 22 20 18 18 17 17 15 14 14 13 5 6 12 11 10 9 11 11 11 12 12 14 15 17 19 1 » 22 22 22 22 21 20 20 20 ~ ~ — — — — 16 16 16 19 19 21 22 22 23 24 24 24 22 2_ 21 20 18 17 16 lo 15 14 13 13 12 12 12 14 16 18 19 22 — 22 22 21 22 22 ~ 22 22 22 23 23 — — 25 22 21 20 20 22 22 26 2-3 2o 25 24 24 20 1'3 11 8 6 3 2 1 -2 -3 — 1 -4 -5 -5-3-2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 -1 -2 -3 -3-2 2 4 1 10 11 14 14 13 13 12 12 12 11 11 12 14 14 15 16 16 16 15 15 18 20 23 25 2-3 27 2> 27 26 24 22 23 21 20 19 1" 13 17 18 18 17 17 15 16 17 19 20 22 22 22 23 24 24 24 24 24 25 2i3 2'3 26 21 29 30 31 34 36 33 33 36 35 36 36 34 34 33 34 32 32 32 32 32 31 31 29 29 29 28 27 23 36 26 25 26 26 28 29 30 32 29 20 27 26 26 25 25 24 24 24 24 22 22 22 21 20 2*) 24 25 26 27 3.> 28 28 28 27 27 25 25 24 24 24 24 23 16 22 21 21 19 18 18 20 22 25 26 26 26 2.' 2.' 2> 28 28 26 26 25 24 24 25 17 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 26 26 30 3L 32 34 32 32 32 29 29 28 28 *2» 2^ 2 s 2-" IS 2- 28 28 30 29 23 28 29 30 32 34 34 34 34 34 3-4 32 \- 30 oO 29 2> 27 27 19 26 25 24 24 24 22 22 21 28 28 30 34 38 37 35 32 25 23 22 19 17 15 14 20 13 10 10 10 10 12 13 ]<; !>; 18 17 || 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 21 14 14 14 14 14 13 14 14 14 16 18 IS 20 22 22 21 20 18 17 16 16 15 14 14 22 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 16 17 18 21 22 24 24 25 25 24 22 22 23 .->o ■x 23 22 £3 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 26 26 30 30 31 32 31 3o 28 26 26 24 24 23 22 22 24 21 20 19 19 18 17 17 18 20 22 24 26 26 -i 27 26 25 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 25 23 23 22 22 14 14 14 14 14 14 15 16 16 16 14 13 12 12 10 10 9 9 9 2-; 8 8 8 8 8 9 10 12 14 16 20 22 24 26 26 26 25 23 22 22 21 20 20 i s 27 I S 18 18 18 18 18 18 13 22 22 23 24 23 22 22 21 21 2 20 21 21 23 22 2. 2- 22 22 22 22 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 25 28 28 28 25 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 29 25 24 24 24 24 25 25 26 28 30 32 32 36 34 32 31 29 2> 28 23 26 26 25 3> 23 24 24 24 24 22 22 22 24 25 29 30 30 29 28 26 22 21 20 19 18 18 17 16 31 14 14 13 13 14 16 18 20 24 23 24 22 22 20 20 20 19 20 19 19 19 £3- See note on page 53- The cold teem which commenced at my place of observation on the morning of 26th of last month, ran through the remainder of that month and continued through all of this month. There have been five perturbations, viz.: on the 3d, between 9 A. Bff. and 7 P. M., nine hours, 34° to 36° ; on the 13th, between 3 A. M. and 4 P. M., twelve hours, 33° to 33° ; on the ISth, between 10 A. M. and 5 P. M., six hours, 34° ; on the 19th, between the hours of 1 1 A. M. and i P. M.| four hours, 34 3 to 33° ; and on the 29th, between 12 M. and 3 P. M., two hours, 34° to 30°. The first perturbation was caused by a 6evere shock of earthquake in California, on the 2d, and the sec- ond by an earthquake at Santa Martha, on the 13th. The earth- quakes connected with the perturbations of the ISth, 19th, and 29th, have not yet been heard from. Rain fell from 10 P. M. of 2d to 2 P. M. of 3d, temperature from 2S° to 35° ; again on the 13th, from 4 A. M. to 3. P. II ; and again on the 30th, from 12 M. to 4 P. M. 2 10 JANUARY. L „ 2. ; 3. | G. I 7. I 8. 9. ! 10. I 1L ! 12. ! 13. ; 14. I 15. JANUARY. 11 ; 10. I if 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. . 29. . 30. . 31. 2d N. YORK. BALTI- MORE. CHARLES- TON. Sun on Me- ridian, or noonmark. First Quar. Full Moon. Third Qr. Xew Moon. U.lU. M. 1 3 86 ev. 8 7 9 ev. 16| 9 36 ev. 24! 7 14 mo. H. M. 3 24 ev. 6 57 ev. 9 24 ev. 7 2 mo. H. M. 6 47 ev. 9 14 ev. 6 52 mo. H. M. 3 ev. 6 33 ev. 9 ev. 6 38 mo. Id. I h. m. s. 1 12 12 30 ! 9 12 10 39 j 17 12 8 25 25 ! 12 5 59 month. FEBRUARY, 1857. 28 DAYS. X. YORK CITY; Philadel., Conn., X. Jersey, Penn., Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. 16 57 40 16 40 -27 i 16 23 46 16 4 40 15 43 36 15 28 7 15 9 21 14 50 20 14 31 5 14 11 35 13 51 51 13 31 54 13 11 43 12 51 19 12 30 43 12 9 54 11 43 54 11 27 43 11 6 20 10 44 48 10 23 5 10 1 12 9 33 51 9 17 8 54 44 8 32 15 8 9 42 7 47 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 2 7 6 53 6 53 6 55 6 54 53 6 51 6 53 6 40 6 47 6 46 6 44 6 43 6 41 6 39 6 33 6 37 6 36 I Moox SETS. H M. 5 18 5 19 5 20 5 21 5 22 5 24 5 25 5 26 5 23 5 29 5 30 5 32 5 33 5 34 5 35 5 36 5 37 5 33 5 39 5 41 5 43 5 43 5 45 5 46 5 47 5 48 5 49 5 49 H. M. 13 1 19 2 44 3 57 5 5 54 6 37 rises 6 17 7 21 8 23 9 23 10 23 11 25 morn 28 1 31 2 33 3 35 4 30 5 17 5 57 6 29 sets 7 30 H.W. X. Y. H. M. 1 3 1 47 2 34 3 36 4 57 6 31 7 47 8 45 9 30 10 10 10 45 11 16 11 47 ev 17 48 1 17 1 54 2 37 3 48 5 17 6 47 7 55 8 42 9 25 10 CALENDAR FOR WASHINGTON, and serving for Maryland, Va., Kentucky, >Io., and California Sun I Scn Moon RISES. SETS. R. ) 32 23 25 24 22 20 24 24 24 24 22 765444589 10 54444669 10 12 9 8 10 11 13 14 16 8 8 7 8 12 13 16 16 17 — 21 22 22 24 26 25 27 29 30 30 31 32 30 31 32 30 31 32 22 22 21 21 21 21 22 24 27 29 15 14 13 13 12 14 16 IS 21 26 2 3 23 23 23 23 24 29 30 36 38 35 33 32 34 36 38 40 36 4 4 3 3 7 8 11 10 222458 10 12 14 14 14 17 20 20 25 26 26 26 2 3 24 23 31 34 36 24 23 22 22 24 22 21 12 12 12 14 18 20 20 18 - 14 13 13 14 16 13 21 22 23 — 22 22 22 22 24 28 32 34 32 23 28 26 30 32 36 38 38 25252529 31 3538 39 29 30 30 34 36 38 40"39 32 30 32 31 34 31 31 — 25 24 25 28 30 32 32 36 22 22 22 25 26 2S 30 32 23 23 24 23 3) 33 31 31 24 23 23 27 29 ?0 33 32 25 26 26 30 32 32 36 34 |'O3O3028282»2930 30 303027 ; 12 22 20*20 18 17 16 16 14 14 12 11 i 12 12 13 10 10 10 9 8 8 8 6 5 12 14 15 13 13 12 12 10 10 9 — 8 : 17 18 18 16 16 14 14 14 12 11 10 10 I 18 — 18 18 16 16 16 17 18 18 18 18 31 31 31 31 30 31 30 30 30 30 30 30 ! 32 33 32 31 29 28 28 28 26 24 25 25 I 28 28 25 24 22 20 20 18 17 18 17 16 26 29272828282626272524 24 141 39383735353536363635 — 36 32 28 26 24 20 15 12 8 7 7 14 14 11 11 11 10 10 9 9 8 5 4 12 13 14 14 12 11 11 12 12 14 13 13 23282827 26 26282827282829 34 37 38 36 3434343433343334 22 20 20 18 16 14 13 11 12 12 12 12 18 19 18 18 16 14 12 11 10 10 10 14 24 25 26 26 25 23 22 22 22 22 22 22 34343434 32 31 5928232829 — 383838373634 32 31 30 30 3928 40 40 40 40 37 35 34 33 32 32 33 — 4040403838363637 37 383837 31 32 34 31 30 29 27 26 27 27 26 — 37 38 36 35 32 32 30 30 30 30 30 30 32 32 34 32 30 30 28 27 26 26 25 25 34303027 26 26262526262727 33 34 34 34 34 31 30 30 30 29 29 28 36 36 3S 36 34 31 33 32 31 31 30 30 See Dote on page 53. The cold TE2M which commenc2d on the 26th of December, be- tween 6 and 7 A. M., and continued through the remainder of that month and of January to the 20th day of this month (February), terminated at 12 M. of the last-named day, having had a duration of 1,350 hours, or three and three fourth circles of 360 hours each. In this month, before the 20th, there were three perturbations, viz. : on the 8th at 2 P. M., of one hour, 33° ; on the 11th and 12th, twen- ty-six hours, 33° to 40° ; 16th and 17th, fourteen or more hours, 34' to 3S°. On the 12th, an earthquake was felt at St Jago de Cuba ; and on the 17th, the shock ol an earthquake was experienced off the Island of Mantuasso. No earthquake has been heard from on Hue 8th, but there was a water-spout on the 7th, and was near destroying a vessel on a voyage to New Orleans. Rain ou the 7th, while the temperature was from 3' to 1° below the freezing-point, and on the 16th at 9 P. M. 2* 14 FEBRUARY. 1. 2. 4. 5. G. 8. 9. 10. 11. 14. FEBRUARY. 15 15. 16. it 18. 19. 20. . 21. 22. 23. i ; 24. j 25. \ 26. j 27. . i 28. . , 3d MOUTH. MARCH, 1857. 31 DAYS MOON'S PHASES. \j. U. M. First Quar. : 11 46 ev. Full Moon. 1011 33 rao. Third Qr. 4 10 ev. NewM:ioi. 135] 5 44 ev. 11 34 cv. 11 21 mo. 4 7 ev. 5 32 ev. 11 24 ev. 11 11 mo. 3 57 ev. 5 20 ev. a. m. Jl 3 ev. 10 5J mo. 3 36 ev. 5 1 ev. Sun on Me- ridian, or noonmark. H. M. S. 12 12 30 12 10 37 12 8 25 12 6 CALENDAR FOR N. YORK C1TV, Phiiadel., Conn., N« Jersey, Pemi., Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. I CALENDAR FOR WASHINGTON, and serving for Maryland, Va. Kentucky, 31 o., and California. — Of// 7 24 14 M 7 1 19 T G 33 20 W G 15 1G T 5 52 5 F 5 23 53 s 5 5 31 4 43 8 M 4 13 43 T 3 55 14 W 3 3L 49 T 3 8 C F 2 44 29 S •2 20 51 s 1 5T 10 31 1 33 29 T 1 9 47 W 43 4 T 22 22 F N. 1 21 S 25 2 S 43 42 M 1 12 21 T 1 35 53 W 1 53 33 T 2 23 G F 2 46 34 S 3 10 s 3 33 22 II 3 56 40 T I 4 19 54 II. M. C 35 G 33 G 32 C SO i G 29 ; G 27 ! 6 20 i G 24 | G 23 ! G 21 !g 19 ! G 17 | G 15 i 6 14 ' G 12 G 10 6 G 6 H M. 5 50 5 51 5 53 5 54 5 55 5 53 5 53 5 53 G G 1 G 2 G 3 Moon sets. H.W. N. V. fcjr/N Su>* I Moow RISES. SETS. ;R. &S. G 2 G 5 5) 5 53 5 56 5 55 5 54 5 52 5 51 5 49 5 47 G 9 G 10 G 12 G 13 G 14 G 15 G 10 G 17 G 18 G 19 G 20 C 21 G 22 G 23 H. M. n. m. morn morn G 33 30 33 G 31 1 43 1 10 G 30 2 53 2 7 29 3 50 3 10 ! G 27 4 33 4 45 6 2G 5 13 G 27 C 25 5 44 7 44 G 24 G G 8 33 G 22 rises 9 16 G 20 7 12 9 40 i G 13 8 13 10 20 ' G 17 9 14 10 47 G 15 10 17 11 10 G 14 11 19 11 43 : G 13 inom ev U G 11 21 10 ! G 10 1 23 1 IT G 8 2 1G 1 59 |6 G 3 9 3 2 6 5 3 51 4 40 G 3 4 25 C 13 2 4 5G 7 28 1 G 1 sets S 1G • 5 59 G 19 8 56 5 57 7 35 9 3G ! 5 5G 8 55 10 12 ! 5 54 10 15 id 52 i 5 53 11 37 11 33 j 5 52 morn morn 15 50 43 15 5 43 G 22 TABLE OF TEMPERATURE— HOURLY OBSERVATIONS. By E. MERIAM, Brooklyn Heights, L. L For MARCH, 1856. MORNING HOURS. EVENING HOURS. Ill 8 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 101112 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 — — — 30 30 29 32 34 37 88 40 33 34 32 28 28 26 26 26 26 26 27 27 2 3s) 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 32 32 34 37 37 39 40 38 34 33 32 31 30 28 27 27 25 24 24 24 24 24 25 20 28 29 31 31 32 34 31 29 28 28 27 25 24 22 22 4 22 22 22 13 13 18 24 23 32 34 35 30 38 40 42 41 39 38 37 35 34 82 28 5 27 26 24 23 22 20 22 24 24 29 32 30 29 29 SO 29 28 26 26 25 24 24 25 25 g< — — 23 23 28 29 32 37 37 37 38 44 42 42 33 30 28 26 24 22 23 22 - — — 16 15 15 17 19 22 22 24 24 26 26 26 26 24 24 27 26 2o 27 27 8 27 — 28 23 23 28 32 36 37 38 m 40 36 37 36 S3 SO 27 26 23 19 15 14 9 12 U 10 9 8 8 8 8 12 12 14 13 18 18 13 18 16 16 15 15 13 13 13 13 10 12 10 9 8 5 4 4 6 7 8 11 12 13 13 16 15 14 14 13 14 14 14 14 14 ii n 14 14 13 12 11 14 17 13 20 27 28 29 32 32 31 SO 29 28 27 26 26 25 23 12 23 22 22 21 19 13 20 22 24 28 23 18 2> 29 SO SO 28 26 26 25 23 22 22 22 13 22 21 21 20 20 20 20 23 26 29 31 32 33 34 34 S3 S2 31 29 28 27 25 25 14 25 24 24 23 23 22 2 ' 26 23 32 33 34 30 88 S8 S9 37 34 33 32 SO 30 31 30 15 30 30 30 29 SO 20 30 3i 36 33 30 41 10 42 42 41 S8 S6 36 34 32 30 30 29 16 — — — 25 25 26 23 32 30 37 39 40 39 38 36 S3 32 31 29 29 28 28 27 17 26 25 23 23 24 24 25 23 32 36 36 37 38 38 39 39 39 S6 32 32 32 30 29 28 13 — 25 24 26 30 33 39 41 42 42 42 43 43 38 36 S5 34 34 34 34 34 \<) 32 32 31 30 30 30 31 31 33 33 32 31 31 32 31 30 SO SO 30 30 30 31 31 2) -SO 27" 26 27 as 20 32 33 38 40 43, 43 42 42 40 37 34 34 34 34 34 33 33 21 33 33 32 31 30 30 31 34 38 40 42 42 43 43 44 43 42 89 SS 38 36 36 35 34 22 — 32 812 33 35 33 40 40 4') 40 40 40 40 40 88 36 36 34 34 33 82 23 31 31 31 31 3) 30 33 32 37 40 41 42 42 42 44 45 46 44 40 38 36 34 34 32 34 34 82 82 21 34 33 33 33 34 34 33 41 44 45 47 -:2 40 37 35 33 32 S3 33 32 25 31 31 31 30 30 30 30 32 35 36 40 42 41 42 43 42 40 S8 cS 37 42 42 41 40 89 36 85 36 35 35 85 2} — 29 29 31 38 4 40 40 41 42 34 34 33 31 27 — 29 30 32 35 38 40 40 39 ! i" 39 37 36 34 S2 SO 30 29 28 28 3) 2= — 22 22 2i 2i 23 88 32 30 i 2S 28 28 28 26 24 22 24 24 24 24 24 25 23 31 32 34 36 36 36 38 38 36 34 32 30 2> 27 28 2*5 30 2) 25 21 22 21 21 2» 30 3) 30 31 33 34 34 36 34 33 31 80 28 28 26 25 24 31 23 22 21 2) 2J 21 22 23 30 30 31 32 1 S3 34 35 33 31 30 28 28 28 27 26 25 J£3~ See note on page 53. A Cold Teem commenced x>n the Sfch, between the hours of 5 and C-A. M., and ended on the 13th, between 12 M. and 1 P. M., dura- tion 114 hours, overrunning five sections of the circle about 90 min- utes, in parts of two hours, in the beginning and ending of the cir- cle. The circle can not be measured nearer than this by records made hourly, it being impossible to determine at what minute be- tween the hours the cold term commences or ends ; and besides this, the variations in clock-time may make a difference ; and there may be an influence on the thermometers by the opening of a door, and two different observers of unequal stature may record a degree dif- ference in looking up or down at the line not ranging horizontally with the eyes of such observers. 18 MARCH. 1. . | 2. | 4. - | 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. , 12. 13. 14 MARCH. 19! 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. • 27. • m 28. 29. 30. 4th MONTH. APRIL, 1857. 30 DAYS MOON'S I PHASES. I First Quar. 1 Full Moon. I 9 Third Qr. 17 New Moon. !24 First Quar.|30 8 50 mo. 4 44 mo. 7 1G mo. 2 30 mo. 7 34 ev. 8 38 mo 4 32 mo 7 4 mo 2 18 mo, 7 22 ev. H. M. 8 28 mo. 4 22 mo, 6 54 mo 2 8 mo 7 12 ev. H. M. 8 14 mo. 4 8 mo. 6 40 mo. 1 54 mo. 6 58 ev. Sun on Me- ridian. H. M. S. 12 3 51 12 1 30 11 59 27 11 57 49 CALENDAR FOR N. YORK CITY, Philadel., Conn., N. Jersey, Penn., Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. CALENDAR FOR WASHINGTON, and serving for Maryland, Va., Kentucky, Mo., and Calif ornia . Moon | TABLE OF TEMPERATURE— HOURLY OBSERVATIONS. By E. 31ERIA3I, Brooklyn Heights, L. I. For APRIL, 1856. MORNING HOURS. EVENING HOURS. 112 345678 91011 12 '1 2 8 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 21 21 22 30 ::i ;-; i 37 OQ 49 42 40 49 37 35 34 32 30 20 28 2 25 23 29 33 42 46 46 46 46 46 44 42 40 40 40 40 40 39 39 41 3 41 42 43 44 44 43 43 46 48 BO 54 56 58 56 58 57 54 51 45 42 41 42 43 41 4 41 42 42 43 42 42 43 44 48 52 54 55 56 56 52 52 50 48 45 44 44 42 42 42 5 34 34 37 45 48 4g 48 5» 50 50 49 48 46 44 42 39 38 36 36 36 6 36 36 35 35 34 34 36 47 48 49 51 52 51 54 53 52 50 48 47 45 42 41 40 38 7 36 35 35 34 33 33 38 47 52 52 54 i 53 58 57 54 50 47 45 44 43 43 43 43 8 38 39 43 50 52 58 59 ! 60 62 61 60 56 52 48 46 46 46 46 9 42 41 46 5S 62 64 64 64 62 62 — 59 58 58 55 54 54 52 52 53 1 ' 46 47 48 50 54 54 54 54 55 54 56 56 53 52 48 46 43 41 40 — 11 09 oo oo io 66 66 6o 4o 47 48 52 55 59 52 50 46 45 43 44 44 44 44 44 43 50 56 62 67 68 70 70 70 70 66 59 62 60 56 53 13 36 37 35 38 39 41 45 46 50 50 48 46 42 40 40 39 37 35 14 31 34 39 43 46 52 56 56 57 59 57 53 50 47 46 46 46 46 46 46 13 44 45 47 49 52 53 55 46 52 50 48 48 44 42 42 43 42 42 41 40 16 40 4-3 42 44 4S 50 §4 54 54 54 53 50 48 47 44 41 41 40 40 39 40 41 44 44 4') 49 54 59 1 43 50 48 49 48 46 46 48 48 48 47 47 || 42 44 48 58 60 6*4 GO 64 61 65 62 62 60 55 50 50 50 50 48 — 19 42 44 50 61 64 66 66 66 65 6453585656545050505050 20 — 43 48 48 — 43 49 44 43 41 40 39 40 40 39 38 38 38 38 38 39 39 21 40 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 49 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 S9 — 22 39 39 39 40 m 42 42 SO ; 50 45 45 45 45 47 42 44 44 44 42 41 23 38 40 44 50 54 58 61 58 56 56 54 54 52 50 48 47 46 45 46 46 24 46 46 48 49 52 56 50 50 63 64 66666560565353 52 53 — 2-3 50 50 53 56 56 59 62 66 68 68 69 59 59 54 53 50 48 47 46 45 23 45 46 50 57 57 5- 58 62 G3 63 61 57 54 50 48 46 44 44 43 — 27 46 56 69 62 64 65 62 62 61 61 63 60 56 55 54 52 52 — 23 48 50 58 61 61 62 70 73 '76 74 72 72 71 70 62 59 53 57 58 — 29 49 49 51 56 60 64 66 79 70 676664 62 585454545355 — 39 48 54 57 58 58 60 62 62 1 162 58 57 58 55 55 50 48 46 44 43 43 KB- See note on page 53. In the month of April the sun does not rise here before 5 A. M.; the 5 A. M. records of observation were therefore, with the exception of 13th and 27th, all made before sunrise. The Hudson river became free from ice, and w,as open all the way from New York to Albany on the 10th, having been closed for a period of 105 days. The St. Law- rence river, at Quebec, opened before the Hudson. The tempera- ture of the 12th rose to 70°, at which it remained for four consecu- tive hours. Thunder storms and tornadoes prevailed on that day over a very extensive surface of the United States and the British Provinces. From 11th to 13th is that part of the month of April on which atmospheric disturbances usually occur. 3 22 APRIL. l. 2. 3. 4. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14, 15. APRIL. 23 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. * . . 24. 25. • 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 5th MONTH. MAY, 1857. 31 DAYS. MOON S PHASES. >*. YORK. New Moon. S 9 27 ev. First Quar.'it'j 6 26 ev. Full Moon. 23110 4 mo Third Qr. 8 26 mo BALTI- MORE. CHARLES H WlMe - ton- l idian, or i noon mark. j a. M. U. Ji. I H. M . 9 15 ev. I 9 5 ev. 8 51 ev. 6 14 ev. 6 4 ev. 5 50 ev. 9 52 mo. 9 42 mo. 9 28 mo. 8 16 mo.| 8 6 mo.| 7 52 mo. 1 11 56 55 I 9 11 56 13 I 17 ! 11 56 8 25 I 11 56 40 1 2 D | 3 S 4 M 5 T W|| T F S 10 s 11 it 12 T 13 W 14 T 15 F 16 S IT S 18 M 1 19 T 20 W 21 T 22 F 23 S •24 S 25 M 26 | T W 2S T 29 F 30 31 CALENDAR FOR N. YORK CITY Philadel., Conn., N. Jersey, Penn., Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. CALENDAR FOR WASHINGTON, and serving for Maryland, Ya., Kentucky, Mo., and C alifornia. 15 12 39 15 30 33 15 43 12 16 5 37 I 16 22 45 ! 16 39 35 16 53 10 17 12 27 17 23 29 17 44 19 17 53 39 13 15 44 18 29 35 18 44 5 18 53 13 19 12 10 19 25 45! 19 3S 53 19 51 52 20 4 26 1 20 16 39 20 28 31 20 40 3 20 51 13 21 2 21 12 29 21 22 33 21 32 16 21 41 36 21 50 33 1 21 59 7 Sun 1 Sun Moon H.W. Sub Su>' Moon sets. ! EL Y. , RISES. R. & S. H M. H. Jf. H. M. i H. 34. 4 53 6 55 1 49 1 45 5 2 6 52 4 53 6 56 2 17 2 54 5 1 6 53 2 1 4 57 6 57 2 39 4 19 I 5 6 54 2 27 6 53 2 59 5 36 4 59 C 55 2 46 4 55 6 59 3 18 6 42 j 4 58 6 56 3 9 4 54 7 8 38 7 31 ! 4 57 C 56 3 31 4 53 7 1 3 56 8 7 1 4 56 6 57 3 51 4 52 1 2 rises 8 42 4 55 6 58 4 14 4 51 7 3 8 4 9 13 4 54 6 59 ^ 8e 9 4 50 7 4 9 7 9 47 : 4 53 7 4 49 7 5 10 6 10 17 4 52 7 1 10 9 -i -±^> 7 6 10 50 ! 10 49 : 4 51 7 2 11 2 4 47 7 7 11 46 11 23 1 4 50 7 3 11 47 4 45 7 8 morn 11 53 ' 4 49 7 4 morn 4 44 7 9 23 ev 33 ' 4 48 7 6 28 4 43 7 10 53 1 30 ! 4 47 7 6 1 1 4 42 7 11 1 21 2 28 4 46 3 46 ! 4 45 7 7 1 29 4 41 7 12 1 47 7 7 1 54 4 40 7 13 2 9 4 57 : 4 44 7 8 2 19 .4 39 7 14 2 34 6 4 j 4 44 7 9 2 48 4 38 7 15 2 59 6 55 j 4 43 7 10 3 16 4 37 7 10 3 30 7 45 1 4 42 7 10 3 50 4 36 7 17 sets 8 34 I 4 42 7 11 sets 4 35 7 18 9 15 9 24 i 4 41 7 12 8 44 4 35 7 19 10 19 10 11 , 4 40 7 13 9 47 4 34 7 20 11 10 11 1 4 40 7 14 10 42 4 33 7 21 11 49 11 50 4 39 7 14 11 26 ! 4 33 7 22 morn morn 4 33 7 15 morn 1 4 32 7 23 19 40 4 as 7 16 1 1 4 31 7 24 43 1 34 4 37 7 10 27 |4 31 7 25 1 3 2 31 II 4 37 7 17 51 TABLE OF TEMPERATURE— HOURLY OBSERVATIONS. By E. MERIAM, Brooklyn Heights, L. I. For MAY, 1856. MORNING HOURS. EVENING nOURS. l\ fa 8 "4 § 6 7 ^ 9 10 11 li T"2 8 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 2 3 4 5- 6- 7 — - 45 43 43 30 40 40 41 43 45 38 40 39 42 46 46 41 41 42 42 41 42 45 -16 51 51 51 56 46 46 45 47 53 56 65 — 50 51 53 53 53 55 50 54 43 50 52 57 82 61 58 51 43 — 48 51 56 53 52 63 41 43 33 40 4-4 48 48 49 40 41 41 44 41 44 46 45 49 57 58 57 43 54 56 54 52 56 61 58 — 53 53 60 42 42 42 42 42 14 40 47 42 46 45 48 46 49 54 62 64 72 78 78 56 60 65 68 48 49 52 51 54 56 53 62 63 68 73 70 61 67 72 72 63 66 68 71 56 58 63 66 57 58 64 71 64 70 68 66 59 70 72 70 66 74 77 76 72 79 80 82 58 60 62 67 56 60 60 58 62 64 70 70 60 66 72 76 65 70 71 70 54 54 58 60 50 58 56 56 J8Sp» See 49 49 43 45 44 44 57 57 56 55 58 58 56 58 42 42 46 46 50 47 61 68 79 81 65 61 57 69 72 63 72 71 74 74 71 72 69 70 74 78 68 67 73 74 78 80 85 88 68 68 59 62 73 72 72 66 73 71 60 54 56 56 50 50 48 45 44 46 46 47 47 45 44 44 44 46 44 56 56 58 59 59 54 58 56 53 52 59 63 62 60 54 58 55 54 50 47 43 43 42 42 42 47 47 46 44 44 48 50 49 48 49 68 70 72 72 71 81 81 78 80 78 64 66 62 58 56 62 62 62 63 57 70 68 64 62 62 70 66 61 62 60 73 70 70 68 66 72 72 72 73 71 71 63 68 61 63 76 80 81 78 76 67 70 72 71 08 74 75 76 74 70 82 84 84 82 80 88 90 91 88 84 69 66 67 58 54 64 64 64 64 60 71 70 68 64 61 77 76 70 66 68 68 66 66 64 60 60 60 58 54 54 60 60 61 63 60 40 40 39 45 45 45 44 44 44 54 52 49 51 49 48 52 50 50 48 45 44 42 43 43 44 44 42 48 48 48 70 68 65 74 70 66 55 — 48 55 54 50 64 58 57 59 59 58 62 58 58 64 60 59 61 56 58 72 68 66 66 64 62 66 64 62 78 76 73 82 78 76 54 50 48 60 60 58 58 54 54 68 66 65 57 53 54 54 50 47 60 58 51 39 39 39 — 44 42 42 — 44 44 44 — 48 46 45 44 46 46 45 — 49 48 48 47 44 44 43 — 43 43 43 — 43 44 44 — 46 46 46 45 61 57 56 55 67 68 67 — 47 46 45 — 49 48 48 47 58 58 56 — 57 56 55 — 57 56 55 ~ 58 54 53 — 57 56 56 — 62 60 59 60 57 55 62 60 58 70 66 65 74 73 71 46 46 46 55 54 52 53 53 54 63 60 59 54 52 50 44 43 41 52 52 50 note on page 53. The temperature on the 21th rose to 01°, and for ten consecutive hours averaged 86°. At Boston, Mass., the temperature rose to 93°. Terrific thunder storms prevailed at Highfield House Observatory, England, in the provinces of New Brunswick and Canada East, and in the States of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York, attended in some of the places by torrents of rain, in others by hail, and in Florence, New York, snow fell to the depth of two inches, and snow also in the province of Canada West. The lowest temperature in this month was on the 31st, at 4 and 5 A. M., 38". In May the sun rises here at 5 A. M., on the 6th, and on the 31st 21 minutes before that hour. Between the 6th and 26th inclusive, with tiie exception of the 11th, 14th, 19th, and 24th 3 the early morning observations were made a few minutes after sunrise, owing to ab- sence from home or sickneos at home. 26 MAY. 1. 2. 4. 6. 8. 9. 10. II. 12. 13. 14 MAY. 27 16. n. 18. 19. 20. 22. 23. 24 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 6th MONTH. JUXE. 1857. 30 DAYS. MOON'S PHASES, i Full Moon. 7 39 ev. 27 ev. 17 ev. Third Qr. 15 2 26 mo. 2 14 mo. 2 4 mo. New Mooa. 21 5 19 ev. 5 7 ev. 4 57 ev. First Qnar.,2S:ll 3<3 ev. ill 24 ev. |ll 14 ev. Sun on Me- ridian, or noonmark. H. M. 3 ev. 1 50 mo. 4 43 ev. 11 ev. 1 II. M. S. 11 57 33 11 58 56 i 17 I 12 35 ; 25 I 12 2 19 = o T. aa - — 1 M T 3 W 4 T 5 F S 7 s s M T 10 w 11 T 12 F 13 B 14 S 15 M 16 T 17 W IS T '19 F 2> S •21 s 1 22 M 23 T ,24 W 25 T ■26 F S h s ,20 M 30 T CALENDAR FOR If. YORK CITY, Philadel., Conn., !€• Jersey, Peim., Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. CALENDAR FOR WASHINGTON, and serving for Maryland, Va., Kentucky, Mo., and California. 22 7 20 : 22 15 9 | 22 22 34 28 29 36 I 22 36 14 63 47 ! ; 53 50 i ; 3 2S 23 14 53 ! 23 IS 23 20 36 ! j 23 22 43 23 24 35 I 23 25 57 i ( 23 20 55 ! ! 23 27 1 23 27 40 I 23 27 IS | ' 23 26 1 23 25 29 | 1 23 ! 2a 23 |i 23 16 54 1 I 23 13 45 I 23 10 10 Sax Srx j Moox H.W. M > Moo>- fUSKS. SETS.! SETS. X. Y. RISES. SETS. R. AS. 11. M. H M. H. M. V. M. H. M. H M. H. M. 4 31 7 24 1 23 3 85 ! 4 86 7 IS I 1 14 4 30 7 25 1 42 4 43 ; 4 36 7 19 I •1 85 4 30 7 25 2 2 5 41 4 85 7 19 1 56 4 29 7 26 2 23 6 36 j 4 85 7 20 2 19 4 29 7 27 2 49 7 24 4 85 7 20 2 43 4 28 7 27 rises 8 6 4 84 7 21 3 14 4 28 7 23 7 59 8 45 4 84 7 21 3 52 4 28 7 28 8 55 9 21 ! 4 34 7 22 rises 4 28 7 29 9 43 9 53 ' 4 34 7 22 9 47 4 23 7 29 10 22 10 34 4 34 7 23 10 29 4 23 7 30 10 57 11 11 4 84 7 24 11 3 4 -25 7 30 11 24 11 49 4 34 7 fC 11 59 4 23 7 31 11 49 ev 33 ' 4 84 7 S5 morn 4 23 7 31 morn 1 17 4 34 7 26 23 4 23 7 32 12 2 9 4 83 7 27 49 I 4 23 7 32 35 3 10 1 4 33 7 27 1 14 4 23 7 33 i o 4 IS 1 4 33 7 CS 1 44 i 4 28 7 33 | 1 27 5 16 11 4 33 7 23 2 20 ' 4 29 I 7 34 2 6 20 , 4 83 7 £8 3 5 4 29 7 341 2 42 7 °1 1 4 84 7 £8 8 59 4 29 7 34 1 sets 8 10 4 84 7 iS sets 4 29 ! 7 34 8 57 9 11 : 4 34 7 29 S 28 4 29 ; 7 35 i 9 43 10 5 4 34 7 29 9 15 • 4 30 7 35 10 17 10 55 j 4 85 7 29 9 55 4 80 7 35 10 44 11 41 I 4 85 7 29 10 26 4 30 7 35 11 7 morn 4 35 7 29 10 52 ■ 4 30 7 35 11 28 26 4 85 7 29 11 16 ' 4 31 7 35 11 48 1 11 4 36 7 29 11 39 |4 31 7 85 morn 1 58 4 36 7 29 11 59 h 7 35 4 2 45 4 36 7 29 morn l TABLE OF TEMPERATURE— HOURLY OBSERVATIONS. By E. MERIAM, Brooklyn Heights, L. £ For JUNE, 1856. MORNING HOURS. EVENING HOURS. f till 5 6 7 8 9101118 12 3 4 5 6*7 8 9 10 11 1^ 3|— - 4 — ■ 5 — ■ It-- 9 — - 10 — - 11 — - 12 — - 13 60 I 14 — - 15 — - 16 — - 17 - - 18 - - 19 — - 20 — - 21 — - 22 — - 23 74 7 24— - 25— - 26— - 27 — - 30 - 48 49 53 - 54 54 59 - 62 64 67 - 62 63 65 - 62 63 66 - 51 52 52 - 51 52 53 * 55 56 57 - 51 55 57 - 56 53 66 - 60 61 64 - 60 60 — ► 6) 60 60 - 59 61 66 - 53 58 62 - 53 54 53 - 51 55 61 - 60 61 61 - 60 60 61 - 59 60 66 - 66 63 74 - 72 72 75 < 76 76 76 - 5S 60 65 - 62 62 66 - 66 63 — - 70 72 76 - 61 61 72 - 72 73 76 - 76 78 78 65 70 76 73 75 84 73 76 75 77 52 54 62 63 60 62 53 60 74 77 80 84 66 72 66 63 70 70 74 77 72 73 80 82 61 62 70 69 82 84 89 92 90 94 72 63 72 76 71 70 74 82 85 88 82 84 92 96 95 96 £3=- 72 71 73 80 83 84 83 86 >9 85 86 86 63 66 66 55 54 57 69 72 72 66 66 68 68 70 74 81 81 82 82 83 84 76 77 80 63 74 71 73 80 80 77 78 78 78 78 78 81 80 82 63 64 62 72 74 78 84 84 83 92 92 93 94 94 95 66 63 73 76 74 80 73 73 72 86 86 88 86 86 85 83 84 85 94 96 95 94 92 94 See note i | 75 76 77 74 I 84 86 88 86 I 92 94 93 81 i 88 88 82 82 1 , 67 63 68 69 | 56 54 54 53 74 76 76 75 69 67 64 62 78 75 79 75 82 82 82 80 86 84 82 78 78 78 74 71 72 78 79 80 82 84 80 74 82 78 80 78 76 80 80 76 82 84 82 78 60 61 61 61 77 78 78 78 88 90 90 90 95 95 96 96 96 94 98 98 76 78 78 76 79 78 76 74 74 74 74 74 88 88 88 88 86 87 88 87 86 86 86 86 96 98 98 97 94 94 94 92 on page 53. 63 66 60 81 80 — 74 75 74 80 76 74 66 66 62 54 55 54 72 66 62 63 63 60 75 72 70 75 70 63 75 73 70 66 67 66 76 73 71 74 72 72 76 71 68 75 70 68 76 73 70 62 65 64 77 73 70 88 79 78 92 89 86 75 78 79 74 72 68 71 69 68 74 71 71 84 80 77 86 82 81 86 86 86 94 91 88 91 89 87 59 57 58 75 73 70 70 68 66 72 66 64 59 56 56 55 54 52 62 60 60 58 56 54 65 65 64 68 63 68 68 66 64 63 62 60 68 65 66 71 68 66 64 62 60 64 62 60 66 66 64 62 62 60 69 67 65 79 76 74 85 81 79 79 75 74 66 65 63 67 65 64 72 63 68 76 74 76 79 80 72 85 84 78 86 86 85 84 83 82 56 56 69 — 65 64 64 64 54 54 53 53 57 — 55 55 61 — 65 64 63 — 60 60 64 63 66 64 59 57 59 59 64 64 60 60 64 — 73 — 78 74 73 73 62 61 63 — 68 — 75 — 68 — 77 73 82 — 80 79 June. — A Heated Tepjm commenced here on the 20th and ended onthe22d; duration three days ; greatest intensity 93 \ Thunder storms within the field of our research on all of the three days com- posing this heated term. A second heated term commenced here on the 26th, which continued through the remainder of the month and to end, including the 8th of July ; duration twelv ■ days, or four times that of the first term. Greatest intensity 9S°. On the 29th, at 2 and 3 P. M., when the temperature was 9S% a terrific tor- nado was sweeping every thing before it at Woodstock and other places in Canada "West, and the next morning at 9 o'clock, when the temperature here was 96% the tornado was spreading destruction in its path in Franklin and Clinton counties, New York. 30 JUNE. l. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. •7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. JUNE. 31 16. 17. _ 18. „ 19. 20. 21. . 22. 23. 24. . 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 7th MONTH. JULY, 1857. 31 DAYS. MOON'S , PHASES B0ST0 *- Full Moon. Third Qr. New Moon. First Quar. d.Ih. M. 7 1 2 mo 14 8 12 mo. 2X1 1 28 mo. 28i 4 30 ev. 1 48 mo. 8 mo. 1 16 mo. 4 18 ev. CHARLES- TON. 1 38 mo. 7 50 mo. 1 6 mo. 4 8 ev. Sun on Me ! ridian, or noonmark. a. . I! u. | m. a. a. 1 24 mo. 1 12 3 32 7 36 mo. 9 12 4 54 52 mo. 17 12 5 49 3 51 ev. 1; 25 ! 12 6 12 (J ALEX DAK FOR CALENDAR FOR & N. YORK CITY, WASHINGTON, 5 -A Philadcl., Conn., and serviiisr for S| N. Jersey, Penn., i Maryland , Ya., "c "5 Ohio, and 111 Indiana, Kentucky ,31o.. >> [nois. and ( nlifornia. >* Sux 1 Sun Moon H.W. Sun . Moon Q OQ RISKS. j SETS. SETS. N. Y. RTSES. 5ETS. R. & S. "0 — 7 — 7T H. M. H. M. H. M. H. M. I Ha If. H. M.i H. M. 1 \\ 23 6 12 1 4 31 7 35 26 3 38 1 4 37 7 29 22 2 T 23 1 49 4 32 7 35 51 4 36 ! 4 37 7 29 45 3 F 22 57 2 4 32 7 35 1 19 5 34 4 38 7 29 1 13 A 'I S 99 K\ K\ LA OL Ol 4 33 7 34 1 53 6 37 4 38 7 28 1 50 5 s 22 46 16 4 33 7 34 2 37 7 33 4 39 7 28 2 32 G M 22 40 17 4 34 7 3-1 rises 8 21 4 40 7 28 3 23 i A 22 33 55 4 34 7 34 8 23 9 4 4 40 7 28 rises Q >> 99 9T 1ft tlil ilk 1\J 4 35 7 33 8 53 9 45 4 14 7 27 9 6 o T 99 9ft 1 4 36 7 33 9 26 10 22 4 42 7 27 9 37 1 ft j? 99 19 OO ttti IZ L\) 4 37 T 33 9 53 11 , 4 42 7 27 10 2 ^2 Q O 22 4 34 4 33 7 32 10 16 11 39 ! 4 43 7 26 10 2S 1° 91 KA 17 ■si 00 11 4 39 7 32 10 30 ev 17 I! 4 44 7 26 10 52 ] 3 -\£ 21 47 37 4 39 7 31 11 2 1 1 4 45 7 25 11 17 j jj. T 91 00 00 OD OO 4 40 7 31 11 27 1 48 4 45 1 1 AA 1 K "W >v 21 29 9 4 41 T 30 11 53 2 37 ! 4 46 7 24 morn 1G T« J- 21 19 23 4 42 7 29 morn 3 34 j 4 47 7 24 16 17 F 21 9 14 4 43 7 29 36 4 41 j 4 48 7 23 57 18 g 20 53 44 4 43 7 29 1 23 5 54 4 49 7 23 1 46 19 S 20 47 54 4 44 7 27 1 2 24 7 11 1 4 50 7 22 2 46 20 M 20 36 41 4 45 7 27 | 3 35 S 35 4 50 7 22 3 55 •21 T 20 25 7 4 4G 7 26 1 sets 9 12 4 51 7 21 sets 22 w 20 13 12 I 4 47 7 25 ! 8 49 10 1 4 52 7 20 • 8 24 23 T 20 59 4 43 T 24j 9 7 ! 10 45 4 53 7 19 ! 8 52 24 F 19 48 24 4 49 7 23 i 9 28 111 23 4 53 7 18 9 17 25 S 19 35 30 4 49 7 22 I 9 49 12 4 54 7 17 ! 9 39 26 S 1 19 22 16 4 50 7 22 i 10 9 ' morn 4 55 7 16 ! 10 2 27 M j 19 8 43 1 4 51 7 21 i 10 29 | 39 4 56 7 15 , 10 23 28 T 18 54 51 4 52 7 20 10 52 1 15 4 56 7 14 10 46 20 W : 18 43 41 4 53 7 13 ! 11 19 1 1 52 4 57 7 14 ' 11 13 90 T 18 26 11 4 54 7 18 11 51 1 2 31 4 53 7 14 11 46 31 F ! IS 11 25 |l 4 55 7 17 | morn 1 3 23 4 59 7 13 ; mom TABLE OF TEMPEEATTJSE— HOTJBLY OBSERVATIONS. By S. MERIAM, Brooklyn Heights, L. I. For JULY, 1856. MORNING HOURS. 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 73 66 66 68 73 60 63 61 63 66 67 69 73 70 63 66 70 58 58 63 76 62 62 67 73 63 64 66 65 61 65 — 63 62 61 62 64 60 61 62 65 62 63 64 70 64 65 66 63 76 — 71 72 74 72 73 76 86 63 69 72 84 69 70 72 83 73 74 76 87 72 72 72 80 60 60 62 68 60 61 76 76 — 65 70 76 64 64 68 70 68 63 71 79 70 70 72 80 70 70 72 80 72 72 75 83 73 73 — 85 — 75 76 77 — 72 74 84 72 70 70 73 78 80 78 8i) 83 78 82 82 81 80 76 81 83 81 86 70 75 78 82 83 76 SO 80 80 80 82 86 86 88 88 70 78 76 78 75 70 72 72 74 73 66 68 63 72 71 64 66 68 63 71 71 79 73 80 80 70 72 76 82 83 79 84 88 89 89 80 87 88 90 9) 90 93 91 90 90 87 89 90 89 90 88 90 92 93 94 93 96 96 96 98 84 78 78 81 83 78 81 82 81 81 80 83 84 83 83 81 84 85 86 86 84 86 87 83 88 84 88 89 92 92 85 88 89 91 94 83 90 91 94 95 92 93 94 98 97 92 90 94 95 96 79 76 78 75 78 89 91 89 9 J 90 75 80 80 82 85 See note EVENING HOURS. 12 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 82 85 t6 84 82 SO 76 80 80 80 78 76 75 72 84 83 82 81 78 76 74 76 71 76 77 76 73 71 80 80 80 80 75 73 70 88 88 87 81 67 71 70 76 76 76 77 75 74 72 82 80 76 72 74 72 70 71 73 72 72 71 70 67 72 72 76 75 71 68 66 80 80 79 75 — 70 70 86 88 88 88 85 84 78 90 S6 79 79 80 79 77 — 90 88 86 82 80 80 94 89 86 90 89 86 85 92 92 92 88 84 82 80 96 97 98 95 92 90 87 98 99 98 97 95 92 88 83 84 77 78 76 76 74 82 84 86 84 81 78 76 86 84 86 82 79 77 74 86 88 88 86 80 78 75 83 90 90 88 82 80 78 92 95 96 94 91 88 84 96 96 96 96 92 90 84 97 97 99 97 93 91 89 100 98 99 98 96 93 90 94 97 98 97 92 90 87 84 85 82 82 81 78 77 91 95 96 95 93 87 85 85 83 84 84 82 81 78 on page 53. 74 72 70 73 71 70 69 — 72 71 70 69 69 68 68 66 64 — 68 66 65 63 — 71 70 — 67 — 70 68 68 66 67 69 66 66 C5 — 65 64 64 62 — 64 62 62 63 — 08 68 66 65 — 66 74 72 72 — 77 74 74 73 72 78 78 78 77 76 80 78 76 75 — 79 78 76 73 — 84 84 82 80 — 86 83 83 80 — 71 69 67 66 — 72 70 68 66 65 70 69 68 66 65 74 73 72 70 — 75 74 74 71 — 82 80 79 84 81 78 76 — 87 84 82 80 — 88 85 85 85 83 81 80 — 76 77 73 73 — 84 S3 82 80 80 74 73 71 70 70 July. — Tun Second Heated Teum of the summer, which com- menced on the 26th of last month, continued into this month to and including the 8th, with a slight perturbation of 2° on the Tth. Thunder storms were active on all the days of this term within the field of our search except the 5th. On the Sth a splendid aerolite was visible in the heavens for a long time, from the surface of a large district in the States of Tennessee and Mississippi. A third Heated Tesm commenced here on the 11th, and continued through the resi- due of the month and until and including the 4th day of August — its greatest intensity was 100\ On thirteen of the days the maximum temperature ranged from 90 to 100\ Qn the third day of the third heated term the yellow fever commenced at Forty-ninth-strcet, Brooklyn, the west side of Long Island. 4 34 JULY. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. G. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. in. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 8lh MONTH. AUGUST, 1857. 31 DAYS MOON'S PHASES. ! Full Moon. Third Qr. New Moon. First Quar. .|H. M. 1 44 ev. 57 ev. il 42 mo. 10 ::1 mo. a. m. 1 32 ev. 45 ev. LI 30 mo. 10 mo. a. M. 1 21 ev. 35 ev. 11 'M mo. 9 59 mo. Sun on Me j ridian, or l noonmark. H. M. 1 1 8 ev. 21 ev. | 11 6 mo. 1 9 45 moJ II. M. s. 12 6 1 12 5 VI 12 3 47 1 50 CALENDAR FOR i CALENDAR FOR M TV. YORK CITS", WASHINGTON, g Philadel., Conn., 1 and serving for 3 8 I N. Jersey, Penn., Maryland,. Va.. "o o •a Ohio, and 1111 Indiana, Kentucky Mo.. nois. and California. d CO Sun j Sun Moon H.W. : Sum SUH Moon aises.j SETS. SETS. N. Y. ! RISES. SETS. R. & S. 6 / // n. m. 1 H. >?. H. M. IT. M. H. M. H. M. H. M. 1 s 17 53 21 4 53 7 16 31 4 33 5 7 12 24 2 s 17 40 53 17 25 19 4 57 7 15 1 20 5 49 \ 5 1 7 11 1 13 3 m 4 58 7 14 2 19 7 4 : 5 2 7 10 2 4 T 17 9 23 4 59 7 13 3 23 8 1 5 . 2 7 9 3 15 i 5 W IG 53 10 5 7 12 rises 8 47 5 3 7 8 rises ! c T 10 3G 40 5 1 7 11 7 57 9 27 i ^ ^ 7 7 8 6 7 F 16 19 55 5 2 7 10 8 22 10 8 5 5 7 G S 30 i 8 S 16 2 55 5 3 7 9 8 42 10 43 5 6 7 4 8 56 i 9 s 15 45 38 5 4 7 8 9 G 11 19 5 7 7 3 9 21 10 M 15 28 5 5 5 7 6 9 31. 11 56 5. 8 7 1 9 49 11 T 15 10 19 5 6 7 5 10 cv 34 , 5 9 7 10 20 , 12 W 14 52 17 5 7 7 3 10 34 1 16 5 10 6 59 10 54 i 13 T 14 34 1 5 S 7 2 11 19 2 2 5 11 6 53 11 41 14 F 14 15 31 5 9 7 morn 2 59 6 12 G 57 morn 15 S 13 53 48 5 10 G 56 13 4 18 ; 5 13 G 55 34 > 16 s 13 37 51 5 11 G 53 1 13 5 50 5 14 G 54 1 41 IT M 13 18 40 5 12 G 57 2 20 7 14 i 5 15 G 53 2 50 IS T 12 59 17 5 13 6 55 3 44 8 17 1 5 16 G 52 4 1 19 W 12 39 42 15 14 6 54 sets 9 7 ; 5 17 6 50 sets 1 20 T 12 19 54 5 15 6 53 7 31 9 48 : 5 18 G 49 7 16 21 F 11 59 55 5 16 6 51 7 52 10 25 5 19 G 4S 7 41 : 22 S 11 39 44 5 17 6 50 8 12 10 53 ! 5 20 G 46 8 2 ' 23 S 11 19 23 5 18 6 4") 8 31 11 30 i 5 21 G 45 8 24 24 M 10 59 50 5 19 6 47 8 54 mom i 5 21 G 43 8 47 25 T 10 38 7 5 20 6 45 9 17 1 j 5 22 C 42 9 12 26 W 10 17 14 5 21 6 43 9 49 32 1 5 23 G 41 9 43 27 T 9 53 11 5 22 6 41 10 24 1 4 : 5 24 G 39 10 20 28 F 9 35 5 23 6 40 11 10 1 40 , 5 25 G SS 11 1 29 S 9 13 39 5 24 6 38 morn 2 24 5 26 G 36 11 56 30 s 8 52 9 5 25 6 36 4 3 36 5 27 6 34 morn 31 M 8 30 31 1 5 26 G 34 1 G 5 j, 5 28 G 33 5S TABLE OF TEMPERATURE— HOURLY OBSERVATIONS. By E. MERIA^lC, Brooklyn Heights, L. I. For AUGUST, 1856. MORNING HOURS. EVENING HOURS. £ 1 9 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12; 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 71 72 72 77 82 85 86 87 88 •2} 70 71 72 80 83 82 84 a3 85 3 — — 72 72 72 7 2 72 76 80 81 85 82 41 68 63 70 72 75 80 81 84 83 5| 70 70 71 70 60 60 68 67 67 6 64 63 65 70 76 78 77 78 77 7 67 67 67 67 67 69 77 81 83 84 84 87 871 70 70 71 — 79 80 79 76 80 9 — 63 — 65 65 66 72 72 75 76 79 82 1) 63 63 65 65 78 81 82 83 83 11 66 69 72 76 77 82 84 86 12 72 71 72 76 81 84 84 86 86 P 64 67 70 77 73 80 82 82 14: 65 67 63 75 79 80 80 82 15 60 66 67 76 77 80 80 82 16 60 62 65 74 78 78 77 79 17 64 60 60 62 64 70 72 70 73 76 18 6 ) 60 62 62 63 73 78 73 74 74 19 62 62 62 62 63 66 70 72 74 74 75 70 20 66 63 65 66 65 66 67 63 74 78 80 79 21 — 64 63 62 61 60 64 64 64 64 71 70 22 53 57 53 61 70 72 70 72 75 23 6 ) 59 61 65 76 78 77 80 81 24 66 66 67 70 74 77 78 78 79 25 61 60 62 64 70 76 75 76 76 26 50 48 43 50 53 60 63 64 68 66 27 54 52 54 53 67 71 72 73 74 28 58 53 59 63 70 72 74 76 76 29 66 66 66 63 65 66 63 73 76 75 76 78 30 61 58 57 56 62 70 72 67 70 72 31 53 53 54 58 63 73 74 74 76 jga- See note ! S3 89 89 88 84 82 79 74 75 72 ' 87 84 82 84 81 78 76 74 74 73 ' 82 83 83 81 80 78 75 72 72 70 84 88 84 81 83 78 76 74 73 74 65 66 63 65 67 67 67 64 63 65 79 78 79 79 77 74 70 70 69 69 87 87 88 84 82 79 77 76 76 75 85 £0 82 80 80 76 74 73 67 — , 82 81 83 82 80 76 74 73 70 69 : 84 83 84 82 78 76 74 73 73 70 88 86 88 86 82 79 79 76 76 76 88 84 82 80 78 76 74 73 71 69 83 82 82 82 79 76 73 69 69 67 82 83 83 64 67 68 67 66 68 65 82 83 80 82 79 76 74 71 70 68 82 78 79 79 76 75 71 69 68 69 78 77 78 78 76 73 72 70 68 68 77 78 76 75 72 70 68 66 64 63 68666564 64 636864 64 64 79 80 76 74 73 70 70 68 68 67 71 71 66 66 66 64 64 62 61 62 75 76 74 72 70 68 67 66 , 82 82 80 82 81 80 76 75 73 72 | 80 80 80 82 78 77 74 72 71 69 72 74 64 68 71 68 62 59 58 56 1 67 69 63 70 65 64 64 60 59 58 74 74 74 71 68 66 63 62 62 61 • 75 74 72 72 68 68 67 66 66 66 72 73 73 70 70 69 68 68 67 66 72 74 74 74 72 70 66 64 64 61 II 76 76 74 74 71 68 64 63 62 62 on page 53. 71 — 73 — 70 — 73 73 63 — 68 68 73 71 68 — 68 — 75 — 65 — 66 66 — 60 August. — The third heated terrn^ which commenced on the 11th of last month, continued to the 4th of this ; both days inclusive, its duration was twenty-five consecutive days, one day overrunning' twice the duration of the second, and eight times the duration of the first heated term. The third heated term was commenced by a ter- rific earthquake in the Caucasus on the 11th of July, and terminated by an earthquake in California on the 4th day of August. iErolites on the 15th and 17th of July a£d on the 3d of August, are noticed under the head of Meteorites and ^Srolites. The yellow fever con- tinued and increased on Long Island, spreading from Forty-ninth- street, on the 13th, to Fort Hamilton, a distance of between two and three miles, in two weeks. 4* 38 AUGUST. l. 2. 4. 5. 6. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14 15. AUGUST. 39 10. 17. 18. W. 20. . - 21. 24. 2d 27, 28. 29. 30. 31. 9ih MONTH. SEPTEMBER, 1857. 3Q DAYS MOON'S PHASES. BOSTON. N. YORK. CHARLES- TON. Sun on Me- ridian, or noonmark. o. H. M. H. M. H. M. H. M. 1 D. H. M. S. Full Moon. 4 23 mo. 11 mo. 1 mo. 11 47 ev. 1 11 59 50 Third Qr. 10 6 6 ev. 5 54 ev. 5 44 ev. 5 30 ev. 9 11 57 7 New Moon. 18 49 mo. 37 mo. 27 mo. 13 mo. 17 11 54 19 First Quar. 26 4 15 mo. 4 3 mo. . 3 53 mo. 3 39 mo. 1 25 11 51 31 w T F S S M T w T F S s M T W T F S S M T W T F S s M T w CALENDAR FOR N. YORK CITY, Philadel., Conn., N. Jersey, Penn., Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. CALENDAR FOR WASHINGTON and serving: for Maryland, Va., Kentucky, Mo., ami California. S(JN RISK.S 8 8 45 7 47 51 7 25-50 7 2 41 6 40 25 6 18 3 5 55 34 5 33 5 10 10 4 47 34 4 24 43 4 1 47 3 33 47 3 15- 43 2 52 35 2 20 24 2 6 10 1 42 53 1 10 34 56 12 32 50 9 2G S. 13 50 37 24 1 a 49 1 24 14 1 47 33 2 11 2 2 34 25 2 57 55 H. M. 5 27 5 23 5 20 5 30 5 31 5 32 5 33 5 34 5 35- 5 36 5 3G 5 37 5 38 5 30 5 40 5 41 5 42 5 43 5 44 5 45 5 4G 5 47 5 48 5 40 5 50 5 51 5 52 5 53 5 54 5 55 Moon, sets. H. m. 6 33 G 32 6 30> G 29 G 27 G 26 6 24 G 23 6 21 6 19 6 13 6 16 6 14 6 12 6 10 6 8 G 7 6 5 6 4 G 2 G 1 5 50 5 57 5 55 5 53 5 52 5 50 5 49 5 47 5 45 II. M. 2 14 3 25 rises 6 47 7 10 7 33 8 8- 34 9 15 10 7 11 8 morn IS 1 30 2 43 3 51 sets 6 16 6 37 G 56 7 21 7 4S 8- 21 9 1 9 53 10 50 11 55 morn 1 4 2 15 H.W. N. Y. 6 32 7 38 j 8 25 9 7 9 42 10 17 10 53 11 31 CT 9 49 1 S3 2 39 4 13 5 55 7 13 8 8 10 56 11 S5 11 53 raorn 26 1 2 1 47 2 54 4 30 6 fccN , jsun j Moon RISES. SETS. R. &S. H. M. 2 5 3 14 4 27 rises 7 24 7 50 8 20 8 55 9 39 10 30 11 30 morn 41 1 51 3 4 8 sets 6 8 6 27 G 49 7 14 7 42 8 17 8 57 9 44 10 42 11 47 morn 53 2 3 H. If. 1 5 29 5 £0 I 5 31 5 82 5 33 5 34 5 35 5 25 5 £G 5 37 5 S3 5 39 5 40 5 40 5 41 5 42 5 43 5 44 5 44 5 45 5 46 5 47 H. M.j 6 31 I 6 £0 6 28 6 27 6 i5 6 24 6 23 6 21 6 20 6 18 6 17 6 15 6 13 6 12 6 10 6 6 6 G G 2 6 1 5 59 5 48 5 57 5 49 5 55 5 50 5 51 5 52 5 53 5 54 i] 5 55 5 53 5 52 5 51 5 49 5 47 5 45 TABLE OF TELrEPEEATTJEE— HOTJELY OBSERVATIONS. By K MERIAM, Brooklyn Heights, L. L For SEPTEMBER, 1856. morning hours. EVENING HOURS 12) 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 23 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 1 60 ) 50 50 00 04 68 60 70 70 ' : 2 5 1 ;V> 52 50 01 07 67 68 69 1 3 53 55 0Q 03 70 72 72 73 4 t 55 56 59 68 73 73 75 76 5 _ 50 57 00 0g 73 75 75 76 6 — 59 00 0i 0g 74 - 2 71 78 (' '» fifl fi(» 61 60 60 60 60 62 61 67 21 59 59 58 58 64 65 68 70 70 | 22 — 58 56 56 58 59 60 60 62 I :23 — 50 50 54 56 60 62 68 67 24 51 49 13 — 47 48 50 50 56 61 02 00 25 ■15 44 44 46 49 53 58 62 64 26 51 5) 50 50 53 50 60 64 64 70 27 57 50 50 55 54 54 59 02 66 68 70 70 2- 63 53 52 54 00 62 66 68 71 29 — 57 66 02 GO 67 70 68 09 .30 — — 61 64 64 61 66 68 68 68: 70 71 09 6b 70 71 71 71 74 76 77 73 77 80 78 76 80 81 81 76 80 78 78 74 83 83 82 80 72 74 76 73 80 82 82 79 83 83 84 79 88 88 71 .73 76 74 75*72 78 78 78 79 73 74 75 74 76 74 74 70 72 74 74 72 76 78 79 78 85 84 85 82 74 73 76 76 67 74 72 73 72 73 74 74 64 66 64 64 66 G6 66 66 64 62 65 62 64 65 64 62 .71 70 68 67 72 73 70 70 69 71 71 67 70 70 69 66 •72 68 68 68 See note on page 53. 65 63 61 58 58 57 C8 64 61 60 60 58 57 70 67 65 64 62 62 61 73 68 67 66 €5 64 61 GO 76 70 69 68 66 63 62 72 71 70 70 69 68 80 76 72 72 70 70 70 — 70 70 70 68 68 66 77 74 72 72 71 66 65 78 75 73 71 70 69 68 74 .74 72 72 72 72 70 68 66 66 66 65 78 76 72 71 69 67 64 71 68 64 64 62 60 60 00 68 66 64 64 61 64 63 68 r.ei oo oo oo 62 60 57 78 76 71 70 70 70 69 80 76 76 74 73 72 73 71 68 66 67 65 62 03 63 70 70 68 68 67 67 66 65 68 66 66 65 64 05 64 62 58 56 55 54 54 .53 63 64 64 61 60 57 56 53 52 61 58 54 53 52 5i ) 49 48 58 58 54 54 53 52 52 60 62 60 59 68 60 58 58 69 64 62 61 62 60 59 64 62 62 60 57 56 57 00 59 60 62 62 62 63 66 66 61 58 06 57 Septehijeil — The yellow fever continued on "Long Island and ex- tended to Governor's Island last month. It also made its appear- ance in Furman-street, in the tluckly populated part of the city of Brooklyn, under the Heights, between the Fulton Ferry, passing the Wall-street Ferry, and extending up Joralemon-strcet and into Wil- low-place. The lowest temperature which occurred in the month was 44', on the 25th, "but this was not low enough to destroy the poison of yellow fever. There were eight days in the month in which the maximum temperature ranged from 80 to 8S°, average, 83% und seven days on which it .ranged from 7G .to 79°. 42 SEPTEMBER. l. 4. 5. ia ir 12. 13L 14. SEPTEMBER. 43 1 16. 17. . IS. IS. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 23. 29. . 30. 10th MONTH. OCTOBER, 1857. SI DAYS. I MOON'S PHASES. BOSTON. X. YORK. BALTI- aiOKs. to 4 ' i'idian,os 1 noeiimark. Full Moon. 1 Z Third Qr. 10 New Moon. 17 First Quar.!2c 10 25 mo. 1 9 mo. 4 54 ev. 9 21 ev. H. M. 10 13 mo. 57 mo. 4 42 ev. 9 9 ev. EL K. 10 2 mo. 47 mo. 4 32 cv. 8 59 ev. :i. M. j! 1). 9 49 mo. j 1 33 mo. 9 4 13 ev. 1 17 8 45 ev. || 25 11. M. s. 11 49 32 11 47 13 11 45 22 11 44 9 CALENDAR FOK CALENDAR FOR ' N. YORK CITY, I WASHINGTON, Philadel., Coins., and serving for] N. Jersey, Peim., Maryland, Va., I Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, Mo., and Illinois. !' and California. | Day: * !i Sus 1 ;,: f Sun j Moon 1 H. W. • || Sun i RISES. Sun l Moon R. &. S. 1 O. - f If M - | ! H. M. i H. |L 1 1 T 3 21 4 < 9 j 5 Do 1 5 44 3 1G 2 F | 3 44 21 o 57 5 42 rises i 5o j o 57 i 4 26 3 S 4 7 35 5 53 | o 41 K 9 ft 8 34 f 5 53 5 41 5 36 ; 4 s 4 30 4*3 5 53 5 39 ft o o 1 y y 5 59 ri r o O ov rises 5 M 4 53 54 ft n K ^7 O o < ft a9 9 46 6 o S3 6 51 T 5 10 53 6 1 5 36 7 13 1 ft Oft I O J. o ot 1 0% 7 W 5 39 58 G 2 5 34 8 i 11 K 1 L O G 2 5 35 ft OJ. 8 T 6 2 53 G 3 5 33 1 1 /1ft G 3 5 34 9 23 9 F G 25 4G ft A 5 31 1 A O iu y 6Y 34 6 4 5 32 10 32 10 S G 43 32 O 5 29 l i. 1 26 G 5 5 31 11 42 11 s 7 11 14 G G 5 28 mom O QA Z OO o 5 30 12 M 7 33 49 G 7 5 26 33 /I 1 1 5 29 49 13 T 7 5G 13 G 8 5 25 1 42 K AQ t_> 4o ft ft 5 27 1 59 14 W 8 IS 41 6 9 5 23 2 50 G 56 g o 5 25 3 1 15 T 8. 40 57 6 10 5 22 3 52 7 43 G 10 5 24 4 5; 16 F 9 3 6 6 11 5 20 4 54 8 22 ; 6 11 5 22 5 5 ' 17 S S 9 25 7 6 12 5 19 sets 8 55 |C 12 5 20 sets 18 9 46 59 G 13 5 17 5 22 9 27 ! 6 13 5 19 6 16 19 M 10 8 43 6 14 5 16 5 49 9 56 ! 6 14 5 17 5 42 20 T 10 30 13 G 15 5 15 6 22 10 25 ! G 15 5 1G G 16 21 W 10 51 44 6 16 5 13 G 53 10 56 6 1G 5 15 G 54 22 T 11 13 G 13 5 12 7 45 11 26 6 17 5 14 7 38 23 F 11 34 6 6 19 5 10 8 38 11 59 ! C IS 5 13 8 32 24 8 11 55 1 6 20 5 8 9 33 morn G 19 5 12 9 34 25 S 12 15 45 6 21 5 7 10 45 37 G 20 5 10 10 46 20 M 12 36 17 6 22 5 5 11 51 1 22 6 21 5 9 11 44 27 T 12 56 38 6 24 5 4 morn 2 24 G 22 5 7 morn 28 W 13 16 46 6 25 5 3 1 4 3 53 G 23 5 5 54 29 T 13 36 42 6 26 5 2 2 14 5 17 6 24 ,5 4 2 2 30 13 56 25 6 27 5 3 27 C 26 1 G 25 '5 3 3 11 31 ;i 14 15 51 6 28 4 59 4 41 7 16 6 26 |5 2 4 23 . TABLE 01? TEMPERATURE— HOUBLY OBSERVATIONS. By E. MERIAM, Brooklyn Heights, L. I. For OCTOBER, 1858. MORNING nOURS. |lS 3 4 5 & 7 S 9101118] 1 47 48 48 41 41 40 40 40 40 50 49 50 5: 10 — 11- 12 — 13 — 14 — 15|— i6;_ 17 42 18- 19- 20l— 211- 22<_ 23 24 25 54 54 57 51 54 — 44 37 37 IS 12 36 48 4< 47 46 45 47 44 44 45 50 48 — 32 32 43 43 52 52 52 41 41 40 42 42 40 39 i] 39 39 39 50 56 46 50 54 60 54 60 58 61 64 64 56 59 53 58 54 56 56 60 58 61 53 61 60 60 42 44 38 38 40 42 52 54 52 54 50 53 54 54 50 54 52 59 59 60 36 38 36 33 46 53 48 49 4S 48 44 43 :<> 52 40 40 £3* 58 58 58 54 56 62 61 64 64 60 64 64 64 68 69 68 70 76 56 Gl 62 62 60 64 64 64 66 66 68 68 68 68 74 64 67 68 62 67 69 43 44 44 40 43 42 47 48 50 58 58 57 56 58 57 54 58 60 58 58 64 58 59 62 62 66 70 64 63 64 44 42 42 42 45 43 53 54 55 52 50 50 50 52 54 48 50 51 55 53 62 42 42 45 See note EVENING HOURS. 1114 5 6 7 8 9101119 62 56 54 54 60 61 64 62 68 66 68 63 64 64 64 62 72 68 68 65 74 74 74 72 64 66 64 62 62 62 66 62 69 70 70 68 70 72 72 70 74 76 76 72 70 68 65 63 68 63 70 67 46 44 46 44 44 46 46 44 52 54 54 53 56 56 56 54 58 58 58 56 60 62 60 — 64 64 64 65 64 66 66 62 68 70 71 68 62 60 60 56 44 44 45 44 48 48 50 48 56 57 58 56 48 50 50 51 I 54 54 54 53 52 51 54 50 62 63 64 60 I 43 44 43 40 on page 53- 51 43 46 62 56 56 63 61 55 60 60 55 62 60 61 72 72 68 62 58 56 58 56 55 66 62 58 67 60 60 67 66 64 60 58 56 65 63 62 45-43 42 43 40 38 51 46 43 54 54 52 57 52 52 57 54 53 59 56 55 64 62 60 54 52 50 42 40 40 47 45 44 52 49 48 51 52 52 50 48 49 43 46 46 57 56 55 39 33 — 46 46 44 44 43 56 56 55 53 — 53 52 52 50 — 55 54 53 53 — 59 53 53 58 58 63 68 66 66 — 54 52 52 51 — 54 53 53 52 — 53 56 57 56 — 60 58 56 56 — 62 62 61 60 — 53 57 56 55 55 63 63 59 56 — 41 41 40 39 39 S3 36 36 34 — 43 44 42 42 42 53 51 50 52 — 52 52 52 50 — 52 50 48 47 — 52 50 50 49 48 53 53 52 52 51 59 59 60 59 — 46 46 44 41 38 37 38 37 36 — 44 44 44 43 43 48 46 45 44 — 56 56 56 57 — 48 46 46 44 43 45 44 43 43 — 54 52 49 42 — 37 36 36 35 — Octoijee. — On the 2d day of the month the temperature fell to 40% but that was not low enough to cease the pestilence. On the 7th, 8th, and 9th of the month, a hot baud passed St. Pauls, Min* nesota, raising the temperature to S5° — on .ne 10th it reached Boston and Newburyport, Mass., and Portsmouth, N. H. ; at Boston, tem- perature 80°, Newburyport, 82°, Portsmouth, 81°. On the 12th a great earthquake extended from Naples to Egypt, destroying many lives and much property. On the 15th and also on the 16th of the month, the temperature fell to 34" on Brooklyn Heights, and lower on less elevated grounds. On the last named day the yellow fever c >r,scd oi Long Island, no new cises ocrturri ;g after that date. 46 OCTOBER. 3. 4, 5. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14 15. OCTOBER. 4 7 16. IT. 18. 19. 20. ; 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 21. 28. 29. 30. nth month. NOVEMBER, 1857. 30 days MOOTS 1 lliVKW _ PHASES. j B ^ l0K - yosk. BALTI- MORE. CHARLES- TON. Sun on Me- ridian, or noon mark. d. .:. ::. Q. u. Foil Moon. 1 1; S 13 ev. \ 3 1 ev. Third Qr. j till £0 mo. Ill 18 mo. New Moon. 1 16111 10 mo.ilO 58 mo. Firs: Q-.ir. •> •:;» ev. 37 ev. a. m. 7 51 ev. U 8 mo. 10 48 mo. 27 ev. a. m. 7 37 ev. 10 54 mo. 10 34 mo. 13 ev. D. 1 9 17 H. M. S. 11 43 43 11 44 1 11 45 13 11 47 19 2? CALENDAR FOR N. YORK CITY, Philadel., Conn., Bf. Jersey, Penn., Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. Sex j Sex j Moox | HLW. RISE?. >FT>. EI" Mooa RISES. SETS. R.AS. E. M. H. 5ff. B. V. j 6 27 5 1 5 38 j 6 2S 5 1 rises ! 6 29 4 59 1 6 12 6 SO 4 58 7 10 6 31 4 57 8 18 6 32 4 56 9 30 6 33 4 55 10 41 6 35 4 54 11 51 6 £6 4 53 morn 6 37 4 52 56 6 39 4 51 1 58 6" 40 4 50 2 5S 6 41 4 49 3 57 6 42 4 4S 4 53 6 43 4 47 5 58 6 44 4 46 sets 6 45 4 46 4 54 6 46 4 45 5 35 6 47 4 44 6 27 G 43 4 44 7 26 6 49 4 43 S ffl 6 50 4 42 9 32 6 51 4 42 10 40 i 6 52 4 41 11 45 6 53 4 41 morn | 6 54 4 41 53 ; 6 55 4 41 2 6 56 4 40 3 12 |6 57 4 40 . 4 27 6 58 4 40 5 42 TABLE OF TEMPERATURE— HOURLY OBSERVATIONS. By E. MERIAM, Brooklyn Heights. L. I. For NOVEMBER, 1856. MORNING HOURS. EVENING HOURS. ||1 8 8 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12' T 2 j 4 j 6 7 8 9101112 ]] 40 44 48 50 52 54 52 52 52 51 50 50 50 50 — 44 46 49 53 58 i 62 62 62 62 58 54 53 54 54 53 51 46 46 50 54 60 58 58 60 58 55 55 55 54 56 58 60 61 — 59 5:> 62 64 66 6^ 63 i 64 66 66 66 64 65 64 64 57 56 54 52 44 43 42 42 42 43 46 44 48 40 40 39 36 34 34 32 32 31 80 27 28 30 32 36 38 38 40 41 40 40 36 35 84 34 34 34 33 — 34 84 c8 42 47 50 52 50 52 55 52 51 51 50 50 50 50 50 — 52 53 58 58 61 62 62 ! 62 62 60 60 5S 56 50 46 45 44 43 42 34 84 31 36 38 41 42 43 1 44 48 43 41 40 r> r6 35 34 34 — 33 30 30 30 32 34 35 38 40 40 40 39 39 37 25 34 34 32 31 — 11 27 27 26 26 23 30 34 36 38 1 40 42 42 40 38 38 38 37 37 £6 35 34 Kj34 33 32 31 30 30 30 34 38 42 44 46 ; 46 49 50 46 43 42 43 43 42 42 42 41 |?Ul 40 39 37 35 34 8S 41 44 45 46 49 48 46 44 42 41 40 40 42 41 40 40 14439 40 40 40 40 39 39 42 44 48 50 50 49 48 46 47 44 44 44 44 44 43 42 41 15 37 37 85 83 34 34 37 38 42 • 38 39 38 38 40 34 84 33 32 32 32 32 I-. 32 31 31 30 30 30 32 38 43 45 48 ! 1 50 51 51 49 46 44 43 42 44 44 43 42 1« 12 42 42 42 40 38 37 37 38 41 42 42 : 43 42 42 40 38 37 88 35 35 34 32 32 m -2 31 81 31 32 32 32 34 38 38 40 49 42 42 40 38 38 37 39 37 86 35 35 34 S3 19! 33 32 32 32 32 31 31 84 36 3S 40 42 44 44 43 43 40 37 35 35 33 32 — 2. > 29 28 23 30 32 34 37 83 39 40 39 38 36 35 35 34 34 34 33 32 21 31 30 29 23 28 28 28 30 34 39 43 46 48 46 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 46 46 46 22,43 49 50 51 51 51 52 54 54 56 54 54 ! 54 55 54 52 48 47 44 44 44 42 42 42 28 41 40 39 38 30 36 30 3< 88 44 46 46 1 43 46 45 44 42 42 43 44 44 44 45 45 24 44 44 45 46 47 49 52 52 56 56 52 52 50 50 50 50 49 47 46 25' 47 44 42 41 40 40 40 42 42 44 46 47 1 48 48 46 43 43 44 44 45 46 46 46 46 26(47 47 43 40 47 49 49 50 52 52 52 54 1 56 54 54 53 50 48 46 46 44 42 41 40 27 37 37 38 38 38 40 43 43 45 44 45 43 42 40 40 38 33 88 37 35 34 26 34 34 34 33 32 32 32 34 36 40 40 42 i 44 45 44 42 42 42 40 41 41 40 40 39 !35 33 32 32 31 31 31 32 31 34 34 35 ! 36 32 32 32 31 32 32 30 31 30 31 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 32 83 38 39 1 ! 40 40 40 38 36 34 34 33 32 32 32 32 Jfc3» See note on pegs 53. Novembes. — The highest temperature in this month, was on the 4th, 63°. I was in Montreal, Lower Canada, on that day — the temperature at night fell suddenly, and was attended by a great wind, which did much damage over an extensive surface. On the banks of the Au Sable river the temperature on the morning of the 6th fell to within 17° of zero at Keeseville, New York. Meteors that evening. Frost in Texas. On the 11th the lowest temperature on Brooklyn Heights was 26° — the lowest in the month. On sixteen several days this month the temperature has been at and below the freezing point. 50 NOVEMBER. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. NOVEMBER. 51 j 16. 17. 18. . 19. ' 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. , 28. 29. 30. 12th MONTH. DECEMBER, 1857. 31 DAYS. MOON'S PHASES. BOSTON. JT. YORK. BALTI- MORE. CHARLES- TON. Sun on Me- ! ridian. Full Moon. Third Qr. New Moon. First Quar. Full Moon. D. 1 S 16 ; : > u. m. G 13 mo. 1 51 mo. 6 17 mo. 1 52 mo. i 4 49 ev. H. M. 6 1 mo. 1 43 mo. 6 5 mo. 1 40 mc. 4 37 ev. U. M. 5 51 mo. 1 32 mo. 5 55 mo. 1 30 mo. 4 27 ev. H. M. 5 37 mo. 1 13 mo. 5 41 mo. 1 1(5 mo. 4 13 ev. 1 D - 1 9 17 125 1 11. M. S. 11 49 24 11 52 45 11 56 5 12 34 CALENDAR FOR CALENDAR FOR ! N. YORK CITY, I WASHINGTON, Philadel., Conn., and serving for N. Jersey, Penn., Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. Maryland, Va., Kentucky, Mo., and California. '21 53 44 22 2 40 22 11 10 22 19 15 22 26 53 22 34 C I 22 40 52 22 47 7 22 53 3 22 53 31 23 3 27 23 7 57 23 12 23 15 35 23 IS 42 23 21 21 23 23 32 23 25 15 23 2G 30 23 27 16 23 27 36 23 27 24 23 26 45 23 25 38 23 24 3 23 21 50 23 19 27 23 16 28 23 13 23 9 5 23 4 41 7 9 7 10 7 11 7 12 7 13 7 14 7 15 7 15 7 16 7 17 7 17 7 13 7 IS 7 19 7 19 7 20 7 20 7 21 7 21 7 22 7 22 7 23 7 23 7 24 7 24 7 25 I 7 25 Moon RISES. H. M. 4 34 4 34 4 34 4 33 4 33 4 33 4 33 4 S3 4 33 4 33 4 33 4 33 4 33 4 34 4 34 4 34 4 34 4 35 4 35 4 36 4 36 4 37 4 37 4 33 4 38 4 39 4 39 4 49 4 40 4 41 4 42 II. M. rises 5 32 6 46 8 2 9 18 10 29 11 57 morn 40 1 41 2 42 3 45 4 47 5 40 6 51 sets 5 26 6 29 7 34 8 41 9 46 10 53 morn 2 1 11 2 24 3 42 5 1 C 20 rises H.W. jj Sun I Sun i Moon N. Y. || RISES.JSETS. |R. &S. 11. M. H. M. 6 59 17 H. M. 8 11 S 59 9 49 || 7 10 37 jj 7 11 30 7 ev CO B 7 1 11 J? 2 6 1 7 3 4 7 7 *4 12 J 7 8 5 14 J 7 9 6 141, 7 10 7 11 7 10 7 53 i 7 11 8 35 ; 7 11 9 11 ! 7 12 9 49 |i 7 12 10 25 7 13 14 40 10 59 I' 7 13 I 4 40 11 S5 ! 7 14 j 4 41 7 14 4 41 7 15 ! 4 42 7" 15 ;4 42 7 16 ! 4 43 7 16 7 17 7 17 7 IS 7 IS 7 19 7 19 morn t) 13 51 1 40 2 '.9 3 27 4 33 5 44 6 51 52 5 35 8 47 4 40 4 39 4 39 4 39 4 S3 4 38 4 33 4 38 4 3S 4 38 4 3S 4 39 4 39 4 39 4 39 4 39 4 40 4 43 4 44 4 45 4 45 4 46 4 47 i 4 48 rises 5 54 7 10 8 24 9 36 10 47 11 51 morn 52 1 51 2 51 3 51 4 53 5 54 sets 4 25 5 20 6 21 7 25 8 30 9 37 10 42 11 47 mom 54 2 4 3 19 4 33 5 48 rises 5 56 TABLE OF TEMPERATURE— -HOTTBLY OBSERVATIONS. By E. MERIAM, Brooklyn Heights, L. I. For DECEMBER, 1855. MORNING HOURS. EVENING HOURS. 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 U12SI 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112 £ - 1 31 30 30 30 29 28 28 32 31 37 40 41 2 34 34 34 34 34 34 33 33 35 4) 39 41 3 40 39 39 37 36 36 36 33 40 42 44 44 4 32 32 32 31 31 30 30 32 34 38 41 42 5 36 36 35 34 34 32 32 34 36 38 42 44 6 32 32 31 30 31 30 31 34 36 40 41 44 7 34 33 33 33 34 a3 &3 36 40 42 44 44 8 30 29 28 28 27 27 26 28 30 32 35 — 9 34 34 35 35 35 37 40 42 45 43 49 50 10 41 41 39 38 37 36 35 36 36 40 37 37 11 292929292528262823282930 12 242424242323232425272930 13 23 28 28 28 25 26 25 28 31 32 33 32 14 26 25 25 24 24 22 22 24 25 28 29 30 15 32 32 34 34 34 33 37 38 38 39 40 40 16 38383833383833383840 41 42 17 45 44 43 42 41 39 33 38 40 42 44 45 18 36 34 34 33 32 31 31 32 34 36 38 37 19 23 27 25 25 26 26 25 28 28 30 31 32 20 27 272727 24 23222426232829 21 24 24242422 24 24 2629343338 22 37 36 36 35 35 36 36 36 37 38 40 39 23 48 43 43 48 47 46 46 44 46 47 47 48 24 42 41 41 41 44 44 43 41 40 38 38 33 25 31 31 32 32 32 31 31 32 33 34 36 32 26 34 34 34 34 34 34 27 26 24 26 25 27 27 16 15 14 13 13 12 12 13 15 13 20 22 28 20 20 23 20 22 23 24 25 27 27 29 30 29 20 20 19 19 13 16 16 16 17 18 20 20 30 26 27 27 27 27 26 26 24 24 24 26 23 31. 18 13 17 17 16 16 15 15 18 20 22 25 denote the days of the month ; the figures running from left to right give the state of the thermometer for every hour in the twenty-four. A cold teem commenced on Brooklyn Heights on the CGth, be- tween the hours of 6 and 7 A. M., when the temperature fell from 34' (which is 2 5 above the freezing point of Fahrenheit) to 27°, 5° below that line. Preceding the commencement of this cold term it will be seen by the hourly records that the temperature was in- cquilibrio ten consecutive hours, at 34°, when it suddenly fell 7°, and continued below the freezing line the remainder of the month. This col l term, commenced north, at a point west of my place of ob- servation, several days before it reached here, and west at TVaverly, "^TC-, rt i-1 • r i.i nnj n ■ . • .1 ^. 43 44 11 42 40 40 40 38 56 56 35 58 46 44 44 46 44 42 41 41 41 43 41 41 44 44 42 42 40 38 38 36 37 34 34 33 42 42 42 41 40 39 40 S3 33 58 33 37 44 44 44 42 39 40 38 56 So 54 35 34 44 46 46 42 40 40 38 59 40 58 35 34 44 46 45 41 39 36 36 35 S3 53 3? 31 40 40 40 38 36 36 36 35 •' 34 38 54 51 52 38 36 52 53 54 53 53 46 44 44 43 42 36 34 34 32 32 31 50 30 29 20 30 30 30 30 29 29 28 28 26 26 26 25 30 31 30 29 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 32 32 52 31 351 30 30 30 30 30 2S 27 30 31 5) 30 30 30 30 30 50 50 30 31 40 41 40 40 40 39 38 38 38 , r 8 38 53 43 49 50 52 43 48 50 47 47 48 47 45 46 47 45 42 41 40 40 39 38 38 S3 37 36 38 37 36 34 34 34 32 30 30 30 29 32 32 32 31 30 30 30 25 30 29 29 23 30 31 31 52 SO 28 28 27 26 26 26 25 39 40 S9 59 35 38 38 55 38 58 40 40 41 43 44 46 48 48 50 50 GO 49 48 48 43 45 45 45 46 44 44 44 43 42 38 37 36 55 34 34 33 32 32 31 31 SI 34 34 34 34 34 S6 3-6 55 34 34 34 34 28 26 26 26 26 24 22 20 20 13 13 17 22 21 22 22 20 19 18 18 18 19 20 20 30 30 23 29 23 28 28 26 24 22 21 21 20 20 19 19 16 15 16 20 22 23 28 25 28 28 23 26 24 24 23 22 20 20 19 13 24 22 25 22 21 20 22 22 23 20 20 21 nn, on the left of the above table, tare was from 5 3 to 9 3 below the freezing line. 1 54 DECEMBER. 2. 3. 5. 6. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. DECEMBER. 55 16. 17. 18. 19. . . 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. oc Zo. Z 1 . no Zo. 29. 30. 31. 56 NEW YOEK ALMANAC POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES DT 1850. teta ' es ' ! population. Maine ' 5S1,813 New Hampshire ! 317,456 Vermont 313,402 Massachusetts 9S5,450 Rhode Island 143,876 Connecticut 303,099 New York 8,043,825 New Jersey 465,513 Pennsylvania 2,258,403 Delaware 71,109 Maryland 417,913 Virginia 894,800 North Carolina 553,028 South Carolina 274,507 Georgia 521,572 Florida 47,211 Alabama 426,430 Mississipp i 295,71 S Loui sian a 255,49 1 Texas 154,034 Arkansas 162,189 Tennessee 750,753 Kentucky 761,417 Missouri 592,004 Ohio 1,955,108 Michigan 895,097 Indiana 977,028 Illinois 846,035 Wisconsin 304,758 Iowa 1 191,879 California [ 91,632 19,423,915 District of Columbia. 1 38,027 Minnesota C,03S New Mexico ; 61,530 Oregon 13,088 Utah.. 11,330 Total 19,553,92S tree colored pop. Total Free. 1,356 520 713 9,064 3,670 7,693 49,069 23,820 53,323 18,073 74,723 54,333 27,463 8,956 2,931 924 2,293 930 17,462 397 608 6.401 10,007 2,618 25,319 2,557 10,7S3. 5,435 633 835 965 423,3? 4 9,973 89 17 206 24 5S3,169 317,976 314,120 994,514 147,545 870,792 3,097,394 489,333 2,311,786 89,242 492,666 949,133 580,491 233,523 524,503 43,185 423,779 296,643 272,953 154,431 162,797 763,154 771,424 594,622 1,980,427 397,654 988,416 S51,470 805,891 192,214 92,597 19,S47,301 4S,000 G,077 61,547 13,294 11,354 433,643 H9.9S7.573 8,204,347 BEGINNING OF THE SEASONS. 1856. — Sun enters Capricornns (Winter begins), Sunday, Dec. 21, at 9 o'clock 43 minutes, A. M. 1S5T. — Sun enters Aries (Spring begins), Friday, March 20, at 10 o'clock 37 minutes, A. M. 44 44 Cancer (Summer begins), Sunday, June 21, ut 7 o'clock 18 minutes, A. M. M " Libra (Autumn begins), Tuesday, Sept. 22, at 9 o'clock 25 minutes, P. M. 44 w Capricornus (Winter begins), Monday, Dec. 21, at 3 o'clock 9 minutes, P. M. DURATION OF THE SEASONS, ETC., FOR 1851. The sun will be in the Winter signs 89 days 1 hour 6 minutes. Spring " 92 " 20 44 41 44 Summer 44 93 41 14 44 7 44 Winter 44 89 44 IT 44 44 44 So that the period of Summer is 4 days 13 hours and 1 minute longer than that of Winter ; 17 hours and 2G minutes longer than that of Spring ; and 3 days 20 hours and 23 minutes longer than that of Autumn. The Sun will be north of the Equator (comprising the periods of Spring and Summer) 186 days 10 hours and 48 minutes. The Sun will be south of the Equator (comprising the periods of Summer and Winter) 178 days 18 hours and 50 minutes. So that the Sun will be north of the Equator 7 days 15 hours and 58 min- utes longer than it will be south. The length of the Tropical year (1857) is 3G5 days 5 hours and 38 minutes. ECLIPSES IN THE YEAR 1357. There will be two Eclipses this year, both of the Sun. The first is an Eclipse of the Sun, and will occur on the 25th of March. It will be invisible in all that part of the United States east of the meridian of Washington, or of longitude 77° west of Greenwich, and partial and visible west of Washington. The Eclipse will begin at sunset at the following places : Rochester. Harrisburg, Washington, Richmond, and Wilmington, N. C. The Eclipse will be at the largest at the following cities : New Orleans, Memphis, Springfield, 111., Chicago, and Milwaukee, at the instant of sunset. The Eclipse in the United States will vary in size from a mere contact of limb to 9.75 digits. It will be largest along the Mississippi river. At Washington the Sun will set partially eclipsed. From Washington west to the Mississippi, the time of the Eclipse will vary from 2 or 3 minutes to 45 minutes before sunset. The to- 6 58 NEW YORK ALMANAC tal Eclipse will commence at sunrise in Australia, in longitude 141° 18 7 east of Greenwich, and latitude 34° 19' south ; and will end at sunset in the Gulf of Mexico, in latitude 24° north, and longitude 90° 41' west of Greenwich. This Eclipse, therefore, will be visible throughout the whole of California, and in most of the southern, western, and middle States. The second is an annular Eclipse of the Sun, which will com- mence on the 17th of September, at midnight in the United States. It will be visible in a large portion of Asia, a part of Africa, and in the whole of Australia. It will be invisible in the United States. MORNING AND EVENING STABS. Until May 10th, Venus will be the Evening Star, then Morning Star the balance of the year. Until June Tth, Mars will be the Evening Star, then Morning Star the remainder of the year. Until April 11th, Jupiter will be the Evening Star, then Morning Star un- til November 3d. Saturn will be the Evening Star until July 10th, then Morning Star the balance of the year. MERCURY. This planet will be visible in the west soon after sunset, on or about January 12th, May 5th, September 1st, and December 26th ; in the east it will be visible before sunrise, about February 28th, June 29th, and October 19th. ROSSE'S TELESCOPE. To obtain some idea of the immensity of the universe, let us look through Lord Rosse' s telescope, and we discover a star in the infi- nite depth of space, whose light is 3,500,000 years in traveling to our earth, moving at the velocity of 12,000,000 of miles in one minute. THE MILKY-WAY. The number of telescopic stars in the milky-way is estimated at eighteen millions. In order, I will not say to reaiize the greatness of this number, but, at any rate, to compare it with something anal- ogous, I will call attention to the fact, that there are not in the whole heavens more than about eight thousand stars visible to the naked eye. Humboldt. THE ASTEROIDS. M. Lcverrier states, in a letter to the French Minister of Public Instruction, that he is firmly persuaded that a great number of small planets are situated between Mars and Jupiter, and that before I860 nearly 100 will probably be discovered. ZODIACAL LIGHT. It is said that one of the incidental results of the Japan expedi- tion is the discovery that the Zodiacal Light is a belt extending en- AND WEATHER EOOK. 59 tirely round the earth, after the manner of Saturn's rings. Tiio matter has excited a good deal of interest among astronomers, some of the ahlest of whom seem to consider the fact established by the observations taken. THE CALENDAR. CHRONOLOGICAL CYCLES. Dominical Letter D Golden Number * 15 Lunar Cycle 15 Solar Cycle 18 Epact 4 Roman Indiction 15 Julian Period G571, Age of the World 5SC0 MOVABLE FEASTS AND FASTS FOR 1857. Jan. 1, Circumcision; 4, 2d S. aft. Christmas; 6, Epiphany; 11, 1st S. aft. Epiphany; IS, 2d S. aft. Epiphany; 25, 3d S. aft. Epiph- any, and Conv. of St. PauL Feb. 1, 4th S. aft. Epiphany; 2, Purif. of Vir. Mary ; 8, Septuagesima S. ; 15, Sexagesima S. ; 22, Quin- quagesima S. ; 24, St. Matthias ; 25, Ash-Wednesday. Mabch 1 , 1st S. in Lent; 8, 2d S. in Lent; 15, 3d S. in Lent; 22, 4th S. in Lent ; 25, Annun. of Yir. Mary ; 29, 5th S. in Lent. Apeil 5, S. before Easter ; 10, Good-Friday ; 11, Easter-even ; 12, Easter Sun- day; 19, 1st S. aft. Easter; 25, St Mark; 20, 2d S. aft Easter; MayI, Sts. Philip and James; 3, 3d S. aft. Easter; 10, 4th S. aft. Easter ; 17, 5th S. aft. Easter ; 21, Ascen6ion-day ; 24, S. aft. Ascen- sion ; 31, Whit-Sundav- June 7, Trinity Sundav ; 11, St. Barnabas; 14, IstS. aft. Trin. ; 21, 2d S. aft, Trin. ; 24,*Nativ. of St. John the Baptist; 28, 3d S. aft. Trin. ; 29, St. Peter. July 5, 4th S. aft Trin. ; 12, 5th S. aft. Trin. ; 19, 6th S. aft. Trin. ; 25, St. James ; 26, 7th S. aft. Trin. Aug. 2, 8th S. aft. Trin. ; 9, 9th S. after Trin. ; 16, 10th S. aft, Trin.; 23, 11th S. aft Trin. ; 24, St. Bartholomew; 30, 12th S. aft. Trin. Sept. 6, 13th S. aft. Trin. ; 13, 14th S. aft. Trin. ; 20, 15th S. aft. Trin. ; 21, St. Matthew; 27, 16th S. aft. Trin.; 29, St. Michael and All Angels. Oct. 4, 17th S. aft. Trin. ; 11, 18th S. aft. Trin. ; 18, 19th S. aft Trin., and St. Luke Evan. ; 25, 20lhS. aft, Trin. ; 2S, St Simon and Jude. Nov. 1, 21st S. aft. Trin., and All Saints ; 8, 22d S. aft Trin. ; 15, 23d S. aft. Trin. ; 22, 24th S. aft. Trin. ; 29, 1st S. in Advent; 30, St Andrew. Dec. 6, 2d S. in Advent; 13, 3d S. in Advent; 20, 4th S. in Advent ; 21, St Thomas ' 25, Christmas ; 26, St. Stephen ; 27, 1st S. aft Christmas, and S John Evan. ; 2S, Innocents. COMPARISON WITH ANCIENT ERAS. The year 1857, according to the Mohammedan theory of time, is the 1273d since the Hegira or flight of Mohammed. The Alphonsine tables make the year 1857 the 7091st from the cre- ation ; the Greek church makes it 7365; and some of the other Eastern churches make it 7381. The Chinese adopt the Sexagenary cycle of 60 years, giving a name to each year ; and as 75 cycles have 60 NEW YORK ALMANAC now passed away (their era commencing in 2700 B. C), they deem themselves now in the year 4557. The year 1857 is the year 4953, according to the Hindoo era of the Caliguy. The Mexican era dates the year 1857 as 2947, only commencing 1000 B. C. According to the Talmud, the year 1857 is the 7202d year since the creation ; to the Septuagint the 7729th ; to the Samaritan Pen- tateuch the*5o7th; Dr. Hales, the chronologist, makes itthe726Sth; and the Catholic church, following the best authoritias, designates it as the 5880th year since the creation, and lS57th since the birth of Christ. The year 1857 is the 2610th year from the foundation of Rome according to Varro. The year 1857 is the latter part of the 8 1st, and the beginning of ihe 82d year of the Independence of the United States of America. The Jewish year 5618 commences September 19, 1857. CALENDAB OF THE JEWS, FOE THE YEAE 1857. Yon;-. Names of Months. 5317. Thebet, (begins) Dec. 27, 1856. 44 " 10th. Fast for the Si:ge of Jerusa- lem Jan. 6, 1857. Sebat, (begins) Jan. 26, 44 * 4 Adar, (begins) Feb. 24, 44 44 13th. Fast of Esther Mar. 9, 44 " 14th. Purim Mar. 10, 44 44 " 15ch. Schuscan Purim Mar. 11, " 44 Nisan, (begins) Mar. 26, 44 " " 15th. Begiuning of the Passover April 9, 44 44 " 16th. Second Feast, or morrow of the Passover . April 10, 44 11 44 21st. Seventh Feast April 15, 44 44 " 22d. End of Passover April 16, 44 44 lyar, (begins) April 24, 44 " " ISth. Lag Laomer May 12, 44 " Sivan, (begins) May 24, 44 " " 6th. Feast of Weeks of Pentecost May 29, 44 44 44 7th. Second Feast May 30, 44 44 Thammus, (begins\ June 22, 44 44 18th. Fast for the taking of the Temple July 9, " 44 Ab, (begins) July 22, 44 44 44 9th. Fast for the burning of the Temple. July 30, 44 44 Ab-Elul, (begins). The last Month of the Jewish Year Aug. 20, 44 5618. Tisri, (begins). Feast for the New Year, Sept. 19, 44 44 44 2d. Second Feast for the New Year... Sept. 20, 44 44 44 3d. Feast of Gedaljah Sept. 21, 44 AND WEATHER BOOK. 61 5018. Tisri, 10th. Fast of the Reconciliation or Atonement Sept. 28, 185T. " " 15th. Feast of the Huts or Tabernacles Oct. S, " 14 ** 16th. Second Feast of the Huts Oct. 4, M 44 44 21st. Feast of Palms or Branches Oct. 9, 44 44 44 22d. End of the Hut or Congregation Feast Oct. 10, 44 44 44 23d. Rejoicing for the Discovery of the Law Oct. 11, 44 44 Marchesvan, (begins) Oct. 18, 44 44 Chisleu, (begins) Nov. 17, 44 14 44 25th. Consecration of the Temple .. . Dec. 12, 44 44 Thebet, (begins) Dec. 17, 44 44 44 10th. Fast for the Siege of Jerusalem. Dec. 27, 44 The Jewish year generally contains 354 days, or 12 lunations of the moon ; but in a cycle of 19 years an intercalary month (Veader) is 7 times introduced for the purpose of rendering the average du- ration of the year nearly or quite correct. THE GREGORIAN YEAR, AND OLD AND NEW STYLE. In the year 1752 the new, or Gregorian style, which makes the year commence January 1st, was introduced. The civil or legal year in England formerly commenced on the 25th of March. As some nations before 1752 had adopted the new style, it was usual for English writers to designate both years, if the event occurred before the 25th of March. Thus we have Washington's birth-day designated February 11th, 1731-2 ; which signifies that if the year commenced the 25th of March, it would be February 11, 1731. If the year commenced January 1st, it would be February 11, 1732, old style, or February 22d, 1732, new style. TIDE TABLE. To find out the time of high water at any of the following places, first ascertain the time of high water in New York, then add or sub- tract the following time : n.M. i n.M. Albany .add 6 34 Norfolk sub. 1 41 Annapolis, Md sub. 1 51 Plymouth add 2 19 Annapolis; N. S add 1 49 Portland 44 1 39 Amboy sub. 39 Portsmouth 44 2 9 Baltimore add 5 7 Providence sub. 41 Bridgeport 44 2 7 Quebec, Can add 8 49 Eastport 44 2 9 Richmond sub. 2 25 Halifax, N. S sub. 2 15 Salem add 2 19 Hell Gate add 1 41 Sandy Hook sub. 50 New Bedford sub. 1 40 St. John, N. B add 2 49 New Haven add 2 04 Snnbury 44 19 New London sub. 21 Windsor 44 2 49 Newport 44 1 55 Marblehead 44 1 4$ The above table is liable to be influenced by the wind. G* 62 NEW YORK ALMANAC THE PERIODICAL REVOLUTIONS, DISTANCES FROM THE SUN, ETC., OF THE PLANETS. Time of period- ical Revolution. YES. D. H. M. 87 23 15 224 16 49 5 48 27 7 43 321 22 IS 98 3 180 3 207 3 229 3 248 3 £53 3 2S4 3 285 3 302 3 305 3 341 4 52 4 53 4 55 4 75 4 114 4 131 4 1GG 4 220 4 227 5 9 5 1G 5 189 11 315 14 29 1C4 7 83 294 8 1644 Meau dist. i Time of from the Sun' Rotation in Eng. miles, upon Axis, d. n. m. 36,890,000 1 5 68,770,000 23 21 95,298,260 1 23 56 95,298,260 27 7 43 145,205,000 209,826,000! 218,900,000 ; 222,273,000 225,000,000, 227,334,000 227,387.000 j 230,000,000; 231,200,000 233,100,000 233,400,000' 237,400,000, 245,600,000 245,800,000- 246,070,000 243,250,000 252,300,000 254,312,000 258,000,000 263,713,000, 264,256^00 279,500,000! 280,300,000, 297,530,000; 495,917,000 909,026,000' 1,828,071,000 2,862,457,000 1 1 37 9 55 10 16 Diameter in Eng. Miles. The time of the sun's rotation on his axis is 25 d. 7 h. 48 his diameter is 887,076 miles. in., and TRUE TIME. The Sun is on the meridian at 12 o'clock on four days only in the year. It is sometimes as much as 16} minutes before or after 12, when its shadow strikes the noon-mark on the sun-dial. On each calendar page of this Almanac is shown the exact time when the Sun reaches the meridian, or the shadow the noon-mark ; and in order to set a clock or watch correctly, it must, when it is noon by the AND WEATHER BOOK. G3 Bun-dial or noon-mark, be set at the time indicated in the Almanac. Thus, on the 25th of January, when the Sun is on the noon-mark the watch must be set 12 minutes and 33 seconds past twelve, which will be the true time. The practice of setting time-pieces by the rising or the setting of the Sun or Moon is not strictly correct; as the unevenness of the earth's surface and intervening objects, such as hills or forests, near the points of rising and setting, occasion a deviation, in every place, from the time expressed in the Almanac, which time is adapted to a smooth, level horizon. The only means of keeping correct time is by the use of a noon-mark, or a meridian line, PHENOMENA, ETC., FOR 1857. January 1, © in perigee ; 2, % i © ; 5, © perigee ; 9, ^ 6 © ; 15, 5 gr. elong. E. ; IT, © apogee ; 21, g stat. ; 28, © 6 Z , Iff. stat. ; 29, © 6 9 ; 30, © 6 U, © perigee; 31, $ inf. 6 ©. Feb. 5, © 6 ^ ; 8, Septuagesima ; 9, JJl □ ; 12, $ 6 2£ ; 14, © apogee ; 22, Quinqua- gesima; 25, Ash-Wednesday, 5 gr. elong. W. ; 26, © 6 & % \ 27, $ gr. elong. E., © 6 9. Makcii 1, Quadragesima; 8 stat. ; 14, © apogee, $ 6 U ; 26, © perigee, © 6 H\ 27, © 6 $ ; 28, *> □ 0, 9 6 ©; 31,© 6 ^ . Apeil 4, 9 brightest ; 10, Good Friday, © apogee, $ sup. 6 0; 11, U 6 ; 12, Easter Sunday; 18, ? stat. ; 21, s 6 $; 24, © perigee, © 6 $ ; 25, © 6 9 Til ; 27, s 6 Jjl ? ; 28, ^ d © ; 29, 6 9 May 3, ? 6 S ; 6, $ 6 JJl ; 7, © apogee ; 8, $ gr. elong. E.; 10, 9 in inf. 6 0; 15, J£l 6 ; 17, Rogation; 20, $ stat. ; 21, Ascension-day, © 6 H ; 22, © perigee, © 6 9 ; 23, © stat. ; 11, © i $ ; 14, © 6 9 ; 16, © 6 S ; 17, © in apogee ; 19, 5 sup. 6 ©, lit 8 © ; 20, 3 in aph. ; 29, Advent Sunday, © 6 U ; 30, © 6 Jil. Deo. 1, ©perigee ; 4, © 6 ^ ; 10, d © 3 ; 14, © 6 ? , © in apogee ; 17, © 6 5 ; 26, © d 2£ ; 27, © .- s ..i tfio i'.imo^ h.^r \ a;:d accord! iply f-.rcU 1: : d: y weather. 82 NEW YORK ALMANAC FROM THE DIRECTION AND FORCE OF THE WIND. If the wind, during the winter season, be blowing with consider- able, or, at times, with great violence from the south-west, espec- ially if it has been shortly previous, for a considerable length of time out of the east, or north-east, it may be predicted, if wet weather has not already commenced, that it will very soon begin, and that it will last one, two, or three days, or perhaps longer. If the wind during the same season of the year blow from any point between north and east inclusive, and with very little veloc- ity, it may be predicted that the weather will continue dry and frosty, or inclined to frost, for one, and with diminishing probability of being correct, for two, three, or more days thereafter. In general the greater the velocity of the wind, and more espec- ially if it be out of a warm direction, the greater is the probability of rain. And, on the contrary, the less the velocity of the wind, be its direction what it may, but especially if it be out of a cold direc- tion, the less the probability of rain. When the wind is out of a cold and dry direction, and very little of it, and all the other means of prognostication indicate a continu- ance of dry weather, a change of wind to a warrn and wet direction, and an increase in its velocity, very soon reverses the prognostica- tions to the indication of wet weather. In all anticipations of the character of the weather, it is advisable to draw our conclusions from every variety of prognostication. Thus not only the present and immediately previous condition of the barometer should be taken into account, but also the direction and force of the wind, and the appearances of the clouds and sky. FROM THE MOON'S AGE. It has been very generally supposed that at the changes of the moon, or at some fixed period of the moon's age, the weather be- comes liable to change. This belief has no solid foundation in meteorological truth. No good reason has yet been discovered why the moon should have any iufluence in producing these changes. Though the changes of the moon happen at the same time all over the earth, it is well known that changes of weather are by no means simultaneous in places not very far distant from each other ; indeed, it often happens, that while it is wet in one place, it is dry and beautiful in another, although both may be similarly situated as re- gards sea, and other natural boundaries. Predictions founded on the changes of the moon are now admittedly trivial, and based on no sufficient reason. Comparisons have been made by experienced meteorologists between the changes g t..< T M ? j ^ : : : :::::::: : : : : : : : : : g 92 NEW YORK ALMANAC EQUILIBRIUMS OF TEMPEBATUEE. When the temperature remains unchanged for a term of seven or more consecutive hours, we denominate in equilibria. This state of rest in the atmosphere is found, by carefully-recorded observa- tions, to result from the shock of an earthquake at a remote point. EQUILTBRIATIONS OF TEMPERATURE. When the temperature fluctuates for a term of seven or more con- secutive hours, and the fluctuations do not exceed two degrees, we term that state of the atmosphere an eqiiilibriation of temperature, and find, by long-continued observations, to have resulted from successive shocks of earthquakes at distant points. COLD TERMS. It is a remark often made by observing people, that the cold lasts three days. The conclusion is well founded. A quarter of a circle of 360 hours is 90 — which is an evening, three full days, and a morn- ing. In these cases the cold commences in the evening, it continues three full days, and ends the morning succeeding the three days. In the winter of 1847-43, a question arose as to the comparative coldness of that winter, compared with that of the preceding winter. In order to determine this fact, I counted the hours on my record- book, during which the temperature remained at and below the freezing-point of Fahrenheit, and found seven terms of 90 and one of 45 consecutive hours. In a communication I addressed to the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York, and which was published in their report to the legislature, Senate Document, No. 71,0/1848, p. 275, I said: The inquiry now arises, to what particular causes are the cycles owing ? Why should they be near a quarter of a circle of 330 ? In the winter of 1843-49 the cold answered the second query, for, on the 31st of December, 1848, the temperature fell to and below the freezing-point, and did not rise above it till the 13th of January, 1849 — counting the hours on the record, they were found to be 315, which is seven-eighths of 369, or three and a half times 90 ; the next cold term commenced on the 5th of February, and continued to the 11th — its duration was 135 consecutive hours, or one and a half times, or three eighths of 360 ; the third cold term commenced on the 12th and ended on the 23d of February, — its duration was 270 hours, or three times 90, or six- eighths of 360. The causes of the cold terms are found in the record of earth- quakes. All great and sudden changes are produced by the earth upon its own atmosphere. Heated Terms. — The state of the atmosphere which I denominate a heated term, is that in which for several consecutive days the maximum temperature rises from S0° to and above 90°. AND WEATHER BOOK. 93 JEE0LITE3, THITNDER -BALLS, AND AUUOSAL SHOWERS. 1355, November SOth. — A ball of lire seen from Bon don, England, in the evening ; it darted along in a straight line over about a third of the sphere ; it then burst like a rocket, but without noise, falling in a shower of sparks, which instantly disappeared. Meteor at Porto Rico in December, day not given. 1856, January 7th. — A large aerolite, seen from Highfield House Observatory, England, and several other parts of England, and from the Isle of Wight. It was in sight from 4h. 47m. P. M. till 6h. Cm. P. M., and presented a most beautiful appearance. 27th. — A fine meteor seen from Highfield House Observatory, England, at 12h. 3m. A. M. February 3d. — Large aerolite seen from Highfield House Observ- atory, England, and other places, at 7h. 55m. P. M. It spread into a mass of orange-colored fire, in an oval form, the size of five or dUc full moons long, and two broad. In a short time it changed in- stantly to a brilliant green, then again to a brilliant red; but throughout it was tinted around the edges, and the head did not change its color. It exploded without noise. 16th. — A splendid meteor, seen from Lincolnshire, England, ar Sh. 45m. P. M. It was of a bluish white, and fell without leaving a train. April 5th. — An aerolite of great brilliancy seen from Harpenden, Herts, England, at 8h. 30m. P. M. It exploded in a few seconds, with a hissing sound. 11th. — A large aerolite was heard to explode at 9 A. If., from Bel- fast, Rockland, and neighboring towns in Maine ; it shook the build- ings. 11th. — A splendid aerolite, seen from the Liverpool Observatory, England, at 8h. 30m. P. M. It was of excessive brilliancy. The colors were alternately intensely blue, green, brilliant red, occasion- ally yellow. At about 8h. 50m. an apparent explosion took place, when *to bodies became observable. At about 9 it was not discernible from the mist. During the half hour it had moved about 3° in space, and had no appearance either of ascending or descending. A brilliant meteor passed over Vera Cruz, Mexico, day not given. July 8. — An aerolite seen from Memphis and other parts of Ten- nessee, and several places in Mississippi, about 6 P. M. 15th.— Meteoric explosion heard in the air over Leicester Center. Mass., between 11 and 12 A. M. 17th. — A brilliant aerolite seen from Charleston, S. C, at 7 P. M. It seemed to assume different shapes and colors as it passed off. August 3d. — An aerolite seen to explode in Iowa, while the sun was sr'ning brightly. Several large meteors were seen from Highfield House Observ- atory, England, during the week ending the 5th. 15th. — A remarkable aerolite seen from several places on Lake Superior, and also from Minnesota, just after sunset. 9 94 NEW YORK ALMANAC 27th. — A superb meteor seen from New York at 9 P. If. The upper part of the nucleus was of a brilliant red, the lower of a pale and whitish color. September 5th. — Meteor seen from Brooklyn Heights at Sh. SOm. P. M. 11th. — A most brilliant meteor seen from different parts of Cali- fornia in the evening, emitting long and beautiful streams of light. It was visible for about half a minute. Its disappearance was ac- companied with a loud noise like thunder. iErolites have, by some, been supposed to come from volcanoes in the moon. They have no such origin, but are the product of our own planet. Meteors differ from aerolites ; but in published accounts met with in newspapers, no distinction is made between aerolites and meteors. Meteors, such as fall in the meteoric showers, result from aurora borealis, and the latter from volcanic discharges from the earth's interior. Such meteors fall frequently in the months of August and November, and less frequently in other months of the year, have been found when examined after reaching the earth, to be of a gelatinous substance, like dissolved starch or the white of an egg ; while aerolites, which have been found in great numbers after reach- ing the earth, and have been found by persons who saw them fall, and who were thus enabled to secure the aerolite before the heat had passed from it, are of metallic and silicious composition. iErolites, no doubt, result from the discharge of lightning through a portion of the atmosphere holding mineral and earthy matter in suspension, or from volcanic discharges accompanied by lightning. E. MEPJAM, Brooklyn Heights. THUNDER AND LIGHTNING. The frequency of thunder-storms is illustrated by the following tabulated statement of lightning, recorded in our register for twelve months, viz., October 1st, 1S55, to September 20th, 1S5G. ( Elsewhere with- ) 1S55, Oct.— On Brooklyn Heights, 2 days.x in the field of >7 days, ( oar research. ) 5 " 3 8 12 20 25 25 IS il Nov. Dec. " 1 day, 1S56, Jan. Feb. March. 2 days, April. u 5 u May. 5 " June. 20 " July. 14 11 Aug. Sept. U |0 14 M c " Total, l^days. AND WEATHER BOOK. 95 This synopsis, in some cases, embraces thunder-storms occurring at our place of observation and elsewhere on the same day. At Valparaiso, on the western coast of South America, thunder and lightning is rarely witnessed ; but on the opposite side of the continent, in the Brazils, Buenos Ayres, etc., thunder-storms are very frequent and severe. The range of the Andes, which attain a great elevation between these two points, appear to affect a separa- tion. In the Arctic zone, beyond the 74th parallel of north latitude, we have met with no record of thunder and lightning ; and thunder and lightning is less frequent at Melbourne, Australia — although the temperature there sometimes rises to 128° in the shade — than here. E. M. ICEBERGS. The following tabulated statement, made up from our record, ex- hibits the number of vessels in each month of the year, for a period of sixteen years, which reported meeting with icebergs in crossing the Atlantic. Year. :: Mar. April. May. | June. 1 < Sept. 1 O > © c3 © Q Total. 1S41 9 11 1 21 1S42 7 31 11 16 22 1G 1 104 1S43 3 1844 5 12 3 2 22 1845 1 4 10 9 15 44 184G 1 1 2 4 1847 7 7 4 3 21 1848 1S40 1 1 1 o 5 185a 1 1 12 5 7 5 6 1 1 88 1851 1 7 30 37 G4 23 8 1 171 1852 1 3 C 8 1 H 21 1S53 I o 4 1854 4 43 93 74 G7 37 6 2 340 1S55 1 2 5 9 13 5 I 8 1 5 ij 47 185G 2 28 24 14 47 41 21 7 21 2 ISS Many persons have supposed that icebergs affected the tempera- ture of the atmosphere at points remote from these frigid navigat- ors. A comparison of the iceberg record of the present year with the record of the temperature of the atmosphere, as seen frem observations made on Brooklyn Heights, show that such supposi- tions are erroneous. The greater flow of icebergs results from intense cold, producing disruptions of the ice, and not from the comparative mildness of the Arctic atmosphere. This is clearly illustrated by the comparison of our record of Arctic temperatures with the records of the drift of Arctic ice. E. M. 96 NEW YORK ALMANAC RAIN. October, 1355. — Rain fell on 13 days, snow on 1 day. Total amount during the month 7. Xovember. — Rain fell on 9 days, snow on '2 days. Total amount during the month f.10 December. — Rain fell on 10 days, snow on 9 days (7 inches). Total amount during the month 5.65 January, 1353. — Rain fell on 4 days, snow on 12 dayj (35 inches). Total amount during the month 3.05 February. — Rain fell on 3 days, snow on 7 days (4 inches). Total amouut during the month 3.S0 March. — Rain fell on 4 days, snow on 8 days (12 inches). Total amount during the month o 2.G5 'April. — Rain fell on 11 days. Total during the month 1.77 May. — ; Bain fell on 14 days. Total during the month . . 4.10 June.-Ra.in fell on 14 days. Total during the month 2.70 July. — Rain fell on 9 days. Total during the month . . 2.35 August. — Rain fell on 12 days. Total during the month 8.11 September.— Rain fell on 8 days. Total during the month 2.92 Rai>: fell on 114 days, snow on 36 days (53 inches). Total during the year ." 47.63 inches. The melted snow i3 included in the rain-table. The fall of rain during the twelve months is about twenty per cent, more than the average annual fall of rain of this locality for a term of years. E. M. LIGHTNING ON THE SEA, From October 1st, 1355, to September 30th, 1856. October. — During this month we have accounts of six vessels be- ing struck by lightning : four ships, one sloop, and one vessel not specified ; one was sunk, one was set on fire, one damaged in hull and spars, and three damaged in spars, two slightly. No account of any person killed or injured by the lightning. Two of the vessels were at sea, two in dock, one on the lakes, and one at a wharf. Xovember. — Only one vessel, a ship, during this month. She was at sea, and was damaged in spars and rigging. No persons killed or injured. December. — Three vessels during this month: two ships and one brig. These were all at sea. One was set on fire and burned up, and the other two were damaged in spars and rigging. Two passengers injured on board of one. January. — Two vessels during this mouth were struck: one ship AND WEATHER BOOK. 97 and one schooner. One was at sea, and the other at anchor in a hay. One was damaged in spars and the other reported as having received no damage. No person killed or injured. February. — Two vessels during this month : one ship and a hark, both at sea. One was damaged in hull and spars to the amount of $10,000. The other was struck twice, injured in spars and hull, and one of her sails set on fire. Four men were knocked down, three were not injured, hut one had his clothes all burned off, and him- self so badly injured that he was not expected to live. March. — Seven vessels during this month were struck : five ships, one bark, and a brig. They were all at sea. Two were struck twice, two were damaged in spars and rigging, four slightly dam- aged, and one did not state what damage received. Two men were killed, eight were injured, one not expected to recover the sight of both eyes. One ship reports " several of the crew injured, 1 ' and another " several of the crew slightly injured." April. — Two vessels during this month were struck : a steamship and a brig. One was at sea and the other at anchor. The damage in either case not stated. No person killed or injured. May. — Five vessels during this month were struck : one ship and four schooners. One was at sea, one on Lake Eric, and the others in harbor at anchor. Four were injured in spars and rigging; no marks of the fluid could *be found on the other, but a man was struck down on board, and remained prostrated four days. No per- son killed or injured. June. — Fifteen vessels during this month : five ships, one bark, two brigs, six schooners, and one sloop. One was at sea, two on Lake Erie, and the remainder in harbor or at anchor in bays. One was 60 badly injured in spars, rigging, and hull, that the captain had great difficulty in getting her into a harbor ; one Avas set on fire and damaged otherwise in spars ; eleven were damaged in spars and rigging ; the damage to one was not stated, and no marks of the fluid could be found on the other, although six of her crew were badly burned and injured. Ono man was killed, six injured (men- tioned above), and four in another vessel so stunned as to be unable to speak for some minutes. July. — Sixteen vessels during this month were struck: five ships, two barks, one brig, seven schooners, and one pilot-boat. Four were at sea, one on Lake Erie, and the remainder were-'in harbors or bays. One was very badly damaged in spars, rigging, and hull ; one was set on fire ; twelve were damaged in spars and rigging, and the damage to two was not stated. One man was killed, one severely injured and burned, so much so as to be senseless twelve hours after the accident, and one account which says " all hands on board were severely injured ; they lost the power of speech, and were several hours recovering." August. — Seventeen vessels during this month were struck: two ships, four barks, ten schooners, and one yacht. Eleven were at sea, and six were in harbor or at anchor. One was damaged in spars, rigging, and hull; two were set on fire, besides being otherwise 9* 98 NEW YORK ALMANAC damaged; eleven were damaged in spars and rigging; two we^e slightly damaged, and the damage to one was not stated. Two per- sons were killed, and eleven were injured, one badly. Eight of thus- vessels were struck on one day, the 8th. September.— Six vessels during this month were struck: one steamboat, two schooners, one sloop, one smack, and a sail-boat Three of these were in harbor, and three on their passage. Three were damaged in spars and rigging, one badly damaged, one di^htly and one (the steamboat) received no damage. Two persons were injured, one of them being very badly burned, and one person (the pilot of the steamboat), was rendered senseless for a moment. In addition to the above, two vessels were struck during the last summer, but the month nor day of the month is not given, neither is the class of the vessels, or the damage sustained. RECAPITULATION FOR THE YEAR. Eighty-four vessels were struck by lightning, viz. : twenty-seven ships, one steamship, nine barks, tlx brigs, one steamboat, thirty schooners, three sloops, a pilot-boat, a smack, a sail-boat, and three vessels not classed. Of these vessels, one was burned, one sunk, six set on fire, fifty- six damaged, nine slightly damaged, four received no damage, and the damage to seven was not stated. Five persons on board of them were killed, and twenty were injured, two of whom were not ex- pected to recover ; besides two accounts which say " several were injured," and one account which says " all hands." No case of loss of life by lightning has ever been known in a ves- sel provided with metallic lightning conductors ; nor have under- writers ever been called upon (so far as our inquiries have extended) to pay for losses by lightning to vessels or cargoes in any case where the vessel was furnished with conductors, where the continuity was uninterrupted to the water. Iron ships and steamboats are perfect protection against lightning. No case of loss of life by lightning has been known in an iron ship or steamboat since such vessels have been in use. Ocean steamers having masts require lightning conductors to protect their masts. These facts put forever at rest the idle fear expressed by some, that lightning-rods are dangerous from their supposed attraction for lightning. _ The New York marine underwriters deduct ?| per cent, from the Dremium of insurance on vessels furnished with conductors. E. MERIAM, Brooklyn Heights. LIGHTNING ON TnE LAND WITHIN THE FIELD OUR EESEAECU, From October 1, 1S55, to September 30th, 1S5G. Persons Killed — Seventy-eight, viz. : in dwellings, 17; at or in doorways, 5 ; under trees, T ; in fields, G ; in the street, 3 ; on mule$ 2? on horseback on a prairie, 2; on horseback in u street, 1; in AND WEATHER BOOK. 09 barns, 2 ; returning from a field, 2 ; in a yard, loading a horse to miter, drawing water from a well, on levee, on a cab-seat, standing near a coal-pit, crossing a bridge, in a slied, in a tent, in a school- house, standing on the platform of a railroad train on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, walking on arail road track — one each — 12 ; and 10, particulars not specified. Persons Injured — Eighty-seven ; besides-one account which says several, and another which says a number. Animals Killed. — 53 horses; 13 mules; 08 cattle; and one ac- count that says "some;" 1 sheep, 3 hog?, 2 dogs and 1 cat; and one account that says "horses and cattle." Fowls and Birds Killed. — A fleck of ducks. Buildings Burned. — 2 hotels, 8 dwellings, 54 barns, and one account which says several ;" 8 warehouses, 4 stables, 1 corn-crib, 1 light-house, 1 car -house, and one account which says "a build- ing." A barn in the village of Bergheinfield, Rhenish Bavaria, Europe, was burned by lightning, the fire of which was communicated to other buildings, and 130 houses were consumed. Buildings Struck. — -5 meeting-houses, 142 dwellings, and an ac- count which says 11 several ;" 3 engine-houses, 8 stores, 5 hotels, 4 school-houses, 4 printing offices, 11 barns, and an account which says "a number ;" 2 blacksmiths' shops, 2 machine shops, 2 facto- ries, 2 mills, 2 sheds, a court-house, boat-houso, hospital, bath-house, stable, shot-tower, gas-house, station-house, shop, coach-house, tool- house, well-house, corn-crib, pickling and preserving depot, foundry, carpenter s shop, railroad depot — one of each — nine buildings not specified, and two accounts which say 11 several. 11 Buildings with Lightning B»ds Struck. — dwellings, 3 meeting- houses, 1 hotel, 1 seminary, the Smithsonian Institution, 1 printing- office, and a barn. Of these, 1 dwelling was burned, 6 dwellings, 2 churches, and the seminary were damaged. Telegraph Establishments Struck. — 7 offices in which instruments were destroyed or damaged, three accounts in which it was stated the wires were struck, and two places in which the posts were shat- tered. Railroads Struck. — Four accounts of railroad tracks being struck, and one account of a railroad train near Baltimore. Miscellaneous — 3grain stacks, 4 pikes of hay, and 1 tree burned. A stack of hay set on fira ; two wagons, a stone tower, «a fence, a liberty-pole, a flag-staff, a carriage-pole, and a wall struck and shiv- ered ; 35 trees were struck and shivered, besides two accounts which say "several;" in five places the ground was struck, and one ac- count that says, " on the 17th of April, at Corpus Christi, Texas, the ground was torn up in hundreds of places, while in all directions are to be seen the shattered fragments of trees." Boston, Mass., although frequently visited by thunder-storms, it is rarely the case that lightning strikes in that city ; but in the months of May, June, July, and August of the present year, the lightning of six several storms on as many several days, struck in fourteen places in Boston. 100 NEW Y RX ALMANAC Essex, Mass., has been remarkably exempt from lightning-shocks for a series of years ; but during the present year every thunder- storm which has passed over the town has left a mark of its visita- tion, the lightning having struck there in twenty-five several places. E. MERIAM, Beooi:lyn Heights. EAETEQTJAKES. The following is a brief statement of earthquakes which have occurred within the field of* my research for one year, commencing October i, 1S55, and ending September 30, 1853. OCTOBER, 1555. 14. — Shock of earthquake at La Ligui, at about S P. Iff. 10. — A shock of earthquake at Neufchatel, Switzerland, during the night. 20. — Shock of earthquake at Neufchatel, Switzerland, at 4 A. M. 21. — A smart shock of earthquake in San Francisco, California, at 7 f P. M. There was much commotion in the water of the harbor a few minutes preceding the shock, which caused several vessels to heave heavily at their hawsers and cables. 22. — A severe shock of earthquake at Taranaki, New Zealand, by which several buildings were destroyed. 25. — Shocks of earthquake in the canton of Yalais, Switzerland. At Yeige two sharp shocks in the evening. 27. — Shocks of earthquake at Clear Lake, Downieville, and Good- year's Bar, California, at 3 P. M. At Yiege, Switzerland, a hot wind blew for some time, and the rain began to fall, and it continued to the morning of the 28th. 28. — At Yiege, Switzerland, shocks of earthquake commenced in the night after several claps of thunder at intervals. •20. — At Yiege, Switzerland, shocks of earthquake continued till 5 A. M. The number was not fewer than thirty-one. Shocks of earthquake in the Island of Goza, in the Mediterra- nean, day not given. NOYEMBER. 2. — Severe shock of earthquake at Zanzibar, at 7h. 50ra. P. M. 3. — Shock of earthquake at Yillanou, YValker Co., Georgia. S. — Two shocks of earthquake at Malta. 10. — A series of shocks and mysterious noises at YVestfield, Staten Island, New York, supposed to be occasioned by an earthquake. 11 Four very heavy shocks of earthquake at Belize, Honduras. Severe earthquake at Jeddo, Japan, in the evening. The earthquake opened in the N. E. part of the city, and closed over many thousand houses and inhabitants. 500 Budhist and Sinto temples, and 101,000 dwellings and stores were destroyed, and 30,000 lives lost. The shocks were severe at Simoda. 21 A rumbling noise and a jarring of the earth felt i:i the N.W. portion of Philadelphia, at 10 m. before 3 A. M. AND WExVTHER BOOK. 101 27 Shock of earthquake at Sierra, California, at 31i. 30m. P. M. 23. — A Jieauy swell broke into the harbor of Big River, California, causing some shipwreck. There was not a breath of wind at the time, and the swell came in with terrific violence several times. DECEMBER. 3. — A mountain exploded in the State of Arkansas, with a rum- bling sound and a general vibration of the earth. 4. — A smart shock of earthquake at Barcelona, Spain, at 7 P. M. 5. — Shock of earthquake (two vibrations) at Humboldt Bay, Cali- fornia, at lib. 20m. A. M. 11. — Shock of earthquake in San Francisco and the Mission Dolores, California, at 4 A. M. 12. — Severe earthquake at Jeddo, Japan, destroying houses and temples, and burying nearly 3,000 people beneath the ruins. 14 — Shock of earthquake at Broussa, Turkey, followed by others for several days. IT. — Two shocks of earthquake at French Mountain, Warren Co., New York, at 2. P. M. JANUARY, 1S5G. 2. — Shock of earthquake in San Francisco, California, at 10 A .M. 4. — Slight shock of earthquake at St. Jago de Cuba, 5. — Shock of earthquake at Ogdensburg, New York, at 14 m. past 12 A. M. Sharp shocks of earthquake at Briggs, in the Upper Valais, at Aasan, and at Interlacken, Switzerland, in the afternoon. 7 — Shock of earthquake at Locte, Switzerland, in the night 0. — Several shocks of earthquake at Winchester, Virginia, at 3 A. M. 12. — Slight shock of earthquake at St. Jago do Cuba. 13. — Slight shock of earthquake at Santa Martha, New Granada. 26. — Two shocks of earthquake at Frederic, Md., at 4 A. M. FEBRUARY. 5. — A heavy shock of earthquake at Skowhegan, Maine, at G P. Iff., and another during the night. 12. — Slight shock of earthquake at St. Jago de Cuba, at 9h..l5m. P. M. 14. — Slight shock of earthquake at San Francisco, California, about 9 P. M., and several others during the night. 15. — Slight shock of earthquake at San Francisco, California, and a violent shock at 5h. 23m. A. M., which was felt over a great part of the State. 16. — Earthquake at Sonsonate, Salvador. IT. — Earthquake shock experioncsd i'.i the night, by steamer Golden A(je, off the island of Mantuoso. 18. — Shock of earthquake in David, in the province of Chiriqui, C. A. The earthquakes during this month, where the day is not given, 102 NEW YORK ALMANAC are as follows : a slight earthquake in Cuba ; shocks of earthquake in Asia Minor, which lasted ten days, and several towns had been destroyed. A new volcano broke out in Equador, C A., and was accompanied by violent earthquakes, felt over a large portion of the republic. In the city of Cuence two churches were destroyed, a num- ber of private buildings were thrown down, and more than fifty persons perished. The little village of Delog, near where the vol- cano burst forth, has entirely disappeared, and Paccha has suffered very considerably. This is said to have happened between the 15th and 25th. MARCH. 2 and 3. — Dreadful earthquake and volcanic eruption on the Island of Great Sangir, in the Moluccas, India. 12. — Shock of earthquake in Madison, Conn., and neighboring towns, at 10 P. M. 16. — Three shocks of earthquake at La Ligni, Chili, at the dawn of day. 21. — Shock of earthquake in Nelson, Amherst, and Albemarle counties, Virginia, about 9 A. M. Earthquake at Mitylene, France. The shocks of earthquake at Broussa, Turkey, which commenced February lTth, 1S55, have continued with intermissions to the pres- ent month. APRIL. 14. — Shock of earthquake at Los Angelos, Cal., and the Monte in the night. " Three earthquakes at Papudo, Chili, between March 1G and April 14. IT. — Two shocks of earthquake at Vera Cruz, Mexico, in the night. MAY. 2. — A severe shock of earthquake at Los Angelos, Cal., in the night. 21. — At Truxillo, Honduras, several explosions in the mountains in the afternoon. JI3NE. 4. — Lake Ontario, at Oswego, suddenly rore three feet, during a thunder storm, and as suddenly fell again. This was repeated sev- eral times. 8. — A severe shock of earthquake in the Sandwich Islands. JULY. 10. — A slight shock of earthquake at Freeport, Armstrong co.. Pa., in the evening. 11. — A very violent 6hock of earthquake at Schtinaka, in the Caucasus, throwing down three hundred houses and more than one hundred ships. Only one person was killed, and five wounded. 10. — Shock of earthquake at Richmond Va., and vicinity, at '20 minutes before 2 o'clock. AND WEATHER BOOK. 103 24. — A succession of slight earthquakes in the city of Mexico, at a quarter before 9 A. M. AUGUST. 3. — Two shocks of earthquake at Valetta, between 2h P. M., and 4£ P. M. 4. — Slight shock of earthquake at San Francisco, Cal., at 5.15 A. Iff. 5. — A violent shock of earthquake at Belize, Honduras, about 5 P. M., and occasionally a very slight trembling in the earth was felt up to the 27tb. The same shock extended to the Islands in the vi- cinity, was felt in Jamaica, and was very severe at Omoa, where tbere were one hundred and eight shocks, and where it was felt for eight days, slightly. 14. — A slight shock of earthquake at Truxillo, Honduras, at 5:13 P. M. 15. — Two slight shocks of earthquake at Truxillo, Honduras, one at 6 minutes after midnight, and the other at 3:15 A. M. IS. — Earthquake at Kona, Sandwich Islands. 21. — Shocks of -earthquake were felt throughout Algeria. They were slight at Algiers, strong at Constantina and Bona, and violent at Philippeville, where twenty-two successive shocks occurred, and several villages were destroyed. There was little loss of life. 26. — Two shocks of earthquake at Monterey, Cal., about 15 minutes before 9 P. M. 2T. — Shock of earthquake at Monterey and Santa Cruz, California. Shock of earthquake at Belize, Honduras. 29. — Shocks of earthquake at Monterey and Santa Cruz, Cal. SEPTEMBER. 17. — A slight shock of earthquake at Hickman, Ky., about 5 A. M. 20. — Severe shock of earthquake at San Diego, Cal. 26. — Shock of earthquake at city of Mexico and Puebla, at a quarter before 12 M. The following earthquakes, of which the dates are not given, have occurred during the last twelve months: A severe shock of an earthquake at Porto Rico. Occasionally shocks of earthquake at St. Christopher, W. I. Several shocks of earthquake in Portugal, principally in the Algraves. Various shocks of earthquake have been felt in different parts of Spain. In Giozalema, a district not far from Seville, seven shocks took place in the space of an hour, causing whole hills to disappear. Several severe earthquakes at Guayquil, Equador. Shock of earthquake in the city of Mexico. A shock of earthquake at Soleure, Switzerland. A violent shock of earthquake in the Caucasus. Severe earthquake shocks in Kingston, Jamaica, and the town of Falmouth. A shock of earth- quake at Broussa, Turkey. Earthquakes have been less frequent in the twelve months em- braced in this statement than heretofore for many years. We have never met with any record of earthquakes north of the 74th parallel of north latitude. On the western coast of South America, earth- 104 NEW YORK ALMANAC quakes are of very frequent occurrence ; but on the eastern, in that portion in which Brazil and Buenos Ayres are situate, earthquakes are of very rare occurrence. E. MEHIAM, Beooxlyn Heights. HEGLECT TO PUT UP LIFE-SAVING GATES AT THE FEKBY BRIDGES. 1555, Oct. 25. — Mr. Thomas Secor, residing in Delaware county, New York, while stepping off the Jersey City ferry-boat, accidentally stepped between the boat and the bridge, and had one of his knees badly crushed. He subsequently died of his injuries. Nov. 10. — A passenger for the 5£ P. M. train, on the New York and Erie Railroad, stepped between the ferry-boat and the bridge as the boat was landing its passengers in Jersey City, and narrowly escaped being crushed. He was only saved by the timely warning given by a fellow-passenger to the engineer, who reversed the en- gine of the boat. Nov. IS. — A man walked overboard at the Fulton ferry, on the Brooklyn side, under the impression that the boat which had entered the slip was made fast. He narrowly escaped being crushed be- tween the boat and the bridge, but was eventually got out without injury. Dec. 24. — About 5 o'clock P. M., as one of the noboken ferry- boats was approaching the landing at the foot of Barclay-st., a man named Thomas Bivington, residing at No. 834 Ninth-st., New York, a ship-fastener by trade, in attempting to step over the chain, tripped his foot, and was pitched headlong over the end of the boat against the bridge. In this position he was caught across the chest by the boat and horribly crushed, causing instant death. There was no cry or other sound, except the cracking of the bones. He leaves a wife and two children. 1356, Jan. 2G. — About G P. M., a little girl about 8 years of age, daughter of Mr. Metlar, of No. 100 Graud-st., Jersey City, under- took to step off the boat before it was made fast to the bridge on the Jersey side, and fell between the boat and the bridge. She was res- cued by Lemuel Alfred, a deck hand, who leaped into the water after her. He, however, narrowly escaped losing his own life in the attempt. When taken from the water he was so benumbed with the cold, and his wet clothing was so heavy, that he was rescued with great difficulty. The officers of the Br. steamer Africa witnessed the occurrence, being on the boat, and immediately subscribed $50 with which to present Mr. Alfred with a medal. March 2. — A man named William Teasell fell into the water while attempting to get on board of one of the Fulton ferry-boats. He was rescued. March 22. — A young man in his hurry to get on board the Fulton ferry-boat, jumped overboard. He was rescued after some trouble. April 8. — As the Peck Slip boat was nearing the Williamsburg slip, a man with a child in his arms, thinking the boat was in, walked AND WEATHER BOOK. 105 overboard. The man after a time was rescued, leaving the child screaming in the water, when the pilot jumped over and brought the child on shore. April 26. — A man in attempting to leave one of the Fulton ferry- boats before it was secrued to the bridge, fell between the two, and would have been crushed but for the prompt action of some of the passengers, who dragged him out He escaped with a slight bruise on the knee. May 12. — Mr. Alfred Appleton, of New York, had the fingers of his left hand badly crushed, at the South ferry, by attempting to leave the boat before it was secured to the bridge. June IT. — As a large wagon, heavily loaded with kegs of lager bier, was being driven off one of the Staten Island ferry-boats, at the Whitehall Slip, one of the chains supporting the bridge gave way. Two or three persons were a good deal hurt by kegs of the bier, which were thrown upon them by the sudden sinking of one wheal of the wagon. Mr. John P. Brown, of the well-known res- taurant in Maiden Lane, experienced a sprain in his ankle, and some severe bruises. The others injured were employees of the Ferry Company. June 21. — A man fell between the boat and the bridge at the Ful- ton ferry, and would have been crushed had not a powerful man seized him by the collar, and with an effort extricated him from his danger ona position. July 6. — A middle-aged man jumped after the Fulton ferry-boat, on the Brooklyn side, striking the vessel with his chest, and thus falling into the river. He was rescued by the bridge-man. July 15. — A boy named George Wells, about 16 years of age, re- siding in Bushwick, was drowned at the Grand-st. ferry, on the New York side. He attempted to jump from the boat to the shore, and fell between that and the bridge, and was not seen afterward. July 29. — As the Jersey City ferry-boat was landing at the New York side, about 9£ P. M., two well-dressed and rather elderly gen- tlemen fell overboard. They were rescued. One of them said that he had lost $260 from one of his pantaloon pockets. His pocket was turned inside out : and it was his belief that it had been picked by some of the kind-hearted bystanders who assisted him out of the water. August 15. — A boy about 14 years old, who was standing outside the chain on the Hamilton Avenue ferry-boat, Wuandanky was thrown overboard and drowned, by the boat striking the dock on entering the slip on the New York side. August 17. — A young woman named Rosa Reilly was drowned at the Jersey City ferry, by attempting to jump ashore from the boat before it was made fast to the bridge. The jury of inquest recom- mended to the Ferry Company the construction of gates upon their bridges to prevent persons leaving the boats until they are made fast August 20. — An unknown man fell into the dock at the Fulton ferry, Brooklyn, and was rescued by Omcer Wright, cf the Second District Police. 10 NEW YORK ALMANAC Sept. 1. — A woman had her leg crushed at the Fulton ferry wharf, by the ferry-boat, from which Bhe attempted to step off before it was made fast. Sept. 15. — As the Wall-st. ferry-boat, Exchange, was leaving the Brooklyn side, a lad, 6on of G. W. Gerau, Esq., while jumping after the boat, missed his footing and fell into the slip. After sink- ing twice, and while yet under the water, John Baulser, one of the boat hands, dove into the water after him, and rescued him in an almost lifeless condition. Sept. 15. — As the Hamilton Avenue ferry-boat, Montauk, was enter- ing the slip on the New York side, about 10£ P. M., a man attempted to jump ashore before the boat was made fast to the bridge, and fell between the boat and the bridge, and had both legs severely crushed. Sept. 18. — About 9 o'clock P. M., as the Hamilton Avenue ferry- boat, Montauk, was entering the slip on the Brooklyn side, a woman with a child in her arms about two months old, attempted to step from the boat to the bridge, previous to the boat being made fast, and fell between the two into the water, and would have been drowned but for the noble conduct of a sailor, whose name we could not ascer- tain, who jumped overboard and rescued her and the infant. - Sept. 19. — Arthur Lyons while attempting to jump on board one of the Catharine-st. ferry-boats, after it had left the dock, fell into the river, and was with difficulty rescued. Sept. 20. — Jacob Warren, a colored man, employed on the steam- boat, Elm City, was drowned at the Peck Slip Ferry Dock. Oct. 5. — Another individual came near getting his leg smashed at the Fulton ferry, by leaving the boat before it had been secured to the bridge. Oct. 14. — About 9 o'clock P. M., as the South ferry-boat, Louisa, was entering the slip on the New York side, a man named Michael Larkin fell overboard, forward the wheels, the boat passing clean over him. The alarm being given, two Whitehall boatmen put out from the slip in a small boat, and succeeded in rescuing him from a watery grave. Oct. 14. — A man named John Dellan, an English sailor, in attempt- ing to jump from the Peck Slip ferry boat, Minnesota, on the Wil- liamsburg Bide, about 6£ P. M., fell between the boat and the bridge, and was crushed to death. The deceased had a son and daughter living in Williamsburg. The boy had just gone out of the gate, when he heard that a man was killed. lie came back and found it was his father. A German fell overboard on the New York side from the same boat, on the previous trip. He was rescued. E. MEPJAM, Brooklyn Heights. SHIP AND CARGO BURNED BY LIGHTNING. The captain of the ship WiUiam Hitchcock, which was loaded with cotton and burned in lat. 45° 42', Ion. 47°, on December 19, 1855, in giving an account of the occurrence, says : " The lightning struck the mizzen royal mast, and passing below, the shock was so great I AND WEATHER BOOK. 107 was satisfied we were injured. On examination I found the smoke to be raising from fore and aft of the ship, and in a few minutes we were unable to enter the cabins. Our only chance was to keep the fire under, until we could see some chance to abandon the vessel. After making every preparation, such as getting boats and provi- sions ready, we discovered a sail, and run for her. She proved to be the General Parkhill, of Charleston, Captain Pierce, who, as soon as he could understand our condition, kindly lay by us all night. Our ship became so hot that the cotton on deck, which had been taken from the hold, would take fire. At noon cn the 20th, we succeeded in getting on board the General Parkhill; and the last we saw of our ship, she was a burning mass above on the ocean. We arrived at Liverpool on the 31st December. My men, as well as myself, lost all, except what we stood in." LIGHTNING FIRE-BALLS FROM VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS. March 2, 1S5C. — The ship 1 s position was lat. 37° 30' N., long. 70° 40' W. Temperature of water 69°, air 2S° Fahrenheit. The weather dark and lowering, with sharp lightning, and barometer falling fast Ship under double-reefed topsail, foresail, and jib. At 2 A. M. com- menced blowing hard, with heavy rain and sleet. At 2£ A. M., 'while shortening sail, an immense ball of fire struck the main-royal mast-head, and then fell on the main hatch, where it exploded with tremendous force, filling the deck with fire and sparks, with con- tinued explosions of the particles, like detonating powder or torpe- does. Owing to the ice, sleet, and snow with which the decks, bul- warks, rigging, and sails were covered, the fire was soon extin- guished. About ten minutes afterward a second ball struck near the same place, but was driven by the force of the wind just clear of the ship's side to leeward, when it exploded with a loud report and great commotion. There were several men furling the jib at the time, and the concussion was so great that it lifted them nearly clear of the boom. The tornado lasted all next day and night, from N. W. by N. The air very cold, and water 60", causing an immense exhalation from the gulf, which congealed as soon as it rose, and was driven furiously over the ship, excluding the very light of day. One of the men was knocked down and stunned for a time, but was not seriously injured. The mate was blinded by it, and probably will not recover the sight of both eyes. Had it not been for the ice, sleet, and rain which deluged the ship, there can be no doubt but that she would have been on fire from the truck to the water. The fore-topsail was blown out of the bolt-rope, and the royal mast-haad seared as it were with a red hot iron, being all the damage the ship received, which, to say the least, was very providential. The Indian mail brings advices of another of those dreadful earthquakes for which Ternati and the adjoining localities in the Moluccas are proverbial. An eruption of the active volcano in the island of Great Sangir, in long. 12-4° 50' E., and lat. 3° 5(y N., has oc- curred. The north-western part of the island of Great Sangir is 108 NEW YORK ALMANAC formed by the mountain Avu, which has several peaks, the highest being about 4,000 feet above the sea. On the -west side the mountain runs very steep into the sea, at the height of the large village Kandhar, however, falling away to a low promontory. Between 7 and 8 o'clock on the evening of the 2d of March, a sud- den and altogether indescribable crashing noise was heard, which, indicating to the Sangirese an eruption of the volcano, filled them with consternation. Simultaneously with this, the glowing lava streamed downward with irresistible force in different directions, bearing with it whatever it encountered on its destructive course, and causing the sea to boil wherever they came in contact. The hot springs opened up, and cast out a flood of boiling water, which destroyed and carried away what the fire had spared. The sea, obedient to an unusual impulse, lashed the rocks with frightful violence, dashed upon the shore, and heaved itself with a wild haste against the land, as if it strove to overmaster the fire-stream. This frightful picture of destruction, the horror of which was increased by the shrieks of men and beasts, the wild roaring of the tempest, and the crashing of thousands of trees torn up and carried away, was followed, about an hour later, by peals of thunder which shook the ground and deafened the ear. A black column of stone and ashes then shot up from the mountain to an immense height, and fell — illumined by the glare of the lava — like a shower of fire upon the surrounding country below, producing a darkness that, only now and then momentarily broken by the flashes of lightning, was so intense that people could not discern objects close at hand, and which completed their confusion and despair. Large stones were hurled through the air, crushing whatever they fell upon. Houses and crops which had not been destroyed by fire, sunk and disappeared beneath the ashes and stones, and the hill-streams, stopped up by these barriers, formed lakes, which, breaking over their banks, soon proved a new source of destruction. This lasted some hours. About midnight the raging elements sank to rest ; but on the following day, about noon, they again re- sumed their work of destruction with renewed violence. In the mean time, the fall of ashes continued without intermission, and was so thick on this day that the rays of the sun could not penetrate through it, and an appalling darkness prevailed. Scarcely recovered in some degree from their fright, the inhabit- ants of this desolated part of Sangir were again disturbed by an eruption on the 17th of March, which destroyed many fields and a great number of trees on the Tabukan side. Since then this volcano has remained quiet, and the only symp- tom of its working has been the smoke rising up in all directions from cracks and fissures in the ground. The streams of lava on the slopes are still so slightly cooled, that people dare not venture to any great distance from the shore. According to the accounts of the natives, the top of the mountain does not appear to have undergone any noticeable alteration. On the other side of Kandhar, on the extreme north point of the AND WEATHER BOOK. 109 island, the appearance of the devastation which has heen caused is, if possible, even more frightful than what has taken place at Taruna. For here, where formerly there were to he seen extensive fields bear- ing all kinds of crops, and thickly-planted and endless groves of cocoa- nuts, we now find nothing hut lava, stones, and ashes. The liquid fire seems to have flowed from the mountain at this point with irresistible force, and in prodigious quantity. Not only has this fearful flood, as it were, buried the whole district and all that was upon it, but, alter having caused this destruction over an extent of several miles, it was still powerful enough, on reaching the shore, to form tAvo long tarjangs (.capes) at places where the depth of water formerly con- sisted of many fathoms. A number of other districts and places have been, Eome wholly destroyed, others greatly injured by the fire. The loss of life lias been great Ifr is estimated as follows in the undermentioned districts : Taruna, men, women, and children, 722 ; Kandha, men, women, and children, 45 ; Tabukan, men, women, and children, 2,039. Total, 2,806. The greater number met their death in the gardens. They fled in all directions but were overtaken and swallowed up by the fatal fire- stream. Some tried to save themselves in the trees, but were either carried away with them or killed by the scorching heat. At Kalou- gan and Taryang the houses were filled with people who were stopped in their flight by the lava streaming down on all sides, and the streams of boiling water, and who met their death under the burning ashes and the tumbling houses. Many who had reached the shores, and thought themselves safe, became a prey to the furious waves, and many died through sheer despondency and agony. E. MERIAM, Brooklyn Heights. GUNNING . — SP OUTING. KILLING AND "WOUNDING LITTLE BIRDS. The following statement of deaths and injuries, resulting from the cruel and wicked practice of gunning, sporting, killing, and wounding little birds and unprotected animals, by unfeeling men and boys, witnesses that there is a fearful penalty attached to the commis- sion of the offense. It will be found, I have no doubt, by a com- parison of the list of deaths resulting from the use of their own guns or from those of their sporting companions, that more lives aro annually sacrificed in this inhuman and degrading sport than are ter- minated on the gallows for murders committed within the same field of research. This statement embraces a period of twelve months, viz. : from October 1, 1855, to September 30, 1S5G, during which there were 76 persons killed, and 42 wounded. Total, 118 persons. Many of the wounded are not expected to recover. The following are the details : OCTOBER, 1855. 4. — A boy named Smith, wounded at Orange, New Jersey, by^the discharge of his fowling-piece. A boy named William McCarty, 10* 110 NEW YORK ALMANAC drowned at the foot of Hammond-st., New York, while drowning a cat. 11. — Officer Lassell, of Boston, while out with a party gunning, was wounded by one of his companions who was firing at a squirrel. 14. — "YVillard and D. S. Younger were drowned in Ipswich hay, Mass., while gunning. 15. — Mr. D. D. Floyd, of Newhuryport, Mass., was accidentally killed while gunning. 21.— Edwin S. Keeler, of Bordentown, N. J., lost his life while gunning. 25. — Charles Higgina, a hoy, residing near Alton, Ohio, killed his mother while gunning. 30. — Mr. Henry Franklin, of North Attlcboro 1 , was killed by the discharge of his gun. 31. — Lewis Stricklet, of Concord, Ky., was killed by the accidental discharge of his gun. A young man named Cowdry, while gunning near Cabourg, Canada West, was killed by the discharge of his gun. NOVEMBER. 1. — Henry Taber, of X. Fairhaven, Mass., was badly wounded by a companion while gunning. 2. — A party of young men from Ontario, N. Y\, on a hunting ex- cursion to Sodus bay, lost one of their companions by the discharge of his gun, which scattered his brains in every direction. 10. — Leander Earle, of Boston, lost his life, while on a gunning excursion, by the discharge of his gun. 13. — A young man named De Witt, in Warren county, Ts. J., was killed by two sportsmen from Easton. 16. — Joseph Annin was badly wounded while gunning at West Hoboken. 19. — Samuel Hicks was shot dead by a companion while gunning in Henrico county, Va. 20. — Mr. Edward Dougherty, while gunning near Bergen, N. J., shot himself, from the effects of which he soon died. Justin Higgins, of Detroit, Mich., accidentally shot himself, causing his death. A number of the Washington Star, of November, gives the particulars of three deaths, and one badly wounded, of persons while gunning. DECEMBER. 8. — Hon. Charles Mason, of Hamilton, N. Y., was badly wounded while out gunning. Mr. Lemuel Barrett, of Council Bluffs, was found frozen to death, and much mutilated by wolves, etc. He started on an elk-hunt in company with two others, one of whom had succeeded in getting home, and the other had not been heard from. 14. — Two persons belonging to Chippewa, Canada, while fowling in a boat, were carried over the Falls. 19.— John McCallig, While gunning on Long Island, accidentally shot himself. He died on the 23d. AND "WEATHER BOOK. Ill 26.— A young man left Mexico, Oswego county, on a hunting ex- cursion, and has not been heard of since. 31. A man named Bartholomew, of Belvidere, 111., was accident- ally shot by a comrade while hunting rabbits. He lost both eyes. JANUARY, 1856. 3. A countryman found in Chicago, EL, dead, with his wagon and load of game on top of him. J. W. Gillman, of Jonesborough, Me., while at work in a saw-mill, attempted to kick a dog, when he struck a saw, and had his foot cut off. Jules du Callier left St. Louis on a hunting expedition,with a man nimed Hull, and was found in the woods, shot through the heart. 30. Lyman H. Lincoln, while fox hunting in Shrewsbury, Vt., accidentally shot himself, causing his death next day. MARCH. 23. — Mr. W. J. Hatch, of Camden, N. J., was killed by a man named Lennairs, who was gunning on his grounds. Lennairs was sentenced to twenty years' imprisonment with hard labor. The only son of George Lynn, of Washington, while hunting, accidentally killed himscif. 25. — Crawford Kurtz accidentally killed himself, in Buffalo, while shooting rats. A. McScarlett, of Noble county, Ind., killed himself by the accidental discharge of Ms rifle. APRIL. 4. — Solomon Ostrander, of Ottawa, Iowa, went out hunting, and has not been heard of since. 10. — Charles Grant accidentally shot himself, in Ulster county, N. Y., causing his death on the 15th. A son of John Whitney, of Chi- cago, 111., while out fowling, was accidentally shot by a companion. 11. — Mr. L. P. Berthrong, of Rochester, while hunting in Cayuga county, accidentally shot himself, causing his death next day. 15. — A boy named Patrick, died at the New York Hospital, from the effects of a wound received from a companion while gunning. 16. — George Wilds accidentally killed himself, while shooting muskrats, near Paterson, New Jersey. Mr. Jackson Huddleson, while gunning in Fayette co., , mis- took a little boy for a deer, and shot him, causing his death in a few hours. 21. — At Horicon Lake, Wisconsin, a Mr. Rich, in firing at a loon, shot a man dead. 24. — Mr. Smith, while hunting near Macon, Georgia, shot a Mr. Atkins dead, having mistaken him for a wild turkey. Mr. Atkins was also hunting. A Mr. Cose, of Bedford co., Pennsylvania, started out to hunt, and was followed by his two children. The children were not found for twelve days, when they wore found starved to death. The mother has since died of grief at their loss, and the father lias in a critical condition. 112 NEW YORK ALMANAC MAY. 2. — Duncan Gray was killed by the accidental discharge of his gun in Jasper co., Iowa, while going a hunting. A Chippewa Indian, named Watal, was shot dead while shooting ducks in Benton co., Minnesota. 21. — James Sanhorn was accidentally shot at Lowell, Mass., caus- ing his death. 24. — A man at Durham, Canada, in firing at some pigeons, killed a young man named McLean. 31. — John Marsh, of Exeter co., New Hampshire, was killed by the accidental discharge of a gun, while trying to shoot an eagle. JUNE. 6. — James II. Wilson, of Williamson co., Tennessee, accidentally « shot himself dead, while shooting birds. 7. — A son of Lyman Adams of Utica, with two other boys, while firing at some birds the barrel exploded, wounding himself and one of his companions. 12. — Dr. J. R, Terry, of New York, was badly wounded by a pistol procured for shooting rats. Mr. Lewis G-ray, of Sampson- ville, Ulster co., war, killed by the bursting of a gun. Adam Lewis fell from the roof of a four-story house at Cleveland, while firing at a flock of pigeons. 14. — Charles Morgan, of Fayetteville, New York, was killed by the accidental discharge of his gun. Captain II. Garmany, of Ringgold, Georgia, while shooting birds, accidentally shot himself, causing his death ia about twenty houre. Walter James, while deer-hunting at Rice Lake, had a dispute with three Indians, and, using his hunting-knife, disabled all three of them, wounding them badly. 17. — Mr. John Combs, of Beetown, Wisconsin, while hunting, accidentally shot himself dead. 21. — Conrad Schellings, of Westminster. Md., was killed by the accidental discharge of his gun. 24. — A man living in Somer's Court, Philadelphia, shot his own child by the accidental discharge of his gun. lie is not expected to survive. Mr. Edward Gentry, of Hamilton, Canada, had his hand badly shattered, by the bursting of his gun while fowling. 26. — A boy who resides in Broome-st., New York, was wounded in the hand while shooting rats. A man near Detroit, Michigan, while rhooting birds, accidentally killed a young lady. JULY. 1. — Ebenezer Whitney, of Nelson, New York, killed himself whilo trying to shoot a squirrel. 4. — Mr. II. E. Austin was frightfully wounded by the accidental discharge of his gun, while shooting pigeons at Rockford, Illinois. 9. — Mr. Samuel James accidentally killed himself, while hunting in Steuben co., New York. AND "WEATHER BOOK. 113 11. — A boy had his left band badly fractured by a companion, ■while bunting on Clove road, Brooklyn. 14 — Mr. Van Graves, of Chesterfield, Virginia, while bunting with his son, was instantly killed by the accidental discharge of his son's gun. 16. — Franklin Bristow lost his life while hunting at Ontario, Wayne co., New York, by the accidental discharge of his gun. Martin Bromley, of North Chili, New York, lost his life by the accidental discharge of his shot-gun. 25. — James G. Bolles was killed by lightning, near Topeka, Kansas, -while on a hunting expedition. 28. — Safer Schutts,.a German, was -wounded at Buffalo, New York, by the bursting of his gun while shooting small birds. A man at Green Farms, Connecticut, dangerously wounded by the discharge of a gun in the hands of a companion. AUGUST. 1. — In Pike co., Alabama, two brothers named Dorn, were gun- ning, when one accidentally killed the other. 2. — Two men shot in San Francisco, California, by the accidental discharge of a gun ; one died soon after. 3. — Silas M. Burroughs, of Medina, New York, accidentally shot himself while gunning, and lies in a critical condition. 9. — A young man named Smith accidentally shot himself through the lungs, while out gunning near Lexington, Connecticut. Augus- tus Howell, of Powerville, New Jersey, accidentally killed himself while shooting woodcock. 11. — Two boys shot at Peekskill, New York, by a man firing at a bird. There is hopes of their recovery. 12. — Joseph Loud shot by a companion while gunning at New Bedford, Mass. His wounds are not mortal. 16. — Mr. Francis L. Lord was shot by the accidental discharge of a gun, while fowling at Baldwins ville, Mass. He is not expected to survive. 17. — Harrison Miller was shot by a companion, while gunning at Gerry, New York. He was not expected to recover. Mr. N. Bal- lard fell from a tree breaking his neck, at Hampton, New Hamp- shire, while trying to get at a squirrel he had shot. 18. — Robert Miller accidentally shot himself in Berwick, Maine ; he is not expected to survive. 21.— Mr. Moss, of Turk's Creek, , while hunting, was shot by a companion, who mistook him for a panther. 23. — A son of Mr. E. Oliver was badly wounded at S. Reading, Mass., by the accidental discharge of his gun while fowling. 24 — A man shot and wounded by two sportsmen, who were gunuing near Baltimore. A young man shot at Grafton, New York, by a companion while gunning. He will be a cripple for life. A party of boys were gunning at Milan, New York, when one acci- dentally shot another through the heart. 114 >-zvr Ycr.s a iMA vac 25. — A man seriously injured, by a companion shooting him, while gunning near Princeton, New Jersey. 25. — Hon. William Halstod was badly wounded at Trenton, New Jersey, by the accidental discharge of a gun. 29. — Two children shot and wounded by a man near Troy, New York. A sportsman shooting at a duck in Horicon Lake, Wiscon- sin, shot a man through the heart near by. The ball struck a wave, and bounded back in a line varying only about fifteen degrees. SEPTEMBER. 6l — William Doughty was shockingly wounded by the accidental discharge of his gun. near Camden, New Jersey, while fowling. Albin C Bean was shot by a companion, while gunning at Candid, New Hampshire, causing has death. T. — A man shot dead in Bethlehem, New York, by persons who were hunting on his grounds. The murderer was arrested. 9. — A m^n named Allen shot and killed a woman in Wobura, Mass. He was arrested. 16. — Mr. F. EL Ayres was severely mangled in a contest with a grizzly bear in California. IS. — Thomas M. YinaL of Scitaate, Mass., while gunning, was instantly killed by the accidental discharge of his gnn. 19.— Thomas Webb was instantly killed at Tarrytown, New York, by the accidental discharge of his gun, on his return from a hunt- ing excursion. 24. — Dr. William IE Allen, of Maehias, Maine, was instantly killed by the accidental discharge of his gnn, when returning from i ~Z.1~JLTl~ ri; ■'ITSl'j'Z. 25. — William Smith was instantly killed by the discharge of his gun, near Danville, New Jersey, while gumsing. 26. — A man in Rockland co_, New York, was wounded by the ac- cidental discharge of a companion's gun, while out gunning. E. MERLAM. Bzooxltx Heights. DEATHS AND INJURIES FROM TEE U5L 01 CAMPKENE And other preparations known as Spiett-Gas, Bu335ixg-Fx.uid, etc_, etc, for the purpose of iUumination, within the field of our re- search, during twelve months, viz. : from October 15th, 1855, to October 15th, 1356. Killed, 57. Injured, 105, 16 of whom are not expected to recover. Amount of property destroyed, in such cases where the amount was tinted, HOMBSt ' These details show that our field of research is a limited one, and yet the deaths are very numerous. Buniing. fluids should not be used in a building of any kind for the purpose of iUumination, A>~D "WEATHER BOOK. 11 OCTOBER 15. — A camphene lamp exploded mt set the place on fire. 24. — A camphene lamp exploded at set the place on fire. Mr. Hamm was down of the stoop while taking out a 1 29. — A camphene lamp exploded in set ire to tie i.:iii:r. SMBER. 8 John Fo Market, New " camphene lam; she will not su New York. 19.— Miss Ma the upsetting o: burned as to di 22. Mrs. Wi sewing, was so she died next <] 29. — A girl n; burned by the filling a lighted by baring cara] asleep, to awai 30. — A fire a of a camphene voung man can Maine, was badly burned b ; filling a lighted lamp. So burned, at ISO West Forty of a fluid lamp which he wa i morning. Mr. Tatem wa armada, bv the expiation of i ploded. 116 NEW YORK ALMANAC DECEMBER. 4.— Mrs. Handy died at 131 Suffolk-st., New York, from the ef- fects of burns received last September by the explosion of camphene. At Waterville, Maine, a boy aged 4 years was shockingly burned by the explosion of a fluid lamp. 11. — A fluid lamp exploded at Dr. J. Smith's, Brooklyn, setting the place on fire, and destroying several hundred dollars' worth of dentist's materials. 14. — A camphene lamp burst in James-st., Brooklyn, causing an alarm of fire. 22. — Mrs. A. Amendi, residing at 77 Murray-st., New York, was terribly burned by the explosion of a camphene lamp. 23. — A crockery store, in Av. A, New York, was set on fire by the lighted wick of a fluid lamp setting fire to a can of camphene. Mr. Miller was badly burned. Loss, $75. 2G. — Mrs. Harrison, residing in Lorimer-st., Brooklyn, died from burns received by the explosion of a fluid lamp. Her husband was severely burned, but not dangerously. 31. — A camphene lamp burst at 309 Grand-st., New York, causiDg an alarm of fire. JANUARY, 1856. 3. — A fire occurred at 109 Mott-sL, New York, from a camphene lamp being thrown down. 9. — The camphene lamps in an omnibus at Bloomington, 111., fell and burst, burning the omnibus. Loss, about $400. 12. — The still exploded in the Alcohol, Pine-oil, and Burning Fluid Manufactory, in Camden, New Jersey, scalding two men se- riously ; one died shortly after. 17. — A camphene lamp exploded at S59 Tenth Av., New York, and set fire to some goods. 19. — A camphene lamp exploded at 184 Williain-st. , New York, burning five persons badly, and setting fire to the place. Mr. Stenle, one of the injured, died on the 27th. 21.— Mrs. Sarah Elliott, of 121 East Thirty-ninth-st., New York, was so badly burned by the explosion of a fluid lamp, that she died next day. 23. — Catharine McGuire, of G5 Pitt-st, New York, was so badly burned by the explosion of a fluid lamp, that she died on the 25th. Miss Cecilia Hubbard died at Baltimore, from injuries received by the explosion of a camphene lamp. FEBRUARY. 1. — A camphene lamp exploded at 73 Roosevelt-st., New York, set- ting the place on fire. G. — A young woman in Mr. Armstrong's, Carmine-st., New York, was seriously burned by the explosion of a fluid lamp. 8. — Mrs. Gardner, of Front-st., Brooklyn, was severely burned by the explosion of a fluid lamp. AND WEATHER BOOK. 117 25. — A caniphene lamp exploded at 59 Sheriff-st., New York, burn- ing Mrs. Klime severely, and set the building on fire. 27. — A fire occurred in Washington-st., Albany, caused by cam- phene taking fire while filling a lighted lamp. A girl severely burned in Myrtle Av., Brooklyn, by the upsetting of a camphene lamp. Mrs. Catharine Peuhler and her daughter, residing in Baltimore, severely burned by a camphene lamp. MARCH. 4. — A little girl badly burned at 719 Myrtle Av., Brooklyn, by the explosion of a camphene lamp. (3. — A little girl badly burned in Smith-st., Brooklyn, by a cam- phene lamp. 13. — A camphene lamp exploded at 1S6 Pearl-st., New York, set- tin? fire to the building. Another exploded in a fancy goods store, 410 Pearl-st. 17. — A crockery store in Division-st., New York, set on fire by camphene, and a man badly burned. 20. — Mrs. Timms was so badly burned by camphene, at 3G4 Pearl- st, New York, while filling a lighted lamp, that she died on the 30th ; a little child was also injured. A camphene lamp exploded in Elm-st., near Grand-st., causing an alarm of fire. A child of Mr. Charles Allen, of Gowanus, Long Island, New York, severely burned by the explosion of a camphene lamp. 21. — Mary Ford severely burned at 21 Hester-st., New York, by the ignition of camphene while filling a lamp. 24. — Mrs. Frances Long seriously burned at 172 Deiancey-st., New York, by the explosion of a camphene lamp ; it caused consid- erable damage. it). — A house in Bushwick, Long Island (worth $900), burned down by fire caused by the explosion of a camphene lamp ; and an- other damaged to the s mount of $600. Three persons badly burned in Baltimore, by the explosion of an ethereal oil lamp. APRIL. I. — A camphene lamp exploded at 152 Canal-st, New York, set- ting the place on fire and burning a man badly. Damage, $150. 5. — A camphene lamp exploded at 375 First Av., New York, de- stroying the contents of a barber's window. 8. — No. 201 Third Av., New York, damaged to the amount of $250, supposed to be caused by a fluid lamp. 10. — A fluid lamp and can exploded at 250 Stanton-st., New York, burning five persons dangerously, and setting the building on fire ; Mrs. Cohen, one of the injured, it is feared can not recover. 12. — Mrs. Swartz severely burned at 27 Madison-st., New York, by the explosion of a camphene lamp ; it caused an alarm of fire. MAY. II. — Rachel Stuart died from the effects of burns received by the explosion of a camphene lamp, corner of Seventh Av. and Eleventh- st., New York. 11 118 NEW YORK ALMANAC 21. — House No. 70 West Forty-sixth-st., New York, was set on fire, supposed to be caused by the explosion of a fluid lamp. Miss Charlotte Janes, aged 15, daughter of Bishop Janes, of Basken- ridge, New Jersey, so severely burned by the explosion of a cara- phene lamp, that for some days her life was despaired of. 30. — Miss Mary Anne Young badly burned by the explosion of a fluid lamp, at Philadelphia ; recovery doubtful. The oil works and turpentine still of Mr. E. C. Holbrook, at Wakulla, Fla., were de- stroyed by fire. Loss, some $15,000. Mr. Collins, formerly of Brooklyn, New York, was at work in the building when the explo- sion of gas occurred, and was covered with flames. He ran for the river, some 200 feet distant, and plunged in. The unfortunate man was rescued from the water, and lingered about thirty hours in the most excruciating agony, when death relieved him. 31. — A girl about 12 years of age severely burned by the explo- sion of a fluid lamp, in Newark, New Jersey. JUNE. 5. — A young man in Chicago had a narrow escape by the ignition of a barrel of alcohol from a spirit lamp in his hand while in the act of drawing some alcohol. "7. — A camphene lamp exploded in 305 Bleecker-st., New York, set- ting fire to the place. 9. — A camphene lamp exploded at 4S Eighth Av., New York, burn- ing two persons badly. A camphene lamp exploded in a house in Water-st., Philadelphia, frightfully burning a young lady, and set- ting fire to- the furniture. 10. — A camphene lamp and can burst on board of bark Rolla, in lat. 32°, long. 75°, settting fire to the cabin, and burning the steward so badly that he died in forty-eight hours. 11. — A dealer in explosive burning fluid had his sign (a highly variegated lantern) destroyed by the fluid, on Fulton-st., Brooklyn. 18. — A camphene factory, in West Twelfth-st., New York, took fire and was damaged, in stock and building, $450. 20. — A camphene lamp burst in a dry goods store in Salmon Falls, N. H., setting the place on fire, and consuming $5,000 worth of stock. 23. — Mr. Lord and his wife badly burned on a barge at New Brunswick, New Jersey, by the explosion of a fluid lamp. Mrs. L. died of her injuries. . 24. — A little girl in Albany, daughter of Joel White, badly burned by the explosion of a camphene lamp. 25. — A camphene lamp exploded in 86 Ann-st., New York ; and another at 99 Gold-st. A little girl named Lyons, severely burned in Philadelphia, by the explosion of a fluid lamp. A son of Mr. John Regan, of Lynn, Mass., so badly burned by the explosion of a fluid lamp, that he died nex£ morning ; the room was also set on fire. 26. — A little girl named Scott, in Albany, badly burned by the ex- plosion of a camphene lamp. AND WEATHER BOOK. 119 27. — Mr. J. W. Paramou, of Cleveland, Ohio, and his niece, se- verely burned by the explosion of a camphene lamp. The condition of the latter is critical. JULY. 1.— A fluid lamp burst at 212 Myrtle Av., Brooklyn, setting the place on fire, and burning one person severely. 3. — A family of five persons terribly injured by the bursting of a camphene lamp on Sugar river, Indiana. The mother died in fifteen hours, and the other four are not expected to live. 4. — Ellen Mallen very severely burned at 285 Ninth Av., New- York, by the explosion of a camphene lamp. C. — A camphene lamp exploded in the hands of Mrs. Ryan, Al- bany, injuring her painfully. A little girl in Providence, Rhode Island, so severely burned by the explosion of a fluid lamp, that she died next day. 10 A stable, corner of Thirty-ninth-st. and Broadway, New York, destroyed by the explosion of a barrel of camphene. Loss, $300. A boy named Smith so severely burned that he died on the 23d. 12. — Catharine Fay so badly burned by the bursting of a cam- phene lamp, at 80 Catharine-st., New York, that she died on the 23d. 13. — Two negro women and two children burned to death near Smithfield, Virginia, by fire from camphene ; and three children so badly burned that they are not expected to recover. The owner would have refused $1,000 for each of the women. 18 Mary Herbert so badly burned at 69 Prospect-st, Brooklyn, by the explosion of a fluid lamp, that she died on the 3d of August. The place was set on fire. 19 A fluid lamp exploded in the drug store corner of Forty- four th-st. and Ninth Av., New York, and falling on the head of Mr. H. Gertzen, burned him in a dreadful manner. F. Betz was also severely burned. The stock was damaged by fire to the amount of $25. A fluid lamp exploded at 131 Endicott-st., Boston, burning a Mrs. Smith very badly. 20. — A fire broke out in Messrs. Siddon & Zennis's Camphene, Turpentine, and Alcohol Distillery, Furman-st., Brooklyn.' It was soon extinguished. 21 — Mrs. Lee was so badly burned by the breaking of a cam- phene lamp in Albany, that she died on the 29th. Miss Margaret Fitzpatrick, residing in Baltimore, so badly burned by her clothes taking fire from an ethereal oil lamp, that she died on the 24th. 22. — A camphene lamp exploded in a house in Liberty-st, Albany, burning two persons severely. 23. — A fluid lamp exploded in Newark, New Jersey, burning Mrs. Ticknor and her son, the latter so badly that he died in five hours. 24. — A young lady in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, had her dress burned off by some burning fluid taking fire. She escaped injury. 24. — A little girl named Foster, aged 13 years, at Jamaica, Long Island, so badly burned by the explosion of a fluid lamp that she died next day. 120 NEW YORK ALMANAC 26. — A campliene lamp burst at 175 Division -st., New York, set- ting the store on fire. Damage about $60. A campliene lamp ex- ploded in a >.ouse in Atlantic-st. , Brooklyn, burning one person badly. 29. — A fire occurred in Boston, caused by the ignition of campliene (by a cigar) while being drawn from a barrel, which destroyed prop- erty to the amount of $60,000 ; causing the loss of nine lives^ and four badly wounded, besides several persons missing. A camphene lamp burst in a house corner of Sixth and Fourth-sts., South Boston, severely burning Catharine Blackman, and setting the house on fire. 30. — A camphene lamp exploded in a grocery store, corner of Arch and Pearl-sts., Albany, setting the place on fire. Sarah Moore, aged 22, died at the Penn. Hospital, Philadelphia, from the effects of burns caused by the explosion of a fluid lamp. 31. — A house in Third-st., Philadelphia, was set on fire by the bursting of a fluid lamp. Not much damage done, except to furni- ture. AUGUST. 1. — A camphene lamp exploded in Mr. John Bale's, Bellville, New Jersey, burning the girls badly, and killed a child. 4. — A camphene lamp exploded in a house in Lumber-st, Albany, burning a Mrs. Stevens. A campheue lamp exploded at 30^ Bleecker-st., New York, burning a domestic in a shocking manner" and set the house on fire. 6. — A camphene lamp exploded at 137 Washington-st., New York, settiag fire to the premises. 12. — A fluid lamp exploded at 33 Butler-st., Brooklyn, setting the house on fire, badly burning the servant-girl, and nearly causing the death of a young child. Damage to the house, $60. 13. — A camphene lamp exploded in a saloon on Broadway, Albany, burning one person so bad that his life is despaired of, and doing considerable damage to the fixtures. 16.— A camphene lamp exploded in the building corner of Marion and Spriug-sts., N. Y. A camphene lamp exploded in a house in Lincoln-«t., Boston, enveloping a Miss Norton in flames. She rau into the street with the blaze rising all around her from her waist to her head, when a man succeeded in tearing her clothes from her body before she was very seriously injured. A. camphene lamp exploded in Covington, Ky., burning a little girl, named Broaddus, to death. At Elizabethtown, N. J., two boys were playing with camphene, when one of them poured a liberal quantity on the clothes of the other, and then set fire with a match. The boy ran into the street enveloped in flames, and before his clothes could be torn off, was badly, though not dangerouslv, burned. 19.— -The burning-fluid and camphene manufactory in Washin^ton- st., Philadelphia, caught fire from the explosion of a fluid lamp, and the building (two story brick), with its contents, was entirely destroyed. . * AND WEATHER BOOK. 121 21. — Bridget Green, residing at OS Oak-st, N. Y., was dangerously burned by the explosion of a can of camphene. 23. — A camphene lamp exploded at O'j West Broadway, N. Y., setting the place on fire. Two young women burned to death in St, Louis, Mo., ia consequence of tneir clothes taking fire while filling a lighted gas lamp. 30.— Elizabeth Baker died at 200 Avenue B, N. Y., from the effects of burns received by the upsetting of a camphene lamp. SEPTEMBER. C. — A camphene lamp exploded in the Reformed Dutch Church in 152d-st., N. Y., setting the building on fire, and burning Geo. Ingles, the sexton, so badly that he died soon after. The building was damaged to the amount of $300. Mrs. Charlotte Morgan died at 133 West-st., N. Y., from burns received in December last, by the explosion of a fiuid lamp. 10. — A camphene lamp burst at 85 Fourth-st, N. Y., setting the place on fire. Damage about $:5. 11. — A camphene liiinp exploded at 18 White-st., N. Y., burning John Drinker, jr., so badly that he died on the ISth. A camphene lamp exploded in the window of a boot and shoe maker in Second- st., Brooklyn, breaking several panes of glass. 12. — A camphene lamp exploded on the canal boat John Smith, near Port Jackson, N. Y., burning the captain's wife and two chil- dren. Tiie captain threw or.e of the children overboard to quench the fire, when it was drowned. The mother is not expected to re- cover. 13. — A camphene lamp exploded in a house in Warren-st., Brook- lyn, injuring one person badly, and setting the house on fire. 14. — A camphene lamp exploded on board the schooner Banquet, lying at the foot of Delancey-st., N. Y., burning a colored man dangerously. Mr. John Cross was severely burned at Hudson, N. Y., by a camphene lamp. 16. — A camphene lamp exploded at 14 Allen-st., X. Y., seriously burning Louis Attenwalder. Mrs. Price, together with her servant- girl, residing at the corner of Willet and Houston-sts., were dangerously burned by the explosion of a camphene lamp. 18. — William Manning and his wife seriously injured, by the bursting of a camphene lamp, corner of Pearl-st. and Franklin- place, Brooklyn. An elegant fluid lamp was burned up on Fulton-st, Brooklyn. 21. — Mrs. Jackson was severely burned at Lockport, N. Y., by the explosion of a fluid lamp. 23. — A grocery store, No. 13 Hicks-st., Brooklyn, burned down by the explosion of a camphene lamp. Loss about $3,000. A fluid lamp exploded in Montgomery-st., Albany, burning Mrs. Carroll so badly that she died on the 25th. 25. — A camphene lamp exploded at 150 Ludlow-st., N. Y, which set fire to the building. A camphene lamp exploded in a house* on Chapel-st., Albany. 11* 122 NEW YORK ALMANAC OCTOBER. 1. — A young woman, named Mary Haven, cook on a canal boat, died in Tompkins co., N. Y., from the effects of burns received by the fall and breaking of a camphene lamp. Four other persons were badly burned. 2. — Mrs. Myers, residing at the corner of Stagg and Morrell-sts., Brooklyn, so "badly burned by the explosion ot a fluid lamp, tbat Bhe died on the 4th. Mrs. Jane Littleheld, of Rockport. Mass., was burned to death by the explosion of a can of burning fluid. 3. — A child of Mr. James Holiingsworth, of Newark, N. J., aged ten years, so badly burned by the explosion of a can of camphene. in her hands, that she died on the 4th. 6. — Elizabeth Jackson died at the New York Hospital, from the effects of burns received by the explosion of a camphene lamp. A store and d --veiling burned down in Mount Vernon, Westchester co., N. Y., by the explosion of a can of burning fluid. Loss $5,000. T. — An ethereal oil lamp exploded in Pittsburg, Pa., horribly burning five persons — two of them, it is feared, fatally. 0. — A camphene lamp exploded at 160 Johnson-st., Brooklyn, E. D.. which burned the store and dwelling, and considerably damaged an adjoining building. Loss $2,500. . 10. — A fluid lamp burst in Boston, badly burning a young woman, named Bridget Cocklin. 12. — A camphene lamp exploded in Albany, burning a little girl, named Morrison. E. MERLA.M, Brooklyn Heights. DIRECTIONS FOB, BE5T0EING PERSONS APPARENTLY DE0WNED. I have received the following from R. B. Fouues, Esq., of Boston, an officer of the Massachusetts Humane Society, Convey the body to the nearest house, with head raised. Strip and rub drv. Wrap in blankets. Inflate the lungs by closing the nostrils with thumb and finger, and blowing into the mouth forcibly, theu pressing with hand on the chest. Again blow in the mouth and press on the chest, and so on, for ten incites, or until he breathes. Keep the body warm, extremities also. Continue rubbing. Do not give up so long as there is any chance of success. SAFETY DURING- THUNDER-STOBMS. Many perrons suffer greatly from fear during thunder-storms, and J have recorded cases of death from such fear. My investigations and researches into lightning phenomena ex- tend over a period of more than forty years, and the memoranda which I have thus been enabled to make are probably the most minute and most extensive in existence. The testimony of this immense memoranda presents the following results : First.— I have met with no account of loss of human life by light- AND WEATHER BOOK. 123 ring ia a steamboat, iron vessel, ieon building, or in a ware- house filled with ieont, or in a 2AILKOAD cae. Steamboats have been in use more than sixty years, railroad cars thirty years, and iron vessels and iron buildings about twenty years. This puts at rest the objection so often raised, that metals are most dangerous for the reason, they say, that metals attract lightning. That inetals conduct and distribute lightning is clearly evident, but how far metals attract lightning, is a matter of conjecture ; but I am free to express this opinion — that«a building with a metallic rod or rods is no more liable to be struck by lightning than a building without such necessary appendages,* and when struck is protected, as aro also the inmates of the building. It is often seen that mankind are more ready to take counsel of their fears than to seek after that truth that is to be found every- where in nature. To the man who objects to having metallic lightning conductors on his house or his vessel, because, forsooth, he says, ** metals are dangerous, they attract; lightning," I at once appeal to his own ex- perience and observation, and inquire of him whether he has ever known or heard of a death by lightning in a steamboat, where metals are most abundant; or in a railroad car that runs on iron wheels on an iron track, and is drawn by an iron locomotive ; or in an iron building, or iron ship, or warehouse fuTed with bar iron or iron castings? A moment's reflection, a moment's consideration, compels hiin to give a reply ia the negative. Then I inquire, what are your fears based upon"? lie stands mute, unable to mako a reply. Second — Letters which I have received, from time to time, from the Secretaries of the Navy of the United States, state that none of the vessels of the U. S. Navy have received any damage by lightning if the conductors were up, Third.-~In 1S39 the British Board of Admiralty organized a com- mission to inquire into the cases of damage by lightning to vessels in the English Navy. That commission was a long time in session, and made an elaborate report, in the conclusion of which they say that no case of injury or damage by lightning has been experienced by any vessel in the English Navy, if the conductors were up and the continuity uninterrupted to the water. Fourth,-*- The marine Insurance Companies in New York make a deduction of 2^ per cent. Gn the premium of insurance on all vessels furnished with conductors. There is no case on record of a claim being made on marine underwriters for loss or damage by lightning to a vessel furnished with metallic lightning conductors, but they have paid millions of dollars for losses by lightning where the ves* eels were without conductors. I regard these facts as conclusive to the protection which lightning conductors afford upon the ocean. In August, 1S-43, I addressed a letter to Commodore Stringham, of the U. S, Navy, Commandant of the U. S. Navy Yard, Brooklyn, 124 NEW YORK ALMANAC in relation to the size of lightning conductors used in lie Navy of the U. S. The following is a copy of his reply : Commandant's Office, Navy Yard, Brooklyn, August 10th, 18413. Sir : In reply to your note, I have to state that the iron used for conductors of vessels of war in the navy, is of the following dimen- sions, viz. : For sloops of war, one quarter of an inch in diameter. For frigates and ships of the line live-sfxteenths of an inch. Respectfully your obedient servant, S. H. STRINGrHAM. E. Mekiam, Brooklyn. The cost of iron wire of the size mentioned in Commodore String- ham's letter is less than a cent per foot, and when made into a chain, to render it portable on board a vessel, will not cost to exceed from six to seven cents. Fifth. — I have known or heard of but one instance of lo'-s of life by lightning in a building provided with a metallic conductor of any kind reared for the purpose of protection, and that was a house struck by lightning on the 8th of July, 1855, at North Prairie, Wis- consin, in which a person was instantly killed. This house was furnished with a lightning conductor. I have received several letters from Wisconsin in relation to this case of lightning, but none of them have accounted for the failure of the rod to conduct the light- ning. I think if I could have examined the house myself I could have discovered the cause of the failure, and perhaps" it may be in my power to make that examiation. I have thus briefly stated the facts showing the absolute protec- tion that lightning conductors afford to human life, and also to property ; also, that metals do not so attract lightning as to render conductors dangerous ; and also the very best evidence that light- ning-rods made of one-fourth and five-sixteenth inch iron are suf- ficiently large for conductors. Iron wire of what is called number one size, is five-sixteenths, and number two size is one-fourth inch diameter, and costs in New York less than one cent per foot, and can be had of sufficient length for a rod in one entire piece. Some persons prefer rods of a larger size, but large rods can not be made in one piece of sufficient length without joints, and no rod should consist of more than one piece. To these who want larger rods we say take two, three, or more wires, and place them together, and in the aggregate a large rod is obtained at a very little cost, and all in one continuous conductor, and without joints. The great suspension bridge over Niagara River is made of iron wire of less than half of the taze here de- scribed ; and another across the same river, a little below the cata- ract, of wire, and is to bear the immense train of cars of the great Central Railroad. A lightning-rod of number two iron wire can be made of one hundred and forty feet in length, at Messrs. Cooper and Hewitt's iron works, at Trenton, New Jersey, and that firm keeps on hand at AST) W and if there be a cupola en tl a conductor also. The cond: above the top of the chimn* into tiie ground to the depth near, terminate the rod in th so that in case of drought surface. A cesspool in the \ rod should reach the bottom terns are not a good terminal cupola to the ground, the cor near contact with tin or copp ings, but should be separate parts a continuous descent. a. necessary, let it be a gentle ings "with metal roofs requii ney reaching only to the met a broader surface than a poii with the earth by a rod fro cides to the root; each met, earth by a rod. Where th» laces, it will invariably sel length should hsve three cod one foot or more above the r depth of permanent moistn midjllft rod will of necessity against contact with noils.* a should be laid under it in tl shingles. Meeting-houses with big} from other buildings. It is strengthened by an iron spi upon which a wind vane is a be useless; the lightning w befl, if there is such a fixtui the belfry and the ground, would have two or more rod the lightning to and into the ing should be each funnshec School-houses particular! 12G NEW YOFiK ALMANAC There is no objection to a great number of rods, provided each rod is in one piece, and extends to and into the earth. All out-buildings should be protected in the same way as the barns. Shade-trees near dwellings, or in pastures where cattle, sheep, or horses resort for shelter, should each have a rod, the cost of which will be but a few shillings. Shade-trees near buildings should have rods, for such appendages to dwellings afford no 'protection against lightning. Insulation is an important matter, and the most difficult. I prefer glass insulators to any other, and these should have a bore so large that both the lightning and the water of the rain can pass through. I see many rods put up with insulators so small, that the water from a moderate rain running down the rod will more than fiH the opening, and of course will unfit the rod for a lightning conductor, as Ughtning will not pass through the water. The best mode of fastening the insulators to the building is with a screw pointed iron holder, made like the letter P, six inches long, and this should have a good coat of paint on it. Brick or stone buildings require a different fastening, and probably a wood cleet nailed to the building, and a screw holder inserted in the cleet, would be the best mode. Any person of ordinary capacity can put up a lightning-rod. In reference to rods now in use, my remarks under the fifth head are sufficient. I regard every man who constructs a lighining-rod as rendering a good service, and although I differ in opinion with all of them as to the mode of construction, still I have a kind feeling toward every individual following the business of putting up lightning conductors as a profession. I have never had any pecuniary interest whatever in the furnishing or putting up of lightning-conductors, and my only object in devoting so much time to the subject, is to benefit my fellow men : the accomplishing of which is the highest reward thij eajth can give. Thunder-storms occur in all seasons of the year — summer, spring, autumn, and winter. Even snow-storms are occasionally accom- panie A by thunder and lightning. In illustration of the frequency of thunder-storms, and the danger of neglecting protection, I will mention that during the month of July of the year 1S54, we recorded thunder-storms at places within the field of our research, on twenty-seven of the thirty-one days of that month, during which thirty-nine persons were killed by light- ning. The only days exempt from thunder-storms in July, 1854, were the first, third, twelfth, and fourteenth, and ve may yet hear of thunder-storms on some or all of these days. The wire rods are so cheap, and so easy of construction, that no building should be without these great safeguards. Almost every newspaper we receive in the summer contains accounts of loss of life or the burning of property by lightning, and it does seem to me surpris- ingly wonderful that people will continue to neglect protection with such testimony of the efficacy of lightning-conductors before them. Many persons suffer greatly from fear during thunder-storms. Such should seek a solace in that declaration of Scripture, in which AND WEATHER BOOK. 127 the writer of the Book of Jou says that the Almighty made a way for the lightning of the thunder. A calm and confiding state of mind during terrific thunder-storms is exceedingly requisite, and a humble trusting in that protection which the great Creator ex- tends over all the work of his hands. It will afford me gratification to he of service to any and every body, and any informntion that may be needed as to particular cases will be answered with all convenient dispatch, on application by letter by mail or otherwise. I can not close this paper, long as it is, without adding something in relation to the best mode of resuscitating persons struck down by lightning. Cold water should be freely used, and the body first sprinkled with cold water, and then drenched with water, and this should be continued for hours, or until animation is restored, and if that fail, add salt to the water and continue the drenching. I have the record of a person being resuscitated after five hours drenching with cold water. E. MERIAM. New York, November, 1856. TABLE Of the periods when the Hudson river Opened and Closed at Albany, as far as the same can be ascertained iciihout a mora particular examination of different records, including those con- tained in the Report of the Regents of the University, which at present I have not the leisure to make. Winter. 1789-90 11790-91 ,1791-92 1T92-93 1793-91 j 179 1-95 ; 1795-96 1796- 97 1797- 93 1798- 99 1799- 1800 1800- 01 1S01-02 1302-03 1803-04 1304-05 1805-06 1306- 07 1307- 0S 1S08-09 1309-10 Rivers open or free of ice. River closed ; or obstructed | by ice. Feb. 3, 1790 March 27, 1790 Dec. 8, 1790 " 17, 1791 " 8, 1791 Probably early in March " 12, 1792 March 0, 1793 " 20, 1793 " 17, 1794 Jan. 12, 1795 1st si. arr. at N.Y. from Alb. Mar. 29 " 23, 179G Nov. 23, 1796 N. riv. open 15tb, above Po'keepsie " 26, 1797- " 23, 1798 Jan. 6, 1800 Feb. 23, 1S0O 3, 1S01 Feb. 3, 1S02 March 19, 1302 Dec. 16, 1802 Jan. 12, 1804 April 6,1304 Dec. 13, 1804 Jan. 9, 1806 Feb. 20, 1S06 Dec. 11, 1806 April 8, 1S07 Tan. 4, 1808 March 10, 1308 Dec. 9, 1809 Jan. 19. 1S10 No. days i closed. 128 NEW YORK ALMANAC 1S10-11 1811- 12 1812- 13 11313-14 1814- 15 1815- 16 [1816-17 jlSlT-13 11315-19 1819- 20 1820- 21 1321- 22 1322- 23 182-3-24 1S24-25 1825-26 ilS26-27 1S27-23 1823-29 1889-80 i 1830-31 ; 1331-32 11832-33 1883-84 11834- 85 11835- 36 11836- 37 11837- 33 11838- 39 1839-40 1S40-41 1341-42 1842-43 1343-44 1844- 45 1845- 46 1846- 47 1347-4S 1S4S-49 1849-50 1350-51 1S51-52 1852-53 1S53-54 1854-55 1S55-56 River closed or obstructed by ice. Dec. 14, 1310 " 20, 1311 " 21, 1312 u 22, 1S13 « 10, 1314 " 2. 1315 " 16, 1816 « 7, 1317! " 14, ISIS " 13, 1819 Xov. 13, 1820 Dec. 13. 1821 tt 24, 1822 " 16, 1823 Jan. 5, 1825 Dec. 13, 1825 " 24, 1826 Xov. 25, 1827 Dec. 23. 182S Jan. 11, 1330 Dec. S3, 1830 " 5, 1831 " 21. 1832 « 13, 1833 M 15, 1334 Nov. SO, 1335 1 Dec. 7, 1336 " 13, 18371 Xov. 25, 1333 Dec. IS, 1839 " 5. 1S40 " 19, 1841 1 Xov. 29, 1S42 Dec. 9,1343 " 11, 1S44 " 4, 1S45 u 15, 1846 » 24, 1S47 " 27. 1343 " 25, 1S49 « 17, 1850 « 13, 1851! * 22, 1852 " 30, 1853 j , " 13,1854, " 26,1855' Rivers cpen or free of ice. March 10, 1310 " 16, 1312 " 12, 1S13 u 25, ISIS April 3, 1819 March 25, 1S20 « 15, 1S21 « 15, 1S22 « 24, 1S23 3, 1S24 6, 1325 Feb. 26, 1S26 March 20, 1827 Feb. 8, 1S23 April 1. 1829 March 15, 1S30 " 15, 1831 4i 25, 1S32 21, 1S33 Feb. 24, 1834 March 25, 1835 April 4, 1S36 March 28, 1S37 « 19, 1838 « 21, 1S39 Feb. 21, 1840 March 24, 1841 Feb. 4, 1S42 April 13,1843 March 14, 1844 Feb. 24, 1845 March 15, 1846 April 6, 1847 March 22, 184S " 19, 1849 « 9, 1S50 Feb. 25, 1851 March 23, 1852 « 21, 1S53 M 16, 1S54 " 20, 1855 April 10,1856 AND "WEATHER BOOK. 129 REMARKABLE INCIDENTS CONNECTED WITH THE CHANGES OF TEMPERATURE. 17D2. January 10. — The ice lodged in the East river for some time, and several people walked over it to and from New York to Brooklyn. 170G. December 2-1.— Ice from New York to Staten Island. 1797. January 7th. — In the afternoon of the 8th the ice closed up the passage between the Battery and Governor's Island, and 300 people were counted upon it, some skating and some going to the Island. It moved away the next tide. Before the 12th for several days the pilots would not take charge of any vessel going to sea on account of the ice. " December 24. — A body of ice across the East river. Several people crossed on foot. 1800. December 22.— The river at Albany is open and quite free of ice. " December 28. — A sloop came down from Albany. 1805. January 6. — A cake of ice lodged in the East river between this city and Brooklyn, on which many persons crossed the river. " January 22-23. — Several persons crossed the Hudson from the State Prison, then in New York, to Hoboken. 1303. November 2G.— The river is closed at Albany. " December 15. — The river is open at Albany. 1810. March 10. — The steamboat makes her first trip to Albany. 1811. March 16. — The first sloop from Albany. " March 23. — First trip of steamboat to Albany. 1817-18. Notes. — This winter was long and intensely cold. On the 3d of March, 1818, the ice moved in a body downward for some distance, and there remained stationary. The river was not clear until March 25th. 1820. The river closed on the 13th Nov., opened on the 20th, and finally closed Dec. 1. This was one of the four winters during a century in which the Hudson, between Paulus Hook and New York, was crossed on the ice ; the other three being 1740-41, 1765-66, and 1779-80. 1821. January 13. — A cake of ice lodged between Brooklyn and New York, and many persons crossed on it. w January £5. — The coldest day in thirty years. Thermometer 7° below zero. Several persons crossed the North river from Paulus Hook to New York on the ice. " January 26. — H. Laight and John Thomas Jones, with thou- sands, crossed to Paulus Hook on the ice. The harbor com- pletely closed. Persons crossed at the Narrows from Long to Staten Island; *>'lso from Staten Island to the city. 1S24. January 12. — The river was clear of ice, and remained so for several hours. 1S27. The river opened and closed repeatedly during this winter. Dec. 21, it closed a second time. 130 NEW YORK ALMANAC 1830-31. Opened in consequence of heavy rains, and closed on the 10th January, 1831. 1833. Opened again Jan. 3 ; closed again Jan. 11. 1842. February G. — In consequence of heavy rains, the river opened in front of the city of Albany on the 8th of January, and can hardly be said to have closed again during the season. The ice, however, continued piled up some miles below, at and about Barren Island, near Schisodack Landing, and thus rendered the channel impassable. Cold weather followed about the middle of February, and again obstructed the navigation. A steamboat arrived again on the 1st of March, 1842. 1852. January 20. — Thousands of persons crossed on the ice between Brooklyn and New York in the morning. 1856. January 28. — People crossed from Brooklyn to Governor's Island and back on the ice. '* February 1. — A man crossed from foot of 20th-street to Wee- hawker!, 2£ miles, on the ice. " Februarys. — Several persons crossed on the ice from Jersey City to New*York, and also from Williamsburg to the Navy Yard across Wallabout bay. " February 9. — Three men walked from Fulton-street, Brooklyn, to Burling Slip, New York, on the ice. " February 1*.). — Persons crossed the East river on the ice. " February 21. — Horses and -wagons cro^ssd to Randall's Island for a month past on the ice, and to-day persons crossed to Blackw ell's Island on the ice. In February, 1S05, the winter was so severe, that hickory wood rose to eight dollars for a carman's load. On the 5th of that month the Legislature of the State passed an act, authorizing the Corpora- tion of New York to tear down the forts at the Battery and Rhine- landers, and distribute the timber among the poor for fuel. The forts were demolished, and converted to lire wood. THE WEATHER OF THE COMING WINTER. The more I see of the changes and conditions of the weather, and of the variations of the seasons, the more I am satisfied that it is not in the power of any human being to foretell what the weather will be for even a single day ahead. In the autumn of 1S55 many persons predicted a mild winter, and many indications to that ettect were mentioned in the newspapers — they all proved fallacious. The safest plan is for every body to prepare for hard winters— if they prove mild they have so much more cause for increased thankfulness. If there is any matter in this little book, in relation to the weather, that I have not written, I deem it a duty to myself to ask the pub- lishers to inform the readers that I am cognizant of nothing but what my name is affixed to, E. MERIAM. NEW YOEE CITY. NEW -YORK CITY deserves a more detailed account of its origin, rise, and progress, than our space allows ; but, as the New York Almanac would be imperfect without some historical account, we shall attempt a brief sketch of the history of the great American metropolis/ Without going so far back as did our learned historian, Diedrich Knickerbocker, in his famous " History of New York," we will state simply, that the Hudson river, and Manhattan or New York Island, were discovered by the intrepid English navigator, Henry Hudson, on the ?d of September, 1601). Hudson was in the employ of the East India Company, of Holland ; and he had previously explored the North Sea, with the endeavor to discover a north-western passage. This attempt was fruitless ; and Hudson, returned to Holland. Henry Hudson, with twenty men, English and Dutch, sailed from Texel, in a vessel called the Half Moor.. After doubling the Cape of Norway, he continued his voyage toward Nova Zembla, until, meeting with ice, he resolved to proceed south, toward Virginia. In doing this he discovered and explored New York bay and the Hudson river, which he penetrated with his chip as far as he thought prudent, and thence in a boat above Albany. On the 7th of November, 1603, Hudson returned to Dartmouth, England, and from this place sent an account of his voyage and ex- plorations to the Holland West India Company. The point of the island on which New York is built, he found in the possession of Indians. The Indians on the island proved unfriendly; those on the west or Jersey shore were friendly to the white men, but deadly enemies of the islanders. In 1G10 the Company sent a second vessel to the Hudson river for the purpose of trading with the Indians. In 1612 the Dutch erected a fort on the southern ex- tremity of Manhattan Island. This fort consisted of a redoubt, which overlooked the Hudson river. Thus the settlement of New Amsterdam, as it was called, was commenced. In 1614, an expedi- tion from Virginia, under Captain Argal, took possession of New Amsterdam, which at that time consisted of only four houses out- side the fort. Shortly afterward, an arrangemeut was made with the English, by which the Dutch remained in peaceable possession of the place for fifty years. The settlement gradually increased in numbers, and the settlers drove a thriving trade with the Indians, receiving furs in exchange for beads, trinkets, blankets, and hatchets. The sturdy Dutchmen would have led a happy life, had not their peace been broken by their frequent quarrels with the English colonies on the Connecticut river, and the Swedes on the Delaware. In 1623, the Dutch having purchased the 132 NEW YORK CITY. southern extremity of the island, with the permission of the Indians erected a fort stronger than the former one ; and most of the settlers resided within this work, until, the colony increasing, it was necessary to build some houses on the outside near it, which was the commencement of Pearl-street This fort stood near the present site of Bowling-green. The Dutch resolved to establish a permanent colony at New- Amsterdam, and in 1629 commenced the ''golden reign of Wouter Van T wilier," who was appointed governor that year, and who held office nine years. In 1G35, he erected another and more substantial fort, which was burned with all its buildings in 1741, and was never rebuilt In 1644 the Stadt House, or City Hall, was built, on the corner of Pearl-street and Coenties-slip. On the 11th of May, 1647, Peter Stuyvesant, the last of the Dutch governors, arrived, and held the office seventeen years, until the colony was captured in 1664. He was a soldier, and had lost a leg in the capture of Tobago. The iirst public school was established in the city in 1G52. In 1655, Governor Stuyvesant captured Fort Cassimer, now Newcastle, on the Delaware river, from the Swedes. The Delaware river was then called the South river, whence, probably the Hudson received the appellation of North river in contra-distinction. In 1656 a market-house was built at the present corner of Pearl and Broad- streets. The city at that time had 120 houses and 1,000 inhabitants. In 1653 the first public wharf was built where "Whitehall-street now is. The governor' s house stood opposite, at the beginning of Water- street. The first map of the city was sent to Holland in 1660. In 16G4 New Amsterdam was surrendered to the English, and was taken possession of by the Duke of York. It now took the name of New York. Nine years afterward, it was recaptured by the Dutch, who held possession of it, however, for only one year. In 1663 a carriage-road was ordered to be made to Harlem, none hav- ing existed before. In the same year a race-course was established at Hempstead. In 1673, the post-rider commenced making his trips between New York and Boston. In 1676 a law was passed to pave streets. In 1677 there were 3S4 houses and 12 streets in the city. In 16S4 the first watch was appointed, consisting of S persons, at 12 pence each per night In 1606 the city owned 40 ships, 62 sloops, and 60 boats. In the same year the Trinity church was built ; it was afterward enlarged, and was burned in 1776. In 1696 it was ordered that a City Hall, valued at £3,000, should be built. In 1699, the old City Hall was 6old to John Rodman, merchant, by "public outcry," for £920. The docks and slips in the city in 1701 were rented for £25 per annum. In 1711, Wall-street was paved from William (then Smith) street, to the English church. In 1711 a slave-market was established in Wall-street, near the East river. In 1712 a negro insurrection occurred ; the negroes fired the city in several places, and murdered several of the citizens. Nineteen of them were executed. In 1713 a ropewalk was established in the Commons. This rope- NEW YORK CITY. 133 walk stood in Broadway, opposite the Park. A Presbyterian church ^7as built in Wall-street in 1719. The New York Gazette, a weekly newspaper, was established in 17'15. In 1731 the boundaries of the colonies were finally settled with Connecticut. The first stage-route to Philadelphia was established in 1732, and stages departed for Boston monthly, taking a fortnight for the journey. A law was passed in 17S3 to preserj-o the fish in Fresh-water pond, now Canal and adjacent streets. In this year the House of Correction was instituted. In 1740 the New York Society Library was founded. A severe fire broke out in the fort in 1741, which destroyed the old Dutch church and the Secretary's office. The yellow fever pre- vailed to an alarming extent in this and the following year. The famous " Negro plot" occurred in the year 1741. The city at this time contained 12,000 inhabitants, 2,000 of whom were slaves. The people were aroused to the highest pitch of excitement at the report of the plot, which although it may have really existed, the rumor was exaggerated tenfold, the fears of the citizens being aroused by frequent fires and robberies. Some Irish Catholics were implicated with the negroes ; 20 white persons and 154 negroes were imprisoned ; of these, 13 negroes were burned at the stake, at the present junction of Pearl and Chatham-streets, then out of town ; 20 were hung, one in chains, on an island in Fresh-water pond, where the Arsenal now stands ; 78 were transported to foreign parts, and 50 were discharged. In 1745 the only coach in New York was owned by Lady Murray. A theatre was established in 1750. The Mo- ravian church in Fulton-street was built in 1751, and in 1752 St. George's chapel was erected in Beekman-street. An Exchange was also erected by private subscription (the Corporation giving £100), on the west side of Broad-street, at the lower extremity. O.te thousand stand of arms was imported from England in 1755 by the Corporation, at an expense of £3,000 ; and the Corporation, for the purpose of discharging this " excessive and alarming debt," peti- tioned for a lottery. In 1701 Vcsey-street was graded and paved ; and lamps and lamp-posts were purchased. St. Paul's church was erected in 1705. In the same year a congress, composed of delegates from the colonies, met in New York. The Stamp Act created great excitement. The Brick church in Beekman-street was built in 1767. The first Methodist church in America was built in John- street in 176S. In 1709 the North Dutch church in William-street was erected. The New York Hospital was founded by subscription in 1703. The expense of lighting the city in 1770 was £700 per an- num. An iron railing, which is still standing, was made around Bowling Green, at an expense of £S00, in 1771. Warren-street v. a J surveyed and regulated in 1771. The city on the 20th of August, 1776, fell into the hands of the British by the disastrous battle of Long Island. On the 21st of September following, a fire broke out, and before it ceased destroyed nearly one eighth part of the city, 493 houses having been consumed. Before the fire New York con- tained 30,000 inhabitants, and 4,200 houses. The winter in 1739 was 12* 134 NEW YORK CITY. so intensely cold that the ferry from New Jersey to Courtlandt-street was completely blocked up with ice, and loaded teams and artillery were passed over on this natural bridge. The Hudson river was measured at this place on the ice, and was found to be six thousand feet wide. The 25th of November, 1733, is the most memorable day in the history of our city. On that day the British evacuated the city after holding possession of it seven years, and General Wash- ington, at the head of the American army, entered it. The British flag was still flying at the Battery when the Americans arrived, and „ it was hauled down with difficulty, for the British, on leaving, had greased the staff. Yet their malice was not gratified ; the " meteor flag of England" came down, and soon in its place floated the banner of the free. During their occupancy of the city the British had constructed works across the island near Duane-street They had destroyed all the churches, or converted them into barracks, riding, schools, or hospitals, except the English church, and the schools and colleges had been shitt up. The city at that time did not extend further north than Murray-street. Mr. Cruger, treasurer of the Corporation, having joined the British army, left the country with them, and took away the books and acconnts of the city. General Washington, La Fayette, John Jay, and Baron Steuben, at different dates received the freedom of the city. To Washington especially were the citizens of New Y r ork grateful for his services during the War of Independence. Aside from the freedom* of the city, he received an address of congratulation and thanks, and all united in praising the soldier, general, statesman, and patriot. In 1TS5, the first congress after the war was organized in the City Hall, corner of Wall and Nassau-streets. In this year the Bank of New York went into operation. The adoption of the new constitution of the United States was celebrated by a grand federal procession. The 30th of April, 1735, was a gala-day in the city of New Y r ork ; General Washington was inaugurated in the open gallery of the old City Hall, facing Broad-street ; at the conclusion of the imposing ceremony, the immense gathering shouted with one voice, " Long live George Washington !" It seems almost a desecration to have removed the building in which this ceremony was performed ; where Washington received the highest honors which a grateful people could bestow; but the present magnificent structure, the Custom-house, which occupies the site of old Federal Hall, is a fitting memorial of that occasion which will to all lime be held in reverential remembrance by every American citizen. In 1733, Broadway was opened through the fort to the Battery. Under the direction of Major L'Enfant, the City Hall was repaired, at a great expense for that time. Major L'Enfant received for this work the thanks of the Corporation, the freedom of the city, and an offer of ten acres of the public land, which last he politely declined, in 1795 the Park theater was erected. The yellow fever prevailed this year from July to November. Two thousand and eighty-six persons died of the epidemic. In 1799 the Manhattan Company re- NEW YORK CITY. 135 ceived an unconditional charter for furnishing the eity with pure and wholesome water. This company failed in its object. In this year the old Exchange in Broad-street was ordered to be demolished. On the 20th of December the intelligence of the death of Washington was received in the city. The bells of the city were muffled, and tolled from twelve to one for the next fourteen days ; the citizens wore crape for six weeks, and a funeral oration was delivered at St. Paul's church by G-ovemeur Morris. In 1801 the United States Navy Yard at the Wallabout bay, in Brooklyn, was established. In the same year the Fulton Ferry to Brooklyn was leased for $2,000 per annum. This year the Corporation seemed resolved to perform wonders ; Broadway was ordered to be continued and opened through Thomas Randall's land, called the Sailors' Snug Harbor, to meet the Bowery; the surplus earth was to be carted into Fresh-water pond, and a City Hall was voted to be ereetcd, the sum of $250,000 being devoted to the object. Contracts were entered into, and on the 20th of September, 1S03, the foundation- stone was laid with due ceremony by the Mayor, Edward Living- stone. In 1807 the first successful attempt to navigate by steam was made by Robert Fulton and Edward Livingstone on the Hud- son. On the 4th of July, 1811, the Corporation met for the first time in the new City HalL The old City Hall in Wall-street was sold in 1312. O i the 20th of June, TS12, the United States' Government declared war against England. Robert Fulton leased the Fulton Ferry this year for $4,000 per annum, for the purpose of establishing new steamboats upon it. An experiment was made with gas lights in the Park in the month of August. In January, 1821, the bay and rivers were for the first time since 1780 closed with ice. In 1823 burials were prohibited south of Canal-street; and in the same year the old Potter's field was leveled and laid out into a public park, and called Washington square. The New York Gaslight Company was incorporated in 1823. On the 11th of May, 18 .'5, gas pipes were laid in Broadway, on both sides, from Canal-street to the Battery. In 1353 there were 263 miles of gas pipe in the city. In 1S25 the Merchants' Exchange in Wall-street was commenced. On the 26th of October, 1825, the completion of the Erie eanal was announced by the firing of cannon along the en- tire line, from Buffalo and back, in 12 hours. On the 15th of November following, the first canal-boat, arrived in New York, and was greeted with great manifestations of joy. The Merchants' Ex- change was completed in 1827. In 1829 the American Institute in New York was instituted. The cholera raged in 1832 to a fearful extent On the night of the 16th of December, 1835, the great fire occurred. The number of buildings consumed was 648, and the amount of property destroyed was estimated at $18,000,000. The South Dutch church and the Merchants' Exchange were consumed. But tiie burned district was rapidly covered with buildings more ele- gant and commodious. In 1837 the Croton Aqueduct was com- menced, and on the 4th of July, 18-12, the waters of the Croton were 136 2TEW YORK CITY. let into the distributing reservoirs, and our citizens were furnisned with an abundant supply of pure and wholesome water. In tho years lS5^-i, the World's Fair was held in the Crystal Palace, art elsgant and spacious glass and iron building, erected for tho purpose, near the distributing Reservoir. A magnificent grove, called Jones's Woods, is now being laid out iato a public ground, under the name of the Central Park, which, when completed, wLl form one of the most beautiful and commodious parks ia any city of the Old World or the New. We here conclude this hasty glance at the annals of the city of New York, the metropolis of the United States, and the pride of the American nation. GOVEEHMEii T W THE UNITES STATED The 17th Presidential term of four years commenced on the 4tls of March, 1S5J, and will expire on the 3d of March, 1S57. Franklin PL-rcc, N. II., President^ Salary, $£5,000 Jesse Bright, Ind., Vice-Pres., pro tem~, " 8,0:>O Wm. L. Marcy,. N- Y., Secretary of State, k - 8,000 James Guthrie, Ky* Secretary ©f the Trc as., l - 8,000 Jeff. Davis, Miss. r Secretary of War, 41 8,000 James O. Dobbin, N„ C, Secretary ©f the Navy, l * 8,000 ttobt. McClelland, Mich., Sec. of the Interior, " 8,000 James Campbell, Pa., Postmaster-GeneraL 1 1 S.00D Caleb dishing, Mass., Attorney-General, " 8,000 At the last Presidential eleclion, held Nov. 4lh, 1S5J, James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, was elected President, and John C Breckenridge, of Kentucky, was elected Vice-President,, for the ensuing four years. THE MINT. The annual report of the Director cf the Mint gives the following statement of the deposits and coinage year ending June CO, 1S55 : Entire gold deposit, Entire silver deposit, . Gold coinage, Silver " Copper 41 . Gold pieces, Silver 11 Copper ** t the various mints, for tlio. $G4,223,S9? 5,793,114 5.1,097,183 5,219,150* 22,457 3,870,001 22,S4S,700» ?,274,147 AND WEATHER BOOK. 137 CITY GOVEENMENT. 1857 Fernando "Wood, Mayor ; office No. 6 City HalL Abram D. Russell, City Judge. Richard Busteed, Counsel to Corporation. David T. Valentine, Clerk of the Common Counsel; office No. 8 City Hall. BOARD OF ALDERMEN. WARD 1— William Wilson. 2 — Hiram Corwin, 3 — Morgan L. Harris. 4 — Bartholomew Healy. 5 — Henry R Hoffmire. 6 — John Clancy. 7 — Thomas Adams. 8— William Tucker. 9 — Solomon Banta. 10— .John Griffith. 11 — James R Steers. "WARD 1" — David S. Jackson. 13 — Edward McConneli. 14 — Peter Monaghan. 15 — Orison Blunt. 16 — Peter Fulmer. IT — William Coulter. 18— Jacob H. Valentine. 19 — Thomas McSpeddon. 20— William McCoukey. 21— James Owens. 22— William B. Drake. BOARD OF COUNCILMEN. DISTRICT 1 — Henry South. 2 — John Von Glahn. 3— Wm. H. BultecL 4 — Thos. Monroe. 5 — John Baulch. 6 — James Reilly. 7 — Ge rge P. Bickford, 8 — James L. Waugh. 9 — James Clark. 10— Robert Donnell. 11 — Henry Hughes. 12 — George McKinley. 13— M. Gilmarten. 14 — George W. Warner. 15 — Joseph S. Forbes. 16 — Freeman Poole. 17 — Jonas N- Philips. IS— Peter Crawford. 19 — Joseph D. Martin. 20 — Ledgard Avery. 21 — John Kennard. 22 — Alexander HemphilL 23— Richard P. Clark. 24— Isaac O. Hunt. 25— Horatio Reed. DISTRICT 26— John Van Tine. 27— Jesse S. Seckles. 28— H. W. Collyer. 29— David Hogg. 30— F. L A. Boole. 31— B. F. Rhodes. 32 — G. Cushman. 33— Charles Doty. 34 — J. McConneli, Jr, 35 — Ephraim Reed. 36— Hugh O'Brien. 37 — Thomas Kelly. 38 — George Kerr. 39— John H. Brady. 40 — Robert W. Chapman. 41 — Franklin J. Otterson. 42 — George M. Pike. 43 — Thomas Hearn. 44 — Samuel Hopper. 45 — C. Ackerman. 46— Wm. H. Mansfield. 47— J. M. Reynolds. 48 — Nicholas KisseL 4*— John Walsh. 50 — Bernland Reilly. 138 NEW YORK ALMANAC IHST. DIST. 51 — Peter Lodewiek. 52— F. W. Weigarid. 53 — Nathaniel Nesbitt. 54— C. Fitzgerald. 55 — Charles H. HassweU. 56 — Charles Addorns. 51 — Homer Franklin. 53 — Bryan McCahill. 5} — Hen. A. Cargill. — Isaac A, Hopper. HEADS OF DEPARTMENTS. Police Fernando Wood, Mayor; Bureau of Chief of Police, No. 1 City Hall. Finance .... Azariah C. Flagg, Comptroller ; office. No. 5 Hall of Records. Streets Joseph S. Taylor, Street Commissioner ; office, No. I Hall of Records. Repairs £ Supplies. Nathan S. Selah, Commissioner Repairs and Supplies ; office, basement City Hall, east wing. Streets cO Lamps . Joseph E. Ebling, Commissioner Streets and Lamps ; office, Essex Market. Croton Aqueduct . My ndert Van Schaick, President ; office* Ro- tunda, Park. 11 Thos. R. De Forest, Commissioner; office. Rotunda, Park. " Alfred W. Craven, Chief Engineer ; office, Ro- tunda, Park. Qit j Inspector ' . . George W« Morton ; office, G Center-st. Law Richard Busteed, Counsel to Corporation. OFFICE-HOLDERS. A list of the principal officers whose salaries are paid out of the City- Treasury, with their names, and by whom appointed: Fernando Wood, Mayor, elected by the people . . . $3,000 James M. Smith, Recorder, elected by the people . . 5,00;} Abraham D. Russell, City Judge, elected by the people . 5,000 David T. Valentine-, Clerk of the Common Council, appointed by the Board of Aldermen ; do. of Supervisors, with al- lowances for extra work, appointed by the Board of Su- pervisors 2,35> Alexander Ming, Mayor's Clerk, appointed by the Mayor . 1,250 Wm. II. Stevens, First Marshal, " M . 1,'250 Wm. M. Cook, Mayor's Secretary, " " 1,250 Azariah C. Flagg, Comptroller, elected by the people . . 3,000 A. S. Cady, Clerk to Comptroller, appointed by Comptroller and Board of Aldermen . . ■ 1,500 Henry H. Howard, Receiver of Taxes, appointed by Mayor and Board of Aldermen 3,000 John P. Hone, Deputy Receiver of Taxes, appointed by Mayor and Board of Aldermen 2,500 AND WEATHER BOOK. 139 Anson V. Stout, City Camberlaiu, appointed by Mayor and Board of Aldermen $500 Anson V. Stout, allowed for clerk Lire 400 James Taylor, Keeper of the City Hall and Park, appointed by Comptroller and_Board of Aldermen .... 1,000 Fifteen persons to clean City Hall and Courts, appointed by Keeper . 7,142 Three Tax Commissioners, appointed by Board of Super- visors, each ......... 2,500 Three Clerks, appointed by Board of Supervisors, each . 1,000 Joseph S. Taylor, Street Commissioner, elected by the people 2,5.0 Edward Merritt, Inspector of Side- walks, appointed by Street Commissioner, . 1,200 Rufus E. Crane, Superintendent of Wharves, appointed by Street Commissioner and Board of Aldermen . . 1,000 W. H. Hebbard, Superintendent of Lands and Places, ap- pointed by Street Commissioner and Board of Aldermen 1,500 Nathaniel S. Selah, Commissioner of Repairs and Supplies, elected by the people 2,000 William Goodheart, Superintendent of Roads, appointed by Commissioner of Repairs and Supplies and Board of Al- dermen 1/250 James living, Superintendent of Repairs to Public Build- ings, appointed by do 1,500 Henry C. Woolsey, Superintendent of Pavements, appoint- ed by do 1,500 Henry C. Woolsey allowed for horse and wagon by do. . 250 Alfred Carson, Ohief Engineer of Fire Department, ap- pointed by Fire Department and Common Council . 0,000 Twelve Fire Wardens, appointed by Fire Department and Common Council, each GOO Twenty-seven Bell-ringers, appointed by do., each . . GOO Jos. E. Ebling, Commissioner of Streets and Lamps, elected by the people 2,500 James Dowey, Superintendent of Lamps and Gas, appointed by Commissioner of Streets and Board of Aldermen . 1,500 James Dowey allowed for horse and wagon, by do. . . 250 Morgan L. Mott, Superintendent of Streets, appointed by do. 1,500 S. T. Webster, Clerk, appointed by Superintendent of Streets and Board of Aldermen 1,C00 Matthias Gooderson, Superintendent of Markets, appointed by Commissioner of Streets and Lamps and Board of Aldermen 1,000 Myndert Van Schaick, President of Croton Aqueduct De- partment, appointed by Mayor and Board of Aldermen 2,000 Theodore R. De Forest Commissioner, appointed by do. . 2,000 Alfred W. Craven, Chief Engineer, appointed by do. . 2,000 George W. Morton, City Inspector, elected by the people . 2,500 Richard Busteed, Counsel to Corporation, elected by the people . 3,500 140 NEW YORK ALMANAC Richard Busteed, by virtue of Act April 1st, 1S54 . . $6,500 " allowed for clerk-hire .... 2,500 Corporation Attorney, appointed by Council and Board of Aldermen 2,000 Thomas J. Oakley, Chief-Justice of the Superior Court, elected by the people 5, Edward Slosson, Justice of the Superior Court, elected by the people 5,0( Murray Hoffman, do., elected by do 5.'000" John Duer, do., elected by do 5.000 Joseph S. Bosworth, do., elected by do. . . . . 5,000 Lewis B. Woodruff, do., elected by do. . . . . 5,000 George T. Maxwell, Clerk of Superior Court, appointed by the Justices of Superior Court 2,500 D. P. Ingraham, Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, elected by the people 5,000 C. P. Daly, do., elected by do . 5,000 John R. Brady, do., elected by do 5,000 B. H. Jarvis, Clerk of Court of Common Pleas. A. Thompson, Justice of Marine Court, elected by the people 3,000 A. K. Maynard, " 44 " 3,000 Florence McCarthy, 44 44 44 3,000 James Green, Judge of Dist. Court. " 44 2,000 Bart. O'Connor, 44 44 14 2,000 Wm. B. Meede, " 44 " 2,000 Wm. H. Van Coits " 44 44 2,000 John Anderson, Jr., " 14 44 2,000 Anson Willis, " 14 4 4 2.000 Thos. Pearson, 44 " " 2,000 William Mitchell, Justice of the Supreme Court, allowed $2,500 by the State, and $S per day for services out of the county, elected by the people . . . . 1,500 James J. Roosevelt, do., elected by do. .... 1,500 Henry E. Davies, do., elected by do 1,500 Thomas W. Clerke, do., elected by do. .... 1,500 W. H. Peabody, do., elected by do. . . . . . 1,500 Peter B. Sweeney, Public Administrator, appointed by Cor- poration and Board of Aldermen 1,250 Wm. H. Faulkner, Regulator of Clocks, appointed by Com- missioner of Streets and Places and Board of Aldermen 300 George W. Matsell, Chief of Police, appointed by Police Commissioners . . . 2,500 W. McKellar, Clerk of do., appointed by Chief of Police and Police Commissioners 1,500 Michael Halpin, Captain of Police, First Ward, appointed by Police Court 1,000 James Leonard, do., Second do., appointed by do. . . 1,000 James A. Hopkins, do., Third do., appointed by Police Commissioners 1,000 J. Murray Dichett, do., Fourth do., appointed by do. . . . 1,000 AND WEATHER BOOK. 141 Daniel Carpenter, Captain of Police, Fifth Ward, appointed by Police Commissioners $1,000 Joseph Dowling, do., Sixth do., appointed by do. . . 1,000 Edward Letts, do., Seventh do., appointed by do. . . 1,000 Charles S. Turnbull, do., Eighth do., appointed by do. . 1,000 Abraham Ackerman, do., Ninth do., appointed by do. . 1,000 George W. Morris, do., Tenth do., appointed by do. . . 1,00 3 Peter Squires, do., Eleventh do., appointed by do. . . 1,000 Galen T. Porter, do., Twelfth do., appointed by do. . . 1,0OQ John F. Russell, do., Thirteenth do., appointed by do. . 1,00 J David Kissner, do., Fourteenth do., appointed by do. . 1,000 George W. Dillis, do., Fifteenth do., appointed by do. . 1,000 John D. McKee, do., Sixteenth do., appointed by do. . . 1,000 Jedediah W. Hart, do., Seventeenth do., appoiuted by do. . 1,000 Harris Wines, do., Eighteenth do., appointed by do. . . 1,000 Francis J. Twomcy, do., Nineteenth do., appointed by do. . 1,000 William Joyce, do., Twentieth do., appointed by do. . 1,000 Francis C. Speight, do., Twenty-first do., appointed by do. 1,000 Daniel Wilter, do., Twenty-second do., appointed by do. 1,000 Four Interpreters, appointed by the Police Court, each . 600 A. O. Hall, District Attorney, elected by the people . . 5,000 John Sedgwick, Assistant Attorney, appointed by District Attorney 2,500 Richard B. Connelly, County Clerk, elected by the people . 3,000 Alexander W. Bradford, Surrogate, " " . 5,000 George T. Maxwell, Clerk of Board of Education . . 2,000 OFFICIAL DIRECTORY. Chief of Police . . . Office, Basement No. 1 City Hall. Sheriffs Jury . . . "1st floor 4 " Clerk of Board of Councilmen " " 5 " Judge's Chambers Common Pleas " 2d floor, No. 17 City HalL Health Commissioner . M 11 6 Resident Physician . " " G Inspector of Vessels ..**•* 6 Fire Marshal .... " " 6 First Marshal ... mm g Superintendent of Carts M " G Commissioner of Jurors .**-•• 7 Clerk of Common Council * " " S Keeper of City Hall . . » " 9 County Clerk .... " " 10 Sheriff » " 11 Corporation Library Room . " " 12 Naturalization Office . . 4i " 12£ Governor's Room ... "2d floor 14 Board of Aldermen , . " " 15 Judge's Chambers Common Pleas " 2d floor, No. 17 ( 13 142 NEW YORK ALMANAC Superior Court, part 1st, 2d floor New Court House. " 2d Clerk of Superior Court, office, No. IS City Hall. Court of Common Pleas, part 1st . 19 " " 2d . 20 Board of Councilmen . . . . 19 & 21 " Commissioner of Repairs & Supplies . 2 & 3 " Collector of Assessments, North-west corner of basement City Hall. Clerk of Court of Common Pleas, No. 13 City Hall. The following are located in the New Court House, corner of Cen- ter and Chambers-sts : Clerk of Marine Court, 3d floor, No. 19. Marine Court . . " 15. Receiver of Taxes, basement 2. Tax Commissioners, " 1. District Attorney, 2d floor 3d. Recorder. Law Library. Supreme Court, Special and General Term, Chambers. Circuit Court. Court of Oyer and Terminer. United States Court. The following are in the Rotunda (Park). Governor of Almshouse, . office, 1st floor. Croton Aqueduct Department, '* 2d " "Water Surveyor, . . . M *' " The following in the Hall of Records (Park). " Register, office, 1st floor, No. 1 and 2. Surrogate, office, lot floor, No. 3. Street Commissioner, office, 2d floor, No. 4. Comptroller, office, 2d floor, No. 5. ■ Collector of City Revenue, office, 2d floor, No. 5. Board of Fire Commissioners, office, Fireman's Hail. . Superintendent of Buildings. 14 Streets, office, rear of Essex Market. " Lamps and Gas, office, Essex Market. " Pavements, office, Commissioner of Repairs and Supplies. " Wharves, office, No. 4 Hall of Rf cords. Commissioner of Streets and Lamps, office, Essex Market. Corporation Counsel, office, No. 51 Chambers-st. Public Administrator, office, ** " Corporation Attorney, office, No. 25 " United States Marshal, office, College Place. Coroner's office, Chambers-st. AND WEATHER BOOK. 143 JUSTICES' COURTS. First District, 35 Warren-st. Second Fourth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Boards, between Center and Broadway. Jefferson Market, cor. Fifth-st. and First Av. cor. Grand and Clinton-sts. Broadway, Junction of Thirty-fourth-st. cor. Eighty-sixth-st. and Fourth Av. Commissioners of Emigration, 81 Anthony-st United States District Attorney, cor. Murray-st. and College Place. United States Commissioner, " 4i »♦ Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh BOARD OF EDUCATION FOE 1857. WARD 1 — Samuel Auld, J. W. Brown. 2 — H. L. Stewart, John Hooper. 4 — V. N« Lecompte, AV. II. Avery. 4 — Eugene Shine, John Ware. 5 — William B. Eager, J. M. Tuthill. 6 — William Sinclair, Walter Roche. 7— William B. Tweed, A. Denike. 8— John R. Lydec, E. Bootman. 9— II. Williamson, Albert Smith. 10 — George H. Clarke, Daniel Slote. 11 — Aaron B. Rollins, George White. VART) 12— J. Mackean, A. V. Williams. 12 — J. L. Scofield, S. Brooker. 14— A. H. Green, Thomas Boese. 15— E. C. Benedict, R. Burlew, 10— William J. Haskett, L. W. Smith. 17— R. C. Fellows, J. F. Henry. 18— William II. Neilson, S. Baldwin. 19— John C. Hull, R. S. Grav. 20— William Monteith, N. J. Waterbury. 21 — John Davenport, L. Barney. 22 — Peter Masterson, J. Edwards. POPULATION OF THE GLOBE. Africa, variously estimated from G0,000,000 to . . 100,000,000 America, 58,252,883 Asia, including Islands, 626,000,000 Australia and Australian group of Islands, . . . 1,445,000 Europe, 263,517,521 Polynesia (a mere estimate, as there are few or no data), 1,500,000 144 NEW YORK ALMANAC DESCRIPTION OE THE CITY. New York city is the principal city of the State of New York, and is the largest city in the United States. In wealth, commerce, and population, New York deserves to be styled the London of America. The City Hall is in latitude 40° 42' 40" N. ; and in longtitude, 74° V 8" W. from Greenwich, and 3° 0' 16" E. from Washington. It is 210 miles south-west of Boston, 145 miles south of Albany, 225 miles north-east of Washington, 670 miles north-east of Charleston, 1370 miles north-east of New Orleans, and 372 miles south of Montreal. The closely-built portion of New York is situated on the southern extremity of New York or Manhattan Island, at the junction of the Hudson, or North river, with the East river, which connects the harbor of New York with Long Island Sound. The island contains about 14,500 acres of ground, and extends from the confluence of the two rivers, 13£ miles, to Kingsbridge, and has an average breadth of one and three-fifth miles. The greatest breadth is on the line of Eighty-eighth-street, about two miles and a half. Three bridges, Harlem bridge, Macomb's bridge, and King's bridge, connect the island with the mainland on the north. PARKS, ETC, IN NEW YORK. NAME AND LOCALITY. ABE AS. Sq. feet. a. r. p. f. Battery — Extreme southern end of the Island 453,609 10 2 .22 239 Bowling Green. — Broadway, Whitehall, and State-st 24,4S3 2 9 253 The Park. — Broadway, Chambers, Center-sts. and Park Row 472,0SO 10 3 14 Duane Park. — Duane, Hudson, and Green- wich-sts 5,783 21 66 Five Points Park. — Park, Orange, and Little Water-sts 6,727 24 193 Hudson Square, — Hudson, Laight, Varick, and Beach-sts 177,962 4 13 183 Washington Square.— -University Place, Wa- verly Place, Macdougal, and Fourth-sts 424,634 9 2 39 246 Tomkins Square.— A v. A., Seventh-st, Av. B., and Tenth-st 457,764 10 2 1 112 Abingdon Square. — Hudson-st., Troy-st., and Eighth Av 9,021 33 36 Union Place. — Broadway, Fourteenth-st., Fourth Av., and Seventeenth-st 151,0S0 3 1 34 253 Stuyvesant Square.— On Second Av., between Fifteenth and Seventeenth-sts 171,190 3 3 28 217 Gramercy Park.— Between Twentieth and Twenty-first-sts., Lexington Av. and Irving Place 73,600 1 2 30 92 AND WEATHER BOOK. 145 NAME AND LOCALITY. A3EAS. Sq. feet a. r. p. f. Madison Square. — Fifth Av., Twenty-sixth-st., Madison Avenue, and Twenty-third-st 299,250 6 3 19 47 Bloomingdale Square. — Fifty-ninth-st., Ninth Av., Fifty-third-st., and Eighth Av 730,066 18 9 13G Hamilton Square. — Sixty-sixth-st, Fourth Ay. Sixty-ninth-st., and Third Av 649.S90 15 000 Observatory Place. — Fifth Av., Ninety-fourth- st,, Fourth Av., and Eighty-ninth-st 1,122,375 25 3 2 160 Manhattan Square. — Seventy-seven th-st., Eighth Av., Eighty-seventh-st, a:-:d Ninth Av 830,030 19 8 182 Mount Mctris.— Between 120th and 124th sts. on the Fifth Av 878,665 20 27 114 Central Park. — Between Fifty-ninth and 106th • sts., Fifth and Eighth Avs 730 DAY-STATIONS OF POLICEMEN. FIRST WARD. No. 1 — Merchants* Exchange, in Wall-st. ; 2 — Post Office, in Nassau-st. ; 3— South Ferry, foot of Whitehall-st SECOND WARD. No. 1— Broadway, comer of Ann-st. ; 5! — Fulton Ferry. THIRD WARD. No. 1 — Barclay-st. Ferry; 2 — Courtlandt-st ; 3 — Washington Mar- ket; 4 — Hudson River Railroad Depot; 5 — Broadway, corner of Courtlandt-st. ; 6 — West-st. FOURTH WARD. No. 1— Peck Slip Ferry ; 2 — Catharine Ferry. FIFTH WARD. No. 1 — Corner of Broadway and Canal-st. ; 2 — Corner of Hohokeu and West-sts. SIXTH WARD. No. 1 — Park ; 2 — Corner of Bowery and Bayard-st. ; 3 — At the Five Points (two policemen) ; 4 — On the east side of Broadway, from Park to Canal-st. SEVENTH WARD. No. 1 — Corner of East Broadway and Catharine-st. ; 2 — Corner of Jackson and Monroe-sts. 13* 146 NEW YORK ALMANAC EIGHTH WARD. No. 1 — Corner of West and Spring sts. ; 2 — Corner of Laurens and Grand-sts. ; 3 — Corner of Charlton and Varick-sts. NINTH WARD. No. 1 — Hoboken Ferry, foot of Christopher-st. ; 2 — Foot of Thir- teenth- st. TENTH WARD. No. 1 — Corner of Grand-st. and Bowery; 2 — Corner of Forsyth and Division-sts. ELEVENTH WARD. No. 1— Dry Dock, at the head of Av. D. ; 2— At the Ferry, foot of Ilouston-st. ; 3 — At the corner of Columbia and Houston-sts. TWELFTH WARD. No Day Stations. THIRTEENTH WARD. No. 1 — Corner of Grand and Clinton-sts. ; 2 — Corner of Grand and East-sts. FOURTEENTH WARD. Xo. 1 — Corner of Bowery and Brooine-st. ; 2 — Corner of Walker ;md Mulberry-sts. FIFTEENTH WARD. No. 1 — University Place, east side, between Tenth and Eleventh sts. ; 2 — Washington Parade Ground. SIXTEENTH WARD. No. 1— Corner of Seventeenth-st. and Tenth Av. ; 2— Corner of Twenty-fourth-st. and Seventh Av. SEVENTEENTH WARD. No. 1— Av. A. and First-st. ; 2— Third Av. and Tenth- st. EIGHTEENTH WARD. Xo. 1— Union Park ; 2— Stuyvesant Square ; 3— Madison Square. NINETEENTH WARD. No. 1— Sixty-first-st. and Third Av. ; 2— Forty-second-st. and Third Av. ; 3—Forty-third-st. and Tenth Av. ; 4— Bloomingdale in Broadway. TWENTIETH WARD. N 0# i Corner of Thirty-second-st. and Sixth Av. ; 2— Corner of Thirtieth-st. and Seventh Av. ; 3— Corner of Twenty-ninth-st. and Eighth Av. ; 4— Corner of Twenty-seventh-st. and Tenth Av. ; 5— AND WEATHER BOOK. 147 Corner of Thirty-eighth-st and Ninth Av. ; 6 — Corner of Thirty- sixth-st. and Eighth Av. ; 7 — Corner of Thirty-fifth-st. and Seventh Av. ; 8 — Corner of Thirty-first- st. and Eleventh Av. ; 9 — Corner of Thirty-ninth-st. and Broadway ; 10 — Corner of Thirty-ninth-st. and Eleventh Av. ; 11 — Corner of Thirtieth-st and Eleventh Av. TWENTY-FIRST WARD. No Day Stations. TWENTY-SECOND WARD. No Day Stations. POLICE STATION-HOUSES p v. tool. DISTRICT STATION-nOUSE, WHERE LOCATED. No. 1. — Franklin Market. 2. — 49 Beekman-st. 3. -35 Barclay-st. 4. -9 Oak-st. 5. — 49 Leonard-st. 6. — No. 9 Franklin st 7. — Gouverneur Slip. 8. — Cor. Wooster-st. and Prince. 9. — In Charles between Hudson and Bleeker sts. 10. — Essex Market. 11. — 663 Fourth-st. 12. — 126th-st., between Third and Fourth Avs. 13. — Cor. Attorney and Delancey-sts. 14. — Center Market. 15. — 220 Mercer-sL 16. — Twentieth-st., between Seventh and Eighth Avs. 17. -43 Sixth-st, 18. — 319 Second Av. 19. — Fifty-ninth-st., near Third Av. 20. — Thirty-fifth-st, between Eighth and Ninth Avs. 21. — Twenty-ninth-st, between Fourth and Fifth Avs. 22. — Eighth Av., near Forty-eighth-st. BELL-TO WER3 IN NEW YORK CITY. City Hall. Thirty-third-st Essex Market Macdougal-st. Jefferson Mark2t. lODth-st Union Market. Marion-st Twenty-second-st. FERRIES. NEW YORK AND BROOKLYN. CATHARINE FERRY— Starts from Catharine Slip, running from 5 A. M. to 9 P. M., every 10 minutes; from 9 to 12 P. M., every 2 minutes. 148 NEW YORK ALMANAC FULTOX FERRY— Starts from foot of Fulton-st., running from 7 A. M. to 7 P. M., all the time ; from 7 to 9 P. M., every 7 minutes : from 9 to 12 P. M., every 10 minutes ; from 12 to 3 A. M., every 15 minutes; from 3 to 7 A. Iff*, every 20 minutes. GOUVERNEUR FERRY— Starts from foot of Gouverneur-st, running from 5 A. M. to 8 P. M., every 10 minutes ; from S P. M. to 11 P. Iff., every 20 minutes. % HAMILTON AVENUE FERRY— Starts from foot of Whitehall- st., running from 4] A. M. to 6 A. M., every half hour ; from 6 A. M. to 7 P. M., ahout every 12 minutes; from 7 P. M. to 9 P. M., every 15 minutes ; from 9 to 12 P. M., every half hour. ROOSEVELT FERRY — Starts from foot of Rocsevelt-st, run- ning from 5 to 6 A. M., every half hour; from G A. M. to 7 P. M., every 12 minutes ; from 7 to 9 P. M., every 15 minutes; from 9 to 11 P. M., everv half hour. SOUTH FERRY — Starts from foot of Whitehall-st,, running from 7 A. M. to 7 P. M., every 8 minutes; from 7 to 11 P. M., every 10 minutes; from 11 P..M. to" 5 A. M., every half hour; from 5 to 7 A. M., every 15 minutes. WALL-STREET FERRY — Starts from foot of Wall-st., running from 5 A. M. to 12 P. M., every 10 minutes. NEW Y'ORK, BULL'S FERRY, AND FORT LEE. Boat leaves foot of Spring-st. three times daily. NEW YORK AND CALVARY CEMETERY. Boat leaves foot of East Twenty-third-st., hourly. NEW Y'ORK AND ELIZABETIIPORT. Boat leaves Pier No. f , North River, every afternoon. NEW Y'ORK AND GREENPOINT. Boat leaves foot of Tenth-st., running from 4 A. M. to 1 A. M., every 20 minutes. NEW YORK AND HOBOKEN. BARCLAY-STREET FERRY— Leaves foot of Barclay-st., run- ning from 6 A. M. to 7 P. M., every 15 minutes ; from 1{ to 12 P. M., every half hour ; from 12 P. M. to 4 A. M., every hour ; from 4 to 6 A. M. , every half hour. CANAL-STREET FERRY— Leaves foot of Canal-st, running from 5} A. M. to 9 P. Iff., every half hour. CHRISTOPHER-STREET FERRY— Starts from foot of Chris- topher-st, running from 6£ A. M. to 7£ P. M., every half hour. NEW YORK AND JERSEY CITY. COURTLANDT-STREET FERRY— Starts from foot of Court- landt-st., running from 5 A. M. to 6} P. M., every 7 J- minutes ; from 6| to 10£ P. M., every 15 minutes; from 10£ P. M. to 5 A. M., cv.ry half hour. AND WEATHER BOOK. 149 NEW YORK, NEWTOWN, AND PENNY BRIDGE. Boat leaves foot of East Twenty-third- St., running half hourly, from 9 A. M. to 6 P. M. NEW YORK AND PAVONIA AVENUE. Boat leaves foot of Chambers-st. NEW YORK AND STATEN ISLAND. PORT RICHMOND FERRY— Boat leaves foot of Whitehall-st., touching at New Brighton, Sailor's Snug Harbor, Factoryville, Ber- gen Point, and Port Richmond, every hour and a half. QUARANTINE FERRY — Boat leaves foot of Whitehall-st., land- ing at Quarantine, Stapleton, and Vanderbilt's Landing, every hour, from 6 A. AL to 7 P. It NEW YORK AND WILLIAMSBURG-. GRAND-STREET FERRY— Leaves foot of Grand-st., running from 4 A. M. to 10 P. M., every 12 minutes ; from 10 to 12 P. M., every 20 minutes ; from 12 to 4 A. M., every half hour. HOUSTON-STREET FERRY— Starts from foot of Houston-st., running from 6 A. M. to 10 P. M., every 10 minutes ; from 10 to 12 P. M., every 20 minutes ; and from 12 to G A. M., every half hour. PECK SLIP FERRY— Leaves Peck Slip, running from A. M. to 7 P. M., every -8 minutes; from 7 P. M. to 6 A. M., every 20 minutes. TELEGRAPH COMPANIES. Boston and New York Printing (House's), 21 Wall-st., to New- Haven, Hartford, Springfield, Providence. Boston, and all towns east. Crrr, connecting Union Place with the Astor House and Wall-st., and uniting with the great Eastern, Southern, and Western Lines at the office in Wall-st. Offices, S69 Broadway, G Chatham Square, 21 Wall-st., and 422^ Broadway. Merchants 1 Marine, 114 Merchants' Exchange. A. A. Leggett, Superintendent. National, 23 Wall-st., to Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Louisville, St. Louis, Memphis, New Orleans, and all offices west and south-west. J. D. Reid, Superintendent. New York, Newfoundland, and London ; office 11 Cliff-st. Peter Cooper, President ; Moses Taylor, Treasurer. New York and Erie Railroad, 'foot of Duane-st, to all places on the line of the road and its branches. Also Montrose, Honesdale, Carbondale, Hyde Park, Scranton, Pittstown, and Pompton. L. G. Tillotson, Superintendent. New York and Sandy Hook, 114 Merchants' Exchange. A. A Leggett, Superintendent. New York and Washington (House's), 21 Wall-st., to Paterson, Trenton, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Pittsburg, Rich- mond, Cincinnati, Detroit, Louisville, St. Louis, Chicago, Savannah, Memphis, New Orleans, etc. Francis Morris, President. 150 NEW YORK ALMANAC New Yoek, Albany, and Buffalq ; offices 21 Wall-st., St. Nicho- las and Metropolitan Hotels, and Corn Exchange, to Croton Falls, Poughkeepsie, Hudson, Troy, Albany, Schenectady, Amsterdam, Canajoharie, Little Falls, Utica, Rome, Syracuse, Newburg, Ogdene- burg, Fulton, Watertown, Rondout, Kingston, Kinderhook, Fonda, Oneida, Palmyra, Auburn, Geneva, Canandaigua, Rochester, Ba- tavia, Buffalo, connecting with Canada via Troy and Buffalo, with Oswego via Syracuse, and with the west and south-west via Buffalo. George Curtis, President. New Yoek and New England Union, 23 Wall-st., connects with Boston, Providence, Worcester, Springfield, Hartford, New Haven, Bridgeport, Stamford, Norwalk, Meriden, Middletown, Nor- wich, New London, New Bedford, Taunton, Fall River, Newport. Woonsocket, Pawtucket, Canada, and the other British Provinces. H. M. SchiefMin, President. New Yobk State Peinting (House 1 s) ; office 2£ Wall-st. , to Al- bany, Buffalo, Cleveland, Cincinnati, St. Louis, intermediate places and Canada. New Yoex and Washington Magnetic (Morse's), 5 Hanover Place, and 1S1 Broadway, to Jersey City, New Brunswick, Prince- ton, Trenton, Philadelphia, Wilmington, Havre de Grace, Balti- more, Washington, etc. W. P. Westervelt, Superintendent. Teansatlantic, office 111 Broadway, H. B. Tebbetts, Agent. Washington and New Oeleans, Hanover-st. cor. Exchange Place, to Alexandria, Fredericsburg, Richmond, Petersburg, Norfolk, Wilmington, Raleigh, Fayetteville, Cherau, Camden, Columbia. Charleston, Augusta, Savannah, Macon, Griffin, Atlanta, Columbus, Montgomery, Cahawba, Mobile, and New Orleans. Amos Kendall, President. INSTITUTIONS 0E THE CITY 0E NEW YORK. Columbia College, Park Place, Charles King, LL.D., President. University of the City of New Y'ork, University Place, John C. Green, President. New York Hospital, Broadway, between Duane and Worth-sts., Geo. Newbold, President. Ladies' Association of the Roman Catholic Orphan Asylum, Prince - st., Mrs. Baretu, Directress. Bloomingdale Asylum, Bloomingdale Road. College of Physicians and Surgeons, Twenty-third-st. & Fourth Av., Alexander H. Stevens, M.D., LL.D., President. Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, Fiftieth-fit, near Fourth Av., Harvey L. Peet, LL.D., President. Association for the Relief of Respectable Aged and Indigent Fe- males, Twentieth-st, between Second and Third Avs., Mrs. Innes, 1st Directress. Institution for the Blind, Ninth Av. between Thirty-third & Thirty- fourth-sts., Isaac Wood, M.D., President Prison Association of New York, Center-st. near Chambcrs-st., Hon. Rennselaer N. Havens, President AND "WEATHER BOOK. 151 Society for the Reformation of Juvenile Delinquents, foot of Tweiity- Third-st., East River, Robert Kelly, President, lioman Catholic Orphan Asylum, Prince-st., Most Rev. John Hughes, President. Roman Catholic Half Orphan Asylum, Eleventh-st. near Seventh- Av., Most Rev. John Hughes, President. New York Asylum for Lying-in Women, 85 Marion-st., Mrs. J. W. Schmidt, Directress. Association for the Benefit of Colored Orphans, Fifth Av. "bet. Forty- third and Forty-fourth-sts, Hetty King, 1st Directress. Colored Home, Sixty- fifth-st. near Second Av., Mrs. M. A. Wells, 1st Directress. American Female Guardian Society, East Thirtieth-st. bet. Fourth and Madison A vs., Mrs. C. W. Hawkins, 1st Directress. St. Luke's Home for Indigent Christian Females, 453 Hudson-st, Rt. Rev. Horatio Potter, D.D., President. New York Woman' s Hospital, 83 Madison Av. Orphan Asylum, Seventy-first-st. and Bloomingdale Road, Mrs. Joanna Bethune, 1st Directress. Protestant Half Orphan Asylum, Sixth Av. bet. Tenth and Eleventh- sts., Mrs. Wm. A. Tomlinson, 1st Directress. Magdalen Female Benevolent Asylum, Eighty-eighth and Eighty- ninth-sts. bet. Fourth and Fifth Avs., Mrs. Mary Hastings, 1st Directress. House and School of Industry, 100 West Sixteenth-st., Mrs. W. II. Le Roy, President. Seamen's Fund and Retreat, Staten Island, Lambert Suydam, Presi- dent. New York Juvenile Asylum, ofiic3 23 West Thirteeiith-st., Apollos R. Wetmore, President. Eye and Ear Infirmary, Mercer-st. between Spring arid Prince -ste., Rufus L. Lord, President. General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen, Crosby-st., Thomas Jeremiah, President. Ophthalmic Hospital, Stuyvesant-st., Hon. Caleb S. Woodhull, Presi- dent. New York Dispensary, N. W. cor. Center and White-sts., George T. Trimble, President. Demilt Dispensary, Second Av. between Twenty-first and Twenty- second-sts., Frederic E. Mather, President. Northern Dispensary, cor. Waverley Place and Factory-st., Jacob Harson, President. Eastern Dispensary, Ludlow-st., Wm. P. Cooledge, President. North-western Dispensary, 511 Eighth Av., Robert Ray, President. THE FREE ACADEMY, Twenty-third-st, corner of Lexington Av. , was established in 1848 by the Board of Education of the city of New York, in pursuance of an act passed May 7, 1847, for the purpose of providing higher edu- cation for such pupils of the Common Schools as may wish to avail 152 NEW YORK ALMANAC themselves thereof. The Free Academy is under the general super- intendence of the Board of Education ; but it is specially under th£ supervision of an Executive Committee for its care, government, and management, appointed by the Board. All its expenses for in- struction, apparatus, library, cabinet collections, books and station- ery, are paid out of the public treasury. The students are admitted in annual classes, and the full course of study embraces five years. The Board of Education is authorized by law to confer the usual Collegiate degrees on the recommendation of the faculty. Graduates may become "Resident Graduates," and continue their studies at option. The academical studies during Term time, continue daily (except Saturday and Sunday) from a quarter before 9 o'clock A.M. to 3 o'clock P.M. THE COOPER INSTITUTE Is a noble building now in process of erection by Mr. Peter Cooper of New York, to be devoted to the " moral, intellectual, and physi- cal improvement of his countrymen." The building covers an entire block, having a front on Third A v. of 195 feet, on Fourth Av. 155, on Eighth-st. 143, and on Seventh-st. 86. It is in the imme- diate vicinity of the new " Bible House," the 44 Astor Library," the "Mercantile Library," and the rooms of various literary and scien- tific societies. In the basement is a large lecture-room, 125 feet long by 82 wide and 21 high ; and this, and also the first and second stories, which are arranged for stores and offices, are to be rented, so as to produce a revenue to meet the annual expenses of the "Insti- tute." The "Institute" proper — or the "Union" — commences with the third story, in which is an " exhibition-room" 30 feet high and 125 by 82, lighted from above by a dome. The fourth story may be considered as a part of the third, being a continuation of galleries with alcoves, for painting and sculpture. In the fifth story will be two large lecture-rooms, and the library, consisting of five rooms, which connect with each other and with the lecture-rooms. There are also rooms for experiments, for instruments, and for the use of artists. The cost of the building is about $300,000, and the annual income from the rented parts will be from $25,000 to $30,000. The whole is to be given to a Board of Directors for the benefit of the public ; the course of lectures, the library, and the reading-rooms all to be free. In the munificence both of the gift and the endow- ment, and in the importance of the result intended to be secured, the " Coopes Institute" will be a monument to its noble-hearted founder more enduring than the pyramids. THE NEW Y'ORK HOSPITAL, One of the noblest charities in the city, was established in 1771, and received its first charter from the Earl of Dunmore, then governor of the province. It was incorporated under the title of the " Society of the Hospital in the city of New York in America." Twenty-six governors wore appointed to manage its affairs. In consequence cf AND WEATHER BOOK. 153 the liberal assistance which was instantly tendered to the Society, it was able in 1773 to commence the erection of a suitable edifice ; hut on the 2Sth of February, 1775, when it was nearly completed, the building was accidentally destroyed by fire. In less than a month the Society received further contributions from the Legis- lature, and commenced to rebuild the edifice. The war of the Revo- lution put a stop to the work. The city was in the possession of the British forces; and in the universal appropriation of the public buildings to their use, the Hospital formed no exception. Its airi- ness and size made it pre-eminently valuable as a barracks, and it was soon filled with British and Hessian soldiers. After the Revo- lution the Legislature again assisted the Society, and on the 3d of January, 1791, the Hospital was opened for the reception of patients. From that time to the present it has continued to receive the bounty of the State, and to enlarge its sphere of usefulness. It has added to the number of its buildings, and introduced improvements in the original edifice, so that it is now, unquestionably, the finest Hospital in America. In 1790 the governors, acting on the recommendation of the Medical Faculty of Columbia College, appropriated a small sum to the establishment of a medical library, which has since increased to more than C,000 volumes. In 1810 the name of the corporation was changed to that of "The Society of the New York Hospital. 1 1 The Hospital is approached from Broadway by an avenue of 00 feet in width, adorned with magnificent elms, and is surrounded by a high and substantial wall in every other direction. The services of the governors, and of the physicians and surgeons, who are selected from the most eminent of the profession, are gratuitous. Every applicant for admission must procure a recommendation from one of the governors, physicians, or surgeons of the Institute, as to the propriety of his admission. In cases of sudden accident, how- ever, patients are received without any formality. THE BLOOMINGDALE ASYLUM For the insane, is located on the Bloomingdale Road, seven miles from the City Hall, and is a branch of the New York Hospital. The principal edifice was commenced in 1S18, completed in 1820, and opened for the reception of patients in the month of June, 1821. About forty acres of land are annexed to the Asylum, a portion of which is highly improved. In addition to beautiful walks and gardens, the grounds are embellished with a collection of plants that formerly belonged to the Botanic Garden of Columbia College, and which the trustees of that institution presented to the governors of the Hospital. This Asylum has received the benefit of the experience of the most noted institutions of the kind in this country and Europe. In 1831, Dr. James McDonald, who had previously been the resi- dent physician to the institution, and who had obtained the neces- sary information relative to the Insane Asylums here, was commis- sioned by the governors of the Hospital to cross the Atlantic for the 14 154 NEW YORK ALMANAC purpose of examining similar institutions in Europe. His mission was successful. After an absence of fifteen months he returned, and by a connection -with the Asylum for several years, as its principal, communicated to it, not only the results of his investigations, but the benefits of his experience. THE NEW YORK INSTITUTION FOR THE INSTRUCTION OF THE DEAF AND DUMB Is situated on Fiftieth-st., near the Fourth Av. The grounds of the Institution extend from the Fourth to the Fifth Avs., and from Forty-eighth to Fiftieth-sts. One acre is the property of the Insti- tution, and the remaining nine acres is leased at a nominal rent from the Common Council. The Institution was incorporated by the Leg- islature of this State, April 15th, 1817. The school, however, was not opened till May of the following year. For several years the school was held in the old Almshouse in the Park, and the boarders lived with their teachers in hired houses in the city. The founda- tion of the present main building was laid in October 1827, the site having been given by the Corporation of the city. The building was then erected and occupied for the first time, in April, 1S29. It cost $31,000, and was 110 by 60 feet. It has been found necessary, at several subsequent periods, to enlarge this building by the addition of extensive wings. The management of the Institution is intrusted to the Board of Directors, twenty-five in number, elected annually by the Society. The President, Harvey P. Peet, M.A., who has been connected with the Institution since 1831, has the general direction and control of its concerns, with the counsel and advice of the Executive Committee. Associated with him in the educational and literary departments are several professors and teachers. Five hours each day are devoted to school exercises, independent of evening studies ; and between three and four hours to the prosecution of various trades. The daily exercises of the school are opened and closed with prayer ; and religious services are held on the Sabbath, conducted by the President and Professors in rotation. THE NEW YORK INSTITUTION FOR THE BLIND Was incorporated April 17th, 1831. It owes its origin mainly to the efforts of Samuel Wood, a well-known member of the Society of Friends ; and of Dr. Samuel Akerly, distinguished for his zeal and labors in behalf of the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. At a meeting of the Managers, held February ISth, 1S32, a Com- mittee was appointed, with power to make arrangements for instruct- ing two or three blind children "by way of experiment At the next meeting, April 19th, 1S32, it was reported by this Committee, that three children had been placed under instruction with a degree of success which "afforded decisive evidence of the capabilities of the blind for receiving instruction." At the close of the same year, the number of pupils had increased to six ; and an exhibition of AND WEATHER BOOK. 155 their exercises -was given at the City Hotel, which demonstrated the feasibility of the " experiment, 1 ' and awakened an interest that gave fresh impetus to the cause. In 1834, the Legislature passed an act providing for the support of thirty-two indigent blind pupils. From this time the Institution maintained a career of increasing prosperity, until it was enabled in 1839, through legislative and private donations, to erect its preseut building on the Ninth Av. The grounds of the Institution, 800 feet in length, and 200 in width, occupy a square bounded by Thirty- third and Thirty-fourth-sts., and the Eighth and Ninth Avs. The edifice, built of Sing Sing marble, consists of three stories, and is 175 feet in length. In addition to the various apartments used for business and domestic purposes, it contains a chapel, library, dormi- tories, and school, music, and work-rooms. THE ORPHAN ASYLUM Sprung from a meeting held at the City Hotel, on the 15th of March, 1806, and on the 1st of May following, the Asylum was opened in a hired house in Raisin-st., Greenwich village. Its object was to af- ford refuge, protection, and education to those unfortunate children who had lost both parents, and who, but for this Society, might be thrown among the worst associations. The public necessity for such an Institution was soon apparent in the ever-increasing number of orphans who applied for admission. The Society became desirous of erecting a commodious building, and petitioned the Legislature for an act of incorporation, which was granted in April, 1807. Four lots in Bank-st. were purchased on credit, and an appeal to the clergy of the different denominations resulted in collections in their respective congregations to provide the means for the erection of the new edifice. The Society, how- ever, was compelled to contract a large debt, and it was some time before it could extricate itself from the embarrassments which that entailed. Thirty years later it was determined to remove the Asylum to a more healthy location. In the mean time the value of their Greenwich property had greatly increased, and the money re- ceived for its sale went a good way toward purchasing their present plot of ground at Bloomingdale. On the 9th of June, 1836, the cor- ner stone of the present Asylum was laid, and in 1840 it was com- pleted. A large family of helpless children are now taken care of, and trained in a moral and thorough way for the rough encounters of the world. THE COLORED ORPHAN ASYLUM Was organized in the autumn of 1836, and shortly afterward ob- tained an act of incorporation from the Legislature. The sum of $3,000 was collected, and arrangements made for commencing oper- ations on a limited scale. So great was the prejudice against that portion of the community whom the Society proposed to relieve, that suitable premises could not be procured. They were com- pelled, therefore, to j^irchase a house and lots, and to cover the 156 YORK ALMAtfAO cost of the same with, a heavy mortgage. The prosperity of the Society dates from this epoch. In 18-10 the managers reported the receipt of $13,000 as a building fund, and two years after they were able to acknowledge a grant, by the corporation of the city, of twenty lots of ground on the Fifth Avenue, between 43d and 44th- sts. On this location they erected their present substantial edifice. THE NEW YORK DISPENSARY Was originated in the year 1790, by a few charitable individuals, for the purpose of providing gratuitous medical advice and treat- ment for the destitute. On the 8th of April, 1T95, it was incorpo- rated by the Legislature. The institution is chiefly supported by private subscription, but receives a small yearly gift from the corporation of the city and from the Legislature. The Northern Dispensary, at the corner of Waverly Place and Factory-st., and the Eastern Dispensary, in Ludlow-st., are branches of the same institution. THE MARINE HOSPITAL, Or, as it is more commonly called, the Quarantine Hospital, is located on the south-east corner of Staten Island, and is designed for the reception of sick passengers, and sailors, and as a protection to the health of the city. It is under the management of the Com- missioners of Emigration, and derives its income from a tax levied upon passengers arriving from foreign parts of two dollars for each cabin passenger, and fifty cents for each passenger in the steerage. Dr. Thompson is the present Health Officer. THE SEAMEN'S RETREAT, Also on Staten Island, was established by an act of the Legislature passed April 22, 1831, for providing an hospital for sick and disabled seamen, independent of that appropriated to those who are subject to quarantine. Its affairs are conducted by Trustees, denominated the " Trustees of the Seamen's Fund and Retreat in the City of New York," who are empowered to collect from the master of every ves- sel arriving from a foreign port, for himself one dollar and fifty cents, for each mate one dollar, and for each sailor belonging to his vessel fifty cen£s, and from the master of each coasting vessel twenty-five cents for each member of the crew. All persons who have paid such dues are eligible for reception into the Retreat THE SAILOR'S SNUG- HARBOR Is on the north side of Staten Island, and was founded, in 1S01, by the bequest of Captain R. R. Randall, for the maintenance of aged and infirm seamen. The value of the original property was $50,000, but has since considerably increased. An act of incorpora- tion was obtained from the Legislature in February, 1S0G. The AND WEATHER BOOK. 157 Asylum occupies a beautiful location, and is surrounded with de- licious grounds. THE AMERICAN BIBLE SOCIETY Was organized on the Sth of May, 1S16, by delegates from exist- ing local Bible Societies, and other friends of the object. Its gov- ernment is intrusted to thirty-six managers. The receipts of this Society have rapidly increased, and the sphere of its usefulness been much enlarged. The Society has published various versions of the Bible in almost every language, and has distributed many millions of copies all over the land. THE AMERICAN TRACT SOCIETY Was organized in May, 1S25, and incorporated by the Legislature May, 1841. The Institution prints and distributes a great mass of religious literature, such "as shall receive the approbation of all evangelical Christian s." Many millions of tract and pamphlet vol- umes are distributed by this Society annually, and a vast amount of good effected. The Publishing, Distributing, and Finance Com- mittees, have the supervision of the several departments indicated by their appellations, and to them collectively, under the title of the Executive Committee, is intrusted the entire management of the concerns of the Society. MERCANTILE LIBRARY ASSOCIATION. This association, which was organized for the special benefit of merchants' clerks, is one of the most useful institutions of its kind in the city of New York. It has a library of 47,000 volumes, also an elegant reading-room, in which are to be found the various foreign and domestic periodical literature and newspapers of the day ; and a commodious and beautiful lecture-room, all in their new building. Clinton Hall, in Astor-place. THE ASTOR LIBRARY. Our citizens are indebted to the late John Jacob Astor for the best library on this continent, and one of the best in the world. The library building is situated in Lafayette Place, and is an ornament to the city. Eighty thousand volumes are contained in this elegant building, and are open to inspection of all, free of charge. The library is open daily from 10 A. M. till 5 P. M. Wm. B. Astor, Esq., is about to erect at his own expense an addition to the building, which will afford shelving for 80,000 more volumes. 14* 158 NEW YORK ALMANAC NEW YORK CITY BANKS. American Exchange Bank, 50 Wall-st., cap. $3,000,000, W. A. Booth, president, Robert S. Oakley, cashier. Artizan's Bank, 11T Nassau-st., Nathan C. Piatt, president, Charles T. Leak, cashier. Atlantic Bank, Beaver, cor. William-st. , cap. $400,000, J. E. South. worth, president, G. D. Arthur, cashier. Bank of America, 46 Wall-st,, cap. $2,000,000, George Ncwbold, president, James Punnett, cashier. Bank of Commerce, cor. Nassau and Cedar-sts., cap. $5,000,000, John A. Stevens, president, H. F. Vail, cashier. Bank of New York, 85 William-st., cap. $2,000,000, John Oothout, president, TV. B. Meeker, cashier. Bank of North America, 31 "Wall-st., cap. $1,000,000, W. F. Have- meyer, president, J. Seymour, cashier. Bank of the Commonwealth, 36 William-st., cap. $750,000, Paul Spofford, president, George Ellis, cashier. Bank of the Republic, cor. Broadway and Wall-st., cap. $1,500,000, J. T. Soulter, president, R. H. Lowry, cashier. Bank of the State of New Y'ork, cor. William-st. and Exchange Place, cap. $2,000,000, C. W. Lawrence, president, R. Withers, cashier. Bowery Bank, cor. Broome-st. and Bowery, cap. $350,650, Enoch Dean, president, N. G. Bradford, cashier. Broadway Bank, cor. Broadway and Park Place, cap. $600,000, F. A. Palmer, president, John L. Everitt, cashier. Bull's Head Bank, 338 Third Av., cap. $200,000, Richard William- son, president, C. S. Vanderhof, cashier. Butchers' and Drovers' Bank, cor. Grand-st. and Bowery, cap. $450,000, Jacob Aimes, president, Benedict Lewis, Jr., cashier. Chatham Bank, cor. Chatham and Duane-sts., cap. $600,000, John Leveridge, president, O. II. Schreiner, cashier. Chemical Bank, 2T0 Broadway, cap. $300,000, J. Q. Jones, president, G. G. Williams, cashier. Citizens' Bank, 51 Bowery, cap. $400,000, Jay Jarvis, president, S. R. Comstock, cashier. City Bank, 52 Wall-st., cap. $1,000,000, Moses Taylor, president, Robert Strong, cashier. Continental Bank, 12 Wall-st., cap. $1,500,000, W. T. Hooker, pres- ident, B. F. Warner, cashier. Corn Exchange Bank, 67 Pearl-st., cap. $014,000, E. W. Durham, president, F. A. Piatt, cashier. Delaware and Hudson Canal Co., cap. $7,200,000, John Wurts, president, Isaac N. Seymour, cashier. Dry Dock Bank, cor. Av. D. and Tenth-st., cap. $420,000, David Palmer, president, F. T. Hayes, cashier. East River Bank, cor. Third Av. and St. Mark's Place, cap. $413,050, David Banks, president, W. B. Ballow, cashier. AND WEATHER BOOK. 159 Fulton Bank, cor. Pearl and Fulton-sts., cap. $600,000, J. Kernochan, president, W. I. Lane, cashier. Greenwich Bank, 402 Iludson-st, cap. $200,000, B. F. Wheelwright, president, W. Hawes, cashier. Grocers' Bank, 59 Barclay-st., cap. $300,000, Charles Dennison, president, H. D. Williams, cashier. Hanover Bank, 37 Nassau-st,, cap. $1,000,000, W. H. Johnson, pres- ident, T. L. Taylor, cashier. Importers' and Traders' Bank, 245 Broadway, cap. $1,500,000, Lucius Hopkins, president, G. R. Connover, cashier. Irving Bauk, cor. Greenwich and Warren-sts., cap. $300,000, John Thomson, president, D. V. H. Berthrolf, cashier. Island City Bank, 150 Broadway, cap. $300,000, James O'Brien, president, William Stebbins, cashier. Leather Manufacturers' Bank, 45 William-st., cap. $000,000, W. II. Macy, president, Thomas R. Acly, cashier. Manhattan Co., 40 Wall-st., cap. $2,050,000, C. O. Halstead, pres- ident, J. M. Morrison, cashier. Marine Bank, 90 Wall-st., cap. $500,000, T. Williams, Jr., president, J. C. Beach, cashier. Market Bank, cor. Pearl and Beekman-sts., cap. $G50,000, R. S. Williams, president, R. EL Hay dock, cashier. Mechanics' Banking Association, 33 Wall-st., cap. $032,000, Frederic Pentz, president, John J. Stephens, cashier. Mechanics' Bank, cor. William-st. and Exchange Place, cap. $2,000,000, S. Knapp, president, Gideon de Angelis, cashier. Mechanics' and Traders' Bank, 379 Grand-st, cap. $200,000, John Clapp, president, E. D. Brown, cashier. Mercantile Bank, 190 Broadway, cap. $1,000,000, O. H. Arnold, president, E. J. Blake, cashier. Merchants' Bank, 42 Wall-st, cap. $1,490,000, John J. Palmer, president, A. E. Silliman, cashier. Merchants' Exchange Bank, 173 Greenwich-st., cap. $1,235,000, J. Van Nostrand, president, E. J. Oakley, cashier. Metropolitan Bank, cor. Broadway and Pine-st, cap. $2,000,000, James McCall, president, Henry Meigs, cashier. Nassau Bank, cor. Nassau and Beekman-sts., cap. $500,000, Thomas McElrath, president, R. A. Tooker, cashier. National Bank, 36 Wall-st,, cap. $750,000, James Gallatin, president, B. P. Hoogland, cashier. New York County Bank, ccr. Eighth Av. and West Fourteenth-st., cap. $200,000. Francis Leland, president, Alexander Masterton, Jr., cashier. New York Exchange Bank, 137 Greenwich-st., cap. $130,000, S. Van Ducer, president, D. B. Halstead, cashier. North River Bank, 175 Greenwich-st., cap. $650,000, M. O. Roberts, president, A. B. Hays, cashier. Ocean Bank, cor. Greenwich and Fulton-sts., cap. $1,000,000, D. R. Martin, president, Parker Handy, cashier. Oriental Bank, 311 East Broadway, cap. $300,000, J. M. Price, pres- ident, W. A. Hall, cashier. 160 NEW YORK ALMANAC Pacific Bank, 461 Broadway, cap. $422,700, J. Campbell, pres- ident Park Bank, cor. Beekman-st. and Theater Alley, cap. $2,000,000, Reuben H. Howes, president, Charles A. Macy, cashier. People's Bank, 173 Canal-st., cap. $412,500, J. P. Yelverton, pres- ident, G. W. Leake, cashier. Phenix Bank, 45 Wall-st, cap. $1,200,000, Thomas Pileston, pres- ident, P. M. Bryson, cashier. Seventh Ward Bank, cor. Pearl-st. and Burling Slip, cap. $500,000, William Halsey, president, A. S. Fraser, cashier. St. Nicholas Bank, G Wall-st., cap. $500,000, Caleb Barston, pres- ident, Archibald Parkhurst, cashier. Shoe and Leather Bank, cor. Broadway and Chambers-st., cap. $600,000, A. F. Stout, president, W. A. Kissam, cashier. Tradesman's Bank, 177 Chatham-st, cap. $6U0,000, W. H. Falls, president, Richard Berry, cashier. Union Bank, 34 Wall-st., cap. $1,500,000, F. Denning, president, E. H. Arthur, cashier. SAVINGS' BANKS IN NEW YOKK. Bank for Savings, 67 Bleeker-st, Najali Taylor, president, James F. Depeyster, treasurer. Bloomingdale Savings' Bank,cor. Broadway and West Thirty-sccond- st., Enoch T. Winter, president, John Waite, treasurer. Bowery Savings' Bank, 130 Bowery, James Mills, president, G. II. Coggeshall, treasurer. Broadway Savings' Bank, cor. Broadway and Park Place, F. P. Scehoals, president, F. A. Palmer, treasurer. Dry Dock Savings' Bank- 619 Fourth-st, Andrew Mills, president, James L. Stuart, treasurer. East River Savings' Bank, 3 Chambers-st., Peter H. Titus, pres- ident, Charles A. Whitney, treasurer. Emigrant Industrial Savings' Bank, 51 Chambers-st., Joseph Stuart, president, F. C. Tucker, treasurer. Greenwich Savings' Bank, 73 Sixth Av., W. Mandeville, president, Clinton Gilbert, treasurer. Institution for Savings of Merchants' Clerks, 516 Broadway, Moses H. Grinnell, president, Andrew Warner, treasurer. Irving Savings' Bank, 96 Warren-st., Caleb S. Wood hull, president, John Thomson, treasurer. Manhattan Savings' Bank, 644 Broadway, E. J. Brown, president, A. A. Alvord, treasurer. Mariners' Savings' Bank, cor. Third Av. and Xinth-st, Jacob A. Westervelt, president, William H. Ellsworth, treasurer. Mechanics' and Traders' Savings' Bank, 4S2 Grand-st., Alfred T. Conklin, president, James P. Haight, treasurer. Rose Hill Savings' Bank, 251 Third Av., William H. Piatt, pres. ident, H. Loofborrow, treasurer. Seamen's Bank for Savings, 78 Wall-st.. Pelatiah Perrii. president, E. Piatt, treasurer. AND WEATHER BOOK. 161 Sixpenny Savings' Bank, Clinton Hall, Astor Place, Elijah F. Purely, president, J. S. Sloan, treasurer. TRUST COMPANIES. Farmers' Loan and Trust Co., 23 Exchange Place, cap. $2,000,000, D. D. Williamson, president, G. P. Fitch, secretary. Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Co. of Cincinnati, cap. $223,000, Charles Stetson, president, Samuel P. Bishop, secretary. United States Trust Co., 40 Wall-st., cap, $1,000,000, Joseph Law- rence, president, John A. Stewart, treasurer. INSURANCE COMPANIES LN NEW YORK CITY. yEtna Insurance Co., cap. $200,000, 56 Wall-st. Arctic Fire Insurance Co., cap. $250,000, 19 Wall-st. ' Astor Mutual Insurance Co., cap. $150,000, 45 Wall-st. and 67 Chat- ham-st. Atlantic Mutual Insurance Co., 51 Wall-st. Beekman Fire Insurance Co., cap. $200,000, 8 Wall-st. Bowery Fire Insurance Co., cap. $300,000. Broadway Fire Insurance Co., cap. $200,000, 433 Broadway and 4 Wall-st. Citizens' Fire Insurance Co., cap. $150,000, 07 Wall-st. and 53 Broad- way. City Fire Insurance Co., cap. $210,000, 61 Wall-st. Clinton Fire Insurance Co., cap. $250,000, 52 Wall-st. Columbia Fire Insurance Co., cap. $200,000, 59 Barclay-st. Commercial Fire Insurance Co., cap. $200,000, 49 W"all-st. Commonwealth Fire Insurance Co., cap. $250,000, 6 Wall-st. Continental Insurance Co., cap. $500,000, 18 Wall-st. Corn Exchange Fire Insurance Co., cap. $200,000, corner Beaver and William-sts. Eagle Fire Insurance Co., cap. $300,000, 71 Wall-st. East River Fire Insurance Co., cap. $150,000, 69 Wall-st. Empire City Insurance Co., cap. $200,000, 54 Wall-st. Enterprise Insurance Co., cap. $150,000, 11 Pine-st. Excelsior Fire Insurance Co,, cap. $200,000, 6 Broad-st. Firemen's Insurance Co., cap. $204,000, 59 Wall-st. Fulton Fire Insurance Co., cap. $150,000, 40 Wall-st Granite Insurance Co., cap. $250,000. Greenwich Insurance Co., cap. $200,000, 400 Hudson-st. Grocer's Fire Insurance Co., cap. $200,000, 81 Wall-st. Hamilton Fire Insurance Co., cap. $150,000, 11 Wall-st. Hanover Fire Insurance Co., cap. $150,000, 35 Nassau-st. Harmony Fire Insurance Co., cap. $150,000, 6 Broad-st. Home Insurance Co., cap, $500,000, 4 Wall-st, Howard Insurance Co., cap. $250,000, 66 Wall-st. Irving Fire Insurance Co., cap. $200,000, 9 Wall-st. and 2S5 Green- wich-st. Jefferson Insurance Co., cap. $200,000, 50 Wall-st. Knickerbocker Fire Insurance Co., cap. $280,000, 64 Wall-st. 162 NEW YORK ALMANAC La Farge Fire Insurance Co., cap. $150,000, corner Nassau and Ce- dar-sts. Lenox Fire Insurance Co., cap. $150,000, 54 Wall-st. Lorillard Fire Insurance Co., cap. $200,000, 61 Chambers and 03 Wall-st. Manhattan Fire Insurance Co., cap. $250,000, 03 Wall-st. Market Fire Insurance Co., cap. $200,000, corner Pearl and Beek- man-sts. Mechanics' and Traders' Fire Insurance Co., cap. $200,000. 74 Wall-st. Mercantile Fire Insurance Co., cap. $200,000, 55 Wall-st. Merchants 1 Insurance Co., cap. $200,000, corner Fulton and Green-- wich-sts. Metropolitan Fire Insurance Co., cap. $300,000, 103 Broadway, cor- ner Pine. * National Fire Insurance Co., cap. $150,000, 52 Wall-st. National Protection Insurance Co., cap. $153,000, 52 Wall-st. National (Boston) Insurance Co., cap. $500,000, 18 Merchants' Ex- change. New Amsterdam Fire Insurance Co., cap. $200,000, T Wall-st New World Fire Insurance Co., cap. $200,000, 35 Pine-st. New York Equitable Insurance Co., cap. $210,000, 5S Wall-st. New York Fire and Marine Insurance Co., cap. $200,000, 72 Wall-st. Niagara Fire Insurance Co., cap. $200,000, 07 Wall-st. North American Fire Insurance Co., cap. $250,000, 6 Wall-st. North River Insurance Co., cap. $350,000, 202 Greenwich-st Pacific Fire Insurance Co., cap. $200,000, 00 Wall-st. Park Fire Insurance Co., cap. $200,000, 237 Broadway and 8 Mer- chants 1 Exchange. Peoples 1 Fire Insurance Co., cap. $150,000, 140 Canal-st. • Peter Cooper Fire Insurance Co., cap. $150,000, corner Third At. and Ninth-st. ; and 61 Wall-st. Reliance Mutual Insurance Co., cap. $250,000, 75 Liber ty-st. Republic Fire Insurance Co., cap. $150,000, 74 Wall-st. Royal Fire Insurance Co., cap. $10,000,000, 76 Wall-st. Rutgers 1 Fire Insurance Co., cap. $200,000, cor. Mott and Chat- ham-sts. Saint Marks Fire Insurance Co., cap. $150,000, 67 Wall-st. Saint Nicholas Insurance Co., cap. $150,000, cor. Eighth At. autl Security Fire Insurance Co., cap. $200,000, 31 Pinc-st. West Fourteenth-st. ; and 12 Wall-st. Stnyvesant Fire Insurance Co., cap. $200,000, 153 Bowery and 4 Broad-st. Union Mutual Insurance Co., cap. $1,042,000, 53 Wall-st. United States Fire Insurance Co., cap. $S50,000, 60 Wall-st. Washington Insurance Co., cap. $200,000, 54 Wall-st. LIFE INSURANCE COMPANIES. Howard Life Insurance Co., cap. $110,000, 40 Wall-st. International Life Insurance Co., cap. $2,500,000, 71 Wall-st. AND WEATHER BOOK. 163 Knickerbocker Life Insurance Co., cap. $100,000, 17 William-st. Manhattan Life Insurance Co., cap. $100,000, 146 Broadway. Mutual Life Insurance Co. of New York t cap. $2,500,000, 111 Broad- way. New York Life Insurance Co. cap. $900,000, 106 Broadway. New York Life Insurance and Trust Co., cap. $1,000,000, 52 Wall-st. United States Life Insurance Co., cap. $1,000,000, 93 William-st. MAKINE INSTJEANCE COMPANIES. Astor Mutual Insurance Co., cap. $700,000, 45 Wall-st. Atlantic Mutual Insurance Co., cap. $1,000,000, 51 Wall-st. Commercial Mutual Insurance Co., 50 Wall-st. Globe Mutual Insurance Co., cap. $300,000, 37 Wall-st. Great Western Insurance Co., cap. $500,000, 33 Pine-st. Mercantile Mutual Insurance Co., cap. $1,000,000, 35 Wall-st. New York Mutual Insurance Co. Ocean Insurance Co., cap. $400,000, 70 Wall-st. Orient Mutual Insurance Co., cap. $500,000, 2 and 4 Merchants' Ex- change. Pacific Mutual Insurance Co., Ill Broadway. Sun Mutual Insurance Co., 49 Wall-st. BANKS IN BOSTON. cap. Atlantic Bank. Atlas Bank, Bank of Commerce, " Bank of N. Am., " Blackstone Bank, ' Boston Bank, " Boylston Bank, ' Broadway Bank, ' City Bank, " Columbia Bank, ' Eagle Bank, 11 Eliot Bank, 11 Exchange Bank, " Faneuil Hall Bank, " Freeman's Bank, ' Globe Bank, « Granite Bank, ' Hamilton Bank, 1 Howard Bank' g Co., ' $500,000 500,000 2,000,000 750,000 750,000 900,000 400,000 150,000 1,000,000 750,000 700,000 750,000 1,000,000 500,000 400,000 1,000,000 900,000 500,000 750,000 Market Bank, Massachusetts Bank, Maverick Bank, Mechanics' Bank, Merchants' Bank, National Bank of Boston, New Eng. Bank, North Bank, Shawmut Bank, Shoe & Leather Dealers' Bank, State Bank, Suffolk Bank, Traders' Bank, Tremont Bank, Union Bank, Washington Bank, Webster Bank, 560,000 800,000 400,000 250,000 4,000,000 750,000 1,000,000 900,000 750,000 1,000,000 1,800,000 1,000,000 600,000 1,250,000 1,000,000 750,000 1,500,000 SAVINGS' BANKS IN BOSTON. Boston Five Cents Savings' Bank. Provident Institution far Savings. East Boston Savings' Bank. Suffolk Savings Bank. People's Savings' Bank. 164 NEW YORK ALMANAC INSURANCE COMPANIES IN BOSTON. Alliance Insurance Co. American Insurance Co., cap. $300,000. Appleton Mutual Fire Insurance Co. Boston Insurance Co., cap. $300,000. Boston Manufacturers 1 Mutual Fire Insurance Co. Boston Mutual Fire Insurance Co. Boylston Fire and Marine Insurance Co., cap. $300,000. China Mutual Insurance Co. Cochituate Fire Insurance Co., cap. $150,000. Commercial Mutual Marine Insurance Co. Eagle Fire Insurance Co. Eliot Fire Insurance Co., cap. $200,000. Equitable Safety Marine and Fire Insurance Co. Faneuil Hall Insurance Co., cap. $500,000. Fireman's Insurance Co., cap. $300,000. Fireman's Life Insurance Co., cap. $100,000. Franklin Insurance Co., cap. $300,000. Hope Insurance Co., cap. $200,000. Manufacturers' Insurance Co., cap. $400,000. Mass. Hospital Life Insurance Co., cap. $500,000. Mass. Mutual Fire Insurance Co. Mechanics' Mutual Fire Insurance Co. Mercantile Marine Insurance Co., cap. $300,000. Merchants 1 Insurance Co., cap. $500,000. National Insurance Co., cap. $500,000. New England Mutual Life Insurance Co. , New England Mutual Marine Insurance Co. Neptune Insurance Co., cap. $300,000. North American Fire Insurance Co., cap. $200,000. Shawmut Mutual Fire Insurance Co. Shoe and Leather Dealers' Marine Insurance Co. State Mutual Fire Insurance Co. Suffolk Insurance Co., cap. $225,000. Trader's Mutual Fire Insurance Co. Tremont Mutual Insurance Co. Triton Insurance Co. Union Mutual Fire Insurance Co. Union Mutual Life Insurance Co., cap. $500,000. United States Insurance Co., cap. $200,000. Washington Insurance Co., cap. $200,000. Warren Insurance Co., cap. $150,000. BANKS IN PHILADELPHIA. Bank of Commerce, cap. $250,000. Bank of Germantown, cap $200,000. Bank of North America, cap. $1,000,000. Bank of Northern Liberties, cap. $450,000. AND WEATHER BOOE. 165 Bank of Pennsylvania, cap. $1,875,000. Bank oT Penn Township, cap. $225,000. City Bank, cap. $500,000. Commercial Bank of Pennsylvania, cap. $1,000,000. Consolidation Bank, cap. $i50,000. Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank, $1,250,000. Girard Bank, cap. $1,250,000. Kensington Bank, cap. $'250,000. Manufacturers' and Mechanics' Bank, cap. $300,000. Mechanics' Bank, cap. $800,000. Philadelphia Bank, cap. $1,150,000. Souttmark Bank, cap. $250,000. Tradesmen's Bank, cap. $150,000. Western Bank, cap. $11S,600. SAVINGS' BANKS IN PHILADELPHIA. Dinie Savings' Institution. Five Per Cent Savings' Fund. Deposit and Loan Co., cap. $500,000. Mutual Deposit Co., cap. $200,000. Philadelphia Savings' Fund Society. Savings' Fund of the National Safety Co. (deposits), cap. $1,000,000. Savings' Fund of the United States Co. Seamen' 6 Savings' Fund. Sixpenny Savings' Fund of Pennsylvania. Western Savings' Fund Society of Philadelphia. FIRE INSURANCE COMPANIES IN PHILADELPHIA American Fire Insurance Co. Commonwealth Fire Insurance Co. of the State of Pennsylvania, cap. $500,000. Equitable Mutual Insurance Co., cap. $250,000. Fire Association. Fire Insurance Co. of the County of Philadelphia, cap. $14)0,000. Franklin Fire Insurance Co., cap. $100,000. Jefferson Fire Insurance Co., cap. $503,000. Mechanics' Insurance Co. Mutual Assurance Co. Mutual Fire and Life Stock Insurance Co., cap. $100,000. Pennsylvania Fire Insurance Co. Philadelphia Contributionship Spring Garden Insurance Co., cap. $120,000. MARINE INSURANCE COMPANIES IN PHILADELPHIA. American Mutual Insurance Co. Mercantile Mutual Insurance Co. Phoenix Mutual Insurance Co., cap. $253,000. Union Mutual Insurance Co., cap. $300,000, Washington Mutual Insurance Co. 15 166 NEW YORK ALMANAC FIRE AND MARINE INSURANCE COMPANIES IN PHILADELPHIA. Anthracite Insurance Co., cap. $400,000. Atlantic Mutual Insurance Co., cap. $500,000. Columbia Mutual Insurance Co. Commercial Mutual Insurance Co., cap. $200,000. Delaware Mutual Safety Insurance Co., cap. $620,000. Farmers' and Mechanics' Insurance Co., cap. $300,000. Girard Fire and Marine Insurance Co., cap. $300,000. Globe Insurance Co. Hope and Mutual Insurance Co., cap. $500,000. Importers' and Traders' Insurance Co., cap. $500,000. Independent Mutual Insurance Co., cap. $300,000. Insurance Co. of North America, cap. $500,000. Keystone Insurance Co., cap. $300,000. Manufacturers' Insurance Co., cap. $500,000. Merchants' Fire and Marine Insurance Co. North Western Insurance Co., cap. $300,000. Pennsylvania Mutual Insurance Co. of Pennsylvania, cap. $200,000. Philadelphia Insurance Co., cap. $175,000. Reliance Mutual Insurance Co., cap. $232,000. Western Insurance Co. WARD SCHOOLS IN NEW YORK. UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE SEVERAL "WARDS IN WHICH THE SCHOOLS ARE LOCATED. No. 1— Fourth Ward, 245 William-st. 2 — Seventh " 116 Henry-st, 3 — Ninth " cor. Hudson and Grove-sts. 4— Thirteenth " 203 Rivington-st. 5— Fourteenth " 222 Mott-st, 6— Twelfth " Randall's Island. 7— Tenth " 60 Chrystie-st. 8— Eighth " 66 Grand-st. 9 — Twenty-second " Eighty-second-st. and Eleventh Av. 10— Fifteeuth " 180 Wooster-st. 11 — Sixteenth " Seventeenth-st., near Eighth Av. 12— Seventh " 371 Madison-st. 13— Seventeenth " 298 Houston-st. 14 — Twenty-first *? Twenty-seventh-st., near Third Av. 15— Eleventh " 289 Fifth-st. 16 — Ninth " Thirteenth-st., near Seventh Av. IT — Twenty-second " Forty-seventh-st. bet. Sth and 9th A vs. 18 — Nineteenth " Fifty-first-st. near Lexington Av. 19 — Seventhteenth M cor. First Av. and Ninth-st. 20 — Tenth " Ludlow-st., near Delancey. 21 — Fourteenth " Marion-6t., near Prince. 22 — Eleventh " cor. Stanton and Sheriff-sts. AND WEATHER BOOK. 167 No. 23— Sixth Ward. • 24— Sixth • " 25— Fourth " 26— Fourth 14 27— Fourth " 28 — Twenty-second 14 29— First 44 30— Eleventh 44 31— Seventh 44 32— Fonrteenth 44 33— — Twentieth 44 34— Thirteenth 44 35— Fifteenth 44 36— Eleventh 44 37— Twelfth 38— Eighth 39— Twelfth 44 40— Eighteenth 44 41— Ninth 42— Tenth 44 43— Twelfth 44 44— Fifth 45 — Sixteenth 44 46— Twelfth 44 47— Fifteenth 44 48 — Twenty-second 44 49— Twenty-first 44 50— Eighteenth 44 26 and 23 City Hall Place. Elm-st., near Leonard. 13 Oak-st, 32 James-st. 74 Oliver-st. Fortieth-st., bet. Seventh & Eighth Avs. 97 and 99 Greenwich-st. 276 Second-st. Monroe-st., near Mongomery. Baxter-st. near Grand. Thirty-fifth-st., near Ninth Av. Broome-st. bet. Sheriff and Willet. Thirteenth-st., near Sixth Av. Ninth-st., near Av. C. Eighty-seventh-st., near Fourth Av. Clark-st., near Broome. 129th-st., bet. Second and Third Avs. Twentieth-st., bet. First & Second Av3. Greenwich Av., opposite Charles-st. Allan-st. , bet. Walker and Hester. 129th-st, Manhattauville. cor. North Moore and Varick-sts. Twenty-fourth-st, bet. 7th and 8th Avs. 15Gth-st., Carmansville. 12th-st., bet. Bdway & University Place. Twenty-eighth-st., bet. 6th and 7th Avs. Thirty-seventh-st., near Second Av. Twentielh-st., bet. 2d and 3d Avs. PRIMARY SCHOOLS. No. 1 — 33 Orchard-st., near Broome. 2 — 103 Bayard-st., near Orange. 3 — 100 Cannon-st., near Stanton. 4 — Chrystie-st., near Delancey. 5 — 401 Cherry-st., near ScammeL 7— 321 Sixth-st. 8 — 61 Thompson-st. 10—170 Amos-st. 13— 103 Bayard-st. 14— Rear of 60 Chrystie-st. 15— 36 Stanton-st. 16 — Cannon-st., near Broome. 17 — 461 Greenwich-st. 18— 410 Cherry-st. 20— Corner Av. C and Fourth-st. 22 — Corner Bleecker and Downing-sts. ^ J.—61 Thompson-st. - 26 \~ 93 West Seventeenth-st. 7 168 NEW YORK ALMANAC -3 Stone-st. -175 Barrow-st. No. 27— 174 Amos-st. 28—114 White-st. 29 | 30 81 | 32 j 33 — Twenty-fifth-st., between Madison and Fourth Avs. 34 — Corner Forly-third-st. and Eighth Av. 35 — 461 Greenwich-st. J- — Waverley Place, near Bank-st. 38— Rear of 60 Chrystie-st 39— 233 West Eighteentk-st. 40— Rear of 147 Clinton-st. 42—100 Cannon-st. 43 1 44 — Comer Riyington and Goerck-sts. 45— Corner Houston and Eldridge-sts. 46 ) 47 j- — Eleventh-st, between Third and Fourth Avs. 48— 233 West Eighteenth-st. 49 — Horatio-st., near Hudson. |J j-— 545 Greenwich-st. 52 — Tweniy-fifth-st., between Madison and Fourth Avs. 53 — Fourth-st., near Av. C. 54 — Twenty-ninth-st., near Ninth Av. 55 — Eighty-fourth-st., near Fourth Av. 56 — Thirty-seventh-st., near Tenth Av. 57 — In the Demilt Dispensary Building, Tweaty-third-st. and Second Av. 53 — Nineteenth-st., between First Av. and Av. A. COLORED SCHOOLS. No. 1 — 135 Mulberry-st. 2 — 51 Laurens-st. 3— Eighty-fifth-st., between Seventh and Eighth Avs. 4 — 117th-st., near Second Av. 5— 19 Thomas-st. C — Corner Twenty-ninth-st. and Second Av. COLORED PRIMARY SCHOOLS. No. 1 — Fiftcenth-st., near Seventh Av. o \— Rear of church in Second-st, near Av. C. AND WEATHER BOOK. 169 LIBRARIES m NEW YORK. Astor Library 80,000 volumes. New York Society Library .... 40,000 " Mercantile Library Association .... 47,000 M New York Historical Society .... 25,000 " Apprentices' Library 18,000 " Library of Free Academy 15,000 44 New York Law Institute 6,000 " Library of American Institute .... 7,500 44 " Columbia College and Literary Society 24,000 44 44 Union Theological Seminary . . 24,000 " 44 Episcopal Theological Seminary . 12,000 44 " Lyceum of Natural History . . 3,000 " " New York Hospital . . . 6,000 " " Young Men's Christian Association . 2,000 " " Mechanics' Institute . . . 8,000 " Printers' Free Libraiy 4,000 44 Library of College of Physicians and Surgeons . 1,500 " " American Bible Society . . . 1,500 44 44 Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions 3,000 44 44 American Bible Union . . . 4,000 44 44 American and Foreign Bible Society 1,000 44 Merchants' and Clerks' Library Association . 600 44 New York City Library 2,000 44 Library of American Geographical Society . 300 44 44 Spingler Institute . 2,000 " 44 Rutgers' Institute . . . . 2,190 44 44 New York University and Literary Societies 2,700 44 Total number of volumes . . 336,290 lbs. nut. lbs. The following is the proportion of nutritious matter and water in 100 lbs. of each of the following substances : lbs. nut, lbs. Substances, mutter, water. Beets 15 85 Strawberries 10 90 Pears 16 84 Apples 16 84 Cherries 25 75 Plums 29 71 Apricots 26 74 Peaches 20 80 Grapes 27 73 Melons 3 97 Cucumbers 2± 97£ Substances. matter, water. Wheat flour 90 10 Corn meal 91 9 Rice 80 14 Barley meal 83 12 Rye flour 79 21 Oatmeal 75 25 Potatoes 22* White beans 95 5 Carrots 10 90 Turnips 4£ 95£ Cabbage 7* 92* 15* 170 NEW YORK ALMANAC TABLE Of the Angles which every point and quarter-point of the Compass makes with the Meridian. N. by E. N.N.E. N.E. byN. N.E. N.E. by E. E.N.E. ; E. by N. N. by Y, r . N.N.W. N.Yf. by N. N.W. N.W. by W. W.N.W. W. by N. W. 0} 04 01 1 1± li 16 / // 48 45 37 80 0* 15.0! 2/30 3 33 34 86 84 39 3/42 4 45 4 1- 1 47 4*50 4/53 5"' 56 54 59 54 61 5f 64 6 6T 6J 70 - 73 75 7" 78 7± 81 74484 7jj87 8 90 01 45 H 30 14 151| 0|2 45 2i 30 2* 15 2: 08 45 31 80 8| 15 3. 0;4' 45 41 30 4| 154? 0;5 45 54, 30 5J 15 5, 6 45,6; 30 64 15 6, HI" 45 74 22|30l74 11 15 7s 8 S. by E. S.S.E. S.E. by S. S.E. S.E. by E. E.S.E. E. by S. E. S. by W. s.s.w. S.W. by S. S.W. S.W. byW. W.9.W. W. by S. W. FIRE DEPARTMENT. The city is divided into Eight Fire Districts. THE FIRST FIRE DISTRICT comprises all that part of the city lying north of Twenty-second-st., and cast of the Sixth Av. THE SECOND FIRE DISTRICT comprises all that part of the city lying north of Twenty-second-st, and west of the Sixth Av. THE THIRD FIRE DISTRICT comprises all that part of the AND WEATHER BOOK. 171 city bounded and containing as follows : beginning at the foot of North Moore-st. on the North River, and extending easterly in a straight line to the corner of Leonard and Church-sts. ; thence northerly in a straight line to the corner of Eighth Av. and Twenty- second-st. ; thence westerly along Twenty-second-st. to the North River; thence southerly along the North River, to the place of beginning. THE FOURTH FIRE DISTRICT comprises all that part of the city bounded and containing as follows : beginning at the corner of Leonard and Church-sts. ; running thence northerly, in a straight line to the corner of Eighth Av. and Twentj'-second-st. ; thence easterly along Twenty-second-st. to Lexington Av. ; thence south- erly, in a straight line to the corner of Elm and Leonard sts. ; and thence westerly, in a straight line to the corner of Church and Leonard-sts. THE FIFTH FIRE DISTRICT comprises all that part of the city bounded and containing as follows: commencing at the corner of Elm and Leonard-sts., and running thence northerly in a straight line to the corner of Lexington Av. and Twenty-second-st. ; thence easterly, along Twenty-second-st. to the East River ; thence south- erly along the East River to Fourteenth-st. ; thence south-west- erly in a straight line to the corner of Leonard and Orangc-sts. ; thence westerly in a straight line to the place of beginning. THE SIXTH FIRE DISTRICT comprises all that part of the city bounded and containing as follows : beginning at the corner of Leonard and Orange-sts., and running thence easterly in a straight line to the foot of Market-st., on the East Liver; thence along the East river to Fourteenth-st. ; thence south-westerly in a straight line to the place of beginning. THE SEVENTH FIRE DISTRICT comprises all that part of the city bounded and containing as follows : beginning at the foot of Market-st. on the East River, and running thence westerly in a straight line to the corner of Leonard and Elm-sts. ; thence south- erly along a straight line, intersecting Wall-st. at the junction of Nassau, Wall, and Broad sts., and continued through the Battery to the North River. THE EIGHTH FIRE DISTRICT comprises all that part of the city bounded and containing as follows: beginning at the foot of North Moore-st. on the North River, and running thence easterly in a straight line to the corner ot Leonard and Elm-sts. ; thence southerly, along a straight line intersecting with Wall-st. at the junction of Nassau, Wall, and Broad-sts., and continued through the Battery to the North River. THE FORCE OF FIRE ENGINES, ETC., IN EACH FILE DISTRICT. Fiest District. — 11 engines, 7 hose-carriages, and 3 hook and ladder trucks. Seconi> District. — 8 engines, 5 hose-carriages, and 2 hook and ladder trucks. 172 NEW YORK ALMANAC Third District. — 4 engines, 10 hose-carriages, and 2 hook and ladder trucks. Fourth District. — 6 engines, 6 hose-carriages, and 2 hook and ladder trucks. Fifth District. — 4 engines, 5 hose-carriages, and 1 hook and ladder truck. Sixth District. — 8 engines, 15 hose-carriages, and 3 hook and ' ladder trucks. Seventh District. — 4 engines, 5 hose-carriages, and 1 hook and ladder truck. Eighth District. — 4 engines and 5 hose-carriages. THE FIRE SIGNALS, As sounded hy the City Hall alarm bell, are as follows : For the First District, 1 stroke of the bell. Second u 2 strokes " Third " 3 Fourth " 4 Fifth " 5 Sixth " C ' Seventh " 7 Eighth " 8 STATIONS OF FIRE ENGINE COMPANIES. No. 1. — Hudson, 18S West Forty-seventh-st. 2. — Excelsior, 21 Henry-st. 3. — Metamora, 390 Bleeeker-st. 4. — Niagara, 220 Mercer-st. 5. — Protection, 61 Ann-st. 6. — Americus, Henry-st., near Gouverneur. 7. — Lexington, Twenty-flfth-st, bet. Second and Third Avs. 8. — Manhattan, 91 Ludlow-st. 9. — Marion, 47 Marion-st. 11. — Oceanicus, 99 Wooster st. 12. — Knickerbocker, Fiftieth-st. , near Lexington Av. 13. — Eagle, 5 Duane-st. 14. — Columbia, cor. Church and Vesey. 10.— Gotham, 12G West Broadway. 17.— East River, 38 Mangin-st, 19 — Lafayette, 199 Christie-st. 20. — Washington, 3 Temple-st. 21. — Fulton, Worth-st., near Broadway. 22. — Protector, cor. Center and Chambers-sts. 23. — United States, Twelfth-st., near Broadway. 24. — Jackson, Seventeen th-st., near Ninth Av. 25. — Cataract, 1006 Broadway. 26. — Jefferson, 83 Fifth-st. S7. — Fort Washington, Carmansville. 28. — Pacific, 377 Fourth Av. 29. — Guardian, 14 Amos-st. AND WEATHER BOOK. 173 32. — Bunker Hill, 101 Hester-st. 33. — Black Joke, Fifty-eighth-st, near Broadway. 84. — Howard, Christopher-st., near Hudson. 35. — Columbus, Third Av., near 121st-st. 36. — Equitable, Sixty-eighth-st. , near Broadway. 37. — Tradesmen, Fifty-ninth-st, bet. Second and Third Avs. 38. — Southwark, 28 Ann-st 39. — Franklin, Thirty-first-st. , near Seventh Av. 40. — Lady Washington, Elm-st. near Broome. 41. — Clinton, Delancey-st, cor. Attorney. 42. — Empire, 2 Murray-st. 43. — Manhattan, Manhattanville. 44. — Live Oak, 92 Houston-st. 45. — Aurora, Yorkville. 47. — Aqueduct, Eighty-second-st. , bet. Third and Fourth Av3. 48. — Mazeppa, Twenty-fourth-st., bet. Seventh and Eighth Avs. 49. — Pocahontas, 126th-st., bet. Third and Fourth Avs. 50. — Lone Star, 165 West Twentieth-st. 51. — Mutual, Twenty-second-st., near First Av. Exempt Engine Co., 202 Center-st. • NEW YOUK POST OFFICE. Isaac V. Fowllr, Postmaster; Principal Office in the Old Middle Dutch Church, on Nassau-st, between Cedar and Liberty-sts. Office open, from April 1, to September 30, from 7.45 A. M. to 7 P. M. From October 1, to March 31, from 7.45 A.M. to 6.30 P.M. Sundays from 9 to 10, and from half-past 12 to half-past 1. j£§p* Persons calling for letters that are advertised, are requested to ask for Advertised Letters. LETTER POSTAGE. Prep'd. Unp'd. For any distance not over 5000 miles (half ounce),. 3 cts. To or from Canada, not over 3000 miles, (half 3 u 10 " 10 " 10 " 10 cts. 10 " 10 " 15 " 15 " 15 " 15 " POSTAGE OX PRINTED MATTER. Newspapers, Periodicals, Unsealed Circulars, &c. (except Books), to any part of U. S., for three ounces or less, One Cent For each additional ounce, One Cent Do., not prepaid, double the above rates. Newspapers and Periodicals, circulated in the State where published, not over one and a half ounces, Haifa Cent. 174 NEW YORK ALMANAC. Small Newspapers, published monthly or oftener, and Pamphlets of 16 pages or less, sent in packages to one address, eight ounces or less, prepaid. Four Cents. For each additional ounce, " Half a Cent. Books, bound or unbound, not over four pounds, under 3000 miles, per ounce, prepaid, One Cent. Over 3000 miles, per ounce, 2Vo Cents. Books sent unpaid, fifty per cent, to be added to above rates. UNITED STATES ASSAY OFFICE, 30 WALL-STREET. Established in 1855, with a capacity for assaying $40,000,000 per annum. Visitors are admitted on Wednesdays between 10 and 12 A. M. Sam'l F. Buttebwoeth, Sup. John Toeey, Assayer. Ed. M. Kent, Melter and Refiner. John J. Cisco, Treas. CUSTOM HOUSE, WALL«AND PINE-STS., COR NASSAU. Open from 10 A. M. to 3 P. M. Collector — Hem an J. Redfield, Rotunda, Custom House. Cashier— Wx. D. Robinson, 1st floor left, Pine-street entrance. Naval Officer— J. R. Beodhead, 1st floor, right, Pine-street entrance. Assis. U. S. Treas — John J. Cisco, 30 Wall-street. Auditor — Samuel G. Ogden, Jr., 2d floor, west side, Custom House. Surveyor — Joiin Cociieane, 30-Wall-street. Inspector— J. L. Vaneo6keeck, 30 Wall-street. Store Keeper — John H. Hunt, 3d floor, Custom House. " — Daniel Gkeen, 12 Broad-street. Sample — Edgae Irving, 10 Broad-street. Measurers — Basement, Custom House. Weighers — Basement, Custom House. Gangers — Basement, Custom House. Public Store — 12 Broad-street. THE MERCHANT'S EXCHANGE. The Merchant's Exchange is a massive building, occupying the block bounded by Wall, Exchange-place, William and Hanover- streets. It is built of blue Quincy granite, and is 200 feet long by 171 to 144 feet wide, 77 feet high to the top of the cornice, and 124 to the top of the dome. The front is on Wall-street, and has a re- cessed portico of 18 heavy Grecian Ionic columns, 38 feet high and 4 ft. 4 in. in diameter, each formed from a solid block of stone, weigh- ing 45 tons. Aside from numerous rooms for various purposes, the Merchant's Exchange has a rotunda in the center, 80 feet in diam- eter, with 4 recesses, making the length and breadth each 100 feet ; the height of the Rotunda is 80 feet, and* it is surmounted with a dome, resting partly on eight Corinthian columns of Italian marble, 41 feet high, and lighted by a sky-light 25 feet in diameter. AND WEATHER BOOK. 175 44 100 ' 150 u u U ' 200 44 200 250 250 300 " 300 350 " 350 400 u « 400 450 u 44 450 500 u « 500 550 44 550 600 SATES OF WHARFAGE OF THE PORT OF NEW YORK AS ESTABLISHED AND REVISED BY THE LEGISLATURE. For every vessel under 50 tons, . . . $0 50 per day. over 50 and under 100 tons 62* " 75 " 87* " 1 1 12* « 1 25 " 1 87* " 1 50 1 62* 44 1 75 " 1 87£ " For every ship or vessel of 600 tons and upward, V2h cts. in addi- tion to the "rate last mentioned ($1 87*cts.) for every day such ship or vessel shall use or be made fast to any of the wharves in New York; and " every ship or other vessel which shall make fast to any other ship or vessel that shall be fastened to any wharf, and be- ing so fastened, shall load, unload, or careen, shall pay the one. half of the rate of wharfage such ship or vessel would have been liable to pay if fastened to such wharf and there loaded, undloaded, or careened. ' ' HACKNEY-COACH FARES ^ AS REGULATED BY CITY ORDINANCES. Distances. 1 Passeuger.^^^^ Not exceeding 1 mile $0 50 37* Exceeding 1 mile and not exceeding 2 75 37* To the New Almshouse and returning 1 00 50 , " Fortieth-st. & remain' g * an hour & return' g 1 50 50 " Sixty-first-st. 44 $ 44 44 2 00 50 44 Eighty-sixth-st. 44 1 44 4 4 2 5 75 44 Harlem 44 3 44 44 5 00") The same : 44 High Bridge 44 3 4 4 4 4 5 00 [ for one or 44 King's Bridge with privilege of staying all 5 00 f more day 5 00 J passengers. For the use of a hackney-carriage by the day, with one or more passengers 5 00 For the use of a hackney-coach or carriage by the hour, with one or more passengers, with the privilege of going from place to place, and stopping as often as may be required . . 1 00 per hour. In all cases where the hiring of a hackney-coach or carriage is not at the time thereof specified to be by the day or hour, it shall be deemed to be by the mile. 176 NEW YORK ALMANAC For children between 2 and 11 years of age, half price only is to be charged ; and for children under 2 years of age, no charge is to be made. Whenever a hackney-coach or carriage shall be detained, except- ing as aforesaid, the owner or driver shall be allowed after the rate of seventy-five cents an hour. Every driver or owner of a hackney coach, carriage, or cab, in addition to the person or persons therein, shall carry and transport for each passenger one trunk, valise, saddle-bag, carpet-bag, port- manteau, or box, if 'he be requested so to do, and without extra charge ; but for every trunk, etc., more than one for each passenger he shall be entitled to demand and receive the sum of six cents. All complaints as to the infringement of the above rules to be made to the Mayor or Superintendent of Hackney Coaches and Car- riages. The penalty of ten dollars will be imposed on anv driver who in- fringes the above rules. RATES TO BE CHARGED BY CARTHEN. APPROVED DY THE COMilON COUNCIL, DEC. 19, 1S53. The prices or rates to be taken or charged, for the loading, trans- portation, and unloading of goods, wares, or other articles, "shall bo as follows, to wit : Oils, molasses, liquors, and all wet casks, containing less than 25 gallons, for every load, $0 33 Of 25 gallons and under 50 gallons, for every four, 40 Of 50 gallons and under 100 gallons, for every two, 46 Of 100 gallons and under 150 gallons, 5 j Sugars, tobacco, copperas, and all dry casks of under 1,000 lbs. weight, for every load, * . . . £3 Of 1,000 lbs. and under 1,500 lbs., each ' . 45 Of 1,500 lbs. and under 2,000 lbs., each 50 Of 2,000 lbs. and upward, for every 100 lbs., 5 And other ponderous articles of 1,000 lbs. weight and upward, at the same rate. Hay, loose, per load, $1 00 Bricks, when handled and piled, per load, 40 Hoop-poles, loose, per load, 50 Timber and lumber, per load, 80 Hemp, loose, for every 1,200 lbs., 50 Beef and pork, for every 5 barrels, 38 Calves, sheep, and lambs, per load, 35 Coal, per ton, 50 Coal, per half chaldron, LQ Cotton, for every 3 bales, 38 Earthenware, loose, per load, 40 Oil floor cloths, in boxes or rolls of less than 15 feet in lengtb, per load, 33 AND WEATHER BOOK. Of 10 feet and less than 15 feet do. each, $0 50 Of 15 feet " 20 feet " 50 Of 20 feet " 24 feet " 65 Of 24 feet and upward, as may be agreed on. Plaster of Paris, loose, per ton, 65 Salt, for every 20 bushels, S3 Cut stone, per load, 35 Slate or tile, per load, 35 Household furniture, loose, per load 50 For loading, unloading, and housing furniture, in the removal of families, extra, per load, 50 Bedding, tied up, chests, trunks, and boxes, per load, 38 Cassia, in mats, per 100 mats, 25 Anchors of under 300 lbs. weight, per load, 33 Anchors of 300 lbs. weight and upward, per 100 lbs., 40 Chain cables of under 1,000 lbs. weight, per load of 1,000 lbs. weight and upward, per 100 lbs., 5 Iron hollow ware, per load, 40 Iron and steel, per load, 45 Fish, dry, per load, 50 And for every load of goods, wares, merchandise, or other things not enumerated, 38 Provided, that when the distance exceeds half a mile and is within a mile, one third more shall be added to the above rates and prices, and in the same proportion for any greater distance. And if any public cartman shall ask, demand, receive, take, exact, or extort, any greater rate, price, pay, or compensation, for carting or trans- porting any article or thing whatsoever than is mentioned, allowed, expressed, and limited as aforesaid, it shall not be lawful for him to receive any compensation for the said carting or transportation ; and the such asking or receiving shall be deemed a violation of this ordinance. It shall not be lawful for any public cartman to neglect or refuse to carry and transport a good and sufficient load, as much as can be conveniently and safely stowed on his cart, or is reasonable for one horse to draw, nor any article of less than 2,000 pounds' weight, when required so to do, unless he be then actually otherwise employed ; and every public cartman and public porter shall be entitled to be paid the legal rate or compensation allowed and provided in this ordin- ance^ immediately upon the carting or transportation of any article or thing ; and it may be lawful for any such public cartman or pub- lic porter, to retain any article or thing so carted or transported by him, for which he is not so paid his cartage, and to convey the same without delay to the office of the Chief of Police, and he shall be en- titled to the lawful rate of pay or compensation for the so convey- ing. All disputes or disa: 'cements as to distance or rates of com- pensation between public cartmen and public porters, and persons employing or owing them for cartage or transportation, shall be determined by the mayor. It shall not be lawful for any public cartman, or any other person, 16 178 NEW YORK ALMANAC to cart or transport through any of the streets of said city, any poles, plank, spars, timber, or other thing exceeding thirty feet in length, except on a suitable truck or other vehicle, and such plank or other thing be placed lengthwise thereon, so as not to project at either end beyond the line of the side, or width, of such truck or other vehicle ; and all persons so carting or transporting any such poles, plank, timber, spars, or other things, in any other manner, shall be deemed guilty of a violation of this article. It shall not be lawful for the driver, or other person having charge of any public cart, dirt cart, or any other vehicle, to be off, or away from any such cart, or any other vehicle, while the same is moving or passing along any of the streets or avenues of said city ; nor shall it be lawful for any public cartman, while waiting for em- ployment at any place assigned for his cart to stand waiting for em- ployment, or at any other place, to snap or flourish his whip, or to be away from his cart, unless from necessity or on business, or to set or stand about the door-steps or platforms in front of any house, store, or other building, to the annoyance of the occupants thereof. It shall not be lawful for any person, who has been licensed to keep public carts, or to be a public cartman, and whose license has been suspended or revoked by the mayor, to keep, drive, or use any public cart in the city of New York, under the penalty of twenty-five dollars for every such offense. Tiie stanchions of every public cart employed in the transporta- tion of any fire-wood, shall be shouldered with a band of iron around the part which enters the mortice, and the mortice cased with iron, so as to prevent the wearing of the stanchion or mortice ; and at least three feet distant from the floor of the cart, there shall be fixed across from one stanchion to the other, an iron chain, so as to pre- vent the stanchion from spreading; and no public cartman shall cart any fire-wood in violation of any of these provisions. It shall not be lawful for any person to keep, drive, use, or em- ploy, any cart, wagon, truck, dray, or other vehicle, other than such as are licensed as herein provided, for the transportation or convey- ance of any article or thing, from place to place in the city of New York, unless the name and residence or place of business, where such owner can be found [of the owner thereof], be fairly and dis- tinctly painted with red paint, on a white ground, in plain letters and figures, at least two and a half inches long, in a conspicuous place, .on both sides of such cart or other vehicle, so as at all times to be easily seen thereon. LAW TO REGULATE PUBLIC PORTERS. § 1. The mayor shall license and appoint as many and such per- • sons as he may think expedient to be Public Porters of the City of New York, and revoke or suspend any or all of such licenses at his pleasure ; and it shall not be lawful for any person to use any wheel-barrow or hand-cart, to carry, transport, or convey baggage, goods, or other things from place to place within said city, fur hire, AND WEATHER BOOK. 179 w^iges, or pay for such conveyance, or to be at any hotel, hoarding- house, ferry, steamboat landing, railroad station or depot, and solicit of strangers, travelers, citizens, or other persons, or accept tha conveyance of baggage or other articles, without being licensed as aforesaid by the mayor. This section shall not be construed to prevent any person keeping, or employed in, any hotel or boarding-house, from conveying any baggage to or from such hotel or boarding-house, and using a hand- cart or wheel-barrow therefor : provided, the name of the hotel or. boarding-house, and the keeper thereof, be painted distinctly on both 6ides of such wheel-barrow or hand-cart, and on a badge worn on the front of his hat or cap, so as to be easily and distinctly seen. § 2. All licenses to public porters, granted as aforesaid, shall run one year from the date thereof ; and may be renewed by the mayor at any time within the said year, for a succeeding year. _ § 3. Every person receiving a license to be a public porter, as aforesaid, shall pay to the mayor, for the use of the city, one dol- lar, and a further sum of twenty-five cents upon the renewal of every such license. § 4. Every public porter shall wear, in a conspicuous place upon his person, so as to be easily seen, a brass plate or badge, on which shall be engraved his name, the words " Public Porter," and the number of his license ; and it shall be unlawful for any other per- son to wear or exhibit any badge purporting to be, resembling, or similar to, the badge of a public porter ; and no public porter shall permit any other person to wear his badge or use his name in any way whatever, in the transportation or conveyance of any thing. § 5. Public porters shall be entitled to charge and receive for the carriage or conveyance of any article, any distance within half a mile, twelve cents, if carried by hand, and twenty-five cents, if car- ried on a wheel-barrow or hand-cart ; if the distance exceeds half a mile and is within a mile, one half of the above rates in addition thereto ; and in the same proportion for any greater distance. § 6. If any public porter shall ask or demand any greater rate of pay or compensation for the carrying or conveyance of any articles than is herein provided, he shall "not be entitled to any pay for the said service ; and so to ask, demand, or receive any such greater pay or compensation, shall be deemed a violation of this ordinance. § T. It shall not be lawful for any person to represent himself as, or to wear or exhibit any badge, inscription, card or device purport- ing or implying that he is employed or authorized by the keeper, proprietors, agent, or officer of any hotel, boarding-house, vessel, steamboat, or railway company, to solicit, recive, or convey per- sons, baggage, or other things to or from any such hotel, boarding- house, vessel, steamboat, or railroad company's station or depot, without being actually and duly authorized by such keeper, propri- etor, officer, or agent so to do, under the penalty of twenty-five dol- lars for every offense/ All persons who shall violate or fail to comply with any of the 180 NEW YORK ALMANAC provisions of this ordinance, shall be deemed guilty of a misde- meanor, and on conviction thereof shall he punished, pursuant to provisions of sections 20 and 21 of an act relative to the poAvers of the Common Council of the City of New York and the criminal courts of said city, passed by the Legislature of the State of New- York, January 23d, 1S33, or in lieu thereof, shall forfeit and pay, for the use of said city, ten dollars for each and every offense, except where a penalty is prescribed in said ordinance. All ordinances and parts of ordinances conflicting herewith, are hereby repealed. Adopted by the Board of Aldermen, 28th May, 1351. Concurred in by the Board of Assistants, 31st May, 1851. Approved by the mayor, 2d June, 1851. Amended as to Rates, 19th December, 1853. LOCATION OF PIERS IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK EAST RIVER. No. 1, 2, foot Whitehall. " 3, " Moore. 44 4, bet. Moore and Broad. 44 5, bet. Broad and Coenties Slip. " 6, 7, 8, Coenties Slip. 44 9, 10, bet. Coenties and Old Slips. 44 11, 12, Old Slip. " 13, bet. Old Slip and Gouv- erneur's Landing. M 14, foot Jones'" Lane. 44 15, 16, foot Wall. 44 17, foot Pine. 44 18, foot Maiden Lane. 44 19, 44 Fletcher. 44 20, 21, foot Burling Slip. 44 22, 44 Fulton. 44 23, 44 Beekman. 44 24, bet. Beekman and Peck Slip. 44 25, 26, foot Peck Slip. 44 27, 44 Dover. 44 28, bet. Dover and Roose- velt, 44 29, foot Roosevelt 44 30, bet. Roosevelt and James. 44 31, 32, foot James 1 Slip. No. 33, foot Oliver. " 34, 35, foot Catharine. 44 36, bet, Catharine and Mar- ket 44 37, SS, foot of Market. 44 39, bet. Market and Pike. 44 40, 41, foot Pike. 44 42, bet Pike and Rutgers. 44 43, 44, foot Rutgers. 44 45, bet. Rutgers and Jeffer- son. 44 46, foot Jefferson. 44 47, bet. Jefferson and Clin- ton. 44 48, foot Clinton. 41 49, bet Clinton and Mont- gomery. 44 50, foot Montgomery. « 51, 44 52, 53, foot Gouverneur. 44 54, foot Jackson. 44 55, 44 Cherry. 44 56, 57, foot Broome. 44 58, 59, Delancey. 44 CO, bet. Rivingtonand Stan- ton. 44 61, foot Stanton. AND WEATHER BOOK. 181 NORTH No. 1, foot Battery pi. 44 2, 3, bet. Battery pi. and Morris. 4, foot Morris. 5, 6, T, bet. Morris and Rec- tor. 8, foot Rector. 9, 10, bet. Rector and Car- lisle. 11, foot Carlisle. 12, fc * Albany. 13, bet. Albany and Cedar. 14, foot Cedar. 15, 44 Liberty. 16, bet. Liberty and Court- land t. 17, IS, foot Courtlandt. 19, bet. Courtlandt and Dey. 20, foot Dey. 21, " Fulton. 22, 23, 24, bet. Fulton and Vesey. 25, foot Vesey. 26, bet. Vesey and Barclay. 27, foot Robinson. 28, 44 Murray. 29, " Warren. RTVER. No. 30, foot Chambers. " 31, " Duane. " 32, bet. Duane and Jay. 44 33, foot Jay. " 34, 44 Harrison. " 35, 44 Franklin. " 36, " North Moore. u 37, " Beach. " 38, " Hubert. " 39, " Vestry. " 40, " Watts. " 41, " Canal. " 42, " Spring. 44 43, 44, bet. Spring and Charl- ton. " 45, foot Charlton. " 46, " King. 44 47, 44 Hammersley. 44 48, 44 Clarkson. 44 49, 44 Leroy. 44 50, 44 Morton. 44 51, 44 Christopher. 44 52, 44 Amos. 44 53, 44 Charles. 44 54, 44 Perry. 44 55, 44 Hammond. 44 56, 4; Bank. NATURALIZATION. In order for a free white person, born in a foreign country, to become a citizen of the United States, it is necessary that he should make a declaration under oath, at least two years before his admis- sion, of his intention to become a citizen, and must renounce his allegiance to his own sovereign. This declaration must be made before — 1. Any State court, being a court of record, and having a seal and clerk, and common-law jurisdiction. 2. Before a circuit court of the United States. 3. Before a district court of the United States. 4. Before a clerk of either of these courts. After he has been a resident of the United States for five years, and has made his declaration of intentions at least two years before, he may then be admitted to the rights of citizenship. In order for this, he must prove, by the oath of two citizens of the United States, that he has been a resident of the United States for five years, and one year within the State where the court is held. He must also take an oath to support the Constitution of the 16* 182 NEW YORK ALMANAC United States, and on oath renounce and abjure his native alle- giance. If he have been a minor, and shall have resided in the United States for three years next before attaining his majority, he may be admitted without such declaration, on proving by two -witnesses that he has resided five years in the United States, three years as -a minor and two since he became of age, making the declaration of his intention at the time of his admission, and declaring on oath, and proving to the satisfaction of the court, that for three years next preceding it had been his bona fide intention to become a citizen. The alien's country must, at the time of his admission, be at peace with the United States. If an alien die after having made his declaration of intention and before his admission, his widow and childreu are citizens. The minor children of any one duly naturalized, if dwelling in the United States, are citizens. RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES. According to Dinsmore's "Railway Guide" for January, 1S5-3, the following was the comparative length of railroads in the various States, in 1S55 and 1S56 : — lv>5. 1-56. Inc. i 1?55. 1855. Inc. Miles. Miles. Miles.) Miles. Miles. Miles. Maine 407 494 87; Alabama 302 467 1G5 NewIIamp'ro. 649 660 11 Mississippi. . . 159 296 137 Vermont 516 516 — !Louisiana 173 837 164 Massachusetts. 1,31 7 1,409 92 j Texas 36 36 — Rhode Island.. 106 145 39 | Arkansas — 37 37 Connecticut... 632 699 67,Tennessee.. . . 317 455 133 New York ....2,692 2,794 l02JKentucky. . . . 192 2S4 92 New Jersey... 411 504 93|Ohio 2,427 2,725 293 Pennsylvania.. 1,127 1,746 119; Indiana 1,432 1,789 307 Delaware 49 86 37 Michigan 527 590 63 Maryland 412 466 57;IUinois 1,892 2,215 323 Virginia 1,122 1,295 178| Wisconsin. .. . 195 647 272 North Carolina 403 631 223 j Missouri 37 139 102 South Carolina 755 846 911 Iowa — 67 C7 Georgia 971 1,013 42 California ... . — 88 Florida. 26 26 "I Total 19^834 237242 SjiOS The following table exhibits the progressive annual increase of the miles of railway in the United States since the year 1S28 : — Years. Miles. (Years. Miles (Years. Miles ] Years. Miles.' Years. Mile-.. 1323... 3 1534... 762,1340... 2.167 1346... 4,S70 1S52 . 11.631 1329... 23 1835... 918 1841... 3,319 1847... 5,336 1S53. . .13,379 1330 . . . 41 1836. . . 1,102 1842 . . . 8,877 1348 . . 5,6S2 1854 . . 16,928 1331 ... 54 1887... 1,4211843... 4,174 1849... 6,350 1355. . .19,834 1332... 13111838... 1,843'1344... 4.311 1350... 7,355 1856. ..23,243 1833.. 576 1839... 1,920 1345... 4,511 1851.. 9,09) AND "WEATHER BOOK. 183 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA FROM 1492 TO 1856, 1492. — Discovery of America by Columbus. * 1403. — Second voyage of Columbus. The cotton tree-found to be indigenous to the soil. 1-407. — St. John's (Prince Edward's) Island discovered by Sebastian Cabot, June 24 ; he also discovers Florida. 1408. — Third voyage of Columbus. The Western Continent discov- ered, August 2» 1499. — Canada discovered by John and Sebastian Cabot. 1502. — Fourth voyage of Columbus. He suffers shipwreck on the Island of Jamaica. -1506. — Death of Columbus at Valladolid, In Spain, May 20, aged 58. 1512. — Florida explored by Ponce de Leon. 1534. — Lower California discovered by Grigalon, a Spaniard, from Mexico. The coast of Newfoundland visited by the French navigator, Jacques Cartier. He enters the Gulf, and calls it the St Lawrence. 1550. — Carolina discovered by Sebastian Cabot. 1532. — French expedition under Jean de Ribaud; colony of Fort Charles in Florida, 1553 — The French colonists abandon Florida. 1534. — Captains Amadas and Barlow (England) visit Virginia, and discover Roanoke. 1535. — First English settlement in America; lloanoke, in Virginia, planted by Sir Richard GrenvUlc. Davis's Straits discovered by Sir G. Davis. 1536. — Ruin of the English colony at Roanoke. 1537. — Grenville' s second colouy at Roanoke. 1530. — Governor White visits Roanoke ; he finds the colony com- pletely exterminated. 1596. — Upper California discovered by Drake. 1602. — Bartholomew Gosnold arrives in the Bay of Massachusetts from Dartmouth, England ; discovering, on his way, two islands, which he named Martha's Vineyard and Elizabeth. Cape Cod also discovered and so named by Gosnold. This was the first spot in New England ever trod by an English- man. 1607 — Jamestown founded — the first permanent English settlement in America. 160S. — Chesapeake Bay explored and mapped by Captain J. Smith. 1609. — Hudson, and a mixed crew of Hollanders and Englishmen, sail in the Half-mQon from Amsterdam to America, April 4. He discovers the Bay of New York, and explores the river which bears his name. 1610. — First Dutch colony on the shores of the Hudson. 1615. — Albany, on the Hudson, founded. 184 NEW YORK ALMANAC 1G19. — First Colonial Assembly in Virginia, convened in Jamestown in June, consisting of the governor, council, and two rep- resentatives from the eleven boroughs. 1620. — Slavery introduced into Virginia. The Pilgrim Fathers land afc Plymouth Rock, 11th December, from the May- flower. 1621. — Cotton first cultivated in Virginia. 1622. — Massacre of Jamestown. 1623. — New Hampshire settled by colonies of English Puritans. 162-1. — Permanent settlement of New York, called New Amsterdam, by the Dutch. 1630. — Winthrop's party arrive in New England in June and July. 1632. — English settlement at M ntserrat, Maryland. 1634. — Maryland colonized by Catholics; religious toleration the basis of legislation. 1636. — Providence, Rhode Island, founded in June by Roger Wil- liams and five companions, 11 as a shelter for persons dis- tressed for conscience." 1637. — Religious persecution in New England ; expulsion of Anne Hutchinson and others from Boston for opposition to the clergy. 1633. — Harvard College founded. 1641. — Democratic form of government in Rhode Island. 1643. — Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven con- federate under the title of "The United Colonies of New England.' * 1656. — Quakers first seen in America ; Mary Fisher and Ann Austin arrive in Boston ; they are sent back to England. 1657. — Persecution of the Quakers in New England ; arrival of Mary Dyar, and Ann Burden, and 11 swarms of the cursed sect." 1653. — Banishment of Quakers on pain of death, decreed by the Massachusetts government. William Robinson, Marmaduke Stephenson, Nicholas Davis. Mary Dyar, and William Leddra, Quakers, are hanged at Boston for heresy. 1663. — The English colonies in America are compelled by a new navigation law to purchase only in England. Great dis- satisfaction is expressed. 1664. — New Jersey settled by the English ; Eliot's Indian Bible pub- lished at Cambridge: one of the first books printed in North America. 1667. — Settlement of Carolina by a body of Englishmen. 1672* — The river Mississippi discovered by Father Marquette and M. Jolliet, a merchant. 1G77. — Massachusetts denies England's right to tax, enact laws, or perform any other act of sovereignty. — Louisiana explored and named by the French. 16S3. — Philadelphia founded by Penn. AND WEATHER BOOK. 185 1634. — The Charter of Massachusetts granted by James I., with- drawn by Charles II. 1G92. — The witchcraft mania prevails in New England ; 20 persons are hanged, 55 tortured, and large numbers imprisoned. 1693. — French colony settle in Louisiana ; the Mississippi first en- tered from the sea by French vessels of war. 1700. — The Mississippi first settled by the French under Bienville and Touti; they found the town of Rosalia, now called Natchez. Yale College founded. 1704. — The first American newspaper, the Boston Kews Letter. commenced. 1717. — New Orleans settled by the French, 1732. — Birth of George Washington. 1733. — First Free Masons' Lodge opened in Boston, 1740. — Tennessee, first explored. 1753. — The hostilities which, from time to time, took place between the Virginians and the French, and their Indian allies, now assume a very dangerous aspect, and open war prevails. 1754. — Victory of Major Washington over the French, Aggressions of French colonists on the English territory in North America ; hence Albany conference, respecting them. Colonel Washington defeated by the French at Fort du Quesne, Ohio. Colonel Monkton's expedition from New England against the Aeadians. Victory over the French at Beau-Sejour. The Aeadians (20,000) driven from their homesteads and sent to southern settlements by the British authorities. This event is beautifully and graphically described in Longfellow's poem of M Evangeline," Columbia College, New York, founded. 1755. — The University of Pennsylvania founded, War between the English and French in America ; Oswego and Granby taken bjr the French; Canada invaded by the English. 1757.— Fort George reduced by Montcalm ; massacre of 2,000 En- glish by the Indians. 1753. — Abercrombie repulsed at Ticonderoga. Cape Breton surrendered to the English July 26th, Fort du Quesne conquered by the English, 175X— Siege of Quebec ; death of General Wolfe ; Quebec surren- dered to Murray ; death of the brave Marquis de Mont- calm. Battle of Sillery ; Ticonderoga, Crown Point, and Niagara reduced by the English. Montreal surrendered to the English. 1760 — Conquest of Canada by the English, 1762.— Yellow fever rages in Philadelphia. 186 NEW YORK ALMANAC 1733. — Termination of the 11 Old French War;" mutual concessions of American territory made by Franca and England. 1764. — Discontent in the British colonies occasioned by the levying of taxes on all articles imported from the West Indian Islands. Brown University founded. 1765. — Great dissatisfaction la the cclmies occasioned by the " Stamp Act." Assembly in Virginia ; the right of England to tax the colo- nies denied, May. First Colonial Congress in New York ; the Americans resolve not to use British goods until the Stamp Act is repealed. 1T66. — Stamp Act repealed, but the right to tax the Colonies main- tained. 176S. — Boston occupied by British troops. 1769. — Dartmouth College, New Haven, founded. 1770. — Riots in Boston ; the British garrison fire on the people. * Rutgers* College, New Brunswick, founded. 1773. — Resistance to the Tea Tax in Boston. The celebrated " Tea-party." 1774. — The port of Boston closed by order of the English Govern- ment. First meeting of the American Congress, held at Philadel- phia, 51 present. Declaration of Rights passed unani- mously. 1775. — First engagement between the Americans and English ; the battle of Lexington, April J 9th. Battle of Bunker Hill, June 7th. 1776 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, JULY 4th. The French espouse the American cause. Battle of Flatbush ; the Americans under Sullivan defeated, August 27th. Entry of British troops into New York, which they occupy, September 15th. Battles of White Plains, October 2Sth and November 30th ; Americans defeated. Battle of Trenton ; Washington makes prisoners of 1,000 Hessians. 1777. — Battle of Princeton, January 2. Marquis de la Fayette lands in America, April 25th. Ticonderoga captured by the British, J uly 5th. Battle of Bennington, August 16th. Battle of Brandywine ; the Americans routed ; hence Phila- delphia falls to the British, September 11th. Battle of Plattsburg, September 11th. Battle of Stillwater, September 12th. Battle of Germantown, October 4th. Articles of Confederation adopted by Thirteen of the Colo- nies, October 4th ; signed, November 15th. The British army, under Burgoyne, surrenders to General Gates, at Saratoga, October 17th. AND WEATHER BOOK. 187 1773. — Alliance "between France and America. . The proposals of the English Commissioners rejected by Con- gress, who refuse to treat as subjects of Great Britain. British troops evacuate Philadelphia, June 18th. Battle of Monmouth ; Washington victorious, June 18th. 1779. — Norfolk burned by the British, June. Norwalk burned by the British, August 22. Stonypoint taken by the Amer- icans under General Wayne. Victory of Paul Jones off Scotland. 1730. — Major Andre hanged as a spy, October 2. French auxiliary forees land. Charleston taken by the British, May 12th. General Gates defeated by Lord Cornwallis, August 15th. Battle of Camden — Americans defeated and De Kalb killed, August 16 th. Treason of Arnold discovered. 1731. — Battle of Cowpens ; Morgan victorious. Battle of Camden. Camden burned bf the English, May 13th. Battle of Yorktown, and surrender of the British army un- der Lord Cornwallis. 1732 Treaty with Holland. 1753. — Peace of Versailles, and recognition by Great Britain of the Independence of the United States. Slavery abolished in Massachusetts. Washington resigns the command of the American army and retires into private life, December 4th. 1754. — New York Chamber of Commerce founded. 1785. — John Adams, the first embassador from the United States to England. 17S7. — General States' Convention at Philadelphia, and adoption oi the Federal Constitution of the United States. 17S3. — The Quakers of Pennsylvania liberate their slaves, and es- tablish schools for their use. Cotton first planted in Georgia. New Orleans destroyed by fire. 1789. — The Constitution accepted by all the States, and election of George Washington first President, April 80th ; John Adams, Vice President. 1791. — First United States' Bank ; capital $10,000,000. Vermont added to the Union. The militia system organized. Yellow fever rages in New York, August 1792. — Kentucky admitted into the Union. United States' Mint established. 1793. — George Washington re-elected President. 1794. — American navy commenced; six frigates built to operate against the Algerines. Treaty of Commerce with Great Britain, effected by Mr. Jay, November 19th. 188 NEW YORK ALMANAC 1130. — Tennessee received into the Union as a Territory. General seizure of American vessels by order of the French Executive Directory. 1797. — John Adams second President of the United States ; Thomas Jefferson, Vice President. 1798. — Commissions of reprisal issued against France, and active preparations for war. Organization of a regular army ; George Washington Commander-in-chief. 1799. — Tennessee admitted into the Union. Death of "Washington, December 14th. 1800. — Treaty of Commerce with France. Seat of Government transferred from Philadelphia to Wash- ington. Louisiana again in the hands of the French. 1301. — Thomas Jeffsrson, third President of the United States. Census of the Union, 5,300,000; number of slaves, 896,840. Act of Congress forbidding citizens holding property in for- eign slaves, and giving authority to U. S. vessels to cap- ture slave vessels. 1802. — -Ohio (76,000 inhabitants) joins the Union. 1303.— Louisiana sold by France to the U. S. for $15,000,000. Capture of the U. S. frigate Philadelphia by the Tripolitaus. War declared against the Bey of Tripoli. 1301. — The Philadelphia recaptured by Decatur. Murder of Hamilton by Aaron Burr. Expedition of Preble to Tripoli, which he bombards. 13)3. — Thomas Jefferson re-elected Pres. ; George Clinton, V. P. Disputes with England arising from the capture and con- demnation of several American vessels about to enter blockaded ports, and from the assumption by England of the " right of search." 1803. — Disputes settled by treaty. 1307. — The President rejects the Monroe Treaty. Assertion of the right of search by Great Britain ; the Amer- ican ship Chesapeake fired into by a British ship-of-war, June 23. Fulton's first successful trial of steam power on the Hudson; he performs the passage from New York to Albany in 32 hours. American Embargo Act, Dec. 22. 1303. — Slave-trade abolished by Congress. 180?.— Non-intercourse act with Britain, March 1. Embargo on British ships repealed, June 10, in consequence of Mr. Erskine's arrangement with the American cabinet. Mr. Erskine's arrangement disavowed by the English Gov- ernment, consequently, Renewal of the non-intercourse law against England, Aug. 2. James Madison, fourth Pres. U. S. 1310. — Intercourse with France, and admission of French and En- glish ships into American ports. AND WEATHER BOOK. 189 1310 Census of the U. 8. : whites, 7,239,903 ; slaves, 1,191,301. 1811. — Non-intercourse act against Britain, March £. Encounter between the English sloop-of-war Little Belt, and the American frigate President. 1812. — Embargo for ninety days on Eng. shipping, commenced April. "War declared against England, June 18. American army under Hull invade Canada. Battle of Brownstown, Americans defeated, Aug. 8. The Americans in Canada, under Hull, surrender at Detroit, August 16. Capture of the Guerriere by the American ship Constitution, August 19. The Chesapeake and Delaware blockaded by an English fleet. Battle of Queenstown, General Wool victorious, Aug. 12, 13. Capture of the Frolic by Captain Jones, commander of the Wasp, Oct. 18. Capture of the British frigate Macedonian by Captain De- catur of the United States, Oct 25. Capture of the British frigate Java by Bainbridge of the Constitution, Dec. 29. Louisiana admitted into the Union. 1813. — The Legislature of Massachusetts remonstrates against the war. June. Perry's victory on Lake Erie ; defeat of the British flotilla. Battle of Frenchtown, Jan. 22 ; of Ogdcnsburg, Feb. 22 ; of Craney Island, June 3 ; of Eastport, in July ; of Fort Niag- ara, Nov. 11 ; of Blackrock, Dec. 3. 1814. — Fort Erie taken by the Americans, July 3. Battle of the Chippewa, English defeated, July 5 and 25. Battle of Bridgewater, July 25 ; of Fort Erie, Aug. 15. A British flotilla ascends the Connecticut and destroys twenty-five vessels. City of Washington burned by the British, Aug. 24. Capture of Alexandria. Battle of Bellair, Aug. 30 ; the British defeated, and General Parker killed. British repulsed on Lake Champlain, Sept. 11. British repulsed at Baltimore, Sept 12; Battle of Fort McIIenry, Oct. 13. Pensacola taken by General Jackson, Nov. 20. The Hartford Convention oppose the war, Dec. 15. Peace concluded between England and the United States, at Ghent, Dec. 24 ; conquests mutually restored. 1815. — Battle of New Orleans — intelligence of peace not having ar- rived. Ratification of the peace of Ghent, Feb. 17. War declared against Algiers. The Algerine admiral captured by an American squadron ; the Dey makes peace on terms advantageous to America, July 4. yr 190 NEW YORK ALMANAC 1SIG.— Incorporation of the U. S. Bank; capital, $35,000,000; sec- ond charter for twenty years. Indiana admitted into the Union. 1817. — James Monroe, fifth Pres. U. S. Mississippi received into the Union. 1818. — The State of Illinois admitted. First passage of the Atlantic hy steam. New York State abolishes imprisonment for debt 1819. — Alabama received into the Union. The Floridas purchased from Spain. 1820. — Maine admitted into the Union. 1821. — James Monroe re-elected President. * Cession jof Florida to the United States. Missouri received into the Union. The remains of Major Andre transferred from America to Westminster, Aug. 10. 182?.— First cotton-factory at Lowell erected. 1823. — The American Union resolves to acknowledge the Republics of South America. 1524. — Treaty with Great Briitain for the suppression of the slave- trade, March 13th. Visit of La Fayette to the United States ; he is voted a town- ship by Congress, also $200,000. Opening of th3 Erie Canal. 1525. — J. Quincy Adams, sixth president United States. 1826. — Treaty with the Creeks ; they cede their lands in Georgia to the United States — one tribe excepted. 1328. — Noah Webster's Dictionary first published. 1829. — Andrew Jackson, seventh president United States. 1S30.— Census of the Union; free men, 12,530,111 ; slaves, 2,010,43G. 1831. — Great agitation on the free trade policy, and the protection system in the United States. 1832. — The United States Bank question ; the president vetoes the motion for renewing its charter. The House of Repre- sentatives are against the renewal ; the Senate for it Great commercial panic ; failure of 90 local banks. 1S33. — Andrew Jackson re-elected president. The United States deposits removed from the bank. 1331. — Censure on the president for removing the deposits. 1S35.— Great fire in New York December 3d, loss $20,000,000. 1S30. — The States of Arkansas and Michigan admitted into the Union. James Smithson, of London, bequeaths $100,000 for estab- lishing an institution in America, 41 lor the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men." 1837. — Martin Van Buren, eighth president Suspension of specie payment by the banks, May ; commer- cial panic and distress. Morse patents his electro-magnetic telegraph. AND WEATHER BOOK. 191 1835. — Commercial confidence restored ; the banks resume pay- ment. 1339. — Final suspension of payment by the United States Bank. 1340. — Census ; whites, 14,575,311; slaves, 2,4ST, 355. 1341. —Bankruptcy of the United States Bank announced. W. H. Harrison, ninth president United States. Death of the president, just one month after his inauguration. John Tyler, tenth president. 1S42.— Croton aqueduct completed. 1544. — Texas annexed to the Union. Anti-rent riots in New York. The first line of telegraph constructed in America from Washington to Baltimore. 1545. — James K. Polk, eleventh president. The Oregon question assumes a threatening aspect. ISIS.— War between Mexico and the United States. An army of occupation under General Taylor assemble on the Rio Grande, March 28th. Hostilities commenced on the Rio Grande by Col. Thornton, April 24th Battle of Palo Alto ; General Taylor defeats the Mexicans, May 8, 9. Battle of Resaca de la Palma, May 9th. The Oregon question settled by treaty. San Francisco seized by Commodores Sloat and Montgom- ery, United States Navy, July 6-S, and annexed. General Kearney occupies Santa Fe, August 18th Battle of Monterey ; Taylor and 4.700 Americans, against Ampudia with 10,000 Mexicans, September 21-23 ; followed by surrender of Monterey. Perry bombards Tobasco October £5th. Tampico occupied by Commodore Connor, November 14th. Iowa admitted into the Union. Ether first used for surgical purposes by Doctor Wells of Connecticut, and Doctor Jackson of Boston. 1S47.— Victory of General Kearney at San Gabriel, January 7, 8. Battle of Buena Vista; the Americans under Taylor and W T ool (4,760) defeat Santa Anna and 22,000 Mexicans. Battle of Sacramento, February 26th. Capitulation of Vera Cruz to General Scott and Commodore Perry, March 29th. Surrender of Alvarado, April 2d. Battle of Cerro Gordo ; Scott defeats Santa Anna April ISth ; takes 6,000 prisoners. Commodore Perry takes Tuspan, April ISth. Battle of Contreras and Cherubusco ; General Smith vic- torious, August 20th. Armistice, August 24th. Renewal of hostilities by Mexicans, September 7th. 192 NEW YORK ALMANAC Battle of Moliuo del Rey ; Worth defeats Santa Anna, Dee. 8th. Battle of Chapultepec ; Scott victorious, September 12th. Surrender of the City of Mexico, September 15th. Attack on Puebla by the Mexicans ; repulsed by Colonel Child, October 12th. Lane defeats Santa Anna, and takes the City of Huamaulla, October 9th. Bombardment and capture of the port of Guayamas, Oct. 20th. Annexation of part of Mexico to the United States. Gold dust discovered in California. 1848. — The Girard University opened. Peace between the United States and Mexico. United States army withdrawn from the City of Mexico, June 12th. 1843.— Zachary Taylor, twelfth president United State?. Macready riots at the Astor Place Opera House. Constitution adopted for California. 1850. — The town of Sacramento destroyed by a flood, Jan. 7-15th. Unsuccessful enterprise against Cuba by General Lopez. Death of General Taylor, and Millard Fillmore appointed thirteenth president. California joins the Union, the thirty-first State. Texas boundary question settled by the payment of $10,000- 000 to Texas. Territories of New Mexico and Utah admitted. Fugitive Slave Law passed. 1851. — Second invasion of Cuba by Lopez, August 12th ; defeated ; fifty of the party shot. Lopez garroted at Havana, September 1st. 1852. — General Franklin Pierce elected fourteenth president of the • United States. 1S53. — Opening of the " Exhibition of the Industry of all Nations," New York, July 14th. 1S51. — Anti-slavery riot in Boston. Commercial Reciprocity Act passed between British North America and the United States, June 7th. The Nebraska Bill passed, July. Greytown bombarded and destroyed by Captain Hollins. 1856. — Election of James Buchanan, fifteenth president of the United States. The authorised strength of the United States armyisl7,867, officers and men ; the actual strength, 15,752. The number of enlistments for the year ending September 20, 1855, was 10,540 ; loss by deaths, discharges, and desertions, 5,500. The whole territory of the United States is divided into 5 great departments, in which there are 26 arsenals and 98 forts, most of which are garrisoned. AND WEATHER BOOK. 193 S3oS ~: =•- i a • » 3.5 2 r • : r»! 0»o»" c*! Age at °: 00 : a3b0 : that time. - - • a — • GC rf*. ; 00 r Years in I the office. tr Si : o w ! C. V • = a . If GO- oc o>; 3 tC os ~ : O0 • 00 «c* to- S. cc — • oo his death. W r- r- TT b ~ : § =' ||l 1 3 I 8 5-5-5- £ <§ § 3 r : 5 £ P > 3 — oc x oc ^1 Installed ; a to to ~ ~ 3 - ec x i nt o office, 0CXXXXXXXXX)00 00 00 0D — +». ~ u tc tc to — » — ^cc^--Nw-on \ CO 31 < 17* 194 NEW YORK ALMANAC TABLE Of the Latitude and Longitude of principal places in the United States, toith their Distances from Washington, The Longitudes are reckoned from Greenwich. The Capitals {Seats of Government) of the States and Territories are designated by Italic Letters. Latitude, North. Longitude, West ; p „• in Peg. in Time. Albany (Capitol) N. Y. Alexandria Va. Amherst (College Chapel) .Mass. Annapolis (Naval Acad.).Md. Auburn N. Y. Augusta Ga. Augusta (State-House) . . .Me. Baker's Island (Lights) Mass. Baltimore (Battle Monu- ment). Vid. Bangor (Court-House) Me. Barnstable (New C. 11.). . .Mass. Batavia N. Y. Beaufort (Arsenal) S. C. Bellevue, Am. Fur Co.'s trading post, right bank of Missouri river Boston (State-House) Mass, Do. (Light) Brazos Santiago Tex. Brent's Fort Bridgeport (Baptist Ch.) . . Conn. Bristol (Episcopal Ch.) .... R. L Brooklyn (Navy Yard).. . .N. Y. Brunswick (College) Me. Buffalo N. Y. Burlington N. J. Burlington Vt. Cambridge (Observatory) . Mass. Camden': S. C. Canadian river, Head- waters of Oanandaigua N. Y. ''Cape Ann (North Light) . . Mass. Do. (South Light).. 42 39 8 38 49 42 22 15.6 i3S 58 50.1 42 55 ;3 28 44 18 43 42 32 12 39 17 23 44 47 53 4142 6 42 59 82 25 57 ° ' // h. m. s. 73 44 49,4 54 59.3 77 4 5 816 72 31 28,4 5 ) 6 76 29 26|5 5 57.7 J 70 28 81 54 69 50 70 47 2S 76 37 30 68 47 70 18 84 5 52 5 27 36 I 4 39 20 4 4310 1 5 6 30 435 8 4 41 14.3 78 13 5 12 5-2 89 41 23,5 22 45.6 8 24 21 22.7 19 41.1 6 2 88 10 39 40 3 41 50 53 53 4 51.6 27 22 4S.6 17 47 46 6 4 9l4 53 4314 12 33 15 G 11 46,4 17 19 4 59 80 4 55 14 55 52 87 10 7 80 33 37 ICS |104 37 32 42 54 77 17 42 38 21 70 34 48 2311 44 16.6 43 83.9 ■54 13 52 47 45 9.3 55 58 39 40.1 15 40 59 30.5 52 40 44 32 22 12 9 4 42 19.2 42 8S 13 70 34 48:4 42 19.2 ms. 876 6 383 37 839 580 595 452 432 386 470] AND WEATHER BOOK. 195 Latitude, North. Cape Cod (Light House). . . Mass. 42 2 23 Cape Island, Lake of the Woods 49 86 42 Castine Me. 44 22 30 Cedar Keys, Depot Island. 29 7 27 Charleston, St. Mich/s Ch..S. C. 82 4G 33 Charlestown (Navy Yard).! Mass. 42 22 Chicago 111. 42 Cincinnati (Fort Wash.) . .Ohio. 39 5 54 Columbia S. C. 33 57 Columbus Ohio. 39 57 Concord (State-House). . .N. H. 43 12 29 Corpus Christi Tex. 27 47 17.8 Dalles of the Columbia, Missionary Station 45 35 55 Dayton Ohio. 39 44 Dedham (1st Cong. Ch.) . . .Mass. 42 14 57 Detroit (St. PauFs Ch.) . . . .Mich. 42 19 45 Dorchester (Ast. Observ.)..Mass. 42 19 10 ver Del. 8910 Dover N. II. 43 13 Easton (Court-House) . . . .Md. 38 46 10 Eastport Me. 44 54 Edenton N. C. 39 Exeter N. H. 42 53 Falls of St. Anthonv, TJ. S. Cottage 44 53 40 Falls of the St. Croix 45 30 10 False Washita, Head-wa- ters of 35 25 41 Fort Boisee Ore?. 43 49 22 Fort Brad v Mich. 46 29 55 Fort Gibson (Old Block- House^ 35 47 34i Fort Hall 43 130 I Fort Laramie 4212 10 FtXeaven worth (Landing) 39 21 14 Fort Nez Perce Orcg. 46 3 46 j Frankfort Kv. 38 14 i Frederic Md. 39 24 ; Fredericsburg Va. 3S 34 1 Georgetown S. C. 33 21 Longitude, West ; in Deg. in Time. o / // h. m. s. 70 3 55 4 40 16 63 45 4 85 82 56 12 79 57 27 5 19 49.8 71 3 83 4 44 14.2 87 35 5 50 2 84 27 5 37 48 SI 7 5 24 28 83 3 5 32 12 71 29 4 45 56 97 27 2 120 55 8411 5 36 44 71 10 59 4 44 44 83 2 33 5 32 10.2 71 4 19 4 4417.3 75 30 70 54 76 8 60 56 77 7 70 55 5 2 4 43 36 5 4 32 4 27 44 5 2S 23 4 43 40 93 10 30 6 12 42 92 40 0:610 40 101 5 116 4T 8 i ! 95 15 10 6 21 0.4 112 29 54 7 29 56 104 47 48 6 59 11 94 44 6 IS 56 | 84 40 5 38 40 77 18 5 9 12 77 38 5 10 32 79 17 5 17 S 196 NEW YORK ALMANAC Latitude, North. Longitude, West ; in Deg. in Time. Gloucester (Univ. Ch.) Mass. Do. (E. Point Light) Do. (Ten Pound Isl. Light) Great Salt Lake, Island in Greenfield (2d Cong. Ch) . .Mass. Hagerstown Md. Halifax N. S. Hallowell Me. Harrisburg Pa. Hartford (State-House) ..Conn. High Plateau between wa- ters of Atlantic and Gulf of California Holmes's Hole (Windmill) Mass. Hudson.' N. Y. Hudson (Reserve Coll.). . .Ohio. Huntsville Ala. Indianapolis Ind. Ipswich, Eastern Light. ...Mass. Ipswich (Western Light) ..Mass. Jackson „ Miss. Jefferson Mo. Kanzas river, Mouth of. . . . Key West (S. W. Pt.) Fla. Kingston C. W. Knoxville Tenn. Lancaster Pa. La Yaca Tex. Lexington Ky. Little Rock Ark. iLockport N. Y. Louisville Ky. Lowell (St. Ann's Ch.) Mass. Lynchburg Ya. Lynn Church Mass. Machias Bay Me. Marblehead Mass. Do. (Light) Mexico, City of Mex. Middletowii (Wesl.Univ.) Conn. MUledgemlle Ga. 42 36 44 42 34 49.C 42 36 4 41 10 42 42 35 1§ 39 37 44 39 20 4417 4016 41 45 59 42 2 3 41 27 15 42 14 41 14 42 |34 36 39 55 42 41 8 42 41 8 32 23 38 36 39 6 3 24 32 44 8 35 59 40 2 36 23 37 38 6 34 40 43 11 38 3 42 3S 46 37 36 42 27 51 44 33 42 30 24 42 80 14 19 25 45 41 33 8 33 7 20 h. rn. i 70 40 19 4 42 41.3 70 40 11 4 42 40.8 70 40 17; 4 42 41.1 112 21 5 72 36 32 4 50 26.1 77 35 5 10 20 63 36 40 4 14 26. 69 50 76 50 72 40 45 4 39 80 5 7 20. 4 50 43 107 3 70 36 3S 4 42 73 46 4 55 81 24 54 5 25 86 57 |5 47 86 5 5 44 70 46 17 4 43 70 46 34 4 43 90 a 16 92 8 6 8 94 32 54 6 IS 81 47 30 5 27 76 40 5 6 S3 54 |5 35 76 20 33 5 5 26.5 4 39.6 48 20 5 (3. 32 S2 11.6 10 40 36 22.2 8418 92 12 78 46 85 30 7119 2 4 79 22 |5 70 57 25:4 67 22 4 70 51 24 4 70 50 39 k 99 5 6:6 72 39 1 4 83 19 45 5 37 12 8 48 15 4 42 45 16 17 28 43 50 29 28 43 25.6 43 22.6 86 20 50 86 33 19.0 462 466 396 68 936 593 110 335 457 345 726 573 462 1035 980 456 516 109 534 1C68 403 590 439 198 441 450 44S 325 642 AND WEATHER BOOK. 197 Longitude , West; |j Place. Latitude, North. ' . cS in Beg. i:: Time. — Milwaukie "Wis. Missouri river, Mouth of Mobile Ala. Monclova Mex. Monomoy Point Light Mass. Montpelier Vt. Monterey Cal. Nantucket (South Tower). .Mass. Nashville (University) Tenn. Natchez (Fort Panmure) . .Miss. Nebraska or Platte river, Junction of North and South Forks Newark N.J. New Bedford (Mariners' Church) Mass. Newborn N. C. Newburg N. Y. Newburyport (2d Pres.Ch.)Mass. Do. (Light) Newcastle Del. New Haven (College) Conn. New London Conn. New Orleans (City Hall). .La. Newport (Court-House) . .R. I. New York (City Hall) N. Y. Nobsque Point Light Mass. Norfolk (FarmerVBank). . Ya. Northampton (1st Cong. Church) Mass. Norwich Conn. Parras Mex. Pass Washington Pensacola Fla. Petersburg Ya. Philadelphia dnd'ce Hall) .Pa. Do. (HicrhSch.Obs.) Pittsburg Pa. Pittsfield (1st Cong. Ch.) . .Mass. Platte river, Mouth of. Do. Junction of N. and S. Forks 43 3 45 33 51 36 30 41 4S 26 54 41 33 35 4417 36 36 24 41 16 56 36 9 33 31 34 41 5 5 40 45 4133 7 35 20 41 31 42 43 32 42 43 30 39 40 41 13 23 41 22 29 57 30 41 29 40 42 40 41 30 57 36 50 50 4219 9 41 33 25 25 36 3 22 30 24 37 13 54 39 56 59 39 57 9 40 32 42 26 55 41 3 13 ° ' ,f |h. ra. s. ms. 87 57 700 ; 90 401 87 59 '5 51 56 '1033 101 39 IS 6 46 37.2| 69 59 56 4 40 72 86 !4 50 24 121 52 25 8 7 29 70 6 12 4 40 24.8! 86 49 3 5 47 16.2 500 524 490 714 91 24 42 6 5 38.8 1146 1C1 21 | 7410 70 55 77 5 74 1 70 52 70 49 75 33 , 72 56 , 72 9 90 71 19 74 1 ■ 70 39 I 76 18 24 6 45 14 56 I 49 4 43 |5 8 4 56 47 4 43 6 4 42 |5 2 45 4 51 |4 43 6 12 4 45 8 4 56 37 4 42 47 5 5 25.6 40 43.3 20 4 81.1 18.0 215 429 337 282 466 469 103 301 354 1203 16.8! 403 4.5 226 38.5 450 15.1 217 72 3315 4 50 33.2 376 | 72 7 4 48 23 362! ,108 56 7 15 44 ! 87 10 12 5 43 40.8.1050' 77 20 5 9 20 1441 75 9 54 5 39.6 136| 7510 37 5 42.5 80 2 !5 20 8 73 15 36 4 53 2.3 41 5 5 101 21 24 6 45 25.6 198 NEW YORK ALMANAC Latitude, North. Longitude, West; J o. in Deg. I in Time. Plattsburs N. Y. 44 42 Plymouth (Court-House\.Mass. 41 57 26 Point Conception 84 26 56.3 Pointa Loina 82 39 30.6 Popocatapetl Mex. IS 59 47 Portland (Mount Jov) Me. 43 39 52 Do. (Light) . . 43 36 Portsmouth (Unit Ch.) .... N. II. 43 4 35 Do. (Light) 43 3 30 Poughkeepsie N. Y. 41 41 Prairie du Chien, Am. Fur Co/s House Min. 43 3 6 Princeton (Nassau Hall) . .N. J. '40 20 41 Providence (Univ. Hall). .E.L 41 49 22 Racine Wis. 42 49 33 Raleigh N. C. 85 47 Eemedios, do los, Harbor. . 57 24 15 Richmond tCapitol) Ya. 37 32 17 Rochester (Roch. House). . N. Y. 43 8 17 Sabine river, entrance of South or outer extrem- ity of Bar Tex. 29 40 43 Sable (Cape) Fla. 24 50 Sacketts Harbor N. Y. 43 55 Saco Me. |43 31 Sacramento City CaL j 38 34 42 St Augustine Fla. 29 48 30 St. CroLx river, Mouth o£. . ! 44 45 30 St, Joseph 23 313 St. Louis Mo. 38 37 23 St Paul Min. 44 52 46 St Peter's river, Mouth of 44 52 46 St Trains Fort 4)16 52 Salem (E. I. M. Hall) Mass. 42 31 13 San Antonio Tex. 29 25 22 San Bias, Arsenal 21 82 34 San Diego, Public Square . 32 45 Sandwich (1st Cong. Ch.) . . Mass. 41 45 31 San Francisco (Span. Fort) . Cal. 37 43 30 Santa Fe N. M. 35 41 6 Savannah (Exchange^ Ga. 32 4 56 Schenectady N. Y. ,42 48 ° ' " h. m. s. 73 26 |4 5:3 44 j 70 40 19 4 42 41.3 120 25 4" 117 15 7! 98 37 3 6 S3 4S I 70 13 34 4 40 54.2 70 12 12 4 40 49 70 45 50 4 43 3.3 70 43 4 42 52 73 55 .4 55 40 91 919 6 4 37.3 74 39 30 4 §8 38 71 24 48 4 45 39.2 S7 40 22! 78 48 '51512 135 53 41 9 8 34 77 27 28 5 9 49.9 77 51 5 11 24 93 49 3 SI 15 75 57 70 26 120 nearlv 1 6135 92 45 9 109 40 44 I 90 15 16 93 4 54 93 454j 105 12 23 70 53 53 | 9S 29 15 M 15 24 11711 70 30 18 12:2 2> 2 5 25 5 348 4 4144 5 26 20 611 5 7 1S43 6 1 0.71 6 12 19.6| 4 43 S5.5| 7 1 1 | 7 4344 4 42 0.8 5 9 52 81 8 18 5 24 33.2 73 55 4 55 40 ms. ; 539 439 542 491 301 177! 394 2S6 132 361 407 528 841 S56 ! 446 456 662 ' 391 AND WEATHER BOOK. 199 Latitude, North. Snake river, above Amer. Falls 42 47 6 Springfield 111. 39 4S Springfield (Court-House).Mass. 42 6 4 Squam Harbor (Light) Mass. 42 39 46 .Straitsinouth IsL (Light) . . Mass. 42 39 41 'Stratford Conn. 41 11 7 Sweet Water river, North Fork of Platte river, Mouth of '42 27 18 Tallahassee Fla. 30 28 ,Taunton (Trin. Cong. ChJ.Mass. 41 54 11 Tlamath Lake : 42 56 51 i Toronto or York (Observ.) C.W. ;43 39 35 Trenton N.J. :40 14 [Trinity Bay Oreg. 40 5 50 Troy NT. Y. 42 44 J Tuscaloosa Ala. , 33 12 T'niversitv of Virginia Va. 33 2 3 jUtica (Dutch Church) N. Y. 43 6 49 Vandalia 111. ,38 50 Vcvav Ind. 33 46 i Victoria Tex. 23 46 57 Vincenues Ind. 33 43 , Washington (Capitol) D. C 33 53 34 Do. (Observatory) 33 53 32.8 Washington .Mis r> 1793 54 21 12-7 N. ft u aa 355 W. Berlin 1711 52 30 16-7 N. U DO 34-9 E. Bologna 1714 44 29 54 N. 11 O'i ' Zl E. Brussels 50 51 10-7 N. 1 i 27-2 E. Cambridge 1824 52 12 51 -S IN. n ft u 23-5 E. Capo of Good Hope 33 56 3 S. 13 56 E. Cassel 1561 51 19 20 N. V'J DO IS" E. Copenhagen 1657 55 40 53 N. Q 50 19* 1 E. Dorpat 58 22 47-1 N. 1 1 40 54-( »E. Dublin 1783 53 23 13 N. A u 25 22 W. Edinburg 55 57 23-$ 5N. 12 43 W. Glasgow . 1840 Gottingen .... 1751 51 31 47-< )N. 09 461 E. 1675 51 28 33-2 N. Konigsberg 54 42 50-4 N. 1 22 4 E. 48 8 45 N. 40 26-4 E. Nuremberg 1678 49 27 31 N. 11 - J 4' 40' E. Oxford 1772 51 45 38 N. V 15' 29' W. 38 644 N. 53 25-5 E. 1667 48 50 13 N. 9 21-5 E. 1725 59 56 29*7 N. 2 1 13-5 E. 4153 54 N. 49 54-7 E. Turin. 45 4 6 N. SO 48-4 E. Vienna 1690 43 12 35-5 N. 1 5 32- >E. THE GREAT CRAIG TELESCOPE Id the largest refracting telescope ever constructed. It is located on Wandsworth Common, near London. The object-glass is two feet in diameter, with a focal distance of seventy-six feet. The tube is of heavy sheet-iron, and shaped somewhat like a cigar. It is thirteen feet in circumference in the largest place, and weighs about three tons. This telescope is suspended from a brick tower, sixty- five feet high, fifteen feet in diameter, and weighing 220 tons. The top of the tower, from which the telescope is suspended, revolves ; and, by a chain running over pulleys, and a weight and windlass, it 18 202 NEW YORK ALMANAC is balanced, and raised or lowered. The lower end rests on a small carriage that runs upon a circular railroad around the tower, at the distance of fifty-two feet from its center. By these means it is directed to almost any point in the heavens. It is called the " Craig" telescope, in honor of the Rev. Mr. Craig, under whose direction and at whose expense it was constructed. THE REFLECTING TELESCOPE. The first telescope of this kind was that constructed under the direction of Sir William Herschel, in 17S2. This was called his twenty-feet reflector, and was the instrument with which he made many of his observations upon the double stars. In 17S9 he com- pleted bis forty-feet reflector, until recently the largest telescope ever constructed. The speculum of this instrument is four feet in diameter, three and a half inches thick, and weighed, before being ground, 2,118 pounds. This tube is made of sheet-iron riveted to- gether, and painted within and without. The length of the tube is thirty-nine feet four inches, and its weight 8,260 pounds. It is elevated or lowered by tactiles. attached to strong frame-work ; and the observer, who sits in a chair at the upper end of the tube, and looks down into the reflector at the bottom, is raised and lowered with the instrument. Three persons are necessary to use this tele- scope — one to observe, another to work the tube, and a third to •note down the observations. A speaking tube runs from the ob- server to the house where the assistants are at work. By this telescope the sixth and seventh satellites of Saturn were discovered ; and it was the chief instrument used by its distinguished owner in making observations and discoveries which have immortalized his name,*and which have so abundantly enriched and advanced the Bcience of astronomv. Lord Rosse's great reflecting telescope is the largest reflecting telescope ever constructed. The speculum, composed of copper and tin, weighed three tons as it came from the mold, and lost about one eighth of an inch in grinding. It is five and a half inches thick and six inches in diameter. It was cast on the 13th of April, 1842, and was cooled gradually in an oven for sixteen weeks to prevent its cracking by a sudden or unequal reduction of the temperature. This speculum has a reflecting surface of 4,071 square inches. The tube is made of deal wood, one inch thick, and hooped with iron. Its diameter is seven feet, and its length fifty-six. The entire weight of this telescope is twelve tons. It is mounted between two north and south wall3, twenty-four feet apart, seventy-two feet long, and forty-eight feet high. It can be lowered to the horizon, and raised to the zenith, and lowered north-west till it takes in the Pole Star. Its motion from east to west is limited to fifteen degrees. This magnificent instrument is situated at Burr Castle, Ireland. It was constructed by the Earl of Rosse, at an expense of $60,000.— MattisorCs BurritVs Geography of the Heavens. AND WEATHER BOOK. 203 VELOCITY AND FORCE OF THE WIND. BY MR. HOUSE. Velocity of the Perpendic- Wind. ular force Common appellations of the force Miles in an onl ft. area in pounds Feet in a tecond. of the Winds. honi. avordupois. 1 1-47 •005 Hardly perceptible. o a 3 O-OQ 4*40 •020 •044 - Just perceptible. A t K O oi 1 OO *079 •123 - Gentle, pleasant wind. 1 A 1U ID 14 01 SB •492 1-107 1 Pleasant, brisk gale. 20 25 29-34 3667 1*963 3-075 - Very brisk. 30 85 44-01 51-34 4-429 6-027 ■ High winds. 40 45 53-68 66 01 7-S73 9-963 • Very high. 50 73-35 12-300 A storm, or tempest. 60 88-02 17-715 A great storm. 80 117-36 31-490 A hurricane. 100 146-70 49-200 j A hurricane that tears up trees, carries buildings before it, etc. IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES. (From BromicelVs History of Immigration to the United States.) Prior to 1S19 no authentic information exists as to the progress and extent of immigration to the United States, except such as is furnished by the statisticians of the period. The current of immigration commenced its flow from England, Ireland, and Scotland, and from Germany through the French and British ports. It was subject to many fluctuations during a part of this time, but continued with considerable uniformity, it is be- lieved, until 1306. Mr. Samuel Blodget, a statistician of more than ordinary research and accuracy, wrote, in 1S00, while every fact in regard to immi- gration was fresh in the minds of the people, that from " the best records and estimates at present attainable," the immigrants arriv- ing in this country did not average for the ten years, from 1734 to 1794, more than 4,000 per annum. During 1794, 10,000 persons were estimated to have arrived in the United States from foreign countries. ^ In IS 13, Dr. Adam Seybert, member of the House of Representa- tives, from Pennsylvania, in his exceedingly valuable Statistical Annals of the United States, wrote to the following effect ; 204 NEW YORK ALMANAC " Though we admit that 10,000 foreigners may have arrived in the United States in 1794, we can not allow that they did so in an equal number in any preceding or subsequent year until 1317 and he assures us that 6,000 persons arrived in the United States from foreign countries in each year from 1790 to 1810. To him and to the authorities he consulted, this average seemed a generous one. During the ten years from 1S06 to 1S16, extensive immigration to the United States was precluded by the unfriendly relations at that time existing between Great Britain, France, and the United States. England maintained the doctrine, and for a while enforced it with success, that "a man being once a subject, was always a subject." This deterred many from emigrating to this country from the Brit- ish empire. Numbers had previously come for the purpose of entering the American merchant service, and numbers still might have come whom the fear of British imprisonment frightened from carrying out their design. Another influence retarded immigration. In 1S0C, Great Britain issued a decree declaring the coasts of France in a state of block- ade. A retaliatory decree was, in November of the same year, issued by France, declaring the British Isles in a state of blockade To these restrictions on commerce, and consequently on the unob- structed passage from Europe, succeeded the British orders in council, and the Milan decree of Napoleon. In March, 1809, the United States law was passed, prohibiting for cue year intercourse with Great Britain and France. In 1810 the Napoleonic decrees were annulled ; and the commerce of the United States had, in 1811, fairly commenced with France, but only to have their vessels fall into the hands of the British. Preparations were now making for active hostilities, and on the 18th of June, 1S12, war was formally declared by the United States to exist with Great Britain. The German emigration sensibly felt this unfavorable condition of affairs, inasmuch as the Germans embarked principally at the ports of Liverpool and Havre, facilities for emigrating thence to this country being more numerous, and the expense being less oner- ous. Thus, from 1S06, was the stream of emigation pent up at its fountain. In February, 1815, peace was concluded between the United States and Great Britain ; and after several months requisite to restore peace and tranquillity, and to secure the confidence of those desir- ing to leave the old world, the tide resumed its flow, and with a speed greatly accelerated ; as from authentic information collected principally at the several custom-houses, it appears that during the year 1817, not less than 22,240 persons arrived at ports of the United States from foreign countries. This number included American citizens returning from abroad. In no year previous to that had one half so many foreign passen- gers reached our shores. Many sufferings were incident to a voy- age across the Atlantic in a crowded emigrant vessel ; and there AND WEATHER BOOK. 205 were no laws of the United States either limiting the number of persons which a passenger ship or vessel should he allowed to carry, or providing any measure for the health or accommodation of the passengers. The subject seemed to deserve the immediate attention of Congress. In 1818 (March 10) Louis McLane of Delaware, re- ported to the House of Representatives a bill regulating passenger ships and vessels, which was read twice and referred. In December of the following session, it was called up by Thomas Xewton ©f Virginia, who explained the necessity of its passage. It was read a third time and passed by the House. After receiving amendments from both the Senate and House, it was finally passed aud approved March 2d, 1819. In compliance with a requirement of this act, collectors of the customs have reported quarter-yearly to the Secretary of State, the number of passengers arriving in their collection districts by sea from foreign countries ; also the sex, age, and occupation of such passengers, and the country in which they were born. Annual reports, embracing that information have, in conformity with the same act, been communicated to Congress by the Secretary of State ; and, as before indicated, from these reports chiefly, this summary has been compiled. PROGRESS AND EXTENT OF IMMIGRATION TO U. S. From Sept. 30, 1819, to Dec. 31, 1S55. Period of Years. No. of Pas. For. Birth. During the 10 years ending Sept. 30, 1829, 151,636 128,503 10* " Dec. 31, 1839, 572,716 538,381 44 9| 44 Sept. 30, 1849, 1,479,478 1,427,337 6£ " Dec 31,1855, 2,279,007 2,118,404 3G1 44 44 44 4,432,837 4,212,624 Of the 4,212,624 passengers of foreign birth arriving in the United States during the above-mentioned period of 36£ years — 207,492 were born in England, 747,930 41 Ireland, 34,555 44 Scotland, 4,782 " Wales; and 1,348,682 others were born in Great Britain and Ireland, the division not designated. 2,343,441 total number born in the United Kingdom. 1,206,0S7 were born in> Germany, 35,995 " Prussia, 17,533 44 Holland, 6,991 " Belgium, 31,071 44 Switzerland, 18S,725 44 France, 11,251 " - Spain, 6,049 41 Portugal, 3,059 44 Denmark, 29,441 " Norway and Sweden, 18* 206 NEW YORK ALMANAC 1.31S were bora in Poland, 933 44 Russia, 123 M Turkey, 7,185 u Italy, 108 * 4 Greece, 338 44 Sicily, 706 44 Sardinia, 9 M Corsica, 116 M Malta, 526 others in Europe, division not designated 91,699 were born in British America, 5,440 " South America, 640 M Central America, 15,960 44 Mexico, 35,317 11 West Indies, 16.714 M China, 101 M East Indies, T u Persia, 16 others in Asia ; division not designated. 14 were born in Liberia, 4 44 Egypt, 5 44 Morocco, 3 44 Algiers, 4 others were born in the Barbary States; division not desig- nated. 2 were born at the Cape of Good Hope. US others in Africa, division not designated. 278 were born at the Canary Islands, 1,1S3 44 > 4 Axore" Islands, 203 44 44 Madeira Islands, 23 41 44 Cape Verde Islands, 59 44 * 4 Sandwich Islands, 5 14 14 Society Islands, 79 44 * 4 South Sea Islands, 3 44 t4 * Island of France, 14 44 44 St Helena, 20 44 44 Australia, 157,537 others were born in countries not designated in the returns made by collectors of the customs. The country having the largest immigration is doubtless Ireland, for, in addition to the 747,930 persons arriving from the United Kingdom known to have been born in Ireland, it is 6afe to assume, that of the 1,348,683 others b rn, as indefinitely stated, in 44 Great Britain and Ireland" arriving in the United States, 1,000,000 were born in Ireland alone, thus making 1,747,930 as the total Irish emi- gration. Next, ia numerical order, comes Germany ; England third : and France fourth. The emigration of Chinese to this country was very inconsidera- ble until 1S54, previous to which year the Aggregate number known AND WEATHER BOOK. 207 to have arrived -was only 88. In that year, however, 13,000 came to the United States ; and in 1855, 3,526 ; all of whom, with the ex- ception of a single passenger, landed at the port of San Francisco ; 15,950 were males, and were designated in the returns of the col- lector as 11 laborers. 1 ' As regards passengers from British America, the fact may he deemed worthy of mention, that many of them, especially of those arriving during the last four years, are known to have come with the intention of returning, and not of residing in the United States. The number of such can not, however, be determined. Finally, to the 4,212,624 passengers of foreign birth arriving in the United States since September 30, 1819, may be added 250,000 as the number of immigrants who arrived prior to that date ; mak- ing the total of foreign arrivals, from the close of the Revolutionary War to December 31, 1855, 4,462,624. RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES, ACCORDING TO THE CENSUS OF 1850. DENOMINATIONS. No. of churches. 1 , Aggregate accommo- 1 dations. « s o ° k o Tof-1 value of church property. Average value of property. ■Rorv+iaf Q TQ1 o, «yi Q -1 OA C7Q 856 $ 1 a noi con lU,yol,ooi5 $ 1,244 812 296,050 365 845,810 1,041 Congregational. , 1,674 795,177 475 7,973,962 4,763 Reformed Dutch . . . 324 181,986 561 4,C96,730 12,644 1,422 625,213 440 11,261,970 7,919 Free 361 108,605 300 252,255 698 Friends 714 282,823 396 1,709,867 2,395 German Reformed- 827 156,932 479 965,8S0 2,953 31 16,575 584 371,600 11,987 Lutheran* 1,203 531,100 441 2,867,886 2,383 110 29,900 272 94,245 856 Methodist 12,467 4,209,333 837 14,636,671 1,174 331 112,185 338 443,347 1,339 4.584 2,040,316 445 14,369,889 3,135 Roman Catholic i;ii2 620,950 558 8,973,S38 8,069 8 wedenborgian 15 5,070 338 108,100 7,206 52 35,075 674 46,025 885 619 i 213,552 845 690,065 1,114 Unitarian 243 ! 137,367 565 3,268,122 13,449 494 ! 205,462 415 1,767,015 8,576 325 115,347 354 741,980 2,283 Total 86,011 13,849,896 3£ V 86,416,639 2,400 * The German Reformed and Lutheran use tho same building in many places. 208 NEW YORK ALMANAC FOREIGN MONEYS REDUCED TO UNITED STATES CURRENCY. EN*GLT8II STEELING. 1 24 2 11 2 66 2 2 43 4 12 2 90 4 3 72 6 18 3 14 6 4 96 8 14 3 38 8 5,i 21 o: 15 3 63 6 1452 16 3 87 2 71 69 4 17 411 4 8 1 93 6 IS 4 35 6 9 2 17 8 19 4 59 8 10 2 42 0, 20 4 84 £ $ c. g 1 4 S4j 2 9 63; 3 14 52 4 19 36; 5 24 20 6 29 04 7 33 88 8 38 T2 9 43 56, 10 43 40. £, $ c. [ll!53 24 12 58 08 13 62 92 14 67 76 72 60 16 77 44 17 82 23 18 87 12 19 91 96129 20 96 80230 . 64 31 1C1 106 48 111 32 116 16 121 00 125 84 130 68 135 52 33 140 36 145 20140 150 04 32jl54 88 33 159 72 34 164 56 35 169 4( 36 174 24 371179 08 183 92 [89jl83 76 j193 60 41 1 198 44 42 203 23 43 208 12 44 212 96 45 217 80 46 222 64 47 227 43 48 232 32 49 237 16 50 242 00 FSENCH F BANCS. fr.jf c. 1 19 2 87 3 56 4 74 5 93 6 1 12 71 30 8 1 49 9 1 67 10 1 86 11 2 05 12 2 23 13 2 42 14 2 60 15 2 79 fr. $ c. 16 2~93 17 3 10 18 3 35 19 3 53 20 3 72 21 3 91 22 4 09 23 4 23 24 4 46 25 4 65 26 4 84 27 5 02; 23 5 21, 29 5 39, 30 5 53: 31 5 77146 ' 8 32 5 95147! 8 33 6 14543: 8 34 6 32J49 9 35 6 51350 9 36 6 70J51 9 37 6 83452, 9 33 7 0T|53 9 39 7 25554 10 40 7 44j55 10 41 7 63] 56 10 42 7 81J57 10 43 8 00 J 53 10 44 8 18259 10 45 S 37«60 11 5686111 74362 11 93363 11 11 |64 11 30^65 12 49 1 60 12 67 1 67 12 86 §63 12 04 369 12 23 370 13 42271 13 60 1 72 13 79 i 73 13 97S7413 16S75 13 76 14 77 14 78 14 79 14 $ c. 09 80 1 4 ss 81 15 82 15 83 15 84 15 85 15 86 16 87 16 88 16 76^89 : 98. 18 23 99 18 41 100 18 60 200 37 20 300 55 80 400 74 40 500 93 00 95 T 90 16 7 4 600 111 60 16 93 17 11 17 17 48 17 67 17 86 IS 01 ^1* It. 18 | $ c. I t. 1 $ c. I t. ( $_ 1 69 8,5 52115 10 35 f 22 15 IS r 29 20 01 2 1 33 9 6 21 1 16 11 04!23 15 87 SO 20 70 3 2 07 10 6 90117 11 73124 16 56 31 21 39 4 2 76 11 7 59118 12 42 §25 17 25 32 22 08 5 8 45 12 8 23119 13 11 526 17 94 33 22 77 4 14 13 8 97120 13 .80527 IS 63 34 23 46 7 4 83114'9 66 1 21 14 49J2S 19 32 35 24 15 1 1 $_c. 1 36 24~84 1 87 25 53 1 33 26 22 fi 39 26 91 B 40 27 60^47182 43 41 23 29143 83 12 42 23 93 fc49 33 81 AND WEATHER BOOK. 209 BREMEN EIX DOLLAES. r.d. $ c. r.d. $ c. r.d. $ c. r.d. $ c. r.d. § c. r.d. $ c. 1 9 7 09 l ( lo o%f LO 1 Q AO iy oy QQ OO O^ QQ lo yy A1 41 on OQ OL L\) o a 1 OO 1 A 1 OO 1 Q lo 1A 18 itt lo 9A LO L\) 40 Ql OA 7Q LO i O 4L QQ QQ OO UO Q O QA 11 C Aft O DO 1 Q 1 a 1/1 OA 14 yo L i 01 OA Ll LO OO OT KA LI 00 AO <±o QQ GA OO OO 4 3 15 12 9 45 20 15 75 23 22 05 36 28 35 44 34 65 5 3 94 13 10 24 21 16 64 29 22 84 37 29 14 45 35 44 6 4 73 14 11 03 22 17 33 36 23 63 38 29 93 46 36 23 7 5 51 15 11 81 23 18 11 31 24 41 39 30 71 47 37 01 8 6 30 1G 12 60 24 18 90 32 25 20 40 31 50 43 37 80 EXCHANGE ON ENGLAND. 5 per cent. $4.66.7 1} per cent. $4.78.9 10 per cent. $4.88.9 it it 4.63.0 8 4.80.0 10* 4.90.0 V 4.70.0 8i 4.81.1 10* ti tt 4.91.1 tl II 4.71.1 8| 8J 4.82.2 lOjf tt it 4.92.2 4.72.2 4.83.3 11 4.93.3 it (t 4.73.3 9 4.84.4 in 4.94.4 V tt u 4.74.4 s* tl u 4.85.6 1H 4.95.5 tt (i 4.75.6 4.86.7 ill 4.96.7 % M tt 4.76.7 (( tt 4.87.8 12 tt V 4.97.8 4.77.8 Old par value of the pound sterling is $4.44.4. Present standard value is $4.84.4. When exchange is at 9 per cent, it is then at par value ; if less than 9 it is below, if higher than 9 it is above. To reduce old par value, $4,444, to dollars, multiply by 40, and divide by 9. To reduce dollars to old par value, reverse by multi- plying by 9 and dividing by 40. The shillings and pence must first be reduced to decimals of a pound. Intebcouese with Foeeign Nations.— The pay of Envoys Extra- ordinary, and Ministers Plenipotentiary, and so of Charges, Secre- taries of Legation, and of Ministers Resident, varies with the coun- try to which they are commissioned. The United States are repre- sented by Ministers Plenipotentiary at the courts of Great Britain, France, Spain, Russia, Prussia, Mexico, Brazil, Chili, Peru, and Central America ; and by Charges d 1 Affaires or Ministers Resident, at the courts of most of the other foreign powers with which this country is connected by commercial intercourse. Patent-Office.— In the year 1855, about 2,000 patents were issued from the patent-office to various inventors. United States Maeine Hospitals, etc Number of sick or suf- fering seamen aided in United States hospitals, etc. in 1855, 13,640 ; expended for their relief, $293,734. 210 NEW YORK ALMANAC TABLE OF DISTANCES 5 h £ « Si 2& £ m > 2 ; 3 ~£ is- To ! Prom the Battery. Prom the Exchange. From tho City Hall. To Miles. Miles Miles. Mites. Miles. Miles. i • Fulton-street 5| 5 4i C5th-street. A 1 1 4 — Warren 5* 5i 4| 73d " 1* Leonard 5* 5* 5 7Sth " • 1 i Canal 6 &| 5i S3d " u 1£ li % Spring 6i e* 6' 5i 5^ SSth " if 1 Houston u 3 93d 2 1* H 4th 61 o 97th " n 2 H 9th 7 6* 102d " 2i n It 14th « & 6* 107th " 2 17th u T| 6| 112th " 3 »! 2r 24th II 7? T* 7 117th * 3 2i 29th 8 7 ? 121st « 4 ft* Of 3f 2* 34th II si- 8 u 126th « Si °4 3" 35th si 81 V 131st u 4 8J 44th 81 Si 8| 136th " 4 3i 49th II 9 s\ 140th " 11 4* 3| 54th (C 9i 9 H 145th " 4* 4f 4 55th 9* 9* 31 150th " 4i 63d u j 9* 9i 9 154th " "A Sabbath day's journey," 1,155 yards; which is 13 yards less than two thirds of a mile." "A day's journey," &3| miles. "A reed," 10 feet 11 V inches. " A palm," 3 inches. " A fathom," 6 feet. A Greek foot is 12} inches. A Hebrew foot is 1.212 of an English foot. A cubit is 2 feet. A great cubit is 11 feet. An Egyptian cubit is 21.SSS inches. A span is 10.944 inches. VALUE OF THE WHALE FISHERY. The exports of oil, bone, and candles from the United States to foreign countries during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1355, amounted to more than 3,000,000 of dollars : namely, Ar*irle* QnarvHtv. Talne. Sperm oil. gallons 958,744 $1,593,882 Whale " 795.392 4*5.505 ■ Sperm candles, lbs. 489,326 136,463 Spermaceti candles, lbs 177,354 45,411 Whalebone, lbs. 2,943,809 731,689 Total value $3,042,891 AND WEATHER BOOK. 211 POPULATION OF CITIES, Showing their increase in half a century. Albany, N. Y Bangor, Maine Boston, Mass Brooklyn, N. Y Buffalo, " Baltimore, Md Charleston, S. C Cincinnati, Ohio Columbus " Cleveland " Chicago, 111 Detroit, Mich Hartford, Conn Lowell, Mass Louisville, Ky Manchester, N. H. . . Milwaukie, "Wis New Orleans, La Nashville, Tenn Newark, N. J New York. N. Y. . . . . New Haven, Conn. . . Mobile, Ala Portland, Maine Paterson Philadelphia City I and County J Pittsburg, Pa Rochester, N. Y Richmond, Ya Springfield, Mass Salem, " Syracuse, N. Y Savannah, Ga St Louis, Mo San Francisco, Cal. . . Troy, N. Y. Utica, M Washington, D. C... Williamsburg, N, Y. . Worcester, Mass 5,349 9,356 12,630 850! 1,221 250 43,293 402 1 7,175 509 • 2,095 555, 62,733 ,711 i 24,430 540! 9,644 24,027 32, 3,298 4. % 26.614 46. 18,712 24, 750 2, 547 606 ! 1,422 3,955 4,726, 1,357 4,012 615 761 17,242 27,176 I 6,507 60,489 96.373 128,706 ~ 772 7,147 3,677 24,238 2,687 61,392 12,042 6,653 80,625 80,289 24,831 2,435! 1,076 2,222' 7,074 6,474! 10.352 877i 46,310 5,566 10,953 903,007 10,180 I 3,194 7,169j 8,5S1 12,601 70,2S7|96, 1,565 4, 5,537 9, 9,45712. 8,210 664103,116 768 1 7,24s 1 1,502, 735 12,046, ,767 3,914 ,613 ( 12,721 i ! 7,523 I 4,598 50.763 14.432 136,881 96,838 42,261 169,054 42,935 115,436 17.332 17,034 29,963 21,019 13,555 33.853 43,194 13,932 20,061 116,375 10,478 38.894 515,547 20,345 20,515 20.815 11,334 167,1 3S 258,037 403,762 12,542 9,269 16,060 6,734 18,536 33.721 8,627 93,383 36,233 1S,213 102.313 29,261 46,333 6,048 6,071 4.479 9,102 12,793 20,796 21,210 3,235 1,700 102,193 6.929 17*90 312,710 14,390 12,672 15,218 7,596 9,74S 5,852 21,115, 20,191 1 20.153 lo;985 15,082 6,502 11, 240 1 10.469 3,585 5.264 2 972 ,208 13^247, 11,401 19,334! 8,323 12,782, 18,827 23.364 1,620 5,680, 1 7,497! 46,601 86,403 27,570 11,766 20,264 1 22,271 15,312 77,860 : 15.000 ! 2S785 17,565 ! 40.001 i 30,780 I 17,049 i 212 NEW YORK ALMANAC MILITARY ESTABLISHMENT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK FOR 1857. * Myron H. Clark, Commander-in-chief, Albany. Robert H. Pruyn, Adjutant-general, Albany. Benjaman F. Bruce, Inspector-general, New York. J. H. H. Ward, Commissary-general, New York. O. Vandenburgh, Judge-advocate-general, Syracuse. James L. Mitchell, Quarter-master-general, Albany. A. H. Hoff, Surgeon-general, Albany. Samuel C. Thompson, Engineer-in-chief, New York. E. E. Kendrick, Paymaster-general, Albany. John Sill, Aide-de-camp, Albany. R. H. Hinman, do., Williamsburg. Lorenzo E. Clark, do., New York. William E. Mills, Assistant-adjutant-general, Clarence. Elbert Birdsall, Assistant-commissary-general, New Y'ork. COMMANDANTS OF DIVISIONS, Their residences, and counties embraced in each Division. 1st Division — Major-general, Charles W. Sandford, New York ; New York and Richmond. 2d " Major-general, Aaron Ward, Sing Sing ; Kings, Queens, Suffolk, Westchester, Putnam, Orange, Rockland, Sullivan, and Ulster. 3d Major-general, John Taylor Cooper, Albany ; Dutch- ess, Columbia, Rensselaer, Albany, Schenectady, Greene, and Delaware, COMMANDANTS OF BRIGADE, And where assigned. 1st Brigade — Brigadier-general, Chas. B. Spicer, New York. Chas. Yates, " 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th Wm. Hall, John Ewen, " EL B. Duryea, Brooklyn. J. A. Herriman, Jamaica, ( Munson J. Lockwood, I contested l W. W. Scurgham. f in courts. Henry A. Samson, Samsonville. Vacant, Tivoli. Darius Allen, Troy. Albert T. Dunham, Watervliet. Benjaman J. Bassett, Walton. * Until the 1st of January, 1S57, the Commander-in-chiefs staff will be as above. After that date, John A. King, the governor elect, will be commander-in-chief, and will probably appoint a new staff. AND WEATHER BOOK. 213 13th Brigade — Brigadier-gen' 1, J. T. Blan chard, Saratoga Springs. 14th " 44 Thomas S. Gray, Warrensburg. 15th " 44 Schuyler F. Judd, Ogdensburg. 16th 44 " Albert Rice, North Adams. 17th 44 M Amos H. Prescott, Mohawk. ISth " 44 George E. Danforth, Middleburg. 19th " ** Zadock T. Bentley, Morrisville. 20th •* 44 Russell W. Humphrey, Bain bridge - 21st 44 44 Richard W. Sherman, Utica. 22d " 44 Ranson H. Tylor, Fulton. 23d 44 41 Jesse Segoin, Auburn. 24th. " 44 Robt. M. Richardson, Syracuse. 25th M 44 Lansing B. Swan, Rochester. 2Tth 44 44 (Vacant.) 29th 44 44 S. S. Burroughs, Medina. 30th 44 44 C. T. Chamberlain, Cuba. 31st 41 44 G. A. Scroggs, Buffalo. 32d 44 44 Aaron Riley, Aurora. COMMANDANTS OF REGIMENTS. New York. — 1st Regt., Colonel, John B. Ryer ; Lieutenant-colonel, Wm. Forsyth ; Major, John Hoey. 2d Regt., Colonel, J. Augs. Bo- gart ; Lieutenant-colonel, Jos. Craig ; Major, J. W. Braisted. 3d Regt., Colonel, S. Brooke Postley ; Lieutenant-colonel, Wm. Meack ; Major, John Betchell. 4th Regt., Colonel, Edward Hineken ; Lieu- tenant-colonel, Daniel H. Teller; Major, Nathaniel Coles. 5th Regt., Colonel, Christopher Schwarzwalder ; Lieutenant-colonel, W. H. Gunther ; Major, Jacob Bom. 0th Regt., Colonel, Jos. C. Pinck- ney ; Lieutenant-colonel, Colin M. Cordell. Tth Regt., Colonel, Abraham Duryea ; Lieutenant-colonel, Marshall Lefferts. 8th Regt., Colonel, George Lyons; Lieutenant-colonel, Geo. F. Betts ; Major, Chas. Waterbury. 9th Regt, Colonel, Lucius Pitkin, Lieutenant- colonel, P. Daniel Kelly; Major, Richard Barry. 10th Regt., CoL, Wm. Halsey ; Lieutenant-colonel, Thos. Jones ; Major, G.J. Smith. 11th Regt., Col,, Michl. M. Van Buren ; Lieutenant-colonel, Homer Bostwick; Major, Geo. E. Marshall. 12th Regt., Colonel Richard French ; Major, Henry A. Weeks. Brooklyn.— 13th Regt., Colonel Abel Smith; Lieutenant-coloneL John J. Wiseman; Major, Henry W'elden. 14th Regt., Colonel Jesse C. Smith; Lieutenant-coloneL Wm. Mflford; Major, Alfred M. Wood. Flushing. — 15th Regt., Colonel, Chas. A. Hamilton; Lieutenant- colonel, Wm. A. Mitchell ; Major, John Rukey. Sag Harbor.— 16th Regt., Colonel Philander R. Jennings ; Major. Roger A. Francis. Haverstraw. — 17th Regt., Colonel, Edward Pye ; Lientenant-col., John P. Jenkins. South East. — ISth Regt., Colonel Jas. Ryder; Lieutenant-colonel, John H. Hyatt ; Major, E. Lockwood Close. 19 214 NEW YORK ALMANAC Newburg. — 19th Begt, Colonel, S. C. Parmenter; Lieutenant- colonel, Adam Libbum ; Major, Wm. R. Brown. Clayville, — 20th Begt, Colonel, Gideon E. Bushnell ; Lieutenant- Colonel, Hiram Schoonmaker ; Major, Theo. B. Gates. Poughkeepsie. — 21st Begt, Colonel, Jas Wright ; Lieutenant-coL, Henry F.'Pultz; Major, James Grant Wilson. Bhinebeek.— 22d Begt, Colonel, Wm P. Wainwright; lieuten- ant-colonel, James Mulford ; Major, James Decker. Schodackc— 23d Begt, Colonel, Nicholas S. Miller; Lieutenant- colonel, Hugh W. McClelland. Lansingburg. — 24th Begt, Colonel, Henry A. Mercer ; Lieuten- ant-colonel, Geo. Brust ; Major, John H. Burns. Albany. — 25th Begt, Colonel, Edward Frisby ; Lieutenant-colonel, John W. Harcourt ; Major, Richard C. Bentley. Schenectady. — 26th Begt, Colonel Stephen Yates; Lieutenant- coloneL John A. Barhydt ; Major, Nicholas F. Whitbeck. Franklin. — 27th Begt, Colonel, Samuel F. Miller; Lieutenant- colonel, James Oliver ; Major, Chaa A. Edgerton. Prattsville— 28th Begt, Colonel, Geo. W. Pratt; Lieutenant- colonel, M. B. Mattice ; Major, Wm E. Leete. Saratoga Springs. — 20th Begt, Colonel, Calvin T. Peck ; Lieuten- ant-colonel, M- G. Putnam. N. White Creek.— 30th Begt, Colonel, John S. Crocker; Lieu- tenant-colonel, N. B. MiUiman ; Major, John McKie, Jr. Westport — 31st Begt, Colonel, Henry J. Person ; Lieutenant- colonel, John J. Meriam ; Major, Lewis C. Hamilton. Plattsburg. — 32d Begt., Colonel, Buel Palmer ; Lieutenant-colonel, A. L. Wood worth ; Major, John W. HubbelL Ogdcnsburg. — 33d Begt, Colonel, E. M. Holbrook; Lieutenant- colonel, Wm Stevenson; Major, Daniel F. Waid. Malone. — 34th Begt, Colonel C. F. S. Thorndike; Lieutenant- colonel, A. W. Cushman ; Major, F. D. Flanders. Limerick.— 35th Begt, Colonel John W. Edwards; Lieutenant- colonel, Wm. C. Brown ; Major, James A. Pierce. Rodman.— 36th Begt, Colonel, Albert B. Ralph ; Lieutenant-coL, L. B. Jenkins ; Major, Caleb Henderson. Amsterdam. — 37th Begt., Colonel, John McDonald, Jr. Little Falls.— 33th Begt., Colonel, George A. Feeter ; Lieutenant- colonel, Jeremy Mvres ; Major, Wm W. Wadsworth. Springfield.— 39th Begt, Colonel, John D. Shaul ; Lieutenant- colonel, A. W. Burneson ; Major, Jas, E. Dewey. Minaville. — 40th Begt, Colonel FJias A. Brown; Lieutenant- colonel, John Brooks ; Major, Th s. E. Fen. Pittsfield. — ilst Begt., Colonel, Chester Card ; Lieutenant-colonel, Delos W. Dunbar ; Major, Israel HubbelL Peterborough. — 42d Begt, Colonel, Thomas F. Petrie ; Lieuten- ant-colonel, James Whetford ; Major, Albert S. Morton. Oxford.— 43d Begt, Colonel, John B. Wheeler ; Lieutenant-coL, Seymour L. Judd ; Major, Bush W. Carrier. AND WEATHER BOOK. 215 Owego. — 44th Regt, Colonel, X. W. Davis; Lieutenant-colonel. Win. W. Ross ; Major, Geo. W. Woodford. •4th Division, Major-general, Orville Clark ; Sandy Hill, Washing- ton, Saratoga, Warren, Essex, Clinton, Franklin, St. Lawrence, Jefferson, and Lewis. 5th Division, Major-general, Samuel S. Burnside ; Worcester, Ot- sego, Herkimer, Hamilton, Fulton, Montgomery, Schoharie, Mad- ison, Chenango, Broome, and Tioga. 6th Division, Major-general, Wm. C. Brown ; Syracuse, Oneida, Oswego, Cayuga, Onondaga, Cortland, and Tompkins. 7th Division, Major-general, Wm. S. Fullerton ; Sparta, Wayne, Monroe, Ontario, Seneca, Yates, Steuben, Livingston, Chemung, and Schuyler. Oriskany. — 45 in Regt, Colonel, Jeremiah Palmer; Lieutenant- colonel, E. W. Perkins ; Major, Israel J. Gray. Rome. — 46th Regt, Colonel, Richard G. SaVery; Lieutenant-coL, Samuel W. Morton ; Major, Spencer H. Stafford. Pulaski. — 47th Regt, Colonel, A. Z. McCarty ; Lieutenant-col., G. W. Stallwea Oswego. — 43th Regt, Colonel, Samuel R. Beardsley; Lieutenant- colonel, John W. Judson ; Major, D. B. KimbalL Auburn. — 49th Regt, Colonel, James L. Jenkins ; Lieutenant- colonel, Wm. H. Carpenter. Ithaca 50th Regt, Colonel, David E. Avery ; Lieutenant-colonel, Theron Seymour ; Major, Daniel K. Houtz. Baldwinsville. — 51st Regt., Colonel, Isaac T. Minard ; Major, J. D. Hawley. 52d Regt, Colonel, Lyman Reynolds; Lieutenant-colonel, James A. Carmichael ; Major, Judah Pierce. Paris. — 53d Regt, Colonel, J. F. L. Addington; Lieutenant -col., Alfred S. Taylor. Rochester. — 54th Regt, Colonel, H. S. Fairchild; Lieutenant- colonel, B. R. Mc Alpine ; Major Jas. T. Griffin. 53th Regt., Colonel, E. C. Frost 53 th Regt., Colonel, James Wood, Jr. Bath.— 60th Regt., Colonel, R. B. Valkenburg; Lieutenant-colonel, Levi C. Whiting ; Major, Wm. Smith. Colesville. — 61st Regt, Colonel, John B. Folsom ; Lieutenant- colonel, Robert L. Stevens ; Major, Augustus Frank. Knowlesville.— 52d Regt., Colonel, Peter Saxe; Lieutenant-coL, R. M. Hill ; Major, Thomas T. Sprague. Cuba — 63d Regt, Colonel, J. O. Spenser; Lieutenant-colonel, Sumner Davidson ; Major, Wm. Ennis. Gowanda — 54th Regt, Colonel, Thos. J. Parker; Lieutenant - colonel, D. G. Bingham ; Major, Enos C. Brooks. Buffalo. — 65th Regt, Colonel, Jacob Kretner; Lieutenant-colonel, Francis Fisher ; Major, Michael Wiederich. Lockport — 66th Regt, Colonel, Adam Brown ; Lieutenant-colonel, Solomon B. Moor ; Major, Peter Greiner. 216 NEW YORK ALMANAC East Hamburg. — 67th Regt., Colonel, Chauncey Abbot ; Lieuten- ant-colonel, H. S. Clough ; Major, John A. Case. Fredonia. — 63th Regt., Colonel, David S. Forbes; Lieutenant- colonel, H. A. Pendegrast ; Major, Chas. Kennedy. New York. — 09th Regt, Colonel, James R. Ryan; Major, Robert Nugent. Brooklyn. — 70th Regt., Colonel, Samuel Graham ; Lieutenant- colonel, J. J. Dillon ; Major, Arthur Wellwood. New Y'ork. — list Regt, Colonel, A. S. Yosburg; Lieutenant-coL , H. P. Martin ; Major, D. S. Butterfield. Brooklyn. — 72d Regt., Colonel, Edmund Powers; Major, Michael Beimet Stapleton. — 73d Regt, Colonel, Geo. A. Osgood ; Lieutenant-col., Geo. AY. McClean ; Major, Francis S. Jones. Buffalo. — 74th Regt, Colonel, John If. Griffith, Lieutenant-coL, John H. Bliss; Major, Watson A. Fox. New York — 75rh Regt, Colonel, Michael Dehoney ; Lieutenant- colonel, John H. McCann ; Major, James Haggarty. 55th Regt, Colonel, H. G. Stebbins ; Lieutenant-colonel, Emanuel B. Hart ; Major, Eugene Le Gall. CORRECT RETURNS OF THE MUSTER OF THE FIRST DIVISION, ON THE 4th JULY, 1S56. FESST BRIGADE, GENERAL SPICES. 1st Regiment, Major Hocv. Privates, 122 Music, 15 Field, &c, 20=157. 4 2d Regiment, Lieutenant- colonel Robertson. Privates, 204 Music, IS Field, &c, 20=242. 3d Regiment, Colonel S. B. Postley. Privates, 204 Music, ... . 20 Field, &c, 30=254. 71st Regiment Privates, 104 Music, . . . . . .16 Field, &a, 22=142. SECOND EE I GAPE, GENERAL C. YATES. 4th Regiment, Colonel Hincken. Privates, 1S4 Field, &c 26=210. AXD "WEATHER BOOK. 217 5th Regiment, Colonel SwartzTralder. Privates, 340 Pioneers. 6 Music, ' 24 Field, &c, 40=410. 0th Regiment, Colonel J. C. Pinckney. Privates, 180 Music, 10 Pioneers, 6 Field, &c, 35=237. 75th Regiment, Colonel S. J. McCann. Privates, 132 Music, 16 Field, &c, 24=172. THIED LEIGADE, GENERAL HALL. Tth Regiment, Colonel A. Duryea. Privates, 256 En Corps, 10 Drums, 16 Band, 40 Troop, 26 Field, &c., 50=398. 8th Regiment, Colonel Lyons. Privates, 166 Troop, 24 M on right of Division, . . 52 Music, 20 Field, &c, 40 =302. Oth Regiment, Colonel Lucius Pitkin. Privates, 188 Troop, 16 Music, .24 Grenadiers, 18 Field, &c, • N . . . . 32=278. 55th Regiment, Major Le Gall. Privates, 141 Drums, 10 Band 20 Pioneers, 9 Field, &c, 24=204. FOUETII I3RIGAPE, COLONEL VAN BTJHEN, COMMANDING. 10th Reeiment, Major G W. J. Smith. Privates, 140 Music, .... 16 Pioneers, 6 Field, &c, 22=184. 19* 213 NEW YORK ALMANAC 4th Regiment, Licutenant-c Jonel Bostwick. Privates, 195 Lancers, . . . . . .24 Music, ...... 26 Field, &c 20=274, 12th. Regiment, Lieutenant-colonel Stearns. Privates, 125 E. Corps, 10 Band, 20 Field, &c, 20=175. C9th Regiment, Lieutenant-colonel Butler. Privates, 202 E. Corps, 10 Dragoons, 17 Music, 2G Field, &c, 30=294, About two thirds of the division turn out generally at a parade. A TABLE Showing the number of days from any day in one month to the same day in another month. (Very useful in hanking business.) From Jan. To Mar. April >. c3 June >> jj Sept. O O o Dec. Jan. 3G5 31 50 90 120 151 1S1 212 243 273 304 334 Feb. 334 365 28 59 89 120 150 181 212 242 273 303 Mar. 306 337 365 31 61 92 122 153 1S4 214 245 275 Apr. 2T5 306 334 365 30 01 91 122 153 1S3 214 244 May 245 276 304 335 365 31 61 92 123 153 184 214 June 214 245 273 304 334 365 30 61 92 122 153 1S3 July 1S4 215 243 2T4 304 335 365 31 62 92 123 153 Aug. 153 184 212 243 273 304 334 365 31 61 92 122 Sept. 122 153 181 212 242 273 303 334 365 30 61 91 Oct 92 123 151 182 212 243 273 304 &35 365 31 61 Nov. 61 92 120 151 1S1 212 242 273 334 334 365 30 Dec. 3! 62 90 i 121 151 IS2 212 243 ! 274 304 835 365 Example. — How many days from the 2d of April to the 2d of September ? Look for April at the left hand, and September at the ton* in tlir> nnfrlr> Is 1/»S. AND WEATHER BOOK. 219 EEVENUE AND EXPENDITURES OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT, FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1856. EECEIPTS. From customs $59,035,238 28 From lands, 8,000,000 00 Miscellaneous sources, . ... 833,405 98 Total receipts, $07,918,734 20 Balance in Treasury, July 1, 1855,., 18,931,970 01 $86,850,710 27 Expenditures, 71,226,840 91 Balance in Treasury, July 1, 1S56, 15,623,S63 30 EXPENDITURES. Civil List, Miscellaneous and Foreign Intercourse,- . .$23,769,835 10 Department of Interior 5,331,670 1 1 Department of War.. 13,915,634 G9 Department of Navy, 15,238,323 30 Redemption of Public Debt, and interest on. 10,302,009 71 Deficiency in Post-office 2,669,368 00 Total expenditures, $71,226,846 91 UNITED STATES WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. LENGTH. 3 barleycorns . . make 1 inch, 12 inches . "1 foot, 3 feet . "1 yard, 5$ yards or 10£ feet .. "1 rod or pole, 40 rods or 220 yards . "1 furlong, 8 furlongs or 1760 yards " 1 mile, CO geographical miles " 1 degree, SURVEYOR'S MEASURE. 7.92 inches . . make 1 link, 100 links or 22 yards " 1 chain, 80 chains . . "1 mile, 69.121 miles. " 1 geographical degrea. NAUTICAL MEASURE. Ofeet * . make 1 fathom, 120 fathoms . *' 1 cable's length, 1 nautical mile equal to 6082.66 feet, 3 miles . 11 1 league, 20 leagues . "1 degree, S60 degrees . >*■ the carttfs circumference, 220 NEW YORK ALMANAC CLOTH MEASURE. t£ inches make 1 nail, 1 quarter, 1 yard, 1 Flemish ell, 1 English ell, 1 French ell. The standard yard for the State of New York is a brass rod, wlricii bears to a pendulum beating seconds in vacuo, in Columbia College, the relation of 1,000,000 to 1,086,141, at a temperature of 32 s Fahr- enheit ; that of the English is 62 1 . 4 nails 4 quarters 3 " 5 6 COMPARATIVE MEASURE, 5, 280 feet . make 1 Eng. and Am. mile, l mile 224 yards 44 1 Scottish (ancient) mile, 1 4S0 44 " 1 Irish S " 1,570 " " 1 German (short) 44 5 44 1,326 44 4 * 1 44 (long) 44 G 999 44 44 1 Hanoveiisn 44 1 43 44 44 - 1 Tuscan 44 4 44 1,191 " 44 1 Russian 4fc 4 " 1,204 " 44 1 Danish 4 44 1,435 " 44 1 Dantzie 4fc 6 313 44 44 1 Hungarian 44 K 353 " 44 - 1 Swiss u 6 » 1,140 « 44 1 Swedish 4t 1 " aso " 4t 1 Arabian 4t 1,760 " 44 1 Roman (modern) 4i 3 miles . make 1 English league, Q 44 1 French 44 2 44 743 yards 41 1,11& 44 4t 1 44 posting league, 2 44 1 Spanish judicial 44 4t I 44 common " 5 376 " 8 41 1,480- 44 44 1 Portuguese " o w 1,534 " 44 1 Flemish " 1,1G7 44 4fc 1 Russian verst, 1 63 44 44 1 Turkish bein, 806 *f 44 1 Persian parasang. SQUARE MEASURE. 144 square inches 9 272^ 30i 40 4 640 feet yards rods roods acres miles make 1 square foot, 44 1 yard, " 1 rod or pole 44 1 pole, 44 1 rood, 44 1 acre, 44 1 mile or govt, section, 44 1 govt, township. AND WEATHER BOOK. 221 CUBIC MEASURE. 1728 cubic inches . • . . make 1 eubic foot, 27 "feet ... "1 44 yard, 50 w "of round timber " 1 ton, 40 ** 44 of hewn " 44 1 44 40 " " of shipping " " 1 " 16 44 44 of " " 1 cord foot, 8 cord feet or 12S cubic feet " 1 cord of wood. LIQUID MEASURE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 6„X)12 cubie inches make 1 gill, 27.648 44 44 " lpint, 55.296 44 u 44 1 quart, 221.184 " " 41 1 gallon. Tlie wine gallon is the standard for all liquid measures, and is fixed by the Legislature at S lbs. of pure water at its maximum density. WINE MEASURE. 4 gills make 1 pint, 2 pints' " 1 quart, 4 quarts 44 1 gallon, 31 i gallons 44 1 barrel, 42 44 44 1 tierce, 63 44 44 1 hogshead, 2 hogsheads 44 1 pipe or butt, 2 pipes 14 1 tun. DRY MEASURE. 2 pints make 1 quart, 4 quarts 44 1 gallon, 8 44 44 1 peck, 4 peeks 44 1 bushcL The legal bushel of America is the old Winchester measure, IS} inclfes in diameter, and 8 inches deep, containing 2150.42 cubic inch- es. The statute bushel of the State of New York contains 2211.84 cubic inches, or SO lbs ©f pure water at its maximum density. The bushel measure varies in almost every State. TROY WEIGHT. 24 grains make 1 pennyweight, 20 pennyweights * 4 1 ounce, 20 ounces 44 1 pound. AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT. 27 11-32 grains Troy make 1 dram, 16 drams . 44 1 ounce, 16 ounces . 44 1 pound, 28 pounds . 44 1 quarter, 4 quarters . 44 1 cwt 20 cwt . 44 1 ton. 222 NEW YORK ALMANAC The standard avoirdupois pound of the State of New York is the weight of 2T.T015 cubic inches of distilled water, weighed in air, at a maximum density (39° S3'), the barometer being 30 inches. In Philadelphia and many other places, 2,240 lbs. are usually con- sidered a ton. In the State of New York, unless by special agree- ment, 2,000 lbs. are a ton. Sales by the pound are most common ; nothing is sold by the cwt. or 112 lbs. In avoirdupois 7. lbs. make 1 clove of wool, and 14 lbs. 1 stone. A pack of wool is 240 lbs. Ia Ohio, when sales are made by the bushel, without a special agree- ment, the following are the legal weights of a bushel : wheat, 60 lbs. ; Indian corn, 56 ; barley, 43 ; oats, 35) ; rye, 56 ; flaxseed, 56 ; clover- seed, 64. Corn is usually sold in the western States 56 lbs. to the bushel. In Boston 53 lbs. are considered a bushel. In freight, by the rules of the New York Chamber of Commerce, a ton is composed of 1,563 lbs. of coffee in casks, 1,830 lbs. in bags ; 1,120 lbs. of cocoa' in casks, 1,301 lbs. in bags; 952*lbs. pimento in casks, 1,110 in bags ; 8 barrels of flour, 196 lbs. each ; 6 barrels of beef, pork, tallow, pickled fish, pitch, tar, and turpentine ; 2,000 lbs. of pig and bar-iron, potashes, sugar, logwood, fustic, Nicaragua wood, and all heavy dyewoods, rice, honey, copper ore, and all oth- er heavy goods ; 1,600 lbs. of coffee, cocoa, and dried codfish, in bulk, and 1,200 lbs. of dried codfish in casks of any size ; 600 lbs. of ship bread in casks, 700 in bags, and 800 in bulk ; 200 gallons (.vine measure), reckoning the full contents of the casks, oil, wine, brandy, or any kind of liquors ; 22 bushels of grain, peas, or beans, in casks ; 36 bushels of grain in bulk ; 36 bushels of European salt ; 31 bushels "West India salt ; 29 bushels of sea-coal ; 4*) feet (cubic measure) of mahogany, square timber, oak, plank, pine, and other boards, beavers, furs, peltry, beeswax, cotton, wool, and bale goods of all kinds; 1 hogshead of tobacco, and 1,000 lbs. of dry hides; 800 lbs. of China raw silk, 1,000 of net bohea, and S00 green tea. APOTHECARY 1 S WEIGHT. 20 grains make 1 scruple, 3 scruples " 1 dram, 8 drams " 1 ounce, 12 ounces " 1 pound. All weights now used by apothecaries above grains are avoirdu- pois. METALS IN THEIR ORDER OF DUCTILITY. Wire-drawing Ductility. — Gold, silver, platinum, wrought iron, copper, zinc, tin, lead. Laminable Ductility. — Gold, silver, copper, ♦in, platinum, lead, zinc, wrought iron. WEIGHT OF VARIOUS SUBSTANCES IN POUNDS. Avoirdupois. — 1 cubic foot of bricks weighs 121 lbs. ; 1 do. of clay, 130 ; 1 do. of sand or loose earth, 95 ; 1 do. of common soil, 124; 1 do. of cork, 15; 1 do. of clay and stones, 160; 1 do. of AND WEATHER BOOK. 223 marble, 166 ; 1 do. of granite, 160 ; 1 do. of cast iron, 450.55 ; 1 do. of wrought iron, 480.65 ; 1 do. of steel, 489.8 ; 1 do. of copper, 555; 1 do. of lead, T08.75 ; 1 do. of brass, 537.75 ; 1 do. of tin, 456 ; 1 do. of white pine, 29.56 ; 1 do. of sea water, 64.3 ; 1 do. of fresh water, 62.5; 1 do. of air, .01529 ; 1 do. of steam, .03689. Weight of 1 Bushel of wheat, 60 lbs. ; 1 do. of beans or peas, 63 i 1 do. of corn or rye, 56 ; 1 do. of hemp, 48 ; 1 do. of castor oil beans, or Timothy seed, 56. Gallons. — 1 gallon of oil weighs T.45 lbs. ; 1 do. of water, 8.00; 1 do. of proof spirits, 7.40 ; 1 do. of vinegar, 8.64. FOREIGN WEIGHTS AND MEASURES REDUCED TO THE STANDARD OF THE UNITED STATES. (The two right-hand figures are the hundredth parts of a whole number.) FRANCE. FRUSSIA. Metre 8*23 feet 1C0 lbs. of 2 Cologne Decimetre (l-10tli me- marks each 103*11 lbs. tre) 8-94 inch. Quintal, 110 lbs 113-42 lbs. Yelt 2-00 galls. Sheffel of grain 1-56 bush. Hectolitre 26-42 galls. Einiar of wine 1814 galls. Decalitre 2-64 galls. Ell of cloth 2-19 feet. Litre 2'11 pints. Foot 1-03 feet. Kilolitre "... 35*32 feet. Denmark Hectolitre 2*S4 bush. 100 i bs 1 centner. .110-28 lbs. Decalitre 9 0b arts. Barrel or toende of • Millier 22-05 bs. corn 3.95 bush> Quintal 220-o4 bs. Yiertcl of w * u e 2-04 sails. Kilogramme 2*21 lbs. Copenhagen or Rhinc- . Amsterdam. j land foot l-CSfcet 100 lbs. 1 centner. . . .108-98 lbs. | _ Last of grain 85-25 bush. ' nn » a ^ K J!™" X ~.~A 1T , C Aim of wine 41-00 galls. W^^**™*' Amsterdam foot 0-93 loot, ^an of coin 7 42 r-42 bush. ,< A, Af Last 75-00 bush. Antwerp loot 94 toot. r , xn » . „ cn.ra iio Dks—i-n,? i.no Cannofwine 69-09 calls. Rhineland foot 1-03 feet. F1] f , l-%fppt Amsterdam eli 2-26 feet. 01 Cl0tl1 1 "° teeU Ell of the Hague.... 2-28 feet. I . *psiA. Ell of the Brabant... 2-30 feet. 160 lbs. of 32 laths NETHERLANDS. : Caclj 90 ' 26 lbs - EH 3-28 feet. Chert wert of grain. . . 5*95 bush. Madde of Zak ! '. ! .' .' ! '. 2-84 bush. Vedro of wine 3-25 galls. Vat hectolitre 26-42 galls. Petersburg foot 118 feet. Kan litre 2-11 pints. Moscow foot - . . 110 feet. Pond kilogramme. . . 2-21 lbs. Pood 36-00 lbs. " HAMBURG. SPAIN. Last of grain S9-64 bush. Quintal or 4 arrobas. .101-44 lbs. Ahmof wine 38-25 galls. Arroba 25'36 lbs. Hamburg foot 0*96 foot. Arroba of wine 4*43 galls. E!l .' 1-92 feet Fancga of grain 1*60 bush. 22i NEW YORK ALMANAC POUTCGAL. FLORENCE AKI> LEGBOKW. 100 lbs 101 -19 lbs, 100 lbs. or 1 cantaro.. 74*S61bs. 22 lbs. (1 arroba) 22 -26 lbs. Mogsio of grain 16-39 bush. 4 arrobas of 22 lbs. (1 Barile of wine 12-01 sails. quintal) 89*05 lbs, : texice. Alquiere 4-75 bush. ioo lbs. peso groso . . .10518 lbs. Mojo of grain 23;03 bush. 100 lb3 . fottile . . 64-04 lbs. Last of salt . v i 00 bush. Moggto of o.^ bllslL> Almude of wine 43< galls. ^jiuItz of wine 137 00 galls. SICILY. Cantaro groso 192-50 lbs. \ teleste. Cantaro tortile 175-00 lbs, J? . 1 ^; J*V 100 lbs 70-00 lbs. SUy* of grain ..... 2-34 bush. Salma grossa of grain . 9-77 bush, "g™ or e ^ er <* wiae galjs, Salma generale 7*35 bush. £ *> r T^ en3 SIS 5*1" Salina of wine 23*06 galls. Ell for silk 210 feet KAPLES. Cantaro groso 196-50 lbs. Cantaro picolo 106-00 lbs. Carro of grain 52*24 bush. Carro of wine 264-00 galls. BOMB. Eubbio of grain 8*36 bush. , - - Barih of wine 15-31 galls. Quillot of grain 1*46 bush. gexoa. i Quillot of wine 13*50 galls. 100 lbs. or peso groso 76*87 lbs. china. 100 lbs. or peso sottile 69*89 lbs. Tail 1*33 oz. Mina of grain 3*43 bush. ( 16 tails 1 catty 1*33 lbs, Mezzarola of wine. . . 39*22 galls. (100 catties 1 picul. ...133-25 lbs. LENGTH OF DAY AND NIGHT. At any time of the year, add 12 hours to the time of the sun's setting, and from the snm subs tract the time of rising, for the length of the day. Substract the time of setting from 12 hours, and to the remainder add the time of sun's rising next morning, for the length of the night. These rules are equally true for apparent time. WIND TABLE. Showing the frequency of various winds in different conn trie?. The num- bers in each column denote the number of days of each wind in every 1000 daj3. MALTA. 100 lbs. 1 cantar 174*50 lbs. Salma of grain 8*22 bush. Foot 0*85 foot 6MYBXA. 100 lbs. (1 quintal). . .129*43 lbs. Oke 2-83 lbs. COUNTRIES. >~. jr.E. E. S.E. 8. s.w. w. K.W. United States ! 96 115 49 108 123 ~197~ 10f 210 England 82 111 99 81 111 225 171 120 France .... 125 140 84 76 117 192 155 110 Germany 84 93 119 87 97 1%5 198 131 Denmark 65 98 100 129 92 198 161 156 Sweden ... 102 104 SO 110 128 210 ir-9 106 Russia .... 99 191 81 130 98 143 166 192 AND WEATHER BOOK. 225 NEWSPAPERS. "We are indebted for the following statistics of the newspaper press of the United States to 4i Lay's Newspaper Record," Although it is scarely possible for snch a work to be strictly accurate, we ex- pect it approximates near to the truth. At all events the li Record" is the latest publication on the subject Alabama has S3 newspapers of all kinds. Arkansas tt 21 M California t4 or it Connecticut it AQ tt Delaware (4 Q tt District of Columbia tt If M Florida " 13 44 Georgia m (J3 it Illinois ti oat ti Indiana 44 178 44 Iowa 44 61 44 Indian Territory 44 1 44 Kansas Territory || Kentucky it 1A1 u Louisiana 44 85 44 Maine »i 65 14 Maryland tt (ji tt Massachusetts 4i 225 44 Michigan tt oa tt •to Minnesota tt on tt Mississippi tt jQ tt Missouri 44 103 44 Nebraska Territory New Hampshire 44 43 41 New Jersey tt 78 44 New York 44 613 44 North Carolina tt QK ti Ohio 44 393 44 Oregon Territory tt g tt „ Pennsylvania 44 418 Rhode Island " 20 tt South Carolina tt 53 tt Tennessee tt 92 tt Texas 56 Utah tt i Vermont 33 M Virginia tt 13S 14 Washington Ter. tt 2 44 ft Wisconsin 44 87 44 M "otal S.7M 20 226 NEW YORK ALMANAC. A TABLE By which to ascertain the Number of Bricks necessary to con- struct any piece of building, from a four-inch wall to ticenty- four inches in thickness. Superfi- Number of Bricks to Thickness of cial feet of wall. 4-inch. 8-inch. 12-inch. 16-inch. 20-inch. 24-inch. ■ 1 8 15 23 30 33 4a 2 15 30 45 60 75 90 3 23 45 68 90 113 135 4 30 60 90 120 15) 130 5 33 75 113 150 • 133 225 6 45 90 135 180 225 270 7 53 105 153 210 263 315 8 60 120 ISO 240 300 360 9 63 135 203 270 333 405 10 75 150 225 300 375 450 20 150 300 450 600 750 900 30 225 450 675 .900 1.125 1,350 40 300 600 900 1,200 1.500 1,800 50 375 750 1.1-25 1,500 l,8Td 2,250 60 450 900 1,350 1,800 2,250 2,700 70 525 1,050 1,575 2,100 2,625 3,150 80 600 1,200 1,300 2,400 8,000 3,600 90 675 1 350 2 025 2 700 3 375 4,050 100 750 1^500 2,250 3^000 3J50 4,500 200 1,500 3,000 4,500 6,000 7,500 9,000 300 2,250 4,500 6,750 9,000 11,250 13,500 400 3,000 6,000 9,000 12,000 15,000 13,000 500 3,750 7,500 11,250 15,000 18.750 22,500 - COO 4,500 9,000 13,500 18,000 2-2*,500 27,000 700 5,250 10,500 15,750 21,000 26,250 31,500 800 6,000 12,000 18,000 24,000 30,000 36,000 900 6,750 13,500 20,250 27,000 33,750 40,500 1,000 7,500 15,000 22,500 30,000 37,500 45,000 Note. — 7S bricks equal ono superficial foot. Bricks vary in sizo — 7£bricks~to a superficial foot is about the average. Aliowanco must also,, in some cases, be made for mortar. GREAT DEPTH OF THE OCEAN. The following account of the depth at which the ocean has been sounded, will give some idea of the vast valleys that exist in its bed. The sounding was performed in the Atlantic, and the depth at which bottom was reached was 7,706 fathoms, or 15,412 yards, being over eight miles. The time required for this immense length of line to run out was about nine hours and a half! MELODEONS, OftGAN-MELODEONS, AND NEW ORG AN- HARMONIUMS, MANUFACTURED BY MASON & HAMLIN, Boston, Massachusetts. During the months of September and October, 1S56, (a period of less than eight weeks), the above Instruments were awarded no less than NINE FIRST PREMIUMS, consisting of . Gold and Silveis Medals and Diplomas, from various Institutes and Associations, among which were the American Institute of New York, and the Massachusetts Char. Mechanics' Association,. of Boston. They have also received the First Premium over all competitors, in every Fair at which they have teen exhibited. They are recommended to be superior to all others by the most eminent Musicians, Organists, and Pianists in the country — among whom are the following : Sigismund Thalberg, Lowell Mason, Wm. B. Bradbury, William Mason, Geo. F. Root, Geo. Jas. Webb, Gustave Satter, G. W. Morgan, L. II. Southard, Jno. H. Wilcox, Carl Zerrahn, S. A. Bancroft, H. S. Cutter, W. R. Babcock, E. Bruce. The ORGAN-HARMONIUM is a new Musical Instrument, manufactured only by the Undersigned, containing two rows of Keys, four sets of Reeds, and eight Stops. It is equally appro- priate for use of Churches and in Parlors, being alike adapted to the performance of Secular and Sacred Music. Price of Melodeons, from $G0 to $150. Price of Organ-Melodeons, $200. Price of Organ-Harmonium, $350. Price of Organ-Harmonium, Pedal Bass, $400. tPW^ Pamphlets, containing complete description of each style of Instruments, illustrated with accurate likenesses, etc., etc., will be sent to any address, free of expense, on application to the Undersigned. Mason & Hamlin. Cameeidge-steeet (Corner of Charles-street), Boston, Mass. BLANK BOOKS & STATIONERY. SLOTE & JANES, STATIONERS, PRINTERS, & BLANK BOOK MANUFAC- TURERS, Dealers in FOREIGN & DOMESTIC STATIONERY of every Variety. 93 FULTON STEEET, (Near William Street), Henry L. Slote. ^T-»-tw-. Jonathan Janes. N ll, W YORK, j Particular attention given to Orders. Books Buled and Bound to any Pattern. / CAMPBELL, HALL & CO., COMMISSION PAPER WAREHOUSE, 110 & m NASSAU STREET, HEW YORK. John Campbell. Geo. W. Dubtjisson. Augustine Smith. John H. Hall. w. h. parsons & CO., COMMISSION PAPER MERCHANTS, 16 BEEKMAN street, NEAR NASSAU STREET, W. F. Mott, Jr. W.H.PAE80N8. NEW YORK. Books, News, and Manilla Papers, always on hand, or Made to Order, of any Size and Weight. C . A . A L V O R r> , BOOK, WOOD-CUT, JOB & CARD PRINTER, 15 Vande water Street, New York. Particular attention paid to the finest kind of Wood-Cut Work, with extraordinary facilities for doing the same in the best manner. HERALDRY OFFICE AND COLLEGE OF ARMS, 327 Broadway, New York. HENRY HAYS, Proprietor, Family Arms Found and Painted. Pedigrees Traced, Ar- ranged, and Illustrated. Official and other Seals Correctly En- graved. Diplomas, Book Plates, with Arms, etc., and Wedding. Cards Engraved in the Highest Style of the Art. 308 BROADWAY, New York. FOWLER & WELLS, PHRENOLOGISTS AND PUBLISHERS. A Correct Phrenological Examination ; Teaches us scientifically — the most useful of all knowledge — j our own selves — OUR defects, and how to obviate them ; our ! natural talents, and thereby in what pursuits we can and can ! not succeed ; discloses to parents their children's innate Capabili- [ ties, callings, dispositions, defects, and means of improvement — ( nor can as" little money be spent on them as profitably as in j learning their Phbenology — enables business men to choose i reliable partners and customers ; Merchants, confidential Clerks; Mechanics, Apprentices having natural gifts for particular branches ; Shipmasters, good Crews ; and all desirable asso- ciates ; guides matrimonial candidates in selecting congenial life companions; shows the married how to adapt themselves to ; each other; can be made the very best of all instrumentalities of 1 personal perfection and iiAPPiNESS ; and can be obtained here at a trifling cost. FOWLER db WELLS, Phrenologists, No. 308 Broadway, New York. Strangers will find a visit to our Free Museum pleasant and profitable. PRINCE & OO.'S ItttftfVti ttlitttMt* THE OLDEST ESTABLISHMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. Employing Two Hundred Men, and Finishing Eighty Instruments per Week. Nearly twenty thousand of onr Instruments hare been finished, and are now in use, and the present demand is greatest where they have been most thoroughly tested. The latest improvement in our Melodeons is the DIVIDED SWELL, secured to us by Letters Patent, '/2d May, 1855. By means of this Swell, Solo Passages may be played with the full power of the Instrument, while the accompaniment is soft and subdued. Hereafter, all Melodeons made by us will be furnished with this important attachment without extra charge. We shall sell no rights to other Makers to use this Swell ; and hence, it can only be obtained by purchasing Melodeons of our own Manufacture. Peix ce & Co.'s Melodeons have received the FIRST PRE- MIUMS wherever exhibited in competition with others. Our Instruments are all in Rosewood Cases, and finished throughout in the very best manner. The Style and Prices are as follows : m PORTABLE CASE. FOUR OCTAVE MELODEON, $45 FOUR AND A HALF OCTAVE MELODEON, . . 60 FIVE OCTAVE MELODEON, T5 FIVE OCTAVE MELODEON, Double Reed, . . .130 IK PIANO CASE. FIVE OCTAVE MELODEON $100 SIX OCTAVE MELODEON, 130 FIVE OCTAVE MELODEON, double Reed, ... 150 ORGAN MELODEON (for Churches), Five Octaves, Eight Stops, One and a Half Octave Pedals, Four Sets of Reeds, Two Banks of Keys, 350 Orders promptly Filled, and each Melodeon Warranted Perfect GEORGE A. PRINCE &, CO., BUFFALO, And 87 Fulton-street, New York. ; THE STUDENT AND SCHOOLMATE : A MONTHLY READER FOR SCHOOLS. Edited by N. A. Calkins. Associate Editor, Rev. A. R. Pope. School or Family should oe without it " i As a Monthly Reader for Schools, this work comes with some- ! thing new and interesting each month, to awaken a fresh interest : in the reading exercises. Thus it supplies wants long felt by Teachers. Besides popular articles in the Natural Sciences, History, Biography, Travels, Stories, Poetry, Discoveries, and the Arts, it contains Original Dialogues and New Speeches, with marks for Emphasis, Tones, Inflections, and Gestures. It is published monthly, containing 36 octavo pages in each number, amply illustrated, forming a large and valuable yearly : volume of nearly 440 pages. Terms.— $1 a vear, in advance ; Five Copies, a year, $4 ; Eight, • ditto, $G ; Fifteen, ditto, $10; Twenty-five, ditto, $16. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND COL.LEGrE REVIEW. Editor— Absalom Peters, D.D. Associate Editors— lion. Sam. I S. R andall, Superintendent of Schools for the City of New York; Alex. Wilder, M.D., Late Resident Editor of the New York Teacher, with Corresponding Editors in the several States. This Magazine is not intended to occupy the field of State Journals of Education, but to aid them, embracing a more com- prehensive scope, and furnishing a medium through which practical educators, whether professional teachers or not, can communicate their most valuable lessons, and the fruits of a ripe experience. Its contributors embrace the ablest talent in the country, i The American Journal of Education and College Review v& published monthly, each number containing 06 octavo pages ; i making two semi-annual volumes of nearly 600 pnges each, illus- trated "with fine steel-engraved portraits of distinguished edu- cators, and with views of institutions, etc. Volume II. com- menced with July, 1S56. - Terms. — Single Copy, one year, $3, in advance. Five Copies, i $12, ditto. | One copy each of the American Journal of Education and \ College Review and the Student and Schoolmate, will be sent I one year for $3 50. ! Sample copies sent gratis to persons desiring to subscribe or form clubs. NOW IS THE TIME TO SUBSCRIBE. Address I CALKINS & STYLES, Publishers, 348 Broadway, K. Y. |*AS CHICKEEING,) PIANO-FORTE MANUFACTURERS, MASOHIC TEMPLE, TREMONT-STEEET, Ix again presenting onrselves before the pnblic of Boston, and our friends in general throughout the country, we take much pleasure in being able to advise them of our increased facilities I for the manufacture of those instruments which have for so Ions ; a period been celebrated for their excellence. Possessing in our NEW FACTORY, upon Tremont-street, even more advantages than heretofore j : for the perfecting of our manufacture, as well as increased ability I to supplv the numerous demands with which we are honored, we shall, with sincere thanks for former patronage, exert our- ' selves to continue to merit it As an evidence that we still continue to hold that rank among Piano-forte Makers which for so many years it has been our pride to do, we would take the liberty of calling the attention of the readers of this advertisement to the recent awards made by the Mass. Mechanic Association, the American Institute at New York, the State Fair of Pennsvlvania at Pittsburg, and the State Fair of Illinois at Alton, for the best Grand, Semi-Grand. Parlor Grand, and Square Pianos. At all of these places it will be perceived that we have taken the highest Premium for superiority. Grateful for past favors, we solicit a continuance of them, which we shall endeavor to deserve by the closest attention to the wishes of our friends, and a determination to please and satisfy them. WAEEROOMS, MASONIC TEMPLE, TREMONT-STREET, BOSTON. MASON BROTHERS, 108 & 110 DUANE-STREET, NEW YORK, OUR LIST EMBRACES ©(DM AND MISCELLANEOUS BOOKS, MUSIC BOOKS. This Department is a speciality in our Business. Nearly aU the popular Music Books of the Country are Published by us, and we are constantly issuing new Books for the best authors. Those wishing Music Books for Churches, Singing-Schools, Musical Societies, the Social Circle, or for Musical Instruction in any of its Departments, wiU find at our Establishment the best assortment in the country, from which to select. SCHOOL BOOKS. We are the Sole Publishers of Webster's School Dictionaries, Jewett's Spiers 1 s French Dictionaries, Pinney's French Series, Lincoln's Botanies, Burritt's and Mattison's Astronomical Series, Lossing's Histories, and other Works, which are standard Text- books in the best Colleges and Schools. MISCELLANEOUS BOOKS. Our List already embraces* many important Works in this Department ; and we arc from time to time making additions of : such as promise to be of standard value. On the following page will be found announcements of several Books just Published. BOOKS FOR AGE NTS. We are just about issuing some New and Superbly-Illustrated Works, designed to be sold by Agents only, to whom exclusive territory will be given. MASON BROTHERS HAVE RECENTLY PUBLISHED THE POETICAL WORKS OF HORACE SMITH AND JAMES SMITH, Authors of the "Rejected Addresses/' With Portraits and a Biographical Sketch. Edited by Epes Saegent. 414 pp., 12mo, cloth. Price, $1 25. THE PLAY-DAY BOOK: NEW STORIES FOR YOUNG FOLKS. With ten full-page Il- lustrations. By Fanny Feen. 2SG pp., 16mo, cloth. Price, 75 cents ; full gilt, $1 25. Triumphant as has been the success of this favorite American . authoress in every department of literature which she has at- ; tempted, her genius yet shines with most peculiar luster in her j | writings for the young. Here is her forte, and here she stands indisputably at the head of living authors. 'MASONS' LIBRARY OF STANDARD tales.; ' Under this head we propose Publishing, in Uniform Style, a . j series of volumes of those Tales which have become Standards in I English Literature. None but those of established reputation j j will be included. The volumes now ready are HARRIET LEE'S CANTERBURY TALES. 2 Vols. 12mo. Cloth. Price $1 75. j Of these striking and remarkable novels the Spectator said : " There is scarcely any educated person of this century who has ! not at some time or other drawn a sincere pleasure from these ! pages." It is believed that they will not fail to ,be appreciated j by American readers. THE HUMOROUS POETRY OF THE ENGLISH LAN- 1 GUAGE FROM CHAUCER TO SAXE. By James Paeton. GOO pp., 12mo, cloth. Price, $1 50. Gilt sides and edges, $2 25. Also, an Octavo Edition of the same work, bound in the following styles ; Sheep Library, $3 50 ; Imitation Morocco, $4 00 ; Half Calf and Morocco, Ant. and Extra, $4 50 ; Full Calf, Gilt Extra, $G 00 ; Full Morocco, Gilt and Antique, $6 00. This Volume contains the greatest mass I of humorous verse ever collected, and is pronounced the most amusing book in existence. CONFIDENTIAL CORRESPONDENCE OF THE EMPEROR ! NAPOLEON AND THE EMPRESS JOSEPHINE. With numerous Illustrative Notes and Anecdotes. By John S. C. Am>OTT. One Volume, 12mo. Price, $1 25. THE INDIAN FAERY BOOK. i From the Original Legends. With Illustrations by McLenan. Engraved by Anthony. 3G8 pp., 12mo, plain. Price, $1 00 ; I Full Gilt, $1 50. i