COLUMBIA LIBRARIES OFFSITE HEALTH SCIENCES STANDARD HX64075850 RA982.B65 M385 Massachusetts genera in tf)e Citp of i^eto Pork College of pi)pgidans anb burgeons 3^eference Itibrarp Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from Open Knowledge Commons http://www.archive.org/details/massachusettsgenOOmass « MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL Jiflemorial & Historical f^olume TOGETHER WITH THE Proceedings of the Centennial of the Opening of the Hospital 1921 Griffith-Stiliings Press Boston, Mass. TABLE OF CONTENTS CENTENNIAL page Opening Address. Dr. Henry P. Walcott 7 The Physicians of the First Century. Frederick C. Shattuck, M.D 10 The Personality of a Hospital. Harvey Cushing, M.D. . . 17 History of Insanity During the Past Century with Special Reference to the McLean Hospital. C. Macfie Campbell, M.D 42 The Place of the Civil General Hospital in the Scheme of Medical Preparedness. M. W. Ireland, Surgeon General, U.S.A 58 THE HOSPITAL IN THE WORLD WAR Base Hospital No. 6 65 Base Hospital No. 55 69 Base Hospital No. 5 70 Harvard Surgical Unit, General Hospital No. 22, B.E.F. . . 71 Reception Held at the Hospital Jime 9, 1919, to Those Who Served in the War 72 Members of Alimini and Staff of the Massachusetts General Hospital Who Have Been in Military Service 79 Dedication op Memoeial Tablets To the Alumni of the Hospital Who Died in the War . 86 To the Graduates of the Massachusetts General Hospital Training School for Nurses Who Died in the War . . 97 To Miss Helen Homans 100 HISTORICAL Historical Notes 106 McLean Hospital 115 The Discovery of Ether 132 The True Significance of Ether Day 149 The Warren Library 151 The Out-Patient Department 153 The Treadwell Library and the Clinical Records 157 The Pathological Laboratory 160 The Warren Triennial Prize 163 The Training School for Nurses 165 The X-Ray Department 169 Social Service 173 The General Executive Committee 177 The Phillips House 180 The Medical Laboratory 182 3 CON TENTS — Continued FINANCIAL PAGE Finances of the Hospital, 1811-1922 186 Permanent Funds 197 Special Purpose Funds 225 General Fund 230 Donations and Bequests for Special Purposes 250 LISTS OF OFFICERS Presidents of the Corporation 258 Vice-Presidents 258 Treasurers 259 Secretaries 259 Chairmen of the Trustees 259 Trustees 260 Superintendents of the General Hospital 263 Officers of the McLean Hospital 264 Staff of the General Hospital 267 House Officers 281 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS BuLPiNCH Building, General Hospital, 1921 Frontispiece McLean Asylum for the Insane, Somerville, Mass., 1844 . 42 General Hospital, 1821 106 Plan of Grounds, General Hospital 114 McLean Hospital, 1921, Looking East 120 McLean Hospital, 1921, Looking West 128 General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 1853 . . 148 Phillips House, 1917 180 Copy op Lease op Province House Estate 186-187 PREFACE THIS book is printed to put on permanent record the speeches deUvered at the celebration of the centennial of the opening of the Hospital and the seventy-fifth anni- versary of the first operation under ether. It includes also an account of the activities of the Hospital in the World War, and the dedication of the memorials to those who died. The next section contains brief historical sketches of some of the departments of the institution. A history of the Massachusetts General Hospital by Nathaniel I. Bowditch was printed in 1851, and continued by Dr. George E. Ellis to 1872. At some future time it is hoped that this history will be brought up to date. This is not attempted here, except in a fragmentary way. The next section contains a brief history of some of the financial affairs of the Hospital, and a detailed ac- count of the subscriptions from the beginning. The lists of officers from Bowditch's History have been brought up to date. A fist of all members of the Staff from the beginning is now published for the first time. The list of past House Officers, which has appeared before, has been brought up to date and arranged chronologically. The addresses of active members of the Staff and of living alumni, arranged alphabetically, are printed in annual reports of the Hospital. Massachusetts General Hospital CENTENNIAL OF THE OPENING OF THE HOSPITAL OPENING ADDRESS Dr. Henry P. Walcott President of the Corporation The first patient was admitted to this hospital on the third of September, 1821. It has seemed to us that no better day for the commemoration of our centennial could be taken than that of our annual festival, a festival y/hich we hold in honor of the supreme event in the his- tory of the hospital, the day upon which in the room in the oldest building in this group of buildings, sulphuric ether was used publicly for the first time to produce sur- gical ansesthesia. On the walls of that room which remain unchanged (and so far as the accidents of time permit will be always unchanged, for it is a shrine in this hospital and should be a shrine to the medical profession and to the world), the simple, truthful and sufficient inscription tells, that on the sixteenth of October, 1846, William Thomas Green Morton administered ether to a patient who was to undergo a surgical operation, that John C. Warren performed the operation, and that the patient was Gilbert Abbott. That Abbott, when he recovered, de- clared he had felt no pain. Pain then was abohshed; it has no greater existence than the tissue of a dream. The news of this discovery went from that room through- out the world and a new era in surgery began. This hos- pital has always awarded to Morton the foremost place in the great discovery, and it is a source of great satisfac- tion to us that a larger constituency than ours has ren- 7 Massachusetts General Hospital dered a verdict, and that Morton's name now has a place among the few honored names of men who have deserved well of their country. The hospital of that day thus established was not a large affair. It served the interests of the community, serving them so well that it was generously supported. How slight, however, the burden it imposed upon the public, may be shown by the fact which I find in the records of Mr. Josiah Quincy in 1832; when he met with some objection to the charge which the trustees expected paying patients to meet, he produced a group of figures showing that the weekly cost of a house patient at the Massachusetts General Hospital at that date amounted to $4.62 a week. In the last report of the trustees of this hospital, the cost of a house patient is stated to be $5.70 per day, and not a cent of that money is wasted. The expense of maintenance in the hospital has many times outrun the high cost of living. This community has always generously supported the hospital. Our ap- peals have been met and one object of this meeting is to set before you clearly what the activities of this hospital are, and what its needs of necessity must be. There will never be a time, I hope, when a great charity will be able to say, ''We appealed to the public for aid, but in vain." This hospital extends its benefits to districts far out- side the Metropolitan area. In the beginning it served a homogeneous population. How cosmopolitan it has be- come is pleasantly shown by the fact just communicated to me by the resident physician, that there has been es- tablished in the hospital an Italian free bed fund of $10,000 which we owe largely to the exertions of Dr. Balboni, a member of our Staff. In 1810 an appeal was issued to the public in aid of a call for funds for the benefit of a General Hospital. That appeal, signed by James Jackson and John C. Warren, is a simple document. It appealed not only to the humanitarian interests of the community, but it also contained a statement regarding the place which should be occupied by a General Hospital, and it is only now that we have reached the limit as set forth in that state- ment. Centennial It is useless to say much about James Jackson. His gracious memory still lingers here. He was a visiting physician of this hospital, a teacher in the Medical School, a prominent practitioner in the city of Boston. He gave dignity to his calling. The first speaker this afternoon served also in this hos- pital. He was Jackson Professor of Medicine in the Med- cal School, and has earned his place in the confidence and affection of the public. The announcement that he is Professor Emeritus may seem to indicate that he has retired from activities in medicine ; but such men do not retire — he has simply changed the field of his operation. He may have ceased to be an attendant upon the sick, but he still labors in the unselfish interests of preventive medi- cine. It is useless for me to say more of Dr. Frederick C. Shattuck; he can always speak for himself. Massachusetts General Hospital THE PHYSICIANS OF THE FIRST CENTURY Frederick C. Shattuck, M.D. ''For a thousand years in Thy sight are but as yester- day when it is past, and as a watch in the night." To us, however, creatures of a day, obsessed by our sensory consciousness, and in a country as young as the United States, a hundred years looms large in the fog of time, and seems to serve as a natural milestone on the path of human progress. The Massachusetts General Hospital has entered on the second century of its life, and has a past of which it may well be proud. It is very fitting that we gather here to celebrate at once the centennial of the Hospital and the diamond jubilee of anaesthesia. September 3d, 1821, the first patient was admitted to the Massachusetts Gen- eral Hospital. Up to January 1st, 1822, there were eight- een admissions, one hundred twenty-two during the year 1822. I have been unable to find out with certainty the number of beds in 1821. It was probably sixty. In 1823, when the wings were finished, it was ninety-three. Ad- missions to the wards in 1920 were 6,185, 25,302 to the Out-Patient Department. The Out-Patient Service was started October 16, 1846, the same day that the first operation was done under ether. The number of beds today is four hundred and fifty-six, including one hundred in the Phillips House. So much for cold statistics. Let us think for just a passing moment of the tragedy, reheved now and then by some measure of comedy; of the pain and sorrow; of the joy and gladness which these walls have seen; of health and usefulness restored or prolonged; of home relieved from the burden of sickness! But I must condense one hundred years of medicine into twenty minutes. I shall, however, take time, even steal it, if necessary, to allude to the debt which the Hospital owes to those who have served it as trustees, always rep- resentative of the best citizenship of the community. 10 Centennial Their wisdom and sense of duty have been a stimulus and unfaihng support to the determination of the pro- fessional staff to keep the Hospital in the forefront of the battle against disease and the human suffering which enures therein. From the large number of Physicians to the Hospital — happily for you it falls on Dr. Gushing to tell the story of the surgeons and their deeds — it is possible here and now to mention only a few whose names seem to me of special significance. James Jackson, 1817 to 1837, with John C. Warren,'; co-founder of the Hospital, commanded universal respect and confidence. Preeminent in wisdom and character, he clearly saw the importance, nay the necessity, for a first-rate hospital to combine medical teaching with the care of the patients. He first, in 1822, described alco- holic neuritis; in 1855, ''painful tumor near the cecum," now known as appendicitis, and in the same year pub- hshed the medical classic, "Letters to a Young Physician." Walter Channing, 1821 to 1839, in 1843 pubhshed "Notes on Anhaemia" in special connection with the puerperal state. Therein are described cases of that grave form of ansemia we now call pernicious. Today it is easy of recognition, though its origin and cure are still beyond our ken. John Barnard Swett Jackson, 1840 to 1864, single- minded, modest almost to a fault, a rarely accurate ob- server, devoted, was one of the foremost gross pathologists of his, or, indeed, of any day. He was Curator of the Cab- inet of the Boston Society for Medical Improvement, and also of the Warren Museum. His catalogue of the former Cabinet, published in 1847, was characterized by a distinguished Philadelphia professor as "the most val- uable contribution to pathological anatomy made up to that date in this country." Jacob Bigelow, 1836 to 1855, was possessed of and by probably at once the broadest and keenest intellect in the history of New England medicine. He was a pupil of Benjamin Rush, whom he quotes as saying, "We can have no reliance on nature, gentlemen; we must turn her out of doors in our practice and substitute for her efiicient 11 Massachusetts General Hospital art." The pupil, by his Essay on Self-hmited Diseases, dealt a staggering blow to the heroic treatment of the day, to the unholy trinity — bleeding, purging and puk- ing. Of this oration, delivered before the Massachusetts Medical Society, 1835, Dr. Holmes said, ''This remark- able essay has probably had more influence on medical practice in America than any similar brief treatise, we might say, than any work ever published in this country." Mt. Auburn, the first rural cemetery in this country, was a child of his brain, and his interest in its welfare was maintained through his life. In 1829 he published a 500-page octavo on the ''Ele- ments of Technology," and Worcester, in his dictionary, gives Dr. Bigelow as authority for the word "technology." Dr. Bigelow, himself, claims only that he revived and reapplied the word, which is now familiar to us in the great Massachusetts Institute of Technology, to the founding of which his writings and teachings notably con- tributed. He was, until that office was abohshed, vice- president, and dehvered the address at the opening of the new building in 1865. Oliver Wendell Holmes, 1846 to 1849, high as he ranks as poet and wit, ranks yet higher for his clarion cry on the contagiousness of puerperal fever. It is more pleasing to think of the lives which he was thereby the means of saving than to recall the storm of abuse which fell upon him from some leaders in the profession. It is noteworthy that Channing's paper on Anhaemia, Jacob Bigelow's on Self-limited Diseases, and Holmes' on Puerperal Fever, were all published in the New England Quarterly Journal of Medicine and Surgery, and in the same year, 1842. John Ware was Visiting Physician only for one year, 1839. He was a foremost practitioner of his day, as high- minded as sagacious. He was the author of notable papers on Delirium Tremens and Croup. Henry Ingersoll Bowditch, 1846 to 1864, fearless, pub- lic-spirited, in conjunction with Morrill Wyman was a pioneer in the treatment of pleural effusions by tapping. He was the first Chairman of the State Board of Health 12 Centennial of Massachusetts. To his enthusiasm was largely due the high place which that Board took and has ever since maintained in the promotion of public health. Calvin Ellis, 1865 to 1882, was faithful in all things, even in bachelorhood. To him medicine took the place of wife and child. He played a conspicuous part in the advance in medical education inaugurated by the Har- vard School, and, dying, left his whole property to the School, the largest single benefaction for years before or after it was made. Henry K. Oliver, 1868 to 1873, while an undergrad- uate at Cambridge, saw the need of a medical friend for the students, and then and there resolved to provide for the need should it ever be possible for him to do so. Un- married, a simple hfe, diUgence and self-denial enabled him to found the Professorship of Hygiene at Cambridge which fitly bears his name. May the Lord long preserve Roger I. Lee, first and present occupant of this chair, also Physician to our Hospital! James C. White, successively Chemist, Physician to Out-Patients, Visiting Physician, and from 1870 to 1903 Physician to the Department of Skin Diseases. He was a specialist evolved from the general practitioner; vig- orous promoter of reform in medical education; a lusty and always fair fighter; a man of many interests and accurate knowledge in each. As a dermatologist he was equally eminent at home and abroad. He was President of the International Dermatological Congress when it met at New York in 1907. Reginald H. Fitz, Pathologist and Physician, 1871 to 1908, was born into medicine just at the time that micro- scopic pathology was beginning its brilliant career. As a critic he had no superior. His masterly paper on ''Perfo- rating Inflammation of the Vermiform Appendix" was so convincing that it met with instant acceptance by the profession. He coined the word ''appendicitis," of uni- versal currency, as good in the household as in the hos- pital. Who can calculate the benign influence, past, pres- ent and future, of such work for humanity? Four years later he put forth a second classic on Pancreatitis, only less notable than that on appendicitis in that pancreati- 13 Massachusetts General Hospital tis is a far less conunon disease, and less amenable, though not wholly rebellious, to treatment. Walter James Dodd, Assistant Apothecary, 1892 to 1894; Apothecary and Photographer, 1894 to 1900; then Roent- genologist to the Hospital until his death in 1916. In 1896 he began X-ray work. The danger of burns from the rays and the safeguards against them were not known in those early days. Whatever Dodd did he did with all his might, with no thought of self, and he was soon se- verely burned. Between this and 1916, when involve- ment of the lung proved fatal, the march of cancer was slow but inexorable. He underwent fifty operations and suffered grievous pain. Parallel with, but more rapidly than the disease, his knowledge advanced, and he became a recognized expert in the use and interpretation of the rays. The most wonderful thing about him, however, was the dominance of his spirit. Stoicism is passive and may have a sardonic tinge, more or less pro- nounced. Dodd's cheerfulness and zest in life were always on the surface. Almost as a bridegroom to his chamber he approached his death. A holy martyr of science, his story should be widely known and its lessons laid to heart. Richard C. Cabot, Father of Hospital Social Service, is happily still with us, and has seen his child rapidly grow to maturity and travel 'round the world. Were I asked to name the three most conspicuous services which have been rendered humanity through the Massachusetts Gen- eral Hospital, I should select Anaesthesia, Appendicitis and Social Service. All those whom I have mentioned were full professors in the Medical School, with two exceptions, and they had teaching positions. This fact is a tribute to the wisdom and prescience of Warren and Jackson. The Hospital and the Medical School are as interdependent as capital and labor. Some marriages are happy, others less so. Lack of time compels me to pass over in silence many who are worthy of mention, whose quiet daily perform- ance of duty, whose clear heads, warm hearts, and deft fingers have helped to build up a priceless tradition. While the chief factor in the rank of a hospital is, of 14 Centennial course, its professional staff, the services rendered by trustees, superintendents, nurses, and personnel imbued with and stimulated by the tradition and spirit of the institution, are not for a moment forgotten, nor do we forget the long procession of internes who have gone forth to all parts of the country bearing their torches high, and in their lives making fruitful the training in charac- ter and professional knowledge they here received. The children of the Hospital rise up and call her blessed. It remains to speak all too briefly of one man, a phy- sician, though never on the Hospital staff. I brave his displeasure but am sure of your approval. For years a Trustee, President of the Board, now President of the Corporation, he was a founder, long a Trustee, and Pres- ident also of the Cambridge Hospital; member and Chairman of the State Board of Health, Chairman of the Water and Sewerage Board, Fellow of Harvard College, he has filled — I say filled advisedly — a rarely conspic- uous place in this community in particular, and also in the nation at large. Happy the people who can com- mand such services! We are deeply, but cannot be too, grateful to Henry Pickering Walcott. The wisdom of Solomon is a tradition ; that of Walcott a living force. Only a few minutes remain to me to allude to the ad- vance of medicine as contrasted with surgery in the last fifty years, especially. The laity does not realize it, and we physicians are nothing if not modest. Surgery is dramatic, leaves memorable scars on the person and sometimes on the purse. Painless surgery, born October 16, 1846, was followed by safe surgery about 1870. The bounds of surgery were thus enormously enlarged. The same discoveries which entailed safety in surgery laid bare the principles of preventive medicine. There is no such thing as preventive surgery. Surgery in its very nature is individual, a retail business. Preventive medi- cine is wholesale. Until within, say, fifty years smallpox was the only preventable infection. Now, malaria, the plague, typhus and typhoid fevers, tuberculosis, diphtheria, cholera, tet- anus, yellow fever, hookworm diseases, to mention only 15 Massachusetts General Hospital those best known, are practically largely, theoretically wholly, preventable. The mastery of malaria and yellow fever conditioned the building of the Panama Canal. The French had the money and the engineering talent, but could not stand the loss of life. With the prevention of yellow fever the name of Walter Reed, army surgeon, will ever be linked. As citizens of the richest country in the world, we hang our heads in shame when we remem- ber that after Reed's death the pension provided by a grateful — Heaven save the mark! — country was so inade- quate for the modest support of his widow and children that a private subscription was raised. Preventive medicine is yet in its infancy, but its bene- fits, humanitarian and economic, are today incalculable. What the developments of the next hundred years may be, it would be rash to try to predict. It seems, however, safe to say that cancer, the pneumonias, scarlet fever, pellagra, and perhaps influenza and other diseases, will become subject to prevention and cure, and we can have full confidence that the Massachusetts General Hospital will enter on its third century as vigorous and full of achievement as she now enters on her second. In presenting the next speaker. Dr. Walcott said: "I have often thought that we did not sufficiently ap- preciate the great courage with which John C. Warren ventured upon the great experiment of October 16, 1846. He was then approaching the end of his long and success- ful career and yet he put his reputation to the hazard of that experiment. Fortunately he won. But surgery is full of adventures. What to the public or to the medical profession seemed more hazardous than the search for disease in the very center of life and thought, the human brain? But the practised hand of the surgeon, obedient to the guiding mind, discovered the disease and removed it. ''The chief surgeon of the Brigham Hospital, Moseley Professor of Surgery, and some time officer in this hospi- tal, can tell you all this and many other marvelous feats of modern surgery made possible by the discovery of anaesthesia." 16 Centennial THE PERSONALITY OF A HOSPITAL Harvey Gushing, M.D. Among those in attendance at the birth of Anaesthesia seventy-five years ago, was a mummy who played a useful part in the early history of this hospital and who might have said, could his lips have been unsealed: "All these things are familiar to me, for I was a disciple of the great physician, I-em-hetep, of the third dynasty of the Pharaohs, four thousand years before your Hippocrates, and with me in Thebes were en- tombed medical papyri which some one may some day find. They will tell, as do our sculptures, that with instruments of copper we did just such operations as this, and quieted the patient with opium and hellebore, while the 'Black Art' gave us substances such as you do not seem to use, to put in our wounds to prevent putrefaction — and in our bodies too, after death, else mine would not be here. One thing that has befallen many of my people I have escaped, for our mummified bodies since you began taking us from our tombs have often been ground to powder and used to heal the maimed and afflicted of these later times." As human beings are pretty much alike inside, so are hospitals. In military parlance both ''take in" and both "evacuate," and between these processes divers functions are performed, similar in all instances and of interest particularly to the physiologist on the one hand, and the hospital director or commanding officer on the other. They differ chiefly — both hospitals and human beings — in their external trappings, in their occupation and in their personality. Of these attributes, it is with the last I propose to deal. Raiment counts for little and the humblest may cover a personality capable of permanently influencing the mo- tives, the ideals and actions of countless others. So also, many of us have known hospitals under perishable and tattered canvas which possessed an individuality, char- acter and spirit often found lacking in others encased in a more enduring shell of brick and mortar. Still, a cov- ering of some kind is essential and though styles change 17 Massachusetts General Hospital for hospitals as for men, some which may be thought old-fashioned will always possess a charm of association, and the "garb of stone and of that kind called Chelms- ford granite" hammered out at the State Prison — ''wrought with uncommon labour" — in accordance with the design supplied by Charles Bulfinch, was justly con- sidered, a hundred years ago, to make of the Massachu- setts General Hospital the handsomest edifice in the State. Well might John C. Warren and James Jackson, together with one thousand and forty-seven subscribers, whose great bounty made this famous institution possible, have felt pride in it then and have expected much from it for all time. But, however well infant or institution comes to be adorned, the essential thing is what handsome does, and with this, apparel has Uttle to do — unless, indeed, so much attention is paid to habiliments that they are a handicap to freedom, affect personality in the individual and Hmit personnel to the institution. They may actually prove an encumbrance if iii this world of competitive effort others laboring in their shirt sleeves are not to pass them by. So it is not the externals nor the inherited wealth, social position or occupation of an institution any more than of an individual which give it renown, it is the character of the service it performs — the quality more than the quantity of its work which enables it to estab- lish and to maintain leadership. For as age creeps on and movement becomes hampered by joints encrusted with tradition the more it feels the strain of competition. But as hospitals go, the Massachusetts General for all its honorable century is young. One does not reckon the age of an institution in years so much as in adaptability to progress: nor for the matter of that, human beings either, especially in a comraunity noted for its progres- sive and public-spirited octogenarians. On the contrary, there is a tragic malady known as progeria or prema- ture senility which renders inelastic both mind and tis- sue and brings old age to certain unfortunate institutions and human beings alike, in their teens. Age, after all, is a relative matter. A year ago the Brigham Hospital — a youthful upstart in this commun- is Centennial ity — celebrated its eighth birthday. There happened to be staying with us at the time as my locum tenens an EngHsh surgeon representing a London hospital which was also about to celebrate its eighth birthday. The essential difference lay in the fact that St. Bartholomew's hesitat- ingly reckons its birthdays in centuries, for it was eight hundred years ago when the jester Rahere, to fulfill the vow made to St. Bartholomew, took holy orders and laid, just outside the wall of old London, the foundations of ''Bart's," where, barely missed by the great fire, they still remain. Compared with that ancient hospital, the Brig- ham is mewling in its nurse's arms and the Massachu- setts General barely in knickerbockers. How brief, indeed, have been its hundred years ! There are still hving today those who were born before that Sep- tember 1st of 1821, when the first patient, a medical case, was admitted to the east wing of the old Bulfinch build- ing. My own contemporaries go back an exact quarter of the way, to 1895-1896, when we were house pupils here, and Dr. Shattuck beside me, goes back just halfway, to 1871, when he first began to walk these wards already so familiar to his distinguished father before him. What we are to celebrate today, therefore, is the birthday of a hos- pital ten decades young, not old — a hospital which has not slipped back from the ideals and enthusiasms of its founders nor shown any tendency to become hidebound in the course of years by the very past which ennobles it. Fortunate it has been alike in its traditions and in those who have passed them on. For nearly the full century there has been a John Warren, the first of whom, like Clotho, begat this hospital, and the second and third, like Lachesis, have done so much to keep the thread run- ning smoothly from the spindle without a snarl. Except for the Bells and the four Munros of Edinburgh, possibly no community, certainly no hospital, has ever boasted such famous medical dynasties as ours with its Warrens, Jack- sons, Bigelows, Shattucks and Cabots. What are the elements that make a hospital what it comes to be as the years roll round? Given two institu- tions side by side in the same community with the same purpose, the same organization, the same initial endow- 19 Massachusetts General Hospital ment, and starting at the same time, differing only in their personnel, how quickly, yet unconsciously, do they assume different characteristics and acquire differing per- sonaUties. Nothing should be more alike than two sister ships, yet in time how markedly different is the life aboard. How aUke and yet how different are Andover and Exeter, twin offspring of a single brain; Harvard and Yale; Boston and New York; Massachusetts and Mary- land. Each as an institution in which people combine for definite and similar objects has become a composite of many personahties, — some dominant, some less so, — all, Hving or dead, nevertheless discernible however faintly in the ultimate picture. So of each of us whatever our station may have been, who have passed happy days in this beloved place, there remains some record, and I like to feel that I can discern even after twenty-five years a faint imprint of myself, and of my brother before me, shown in some trifling cus- tom, or point of view regarding the making of observa- tions or of recording them, or even the better pinning of a swathe or smoothing of a pillow. Obscured though one's personal record be in the composite of the hospital made up of the more enduring contributions of countless others, it nevertheless gives each of us who have been of the Massachusetts General Hospital a fractional right to speak on an occasion such as this in a somewhat intimate way. A hospital may be likened to a hive. What gives it character is not its queen but its workers and producers. *'We and the hive are one"; and as in Kipling's story of Melissa and the Wax Moth, if softness and content enter in through the reactionary influence even of a single indi- vidual, the effectiveness of the whole society may be altered. Better the independent life of a solitary bee than the social life of a hive which comes to subsist on itself. It is from flowers outside that honey must be gath- ered. The best may be found in the hollow of an old tree and the most tasteless in a patent hive arranged for the Ohs! and Ahs! of exhibit, with all modern improve- ments in glass and tile. The Bee Master, Uke a proper hospital trustee, does not gauge productiveness on this 20 Centennial basis. For a hospital must be something more than a well-kept boarding house for the indigent sick, and ex- perience has long shown such a one too often becomes the plaything for politicians and a habitat for drones and weaklings. Wise in their generation, the two founders of this great institution had very definite objects in view. It was eleven years before the event we are celebrating — the actual opening of the Hospital — that they circulated among their fellow townsmen that celebrated letter in- viting subscriptions for the foundation of a hospital as something other than an almshouse, one of the chief col- lateral advantages of which were the facilities it would offer as a training ground for students.* Though an Almshouse and a public Dispensary were already in existence and the nebular beginnings of a uni- versity medical department had for some years been ap- parent on the Cambridge horizon, the project formulated by these two farseeing young men, based on their ex- perience abroad and set forth on August 20, 1810, may justly be regarded as the corner stone not only of the Massachusetts General, but of the Harvard Medical School as well. The story of the relationship of the original Massa- chusetts Medical College, as the old Mason Street School was called, both to university and to hospital is too long and complicated a one to enter into here, important though it is in the chronicles of both institutions. A tripod can- not balance long on two legs, much less on one. A uni- versity medical department built on a course of theoretical lectures without laboratories and a clinic can have no permanent stabihty. No more can an independent school or independent hospital. A imiversity and a school without hospital connection, a school and a hospital with- *Warreii himself had had a three years' first-hand kaowledge of the leading European Hospital Schools. First at Guy's in its greatest years under the two Coopers, "William and Sir Astley — the latter one of the foremost figures in our surgical annals. Then a yearin Edinburgh for his degree, where in the old Royal Infirmary he learned to know bedside instruction given at its best. That Infirmary, like the Massachusetts General Hos- pital, had been founded for this very purpose and with the traditions of Boerhaave brought home by the second Munro, Edinburgh had become the Mecca of medical students the world over. However, with the passing of Benjamin Bell and Alexander Munro, its star was now waning, as a rival one arose in Paris, whence Warren betook himself for his third year of foreign study under Dubois, Corvisart and the great Dupuytren. Jackson, too, had passed nine months as surgical "dresser" at Guy's and St. Thomas's when these two hospitals were "united" and had a common school. An interest aroused in Jenner's recent discovery of vaccination appears to have diverted him from surgery into medicine. 21 Massachusetts General Hospital out the academic influence of university connection, may perhaps for a longer time stand on two legs with the other in the air, but the position is insecure and easily toppled over by the first rival unless aU three supports are firmly planted. The two founders were university professors and judg- ing from the pamphlet issued by them in 1824,* shortly after both school and hospital were in operation, it is evident that they considered the two to represent a teach- ing unit, even though established under separate corpo- rations. It would unquestionably have been better for permanent stability, as they doubtless foresaw, could the two institutions have been under one control, or at least have had an interlocking directorate and have been geo- graphically adjacent, for it was obviously their original purpose to open the wards to students. Their pamphlet reads : "The administration of public infirmaries very properly embraces a two-fold object^: the relief of the sick, and the instruction of medical students. With a view to the promotion of both these ends, the Massachusetts Hospital, while it gives accommodation to the full extent of its means to the sick poor, gives also admission, which was at first conditional, but is now free, to the students of the medical class, attending the lec- tures of the physicians and surgeons. . . . Students are ad- mitted to the patients to enable them to become practically conversant with the s3maptoms of disease and the operation and influence of medicinal agents." Could anything have had a more modern sound than this statement? It lacks but one note — the third great function, indeed obligation, of a hospital, the ad- vancement of knowledge embraced in that much abused term, ''research." But Warren and Jackson, being men of imagination, were fully aware of the best means of encouraging the spirit of progress: namely, a convenient medium of publication. The old New England Journal of Medicine and Surgery (1812-1828) had already been started as the official organ of the embryonic medical department five years before the school was erected and ♦Some Account of the Medical School in Boston and of the Boston General Hospital, Boston, 1824, pp. 16. 22 Centennial nearly ten years before the hospital. But shortly after both were in running order this weekly magazine, as the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, became the ac- knowledged mouthpiece of the combined institutions, which, if not officially interlocked, were to all intents and purposes so, as the professors in the school were likewise the appointees in the hospital. Indeed, the first page of each issue during 1828 actually carried a vignette of the Mas- sachusetts General Hospital and in the first number it was expressly stated by the editors that '^It is their intention to introduce the practice of the Massachusetts General Hospital, especially the surgical part, whenever anything interesting occurs in it." Accordingly, to the widespread renown of both institutions, the early numbers of the publication were devoted to this object.* What happened to check the fulfillment of their ideals I do not know. It is a matter which concerns the hos- pital's composite personality of which I am speaking. I fear that even Jackson and Warren, as time went on, became somewhat lukewarm in the matter of having students about except by sufferance, and came to feel with the trustees that the hospital could stand alone and was sufficient unto itself. When, in 1846, the North Grove Street School was contemplated and the hospital trustees were approached in regard to the matter, they replied to the letter from the professors of the medical school with courtesy but with indifference, stating that: ... in regard to the subject of building a Medical College in immediate proximity to the grounds of the Hospital, they cannot perceive any advantage to this institution to arise therefrom; but they think they can see that some disadvan- tages would be occasioned thereby. True, students in a hospital, like children in a lodging *Nor did the founders stop here. Through the liberality of Ward Nicholas Boylston, student prizes were offered for the best medical dissertations. A student's society was established and the founder recommended preparatory studies to the students who should avail themselves of courses in natural philosophy (the biology of the day) , botany, miner- alogy, chemistry, the arts, belles lettres, ancient and modern languages, etc., in the uni- versity. Not until the end of the century, with the opening of the Johns Hopkins Hospital and Medical School, when Osier suppo.sedly for the first time in this country actually took the students into the wards and put them to work there and made them attend society meetings and publish their observations in a school organ of publications, was anything done for the advancement of medical teaching on better and more imaginative lines than those proposed by the founders of this institution, whom we must recognize as men with a vision far ahead of their time. 23 Massachusetts General Hospital house, are not an unmixed blessing, either to landlord or servant, and in those days the occasional Bob Sawyer and Ben Allen perhaps served to make the whole group seem rowdy and unruly. So, when we were internes here, fifty years later, I think everyone, from staff to orderly, felt an aristocratic aloofness and indifference to all students except a favored few, an attitude which their body as a whole was quick to feel, and though a few lec- tures were still held in the old North Grove Street build- ing, the school ere this had definitely abandoned its old site and had begun its migration southward to warmer climes. It was a misfortune, I think, for both institutions, for though not an actual divorce it was an agreement to live apart, and despite its present geographical separation as close a tie as possible with the school in accordance with the views of the founders is something the Massachusetts General Hospital will surely do everything in its power to foster. But all hospitals differ more or less in their attitude towards students as they do in other matters. Each reflects the superimposed reactions of the succes- sion of officials, who have made their composite person- ality what it is. Nor was the reaction of which I speak at all peculiar to the Massachusetts General, for it was even more strongly developed in the great hospitals in New York, in many of which students were actually barred from the wards, to the harm of both school and hospital. In London, on the other hand, after the closure of the famous Windmill School started by the Hunters, the hospitals like St. Mary's, St. Bartholomew's, and the united Guy's and St. Thomas's, took a school unto their bosoms, for better or for worse, as an integral part of the hospital, and since then the student body, always present, has done much to color the life and affect the characters and keep the spirit of youth in these ancient foundations. And there is no question but that a hospital is safe- guarded, so far as the care of its patients is concerned, if its attendants are under the constant fire and criticism of watchful students of the modern type, who are the best possible stimulus to industry, to punctuality and thor- oughness on the part of the senior workers. 24 Centennial It was not until 1861 that surgery came to predomi- nate in the activities of the Massachusetts General, and though the excess number of surgical cases dropped off considerably after the Civil War, they soon increased once more by leaps and bounds until in our days in the '90's, the proportion of surgical to medical admissions was as five to three.* Nevertheless, from the beginning of its history — from that first operation on September 21, 1821, for prolapsus ani — surgery took a prominent place here, a circumstance, before the days of anaesthesia, due more to the professional eminence and the writings of Warren primus than to the number of surgical admissions. Indeed, fewer surgeons than physicians were needed in those early days when, as a matter of fact, there was no great difference in the training of those whose tastes led them to practice surgery as well as physic and midwifery. Operations were few and far between and of no great variety, though of their kind they were doubtless done with a. deftness, rapidity and aplomb no longer the fash- ion, for surgery has ceased to be the spectacular occupa- tion it once was. For reasons somewhat difficult to understand, unless it be that the ritual of the operating room is of more general interest than the prescribing of drugs at the bed- side, it has been the custom from the earliest days for hospitals to tabulate and publish lists of these perform- ances. So in the first advertisement of the combined Massachusetts General Hospital and Massachusetts Med- ical College already quoted, there was given a list of ''the important surgical cases and of Operations per- formed in the Massachusetts Hospital by the Professor of Anatomy and Surgery." Of the few cases admitted during the last four months of 1821, six were regarded as sufficiently important to be included. One of them was a simple fracture, another *Dr. E. P. Joslin in 1899 prepared a chart published in that year's hospital report, in which the annual surgical and medieal admissions from 1821 to 1899 were plotted. On the chart the introduction of ether barely shows. The war, and particularly antisepsis appear to have been the chief influence in the surgicalization of the hospital. 25 Massachusetts General Hospital a dislocation of the hip,* so that only four involved actual cutting operations. The first of these, on Septem- ber 21st, as stated, was a simple ligation as for haemor- rhoids. The second was ''for the stone," and the graphic recital of the procedure ends with the ominous statement that the patient was ''untied and carried to bed." The third, a few days later, was for popliteal aneurysm, the ligatures on the artery being left long, to "come away," which they unfortunately did not do, so they finally were cut short, and the patient ultimately was sent home with a persisting sinus. The fourth operation was for fistula in ano. The surgical treatment of these particular maladies reaches back as far as historical records permit us to go. Since the days when knights, weighted down by heavy armor, spent long hours in the saddle on the way to Pal- estine and back, the principles of treating ischiorectal abscess and "the fistula" had been known, and in those days, indeed, the disorder was so common that there were specialists for it like the celebrated John of Arderne, who wrote a treatise on the subject in colloquial Latin in the year when Edward the Black Prince "was taken to God." The operation of lithotomy, too, known to have been practised by the ancients, continued to be performed through the Middle Ages by itinerant "cutters for stone," just as cataract and hernia operations had been, and probably the skill and anatomical knowledge of John C. Warren was not greatly in excess of that finally acquired by the famous Franciscan lithotomist, Frere Jacques, three hundred years before. He it was who originated the lateral perineal operation with its "unerring thrust" and the removal of the calculus in a few seconds — fifty-four, I believe, was Cheselden's record in the century *The note of the preliminaries to "operation" in this case and its outcome read as follows: "On the day of the admission of the patient — he was ordered to take Sulph. Magnes. oz. 1 Fol. sennae oz. 4 ss — and to live light. The next day a warm bath was ordered. At 2 o'clk. he began taking Tart Antimonia, gr. — every ten minutes — until the opera- tion. — He took five grs. when vomiting was induced. At 3 o'clk. was bled to about 16 oz. — but no faintness was produced. The operation was tlien immediately proceeded with; and after continuing it about an hour, the case was abandoned as hopeless." There is a sequel to this story. It concerns a malpractice suit which was dismissed be- cause the jury disagreed. The man died forty years later, and J. Mason Warren, having secured an examination, the specimen, showing a particularly rare form of dislocation which had not been recognized, remains to this day a feature of the Warren Museum. Patients often outlive their physicians, and a follow-up system — to the end — may overlap two generations. 26 Centennial before Warren. The only one of these first four opera- tions, therefore, which involved a relatively new prin- ciple was that for aneurysm, which consisted in the ligation of the artery in the femoral canal well above the lesion — a procedure which had its origin in John Hunter's experiments of the century before. During the second year twenty-one "important surgi- cal cases" were recorded, and in 1823 just twice as many, all of them, as before, with but few exceptions involving procedures whose origin is lost in antiquity. There were amputations (twice of the breast), circumcisions, opera- tions for broken and necrosed bone, for cataract,* for haemorrhoids, for the removal of surface tumors. The only operation in this later list not known to history was performed on February 18, 1823, when Warren cut the facial nerve for tic douloureux, an evidence of the fact that the recent discoveries by Charles Bell and Magendie of the difference between motor and sensory nerves were yet to be fully interpreted. Naturally the pain was not relieved, and eight days later the inferior maxillary nerve was divided by trephining the jaw, a novel procedure at that time.f These nerve dividing operations and the Hunterian ligation for aneurysm may be regarded, there- fore, as the only operations with a relatively modern aspect in the entire list, and it is worth pointing out, that without experimentation on animals, we would not have known that aneurysm could be so treated with safety to the limb, and also, that without it we might be still as confused as Warren was regarding the function of the nerves of the face. These things are mentioned as a contrast to the amazing transformation which surgery was destined to undergo through the two great discoveries of the century, one of which burst on the world full blown in its effectiveness in a single day in these very halls. The full significance of the other, which came thirty years later, really the more important of the two, was less easy to comprehend. * A large proportion of these operations (23 to 33) were ophthalmological, for surgery had not as yet become subdivided into its specialties. tThese and subsequent operations performed here for neuralgia formed the basis of Warren's inaugural article in the first number of the boston medical and stjeqical jour- nal five years later. 27 Massachusetts General Hospital and it made its way more slowly in the face of reactionary- opposition.* For even though pain was abolished by anaes- thesia during the immediate performance, surgery neces- sarily remained a last resort until the dangers and horrors of suppuration were eliminated. Despite the fortitude, resourcefulness and skill of those early surgeons, they were fighting an ambushed and, indeed, unimagined enemy; and the scene, the method and, alas, too often the outcome has been depicted in its imperishable pathos in such stories as that which tell of Alison Graeme and her devoted Rab. Being a landmark in the history of medicine, naturally enough the culminating event of the century in the sur- gical history of this hospital was reached on October 16th, seventy-five years ago, when it was first demon- strated 'Hhat ether maybe applied with safety, so as to produce insensibility during all surgical operations." So far as the Massachusetts Hospital is concerned, it has always seemed to me that it was of no consequence who discovered ether, who first learned of its anaesthetic qualities, who first made use of them to produce insensi- bility, who first conceived the idea that the drug might be utihzed during major surgical procedures; for none of the central figures responsible for the subsequent unhappy controversy were in any way connected with the institu- tion, nor, so far as is known, were ever within its walls till one of them, his secret drug in hand, made his way to the ''Dome" on that eventful October day of 1846. But the onlookers could have told you that it took something other than the chemical knowledge of Jackson and the practical ideas and imaginative powers of Morton to complete that scene, and this something was the courage of the man who ventured to permit the crucial public experiment on a human being, no less than that of Gil- bert Abbott who submitted to it. Lost in the altercation over the discovery, too little stress has been laid on this important feature of the historic episode. Can any surgeon here imagine what his reactions would *R6ntgen's discovery near the end of the century should be mentioned as a third, for it has already enormously affected surgical procedures and, what is more, the X-ray now bids fair to become a substitute for the knife in the treatment of many conditions which have come to be regarded as surgical. 28 Centennial be if an obscure dentist should come to him saying that he had a secret drug which would abolish all evidences of vitahty necessary for the period not only of an opera- tion, but for wound healing as well; that it would be a great boon to humanity and would he please try it on his next patient? A drug producing these effects would be far less remarkable to us today than was the abolition of sensation under ether to our predecessors of seventy- five years ago. Warren assumed a great responsibility and when it was over, his ''Gentlemen, this is no hum- bug," if that is what he really said, must have been uttered with immeasurable relief. Patients have since been known to die under ether administered even by experienced hands. Suppose Gilbert Abbott with his trifling naevus of the neck and five-minute operation had succumbed to this strange gas. But what robbed surgery of its terrors was not so much anaesthesia as Listerism, blessings to mankind as both have proved to be. Dexterity and speed were the essen- tials of operating before anaesthesia, and the momentary agonies incidental to such operations as were undertaken, dulled as they were by alcohol or opium, were as nothing compared to the tragedy and suffering of the almost inevitable infection. It was not anaesthesia which opened the belly, the chest, the joints, and the head to the sur- geon; it was the control of sepsis nigh forty years later. Between these two great epochs in the history of medicine, the outstanding figure in this Hospital was that brilliant individualist, Henry J. Bigelow. He had just been ap- pointed in his twenty-eighth year, as full surgeon. He was present at the first ether administration. He wrote the first paper on the subject of anaesthesia, and from that time until his retirement nearly forty years later, he became so increasingly dominant in the activities of the Hospital that it came to take on largely the complex- ion of a surgical institute. To be sure, he had distin- guished surgical contemporaries in Samuel Parkman and J. Mason Warren; while J. B. S. Jackson, Henry I. Bowditch, George Cheyne Shattuck, Jr., and, for a time, Oliver Wendell Holmes were his medical colleagues, but none of them have left their names so closely linked 29 Massachusetts General Hospital with the Hospital, nor did any of them so enduringly stamp the place with their own personal hallmark. Cheselden with St. Thomas's Hospital, Sir Astley Cooper and Guy's, Dupuytren and the Hotel Dieu, Hunter and Brodie with St. George's, Pott, Abernathy and Paget with St. Bartholomew's, Robert Liston and University College, Lister and the Glasgow Royal Infir- mary, just as in more recent times the elder Gross with the Jefferson Hospital, Horsley with Queen's Square and Halsted with the Johns Hopkins, so Henry J. Bigelow and the Massachusetts General are names the medical world will couple for all time. These examples come readily to mind, for the accomplishments of each of these outstand- ing figures has become merged with the institution which made their labors possible, and in each case the institu- tion has justly taken unto itself a large portion of the individual's reputation. In days gone by it was an association more often es- tablished between hospitals and their visiting surgeons than with their physicians,- and though there are many notable exceptions like Louis and La Pitie, Bright and Addison with Guy's, Stokes and Graves at the Meath Hospital in Dublin, nevertheless the contact seems less intimate even in these examples, and perhaps Osier's name coupled with the Johns Hopkins is the most out- standing example of what I have in mind among the list of our great physicians. This is a thing which I think hospital trustees are prone to overlook — that the attendants must be encour- aged in every way to merge themselves more completely with the institution, for this goes on forever, whereas they are but creatures of the moment in its life. The hospital should not only hold itself responsible for the character of the work and protect the workers if neces- sary by insurance, but it should at the same time receive the chief credit for any outstanding and notable per- formance. I do not mean to imply that such influences as this prevailed in Bigelow's time, but merely that they are the most favorable influences whereby something compara- ble may be encouraged to happen again. For Bigelow 30 Centennial himself was unique — not the product of an environment. It is given to few men to establish what may be called a School of Surgery, and in his day his school was un- doubtedly the foremost in the land. Even long after Bigelow had passed, when surgery had risen high on the wave of Listerism and was beginning to invade the body cavities, and even though our existing chiefs at the time, Porter, Warren, Homans and Beach; Richardson, Cabot, Elliot, Mixter and Harrington, were men of unusual character and attainments, the Bigelow traditions still dominated, and those of us who had never seen him never- theless felt the influence of his commanding personahty. For was not the very amphitheatre named for him, his famous chair still in use, his lithotrite to get out, and James Mains, peace to his ashes! to tell us wdth what eclat things once were properly done? Bigelow's dominance in the composite personality of the hospital is all the more remarkable when one consid- ers the eminence in the profession of his even more dis- tinguished father before him, and of the physicians I have mentioned who were his contemporaries. But there will always be a larger supply of well-trained physicians than of surgeons for a hospital to draw upon. To be ac- ceptable, the physician requires a special combination of head and heart; the surgeon of head, heart and hand — a rarer combination which comes partly by gift and partly by training. I know of no better example of this combination at its best than my talented and lamented predecessor in the school, Maurice H. Richardson. In the days before Morton and before Pasteur and Lister, this disproportion in numbers between physicians and sur- geons was even more true than now when it seems there may be successful surgeons with hands alone, and httle heart and still less head — a dangerous kind of fellow to let loose in the community, either in or out of a hospital. The antiseptic era came too late for Bigelow, for though the third Warren in 1870, after a visit with Lister in Glasgow, brought back with him some rolls of carbolized lac plaster, the adoption of Lister's first principles made their way somewhat slowly, for there were none here who had been actually trained under the master. The 31 Massachusetts General Hospital carbolic spray of somewhat later date was, I believe, first used by John Homans, who, according to report, being not particularly pious, used to start his operations with ''Gentlemen, let us spray." Once introduced, however, antisepsis was equally hard to dislodge, and not until 1892 did C. A. Porter and Franklin Balch, as internes, purchase for the hospital its first Arnold sterilizer. Some years later, there still re- mained a crock of carbohc solution full of small sea sponges, used instead of gauze for sponging wounds except on special occasions; and I recall that our instru- ments of general use were still scalded rather than boiled, and, what is more, after use were scrubbed, wiped and put away by the lowest house officer — a most certain way of shortening their period of usefulness. During Bigelow's era the advances in surgery were largely along mechanical lines. There have been few sm-geons who could see through a mechanical problem more clearly than he, and his inventive genius reached its highest mark, possibly, with the invention of his evacuator, to express the purpose of which the word, ''litholapaxy," was coined. The pathological era which followed had its beginnings in the '70's, when it was brought home by Warren tertius, the first of the Massa- chusetts General Hospital surgeons to break away from traditions and get his training elsewhere than in the anatomical dissecting room. Versed in the new technique of section-cutting and staining, after two years in Vienna, a session with Cohnheim, then Virchow's assistant in Berlin, and another with Ranvier in Paris, Warren, on his return, introduced here these new methods which have had such an important influence on the development of surgery. His studies on keloid, on the columnae adiposae, on the classification of tumors of the breast, together with his Surgical Pathology, made him the James Paget of this hospital, as Warren primus had been the John Hunter. But this new learning, which came from turning the microscope on disease, though first introduced by a sur- geon, was not long to remain solely in the surgeons' hands. It was time for the hospital to have its own path- 32 Centennial ologist and with the return of Fitz from abroad shortly after, the pathological building was erected and he was put in charge. Here, some fifteen years later, on a unique autopsy table devised by Bigelow, the underlying nature of the disorder which in time took surgeons out of the pelvis into the belly was finally disclosed and was designated ''appendicitis." Anaesthesia christened by Holmes, Htholapaxy by Bigelow, appendicitis by Fitz, are three unquestioned offspring of the Massachusetts General Hospital whose names are enrolled in the bap- tismal register of medical terms. But the long tradition of the anatomical dissecting room and surgery learned on the cadaver could not be shaken off abruptly in favor of the experimental labora- tory. John C. Warren, it may be recalled, held the com- bined Chair of Anatomy and Surgery for thirty-two years, until the year after ether was first used, and though the chair was then divided, 0. W. Holmes taking anatomy, for the next fifty years the anatomical demon- stratorships were held successively by Hodges, Cheever, Porter, Beach, Richardson, Mixter, Newell, Conant, Munro and Brooks, all but two of them surgeons with appointments here. The dissecting room without doubt was the best possible training ground until pathology and physiology became more essential than regional anatomy after surgery seriously invaded the body cavi- ties and began to lop off the diseased appendix instead of arms and legs,* which, except in wars, we manage now better to preserve. Up to our lights back in the '90's, surgery in its transi- tion stage was done here exceptionally well, and there was a most healthy rivalry between the services, of which there were then three, — East, West and South, — each with its own distinctive personality. How looked down upon were we of the newly established ''South" by those of the other services, each with its long and enviable genealogical list of internes scratched under the hd of the senior's desk. My brother, I remember with amusement, was shocked to find that I was not on the *In his Life of Lister, J. R. Godlee has recorded that in 1865 at the University College Hospital there were 200 operations performed, 40 being amputations. In 1912 there were 2,000 operations, 18 being amputations. 33 Massachusetts General Hospital East side which had been his. But each of us felt his own service to be the best, and endeavored to make this assured by estabhshing traditions better, if possible, than those of the others. So with my contemporaries of the short-lived ''South" I look back with an enduring sense of obligation to our four chiefs — to that resolute and picturesque pioneer, John Homans, who twenty years before had been privately advised not to do ovariotomies here, yet persisted in so doing; to C. B. Porter, master of operative technique; to Jack Eliot with his bril- liant gifts and uncanny surgical instinct; and to the youngest of them, William Conant, most generous and considerate of his hard-working juniors. To place the time for a younger generation, we were just beginning to count the leucocytes in the blood, to operate for ap- pendicitis in the interval, and hesitatingly to expose the gall-bladder through a small opening, for the upper ab- domen was still largely a closed territory. Dr. Warren had just brought back from Rontgen's laboratory a small tube about the size of a goose's egg, and with it Codman and I ground out on the old static machine the first faint X-ray picture of a hand ever taken here. A good deal of it, to be sure, in the retrospect appears somewhat old-fashioned and we were misled in many ways. We operated too much by the clock; the wealth of material was utilized in no way except for added ex- perience; cases were insufficiently studied before opera- tion; our fracture dressings were so neat and laboriously made we would hesitate to take them down to see if all was well beneath; we disdained the students, forgetting how recently we had been of them; there was rather too much display and operative rivalry at our Saturday morning public exhibition of skill; too much of the week's hard work was postponed for a prolonged Sunday morn- ing visit which left us with no day of relaxation; there was no spur whatever to productiveness, no encourage- ment to follow up a bad result, whether to its home or to the dead-house. But these things were merely an expression of the times: they were not peculiar to this Hospital alone, and if they were faults, we juniors, who reveled in the life 34 Centennial and its opportunities, were unaware of the fact. We con- trolled the staff, in our estimation, who by sufferance did such operations as we allowed, and the Almighty with our help cared for the patients afterward, and usually got them well. And the trustees? If they existed, we saw them not, though aware that they made all those wonderful things possible. They, we felt sure, were only interested in the cost of a bed and its occupant per diem, not why it was that Martha survived her operation while Mary didn't; that Patrick's hernia recurred while Michael's didn't — not how these things might be done better, but only in the numbers of Marthas and Patricks and others the hospital took in and evacuated each year. They were the Bee Masters, we the Workers, and it is little to be wondered at, therefore, that to us as to suc- cessive generations of house officers, the orderlies, the nurses, the servants and minor officials continuously here were what, even more than the staff, according to our view, gave personality to the hospital. Opportunity was in our grasp. Each could add some- thing if he would. Had not Herbert Moffitt just left the most perfect set of records as a standard for all to copy; was not Richard Cabot at work with a microscope in the small laboratory, engaged in that mysterious occu- pation called research? Was it not possible for any other of us to do something original, to leave some im- print of ourselves on the old place, to add our mite which would be remembered by others to come afterward and perhaps unconsciously influence them? Who could have been that marvelous though anony- mous scribe who a century ago penned those wonderful case histories in the first volumes of hospital records in the Treadwell Library, and which remain an example to all house officers, for they have never been excelled.* It would make for some historian an interesting study to trace- in these and subsequent volumes the records of the generations of what have always been called "house pupils" and to see in how far the promise of their future fife as there recorded came to be fulfilled. It would be *"Dr. A. J. G. Marcet, an exact writer, in his Essay on the Clinical History and Med- ical Treatment of Calculous Disorders published in 1817, mentions that no great London hospital then kept any regular record of cases." (Norman Moore.) 35 Massachusetts General Hospital interesting to learn in how far their failures as well as their successes are attributable to the encouragement or repressions which this succession of yoiuig men in their formative years received at the hands of the Massachu- setts General Hospital — whether it is because of the character of their training or in spite of it, success, and of what kind, has come to them. Here hes opportunity for another kind of an end-result study, of interest and importance. As I look back on those of my own generation it seems to me that there have been three outstanding contributions for which the hospital may take credit. One of them is represented by the writings of Mumford, who more than anyone who has served here since ' ' The Autocrat, ' ' possessed a gifted pen. And though his essays cannot be claimed by us, that experience which enabled him to write the best surgical text-book of his day was purely received here. It was through his highly developed histrionic sense, furthermore, that Dr. Warren's suggestion that there be Ether Day anniversaries, was taken up and devel- oped. Then, also, the credit of two great reforms belongs to our generation, both of which are identified with the Massachusetts General Hospital. They both concern the after-result of the patient's hospital sojourn. With the name of Richard Cabot, one will be forever Unked, and it stands, I think, as the most significant accom- plishment in the whole history of the hospital — more, even, than the introduction of anaesthesia, for in this case the idea, the man, and the fulfillment belong indissolubly to the institution. The other great reform, though of a different nature and launched with a different purpose, nevertheless also has its important sociological bearings. In this case, also, the idea originated here, but the man, a modern Luther, nailed his proclamation to the church door, preferring this method or martyrdom to the more persuasive ways which an Erasmus would advocate. This involved, too, a question of personality. Neverthe- less the idea as well as the man was a product of the Massachusetts General Hospital, and a great nation- wide movement has been started which is bringing hos- pital boards everywhere to see that they have obhgations 36 Centennial which not only concern numbers and cost of patients, but also of work performed and its outcome. There are, indeed, ways open for every individual to make his personal contribution to the institution he serves, and in developing my theme I have been inter- ested more in what those associated with the Massa- chusetts General Hospital have left here than in what they contributed to their profession beyond the hospital walls. Some of the surgeons have been inventive and have perfected new apparatus or instruments; some, like the Warrens, have written important surgical trea- tises, and J. Mason Warren's "Surgical Observations,'' dedicated to the trustees, is a work of high order, a Massa- chusetts General Hospital publication from cover to cover; some have originated novel surgical procedures, like the lamented Frank Hooper's operation for adenoids or S. J. Mixter's oesophageal operations, or have worked out the underlying cause of some imperfectly understood disorder, as E. A. Codman did for subacromial bursitis; some, like C. B. Porter, have influenced surgery less by the written word than by their example of technical skill and enthusiasm as clinical teachers; some have de- veloped new fields of work leading towards specialization, as did John Homans and Arthur Cabot; and almost all, without exception, have been such dexterous and resource- ful operators that one may hardly single out an individual unless, possibly, Maurice Richardson may be taken to represent the Massachusetts General Hospital ideal of later days. But it is on the personahty rather than on the per- sonal accomphshments of these surgeons and of others who have been connected with the Hospital that I would dwell, for it is their combined individualities rather than their individual contributions which in the end have produced that complex which we recognize as giving to the Hospital its particular flavor, tone and color. It is an intangible thing — this distinctive character of one hospital which makes it differ from others of its kind. Like an old wine, it has acquired a certain quaUty which only comes with age and a new institution cannot imitate, for it represents the fusion of the countless personaUties 37 Massachusetts General Hospital of all those who have worked for it or in it, no matter how lowly — of a nurse or house officer or orderly, no less than of a trustee or superintendent or member of the staff. I think the faithful Hugh McGee has the record for service, fifty years in fact, but James Mains with his Parkinsonian tremor was the mainstay of the Bigelow amphitheatre for nearly as long. Then there was Barry, inimitable mimic of surgeons who had gone before, Piper the night orderly, "Out-Patient" John, and Louis Brown, who first came a boy with osteomyelitis and died here thirty years later, from comphcations of his old malady, meanwhile having become, as a photomicrographic ex- pert, a most useful and loyal servant of the Hospital. Strongly represented, too, is the personaUty of that beloved Walter Dodd, who grew from an apothecary clerk to have charge of one of the first and best X-ray departments in the country and, Hke the soldier he was, stood by his guns in the service of the Hospital to the end — "doubly dead iii that he died so young." All these are represented no less than, perhaps even more than, those of greater fame who were given more promi- nent roles and received the plaudits, but gave far less time to the performance. Nor need the list be so restricted, for women — many of them — have done their part, even Nellie and Ellen in the Flat, dear old Maggie, the waitress, Bridget Gibbon in the laundry, who for thirty-four years has known better than anyone else which of the surgeons and their pupils. East or West, was the least tidy. Then, too, there have been women higher up who for hours have stood wearily handing things to imperious and impatient sur- geons, or have for so many years spent unselfish hours, like Miss McCrae, in giving nurses the distinctive stamp of the Massachusetts General Hospital Training School. A woman, indeed, with vision and opportunity, may even be one of the outstanding figures, as has been true of St. Thomas's Hospital, in whose annals Florence Nightin- gale shares the honors with, if she does not even outshine such as Mead and Cheselden, whom Alexander Pope immortahzed. 38 Centennial So let us remember that some one other than a visit- ing physician or surgeon may indehbly stamp his per- sonahty on the hospital he serves. In the old Bloekly Hospital in Philadelphia, a tablet has been erected to Thomas Owen, who for some thirty years as head nurse of the men's medical floor was known to successive gen- erations of attendants and residents, most of whom are forgotten or at least their association with that pictur- esque old hospital has been, while his will remain for all time. And why? Because he gave all that he had to the institution and it left him famous, whereas the others, a good many of them, used the old Philadelphia Hospital not infrequently for pohtical or private ends and are buried in obhvion. Such a one as this Owen was Jim Skillen, originally a Massachusetts General Hospital ward tender, who came back here to die of an incurable malady after passing uncountable years as janitor of the Medical School. There he probably meant more to more students than did any individual teacher, for he at least knew us all by name and had very clear and force- fully expressed notions as to our individual worth, as well as to the worth of our many instructors. Example has much to do with the perpetuation of traditions, especially when there is a succession of hero- worshipping and imitative juniors; and if a hospital's personaUty is, as I beheve it to be, its chief asset, the thought should quicken the sense of responsibihty of everyone, be he trustee or lowly servant, for it is in the power of any individual to modify this quality. He who is wilhng to do something more than follow a prescribed routine, and who merges himself most with the active indoor hfe of the institution, giving even at personal sacrifice the most time to the attainment of this end, is certain to be the best and longest remembered. And here my theme must end. Every hospital recog- nizes more or less clearly its set obHgations; what helps or hinders most in their fulfillment are the crystallized traditions which give an institution its particular individ- uahty. In the development of this quality countless people, however unconsciously, have contributed — those whose charity has given comfort and peace of mind, 39 Massachusetts General Hospital as well as those whose professional skill has brought physical well-being to the maimed and sick; those who have brought the greatest sympathy and understanding to the problems of the young people here to learn; those who may never have come in special contact with either patients or students, but, freed from the kilhng routine of the clinic, have apphed themselves to the forwarding of knowledge; those who have managed the business affairs of the hospital and its relations to the outside world; those, too, who have made the beds, kept the books, answered the 'phone, cooked the food, done the wash, stoked the fires, scrubbed the floors, and killed the rat — in the Hospital Jack built. Dr. Walcott: There has been a certain amount of speculation in the mind of the public as to the relation of the McLean Hospital to the Massachusetts General Hospital. They are one and the same. The department for the care of the insane, owing to the fortunate act of the trustees, came into possession of one of the famous country seats in the vicinity of Boston. Few of the older people of this audience understand that the title ''coun- try seat" applies to that portion of Somerville now occu- pied by a collection of slaughterhouses. The McLean Hospital, then the Asylum, remained in Somerville until driven out by the increasing occupation of the neighbor- hood, when it was removed to Waverley and then prop- erly renamed the McLean Hospital. The trustees were enabled, therefore, to open this hospital somewhat earher than the department in Boston, the first patient being received in November, 1818. The trustees, in their search for a competent superintend- ent, were fortunate in finding in a country physician, Dr. Rufus Wyman, a well-educated man of superior intelhgence and strength of character. Two illustrious physicians, his sons, later carried his work to an eminence equal to his own. Like the great physician, Pinel, he believed that the maniac should be treated with human- ity. It is not my intention to repeat the sad story of the 40 Centennial care of the insane that prevailed before that hospital opened. So much of it as may be necessary to a better understanding of the work of the hospital will be given you by Dr. C. Macfie Campbell, head of the Boston Psychopathic Hospital, Massachusetts' last contribu- tion to the humane treatment of the insane. 41 Massachusetts General Hospital HISTORY OF INSANITY DURING THE PAST CENTURY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE McLEAN HOSPITAL C. Macfie Campbell, M.D. ''Fear walks up and down in the Jungle by day and by night," KipUng tells us, and fear still plays a large part in the Ufe of civilized man. Pain and death throw their shadow over his happiness, and mankind eagerly welcomes each step of progress in the alleviation of pain and the struggle with death. There are some forms of sickness, which may neither involve pain nor endanger life; but which many hold more in dread than actual suffering or even death; I refer to those forms of sickness which touch the citadel of human reason, and which insidiously rob the individ- ual of his social value. The issues raised by these dis- orders, so closely interwoven with other fundamental problems of humanity, have been confused by many cross-currents of human behef ; our patients at different periods have been held to be inspired by God, possessed by devils, corrupted by sin. Only slowly have we come to the modern standpoint that a mental disorder is one form of sickness, that it is a biological problem. The problem, it is true, is one of great complexity, not always to be formulated in the simple categories of inter- nal medicine, but in psychological terms which do justice to the high degree of organization of human nature. This view is far from being as yet thoroughly assimilated ; the mediseval attitude still persists beneath the twentieth century veneer. Few individuals refer frankly to the fact that a relative has a mental disorder; in the minds of many, insanity has still a stigma attached to it. In the conversation of educated men insanity is often re- ferred to in jesting or contemptuous terms; even physi- cians may refer to patients suffering from these disorders in the current slang. 42 M. Spi-'^ '.'^'^ Centennial Whoever uses such current terms, to that extent is hving in an earUer stage of culture; he helps to perpetuate a prejudice which has very serious consequences; he postpones the early recognition and treatment of these disorders, favors treatment in ill-equipped but unknown institutions, increases the distress of the relatives. Up to the end of the eighteenth century the condition of the insane in all countries was deplorable; fear was the keynote of their treatment. They were outcasts, not only from society, but from medical science; in the medical books superficial descriptions, naive ex- planations, scholastic discussions abounded. The period of the French Revolution was the dawn of a new era for the insane. In 1792, Pinel, appointed physician at Bicetre, struck the fetters off the insane patients, and when later transferred to the Salpetriere, he instituted the same humane regime which he had found so success- ful at Bicetre. For the first time it was possible to study the symptoms of mental disorder itseff, uncompHcated by the artefacts due to hideous neglect or abuse. The ht- erature of chnical psychiatry may be said to begin with Pinel's "Traite Medico-philosophique sur 1' Alienation Mentale" (1801). The pupils of Pinel, foremost among them Esquirol, soon contributed an important body of clinical information; deserving of mention are Falret, Calmeil, Bayle. Pinel did not know until 1798 that WilUam Tuke had in 1792 estabhshed the York Retreat, an asylum where the insane were treated on the same humane principles which had inspired his own work in France, nor did Tuke know of the work of Pinel till 1806. A great impetus was given to the humane treatment of the insane in England when Hill, in association with Charlesworth, introduced the same system into the Lincoln Asylum, the success of which system was further confirmed on a large scale by Connolly at Hanwell Asylum, where he went in 1839. Non-restraint soon became a dogma in the Enghsh pub- lic asylums, while it was still regarded with suspicion on the Continent. In Germany, Reil had, in 1803, published his "Rhap- sodies on the Psychic Treatment of Insanity," in which 43 Massachusetts General Hospital he denounced existing abuses in Germany. The impor- tant period of German psychiatric Uterature begins with Griesinger's "Pathology and Therapy of Mental Disor- ders" (1845); in this work the study of mental disorders is placed on the same basis as the other medical disciphnes. p- American psychiatric literature of this period consists of the work published by Benjamin Rush in 1812, "Med- ical Inquiries and Observations upon the Diseases of the Mind"; the fine spirit of Tuke or Pinel does not breathe in the work of Rush, and as a clinical exposition it ranks far below that of Pinel. The facihties for the care of the insane in the United States during this period was very limited; in 1754 the Pennsylvania Hospital for the insane was instituted with custodial aims; Virginia, in 1773, opened a hospital for the insane at Williamsburg; the Society of the New York Hospital in 1809 built a separate building for the insane which developed into the Bloomingdale Asylum. The Society of Friends opened an asylum at Frankford, Pennsylvania, in 1817. In 1824, the Connecticut Retreat for the Insane at Hartford was opened under the enlight- ened guidance of Dr. Eh Todd. It was 1832 before Massachusetts built her first State Hospital at Worces- ter. New York State followed with the Utica State Hospital built in 1843. Such were the hospital facilities for the insane in the United States during the period of the early history of the McLean Asylum. In America, the interest of the public in the distressing condition of the insane at the beginning of the nineteenth century may be judged by the fact that out of the $93,969 subscribed during a week's canvass for the estabhshment of the Massachusetts General Hospital, $43,997.47 was subscribed specifically for the asylum. The branch for the insane, to which the name McLean Asylum was later given, was opened in 1818, three years before the opening of the General Hospital. "The first patient was admitted October 6, 1818, a young man whose father thought him possessed of the devil, which he had tried to exorcise with the rod." A public institution for the management and care of the insane was a novelty; the public had to be reassured 44 Centennial and educated to realize that the old traditions, associated with the care of the insane, were altogether broken with; it was unlikely that for some time the early and most curable cases of mental disorder would be brought to the asylum. As a matter of fact, probably at no period in the history of the McLean Asylum was there such a large proportion of difficult and trying patients as during the first years; it received a larger proportion than ever since of patients from jails and almshouses, where they had had no proper care. Many of them, from years of neg- lect, had fallen into habits which made their care a matter of great difficulty. Later, as State Hospitals grew up and patients received earher treatment, these products of human neglect became less numerous. The institution had, first of all, to estabhsh itself in the pubhc confidence and give a practical demonstration of the care of the insane, which would place this branch of medicine on the same basis as the other branches. It was a great opportunity; an old dispensation was at an end, a new tradition had to be estabhshed. The choice of a superintendent for the asylum was most im- portant. The trustees chose Dr. Rufus Wyman, and under his enhghtened direction, the care of the insane was at once placed upon a basis thoroughly humane and of as high technical efficiency as the medical knowledge of the time admitted. Dr. Wyman was no psychiatrist in the modern sense of the term, he was a country doctor of good common sense, with a local reputation for han- dling the mentally afflicted. For seventeen years he carried on his work at the McLean Asylum without a vacation — for not until 1873 was it recognized officially that the physician required a vacation — and his whole aim was the comfort, happiness and the care of his pa- tients; he shared the intimacy of his family life with those patients able to benefit by it, while for those severe and disturbed cases, whose symptoms necessitated their removal from any association with a group, he spent much time in designing suitable accommodations, and surrounded their treatment with every precaution and safeguard. He designed buildings, he carefully chose the attendants, he encouraged a great variety of occupations 45 Massachusetts General Hospital and diversions. He grouped the patients in the build- ings in accordance with their symptoms and their varied needs, and, in his careful attention to detail, he saw that the stone floors of the rooms of the most disturbed pa- tients should be suitably warmed. The attendants were chosen on the basis of their character, and to insure to the patients a reasonable permanence of the person- nel efforts were made to study the requirements of the attendants. Occupational therapy plays an important role in a modern hospital, and Dr. Wyman fully reahzed the im- portance both of recreation and of occupation. It is pleas- ant to read in the hospital report for 1829 the items: Medicines, $32.79; Diversions, 11,089.68. Dr. Wyman realized that he had not only to care for the patients but to relieve the distress of the relatives and to help to create an enlightened opinion with regard to insanity. "It is believed the public have much to learn respecting lunatics — that insanity is curable — that a few weeks or months are not sufficient for a rea- sonable trial, that absence from home is always indispen- sable — that whips and chains are forever banished from every well-regulated asylum for the insane." In his report for 1833 he says, ''No person is ever allowed to strike a patient, even in self-defense." To twentieth century ears such a statement seems superfluous. We assume that from the time of Tuke and Pinel this has been the only possible attitude of the enhghtened phy- sician. We only give due credit to Dr. Wyman for his sensitiveness to human needs and broad humanity when we contrast his attitude with that of a more distinguished physician of the period, Benjamin Rush. Rush seemed to be insensitive to the miserable state of the insane in the Pennsylvania Asylum in Philadelphia. He accepted the coercion then in vogue. He apparently took it for granted that a whip was always available to punish an assault. Rush certainly protests against ever striking a patient, but with the ominous qualification, ''a blow with the hand or a whip only in case of assault." To sum up the main factors in the regime of Dr. Wyman: detailed attention to the care, comfort and cure 46 Centennial of the patients, a serious attempt to organize the daily routine of the patient in accord with, his or her daily needs, the careful choice of a nursing personnel and at- tention to their comfort, an express veto on attendants striking patients under any ckcumstances or using me- chanical restraint to avoid the necessity of nursing care. The whole spirit is that of the modern psychopathic hospital; the latter, however, containing an elaborate apparatus of study and treatment which in Dr. Wyman's time was non-existent. After a review of the accomphshment of the first superintendent of the McLean Asylum, one agrees with the Chairman of the Trustees in the report of 1837 when he says, "Dr. Wyman laid the broad and deep founda- tion of the usefulness and reputation of the McLean Asylum." Dr. Wyman continued to regret that owing to the financial situation, it was not possible to receive patients entirely free. It is true that many patients were received at a very low rate of board. It was only later that the finances of the Hospital enabled a certain number of patients to be admitted free. The condition of the in- sane poor at this time in the Commonwealth of Massa- chusetts was deplorable. It is not necessary to make your flesh creep by giving details. One may refer, how- ever, to the words of the Memorial presented in 1843 to the Legislature of Massachusetts by Miss Dorothea Dix: "I proceed. Gentlemen, briefly to call your attention to the present state of the insane persons confined within this Commonwealth in cages, closets, cellars, stalls, pens; chained, naked, lashed into obedience." In the Memorial this terse summary is followed by the recital of more detailed facts. A similar situation existed in New Hampshire, where Dr. Luther V. Bell, a country practitioner of great intel- ligence and resourcefulness, took up the cause of the insane, drew up a report for the Legislature on the sub- ject, and followed this by a series of articles and addresses. After six years of agitation it was determined to estabhsh in New Hampshire an asylum for the insane, and with the help of private benevolence this was finally done in 47 Massachusetts General Hospital 1842. It is interesting to note that this movement was bitterly opposed by many, who appUed the term ''fancy philanthropy" to the movement in this direction. At the present date there are other movements, dealing with the mental hygiene of the community, with regard to which kindred spirits may be tempted to apply the same term, but which may come to be accepted as a matter of course as fully as the responsibihty of the State for the care of the insane. In 1836 Dr. Bell was invited by the Trustees of the McLean Hospital to become Superintendent of the McLean Asylum, for Dr. Lee, the successor of Dr. Wyman, had died within a year of his appointment. The single report published by Dr. Lee is a striking document. In his brief period of office, he made a very definite con- tribution to the spirit of the institution. Occupation of useful type was to him the great therapeutic agent. Like his predecessor, he emphasized and defined the moral management of the patients. He was not satisfied with any perfunctory daily program nor occupation, merely for a selected few, but aimed to find some simple mechanical labor in which most patients could be en- gaged. With regard to the nursing personnel, his thought was ''not with how small a number can we get along, but how many can be advantageously employed?" "We will not continue any male or female attendant whom we cannot invite into our family seat at our table, and with whom we could not confidently place our own wives, sisters and brothers. We do not consider their service as servile; they are the companions of the unfor- tunate; engaged in the same employments with ourselves, they shall command our friendship and respect." He laid stress on religious services, and 95 out of 136 patients voluntarily attended family worship. So much struck were the trustees with the principles and the practices of Dr. Lee that they requested his successor, Dr. Bell, to be guided by them. Dr. Bell, however, needed no direction from others as to the spirit in which his work should be conducted. His record in New Hampshire had shown his humane standpoint with regard to the treatment of the insane. 48 Centennial He had already published various communications deal- ing with scientific topics, on dietetics, on the external exploration of diseases, and on smallpox. For twenty years he directed the McLean Asylum, and during this period the number of patients steadily increased; in 1847 only two-thirds of all who applied could be admitted, notwithstanding the increased accommodation supplied by a number of new buildings. Dr. Bell not only con- tinued to show the same humanity in the care of his patients as his predecessors, he devoted himself to the detailed study of the symptomatology of insanity and of the principles underlying its treatment. In the early days of the Asylum we find many references in the treat- ment of patients to bleeding, blisters, setons, cathartics. The frequent blood-letting was largely due to the tradi- tion so enthusiastically endorsed by Benjamin Rush, who bled his eldest daughter when she was six weeks old (though prevention of the overdose of laudanum would have been a greater tribute to the care of the children), and one of his sons twice before he was two months old. There were few conditions in which a good blood-letting was not claimed by Rush to be of considerable value. These traditions had, however, been considerably weakened, among others by Dr. Wyman and Dr. Todd. In 1841 Dr. Bell writes, ''The practice of bleeding, vio- lent purgations, emetics, vesicatories, and derivatives has passed away before the light of experience." Moral means are for Dr. Bell the essentials of treatment, while with regard to drugs, their cautious use is recommended and an attitude on the part of the physician of ''a wise expectation." Dr. Bell not only brought the care and treatment of the individual patient to the highest level, he made use- ful contributions to the literature of his chosen branch of medicine; the most important of these was his paper ''On a form of disease resembling some advanced stages of mania and fever, but so contradistinguished from any ordinarily observed or described combination of symptoms as to render it probable that it may be an overlooked and hitherto unrecorded malady" {American Journal of Insanity, October, 1849). In addition, he felt 49 Massachusetts General Hospital that physicians, who had speciaUzed in diseases of the mind, had a certain responsibiUty for guiding pubhc thought in relation to kindred topics. A wave of interest in Spirituahsm was sweeping through the country, and Dr. Bell devoted some time to the study of these elusive phenomena. He made these investigations in an open- minded spirit, although by nature conservative and not inclined to take up hghtly any innovations. "And so in relation to all the new doctrines of our own art, I may say I was and am an ultraconservative, as in rehgion I hold to the Scotch Presbyterianism of my ancestors. Rouse's version of the Psalms of David and all, and in politics am an old fogy Whig." He felt that his influence had been of some use in promoting a sober attitude on these heady topics. "I always supposed I did as much as any man in New England to put a stop to that gigantic epidemic by demonstrating that its facts were only those of old mesmerism itself, and that the mediums never told what the inquirer did not know before." He makes interesting remarks as to^'the relation of the phenomena to dissociation. He comes to the far-reaching conclu- sion "that it is no evidence that views, feelings, reflec- tions, which we do not recognize as at all ours or which we may spurn as being our thoughts or sentiments, still may not have come out of our storehouse as they cer- tainly do in states of dreaming or of aberration." In this sentence Dr. Bell emphasizes a psychological principle, the further elaboration of which has been one of the main tasks of modern psychopathology. The conclusion of Dr. Bell's life was a worthy sequel to a distinguished profes- sional career. He had, owing to the condition of his health, resigned from his position in 1857. At the begin- ning of the Civil War, he applied for a commission. He shared the hardships of his regiment during the cam- paign, was at the battle of Bull Run, and finally died in camp, with the rank of brigade surgeon. Already during the life of Dr. Bell the McLean Asylum was being unpleasantly squeezed by different railroads encroaching upon its grounds, and by 1871 it was decided to move the Hospital to a more suitable site. 50 Centennial In 1879 Dr. Edward Cowles was appointed Superin- tendent of the Asylum, and under his direction the McLean Asylum was transformed into the McLean Hos- pital, and in 1895 it received a different local habitation as well as a new name, being transferred from Somerville to the new site at Waverley. In changing the name of Asylum to Hospital, Dr. Cowles was making no mere verbal alteration to spare the susceptibiUties of the pub- lic. Around every name connected with this form of disorder there develops an incrustation, due to the pre- cipitation from the public opinion of the time, a testi- mony to man's continued inhumanity to man. The term asylum, however, was only appropriate for an institution which offered a place of retreat to the handicapped and ship\\Tecked. The name may have been partly discred- ited because in many places it suggested a place of re- treat, not only for handicapped patients, but for handi- capped physicians, who had found a secure refuge from the trials of the outside world. Both on its structure and on its spirit. Dr. Cowles impressed the hospital characteristics. Bars were taken off some of the windows, doors were unlocked, the num- ber of women nurses for male patients was increased, a feature which Dr. Tuke, on his visit, regarded with some doubt, and visitors were admitted freely to the patients. In the reports of the previous superintendents, it is inter- esting to note the emphasis that was laid upon the evil consequences of visits, which were obviously sternly discouraged. '^ In 1882 a training school for nurses was established, the first formally organized training school in a hospital for the insane. In changing the name of attendants to nurses, here again it was no verbal change. It was the symbol of the new emphasis on the real function, and in order to perfect that function suitable training was organ- ized. In establishing this training school. Dr. Cowles made a very important contribution to the whole move- ment of mental hygiene, and to the development of public opinion. He raised the prestige of the work; he emphasized the fact that nursing the mentally sick is simply one technical branch of nursing, as psychiatry is 51 Massachusetts General Hospital one branch of medicine. As no physician can be consid- ered adequately trained who has merely been taught to look after diseases of organs, and not diseases of the per- sonality, so no nurse can be looked upon as fully trained who has been trained merely to nurse organs and systems, and who looks upon the disorders of the personality as negligible. The laboratory physician may find a career in his technical researches, which only occasionally bring him into contact with patients, but there is no room in the wards of a hospital for a laboratory and impersonal nurse, and the time is, I hope, at hand when every nurse will be required to spend a period of training on psycho- pathic wards. Dr. Cowles was one of the first to realize the importance of these principles. He saw that progress in the study of mental disorders required the use of the most accurate methods supphed by the laboratories, and that merely descriptive psychi- atry did not carry one far in relation to the underlying mechanisms of the different forms of psychosis. He established a pathological laboratory in which the re- searches were not hmited to pathological anatomy, but to an analysis of the disordered functions. Dr. Noyes was at first in charge, but was succeeded in 1896 by Dr. Hoch, who at McLean Hospital began that work on the analysis of the underlying personal factors in mental disease which has done so much to influence recent psychiatric thought. A psychological analysis of some- what different type was undertaken, when the labora- tory of experimental psychology was opened by Dr. Franz in 1904. The careful researches of Dr. Franz were the first important contribution from America to a sound experimental psychopathology, and the researches carried on by his successor. Dr. Wells, applied the care- ful technique of the psychological laboratory to problems of the personality, intimately connected with mental disorders. Dr. Cowles was deeply impressed with the dynamic aspect of mental disorder, and not content with formulations of these dynamic factors in complex psy- chological terms, he wished to trace the disordered func- tions to the underlying physiological and biochemical factors. In 1900, Dr. Folin established at McLean Hos- 52 Centennial pital the chemical laboratory in which for the next eight years he carried out painstaking and fundamental re- searches with regard to this aspect of mental disorders. The buildings of the McLean Hospital, as we see them, are a monument to Dr. Cowles, but a still greater con- tribution to the subject, in which he was so interested, was the placing of the study of this subject on as high a basis as that of the other medical disciphnes, and of organizing in the Hospital medical research in mental disorders in the spirit of modem medicine. The period of one hundred years has seen the public attitude towards mental disorders gradually modified, so that at the end of the century the humane attitude towards patients with mental disorders is widely dissem- inated, although it may not be always thoroughly assim- ilated. The spirit of humanity characteristic of the work in the McLean Hospital is a continuation of that humane attitude which was estabhshed in the McLean Asylum at Somerville, from its first institution under the regime of Dr. Wyman. The medical treatment of the patients in the hospital, after emancipating itself from the earher drastic methods, has followed the same principles which Dr. Bell enunciated, namely, a cautious use of medical remedies and "a wise expectation." In only a small group of mental cases, and these of organic nature, is there any specific treatment by drugs; drugs in mental disorders are chiefly used for paUiative and symptomatic purposes. While in the moral management of cases of mental disorder, the value of occupation and diversion have been adequately stressed from the beginning of the history of the McLean Hospital, the careful analytical researches of Dr. Hoch, later continued at Bloomingdale Hospital, contributed a great deal to show that moral management or psychotherapy has a very technical aspect. Dr. Hoch in many communications emphasized the fact that many apparently obscure mental upsets could be traced to very definite personal problems in the individual life, problems which could not be formulated in the simple terms of biochemistry nor in terms of a psy- chology deaUng merely with reaction times and imper- sonal factors. In emphasizing the development of such 53 Massachusetts General Hospital disorders and in estimating the emotional factors and the difficulty of the actual situation in each case, he contrib- uted not only to the understanding of the individual patient, but indicated principles of treatment with impor- tant bearings on the question of the prevention of mental disorders. The advance made during the last century in medical thought with regard to mental disorders may be illustrated by a comparison of the naive formulations of Benjamin Rush with the careful analysis of a nervous or mental patient at the present day. The underlying causes of the individual case now are studied in the Hght of the general condition of the metabolism, the state of the various organs, the hereditary endowment, the bal- ance of the instincts and emotions, the influence of past experiences, the stress and strain of the present situation. The search for underlying causes was much less keen in the time of Benjamin Rush; he wrote that one of the causes which tend to produce intellectual derangement "is the frequent and rapid transition of the mind from one subject to another. It is said booksellers have some- times become deranged from this cause." Medicine is an exigent mistress, never satisfied, always with new tasks, the fulfillment of one task leading to the development of many others. The constant straining forward brings fatigue and a certain longing for finality, and one can appreciate the attitude of the weary sailor among the lotus eaters: "Let us alone. What pleasure can we have To war with evil? Is there any peace In ever climbing up the climbing wave?" It is pleasant to rest and regard complacently the prog- ress made. It is pleasant to review the disappearance of the gross inhumanity, the disappearance of offensive words which symbolized this inhumanity. It is pleas- ant to consider the asylum transformed into the hospital, and to think of all the apparatus of modern medicine being applied to deal with these most obscure diseases. The attitude of complacency, however, is dangerous, and we would have learned little from the spirit of predeces- sors like Wyman and Bell and Cowles, if we complacently 64 Centennial accept our inheritance and do not rather in their spirit dedicate ourselves to the tasks which are before us. Per- haps there is much to be done in the twentieth century in relation to mental disorders; our medical schools are in general hopelessly inadequate in their attention to this topic; the mediaeval attitude still lingers not only in the mind of the layman, but in the mind of the physi- cian and of the nurse; mental medicine is one stage behind general medicine in its progress towards preven- tive activity; it has had too limited a conception of the functions of a hospital, considering it rather a place where only serious cases are received than as the health center of a community from which radiates out knowl- edge with regard to the factors which tend to produce mental disorders and which social organization may help to modify. It may be that one hundred years from now a speaker, reviewing the progress of psychiatry, will see a great deal to criticize in our present-day organization. In his enlightenment he may wonder that we could be blind to certain things in 1921, just as the blind spots of men like Benjamin Rush and others tend to astonish us. The physician of the twenty-first century may compla- cently regard the arrangements of that period as com- fortably final, and look back on our halting arrangements in a maturely critical way. He may even criticize the language of the times and may find that some of our words have become as offensive to him as the term "lun- atic" has become offensive to us. He may shudder when he reads that a sick man was ''confined in an institution," when the patient was really admitted to a hospital. He may be astonished at the limitations of the twentieth century hospital, which in its general wards paid atten- tion merely to the diseases of the patients, but paid little attention to the patients themselves. The indoor department of the twenty-first century hospital may be a comparatively minor factor in the general health or- ganization, while the main hospital activity may be in the out-patient preventive department, radiating out into every region of the community where help is needed; in the twenty-first century hospital, every patient coming for advice may have some attention paid to the personal 55 Massachusetts General Hospital aspect of the disorder, and a psychiatric survey of the case may be considered imperative. As we are surprised that the nineteenth century, although in general humane, enlightened, cultured, came by such slow steps to take up adequate responsibihty for the insane poor, so may the twenty-first century regard us and our problems. There may be in the present community large numbers sadly handicapped by reason of mental difficulties, who find their way to no hospital, are recognized by none as sick and ailing, but to whom perhaps the twenty-first century will give comfort and technical advice. After looking back, therefore, on the past progress, and being duly grateful to men hke Wyman, Bell, and Cowles, who have left such a permanent imprint of their humanity and intelhgence, it may be well to turn forward again and see whether contact with these minds has not rendered us more sensitive to some of the tasks which he at our own door, but which we have singularly failed to notice. Dr. Walcott: In the year 1810, when Jackson and War- ren issued the appeal for a hospital, the country was slowly drifting into the War of 1812, when for the last time a foreign enemy took possession of part of the ter- ritory of the United States. Dr. Warren was the son of a distinguished surgeon of the Revolution and a lifelong leader in the medical profession, yet neither in the appeal nor in any report of the Trustees during the building of the Hospital is there a hint of the possible idea of a medi- cal service in time of war. The quarrel with Mexico made httle impression on this hospital, as it did upon New England generally. In the great war, the Civil War, members of this Hos- pital and men connected with it gave their services to their country. But still there was not direct ofl&cial relation between this Hospital and the medical service of the Army. In the World War, that which stands the greatest of all wars, a change came over the pohcies of the Americans, and for the first time the country entered the war with 56 Centennial an adequate surgical and medical corps. In the begin- ning individuals connected with this Hospital, as with other hospitals, had aheady crossed the Atlantic and taken a worthy part in the struggle on the other side of the seas carried on by the Allies. But the entering of our country into the war led the Superintendent of the Hospital, Dr. Frederic A. Washburn, experienced in military matters, to suggest to the Trustees the exped- iency of joining the medical staff to the military service of the United States in case of war. His idea was accepted. In July, 1917, Base Hospital No. 6, an organization within the Massachusetts General Hospital, left Boston, and went into service near Bordeaux, France. A hospital was estabhshed there, conspicuous for its good manage- ment and maintenance. Eveiy man connected with that organization did credit to himself and brought renown to this institution. A large share of the credit for the preparation of the country for that war is due to our guest of today. His remarkable service in the American Expeditionary Forces received the highest distinction. 57 Massachusetts General Hospital THE PLACE OF THE CIVIL GENERAL HOSPITAL IN THE SCHEME OF MEDICAL PREPAREDNESS Major-General Merritte W. Ireland Surgeon General, U. S. Army Three-quarters of a century ago today happened the great event which we are gathered to celebrate and which Weir Mitchell, with characteristic felicity termed ''The Conquest over Pain." It is most appropriate that Ether Day should be marked by an annual celebration, and I am glad that the Medical Department of the Army has an opportunity to speak its gratitude for this beneficent gift which has done so much to allay the vast sum of human suffering which we are called upon to witness and to relieve as best we may. ^ I could not have brought myself to stand here, in the place of the great and gifted men who have, in past years, lent their eloquence to the celebration of this day, but for the fact that it gives me an opportunity to thank the Trustees of this great Hospital for the fine public service which it rendered to the Army during the World War. A century has passed since the first patient was admitted to this Hospital, and during that time our coun- try has been engaged in five wars. The first, in 1812, secured for us the liberty of the seas. The second burst the bonds which would have held back the march of civi- lization to the Pacific. The third was the long and bloody operation which cut out the cancer of slavery from the vitals of our nation. The fourth rescued the fair islands of Cuba and Porto Rico, in which we had long and great and special interests, from the weak and cruel domination of Spain and awakened us to our long-neglected responsibilities as a world power which have been so magnificently met in the World War. For this last and mightiest war we are, as yet, too near it, and its ultimate results are too much shrouded in the 58 Centennial mists of the future for me to undertake to name them in a phrase. The Massachusetts General Hospital is a civic institu- tion which was founded and nourished by the generosity of your citizens of former days for benevolent and hu- mane purposes which have nothing to do with war. It has, therefore, in these former wars, sat at home Uke a good mother, attentive to the duties of its house, sending forth, it is true, its children to serve their country and care for its armies, and, Hke a good mother, welcoming them when they return with the laurels of duty well performed. It has also never failed to open its doors to the sick and wounded soldiers. But in the last great conflict war laid its rude hands on every department of human activity and on the persons or products or entire populations, mobihzing nations for its own terrible pur- poses in a way that had never before been dreamed of. In mobihziQg the medical profession for war, we went fur- ther than to call the children of the great medical institu- tions to come, one by one, to be iacorporated into the medical service. The horticulturists, when they find a fruit tree which produces a specially valuable and delicious fruit, do not take the time to reproduce it by the slow process of rais- ing new plants from the seed. This, which is nature's process, has, in addition to the disadvantage of delay, the uncertainty as to what may come from a seed in which many atavistic qualities are struggling to assert them- selves. The gardener takes, instead, cuttings of the tree itself, which have the property of breeding true and con- tinuing in the new plant all the admirable quahties of its parent. Many months before our country entered the war, an officer of the Medical Corps of the Army, who had been charged with the organization of the activities of the Red Cross having relation to our mihtary service, saw an opportunity to use the horticultural method and, by cutting off bodily a mihtary base hospital from the existing organizations of the great civil hospitals, to ob- tain a military unit which bred true to the parent stamp and carried into mihtary hfe the noble traditions, the high 59 Massachusetts General Hospital professional standard, the cohesion, discipline and or- derly methods of the parent institution. No provision for such ready-made hospitals was contemplated by any law, but by the ingenious scheme of enrolling all of the person- nel in the Army Reserve, these units were, by the act of calling them into service in time of war, lifted bodily from the Red Cross into the Medical Department of the Army. The Massachusetts General Hospital, by such an operation, furnished to the Army Base Hospital No. 6, which, organized and commanded by your distinguished Superintendent, Colonel F. A. Washburn, was among the first to join the A. E. F. in France, and created, in the suburbs of Bordeaux, a noble hospital which was a worthy daughter of this famous institution. Base Hospital No. 6 found a home at Talence, a suburb of Bordeaux, in the buildings and fine park of the Petit Lycee, which was, however, already occupied by the French Hospital Complimentaire, No. 25. The French mihtary authorities agreed to close this hospital as soon as the sick could be evacuated, but this was not at all in accordance with the views and desires of the chef, an old French physician of Bordeaux, who thought that it would be far more agreeable to retain his position and command both hospitals. Here, however, he came in conflict with the will of the Conmianding Officer of No. 6, which had something elemental and glacial in its slow, resistless, forward movement which gradually shaped every tenacious root and removed him and his hospital from the scene. The French have a great reverence for trees, and appre- ciate, in a way that, unfortunately, most Americans do not, that these beautiful creations of nature are the gifts of the decades and of the centuries and cannot be made to order by the hand of men. Therefore they were not willing to give up their trees, even to the stern necessities of war, and stipulated with the American authorities that the trees should not be cut down in ex- panding the hospital by temporary buildings from its original 500 beds to more than 4,000, which it sheltered at the time of the armistice. Accordingly the wards had to be placed here and there, wherever a sufficient space 60 Centennial among the trees could be found, and the ground plan of the hospital presented extraordmary outlines which re- sembled a Chinese idiograph leather than any architec- tural scheme. As the cUmate of France is rainy and its soil notoriously adhesive to the feet, the Commanding Officer provided corridors which would protect his nurses and patients from the rain and mud in the comings and goings between the wards and the administrative build- ings. Lumber, however, was very scarce in France and most of the planks and beams from which our hospital centers were constructed were standing in the pine for- ests of the Landes when the American Expeditionary Force set sail for France. The General Staff was, there- fore, constantly preaching economy in the use of lumber, and when several of them, in the spring of 1918, visited the sections of the S. 0. S., and Bordeaux among them, to see how their injunctions as to economy and overcrowd- ing were being carried out, they were scandalized to see these long and numerous corridors. '^My God!" observed one of them, "the man is building a second Massachu- setts General Hospital at Bordeaux." Little they knew how well these corridors would serve to accommodate the beds in the crisis expansion of the terrible October days when the crest of the epidemic of influenza coincided with the crest of the great wave of wounded which flowed back from the six weeks' battle in the Argonne and which strained the strength and resources of the Medical De- partment very nearly to the breaking point. But at this time Colonel Washburn's transfer to England was ordered, where the hospitaUzation for American troops had been dragging and going badly and where the Chief Surgeon, who knew his value, felt a man of his qualifications and administrative ability was needed. There he remained, to be promoted later to the position of Chief Surgeon of the Base Section and the rank of colonel, to which the EngUsh Government added the decoration of the Order of St. Michael and St. George. Surely our government at no distant date will recognize the distinguished service of this officer. I regret that I cannot go with some detail into the operations J^of the several departments of this splendid 61 Massachusetts General Hospital hospital; the good work of Colonel Babcock, the next Commanding Officer; the medical service under Colonel R. C. Cabot; the surgical service imder Colonel Lincoln Davis, and the fine nursing service under their admired leader, Miss Sara E. Parsons. Suffice it to say that in their work they maintained the fine traditions of this great Hospital. The cutting brought forth fruit true to stock. I did not know how Colonel Cabot would hke transplantation into military atmosphere and, therefore, I was greatly pleased to hear him say, in a speech at a dinner in Paris, that he considered the practice of medi- cine in a base hospital to be ideal in its conditions for the attainment of the best results, as there all specialties were represented, all worked together without rivalry, without any intrusion of the spirit of gain, for ends which were entirely noble, patriotism and the alleviation of human suffering. As regards the laboratory service, I might mention, as something novel and interesting, that when a very fatal epidemic broke out in great Remount Depot at Souge which the veterinarians were not able to check, and which seriously depleted the supply of horses which were de- pended on to draw the cannon at the front, the Chief Surgeon of the Bordeaux section. Colonel Shaw, a gradu- ate, by the way, of this Hospital, took charge in person and took with him, from the laboratory section of No. 6, Drs. Moss and Binger as laboratory experts. Although they were not able to identify the causative organism, by the strict application of the well-known rules of epidem- iology, they were able to bring the epidemic promptly to an end. On January 14, 1919, Base Hospital No. 6 closed its records. The highest number of patients which it had sheltered at one time was 4,300. The number of cases received in the surgical service was more than 17,000, and 3,442 operations were. performed. The total number of patients cared for in the hospital during the sixteen months that it was in operation was more than 26,000. On February 14, 1919, the staff and nurses set sail from Bordeaux and received a fitting welcome on their return home. 62 Centennial In speaking of the contributions of the Massachusetts General Hospital in the war, I should mention that Base Hospital No. 6 had a half-sister, Base Hospital No. 55, which, though not a cutting from the old tree, was raised from Massachusetts General seed, since Colonel Frank- lin A. Balch, who was the Chief of the Surgical Service, selected its entire surgical staff from the graduates of this institution, which contributed also its chief nurse and the majority of its nurses. The fortunes of war carried No. 55 to Toul, where it was nearly within sound of the guns and was ready to receive the wounded from the great Argonne-Meuse battle. Soon after its return I wrote to the Trustees to express my appreciation of the great service which the Base Hospital had rendered to our Army in France and to express the hope that so valuable a unit would not be allowed to die, but that its organization would be per- petuated by the constant taking in of new men and nurses, so that if, unfortunately, the time should again come when the country needed the help of this institu- tion in war, we would find a hving organization, enriched and strengthened by the traditions and memories of its former service, and so starting out with a credit balance of morale which it takes a new organization months of training and skiUful work to build up. Morale is a word which we hear very often these days. I heard a story of a recruit, some months ago (when we were having recruits) , who asked his sergeant what the word "morale" meant. Sergeant Hennessey, an old-timer, replied, "Morale, me b'y, is something that we had in the old days but didn't have a name for it. Now we have a name for it and an officer to make it, but we haven't got it." Well, you have it here at the Massachusetts General and you understand how much of it is the reflex of the past, and the product of good traditions. The pride with which you keep this anniversary is an evidence of it. May I not suggest that among your anniversaries you choose one associated with the career of Base Hospital No. 6 when its members may meet together and cultivate a wholesome pride in their membership in an organization which represents the patriotic contribution of this Hospital in the World 63 Massachusetts General Hospital War, and which has so well maintained its best traditions ? The action of the Massachusetts General Hospital in giving to the Army Base Hospital No. 6 is the best answer as to the place of civil hospitals in our scheme of medical preparedness to meet a national emergency. 64 Memorial The Hospital in the World War BASE HOSPITAL No. 6 As one of the few large American hospitals to prepare for military action long before the United States de- clared war on Germany, the Massachusetts General Hos- pital was ready to take the field when the call came in April, 1917. In May, the enhsted men were ordered out for drilling and throughout the month of June the Unit of Base Hospital No. 6 — physicians, nurses and en- listed men — waited impatiently for the order to embark for France. On July 9, 1917, the order at last came and under the command of Major F. A. Washburn, Superin- tendent of the Hospital in time of peace, the unit quietly entrained for New York and sailed for England on the Aurania, an excellent ship, destined on a later trip to be torpedoed and sent to the bottom of the sea. Twenty-eight officers, one Red Cross chaplain, sixty- four nurses, six secretaries, one dietitian, and one hun- dred and fifty-three men made up the strength of the Base Hospital in these early days. They were a small bit of the greatest crusade in all history and a few pages are here consecrated to their work. On July 21, the unit arrived at Queenstown, two days later at Liverpool. From Liverpool dock to Southamp- ton dock was the next stage of the journey, then across the Channel to Havre on the Australian hospital ship, Warilda, also later a victim of the German submarines. Headed east from the coast, the troop train just missed Paris and instead of continuing to the front turned sharply away and traveled hour after hour toward Spain. The destination was Talence, a little town three miles south of Bordeaux. Here with many exasperating de- lays the French Military Hospital No. 25 was taken over, almost completely rebuilt, and enlarged many times. The French army, in its turn, had taken over the 65 Massachusetts General Hospital large building of a boarding school with its extensive grounds on which to develop their hospital No. 25, when the war began for them. This school, called the Lycee de Talence, was rather attractively located in the environs of Bordeaux and on the edge of the enormous vineyard country of the Medoc and the Grave. Throughout the summer and autumn of 1917 the members of U. S. Base Hospital No. 6 went ahead with their program of build- ing, collecting supplies, paper work and care of patients. The building program never ceased, and even when the armistice was signed, over a year later, the hospital was still growing, both in number of wards and in number of patients. From very modest beginnings, in that short time the institution grew to the tremendous size of nearly 100 wards and nearly 5,000 beds, all occupied. The personnel, in large part, remained the same throughout the existence of Base Hospital No. 6 in France — always there was a large nucleus of Massachu- setts General Hospital dgctors, nurses and orderlies. Frequently, and usually for short periods, medical offi- cers were added to the roster, generally as the so-called "casuals." Two notable and permanent additions to the original unit should, however, be noted: first, in March, 1918, Unit O, of Charlotte, North CaroUna — a group of medical officers, nurses and enhsted men, about one-half the number of the original Massachusetts General Hos- pital Unit; and, second, later in the spring, a group of nurses from the Presbyterian Hospital in Chicago. Both of these groups were of great help to Base Hospi- tal No. 6. Other changes that took place were the permanent de- tachment of Lieutenant Colonel Washburn, Captain Means and Captain Mixter from the hospital in the spring of 1918 for service in England, Lieutenant Colonel Babcock becoming Commanding Officer at that time. Captain Adams and Lieutenant Aub were also permanently de- tached later, for service elsewhere. In addition to these changes among the officers there were temporary assign- ments here and there of practically all in the unit, often for long periods of time, such as the mission of many months of Lieutenant Colonel Davis and Captain Irving 66 Memorial on the Italian Front, and of Major Vincent and Lieuten- ant Clark on the French Front. Short periods for work and instruction elsewhere were frequently arranged in the case of all the medical officers. Incidentally these changes and the few leaves of absence broke the monot- ony of the ceaseless grind at Talence. The dullness of this grind, in the mud and chill of the first winter, is well illustrated by the joy with which a trip to Savenay was welcomed by the writer in February, 1918, even though it consisted in sitting up all night in a stuffy French train to prevent several psychopathic patients from committing suicide before their dehvery to a psy- chiatric hospital at Savenay. U. S. Base Hospital No. 6 was officially opened to receive patients on August 21, 1917. On October 1, 1917, there were 160 patients, and on December 31, 1917, there were 325. From then until November 12, 1918, there was steady and marked growth to the grand total of 4,319 patients the day after the armistice was signed. The early patients were among the first American soldiers in the vicinity of Bordeaux, engineers, stevedores, medi- cal men and nurses. Some of the Canadian foresters were also among the earliest patients. Pneumonia and exanthematic diseases abounded during the first winter. In the late spring, when American mihtary activity at the front began, wounded and gassed American troops began to appear. Their numbers rose by leaps and bounds through the summer and fall of 1918, convoy after convoy coming down from the hospitals at the front, often quite recent casualties straight from dressing stations. On April 3, the first large convoy of patients came into Bordeaux by ambulance train, and from that time on, the trains increased in number. Finally, in the fall of 1918, the burden of the care of the wounded, gassed, and sick was shared with newly formed American base hospitals at a near-by center. Beau Desert. In September the influenza epidemic hit Base Hospi- tal No. 6, and for weeks there was ceaseless work day and night, about half of it devoted to the wounded, as the Argonne struggle began, and half to the victims of the influenza, scores of whom died. One or two entire wards 67 Massachusetts General Hospital were devoted to the care of those beyond hope — crowds of dehrious dying patients, a hideous nightmare now to all who attended them. Parallel, of course, with the building of hospital wards, administration quarters, and warehouses was the de- velopment of other resources: a pathological and bac- teriological laboratory under Captain Kinnicutt ; an X-ray department under Captain Merrill; operating rooms under Majors Davis and Brenizer; convalescent resoiu-ces under Lieutenant White; nursing organization under Miss Sara E. Parsons; Red Cross Hut, chapel, and post office under Chaplain Henry K. Sherrill and others. Lieutenant Colonel Richard C. Cabot added much to the morale of the hospital by his zealous development of entertainments of all kinds for nurses, enlisted men, and officers. His talks on the progress of the war to hundreds of men grouped about the outdoor stage of the Red Cross Hut in the summer of 1918 were memorable events. Fortunately the Base Hospital was situated in pleasant vineyard country with much of historic interest within cycling distance. Throughout the eighteen months of residence there were frequent expeditions by members of the unit on foot or on bicycle to visit old castles, historic towns, famous vineyards and chateaux and beautiful viewpoints. There was even occasional opportunity to play golf at the Bordeaux Club a few miles away, and to attend the opera in the city. Bordeaux shops and res- taurants helped to make hfe more pleasant in hours off duty, and even the httle Square at St. Genes, only a mile from the hospital, will be remembered gratefully by those who relished a glass of cold beer on a hot afternoon. Friendships gradually sprang up between the members of the imit and some of the best of the French families with estates near the hospital. Some of these friend- ships have persisted to this day. Those who took ad- vantage of these opportunities of meeting the French people became quite proficient in the language before they left for home. As the summer of 1918 drew to a close there was but httle time for play or even for rest. The pace grew hotter and hotter until that memorable day, November 11, 68 Memorial appeared. Quickly things changed after that, and in a few weeks the hospital was nearly haK empty. Everyone had time to think once more, and to grow restless in the wait for orders to be relieved of duty and to start for home. On January 14, 1919, the Base Hospital No. 6 Unit was relieved by U. S. Base Hospital No. 208. During the active duty of the hospital in France, the unit took care of 24,122 sick and wounded soldiers. The long grind was over, but still there were the restless days to wait before the return home. Some of the unit left Talence at the end of January and beginning of Febru- ary, to continue their work in the Balkans, in Poland, and in France itself. The remainder of the unit finally sailed for America from Bordeaux on the transport Abangarez on February 14, reaching New York after a stormy voyage on March 2. The end of Base Hospital No. 6 came with its demobilization at Camp Devens in March, 1919. Built up on the structure of old Base Hospital No. 6, a new military hospital is now in existence — a paper unit as yet, but definitely listed in the Army Reserve Corps — to carry on, if need be, the traditions of the past. Paul D. White, M.D. BASE HOSPITAL No. 55 The formation of Base Hospital No. 55 was started in 1917. It was an army base hospital, and therefore more restricted in its personnel than if it had been a Red Cross organization. Acting as assistant to the Surgeon General, Dr. F. G. Balch, who was appointed its Chief Surgeon and later its Commanding Officer, nominated the majority of the surgical and medical personnel. Most of the surgeons were Massachusetts General Hospital graduates. Drs. Wayland A. Morrison, James R. Torbert, Kenneth L. Dole, George F. Dwinell, Kemp P. Neal, Arthur M. Jackson, Thomas H. Lanman, Albert J. Scholl, Jr., Horace K. Sowles and Neil A. Fogg were former Massa- chusetts General Hospital surgical house officers. 69 Massachusetts General Hospital The chief nurse was also a Massachusetts General Hos- pital graduate, and a majority of the nurses of the unit were either graduates of this Hospital, or from training schools having Massachusetts General Hospital nurses as superintendents. The organization left for overseas August 30, 1918, arriving at Brest September 12. After a week at Pont- enzen Barracks it moved on to Mesves sur Loire, where about a quarter of its nurses, who had been distributed to other hospitals, joined it. It was long before it got its full complement of nurses; they had been scattered wherever there seemed to be greatest need for their services. Its stay in Mesves was only forty-eight hours, when it was ordered on to Toul. It arrived there September 28, and estabhshed itself in a French barracks. Un- suitable as the buildings were, it soon became a real hos- pital, which functioned satisfactorily until March 25, 1919, when the last patients were evacuated. Franklin G. Batch, M.D. BASE HOSPITAL No. 5 Base Hospital No. 5, organized as a Red Cross Unit by Dr. Harvey Gushing in February, 1916, officially rep- resented the Harvard Medical School and its affiliated hospitals. At the time of its mobilization 13 of the 25 members of its medical staff were members of the staff or graduates of the Massachusetts General Hospital. On April 29, 1917, the organization was ordered ready for immediate service overseas and sailed from New York on May 11. The hospital was assigned to service with the British Army, taking charge of an 1,800 bed hospital at Dannes Camiers on June 1, 1917. After a service of five months at this place, the organization was trans- ferred to Boulogne, where it functioned for the remainder of the war. It suffered the first casualties of the Ameri- can Army at the hands of Germany. During its service of nearly two years 45,837 patients passed through the hospital. The unit returned to the United States April 19, 1919. Arlie V. Bock, M.D. 70 Memorial HARVAKD SURGICAL UNIT, GENERAL HOSPITAL No. 22, BRITISH EXPEDITIONARY FORCES Following a conversation between Sir William Osier and Mr. Robert Bacon in 1914, an American surgical unit in the British forces was organized with the intention of having several American universities supply its medi- cal and nursing staff throughout the duration of the war. The Harvard Unit was Harvard's contribution to this effort. Owing to circumstances which developed, Har- vard University supphed a large portion of this service. The Massachusetts General Hospital contributed many officers and nurses. The unit was in existence from June, 1915, until demobihzed in London, January 8, 1919. Over 175,000 sick and wounded passed through the wards of this hospital. Drs. C. A. Porter, D. F. Jones, and Hugh Cabot were in charge of the surgical staff at dif- ferent periods. During the last two years the imit re- mained for continuous service with Lieutenant Colonel Hugh Cabot as commanding officer, Major George C. Shattuck in charge of the medical division, and Major E. Granville Crab tree in charge of the surgical division. The British government conferred the following decora- tions: Lieutenant Colonel Hugh Cabot, Cross of St. Michael and St. George; Major George C. Shattuck, Distinguished Service Order; Major E. Granville Crab- tree, Order of the British Empire; Miss Alvira B. Stevens, Miss Helen Joy Hinckley, and Miss Catherine M. Fraser, The Order of the Royal Red Cross. E. Granville Crabtree, M.D. 71 Massachusetts General Hospital RECEPTION HELD AT THE HOSPITAL JUNE 9, 1919, TO THOSE WHO SERVED IN THE WAR Address of Dr. Henry P. Walcott Two most memorable years have passed since the Massachusetts General Hospital Unit went forth after the solemn exercises in Trinity Church, to enter upon medical service in France. It may have been a disap- pointment to some of the members that the unit was destined to remain in the vicinity of Bordeaux. In the end, however, the hospital established there won golden opinions from all in authority. Let me read the following note from Dr. Winter. The competence of his opinion cannot be questioned. I am in receipt of an invitation from the Trustees of the Massachusetts General Hospital, inviting me to be present on the afternoon of Monday, June 9, to meet the members of Base Hospital No. 6 and other persons who have served in the army after service in your hospital. I beg to thank the Trustees for the invitation, and I can't forego a word of regret that I shall be unable to be present at any function which in any way comprehends a tribute to the personne* of Base Hospital No. 6. The actuation which I have in this matter, is, of course, abundantly known to you; but I shall be very grateful to you if you will express for me to the members of the unit my very substantial and abiding appreciation of the splendid work they all did in the trying days of the situation of Bordeaux. It is my judgment that the accomplishment there was a great one, and certainly no institution in the Lines of Communication in France carried forth its work to a more effective and entirely satisfactory result than Base Hospital Unit No. 6 accomplished at the Talence Hospital. I shall appreciate it very much if you will convey to all the personnel of the unit my very deep sense of gratitude for the fine work they did for the Medical Department, and I also hope that it may be my good fortune to encounter such splendid people should another emergency put us in the position we were in in 1917. With best wishes for yourself, please believe me Very sincerely yours, (Sd) F. A. Winter, Colonel, Medical Corps, U.S.A., Formerly Chief Surgeon, Lines of Communication. 72 Memorial Dr. Washburn's great abilities soon won for him pro- motion to fields of larger activities, and for the latter part of the unit's stay abroad he was in charge of the American hospitals in England. This unit does not by any means represent the whole of the contribution of this ancient Hospital to the fearful struggle from which we at last, let us hope, have emerged. Even before the United States formally entered upon the war many of our graduates and present staff had joined the various organizations which were undertaking the merciful work of the physician's calling in the fever-haunted regions of unfortunate Serbia, on the battle fronts of France and Italy, and on the stormy and fate- ful waters of the north ocean, and everywhere with credit. This Hospital enjoys an inheritance not usual among its fellows. It was dedicated under the leading of two wise men more than a century ago to purposes far wider than those of a mere asylum for the disabled sick. It has never forgotten the pledges given to its generous benefactors, and I am fain to beUeve that its successes of these recent days are due to the wider conceptions of the scope and obhgations of medicine than those which usually prevail. I beheve that our representatives have succeeded in their most trying services because they have been largely trained in a school with a more generous outlook, and have not been content with a merely routine performance of certain prescribed activities. Your return differs widely from that of those whom we have so gladly been receiving back into civil hfe in these recent days. They hope to have seen the last of war and to forget many of its incidents. You are to devote yourselves with undiminished zeal to the attempt to con- quer disease. The governments of the world may indeed close the doors of their temple of Janus with better prospect of success, let us hope, than the Romans had, for they were only able to do so three times in seven hundred years. But for you the doors must be forever open. Peace has for us no respite from a war that never ends, and horrible as are the cruelties of the battlefields, they may be 73 Massachusetts General Hospital matched by some of the experiences which our hospitals offer. For a full-grown man in all the vigor of his man- hood to be deprived of sight by some catastrophe of the battlefield is indeed a tragedy. What shall we say of the infant, otherwise sound in body, deprived of sight by the ignorance and neglect of those who should have pro- tected it, and left it to linger on in its dark prison house through the heavy years? Let us realize that preventable disease has destroyed more lives than all the accursed inventions employed for that purpose on the battle-front. You, who are so familiar with the results of the physi- cal examination of the men of this country for the pur- pose of procuring soldiers and sailors fit for service, know too well how great are the defects of physical con- dition of those subject to examination, many of which can, and ought to be, remedied. "Peace hath its victories no less renowned than war," and to these we welcome you back. Dr. Washburn, your foresight, knowledge, and energy brought our unit to a high state of efficiency before any similar organization; you have had an unusually varied experience and can speak with authority. You do not need an introduction here. Address of Colonel Frederic A. Washburn, Commander, Base Hospital No. 6 The great war is ended. It is true that the Treaty of Peace is not yet signed, but Germany is in a position where she cannot renew hostilities. It is time to review the field and see what part the Massachusetts General Hospital has taken. We find it, I venture to say, worthy of her glorious traditions. Our records show that its alumni and staff have furnished 238 commissioned offi- cers. Two hundred and twenty-eight women nurses, and 80 male nurses and employees, have served in the armies of the United States or the allied nations, a total of 546. Of the officers there were two brigadier generals and six colonels, and a considera- ble number attained the rank of lieutenant colonel. We 74 Memorial supplied three Chiefs of Professional Services in the American Expeditionary Forces and one such Chief in the United States. From our alumni were selected two Chief Surgeons of Base Sections of the American Expeditionary Forces, three Commanding Officers of Base Hospitals, one Commanding Officer of a British General Hospital, and many Commanders of Camp and Evacuation hospitals. Wherever one went in France or England one found our graduates rendering valuable and much appreciated pro- fessional services. We were well represented in that band of one thousand doctors with American commis- sions who were loaned to the British. The Orthopedic group working in large British hospitals in London, Edinburgh, Oxford, Liverpool, and elsewhere in England, was composed largely of our men. They made a very definite reputation for themselves in England and re- flected much credit upon our Hospital. Base Hospital No. 5, which served with the British with such effective- ness, was officered very largely by our men. British Gen- eral Hospital No. 22 was commanded and largely offi- cered by us. United States Army Base Hospital No. 55 had Massachusetts General Hospital men for most of its officers and one of our visiting surgeons as its Director. Base Hospital No. 204 was commanded by one of our Out- Patient Surgeons. Base Hospital No. 6, our distinctively Massachusetts General Hospital Unit, had its original staff almost entirely composed of our alumni and staff. No one ever directed a more efficient, high-minded, loyal group than was this unit which I had the high privilege to command. Our nurses acquired an enviable reputation for hard, efficient work and set an example of true womanly con- duct of which we may well be proud. The part taken by our employees was necessarily a less conspicuous one. Some of them obtained commis- sions and many reached noncommissioned rank as a reward for excellent service. We have lost by death five doctors, seven nurses, and one member of the Ladies' Visiting Committee. One surgeon was killed in action, one died of wounds received in action, the others died of disease. 75 Massachusetts General Hospital It is the concensus of opinion of the leading medical officers of the army that the Base Hospitals organized at our civil hospitals and ready for this war saved the situation for the American Expeditionary Forces. The Medical Department would have been lost without them. This is readily admitted by all in a position to know. It is a source of satisfaction to us that our hospital was one of the first to appreciate the situation, and began its preparation more than a year before the United States entered the war. What a splendid illustration all this is of the value of our Hospital to the community. How it shows the wis- dom of its founders in making it an institution for the training of our youth as well as for the care of the sick. What greater asset can New England have than this glorious old institution, which not only cares for the sick and trains doctors and nurses for its needs in normal times, but can make such a showing in time of war or national calamity. Let the faint-hearted doubt and fear because of the expense to take the necessary steps to meet the demands of the times and have the Massachusetts General Hospital lead, as she always has done. Those of us who are her true children are confident that when the Trustees really make New England understand the Hos- pital's needs, it will receive a support worthy of the place it holds in the affection and esteem of our people. It is a peculiar pleasure to me, Dr. Walcott, that you represent the Hospital on this occasion. I have served under you as Chairman of the Board of Trustees for six- teen years. I have seen the Hospital grow under your leadership, and I have been in a position to know that you have always stood for progress and development, for the training of our young men and women, teaching and investigation as well as for the care of the sick. These flags stood for twenty months in the Admin- istration Building of Base Hospital No. 6 in Talence, Bordeaux. They saw our hospital there grow from mod- est beginnings to where it cared for forty-three hundred patients at one time. They stood for the Massachusetts General Hospital in France during the Great War. I hand them to you, sir, with the request that the Trustees 76 Memorial place them in the Treadwell Library of this Hospital and preserve them with the care which we believe their history warrants. The flags were then presented by the colorbearers to Dr. Walcott, who received them with these words : ''In the name of the Massachusetts General Hospital I receive these flags, and assure you that they shall be carefully preserved here." In explanation of the efiiciency to which American Base Hospital No. 6 attained, Lieut. Col. Richard C.Cabot said: "We were on the ground long before American casualties began. We had months in which to equip it with every device of a modern hospital. There was absolutely nothing lacking in our equipment. It was not necessary to wait hours for the attendance of a spe- cialist at a consultation, as is the case sometimes at hos- pitals on this side. A consultation over a serious case could be called in five minutes. "Every sitting at the officers' mess was a potential consultation on the most severe cases in the hospital." Address of Lieutenant Colonel Franklin G. Balch, Commander Army Base Hospital No. 55 Perhaps it is fitting that I should explain why we, an Army Base Hospital, feel that we should hke to place the nurses' flag of Base Hospital No. 55 in the Treadwell Library. We were not, as was Base Hospital No. 6, a Red Cross Unit, and in consequence had no flag presented to us. Our nurses subscribed for and bought the flag which they carried. At the time the hospital was organized, Colonel Mon- crief gave me permission to pick the personnel, both officers and nurses. Naturally I turned to the Massachu- setts General Hospital, and our whole surgical staff were graduated from there. The men in the Medical and Special divisions were chosen, with very few exceptions, in consultation with the heads of the special departments in Washington. 77 Massachusetts General Hospital Miss Jessie E. Grant, a Massachusetts General Hos- pital graduate, was our Chief Nurse. With the exception of fifteen who were sent to us by the A.N.C., she passed upon the fitness of all our nurses. Ten came from the Faulkner Hospital, which is affiliated with the Massa- chusetts General Hospital, and had been trained under Miss Cox, herself a Massachusetts General Hospital grad- uate. Two came from the Anna Jacques Hospital, where they had been trained under the Chief Nurse. Ten came from the Newton Hospital, the high standard of whose training needs no word of praise from me. One from the Boston Homeopathic Hospital I wanted because of her excellent work at the time of the Halifax disaster. There were four from the Baptist, trained under Miss Anderson, another Massachusetts General Hospital graduate; one from the Children's; three from the City Hospital. One came from the Deaconess. One from the Peter Bent Brigham, and twenty-nine, far the largest propor- tion from any one hospital, from our own training school. When you consider that the Massachusetts General Hos- pital had aheady supplied the nurses for Base Hospital No. 6, some for Base Hospital No. 5, many for the Brit- ish General Hospital No. 22, besides many to other or- ganizations for both home and foreign service, you can appreciate how wonderfully the nurses of this institution have responded to the call. Base Hospital No. 55 was often spoken of as a Massachusetts General Hospital Unit, and much of what we were able to accomplish was due to what we had acquired within these walls. What more fitting resting place could we find for our flag than this spot? I believe none, and it gives me great pleasure to transfer to the care of the Massachusetts General Hospital the flag of the nurses of Army Base Hospital No. 55. 78 Memorial MEMBERS OF ALUMNI AND STAFF OF THE MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL WHO HAVE BEEN IN MILITARY SERVICE: B. H. = Base Hospital B. G. H. = British General Hospital Abbott, Roy Charles, Major M.C., U.SA. Adams, Frank Dennett, First Lieutenant M.C., U.SA. Adams, William Bradford, Captain M.C., U.S.A. Adams, Z. B., Major, B.H. 6 M.C., U.S.A. Albee, Fred Houdelett, Lieutenant Colonel M.C., U.S.A. Alden, Eliot, Major M.C., U.S.A. Allen, Arthur W., Captain M.C., U.S.A. Allison, Nathaniel, Colonel M.C., U.S.A. Alton, Benjamin Harrison, Major M.C., U.S.A. Appleton, Paul, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A. AuB, Joseph Charles, First Lieutenant, B.H. 6 M.C., U.S.A. Austin, A. Everett, Major M.C., U.S.A. Ayer, James B., Captain M.C., U.S.A. Badger, George S. C, Major M.C., U.S.A. Balch, Franklin G., Lieutenant Colonel, B.H. 55, M.C., U.S.A. Baldwin, Walter Isaac, Lieutenant Colonel M.C., U.S.A. Barnes, Harry A., Captain M.C., U.S.A. Barney, Charles Norton, Lieutenant Colonel M.C., U.S.A. Bartol, Edward F. W., Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A. Bartol, John Washburn, Major M.C., U.S.A. Beal, Howard Walter, Major M.C., U.S.A. {Died of Wounds) Beals, Lynn Stanley, Lieutenant Colonel M.C., U.S.A. Bean, Harold Cotton, Lieutenant, J.G. M.C., U.S.N.R.F. Beard, Archibald Hildreth, Major M.C., U.S.A. Benner, Richard Stanwood, Captain M.C., U.S.A. BiGELOw, George Hoyt, Captain, B.H. 55 M.C., U.S.A. Binger, Carl A. L., First Lieutenant, B.H. 6 M.C., U.S.A. BiNNEY, George Hayward, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A. BiNNEY, Horace, Lieutenant Colonel, B.H. 5 M.C., U.S.A. Bock, Arlie Vernon, Major, B.H. 5 M.C., U.S.A. Borden, Russell Potter, Captain C.A.M.C. (British) BouTWELL, Horace Keith, Captain M.C., U.S.A. Brackett, Elliott G., Colonel M.C., U.S.A. Brigham, F. Gorham, Major M.C., U.S.A. 79 Massachusetts General Hospital Bryant, John, Major M.C., U.S.A. BuFFUM, Wm. Henry, Lieutenant, J.G. M.C., U.S.N.R.F. (Died in Service) Bull, Edward Cline, Captain M.C., U.S.A. Bunker, S. A., Major M.C., U.S.A. Burnett, Francis Lowell, Lieutenant, J.G. M.C., U.S.N.R.F. BuRRAGE, Thomas Jayne, Lieutenant Colonel M.C., U.S.A. Butler, Charles Shore y. Major M.C., U.S.A. Butler, Joel Ives, Captain M.C., U.S.A. Cabot, Hugh, Lieutenant Colonel, B.G.H., 22 R.A.M.C. (British) Cabot, Richard C, Lieutenant Colonel, B.H. 6 M.C., U.S.A. Cady, Frederic B. M., First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A. Capps, Joseph Almarin, Lieutenant Colonel M.C., U.S.A. Chaffin, George Lawrence, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A. Chamberlain, Weston P., Colonel M.C., U.S.A. Chase, Henry Melville, Captain M.C., U.S.A. Cheever, Austin W., Lieutenant, J.G. M.C., U.S.N.R.F. Cheney, Marshall Chipman, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A. Churchill, Frank Spooner, Major M.C., U.S.A. Clark, DeWitt S., Jr., First Lieutenant, B.H. 6 M.C., U.S.A. Clymer, George, Captain, B.H. 6 M.C., U.S.A. CoDMAN, Ernest Amory, Major M.C., U.S.A. Cogswell, William, Major M.C., U.S.A. CoLLER, Frederick Amasa, Major M.C., U.S.A. Colwell, Howard Spencer, Major M.C., U.S.A. Cook, Edgar Charles, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A. Cotton, Frederick Jay, Major M.C., U.S.A. Crabtree, Ernest Granville, Major, B.G.H. 22 R.A.M.C. (British) Crosbie, Arthur Hallam, Major M.C., U.S.A. Crothers, Bronson, Captain ' M.C., U.S.A. Cunningham, Thomas D., First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A. Gushing, Harvey, Colonel, B.H. 5 M.C., U.S.A. Cutler, E. C, Captain, B.H. 5 M.C., U.S.A. Daland, Ernest Merrill, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A. Danforth, Murray S., Captain M.C., U.S.A. Davis, Lincoln, Lieutenant Colonel, B.H. 6 M.C., U.S.A. Dennen, Ralph Waite, Captain M.C., U.S.A. Dennie, Charles Clayton, Major M.C., U.S.A. Derby, George S., Lieutenant Colonel, B.H. 5 M.C., U.S.A. Dexter, Richard T., Lieutenant Colonel M.C., U.S.A. DoDD, Walter James, First Lieutenant, B.G.H. 22 (Deceased) R.A.M.C. (British) 80 Memorial Dole, Kenneth Llewellyn, Captain M.C., U.S.A. Dunn, William Milos, Lieutenant, J.G. M.C., U.S.N.R.F. DuEKiN, Harry Anthony, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A. Dwinell, George Francis, Captain M.C., U.S.A. Eaton, Harold B., Captain M.C., U.S.A. Eaton, William Edward, Commander M.C., U.S.N.R.F. Emerson, Benjamin Kendall, Major M.C., U.S.A. Emmons, Arthur Brewster, 2d, Major M.C., U.S.A. Eustis, Richard S., Captain M.C., U.S.A. Favill, John, Captain M.C., U.S.A. Faxon, Nathaniel Wales, Major M.C., U.S.A. Finney, John M. T., Brigadier General M.C., U.S.A. Fitch, Ralph Roswell, Major M.C., U.S.A. FiTTS, John Blair, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A. Fitz, Reginald, Major, B.H. 5 M.C., U.S.A. Flagg, Elisha, Captain M.C., U.S.A. Fogg, Neil Augustus, First Lieutenant, B.H. 55 M.C., U.S.A. Foley, Thomas Madden, Major M.C., U.S.A. Forbes, Henry S., Captain M.C., U.S.A. Frost, Harold Maurice, Major M.C., U.S.A. Gage, Homer, Major M.C., U.S.A. Gay, Leslie Newton, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A. GoETHALs, Thomas R., Captain, B.H. 5 M.C., U.S.A. GoLDTHWAiTE, JoEL E., Colonel M.C., U.S.A. GooDALL, Harry Winfred, Lieutenant Colonel M.C., U.S.A. Graves, James Chapman, Lieutenant Colonel M.C., U.S.A. Graves, Robert John, Major M.C., U.S.A. Greene, D. Crosby, Jr., Major M.C., U.S.A. Greenough, Robert B., Commander M.C, U.S.N.R.F. Greenwood, Arthur Moses, Lieutenant Colonel M.C, U.S.A. Gregg, Alan, Captain, B.G.H. 22 R.A.M.C. (British) GuLLiFER, William H., First Lieutenant B.H. 6 D.C., U.S.A. Hall, Custis Lee, Major M.C, U.S.A. Hall, Francis Cooley, First Lieutenant M.C, U.S.A. Hammond, John Wilkes, Jr., Lieutenant M.C, U.S.N.R.F. Harkiss, William J., Captain M.C, U.S.A. Harmer, Torr, W., Major M.C, U.S.A. Hartwell, Harry Fairbanks, Captain, B.G.H. 22 R.A.M.C. (British) Hartwell, John Bryant, Captain M.C, U.S.A. Hatch, Ralph A., Captain, B.H. 6 M.C, U.S.A. Hatt, Rafe Nelson, First Lieutenant M.C, U.S.A. Hill, George Hillard, Captain M.C, U.S.A. Hodgson, John Sprague, First Lieutenant M.C, U.S.A. 81 Massachusetts General Hospital HoLBROOK, Charles Albert, Captain M.C., U.S.A. HoLLiNGS, C. Byam, Major M.C., U.S.A. HoMANS, John, Major M.C., U.S.A. HoRRAX, Gilbert, Major, B.H. 5 M.C., U.S.A. HoTT, Charles Wentworth, Major M.C., U.S.A. Hubbard, Joshua Clap, Lieutenant Colonel M.C., U.S.A. Irving, Frederick Carpenter, Major, B.H. 6 M.C., U.S.A. Jackson, Arthur Morison, First Lieutenant, B.H. 55 M.C., U.S.A. Jackson, Sumner Waldron, Captain M.C., U.S.A. Janes, Benjamin Franklin, Captain M.C., U.S.A. Jennings, Alpheus Felch, Major M.C., U.S.A. Johnson, Harold Abbott, Captain M.C., U.S.A. Jones, Basil Bradbury, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A. Jones, Daniel F., Lieutenant Colonel M.C., U.S.A. JosLiN, Elliot Proctor, Lieutenant Colonel M.C., U.S.A. Jouett, Frederic Robert, Major M.C., U.S.A. Keller, Ernest Victor, Lieutenant Colonel M.C., U.S.A. (Died in Military Service) Kerr, William John, Major M.C., U.S.A. KiDNER, Frederick Clinton, Major M.C., U.S.A. KiLGORE, Alson Raphael, Lieutenant M.C., U.S.N.R.F. KiLGORE, Eugene Sterling, Lieutenant Colonel M.C., U.S.A. Kingman, Lucius Collinwood, Lieutenant (S.G.) M.C., U.S.N.R.F. Kinnicutt, Roger, Major, B.H. 6 M.C., U.S.A. Knowles, William F., Major M.C., U.S.A. Kramer, James G., First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A. Lacey, Walter Hamer, Captain, B.H. 55 M.C., U.S.A. Langnbcker, Harry Lesley, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.N.R.F. Lanman, Thomas Hinckley, First Lieutenant, B.H. 55 M.C., U.S.A. Lawrence, Charles H., Jr., First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A. Lee, Roger L, Lieutenant Colonel, B.H. 5 M.C., U.S.A. Lee, William George, Major M.C., U.S.A. Leland, George A., Jr., Captain, B.H. 6 M.C., U.S.A. Levek, Joseph Arthur, Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A. Lincoln, Merrick, Major M.C., U.S.A. Loring, Robert G., Captain M.C., U.S.A. Lougee, John L., Captain M.C., U.S.A. Lund, Fred Bates, Lieutenant Colonel M.C., U.S.A. LuNT, Lawrence Kirby, Major M.C., U.S.A. Lyon, Arthur Bates, Captain, B.H. 55 M.C., U.S.A. 82 Memorial Mabon, Thomas McCance, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A. MacAusland, Andrew Roy, Captain M.C., U.S.A. Macomber, Donald, Captain M.C., U.S.A. Manton, Walter Williamson, Major M.C., U.S.A. Marble, Henry C, Major, B.H. 6 M.C., U.S.A. Marvin, Frank W., First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A. May, William Ropes, Major M.C., U.S.A. McIver, G. a.. Major M.C., U.S.A. Means, James H., Major, B.H. 6 M.C., U.S.A. Merrill, Adelbert S., Major, B.H. 6 M.C., U.S.A. Metcalf, Carleton Ray, Lieutenant Colonel M.C., U.S.A. Miller, Richard H., Major M.C., U.S.A. MixTER, Charles Galloupe, Major M.C., U.S.A. MixTER, Samuel, Major M.C., U.S.A. Mixter, W. Jason, Lieutenant Colonel, B.H. 6 M.C., U.S.A. Moore, George Albert, Captain M.C., U.S.A. Morrill, Gordon Niles, Captain M.C., U.S.A. Morrison, Wayland Augustus, Major, B.H. 55 M.C., U.S.A. Morton, John J., Jr., Captain, B.H. 5 M.C., U.S.A. MosHER, Harris P., Lieutenant Colonel M.C., U.S.A. Murphy, Fred Towsley, Colonel M.C., U.S.A. Neal, Kemp Prather, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A. O'Ferrall, John Tolson, Captain M.C., U.S.A. O'Keefe, Edward S., First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A. Oliver, E. Lawrence, Major, B.H. 6 M.C., U.S.A. O'Neil, Richard F., Major, B.H. 6 M.C., U.S.A. Osgood, Howard, Captain M.C., U.S.A. Osgood, Robert B., Lieutenant Colonel, B.H. 5 M.C., U.S.A. Otis, Walter Joseph, Major M.C., U.S.A. Packard, George Byron, Jr., Captain M.C., U.S.A. Painter, Charles F., Lieutenant (S.G.) M.C., U.S.N.R.F. Palfrey, Francis Winslow, Major M.C., U.S.A. Park, James Howard, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A. Parker, Willard Stephen, Major M.C., U.S.A. Parmenter, Derric Choate, First Lieutenant R.A.M.C. (British) Peabody, Charles William, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A. Peabody, Francis Weld, Major M.C., U.S.A. Porter, Charles A., Lieutenant Colonel, B.G.H. 22 R.A.M.C. (British) Porter, Charles T., Captain M.C., U.S.A. Potter, Alexander Carleton, Captain M.C., U.S.A. Pratt, J. H., Major M.C., U.S.A. Quackenboss, Alexander, Major, B.G.H. 22 M.C., U.S.A. 83 Massachusetts General Hospital Rackemann, Francis M., First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A. Reid, William D,, Captain M.C., U.S.A. Richardson, Edward P., Major M.C., U.S.A. Riley, Augustus, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A. Robertson, Oswald Hope, Major, B.H. 5 M.C., U.S.A. Robinson, Samuel, Major M.C., U.S.A. RocKEY, Eugene Watson, Captain M.C., U.S.A. Rogers, Mark H., Major M.C., U.S.A. Rogers, Orville Forrest, Jr., Major M.C., U.S.A. RossER, Curtice, Lieutenant M.C., U.S.N.R.F. Sadler, Roy Angelo, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A. Sanford, Henry Lindsay, Captain M.C., U.S.A. Sawyer, Wilbur Augustus, Major M.C., U.S.A. ScHNACK, Adolph George, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A. ScHOLL, Albert John, Jr., Captain, B.H. 55 M.C., U.S.A. Schwartz, Abraham Bernard, Captain M.C., U.S.A. Sellards, a. W., Major M.C., U.S.A. Seymour, Malcolm, Captain M.C., U.S.A. Shattuck, George C, Major, B.G.H. 22 R.A.M.C. (British) Shaw, Henry Alden, Colonel M.C., U.S.A. Sheahan, George Maurice, Captain M.C., U.S.A. Sheldon, Russell Firth, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A. Silverman, Abraham Clement, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A. Simmons, Channing C, Major, B.G.H. 22 R.A.M.C. (British) SissoN, Warren R., First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A. Smith, George G., Captain M.C., U.S.A. Smith, Harold Wellington, Lieutenant Commander M.C., U.S.N.R.F. Sowles, Horace Kennedy, Captain, B.H. 55 M.C., U.S.A. Spear, Lewis Mahon, Captain M.C., U.S.A. Spooner, Lesley H., Major M.C., U.S.A. Stern, Newton Samuel, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A. Stevens, Harold Wentworth, Major M.C., U.S.A. Stevens, Horace Paine, Lieutenant M.C., U.S.N.R.F. Stoddard, James L., Major, B.H. 5 M.C., U.S.A. Stone, James Savage, Major M.C., U.S.A. Strauss, Arthur Edgar, Captain M.C., U.S.A. Strong, Richard P., Colonel, B.H. 5 M.C., U.S.A. Sweet, Clifford D., First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A. Taylor, John Houghton, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A. Thaxter, Langdon Thom, Captain M.C., U.S.A. Thayer, William Sydney, Brigadier General M.C., U.S.A. ToBEY, George L., Jr., Captain, B.H. 6 M.C., U.S.A. ToBEY, Harold G., Captain M.C., U.S.A. 84 Memorial ToRBERT, James Rockwell, Major M.C., U.S.A. Van Nuys, Fresenius, Lieutenant (S.G.) M.C., U.S.N.R.F. Van Stone, Leonard Mathews, Captain, B.G.H. 22 R.A.M.C. (British) Vickery, Eugene Augustus, Lieutenant Commander M.C., U.S.N.R.F. Vincent, Beth, Major, B.H. 6 M.C., U.S.A. VosE, Robert H., Major M.C., U.S.A. Walcott, William Wright, Captain M.C., U.S.A. (Died in Military Service) Walker, Melvin Harvey, Jr., Captain M.C., U.S.A. Washburn, Frederic A., Colonel, B.H. 6 M.C., U.S.A. Webster, Harrison Briggs, Major M.C., U.S.A. (Killed in Action) Wetherell, Bryant Davis, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A. White, Paul Dudley, Captain, B.H. 6 M.C., U.S.A. Whiteside, George Shattuck, Lieutenant (J.G.) M.C.,U.S.N.R.F. Whitney, James Lyman, Major M.C., U.S.A. WiGGiN, William L, Captain M.C., U.S.A. Wilson, Philip Duncan, Major M.C., U.S.A. Wood, James Augustus, Captain M.C., U.S.A. Wright, J. H., Captain M.C., U.S.A. Wright, Wade, Captain, B.H. 6 M.C., U.S.A. Young, Ernest Boyen, Captain M.C., U.S.A. The following names are recorded of officers of U.S.A. Base Hospital No. 6, in addition to the above alumni: Basnett, Douglas, First Lieutenant S.C., U.S.A. BoGAN, Edward H., Captain Q.M.C., U.S.A. Chick, George R., First Lieutenant S.C., U.S.A. Cloudman, Francis H., First Lieutenant S.C., U.S.A. Connors, Harry, First Lieutenant S.C., U.S.A. Everberg, Gustave W., Second Lieutenant Q.M.C., U.S.A. Heard, Ralph P., First Lieutenant S.C., U.S.A. Holmes, Robert W., Major M.C., U.S.A. McAfee, Larry B., Colonel M.C., U.S.A. Moss, William L., Lieutenant Colonel M.C., U.S.A. RouNDY, Edward C, First Lieutenant S.C., U.S.A. Sherrill, Henry K., First Lieutenant C.C., U.S.A. Sherburne, William H., First Lieutenant D.C., U.S.A. Walker, Revello M., First Lieutenant S.C., U.S.A. 85 Massachusetts General Hospital DEDICATION OF A MEMORIAL TABLET IN THE TREADWELL LIBRARY, OCTOBER 18, 1921, IN MEMORY OF THE ALUMNI OF THE MASSA- CHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL WHO DIED IN THE WAR. WORLD WAR HONOR ROLL *Major Howard Walter Beal M.C, U.SA. *LiEUT. William Henry Buffum M.C, U.SA. *Capt. William Wright Walcott M.C, U.S.A. *Major Harrison Briggs Webster M.C, U.S.A. *Major Ernest Victor Keller M.C, U.S.A. *Lieut. Walter James Dodd R.A.M.C these brave and devoted men, members of the alumni association of this hospital died in their youth, or prime, for the honor of their profession and their country and for the universal cause of liberty, justice, and good will among men 86 Memorial Dr. S.J. MixTER : It is my privilege and duty to present to the Hospital, on behaK of the Association, a tablet bear- ing the names of those members who gave their lives for their comitry and the world, in the late war. It is most fitting that this slight tribute to the memory of these, our brothers, should be unveiled on the day when we yearly recall the first demonstration in this hospital of the bless- ings of surgical anaesthesia, which has done so much to reheve human and animal suffering, and has rendered possible the greatest advances of modern surgical science, in the saving of life and health. These men whom we honor today have not only given their skill and knowl- edge, largely acquired within these walls, for us and for their brothers in arms, but they have given the greatest gift of all, their fives. While we honor their memories and mourn their loss, we are proud that their devotion and sacrifice are but typical of that spirit of service for which our old Hospital stands, yes, for which the whole medical profession has always stood. At the opening of the war the physicians of the country responded nobly to the call, and in spite of lack of mih- tary training and organization, performed their tasks well; let us hope that should the time ever come when they are again needed for such duty, which God forbid! the medical men will be so organized and with some ideas of their duties as possible members of an Army Medical Corps, that the trials and mistakes of the past war may be avoided. We are confident that, under able and judi- cious leadership, a Medical Reserve Corps will be formed that will be a credit and safeguard to the country. During those terrible days of "Watchful waiting" when we, as a nation, were held back from helping those who were fighting our battles with the ''Mad Beast" of Europe, many of our numbers crossed the seas to do what they could under other flags than our own, and the Mas- sachusetts General Hospital, the first hospital in the country to establish a unit, formed its Base Hospital No. 6. This Unit was authorized by the Surgeon General in February, 1916, confirmed by the Trustees in March, and sailed on July 9, 1917. That our men and women were ready and willing to do their part is shown by the fact 87 Massachusetts General Hospital that serving with the United States or with the AUies during the war there were of our Alumni 223, with 5 deaths. Staff, not Alumni, 38, with 1 death. Nurses, female, 214, with 7 deaths. Nurses, male, 16. Employees, 19. Total, 510. To these are added those of the McLean Hospital, a part of the Massachusetts General Hospital Staff No. 5. Nurses, female, 26, plus 23 included in the Massachu- setts General hst. Nurses, male, 24. Employees, 20. — Total, 75. Complete total, 585. The tablet in honor of the nurses who gave their hves is already on the wall of this room. Is it to be wondered at that we who have served and loved the old Hospital nearly all our hves are proud of her. May she never lack able, patriotic men with knowl- edge, quick brains and skillful hands to carry on her good work, and friends who are able and willing to supply the means that will enable her to live and grow. These are the men who have honored us and to whom we pay om- tribute of respect today : Howard Walter Beal. Wilham Henry Buffum. WilUam Wright Walcott. Harold Briggs Webster. Ernest Victor Keller. Walter James Dodd. HowAKD Walter Beal Born November 26, 1869, at Bangor, Maine. Harvard Medical School, M. D., 1898. Massachusetts General Hospital House Officer, South Surgical, 1899. Practised surgery in Worcester, and was on staff of Memorial Hospital, Worcester. Married Henrietta Hobbs. Memorial Military record: After leaving M. G. H., surgeon in the U. S. Army for nearly four years, first in transport service between New York, Porto Rico and Cuba, then in field and hospital in Philippines. Resigned June, 1903. Sailed with first Red Cross ship from this country in 1914. Chief Surgeon American Women's War Hospital, Paign- ton, England. Early in 1915 returned to United States owing to ill health. Went overseas again when the United States went into war, as Major, M.C. Later con- sulting surgeon to first Division. T\Tiile on duty near Montdidier received wounds on July 18, 1918, of which he died July 20, 1918. We all remember this splendid, big fine man with a mihtary carriage and a love for army life, a man who was ready and trained for mihtary duty by his service in the Philippines, before the real summons came, who, not content to wait for an official call, went to England with the first Red Cross ship and did splendid work there until illness forced his return to this country. From the time of his return until our entrance into the war, he lost no opportunity to impress upon the sluggish minds of his fellow countrymen the need of preparedness for the inev- itable conflict. He was mortally wounded by a bomb from an airplane on July 18, 1918. I have seen a letter from one of his fellow alumni, speaking of his mortal in- juries and the httle that could be done for him, and later we were told of his courage in the face of certain death. An abstract of the letter reads as follows: "I operated the other night on Howard Beal, a very bad chest wound from a bomb, that I did under local anaesthesia, but it was too much for him and he passed out in almost twenty-four hours." An honor to his adopted city, where he did so much good work, to the army and to us all. Of his work in Worcester, his friend and colleague. Dr. Homer Gage, writes: "His professional skill, his industry, and his good judgment made him an exceedingly valuable man to the community and to the institutions which he faithfully served, but to all who had the privilege of enjoying his friendship it was the character and personality of the man that can never be forgotten. His modesty and gen- 89 Massachusetts General Hospital tleness, his kindliness, and eager willingness to do for others, made him always a dehghtful companion. His fine presence, charming manners, and a thoughtfulness that never lapsed, insured him a welcome in every circle. To these charms he added a keen interest in his profes- sion, a great capacity for work, and a patience with de- tails that pecuharly fitted him for the work in which he was most interested. As a colleague on the Hospital staff, as a wise consultant, and as a faithful servant to his patients, he will be sadly missed; as a sincere and faithful friend and charming companion, he leaves a place that can never be filled in the memory of those who knew him best," William Henry Buffum Born June 25, 1877, at Providence, R. I. Graduate Brown University, 1898. Harvard Medical School, 1902, Massachusetts General Hospital, East Medical House Officer, 1902-1903. Medical externe at Rhode Island Hospital, Out-Patient Department, 1903. Visiting physician, Out-Patient Department, Rhode Island Hospital for Diseases of Children, 1906. Physician to Chnical Department for children affected by diseases of the digestive organs, Rhode Island Hospi- tal, from 1912, to death. Visiting staff of Providence Lying-in Hospital at time of death. Married Edith Campbell, November 1, 1904. She survived him with one son. Military Record: Commissioned Lieutenant Senior Grade, M.C., U,S.N. Served with Navy Base Hospital No. 5. Died at Liverpool, England, October 13, 1918, of influenza-pneumonia. A colleague writes: "William Henry Buffum may best be characterized as essentially dependable, well-born, well-educated, a gentleman. He was honest in his work, as a gentleman would be in all things. He had a scien- tific type of mind which demanded satisfactory proof, and 90 Memorial his conclusions, given only after he was convinced, were soon found to be accurate and reliable. Buffum was never spectacular, he was always trustworthy, and from the beginning of his connection with this Hospital, to the day of his death, he remained to his friends the same steady, likable and dependable fellow." William Wright Walcott Born June 1, 1879, Natick, Mass. Newton High School. M. I. T., S. B., 1901. Harvard Medical School, 1905. Massachusetts General Hospital, South Surgical, 1905- 1906. Practised in Natick, District Health Officer, Depart- ment of Health. Not married. Mihtary Record: Medical officer of the First Corps of Cadets, M.V.M. Went overseas as First Lieutenant, M.C., with the 101st Engineers. Made Captain, M.C., summer of 1918. He was in battles of Chateau-Thierry, Chemin des Dames, St. Mihiel and Verdun. Wounded by shell and gassed, but recovered. Died in France of mihtary tuberculosis, March 16, 1919. At about the time of finishing his service as House Officer at the Hospital, Walcott was attacked by tubercu- losis, and though he recovered and did splendid work the rest of his life, he was somewhat handicapped physically. His service to the community in which he lived was wonderfully fine, both as physician and health officer. After good work in the Army, having been gassed and wounded by shell, he apparently recovered, only to die of acute tuberculosis in Paris, a victim to his devotion to duty and country. Harold Briggs Webster Born January 26, 1884. Prepared for college at Noble and Greenoughs School. Harvard College, A.B., 1905. Cum laude, Phi Beta Kappa. Harvard Medical School, 1909. Alpha Omega Alpha. 91 Massachusetts General Hospital Massachusetts General Hospital. East Surgical House Officer, July 15, 1909-November 30, 1910. Spent nearly three years with Dr. Grenfell in New- foundland and Labrador. In 1912, settled in Castine, Maine. May 1, 1913, married Margaret Isabel Gleason, of Northampton, by whom he had three children, a boy and two girls. Military Record: In Battery A, while in the Medical School, and later went to Plattsburg. Commissioned First Lieutenant M.C., June, 1917. Active service Fort Benjamin Harrison, July, 1917. Command of Ambulance Company No. 14. November, 1917, Camp Greenleaf, Georgia, made Ad- jutant, Ambulance Battalion. Sailed overseas May 26, 1918. Director of Ambulance with 4th Division. Regimental Surgeon to 47th Regiment, August, 1918. Promoted Captain July, 1917. Promoted Major March 14, 1918. Killed in action, October 13, 1918, at Bois de Sept- sarges (near Cuisy sur Meuse) . An able man, strong in mind and body, he was one that made it his life's work to help ''the other fellow," as was early shown by the work he did in Newfoundland and Labrador. A lover of country life and thoroughly appreciating the need of trained medical men in the smaller towns, he settled down in that most beautiful place, Castine, where he established a much needed hos- pital, again ''for the other fellow," and lived a useful and happy life with his wife and little family till the call came. His promotion was a matter of course with his ability, all-round experience, and previous military training. He died, as he lived, helping "the other fellow," for he was killed by a shell while trying to push an ambulance out of the mud. 92 Memorial Ernest Victor Keller Born, Missouri, 1884. M.D. Atlanta, Georgia, School of Medicine, 1911. Massachusetts General Hospital, House Officer Ortho- pedic Service, 1914. Military Record: Commissioned in British Army, Lieutenant R.A.M.C., and was on duty on the Ortho- pedic Staff in Edinburgh War Hospital, Bangour, West Lothian, Scotland. Commissioned Captain M.C., U.S.A., April 27, 1918. Loaned to the British Army and continued service at the same hospital. Returned to the United States, March 30, 1919. On duty U. S. General Hospital No. 6, Fort McPher- son, Georgia. Later at Base Hospital, Camp Gordon, Georgia, then again at No. 6, Fort McPherson. Promoted Major M.C., October 14, 1918. Died June 3, 1919, at Fort McPherson. Dr. R. B. Osgood, who knew Dr. Keller better than most of us, writes the following: Dr. Victor Keller was as much called to medicine as any apostle of the Faith. Born in the middle West, without financial resources back of him, he became early in his education determined to study medicine. He surmounted great difficulties, and became an expert telegraph operator. Later in life than most men think of entering the profession, he accumu- lated sufficient funds to put him through the medical school, and started on a career in Atlanta. He soon be- came attracted to orthopedic surgery, stimulated by Dr. Michael Hoke, by whom he was advised to come North and enter the Massachusetts General Hospital, which he did in 1914. As orthopedic House Officer he was acquisi- tive to a marked degree. He was meticulous in his care of the patients, to whom he endeared himself in a pecul- iar manner. His devotion to his work was untiring. Many months before America entered the war, Keller was so stirred by the world cataclysm that, at a very large professional sacrifice, he responded to the call of Sir Robert Jones for American orthopedic surgeons to serve the British soldiers. Just started in the practice 93 Massachusetts General Hospital of orthopedic surgery in Atlanta, he packed his trunk and set off at his own expense, landing as a civilian on the Liverpool docks in 1917. Through the agency of Sir Robert Jones he received a commission in the British Army, and reported at the Edinburgh War Hospital. The hospital was large — three thousand beds. A man of Keller's attainments was just what the wounded men were crying for, and forthwith he was put in charge of a large service. I quote from a personal tribute of a British surgeon closely associated with Keller in his work at the Bangour Hospital : "It was not long before his quahties as a man and a surgeon endeared him to all his colleagues and associates. The British Tommy whose good fortune landed him in Keller's wards always expressed his wholehearted confi- dence in the 'American Doctor.' To hear the Jocks sing his praises was something well worth hearing, and was Keller's reward for his unselfish devotion to duty. Kel- ler's was an outstanding personahty, and he was beloved by many of his friends in Scotland. I know more than one who shed a tear when the news of Vic Keller's death reached Auld Keekie." Keller was later transferred to the American Expedi- tionary Forces, and received well-merited promotion to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. Walter James Dodd Bom in London, April 22, 1869. Came to America when ten years old, attended the pubhc school for a few years; then went to work to earn his own Uving. Attended Harvard Medical School for one year, 1900. Later he went to the Medical School of the University of Vermont, where he received his degree in 1908. In 1909 he was appointed Instructor in Roentgen- ology at the Harvard Medical School, which appointment he retained to the time of his death in December, 1916. Massachusetts General Hospital Record: Appointed Assistant Apothecary in 1892; appointed Apothecary in 1896; appointed Roentgenologist in 1908. Married Margaret Lea, 1910. 94 Memorial Military Record: Sailed with First Harvard Surgical Unit on June 26, 1915; remained until October, 1915, rendering invaluable service as Roentgenologist, working directly with the surgeon. Rank: Lieutenant R.A.M.C. Walter James Dodd never was a House Officer in the Hospital, yet he was so much a part of it and of us that this tablet would not be complete without his name. Some of us remember him when his pleasant face ap- peared in the Apothecaries' room in 1892. He was a man with whom one did not have to "make friends," he was a friend from the start. Skillful, kind, ingenious, accurate and wilhng, he was from the first of the greatest help to the Staff and the Hospital. His skill in photogra- phy made the case records more complete than they had ever been before, and added much to their value. We all know of his pioneer work with the X-ray, and how much it meant to medicine and surgery, and we also know how he paid for his wonderful success by his suffer- ings and too early death. His work in the army was superb, and, knowing as we do his physical handicaps, it seems as though he accomplished the impossible. He entered the service knowing that his days were few, and, with certain death staring him in the face, he made the most of them. To have had the privilege of knowing him and loving him was a joy and an honor. Mr. Chairman, in the name of the Alumni Association I present this tablet to the Hospital. May it stand in future years as a tribute to those whose names are here recorded, and also as a symbol of what the Hospital stands for — Service — Service to Country, Service to feUow men. Service to duty. There is no geographical limit to that service. It calls to the home, the hospital, the laboratory, the school the world over. It calls to the frozen north, to the pestilential jungles of the tropics, to the bloody jfields of France, to Serbia, China, Africa, God knows where, and the sons of the Massachusetts General have ever answered that call and devoted their lives to that service willingly and faithfully. Each name graven in this stone carries a Golden Star, the Golden Star that signifies the supreme sacrifice in the service of the nation that these men loved and died to save. 95 Massachusetts General Hospital ACCEPTANCE OF MEMORIAL TABLET Mr. Wigglesworth : In accepting this Memorial Tablet, the Hospital feels that it is receiving a gift whose influence will be felt through the coming time. It has been said that a surgeon should be actuated by pity as a motive, not as an emotion. Herein lies a truth which is at the foundation of all that is noblest in the medical profession. Back of all the skill and knowledge of sur- geon, physician, or nurse must be the ideal of service and self-sacrifice. The nobility of the profession is in its consecration to the relief of suffering humanity. If this ideal did not exist in the community, hospitals would never be established, and if this same feeling were not the basis of the work done within the hospital, the workers there would never attain the best results. It is this spirit, this ideal, which has been nobly shown in the lives of those whose memorial you have today here established. Carlyle has said that everywhere in life the true question is not what we gain but what we do. These men have offered their all to duty. We may say of them in the words of Milton, ''Faithful hath been your warfare, and of God accepted, fearless in his righteous cause." The tablet not only honors them, but will be an incentive and an inspiration to others. The Hospital gratefully accepts your gift with a full realization of all it symbol- izes and means, and will preserve it as one of the Hos- pital's sacred and inspiring possessions. 96 Memorial DEDICATION OF A MEMORIAL TABLET IN THE TREADWELL LIBRARY, SEPTEMBER 10, 1920, IN MEMORY OF THE GRADUATES OF THE MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL TRAINING SCHOOL FOR NURSES, WHO DIED IN THE WAR. 1914 1918 IN MEMOEY OF FRANCES E. BARTLETT MARY F. EMERY LUCY N. FLETCHER JESSIE BROWN JAGGARD CONSTANCE M. SINCLAIR NELLIE J. WARD ANNA B. WEST GRADUATES OF THE MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL SCHOOL FOR NURSES THEY GAVE THEIR LIVES IN THE SERVICE OF THEIR COUNTRY IN THE GREAT WAR 97 Massachusetts General Hospital Mr. Wigglesworth : We come here this afternoon to dedicate this memorial and to express our deep sense of gratitude and admiration for our nurses who died in the great war. When we look back to the time of Florence Nightingale and reflect that from that time to this is less than an ordinary lifetime, and then consider the enormous development of the work which she started and its influence on the world (both in war and in peace), the contrast is almost overwhelming. When we think of the needless loss of hfe and suffering from disease before women, as nurses, devoted their lives to the Christ-like work of caring for such suffering, the fact is one to make us shudder. To this work these nurses devoted their help, their strength, and their unwavering devotion. They faced danger without flinching, hardship without complaining, and sealed their service with their lives. We cannot express to them what we feel, but it is fitting that there should be dedicated this memorial tablet as a sound and enduring evidence of the heroism of these women, and of the splendid example which they gave of the spirit which belongs to and abides in a great hospital. Rev. Mr. Sherrill: An occasion like this is one which is almost too deep to express in words, because as we think of these seven women who gave their lives in this great cause, I presume each one of us has his own memories and his own associations with each one who made the supreme sacrifice. On this occasion we might sum up all in the words, "Greater love hath no man than to lay down his life for his friend." I am sure that these words of the Master apply more truly to nurses than to anyone else who had anything to do with the World War. Somehow I cannot imagine the Master with a rifle in his hand; but I can imagine the picture of a nurse going from bed to bed, making a patient comfortable, and doing the hundred other little things which all make up a nurse's life. I feel that the nurses who served in this war have not been given their full reward by the public — not that they are asking for any reward. We hear a great deal of all the battles and of the work of the Red Cross and 98 Memorial Y.M.C.A., and in it all we hear very little of the work of the Army nurse. It is a very fortunate circumstance that this tablet is placed in this Hospital, where in the years to come hun- dreds and thousands of nurses are to be trained to think of nursing as a service, and that as they pass the memo- rial they will feel the inspiration which comes from the realization that they are entering upon a great and noble profession. Miss Parsons: The seven nurses in whose memory we have met were all known to me. Mrs. H. A. Jaggard, nee Jessie W. Brown, left her home, husband, and child, and was one of the very first to go overseas. While she was chief of the unit and did her duty by day, she nursed the sick nurses by night and thus overtaxed her strength and contracted the disease which caused her death. Constance Sinclair was one of our most successful pri- vate nurses. She could hardly have been expected to volunteer her services for active work overseas until all other nursing resources had been exhausted, yet she was also one of the first to go across. Lucy Fletcher and Mary Emery had been my own students, and were both on my staff, both in this Hospital and abroad. The other nurses, Frances E. Bartlett, Nellie Ward and Anna B. West, I had known as earnest, capable students and successful nurses. These nurses had, besides youth, happiness and future hopes to take to the altar, to sacrifice if need be. They went with high courage; they did their work faithfully; they suffered and laid down their lives with splendid courage and glad devotion to the cause. They will not have died in vain if the nurses who visit this beautiful spot of our revered and beloved Hospital stop a moment to read their names and to pledge them- selves anew to all the splendid principles which alone make a nurse's work glorious. 99 Massachusetts General Hospital DEDICATION OF A MEMORIAL TABLET IN THE TREAD WELL LIBRARY, DECEMBER 11, 1919, TO MISS HELEN HOMANS. IN MEMOEY OF HELEN HOMANS BORN IN BOSTON JANUARY 26th, 1884 DIED AT PONTOISE, FRANCE NOVEMBER 5tH, 1918 A VISITOR AND SOCIAL WORKER AT THIS HOSPITAL IN 1915 SHE VOLUNTEERED FOR WORK IN THE FRENCH HOSPITALS DIED IN SERVICE TO THE ARMIES OF FRANCE Dr. Washburn: We have assembled today to pay- tribute to the memory of Helen Homans. She gave her life for France in the World War just as truly as though she had been killed upon the field of battle. The blood that is within the veins of a man or woman, the family heritage, traditions, and teaching are what de- termine the conduct of an individual when the time comes for great decisions. An examination of the antecedents and background of Helen Homans' life furnishes the clue to her actions. 100 Memorial Her family has been noted for its connection with medi- cal work and for its patriotic response to the call of the nation in the time of peril. With the exception of a few years at the beginning of the nineteenth century, an in- terval between the death of one ancestor and the matu- rity of his son, there has been a John Homans practicing medicine in this vicinity since 1775. Helen Homans' great-grandfather. Dr. John Homans, was a surgeon in the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War. From this descent her eldest brother Robert is a member of the society of the Cincinnati. Her grandfather, Dr. John Homans, was a practicing physician. Her father, again the same name. Dr. John Homans, is well remem- bered by most of us in this room. He was graduated as house pupil of this Hospital in 1861, joined the regular navy upon graduation, served with it for one year, and resigned to accept a commission in the Medical Corps in the United States Army. He was on duty with the Army until the close of the Civil War, from 1862 to 1865. His service was conspicuous and distinguished, well illustrated by the fact that he was medical director upon General Sheridan's staff during the Shenandoah campaign of 1864. None but an able man of initiative and courage would have been chosen for such a position. Uncle John, as we house officers called him, served this Hospital from 1876 to 1899 actively, and as consulting surgeon until his death in 1903. We remem- ber him affectionately for his humor, quick appreciation, impatience with pretense, and underlying warm-heart- edness. His chief claim for distinction here, and that a great one, is that he forced the Hospital to permit abdom- inal surgery to be done within its waUs against the op- position of a too conservative board of directors and staff. Miss Helen Homans' cousin, another Dr. John Ho- mans, was a house officer of this Hospital. One of her brothers, again a surgeon, and a graduate of the Massa- chusetts General Hospital, is the present representative of the name. Three of her brothers were commissioned officers of the United States Army, serving with the American Expeditionary Forces. 101 Massachusetts General Hospital Helen Homans herself was connected with the Massa- chusetts General Hospital upon the Board of Visiting Ladies, from 1912 to 1917. She was a volunteer in the Social Service Department, working especially with tu- berculosis patients during this same period, the latter part of the time working here in the short intervals be- tween the periods of her service in France. I have gone into some detail of the ancestry of Helen Homans and her previous hospital work to show how naturally she would come to connect herself with medical activities in a military emergency. She had lived in France for a number of months at one time and grown to love the country. When the brutal attack was made by Germany and all civilization was imperiled, when her beloved France was writhing under the tortures, the agony and death of her children, Helen Homans suffered with her, and longed for the chance to help. The opportunity came when the first Harvard Unit went abroad; and she went with it. She performed the work of a nurse at I'Hopital de L' Alliance, No. 41, bis Yoetot Seine Tuferience from May to Septem- ber, 1915, and again from February to December, 1916. Then for a short period she was in another French hos- pital. From January to September, 1917, she served in THopital Auxiliare 109 at Pont Audemes, Eure; and from September, 1917, to February, 1918, she was with I'Hopital d'Evacuation, No. 18, as a member of the Ambulance Automobile Chirurgicale Nos. 21 and 22, Vas- seny, Aisne. Her last position was with I'Hopital de I'Arm^e 65 at Pontoise, Seine et Oise, where she served from July to November, and where she died of pneu- monia following influenza in the terrible epidemic of that fall. When taken sick she was in charge of a ward of French wounded. The hospital had been under bombardment and the service was hard and hazardous. Her services were appreciated by the French authori- ties, and she was awarded the Croix de Guerre with Palm, in a citation signed by the great French General, Petain, himself. Translated it reads as follows : 102 Memorial Miss Helen Homans "With the armies since the twenty-ninth of February, 1916, she has been noted for her absolute devotion to duty, particu- larly in the Evacuation Hospitals at Courlandon and Vasseny in the bombarded zone and in an Auxiliary Hospital of the Army where she has contracted in caring for the sick wounded soldiers a contagious disease which places her life in danger." Given at Great Headquarters by the General, Commander- in-Chief, Petain. What greater honor? Well earned — we her friends know it to be. She laid down her life for the France that she loved and "greater love hath no man than this." Helen Homans would not wish the claim made for her that the free gift of her all to the cause was an excep- tional act amongst the women of the warring countries. Anyone who was privileged to see the work and the sac- rifice of the women of England, France, and America, appreciates that such devotion was the usual thing. The physicians and nurses connected with this hospi- tal responded in large numbers to their country's call. Five physicians and seven nurses made the last sacrifice for the great cause. I like to think that the training and the standards of this hospital were an inspiration to its children, and that the thought of it helped them to run straight even when death itself was the goal. Can we, who have been spared, allow an institution which has produced such offspring to fail to progress and develop, and then fall behind? That is what is happening and will continue unless there is a united effort immediately to provide her with the sinews of war. The Board of Visiting Ladies have given this tablet to Helen Homans' memory. The work of Boston women at this hospital has for many years been conspicuous. They have given freely of their time, strength, and money. They have helped us to keep the human side of our work prominent, and their ideals have always been high for what this hospital should be. It is therefore fitting that a tablet should be erected in this room to one of their number. 103 Massachusetts General Hospital I take this opportunity to pay my tribute to the won- derful courtesy, kindness, and hospitaUty shown the Americans by both Enghsh and French. In England the houses of the people were thrown open to our convalescent soldiers. Several thousands of our men upon leaving the hospitals went into British homes and stayed for a week or ten days before rejoining their organizations. This was allowed with some hesitation, but there were surprisingly few instances where difficulties ensued. Thousands of our men became better acquainted with their British brothers, and they in turn learned to know the Yankees. In those trying days of October, 1918, when we in Eng- land were receiving into our hospitals the American wounded from Flanders, and at the same time transport after transport arrived from America with many cases of influenza and pneumonia, the Chief Surgeon had a con- ference with General Sir John Goodwin, Director General R.A.M.C., as to the disposition of our sick and wounded when our own hospital capacity should be exceeded. General Goodwin's reply was, "While there is a bed in England it shall be at the disposal of the Americans." This was when the British casualties were coming into England at the rate of 3,000 to 4,000 daily, and ours at the rate of 300 to 400 daily. Our hospital capacity in England at that time was 15,000 beds, limited to that number, because we were not allowed additional medical personnel, which was needed more desperately in France at the moment. Our hospitals in England were visited by the King and Queen, and Princess Mary, and many distinguished citizens and high officers of the army and navy. Dances, theatrical performances, prize fights, and many other forms of amusement were arranged for our soldiers on leave in England, and there seemed no limit to what the British tried to do for us. Americans hving in England did much. Lady Har- court ran a small hospital for us in Lancaster Gate, London. Mrs. Spender Clay conducted an officers' Conva- lescent Home at Ford Manor, Lynnfield. Sir WUliam and Lady Osier kept open house for American Medical 104 Memorial Officers at Oxford. Those who partook of their dehght- ful hospitahty will never forget it. Sir WilUam made American and British physicians know each other as they never would have done without him. In France there was the same spirit. It is harder for a Frenchman than for an Enghshman to take an American into his home, but it was done in thousands of instances. In Bordeaux many of us made firm friendships and de- lightful acquaintances. The appreciation of the French for what America was doing was great. This was more openly shown by the humble peasants. It was touching and embarrassing to those of us who thought we should be doing more, and that our help should have come much sooner. I remember that upon the anniversary of the saihng of Rochambeau from Bordeaux, on his way to Newport, the school at Talence closed early and the children brought a basket of flowers decorated with French and American colors to the American Hospital in their midst. We who have hved among them know the sincere and earnest desire of the British and French peoples to live in harmony and union with us, and with us to bear the burdens of this distressed world, and solve its mighty problems. When we think of this, and contemplate the sacrifice of the noblest and best youth of these nations, one is tempted to offer a prayer that the gift may have its complete reward; that having frustrated the foul de- signs of Germany, we may succeed in forming a Union of Nations which will endure and make war more and more difficult. Politics and obstinacy delay the making of a peace and the establishment of some form of a League of Nations. Can we look upon our dead and tolerate that such motives should stand between the civilized world and the consummation of its victory? Helen Homans' fife was one of service. The gift of this life to France was cheerfully and gladly made. May this tablet commemorate these quahties of hers and be an inspiration to the coming generations of young men and women who shall use this library. 105 Massachusetts General Hospital Historical HISTORICAL NOTES Extracts from the History of the Hospital to 1852 by N. I. Bowditch, and to 1872 by Dr. Ellis, with additions to date 1810. A circular letter was issued by Drs. James Jack- son and John C. Warren, August 20, inviting subscrip- tions ^'for a hospital for the reception of lunatics and other sick persons." This letter may be regarded as the corner-stone of our institution. It contains a perspicuous statement of the advantages which a hospital would ex- tend to all classes of society, and closes as follows: ''Hospitals and infirmaries are found in all the Chris- tian cities of the Old World; and our large cities in the Middle States have institutions of this sort, which do great honor to the liberality and benevolence of their founders. We flatter ourselves that in this respect, as in all others, Boston may erelong assert her claim to equal praise." 1811. Charter obtained from the Legislature, Febru- ary 25. It incorporates James Bowdoin and fifty-five others of the most distinguished inhabitants of the vari- ous towns of the Commonwealth, by the name of the Massachusetts General Hospital. A grant was made of the Province House Estate, so called, with authority to sell the same and use the proceeds at pleasure, provided that within five years an additional sum of one hundred thousand dollars should be obtained by private subscrip- tions and donations. On April 1, 1817, the Hospital leased this estate to David Greenough, Esq., for ninety- nine years, at an annual rent of two thousand dollars, or an outright sum of thirty-three thousand dollars, at his option; and on October 1, 1824, he elected to pay this latter sum. 106 Historical 1811. The first meeting of the Corporation was held April 23. The Corporation was organized by (the choice of) a President and Vice-President, Treasurer and Sec- retary; the Secretary being ex officio, Secretary of the Board of Trustees. 1813. Trustees first chosen February 2. At first, the President always attended the meetings of Trustees, and presided; but since 1818, the Trustees have acted by a Chairman, who presides at all their meetings; the duty of the President or Vice-President being merely to preside at the annual meetings of the Corporation. 1814. By act of Legislature the Corporation was au- thorized to grant annuities on fives. In a charter, subse- quently granted to the Massachusetts Hospital Life Insurance Company, a proviso was inserted, by which one-third of its whole net profits from insurance on fives is made payable to the Hospital. An additional act, passed January 17, 1824, sanctions a most important agreement between these two Corpo- rations, by which the Hospital, in fieu of all former rights, became entitled to one-third of all the earnings of said Insurance Company, over and above six per cent. 1816. The Board decided to purchase part of Mr. Joy's land, the old BarreU estate in Somerville (site of McLean Hospital). 1817. The Committee reported that they had exam- ined several sites (for a General Hospital), and were pleased with one in North Allen Street, and arranged that the Board should visit it. Charles Bulfinch sent in a plan for a General Hospital. The Committee for building an Asylum reported in favor of two wings or buildings, seventy-six feet by forty, three stories high instead of one, and of brick instead of stone. Authority was given to buy the Allen Street Estate at twenty thousand dollars, if the offer should be accepted in six days. By a resolve passed by the Legislature, June 12, it is provided that the stone for the erection of the Hospital should be hammered and fitted for use by the convicts in the State Prison. The work thus done is estimated at over thirty thousand dollars. 107 Massachusetts General Hospital A common seal was ordered to be prepared; and, on November 30, Colonel May laid it before the Board — the device being an Indian with his bow in one hand, and an arrow in the other; and on his right, a star, being encircled with the inscription, ''MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL, 1811"; and it was accepted accordingly. 1818. Several plans were received by the Board, and on January 11, referred to a Committee. On January 25 the Committee reported that the plan of a Hospital by Mr. Bulfinch deserved the premium; and on February 1, Mr. Bulfinch's plan (with slight modifications suggested by the Committee) was adopted, and immediate meas- ures were directed for getting stone hammered at the State Prison. The corner-stone of the Hospital in North Allen Street was laid July 4, in Masonic form, by the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts. The Visiting Committee report nine patients received at Asylum. 1821. Notice was ordered to Drs. Jackson and Warren that the Hospital will be ready for patients on Septem- ber 1. One patient was admitted September 1; and, until September 20, not a single other application was made for admission. 1822. Six free beds were established; three for med- ical, three for surgical patients. Committee appointed December 1, to wait on Hon. William Phillips (President of the Corporation and Donor of $20,000), to request him to sit for his portrait. This portrait by Stuart is, it is needless to say, a fine painting and an excellent likeness. 1823. A mummy from Thebes was presented by Bryant P. Tilden and Robert B. Edes, in behalf of Jacob Van Lennep and Company, of Smyrna (the Hospital pay- ing two hundred dollars out of the proceeds of its exhibi- tion to the Boston Dispensary), which was gratefully accepted. The Committee reported October 7, that they had leased the mummy one year for exhibition in other cities. 108 o Historical The gratifying announcement was made November 2, of a bequest from John McLean, of twenty-five thousand dollars, payable on death of his widow, and with the in- formation that he had also made this institution his residuary legatee, by which "si much larger sum" would be secured. This residue proved to be over ninety thou- sand dollars. 1824. Thanks were given to Gorham Parsons, Esq., ''for the present of a sow of an uncommonly fine breed." Her weight, in the Visiting Committee's records, is stated at 273 pounds. As this gift is noticed in both records it evidently made a great sensation. 1825. General Lafayette, with his son and several gentlemen, accompanied by his Excellency the Governor and the Lieutenant-Governor, visited the Hospital June 20. They were received by the President of the Corpora- tion, the Board of Trustees, and the Physicians and Sur- geons, and were conducted through the several wards and other parts of the building. An important vote was passed on October 23, placing a free bed for one year at the disposal of anyone who should pay one hundred dollars. The fact that certain persons were in the habit of visiting the Hospital on Sundays, and having religious worship in the wards, often producing an unfavorable excitement in the patients, was communicated to the Board; and the subject was referred to the Chairman and Mr. Prescott, who, by a written report at the next meeting, put an end to the practice alluded to. 1826. The Committee appointed at the last meeting of the Corporation, to take into consideration the best mode of perpetuating the memory of John McLean, rec- ommended that the Asylum be hereafter known as "The McLean Asylum for the Insane." 1827. Erysipelatous inflammation having appeared at the Hospital, the expediency of removing all the patients was discussed; and four Trustees were appointed a Commit- tee on the subject. January 14, the Committee reported that they had decided, after conference with the Physi- cian and Surgeon, to make a temporary removal of all patients from the Hospital (as far as practicable), with a 109 Massachusetts General Hospital view to a ^'thorough purification by fumigation or other- wise;" and that the Rev. Dr. James Freeman has very hberally and readily offered his dwelling house in Vine Street, near the Hospital, for the accommodation of the patients. January 21, twelve patients were reported as removed to Dr. Freeman's house, and twenty-one dis- charged. January 28, the Hospital was reported to be entirely clear of patients, and '' cleansing, fumigation, and alteration of fireplaces, etc., in progress." February 4, the patients from Dr. Freeman's house were received back into the Hospital. March 25, Dr. Robbins was ap- pointed a Committee to return to Dr. Freeman the key of his house, with thanks. 1828. The Superintendent was directed not to buy any more ''domestic coffee." The nature of this "vil- lainous compound" is not stated on the records; but it was probably a preparation of rye. Colonel May was requested March 9 to prepare a list of all donations to the Massachusetts General Hospi- tal, and one hundred dollars Vas appropriated to that object. This vote is the origin of the "Donation-book," decidedly the most important of all the records of the institution. Mr. Greenough applying to buy the reversionary in- terest of the Corporation in the Province House Estate, Messrs. Francis and Lawrence were appointed a Commit- tee to ascertain its value. The Hospital declined making the proposed sale. 1839. Messrs. Shaw and Brimmer were instructed to report as to the expediency of rejecting syphilitic patients, or of charging them extra board; and this Committee subse- quently reported that such patients should be received only in urgent cases, and should always be charged double the usual rates of board. 1841. Dr. (John C.) Warren transmitted a letter en- closing one thousand dollars as a fund for the purchase of religious and moral books to be given to patients on leaving the Hospital. 1846. On October 16, "Sulphuric Ether was first used for the prevention of pain to a patient undergoing a serious operation at the Massachusetts General Hospital. 110 Historical This application was made by Mr. W. T. G. Morton. The experiment was a success." 1847. A communication from Dr. Henry I. Bowditch, as to the formation of a Medical Library at the Hospital, was referred to Messrs. Rogers and Amory, who subse- quently recommended an appropriation of two hundred and fifty dollars for that purpose. 1848. The Building Committee reported that the new west wing cost $29,500; east wing, $28,000; fur- nishing, $19,000; repairing center, rebuilding old east wing cellar throughout, three reservoirs, copper gutters, old kitchen, outside painting, $24,000; new kitchen, $16,500; autopsy room, sheds, chains, roads, sodding, fences, $3,000; total, $120,000. 1849. Gas was ordered to be introduced into the Hospital under the superintendence of Mr. Dexter. 1854. The Physicians and Surgeons offered a commu- nication to the Board recommending the establishment of a Pathological Museum at the Hospital, and the Visiting Committee were instructed to report upon the subject. November 19, the Visiting Committee reported that it was expedient to establish a Pathological Museum at the Hospital. 1855. In the annual report for 1854, it is stated that the urgent need that had long been felt of a separate ward for cases of a foul and dangerous nature, to relieve and secure other patients from discomfort and risk, had during the year been supplied. At the cost of $12,000, including that for a necessary sea wall, a commodious building of two stories ("the Brick," 1899), west of the main edifice, had been erected, containing sixteen rooms, with every needful convenience. 1861. The Secretary was directed to communicate to His Excellency, Governor Andrew, the following vote, passed in view of the pending Civil War: ''That the Trustees of the Massachusetts General Hospital assiu-e the Executive of the Commonwealth that, in the event of any diseased or wounded soldiers being returned to this city, they shall consider it their duty and privilege to extend to them all the succor and relief that may be within their power." Ill Massachusetts General Hospital 1862. It was — "Voted, That the subject of proper acconunodations in this Hospital for the sick and wounded of the United States Army be referred to Drs. Dale and Howe; and in the meantirae that Dr. Dale shall have authority to place for treatment in the Hospi- tal any invalid soldier for whom there is suitable room, the rate of their board being $4.50 per week." Dr. Dale reported at the next meeting, March 23, '^That, unless some extraordinary exigency should occur, the accommodations now afforded by this institution are ample for the present. 1863. Leave was granted to Dr. Shaw to accept the appointment of Commissioner, or Examining Surgeon, under the authority of the United States Pension Office — his services to be rendered at the Hospital. This office was to be held by him in accordance with docu- ments communicated to the Board relative thereto. 1872. Out-Patient Departments for Diseases of the Nervous System and Diseases of the Throat were estab- lished. 1873. The Training School for Nurses was established. The Warren Ward (A) and Jackson Ward (B) were built. They were both one-story buildings of corrugated iron. An Out-Patient Department for Diseases of the Eyes was established. 1874. The Allen Street House for Pathology and the Bigelow Ward (C) were built. 1875. The Townsend Ward (D) was built. Land in that part of Belmont called Waverley was purchased for the future site of the McLean Asylum. 1882. Convalescent Home in Waverley opened. The Training School for Nurses at the McLean Asylum was organized. 1883. The Thayer Building for Nurses was opened and the Gay Building for Out-Patients was built. 1888. The Bradlee Ward (E) for aseptic surgery was built. 1891. A house for the Resident Physician was built. 1892. The name McLean Asylum was changed to 112 Historical McLean Hospital. Building on the land at Waverley was begun. 1894. The Gardner Ward (F) for contagious diseases was built. 1895. The McLean Hospital was transferred from Somerville to the new buildings in Waverley. This was completed on November 15. 1896. The Pathological Laboratory was opened, and the management of the Training School for Nurses of the General Hospital was transferred to the Board of Trustees. The Semi-Centennial of Anaesthesia was celebrated on October 16. 1901. A new Operating Building, a new Domestic Building and an addition to the Nurses' Home were built at the General Hospital. 1902. The Weld Ward (G) for Diseases of the Skin was finished, and a Ward for Children (H) was opened in the Bulfinch Building. 1903. The new Out-Patient Building on Fruit Street was opened, and the Orthopedic Department was es- tablished. 1905. Social Service was estabhshed by Dr. Richard C. Cabot in the Out-Patient Department. Reclamation of gauze by steriHzation inaugurated, later adopted by other hospitals, resulting in a large saving in expense. 1907. Orthopedic Ward (I) opened. 1910. A Children's Medical Department and a Genito-Urinary Department were estabhshed. Disinfection of excreta by heat estabhshed here, and later adopted by many other hospitals. 1911. Reorganization of the Surgical and Medical Staffs, by the appointment of a Chief of Service for each of these services. 1912. A similar reorganization was carried out in other departments and the General Executive Committee was established. 1913. A Nurses' Home on Fruit Street was completed and occupied. 113 Massachusetts General Hospital A Department of Syphilis called the South Surgical Department was established. 1916. The Moseley Memorial Building, containing the Administrative Offices, Treadwell Library, Emergency Ward and rooms for House Officers and others, was opened. The nucleus of a Base Hospital, organized under the Red Cross, was established. 1917. Base Hospital No. 6, the Massachusetts Gen- eral Hospital Unit, departed for France on July 9. The work of the members of the Staff who remained behind was made lighter by the return of several past members of the Staff as volunteers. The PhilUps House was opened and the Medical Laboratory was estabUshed. 114 Historical McLEAN HOSPITAL* WAVERLEY, MASS. At the beginning of the nineteenth century Massa- chusetts had no hospital, either general or for the insane, although institutions had for some years been estab- lished in New York and Pennsylvania, while Virginia boasted the first, and, until 1808, when the insane of the New York Hospital were removed to a separate building, the only hospital solely for the insane, in her asylum at Wilhamsburg. There had been some agitation of the subject and one or two attempts had been made to found such an institution in Boston; the earliest in 1797, when WiUiam Philhpps devised $5,000 towards the build- ing of a hospital, afterwards increased to $20,000 by his heirs and paid to the Trustees of the Massachusetts Gen- eral Hospital Corporation. The circular letter, how- ever, prepared in August, 1810, by Drs. James Jackson and John C. Warren, was the first definite appeal to the pubhc, and may be regarded as the beginning of the present Massachusetts General Hospital, of which McLean is a part. This circular sets forth at some length the need of a hospital for the sick and the insane, especially the sick and insane poor, for whom at that time there was no place except in the almshouse at Charlestown, where not more than eight persons could be cared for; the various town almshouses, or the jails, to which the ''furious insane" were sent; the need of clini- cal instruction for medical students which such a hospital only could supply; and, finally, the obligation entailed upon the wealthy and influential to help their sick and suffering neighbors. The response to this appeal was immediate, and in January following (1811) a charter was obtained from the Legislature. It incorporated James Bowdoin and 55 other citizens of the various towns of the coromonwealth, under the name of the Massachusetts General Hospital, ♦Extracts from its History by Dr. George T. Tuttle to 1912, with extension to date by Dr. F. H. Packard. 115 Massachusetts General Hospital with power to hold real and personal estate yielding an annual income not exceeding $30,000, the same to be placed under the care of 12 trustees, four of whom were to be chosen by the Board of Visitors, which was com- posed of the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, President of the Senate, Speaker of the House and the chaplains of both houses of the Legislature. A grant was made by the commonwealth of the "Province House Estate" (then valued at $20,000), upon the condition that within ten years an additional sum of $100,000 should be raised by private subscriptions. In return for the grant of this property by the State, the charter imposed upon the corporation the obligation of supporting a number ''which shall at no time exceed 30" sick or insane per- sons chargeable to the commonwealth. This condition was afterwards modified to make the number of such patients depend upon the actual income derived from the Province House property, and finally, in 1816, was re- pealed because such provision tended to make of the Hospital a pauper institution. Province House had an interesting history. Built in 1679 by Peter Sargeant, nearly opposite the Old South Meeting-House on Washington (then Marlborough) Street, in Boston, it was purchased in 1716 by the Pro- vincial Legislature for the residence of the royal Gov- ernors, and was used as such until the Revolution. After the separation of the colonies from England it became "Government House," and was held by the State until 1811, when it was presented to the Massachusetts Gen- eral Hospital Corporation. In 1813 plans were made to remodel the house for a hospital and asylum, and a Mr. Hornby, of Newport, R. L, was selected to have charge of the proposed institution. This project was found to be impracticable, however, and in 1817 the estate was leased to David Greenough for a term of 99 years. He erected stores in front of the house and converted it to uses of trade. It later became a tavern, and figures in Hawthorne's "Twice-told Tales." In 1864 it was de- stroyed by fire. The war of 1812 delayed the plans for building the Hospital, but in 1816 the Board of Trustees instituted a 116 Historical house-to-house canvass and received such hberal re- sponses that within a week $93,969 was subscribed, $43,997.47 of which was contributed specifically for the asylum. There were 1,047 original subscribers. Negotiations were at once opened for the purchase of a site suitable for an asylum for the insane, the need of which branch of the proposed hospital was considered to be more urgent than a general hospital. In December of 1816 the Joy, or Barrell, estate (known also as Poplar Grove and Cobble Hill) at Charlestown, was bought for $15,650. This estate contained approximately 18M acres. Here on Cobble Hill, in 1775, General Putnam and Colonel Knox laid out a fort, which received the name of "Put- nam's Impregnable Fortress." At the foot of the hill flowed a small stream. Miller's River, a tributary of the Charles, and for some years to come McLean Asylum did nearly all its transportation by water. Upon this hill, surrounded by trees and gardens, stood a colonial dwell- ing house built in 1792 by Joseph Barrell. Charles Bulfinch designed this mansion, which, enlarged and altered, was used as the administration house of the asylum for 77 years. In 1817 two three-story brick houses known as the East Houses, accommodating 30 patients each, were built adjacent to this mansion, but on diverging lines from it. The Joy estate and the addi- tional buildings and alterations prior to 1818 cost $89,821.16. The first patient was admitted October 6, 1818 — a yoimg man whose father thought him pos- sessed with a devil which he had tried to exorcise with the rod. The Trustees spent three hours discussing his case, but finally decided to receive him. It is recorded that he made a complete recovery, became a pedlar, and acquired a property of $10,000 or $12,000. At the end of the first year 13 patients had been admitted. Until 1826 the Charlestown branch of the Massachu- setts General Hospital was known simply as the "Asylum," to distinguish it from the "Hospital," which was opened for patients in 1821. It was officially named The McLean Asylum for the Insane on June 12, 1826, and as such was known until 1892, when it was rechris- 117 Massachusetts General Hospital tened McLean Hospital. The name of McLean was given to it in honor of John McLean, a Boston merchant, who in 1823 left the corporation $25,000 and naming it as his residuary legatee. Eventually the corporation received nearly $120,000 from the McLean estate. To further perpetuate his memory, the Trustees commissioned Gilbert Stuart to paint his portrait, which was finished in 1825, and now hangs in the library at Waverley. The first superintendent of the asylum was Dr. Rufus Wyman, elected March 23, 1818. During the 17 years of Dr.Wyman's superintendency several changes were made in the asylum. There was of necessity much pioneer work to be done and much remodeling of buildings to suit the peculiar needs of this asylum. Rooms for 'Hhe occasional seclusion of refractory boarders" were required, and accordingly, in 1822, five '^ strong rooms for raging female patients" were constructed, which were removed in 1836 when the new "cottage" for "female patients in seclusion" was erected. A similar addition to the men's department was built in 1826. This was the "lodge," or "retreat," a brick building of two stories, costing $22,700. During 1826-29 still further additions and improvements were made, to the amount of $91,822.33. These included the "lodge" referred to above; a new five-story building for men, called the North Building, costing $65,000; a new roof for the mansion house, with an additional story in the middle and extensive repairs throughout; im- provements in ventilation; the addition of a laundry and a new kitchen. No further additions appear to have been made until 1835, when $28,000 was voted to be used for a new building for women known as the Belknap House, named in honor of Miss Mary Belknap of Boston, who, in 1832, left the asylum a sum of nearly $90,000. In the matter of the treatment of patients, from the first great stress was laid upon the "system of moral management" under which the asylum was conducted. The attendants were carefully chosen and were instructed to treat their patients with kindness and gentleness. In 1833 Dr. Wyman writes that "chains or strait jackets have never been used or provided in this asylum" and 118 Historical that ''no attendant is allowed to put the smallest re- straint upon a patient without the direction of the super- visor, who enters the fact in a book and reports it to the physician"; also that ''no person is ever allowed to strike a patient, even in self-defence." In the first report published by the Hospital (1822), Dr. Wyman speaks of the advantage of occupation and diversion in the treatment of the insane, and says that the "amusements provided, as draughts, chess, back- gammon, ninepins, swinging, sawing wood, gardening, reading, writing, music, etc., divert the attention from the unpleasant subjects of thought and afford exercise both of body and mind." He further argues that regu- larity in meals, exercise, work and rest "have a powerful effect in tranquilizing the mind, breaking up wrong associations of ideas and inducing correct habits of think- ing as well as acting." Outdoor exercise was insisted upon, and in 1828 the first carriage and pair of horses for the use of the patients were bought. During the year 1835-36, under Dr. Lee's adminis- tration, the first piano and the first billiard table were purchased; the general library was started with 120 volumes; religious services were introduced; the "Bel- knap Sewing Society" for women patients was organized, and the carpenter shop for the use of the men patients was opened. One evening in each week those patients who were well enough were invited for dancing and con- versation to the oval room at the administration house. The men patients worked on the farm and the women in the laundry and kitchen. Dr. Lee says in his report that "useful labor is the best employment," but his successor was obliged to abandon many of these industries, as the class of patients later received at McLean was not accus- tomed to such manual labor and refused to do it. Six acres of land were purchased for $6,000; the "strong rooms" before mentioned were removed, the "cottage" was built, and the "Belknap House" for 50 women begun. The next superintendent of the asylum was Dr. Luther V. Bell, one of the foremost psychiatrists of his day. During the 19 years of Dr. Bell's service the asylum grew 119 Massachusetts General Hospital in all directions. The Belknap House was finished in 1837, 12 new rooms were finished in the North Building in 1838, and billiard rooms and attendants' rooms were converted into quarters for patients, making accommo- dations for 61 men patients in all; new rooms were built into the fourth story of the Belknap House in 1839, increasing the capacity of the whole asylum to 145 patients. By 1840, owing to the opening of the various State hospitals in New England, the social status of the patients in McLean Hospital had changed, making it neces- sary to provide more commodious and luxurious quar- ters for them in order that they might not miss their home surroundings. Therefore carpets, wall paper, mir- rors, mantels and better furniture were introduced, and in order that still further luxuries might be available, in 1850 Wilham Appleton, president of the corporation, donated $20,000. To this gift was added the bequest of $20,000 received in 1839 from Joseph Lee, of which a separate investment had been made and which in 1851 exceeded $45,000. With these two gifts two houses for men and women, accommodating eight persons each and providing a suite of sitting room, bedroom and bath for each patient, were begun in 1850 and finished in 1853. By the desire of the Lee family Mr. Appleton's name was given to these houses, and at their suggestion the North Building, for which the name of Lee had been proposed, was officially changed to Dix Ward, in honor of Miss Dorothea Dix. The ventilating and heating plants were completely made over in 1848, hot-water heating being introduced. According to Dr. Bell, McLean Asylum was the first institution for the insane in the country to try this method. Cochituate water from Boston was brought into the asylum under the railroad tracks in block tin pipes in 1851 and gas was introduced in 1854. New bowling alleys and billiard rooms for men and women were pro- vided in 1855; also in the same year, six rooms and a corridor below the dome in the North Building were removed and made into one large dormitory for 10 or 12 patients. 120 Historical As may be gathered from the record of these alterations and additions, McLean Asylmn had begun to outgrow its quarters. In 1844, for the first time in its history, patients were refused admission for want of room, and in 1852 more were turned away than were admitted. As early as 1839 Dr. Bell had foreseen this situation and had then proposed several schemes by which the number of patients could be limited. The one which was adopted was an increase in the rate of board. The rates at first charged in the asylum ranged from $2.50 to 15 per week. These rates gradually increased. In 1827 the Visiting Committee reported that the rates should never be less than $3 nor more than $12, but later they were made sometimes as low as $2 and as high as $20 a week; at that time the expenses of the asylum were about $18,000 a year. In 1839, in the effort to relieve the overcrowded condition and limit the number of apphcations, a rate was made of not less than $4.50 for persons outside the State and $3 for those from Massachusetts. It was then estimated that one-third of the patients admitted to McLean came from other States. In 1832 the opening of the State Asylum at Worcester, and in 1839 of the Boston Lunatic Asylum, freed McLean from a large number of her lower-rate patients, but the new asylums founded during this period in the other New England States drew away many of those who had paid higher rates. To meet expenses and not turn away desirable patients who could not afford to pay even the $3 rate, WiUiam Appleton gave $10,000 in 1843 and Samuel Appleton added another $10,000 to this fund in 1854. In 1844 there were reported 30 patients who paid only $1.50 a week; in 1846, $500 from the Belknap fund was placed at Dr. Bell's disposal for poor patients. From its earliest days McLean Hospital has done much for charity. There has usually been a larger num- ber of patients in the Hospital who pay less than the actual cost than of those who pay more, and it has been, and is, the policy of the Trustees to apply the excess of income from the latter to meet the expenses of the 121 Massachusetts General Hospital former. Should a surplus occur at the end of the year it is devoted to the other department of the corporation (the Massachusetts General Hospital) to help meet the expenses of its non-paying patients. Of the 170 patients in the asylum at the end of the year 1847, 153 paid $5 a week or less; the expenses for that year are reported as being $32,500. In 1864 the cost per patient is computed at $9.77 and the rates were again raised. In 1875 the average cost was $21.07, with the expenses increased to $165,000. In 1912 the average cost per patient was reckoned as $25 and the expenses for the year amounted to $359,038.15. The different railroads now merged into the Boston & Maine system began to encroach upon the asylum grounds in 1837. Various lawsuits resulted, and from 1837 until the removal of the Hospital in 1895 to Waver- ley, when the entire property was sold to the Boston & Lowell Railroad, there were frequent struggles with the railroads. In 1871 the Boston & Lowell took a strip of land through the front of the asylum grounds across the main avenue. The final result was that the asylum was virtually situated in the midst of a large freight yard, being entirely surrounded by tracks. Moreover, the neighborhood grew further undesirable because of ad- jacent factories, pork-packing establishments and cheap tenements. After his first visit to Europe in 1840 Dr. Bell was more than ever interested in the new science of psychiatry. In 1843 he wrote an analytical summary of his experience during the preceding eight years from a medical point of view, in which his discussion of the causation, classi- fication and treatment of insanity was well abreast of his time. His ideas on restraint and non-restraint are set forth in this report and also in the earlier one of 1840 and the later one of 1855. Although not a believer in absolute non-restraint, he says in 1840 that very little restraint is used at McLean and that ''for some years the average number of patients under the restraint of leather mittens has not exceeded one per cent, and often week after week elapses without a single instance." 122 Historical In those early days the superintendents and assist- ant physicians devoted themselves to a greater extent to the entertainment of their patients than they do at pres- ent. They ate with them, drove with them, worked and played with them; they rarely absented themselves from the asylmn. No vacations were given till 1873, when it was voted that each member of the staff should be allowed two weeks during the year. Previous to this, upon very rare occasions, leave of absence for a week or two was asked and granted. The Visiting Committee of the Trustees also took a serious view of their duties and made it a point to see personally each patient in the asylum once a week, checking his name off a prepared list. The nurses of that time were for the greater part school-teachers. In 1843, with 150 patients, 25 nurses were considered "a very liberal number of attendants." In his report for 1848, Dr. Bell mentions the fact, not generally recognized at that time but since become of national importance, that other countries were sending over their vagrants, paupers and insane, and casting them upon our shores to rid themselves of their care. By 1847 the asylum was full, with 173 patients, and only two-thirds of all who applied could be admitted. In his report for 1848 Dr. Bell states that there are 184 patients in the asylum and that "the architecture is hopelessly inadequate" to accommodate that number. Accordingly in 1852 he began to advocate building another asylum and using one for men and the other for women. Meantime the number of patients increased, and in 1852, with comfortable accommodations for 160 patients, there were at times 210 crowded into attics, dormitories and the fifth stories. The external dimen- sions, with the exception of the two Appleton houses, just finished, were the same as in 1837, when there were one-half as many patients. In his second year of office Dr. Tyler asked for and received a regular appropriation of $300 for the general library, which appropriation continues to the present day. He devoted a great deal of attention to the amuse- ment and diversion of patients in the way of weekly 123 Massachusetts General Hospital entertainments, sleigh rides, singing classes, and orches- tra composed of men patients, drawing and French classes for the women, and the like. Believing thoroughly in the idea that bodily infirmities influence the mind for ill, he engaged Dr. Dio Lewis as gymnastic teacher in 1860. Of an extremely rehgious temperament himself, he encouraged the wave of religious revival which swept over the institution in 1858, and in 1867 succeeded in getting a chaplain appointed — the Rev. David G. Haskins. In 1866 a large sum of money was expended for repairs and improvements; the grounds were graded and im- proved and the farm buildings removed from their former close proximity to the front entrance and repaired. The Trustees decided in 1871 that, owing to the con- tinued encroachments of the railroads and the other objectionable features of its location, the asylum must be removed, and, therefore, for the next few years prac- tically no repairs, alterations or improvements were made. In 1875, 107 acres of land on Wellington Hill, Belmont (Waverley), were purchased for S75,000. In 1878 the Trustees entered upon negotiations to sell the Somerville property, and in 1880 the Fitchburg Railroad bought 23 acres of their land for $70,000, which, with damages awarded from various lawsuits, created a fund of $122,076.30 for the new hospital buildings at Waverley. Dr. Cowles came to McLean with the experience of 16 years in the Army and as superintendent of a large city hospital behind him. He at once proceeded to make of the asylum a distinctly modern hospital. In 1880, his first year, the bars were taken off some of the windows and unobtrusive screens were put in. The following year he tried the experiment of unlocked doors between the wards of some of the buildings for conva- lescent patients; the women nurses on the men's side introduced by Dr. Jelly were increased to four; ward maids were employed, and visitors were admitted freely to the patients. The same year (1881) was the first in which patients were admitted voluntarily to the hospitals, and McLean had one such. In 1882 there were 11 voluntary admis- 124 Historical sions and in 1883, 33. Since January 1, 1883, when the admission of patients on the voluntary basis had become an estabhshed custom, 43.5 per cent of all admissions have been voluntary. In 1882 the McLean Hospital Training School for Nurses was established, the first formally organized training school in a hospital for the insane in the world. The "attendants" were called ''nurses" and put in uni- form; a superintendent of nurses, Miss Mary F. Palmer, was appointed; a two years' course of lectures and clini- cal work was laid out. The first class to graduate was that of 1886, when 15 women received their diplomas; the same year saw the formation of a class of men, and in 1888, 20 women and four men were graduated. In 1884 Miss Palmer resigned as superintendent of nurses and Miss Lucia E. Woodward was appointed in her place, and held that position until her resignation in the fall of 1912. Miss Woodward came to the asylum as an attendant in 1864; was made supervisor in 1870, and superintendent of nurses in 1884, having previously spent some months in the training school for nurses at the Boston City Hospital. For 48 years Miss Woodward was identified with McLean Hospital, and the success of the Training School owes much to her personahty. As the removal of the Hospital from Somerville to Waverley was delayed from year to year, it became absolutely necessary to make alterations and repairs. In 1886 accommodations were made for 14 women nurses in a large dormitory under the dome of the Belknap House, and in 1888 changes were made in the cottage; there were minor repairs till 1892, when the buildings at Waverley were at last begun. In that year the Trustees bought a house and barn at Waverley for $8,000, and voted to erect on the land previously acquiied there two buildings for patients — the Belknap and Appleton houses for women, and the stable, appropriating for these buildings $288,622. In 1893 the Upham Memorial Building, gift of George P. Upham, was begun. On May 14, 1894, the Upham Memorial House was formally presented by its donor to the Trustees, and on October 1, 1895, the new McLean Hospital, offering 125 Massachusetts General Hospital accommodations for 180 patients, was open for inspec- tion. The plant cost SI, 395,404.29 and included the Pierce Building (administration house), the Upham Memorial, the Belknap, Proctor and Bowditch houses for men; the Belknap, East, Appleton and Wyman houses for women; the stable, laboratories and various service buildings. In the following year the two gym- nasiums were finished, and the Hope Cottage, built by Mrs. Sarah S. Matchett. The new Hospital is built on the cottage plan, with houses quite widely separated, but with corridor connec- tion, and located as far as possible wdth reference to view and sunlight in the patients' rooms. The first patients were transferred from Somerville to Waverley in April, 1895. Gradually others were brought over, a few at a time, until the final transfer November 15, 1895. On November 16, the groimds where the asylum had been started 77 years before were dehvered to the Boston & Lowell Railroad. Dr. William Noyes was appointed pathologist in 1888, and in 1889 the Trustees appropriated S600 for the de- velopment of the pathological department. Dr. William W. Gannett, of Boston, had served as pathologist for several years, and aside from his other duties had given instruction to the medical staff. Dr. Noyes, besides act- ing as pathologist, began research work in connection with the patients and was the pioneer in the estabhsh- ment of a clinical laboratory. He resigned in 1893 and Dr. August Hoch was appointed in his place. Under the latter's leadership Kraepelin's classification of mental diseases was adopted, case-records were kept in a much more scientific manner, and cases were studied and com- pared and research work was carried on. Dr. Hoch resigned in 1905, when he was appointed assistant phy- sician at Bloomingdale Hospital, White Plains, N. Y., and Dr. Frederic H. Packard, junior assistant physician, who had studied with Dr. Hoch, took his place. In December, 1909, he exchanged positions with Dr. E. Stanley Abbot, then first assistant physician. The chemical laboratory was estabhshed in 1900, and Dr. Otto Folin was appointed chemist, in which capacity 126 Historical he served until 1908, when he was elected professor of biological chemistry in the Harvard Medical School. During this time extensive researches in physiological chemistry were carried on, new methods of analysis were devised, and many important investigations and valuable contributions to science were made by Dr. Folin, which gave him an international reputation. He was succeeded by Mr. Charles C. Erdman. The psychological laboratory was opened in 1904, with Dr. Shepherd Ivory Franz at its head. Dr. Franz did much valuable work in physiological psychology during the two years he remained at McLean. Upon his resig- nation in 1906 Dr. F. Lyman Wells succeeded him. Dr. Wells has devoted his attention to experimental and abnormal psychology. In 1899 hydro therapeutic apparatus was installed at a cost of $10,000. One of the pleasantest features of the institution is the collection of paintings in the art room, which was started in 1898 upon the suggestion of a former patient. While it began as a loan exhibition, many pictures have since been given to the Hospital. In 1903 the Trustees of the Hospital voted that the medical superintendent and the first and second assist- ant physicians "shall be retired upon reaching the age of 64 years, and if so retired after a service in the Hospi- tal of not less than 14 years they shall receive thereafter a retired salary equal to 60 per cent of the salary they received at the time of their retirement." Accordingly, Dr. Cowles, having reached this age limit, was retired in December, 1903, carrying with him the loyal affection of all who had been associated with him in his work. Upon Dr. Cowles' retirement Dr. George T. Tuttle, who had been associated with Dr. Cowles as second and then first assistant physician for 25 years, was appointed medical superintendent, taking office January 1, 1904. The Samuel Eliot Memorial Chapel was dedicated May 31, 1906. Much attention has always been paid in this Hospital to physical exercise in the treatment of patients. To 127 Massachusetts General Hospital promote this, a static machine, a mechanical vibrator, and a set of Zander apparatus were installed in connec- tion with the baths in the gymnasium building for women in 1904; a golf course of nine holes was laid out and is kept in good condition; three tennis courts have been built, and all forms of outdoor exercise encouraged. The importance of various forms of diversion, and especially of manual occupation, has been recognized in this Hospital from its very beginning. As early as 1822, Dr. Wyman writes of their value, and Dr. Bell, in 1839, says that ''the experiment of mechanical labor was here first introduced, and the safety, expediency and immense utility of putting tools into the hands of the patients entirely and satisfactorily decided." Although later, owing to the class of patients received at McLean, me- chanical and agricultural labor was abandoned for ''some form of busy idleness," yet each superintendent has done his share in developing this method of treat- ment. For the men, as long ago as 1836 the carpenter's shop was opened for their use, and of late years wood- carving and cabinet making have been taught; while the women have had lessons in drawing and painting, and have done various forms of fancywork. In 1910 two rooms in the women's gymnasium were prepared for industrial occupations of a somewhat different type; a teacher of handicrafts was engaged, and instruction is now given daily in basketry, leather work, lace making, weaving, and other forms of industry. In 1907 one acre of land with house and barn was bought; in 1908, 71,800 square feet of land on Mill Street was purchased, also the "Brown Farm" of a little more than 56 acres, containing a spring which supplies all the water for the Hospital. In 1909 a lot of land containing seven and one-half acres and a house on Mill Street was bought to provide a third residence for married physicians. McLean Hospital occupies an estate of 317 acres on the southwestern extremity of the Arlington Heights range of hills overlooking the Charles River Valley. It accommodates 220 patients in eleven houses. Patients are received according to the laws of Massa- chusetts, voluntarily or by commitment. The Hospital 128 M O O Historical is not large enough for reception wards, nor are they needed, for no one is admitted except by previous ar- rangement and after sufficient information has been obtained to make it reasonably certain that there is room in the house where the patient would properly belong. With opportunity for making many classes of men and women in houses quite widely separated, there is little difficulty in making a proper assignment of rooms at the time of admission. Each patient is given special nursing care during the first few hours, to lessen the shock of admission to a hospital for mental diseases and to obtain further information for the attending physician. With the opening of the Codman House in 1907, the capacity of the Hospital was enlarged so that it could accommodate 220 patients. Although afterward in every year large numbers of patients were refused admission on account of lack of accommodations, no further enlargement of the plant was considered, for the reason that it was thought that with a larger number of patients, the same individual care and attention could not be given. Nevertheless, Hope Cottage, built in 1896, and the South Cottage, built in 1912, each for a single patient, providing at the same time the atmosphere and sur- roundings of a private home and proper hospital care and supervision, filled such a need that in 1916 the Arlington House (a gift of Mr. Frank E. Peabody) was built, and in 1919 the West Cottage, making a total of four cottages for single patients. They were a distinct addition to the Hospital in that they extended its field of service to people of wealth, and at the same time added to the revenue which could be devoted to the care of those in moderate circumstances. The continued success of occupational therapy in the treatment of patients warranted an enlargement of the facilities, and in 1913 a considerable addition was made to the Women's Gymnasium, providing greatly enlarged space for weaving, and a large room for pottery work. In 1914 an addition was made to the Men's Gymnasium which gave much needed room for the expansion of the activities carried on there. Weaving, rug making and 129 Massachusetts General Hospital pottery work were immediately begun, and in 1920 book binding and printing were added. With the enlarge- ment of the men's department in 1914, two regular occupational instructors were employed for men patients. In the same year, because the number of pieces made in the pottery rooms was so large, a glazing apparatus and a kiln were installed. The remodeling and refurnishing of the main kitchen in 1921 did much to facilitate the preparation and serv- ing of food. In 1915 the Hospital began to feel the effects of the World War. Some of the nurses left to join the Harvard Unit, and in 1917 half the staff of physicians enlisted in the United States Army Medical Corps. The Superin- tendent of the Hospital was chairman of one of the auxiliary committees of National Defence, and two others of the remaining physicians served on medical advisory boards. In the following year thirty-five men nurses entered the service directly from the Hospital and forty-four other men graduate nurses enlisted, mostly in the Medical Corps. Forty-nine women nurses, graduates of the Training School, enlisted in the service. The Hospital also gave a three months' course in psychiatric nursing to seven groups of students from the Army Nursing School of the Medical Department of the United States Army — one hundred and six women in all. During the period of the war the patients in the occu- pational departments made 1,176 knitted articles for the soldiers. The war, of necessity, interrupted all but necessary work in caring for patients. The chemical and psycho- logical laboratories were closed and only routine work was done in the pathological laboratory. In 1920, how- ever, a pathologist was again appointed, and in the same year Dr. Otto Folin, Professor of Chemistry at the Harvard Medical School, was appointed Chemist to the Hospital in an advisory capacity and in the following year a resident chemist was again procured. In 1921 the position of assistant in pathological psychology was 130 Historical filled again, and during the year the psychological labora- tory was enlarged and additional equipment added, making it probably the best equipped hospital laboratory of its kind in the country. The appointment of Dr. Walter B. Cannon, Professor of Physiology in the Har- vard Medical School, as Physiologist in an advisory capacity, and at the same time the appointment of a resident physiologist, gave the Hospital the distinction of being the first hospital for mental diseases in the country to have a physiologist on its staff, as it was also the first to have a resident psychologist and chemist. With the appointment of a physiologist, a physiological laboratory was estabhshed and fitted up with apparatus for physio- logical research. As has been noted previously, by the outbreak of the war the nursing service became much depleted and few new pupils entered the Training School, owing to the fact that war conditions opened to all young men and women many remunerative occupations. The Hospital was therefore obliged to resort to the use of many attend- ants. This undesirable situation prevailed to a greater or less extent till 1922, when reorganization of the Train- ing School was undertaken. A three years' course in nursing is now given to the women, the intermediate year of which is spent in a general hospital where addi- tional practical experience in medical and surgical nursing is obtained. In December, 1923, the course for men nurses was increased from two to three years and made similar to that for women. In March, 1923, work was begun on the much needed home for women nurses, providing accommodations for about one hundred. On April 15, 1919, Dr. George T. Tuttle resigned after a loyal and devoted service of forty years to the Hospital, the last fifteen as Superintendent. He was succeeded by Dr. Frederic H. Packard, who had been in the service of the Hospital seventeen years, the last ten as First Assistant Physician. 131 Massachusetts General Hospital The Discovery of Ether A CONSIDERATION OF THE INTRODUCTION OF SURGICAL ANESTHESIA* By William H. Welch, M.D., LL.D. Professor of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. It is a happy conception of the Trustees and Staff of the Massachusetts General Hospital to set apart the sixteenth of October as "Ether Day," and to provide for the annual public celebration, in this historic place, of the anniversary of that most beneficent gift of medicine to mankind — the introduction of surgical aneesthesia. I esteem it a high honor to be invited to deliver the annual address in commemoration of the great event which took place within these walls sixty-two years ago today. Of the significance of this event there can be no question, whatever controversy there may be concerning the exact share of all who participated in the discovery of surgical anaesthesia. The attendant circumstances were such as to make the operation performed on October 16, 1846, in the surgical amphitheater of this Hospital, by John Collins Warren, upon the patient, Gilbert Abbott, placed in the sleep of ether anaesthesia by WilUam Morton, the decisive event from which date the first convincing, public demonstra- tion of surgical anaesthesia, the continuous, orderly, his- torical development of the subject, and the promulga- tion to the world of the glad tidings of this conquest of pain. Had this demonstration or any subsequent one of like nature failed of success, it is improbable that we should have heard much of claims to the prior discovery of surgical anaesthesia. Often as the story has been told, ♦Address delivered at the Massachusetts General Hospital on the sixty-second anniver- sary of Ether Day. 132 Historical and full as it is of bitter controversy, I may be permitted to recall to your minds enough of the preceding discov- eries and efforts to indicate the proper historical setting of the event which we celebrate. When and by whom artificial anaesthesia was discovered is unknown. It is certain that the old Greek and Roman physicians were acquainted with the power of various narcotic drugs to produce insensibility to pain and that narcotic potions and even their fumes were frequently administered from ancient times onward before a sur- gical operation in order to lessen the sufferings of the patient. At a later period more limited use was some- times made of certain devices for the same purpose, such as compression of the carotids, the tightening of a tour- niquet and pressure upon nerve trunks. The EUzabethan dramatist, Middleton, even portrayed an age of surgical anaesthesia when he wrote in one of his plays : "I'll imitate the pities of old surgeons To this lost limb, who, ere they show their art, Cast one asleep; then cut the diseased part." But we know that none of these procedures, and "not poppy, nor mandragora, nor all the drowsy syrups of the world" were safe, effective and available agents to benumb the senses during a siu-gical operation. The history of the events connected with modern surgical anaesthesia begins with the remarkable devel- opment of chemistry in the latter part of the eighteenth century, due in large measure to the discovery and study of gases, and especially with the discovery of nitrous oxide by Priestley in 1776 and the investigation of its prop- erties by Humphrey Davy at the end of the century in Dr. Beddoes' "Pneiunatic Institute" near Bristol, England. At this period there was widespread interest in England in the study of the effects of inhalation of gases of differ- ent sorts, particularly of the newly discovered "vital air," or oxygen and nitrous oxide, and exaggerated ideas were entertained of their medicinal virtues, so that there arose a school of pneumatic medical practitioners. The institute of the leader of this school. Dr. Beddoes, is now 133 Massachusetts General Hospital chiefly remembered as the place which afforded to Humphrey Davy, then a young man who had com- menced the study of medicine, the opportunity for the first manifestations of his remarkable genius for dis- covery in the physical sciences. The particular discovery which here concerns us is that of the intoxicating, and especially the anaesthetic properties of nitrous oxide gas, made in Dr. Beddoes' institute and vividly portrayed by Davy in his "Re- searches, chemical and physical, chiefly concerning nitrous oxide and its respiration," published in 1799. Here is found the memorable and often quoted sentence: "As nitrous oxide in its extensive operation seems capa- ble of destroying physical pain, it may probably be used with advantage during surgical operations in which no great effusion of blood takes place." It seems to us today amazing that this pregnant suggestion from such a source should have passed unheeded and that the application of Davy's discoyery should have been de- layed for over forty years. Davy's interests and activi- ties were soon transferred at the Royal Institution to fields remote from practical medicine, and it does not appear that he made any further effort to bring the sug- gestion to the attention of surgeons. Observations and tests of the intoxicating effects of the inhalation of nitrous oxide were from this time on frequently made, and there is repeated mention of its capacity to produce insensibility to pain. One of the most dramatic situations, unnoticed hitherto in the volu- minous literature on the history of anaesthesia, is the occasion when, in March, 1800, William Allen, the ac- complished lecturer on chemistry at Guy's Hospital, demonstrated, in the presence of Astley Cooper and others, the phenomena of inhalation of nitrous oxide, noting especially the loss of sensation to pain. The description was recorded by Allen in his diary and is quoted by Wilks and Bettany in their "Biographical History of Guy's Hospital." The great surgeon had eyes, but he saw not the revelation which a similar observa- tion brought forty-four years later to the poor and un- known dentist, Horace Wells, in Hartford, Conn. 134 Historical The narcotic properties of ether — a body known since its production in the sixteenth century by the German physician, Valerius Cerdus — had been noted before those of nitrous oxide. In 1795, Dr. Richard Pearson recommended and employed the inhalation of ether in pulmonary consumption, and after him Thornton, John Collins Warren, Nysten, and others used etherial inhala- tion for the relief of painful affections, especially of the respiratory tract, including that caused by the accidental inhalation of chlorine gas. In 1818, Faraday pointed out that the inhalation of the vapor of sulphuric ether produces intoxicating and stupefying effects similar to those of nitrous oxide, and in Pereira's "Materia Medica," a widely read and authoritative text-book in its day, first published in 1839-40, it is stated that "if the air be too strongly impregnated with the ether, stupefac- tion ensues." The inebriating properties of both nitrous oxide and ether became widely known, not only to the medical profession, but also to the general public, by their fre- quent exhibition, for amusement oftener than for in- struction, in chemical, medical and popular lectures. The thirties and forties of the last century were the palmy days of the itinerant lyceum lecturer. In the laughing gas and ether frolics, associated sometimes with these lectures, and occurring also for private entertain- ment, an acute observer might note that intoxicated subjects in their antics often barked their shins or were otherwise injured without manifestations of pain. The first trials of anaesthetic inhalation to annul the pain of a surgical operation came from the incidental observa- tion under such circumstances of the benumbing effects of ether and of nitrous oxide gas. The great French surgeon, Velpeau, doubtless ex- pressed the accepted opinion of surgeons before the dis- covery of sm-gical anaesthesia when, in 1839, he wrote: "To escape pain in surgical operations is a chimera which we are not permitted to look for in our day. Knife and pain, in surgery, are two words which never present themselves the one without the other in the minds of patients, and it is necessary for us surgeons to admit 135 Massachusetts General Hospital their association." In less than a decade this erring prophet hailed before the Academy of Medicine in Paris the discovery of what he had called a chimera as "si glorious triumph for humanity." For several years before the invention of anaesthetic inhalation for surgical purposes, considerable popular and some medical interest in the possibility of securing un- consciousness of pain during a surgical operation had been aroused by the claims of the mesmerists, and there seems to be no doubt that Esdaile, in East India, and others, had, in certain cases, succeeded in performing painless operations in hypnotic sleep. The method, how- ever, was not widely applicable or successful, and the general attitude of the profession toward its employment is sufficiently shown by the joy of the eminent surgeon, Liston, the first after the dentist, Robinson, to verify in Great Britain the discovery of surgical anaesthesia, when he shouted, ''Hurrah! Rejoice! Mesmerism and its pro- fessors have met with a heavy blow and great discour- agement. An American dentist has used the inhalation of ether to destroy sensation in his operations and the plan has succeeded in the hands of Warren, Hayward and others, in Boston. In six months no operation will be performed without this previous preparation. Rejoice!" It has been sometimes represented that the invention of ansesthetic inhalation for surgical purposes consisted in nothing more than the application to this particular use of knowledge which already existed. This view falls far short of the truth. What was known of the anaesthe- tizing properties of the two agents which here come under consideration — the vapor of ethyl ether, commonly, although incorrectly, called sulphuric ether, and nitrous oxide gas — was enough to suggest the possibility of their use in surgical operations, and, as I have stated. Sir Humphrey Davy pubhshed this definite suggestion as early as 1799. Much more knowledge, however, was needed of the physiological effects of these agents in order to demonstrate their applicability as safe, efiicacious and generally available surgical anaesthetics. The only pos- sible sources for obtaining this additional knowledge, as well as that which had already been acquired, were 136 Historical experiments upon either animals or man. From both of these sources the desired knowledge was obtained, but with a larger use of experimentation upon man than we should today consider justifiable. The honor of making the first trial of anaesthetic in- halation in surgical operations belongs to Dr. Crawford W. Long, a respected and honorable country doctor, then living in Jefferson, Jackson County, Ga., who, in March, 1842, removed painlessly a small tmnor from the neck of James M. Venable, anaesthetized by ether. He seems to have performed at least eight minor surgical operations during the next four years upon patients under the influence of ether. Dr. Long is necessarily deprived of the larger honor which would have been his due had he not delayed publication of his experiments with ether until several years after the universal accept- ance of surgical anaesthesia. It is also to be regretted that his published details of the mode of administering the ether and the depth of the anaesthesia are so meager and unsatisfactory. While the accepted rule that scien- tific discovery dates from publication is a wise one, we need not in this instance withhold from Dr. Long the credit of independent and prior experiment and discovery, but we cannot assign to him any influence upon the his- torical development of our knowledge of surgical anaes- thesia or any share in the introduction to the world at large of the blessings of this matchless discovery. Until the prior work of Dr. Long became generally known, largely through the pubhcation of an article by Marion Sims in 1877, although the announcement had been made by Long in 1849, and more fully in 1852, the credit of first using inhalation of an effective anaesthetic for surgical purposes was generally assigned to Horace Wells, a dentist of Hartford, Conn. Impelled by the observation of apparent loss of sensation to pain in a person intoxicated with nitrous oxide gas, and exhibited at a lecture by Dr. Gardiner Q. Colton in December, 1844, Wells, the following day, at his own request, sub- mitted to the extraction of a tooth while under the influence of the gas and experienced no pain. He at once began the use of nitrous oxide in extracting teeth, and 137 Massachusetts General Hospital other dentists in Hartford used it. Desiring to secure larger publicity for his discovery, Dr. Wells went to Boston in January, 1845, and was given the opportunity by Dr. Warren to demonstrate the value of his claims before him and the students. Dr. Morton, his former partner, being also present. Either from the too early withdrawal or the inferior quality of the gas this test was a tragic failure, which exerted such a depressing influence upon Wells that he soon withdrew from his profession, abandoned his experiments, and four years later ended his own life under most distressing circumstances. From what we now know of the valuable anaesthetic properties of nitrous oxide, and from contemporary evidence, there is no reason to doubt that Horace Wells painlessly ex- tracted teeth by its use, and that if he had persevered in his efforts he would have been able to perfect the method of producing anaesthesia by this gas and to demonstrate to the world the art of surgical anaesthesia. While he did not achieve this complete success, the credit which belongs to him is large and the name of Horace Wells should always be held in honored remembrance. Unlike the pioneer work of Long, that of Wells forms a direct and important link in the chain of discovery which led through the event celebrated here today to the universal adoption of surgical anaesthesia. So far as was known then, and for years afterwards to those con- cerned in the further development of the subject. Wells was the first to take the step to which the finger of Hum- phrey Davy had pointed forty-five years before, and the results and claims of Wells were familiar to his friend and former partner, Morton, and must have stimulated the interest of the latter in the possibihties of surgical anaesthesia, although Morton believed that the particu- lar agent used by Wells was not adapted to secure this end. The significance of the public demonstration of sur- gical anaesthesia in this Hospital sixty-two years ago today does not depend upon the settlement of the bitter controversy between Charles T. Jackson and William Morton concerning their respective shares in this event. I deem it, however, fitting and only historical justice to 138 Historical say that in my judgment, after careful study of the evi- dence, the greater share of the honor belongs to Morton. This was the prevailing opinion of those most competent to judge and best acquainted with the facts at the time, the Trustees and staff of the Massachusetts General Hospital and the leaders of the profession in this city, of such men as John Collins Warren, Jacob Bigelow, James Jackson, Henry J. Bigelow, Oliver Wendell Holmes, George Hayward, Henry I. Bowditch, George Shattuck, Walter Channing, John Ware and many others, although it is only fair to state that the petition in favor of Jack- son's claim was headed by the honored name of Morrill Wyman and contained the names of many respected physicians. This opinion has remained, I believe, the prevailing one, not only in this city, but throughout this country. The judgment of the Paris Academy of Sciences in awarding equal honors to Jackson and to Morton estabUshed European opinion to a large extent up to the present time. Morton undoubtedly received helpful suggestions from Jackson, who was a highly trained and eminent chemist and geologist. It is not wholly clear to what extent these contained information not accessible elsewhere, but the evidence seems conclusive that Morton was indebted to Jackson for valuable information which the latter had acquired by personal experience four years earlier con- cerning properties of ether, strongly suggesting its avail- ability for surgical anaesthesia; also for suggesting the use of chemically pure rather than commercial ether, and for apparatus for administering the ether. There is, however, good evidence that Morton, while reaching out for all the information and assistance which he could obtain from different sources, acted independently, and conducted experiments and tests with ether upon his own initiative and in accordance with his own ideas. The supposition appears to me irreconcilable with the facts that he was merely a hand to execute the thoughts of Jackson. In the conflict of testimony, there is not likely ever to be entire agreement of opinion concerning the exact measure of Morton's indebtedness to Jackson, but assign- 139 Massachusetts General Hospital ing to it all possible weight, and remembering Humphrey Davy had suggested the use of nitrous oxide for surgical anaesthesia in 1799, and that enough was already known of the anaesthetic properties of both ether and nitrous oxide to have led Long, in 1842, to apply the former, and Wells, in 1844, the latter to painless surgery with a considerable measure of success, it seems to me clear that the chief glory belongs not to Jackson's experiences of 1842, or his thought of suggestion, whatever these may have been, but to Morton's deed in demonstrating pub- licly and convincingly the apphcability of anaesthetic inhalation to surgical purposes and under such fortunate circumstances that the knowledge became, as quickly as it could be carried, the blessed possession of the whole world. There are circumstances in the conduct of Morton as well as of Jackson much to be regretted in connection with this great discovery, and especially is it to be de- plored that Morton, the least heroic of great discoverers, should, if only for a short time, have kept secret the nature of his "letheon," and that he and Jackson should have patented it. Participation in the gift of surgical anaesthesia to the world brought to none of the claimants to this honor any adequate material rewards or fame during their lives, but rather the stings of embittered controversy, result- ing in mental derangement in the case of two of the participants. The boon of painless surgery is the greatest gift of American medicine to mankind and one of the most beneficent ever conferred. There is a growing tendency to celebrate the gift with too little thought of the giver. This easy procedure is doubtless due to the difficulty of meting out equal and exact justice to all concerned and to disinclination to stir the ashes of old controversies. This disposition of the matter, however, is unjust, and it seems to me that every effort should be made to determine the share and the credit belonging to each contributor to the discovery and the introduction of surgical anaesthesia, and to secure, so far as possible, an agreement of opinion in this important matter. We are not likely to come into possession of important new 140 Historical facts, but their unbiased presentation in historical order, and the consideration of their relative values and signifi- cance, should clarify professional and public opinion and enable us to give honor where honor is due. One of the most attractive and instructive accounts of the ether controversy is the chapter on this subject in Dr. Mum- ford's charming "Narrative of Medicine in America," where references will be found to more detailed state- ments and the historical documents. I have endeavored in this brief and imperfect historical survey incidentally to express in some measure my personal judgment of the relative importance of the leading contributions, and my conclusions are in essential agreements with those of Dr. Mumford when he says that "time and history are at last placing the honor where it belongs — with Morton, who for his errors most certainly was punished beyond his deserts." But whatever may be the differences of opinion, one fact of the first historical importance stands and will continue to stand unshaken : the world received the gift of surgical anaesthesia as the immediate and direct result of the convincing, pubhc demonstration of its efficacy in this Hospital on the sixteenth of October, 1846. In the bestowal of honors the name of the eminent surgeon, John Colhns Warren, should not be forgotten, who had the courage to subject his patient to unknown risks in the hope, which was far removed from any assurance, that a great blessing was about to be conferred upon suffering humanity. Great indeed was his joy in the fulfilment of this hope. Turning now from these historical considerations, permit me to direct your attention to certain attributes of the discovery of surgical anaesthesia, and certain lessons to be drawn from it. It is to be emphasized that this discovery was a tri- umph of the experimental method, albeit man was made the principal subject of experiment. Animal experi- mentation played a part, for I see no reason to question, although this has been done, Morton's statements that during the summer of 1846 he successfully anaesthetized dogs and other animals with ether, and that the results of these experiments influenced his trial of the anaesthetic 141 Massachusetts General Hospital upon human beings. It must, however, be admitted that the production of unconsciousness in man by ether had not been preceded by such numerous and properly conducted experiments on animals as were required to furnish adequate conception of its effects or its possi- bilities of danger. Such experiments would have yielded knowledge of this character, and we know that at the present time as full information as possible would have been secured from this source before administering to man an agent with unknown possibilities of danger, one indeed in this instance stated in text-books of the time to be dangerous to life when pushed to the point of producing complete unconsciousness. If the opponents of animal experimentation attempt to utilize, as they have done, the relatively small share of this method of advancing knowledge in the discovery of surgical anaes- thesia, the only implication of the argument is that they would substitute experiments upon human beings for those upon animals, for only from one or the other of these sources could the discovery have been derived. We place, then, the discovery of surgical anaesthesia with such other great discoveries as those of the circula- tion of the blood, of vaccination against smallpox, of antiseptic surgery, of antitoxin, and many more among the great contributions to the welfare of mankind made by the use of that indispensable aid to the advancement of medical science art — the experimental method of investigation. A quite different line of thought suggested by the discovery of surgical anaesthesia is the aid to medicine which comes often in the most unexpected ways from discoveries in other sciences. Not only did chemistry furnish the anaesthetic agents, but the wonderful discov- eries of pneumatic chemistry, which revolutionized the whole science of chemistry in the latter part of the eighteenth century, were the immediate stimulus to the study of the physiological effects of various gases, a study which led promptly to the recognition of the anaes- thetic properties of nitrous oxide gas, and which, con- tinued through half a century, resulted finally in the demonstration of the applicability of certain of these 142 Historical gases for surgical anaesthesia. Here, as for so many other gifts, medicine owes a large debt to chemistry, as she does likewise to physics, as may be exemplified by the appHcations of the Rontgen rays in medical and surgical diagnosis. While it does not appear to us that the discovery, or, as some prefer to say, the invention, of surgical anaes- thesia required any remarkable intellectual endowments or high scientific training, and it cannot be said that Long, Wells, or Morton were possessed of these, it was the outcome of a spirit of inquiry, of keen observation, of boldness, of perseverance, of resourcefulness, of a search for means to improve a useful art, of interest in the practical rather than the theoretical — all traits more or less characteristic of the American mind, and I do not think that it was wholly an accident that our country should have given birth to the art of painless surgery. I find evidence of this view in the fact that not one but several Americans were working independently upon the same problem and that the solution of the problem is an exclusive achievement of our countrymen. The circumstance that a long-waited discovery or invention has been made by more than one investigator, independently and almost simultaneously, and with vary- ing approach to completeness, is a curious and not always explicable phenomenon familiar in the history of discovery, and, as in the case of surgical anaesthesia, it has been the source of endless and often bitter con- troversy. Sooner or later, often long after the death of the participants, historical justice has usually come. The approach to a great discovery is long and devious and marked by the capture of a barrier here and an outpost there; when the fullness of time has come the final assault is often made by more than one person, and the victor stands upon the shoulders of many who have preceded him — it may be of many who have fallen by the way. The period when surgical anaesthesia was discovered was one full of the spirit of scientific inquiry and the opening of new paths for medicine. There had come to be a general realization of the fact that the only trustworthy 143 Massachusetts General Hospital sources of knowledge are exact observation and experi- ment. The great impulse derived from the introduction of the new methods of physical diagnosis and the sys- tematic anatomical study of disease had shortly before reached this country from France, and was especially active in this city. Experimental physiology and phar- macology had entered upon fruitful fields of explora- tion through the work of Magendie and of Johannes Miiller and their pupils. The foundations of cellular pathology were soon to be laid. While it is not apparent that those directly concerned in the discovery of surgical anaesthesia were influenced by the new spirit and the new ideas, they contributed an aid to experimental research of immeasurable service. It was fortunate indeed for the public demonstration, reception, and promotion of the discovery of surgical anaesthesia that it was revealed to that able group of surgeons and physicians then con- nected with this Hospital, who were imbued with the new scientific spirit and with the best traditions of the profession, and were active in the advancement of the art. A consideration of some interest connected with the introduction of surgical anaesthesia is the influence of environment and of material conditions upon discovery. Here we find illustrated the fact, of which there are many examples, that apparently adverse surroundings and average intellectual endowment without special scientific training constitute no barrier to the making of discoveries of the highest importance to mankind. The country doctor in Georgia, with only an ordinary general and professional education, and the two poor and pre- viously unknown dentists of Hartford and of Boston, are the chief actors in the drama. It is not surprising that dental surgeons should have been particularly eager in the quest of anaesthesia, for there is no more excruciating agony than the pulling of an aching and sensitive tooth, and the short duration of the operation and the suffering would suggest possibilities of success which might not be variable in a prolonged surgical operation. Nor is it surprising that American dentists should have been most active in this search, when we 144 Historical recall the remarkable inventiveness and skill which have characterized their work and have given to American dentistry a foremost position for this branch of surgery. On the other hand, however, the share which the Massachusetts General Hospital and its surgeons had in the demonstration, promulgation and acceptance of sur- gical anaesthesia exemplifies the value of a favorable environment and was largely responsible for the com- plete success which Morton achieved over his predeces- sors in discovery. The manner in which the surgeons of this Hospital at that time — including John Collins Warren, George Hayward, Henry J. Bigelow, and J. Mason Warren — received and advanced Morton's dem- onstration of anaesthesia must always be a source of pride, not only to this Hospital, but to our country and the world. Especially are they to be commended for their insistence upon disclosure of the nature of the secret letheon. No better example can be found of the service which a great hospital and its professional staff can render in furthering discovery and in advancing and spreading new knowledge and new methods important to the medical and surgical art than that furnished by the Massachusetts General Hospital in its relations to the demonstration and introduction of surgical anaesthe- sia, and its officers and staff have ever remained faithful to the high ideals then exemplified. Worthy of especial mention are the first announce- ment to the world in a scientific journal of the great discovery, by Henry J. Bigelow, in an important paper read before the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, on November 3, 1846, and pubhshed in the Boston Med- ical and Surgical Journal on November 18, and likewise Ohver Wendell Holmes' delightful part in coining the word ''anaesthesia," and, indeed, his whole attitude of lively, sympathetic and imaginative interest, as ex- pressed in all that he said and wrote concerning the new discovery. A sentence often quoted will suffice to illus- trate Dr. Holmes' appreciation of the benefits of the discovery, as well as his powers of vivid description: "The knife is searching for disease, the pulleys are dragging back dislocated limbs, nature herself is working 145 Massachusetts General Hospital out the primal curse which doomed the tenderest of her creatures to the sharpest of her trials, but the fierce extremity of suffering has been steeped in the waters of forgetfulness, and the deepest furrow in the knotted brow of agony has been smoothed forever." The reception of the joyful discovery was everywhere enthusiastic, although not without some of the mutter- ings which come from those petrified against all innova- tions, as appears from remarks made by Professor Miller to his class in London not long afterward. ''The profession," he says, "were surprised, excited, charmed in the mass, and more especially those on the junior side of the grand climacteric. The elderly gentlemen had their preconceived and heretofore settled notions sadly jostled and disturbed. Not a few grew irritable and resented the interference; they closed their ears, shut their eyes, and folded their hands; they refused to touch or in any way meddle with the unhallowed thing; they had quite made up their minds that pain was a necessary evil and must be endured; they scouted on the attempted innovation and croaked that 'no good could come of it.' On, notwithstanding, sped the movement." One of the most extraordinary aberrations of the human mind was manifested by the raising of rehgious scruples, particularly against the abolition of pain in childbirth. Sir James Simpson, the discoverer of the anaesthetic uses of chloroform, and of important service in advancing the art of anaesthesia, quotes from the letter of a clergyman, who declares that chloroform is "a decoy of Satan, apparently offering itself to bless women, but in the end it will harden society and rob God of the deep, earnest cries which arise in time of trouble, for help." If this clergyman remembered the primal curse, he forgot the earliest example of anaesthesia when, in the resection of a rib for the creation of Eve, "the Lord God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam." The immediate immeasurable benefits conferred by anaesthesia in the rehef of human suffering were realized more fully and were expressed more adequately by the generation which knew by experience the contrast be- 146 Historical tween the old surgery and the new painless surgery than is possible for us today. But of all the blessings which were to flow from this priceless gift there could be only a feeble conception sixty years ago, and as this flow is unceasing, we ourselves cannot fully estimate them. Anaesthesia and antisepsis, the two greatest boons ever conferred upon the surgical art, have made possible the marvelous developments of surgery during the last forty years, and only by their aid can surgery continue to advance. I have somewhere seen a statement to the effect that the introduction of anaesthesia and of antisepsis have made the practice of surgery so certain and so easy that quaUties of hand and of mind which were essential to high success in the practice of pre-anaesthetic surgery, and which were exhibited by the surgical heroes of old, are no longer necessary, so that even commonplace mortals can now become surgeons. There is perhaps a half truth in this, but it is more than compensated for by the demands upon the skill and judgment of the modern surgeon in the performance of operations vastly more difficult than any which were possible or were dreamt of in the old days. What surgery was before the days of anaesthesia, and what anaesthesia has done for surgery and for obstetrics, are subjects which were presented at the semi-centennial anniversary of anaesthesia in this Hospital by Dr. Ash- hurst, Dr. Cheever, and Dr. Reynolds, men far more competent to deal with them than I am. On the same occasion I had the privilege of speaking on the influence of anaesthesia upon medical science, and I shall not now consider this aspect of the subject, save to note again in passing that physiology and experimental medicine in their special fields have derived benefits from anaesthesia comparable to those enjoyed by surgery. That the use- ful knowledge which can come only from experimenta- tion upon animals can now be acquired in by far the larger part without the infliction of pain is a source of immense satisfaction. Ushered in by the discovery of vaccination against smallpox at the close of the eighteenth century, the 147 Massachusetts General Hospital greatest practical achievements in our art during the nineteenth century were anaesthesia, antiseptic surgery and the power to control infectious diseases resulting from the discovery of their living contagia — achieve- ments surpassing the heritage of all the centuries which had gone before in the saving of human life and the alleviation of suffering. Of all these gifts of medicine to mankind, the sweetest and the happiest is that "death of pain" so beautifully portrayed at the semi-centennial anniversary of anaesthesia by our beloved poet-physician Weir Mitchell: "Whatever triumphs still shall hold the mind, Whatever gift shall yet enrich mankind, Ah ! here no hour shall strike through all the years. No hour as sweet, as when hope, doubt, and fears, 'Mid deepening stillness, watched one eager brain. With Godlike will, decree the Death of Pain." To these fine Hnes I can add in closing no more fitting words than those of John CoUins Warren, who presided over the scene enacted here sixty-two years ago, a name ever to be honored in this place and throughout the civ- iUzed world. These words, spoken soon after the event which we celebrate, retain their vigor, freshness and truth to this day. He said : ''A new era has opened on the operating surgeon. . . . If Ambrose Pare and Louis and Dessault and Cheselden and Hunter and Cooper could see what our eyes daily witness, how would they long to come among us and perform their exploits once more. And with what fresh vigor does the living surgeon, who is ready to resign the scalpel, grasp it and wish again to go through his career under the new auspices. As philanthropists we may well rejoice that we have had an agency, however slight, in conferring on poor suffering humanity so precious a gift. Unrestrained and free as God's own sunshine, it has gone forth to cheer and gladden the earth; it will awaken the gratitude of the present and of all coming generations. The student who from distant lands or in distant ages may visit this spot will view it with increased interest, as he remembers that here was first demonstrated one of the most glorious truths of science." 148 Historical THE TRUE SIGNIFICANCE OF ETHER DAY An address by Dr. J. Collins Warren before the surgical section of the American Medical Association at the Massachusetts General Hospital, June 7, 1921 It has been stated that the controversy connected with the discovery of surgical anaesthesia has obscured its true origin, but these conditions surrounded the begin- nings of all great discoveries. Who would think of the steamboat without associating it with the name of Fulton: or think of the telegraph without associating it with the name of Morse: or of the telephone without coupling it with the name of Bell? And yet years of litigation, as many of us personally know, followed the introduction of the telephone, and so we find the dis- covery of surgical anaesthesia no exception to the general rule. A decision has recently been reached by the Senate of the University of New York, based on recommenda- tions from distinguished representatives of its electoral board from every state in the country, giving Dr. William T. G. Morton a place in the Hall of Fame. It is true that other individuals experimented also with ether, but not to a convincing degree, and there- fore failed to affect in any way the surgical practice of the time. On October 16, 1846, Dr. Morton administered ether to a patient for a major operation in surgery at the Massachusetts General Hospital. The experiment was so successful that it was followed inunediately by other operations on following days. To Dr. Henry J. Bigelow is due the credit of pointing out that this experience showed that ether was "safe, certain, and complete." It was a demonstration of the practicability of surgical anaesthesia which had been dreamt about for many years, and it was this triple feat that constituted the ''Discovery" and entitled October 16, 1846, to have a special name like that of our national holiday. Whereas, 149 Massachusetts General Hospital the Fourth of July is called Independence Day, the date we are considermg, October 16, 1846, should be called Ether Day, for both ushered m the dawn of a new era. The work of Long, Wells, and Jackson in no way affected surgical practice. It was not until the con- vincing experiment of Morton was made, in the dome of the amphitheater of the Massachusetts General Hospital, that it became at once apparent to all the world that surgical anaesthesia had become a reality and that "pain was no longer the master but the servant of the body." 150 Historical Special Departments THE WARREN LIBRARY "On November 7, 1841, Dr. John C. Warren trans- mitted a letter enclosing one thousand dollars as a fund for the purchase of religious and moral books to be given to patients on leaving the Hospital."* Thus began the Warren Library for Patients. In 1872 the Trustees in their report said they would "gratefully receive additions to the General Library of the Hospital," so we infer that the scope of library serv- ice and type of book had broadened within those pre- ceding years. The Warren Library in its pioneer days was in the Accounting Office under the supervision of the bookkeeper. In 1904 the Hospital organized its patients' library, appointed a Hbrarian, and became, so far as is known^ the first general hospital to establish regular book service to ward patients. This service became so popular that some means had to be devised to carry books in greater number to the wards, and in 1910 a book-cart was de- signed. This book-cart was the model for the larger one used by the American Library Association in its War Service. A small room on the first floor of the Bulfinch Building was provided for the hbrary. Here convalescent patients, nurses, doctors, and employees of the Hospital came to select their books from open shelves. As the library service developed and its therapeutic value became more obvious it required a larger room. In 1921 the Library was moved to its present location in the Bulfinch Build- ing. Within the last six months this room has been made as attractive and comfortable as possible — a cheerful place where convalescent patients may come to read in a homelike atmosphere. *From the History of the Massachusetts General Hospital by N. I. Bowditch. 151 Massachusetts General Hospital During its eighty-two years of service the Warren Library has grown into a hbrary of 4,000 volumes, mainly fiction, travel, and biography, with 400 volumes in 18 different foreign languages. Technical books are borrowed from the Boston Public Library for patients desiring to continue with their interrupted work or studies. Patients who are blind, but read Braille, are loaned books from the Perkins Institution. Books in foreign languages are borrowed, to supple- ment our collection, from the Traveling Library of the Massachusetts Free Pubhc Library Commission. Magazines are placed weekly on the wards and in the various Out-Patient and X-ray waiting-rooms. The Warren Library for Patients has developed to its present extent of usefulness through gifts of money and books from friends of the Hospital, and also through the efforts of the Ladies' Visiting Committee. Through this hbrary service all readers, of every nationahty and age, are suppUed with wholesome, enter- taining reading while in the Hospital. Elizabeth W. Reed, Librarian. 152 Historical THE OUT-PATIENT DEPARTMENT In a search through the Trustees' reports of the Mas- sachusetts General Hospital no mention can be found of the time when ambulatory cases were first seen and treated as out-patients. As early as 1828 mention was made of the Hospital's service to the community in loaning surgical apparatus, such as splints, to patients outside the Hospital, but the first note definitely refer- ring to the Out-door Department appeared April 17, 1844: "Messrs. Rogers and Amory were appointed a coHunittee as to physicians charging fees to patients able to pay, who subsequently reported in favor of the same in case of out-door patients." Two years later, on the very day of the first pubhc demonstration of ether anaesthesia in a surgical operation, October 16, 1846, it was voted that books be "ordered to be kept as a record of aU out-door patients." It is probable that for some years previous a few patients had been examined and treated by the medical and surgical staff without admis- sion to the wards as house cases. On May 23, 1858, Dr. Samuel L. Abbott was by ballot elected the first "Physician to Out-door Patients at the Hospital." He saw medical, surgical, and every variety of special cases. He apparently called in consultation the medical and surgical staff of the Hospital as the need arose. His appointment resulted from the steadily increasing number of out-patient cases from 328 in 1847 to 1,574 in 1858; from two-thirds to three-quarters of these cases were hsted as medical and the rest surgical, including many dental patients. They came "not merely from the immediate neighborhood but from all parts of the city and adjoining towns." The advantage of the Out-Patient Department over the wards in service to the conmiunity was clearly seen at this early date, as a quo- tation from the Hospital Report of 1862 shows: "A vast amount of disease and suffering is prevented be- cause many receive advice and medical aid during the earlier and curable stages of disorder who, without such 153 Massachusetts General Hospital opportunity, might delay until they become severely sick, and perhaps past cure." In 1864 it was found necessary, because of the in- creasing number of cases, to appoint a surgeon to Out- Patients in addition to Dr. Abbott, the physician. The new appointee was Dr. Algernon Coolidge. In 1867 another physician was added to the staff and gradually more and more until in 1882, just before the opening of the new special Out-Patient building, there were six physicians to the medical cases, three to the surgical cases, and five physicians to special clinics. In 1868 the first special department, the dental, was instituted, and in 1873 put under charge of the first dentist. Dr. Wilson. In 1869 the skin cUnic was begun with Dr. J. C. White as chief; in 1872 two more special departments were started, the nerve clinic under Dr. James J. Putnam and the throat cHnic under Dr. F. I. Knight. In 1873 the fifth special clinic, for eye diseases, was instituted under Dr. Wadsworth, and in 1887 Dr- John Orne Green be- came the first aural surgeon. In 1882 "a friend of the late Dr. George H. Gay" gave $25,000 to the Hospital as a memorial to him. The Trustees voted to use this fund in a building for the Out-Patient Department, the most pressing need of the Hospital. In 1883 this new building was dedicated, but in less than ten years it was so far outgrown that it was necessary to add a new story to it, and in 1900, only seventeen years after its opening, "a communication was submitted from Mr. Thomas E. Proctor offering to pay one-half the cost, not exceeding $75,000, of a new build- ing for the Out-Patient Service of the General Hospital, the Trustees to appropriate the balance." In 1901 the new building was begun, and on October 16, 1903, it was opened for inspection with great acclaim as one of the very best buildings of its kind in the world, which it still continues to be, although already overcrowded. In 1893 a new ofi&ce had been established, that of Examining Physician to Out-Patients. Dr. John H. McCollum received the first appointment. During the following year he excluded five hundred cases of conta- gious disease out of over twenty-five thousand patients 154 Historical whom he examined. This control is now exercised by the superintendent of the Out-Patient Department with his staff of nurses. In 1896, just fifty years after books began to be kept of out-patient cases, 29,867 new patients visited the Department, with a total for the year of 91,468 visits by old and new cases, as compared with the total of 328 patients fifty years earher. Further rapid progress followed the opening of the new building and has continued in the twenty years since. The peak of attendance of patients occurred in 1917, when there were over 200,000 total visits, with over 30,000 new cases. Far more important, however, than the num- ber of patients have been numerous other developments. The staff has increased until now it consists of approxi- mately the following: superintendent with his staff of clerks in the record room and at the admitting desks, and with his messengers; a corps of 15 internes, a head nurse with her staff of nurses, a chief of the Social Service Department with her assistants, a corps of clinic secre- taries, laboratory technicians, 35 visiting physicians in the general and special clinics of the Medical Depart- ment, 15 surgeons in the Surgical Department, 9 phy- sicians in the Dermatological Department, 13 in the Neurological, 12 in the Children's Medical, 18 in the Laryngological, 14 in the Orthopedic, 9 in the Genito- urinary, 6 in the Syphilis, and 7 in the dental clinic — a total of over 200 workers. The eye and ear cases are examined and treated at the Eye and Ear Infirmary next door. Under the medical service many special clinics have grown up for the study and special treatment of cardiac, pul- monary and gastro-intestinal diseases, obesity, diabetes, thyroid and blood diseases and various other conditions. Research work of value has been carried on in these as well as in the special clinics of other departments. The social service work begun in 1905 by Dr. Richard C. Cabot has proved of inestimable value and has been a guide to the spread of this enterprise throughout this country and abroad. An industrial clinic was established in 1913, a nutrition chnic in 1916, and whenever advance 155 Massachusetts General Hospital in medicine has suggested the value of cUnical concen- tration on a disease, or on a group of diseases, the Out-Patient Department of the Massachusetts General Hos- pital has helped to blaze the way with its corps of hard- working physicians, nurses, social workers, and laymen. Constant endeavor is necessary to surpass the high stand- ards of the past, and in spite of steady progress we never reach the goal. Paul D. White, M.D. 156 Historical THE TREADWELL LIBRARY AND THE CLINICAL RECORDS In 1847 the members of the visiting staff began to realize the importance of having medical books close at hand for ready reference in connection with patients, and a small medical library was then started with the purchase of a few standard works on medicine and sur- gery, and the subscription to such periodicals as the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, the American Journal of Medical Sciences, the London Lancet, the Edinburgh Medical Journal, and possibly a few others. Eleven years later the library of Dr. John G. Tread- well, of Salem, Mass., numbering some 2,500 volumes, was received as a bequest, together with a small fund providing for its care. The donation contained some rare and valuable books, and all the best medical and surgical literature of the day. With this gift added to the medical library already started, the Treadwell Li- brary came into existence, and a suitable room was pre- pared for it. This room is now occupied as the sorting room of the Hospital laundry. For about forty-four years it remained here, gradually accumulating material and becoming more and more a necessity to the slowly increasing Hospital staff. Dr. Benjamin S. Shaw, the then Resident Physician of the Hospital, became its first "guardian and hbrarian, at a salary of one hundred dollars." He classified and numbered the books, and made the first card catalogue. He collected and had bound all the available annual reports of the Hospital from its beginning; and also he gathered together many publications relating to its history and had them bound. Many a time has the present librarian had cause to be grateful to Dr. Shaw for his far-seeing mind. In 1893 the Library was removed to the second floor of the Bul- finch Building, to the rooms now occupied by Ward H-2. As the years passed and the value of the medical library in the Hospital became more and more evident, it was decided to employ a librarian whose full time 157 Massachusetts General Hospital should be divided between the Library and the care of the cHnical records. In 1897 Mrs. Grace W. Myers was appointed. The Library then contained 4,872 volumes, and 28 periodicals were regularly received. No attempt had been made at a collection of reprints, or of the an- nual reports of other hospitals. The use of the books was confined exclusively to the visiting staff, and no one else ever dared enter the room. But these days passed, and gradually more liberty was allowed, and house officers were permitted to use the Library afternoons, after the last staff member had taken his departure. As the cataloguing of records progressed, making clinical histories more available, study and research began in good earnest, and in the course of the next fifteen years the Library became a busy place at all times. House officers were as free as their superiors to come and go. The shelves were full to overflowing, books and records reaching literally from attic to basement. In 1916 came the move into the spacious and attrac- tive quarters on the second floor of the Moseley Memo- rial Building with plenty of room, and opportunity for expansion. And at last it became free to the entire scientific personnel of the Hospital. Many visitors re- mark upon the beauty of this room, now decorated with war flags and made precious to all alumni for the memo- rials there placed to the heroism of a brave group who made the supreme sacrifice when the country called. All through the World War this Library supplied weekly to Washington, as original work, a bibliography on the medical and surgical aspects of the war, made up from the periodicals as they were received. At the headquarters of the American Red Cross this was reg- ularly mimeographed and sent all over the country to military hospitals and cantonments, and to many libra- ries. It was the only piece of work of the kind that was done anywhere and was the immediate cause of the publishing by the Index Medicus of its War Supplement, after the war was ended. At the end of 1922 there were 11,012 volumes on the shelves and 12,247 reprints; and 106 periodicals were 158 Historical being received. The Library contains a large col- lection of the annual reports of other hospitals — "the most complete collection in Boston," according to a paper recently read by Dr. David Cheever; and there is a special collection of all matter pertaining to the discovery of ether, with which great event the name of this Hospital is forever linked. Also, continual effort is made to gather together the writings of all past and present members of our Medical Board, and of all matter concerning Hospital history. During the last twenty-five years the clinical records of the Hospital have improved in every way, until its system stands today as one of the three best in the coun- try. A "unit" method of binding was established in 1922, taking the place of large volumes which con- tained several records; and this method has proved most satisfactory. In 1914, a three months' course in the Care of Hospital Records was arranged, and since that time nine pupils have received instruction. They have been sent, in most cases, from other hospitals, and have come from as far away as St. Louis, Mo., and Nashville, Tenn. At the present writing (1923) there is one appUcation on file from San Francisco, and another from China. The Association of Record Librarians — designed for mutual helpfulness among those engaged in such work — was organized by the hbrarian in 1916 with a mem- bership of five. It now numbers 21 and has done much among local hospitals to standardize methods of caring for clinical records. Twenty-five years ago the entire work of the Library and record room was done by the librarian alone. Today she has one assistant in the care of the Library; and seven (with half-time of another) are employed on clinical records, two of the seven being engaged in special work. A student clerk serves as evening attendant and the Library is open until 10 p.m. every day except Saturday and Sunday. Grace W. Myers, Librarian. 159 Massachusetts General Hospital THE PATHOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT The Pathological Department of the Hospital may be said to have had its begimiing in the creation in 1851, by the Trustees, of the office of chemist and microscopist, and the appointment of an incumbent, whose duties among others were ''attendance on autopsies within the walls of the Hospital and in the preparation of records of his observations, with the privilege when matters of sufficient importance have accumulated as results, of publishing them to the world, under the patronage of the surgeons and physicians." In 1854 a pathological cabinet or museum was estab- Ushed, $100.00 appropriated for commencing it, and the office of curator created, whose duties were ''to preserve morbid specimens and arrange them in the way best fitted to make them useful; land that he should make all autopsies excepting such as shall be made by the attending physicians and surgeons; and shall observe all the regulations now in force or that may be made respecting them." In 1855 the microscopical duties of the chemist and microscopist were assigned to the curator of the path- ological cabinet at the request of the former officer. The work of the chemist apparently increased during the next year, for in 1862 he "was authorized to employ an assistant in the performance of his duties, in such way and at such time as he cannot attend to them himself, at an expense not exceeding $250.00 annually." The completion of the Allen Street House, so desig- nated by a vote of the Trustees in 1875, with its autopsy theatre seating 165 students and rooms for the patho- logical cabinet, was an important addition in the devel- opment of the pathological work of the Hospital. "In making this addition the Trustees have kept in view the two purposes of a hospital set forth in the circular of Dr. James Jackson and Dr. John Collins Warren pub- lished in 1810, viz., to succor the poor in sickness, and 160 Historical to promote facilities for students to acquire medical knowledge." The first donation for pathological work in the Hos- pital appears to be the Samuel Cabot Fund for path- ological investigation, "the income of which is to be used for the payment of the services of a pathologist at the Hospital, who shall hold himself in readiness at all times to make such pathological examinations and investiga- tions as shall be required by the visiting physicians and surgeons." The position of assistant pathologist was created from this fund in 1888, and "the title of cm-ator of pathological cabinet changed to pathologist." The increasing importance of laboratory work in medicine was recognized by the Trustees in the early nineties, and in their report in 1893 they state that "urgent representations have been made by the Staff of the necessity of proper laboratory facilities, and there can be no question that the Hospital is at present far behind the times in this respect." An appeal for contributions to a laboratory fund was made and, apparently largely through the efforts of the Staff, sufficient money was obtained by 1895 to enable the erection of the present Pathological Laboratory building. In the following year a resident pathologist was appointed and sent to Europe to study laboratories and their equipment. On Ether Day, October 16, 1896, the Pathological Laboratory officially began its functions with a staff consisting of a pathologist and one technical assistant. Soon after this a chemist was added to the staff. During the next few years more room for the chemical work was required, and in 1900 the top floor of the adjoining power house was made into the present chemical laboratory. The next important addition to the Pathological Laboratory was the erection in 1914 of an animal house and experimental operating room in connection with the Allen Street House. The work carried on in the Pathological Laboratory and in the surgical laboratory in the Bigelow operating building was organized into the Pathological Department in 1911. The officers of the Department then were: 161 Massachusetts General Hospital director of the Pathological Laboratory, surgical patholo- gist, assistant pathologist, assistant surgical pathologist, chemist, assistant in clinical pathology, assistant in clinical bacteriology, and medico-legal pathologist. With some minor changes these offices have been continued. /. Homer Wright, M.D., S.D., Pathologist. 162 Historical THE WARREN TRIENNIAL PRIZE The Warren Triennial Prize was founded by the late Dr. J. Mason Warren in memory of his father, Dr. John C. Warren; and his will provides that the accumulated interest of the fund shall be awarded every three years to the best dissertation, considered worthy of a premium, on some subject in Physiology, Surgery, or Pathological Anatomy. Following is the list of awards : 1871 To Horatio C. Wood, M.D., of Philadelphia. Title: Experimental researches on the physiological action of nitrite of amyl. 1874 (No dissertation offered). 1877 To E. 0. Shakspeare, M.D., of Philadelphia. Title : Healing of arteries after ligation. 1880 (No award made). 1883 (No award made). 1886 (No award made). 1889 To H. A. Hare, M.D., and Edward Martin, M.D., of Philadelphia. Title: Practical studies on the nervous and mechanical government of respiration, designed to determine the best methods of treating disorders of the same, more particularly those produced by traumatism to the phrenic nerves or the inhalation of gases. 1892 To John Strahan, M.D., of Belfast, Ireland. Title: Rickets. 1895 (No award made) . 1898 To Howard A. Lothrop, M.D., of Boston. Title : Anatomy and surgery of frontal sinus and anterior ethmoid cells. 1901 To Frederic J. Cotton, M.D., of Boston. Title: Elbow fractures in children. Fractures of the lower end of the humerus; lesions and end-results, and their bearing upon treatment. 163 Massachusetts General Hospital 1904 To Max Borst, M.D., of Wiirzburg, Bavaria. Title: Neue Experimente zur Frage nach der Regenera- tions-fahigkeit des Gehirns. 1907 To Aldo Perroncito, M.D., of Pavia, Italy. Title : Rigenerazione dei nervi. 1910 To George H. Whipple, M.D., of Baltimore. Title: Pathogenesis of icterus. 1913 To Arrigo Visentini, M.D., of Pavia, Italy. Title: Fonction du pancreas et ses rapports avec la pathog^n^se du diabete. 1916 To D. Noel Paton, M.D., and Leonard Findlay, M.D., of Glasgow, Scotland. Title : The parathyroids. Tetania parathyreopriva : its nature, cause, and relations to idiopathic tetany. 1919 (No award made). 1922 (Two prizes; there having been two of equal merit). 1st, To Cecil Kent Drinker, M.D., Katherine R. Drinker, M.D., and Charles C. Lund, M.D. Title : Circulation in the mammalian bone-marrow ; with especial reference to the factors concerned in the movement of red blood-cells from the bone-marrow into the circulating blood as disclosed by perfusion of the tibia of the dog and by injections of the bone- marrow in the rabbit and cat. 2d, To James Mott Mavor, M.D., of Schenectady, N. Y. Title: Effect of X-Rays on the nuclear division. 164 Historical THE MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL TRAINING SCHOOL FOR NURSES In 1872 the Woman's Education Association was seek- ing new occupations for self-supporting women. Miss Sarah Cabot, a member of the committee, suggested to Mrs. Samuel Parkman, another member, that trained nursing offered a desirable occupation, which would also fill the need for private nurses in the community. Consequently the Association appointed a committee to prepare and present plans for establishing a nursing school. Many gave personal and financial support. The Trustees of the Massachusetts General Hospital con- sented to give over to the school the nursing care of the patients in "The Brick." The house at 45 McLean Street was secured for a nurses' home. The committee engaged Mrs. Billings, a Civil War hospital nurse, as superintend- ent, and two head nurses from the practical nursing ranks. Four pupils were enrolled. The Hospital agreed to pay the school $150 a month. When the estabhsh- ment of the school was assured, the Woman's Education Association withdrew and the committee carried on the work. The opening date was November 1, 1873. At a meet- ing held November 5, the committee transferred all control and property to a Board of Directors, of which Martin Brinmier was president. At this meeting the school was officially named ''The Boston Training School for Nurses." The first year was unsuccessful. The pupils com- plained of their instruction and of the home matron. The Staff said, "Put it out; we don't want it; it is no good; our former way is better." However, the Directors, beheving in their project, sought an experienced super- intendent. The Trustees agreed to give the school another year of life provided a graduate nurse were placed in charge. The conmaittee procured Miss Linda Richards, a graduate of the New England Hospital for Women and 165 Massachusetts General Hospital Children, who had had a year's experience during the formative period of the Bellevue School. Miss Richards possessed experience, ability and a pleasing, forceful per- sonality, and soon brought order out of chaos. The pupils became happy and contented; the Staff referred with pride to "our school"; and the Trustees reported in 1875 ''gratifying success of the school" and stated that "an arrangement has been made to extend its usefulness by gradually placing all the wards in charge of the school." For twenty-two years those splendid men and women who comprised the Board of Directors carried the work. They financed the project, interviewed pupils, visited wards, attended lectures, and for sixteen years corrected the lecture notes. Their vision of what comprised ade- quate preparation for a nurse was truly remarkable. During those first years some pupils went to the Boston Lying-in Hospital, and for a time all went to the Eye and Ear Infirmary. Sending them to the McLean Asylum was considered. The years from 1881-1889 were especially progressive under the leadership of Anna C. Maxwell. The "Thayer" was erected, more maids were employed, greater attention was given to the health of nurses, instruction was in- creased, and a badge and uniform were adopted. The first "blue and white broken check" uniform was soon changed to the present black and white because the blue easily faded. Soon after 1890 there were evidences that the responsi- bilities were resting heavily on the Directors. Policies became very conservative, and although good suggestions were made they were not carried out, probably because of the uncertainty of income and the uncertainty of satisfactory administration. During November, 1895, the Trustees wrote a letter to the Directors, expressing appreciation of their accomplishments. In this letter there also appeared the following: "The Trustees of the Hospital have gradually come to the belief that the best interests of the Hospital will be promoted by the establishment of a closer relation between the school and it, and that this can be best accompHshed by placing 166 Historical the school under the management of the Hospital Trustees." The Directors agreed to this suggestion. The school was transferred to the Hospital January 1, 1896, and was renamed the Massachusetts General Hospital Training School for Nurses. About 1900 began a second period of rapid develop- ment under Miss Pauline L. Dolliver. The graduate staff was increased, many students were given a pre- liminary course at Sirmnons College, obstetrical and operating-room experience was given to all, and affilia- tions were arranged for pediatrics, for the care of patients in a private hospital, and for district nursing. Instruc- tion was increased through bedside clinics, special lectures, and the appointment of a practical nursing instructor. In 1901 the course was lengthened to three years, and in 1903 the first formal graduation exercises were held. The decade beginning 1910, with Miss Sara E. Parsons in charge, brought continued developments. Among these were increased social activities, the policy of tuition with the Hospital furnishing text-books and uniforms (instead of paying the pupils an allowance), scholar- ships, loan fund, full time theoretical instructor and full time practical instructor, the building of the New Home, affihation with the McLean Hospital and the Eye and Ear Infirmary, the endowment fund, student govern- ment, cooking laboratory, five-year course with Simmons College, and the fifty-two-hour week. The centennial year of the Hospital found the school forty-eight years old. To it had come students not only from every part of the United States and Canada, but from England, Switzerland, France, Greece, Italy, Armenia, Albania, Syria, Germany, China, Czecho- slovakia, Poland and India. The graduates mmabered fifteen hundred. They had gone to every State in the Union, to many countries in Europe, to South America, China, Japan, India, Australia, and Africa. Statistics compiled in 1920 showed the status of 90 as unknown, 141 deceased, 436 married, 229 in private duty, 39 superintendents or assistant superintendents of training schools, 87 superintendents or matrons of hos- 167 Massachusetts General Hospital pitals or homes, 68 head nurses, 76 m public health, and 28 instructors; 152 were hsted as ''at home" and many were in miscellaneous groups. Among the graduates in active work only 10 were Usted as doing work other than that which had to do with the promotion of health. Such is a brief history of the Massachusetts General Hospital Training School for Nurses. The alumnae are ever grateful to the makers of this history and pray that the future of the school may be worthy of its past. Sally Johnson, R.N., Superintendent of Nurses. 168 Historical THE X-RAY DEPARTMENT Professor William Conrad Rontgen of the Royal University of Wiirzburg announced his discovery of the x-rays in December, 1895, and before the close of that year their use in the diagnosis of disease was under- taken at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Walter James Dodd was at that time head pharmacist and photographer to the Hospital, and it was through his efforts that the first investigations were begun. He assembled the necessary electrical equipment and pur- chased an x-ray tube. This tube did not work satisfac- torily. As the statement had been made at that time that x-rays could be produced with an incandescent lamp with a broken filament, he attempted to use such a bulb, but this experiment likewise proved unsuccessful. Early in 1896, however, he purchased another tube with which the first successful radiograph was taken. This experiment was made in the nerve department of the old out-patient building. The current was supplied by a two-plate, static machine which was used at that time for giving electrical treatments. This machine was operated by hand, and the amount of labor and time consimied in taking a picture, even of the small parts of the body, was great. The work accomphshed with this tube and apparatus won the appreciation of the surgeons of the Hospital, and the taking of radiographs of the extremities of the body came into general use. Early in this year, Professor Hermann Lemp of the General Electric Company kindly offered the Hospital the use of an "x-ray coil" which he had constructed for experimental work. This coil was placed in the old Kingsley studio. Here the radiographer worked steadily, accomplishing a large amount of routine work, and making numerous experiments with different kinds of tubes, coils, and interrupters. With a machine that he in part constructed, he was able to take a satisfactory radiograph of an adult chest. This plate is probably one of the earliest satisfactory plates of the chest ever 169 Massachusetts General Hospital taken. Unfortunately, the amount of current consumed was so large that it burned out the fuses on the mams, and the machine was pronounced unsafe and the work abandoned. Through the efforts of the radiographer, Professor Lemp's apparatus was allowed to remain in the hospital until the fiftieth anniversary of "Ether Day," at which time it was placed on exhibition. Soon after this suffi- cient money was subscribed for its purchase by one of the trustees, and it was moved to the old West Room under the Bulfinch steps. In this same year, at a medical convention held in Washington, Dr. Reginald H. Fitz exhibited a radio- graph of the entire human body. This radiograph was taken by Mr. Dodd, and the subject was his assistant, Mr. Joseph Godsoe. In 1897, the first record of expenditure for x-ray apparatus appeared in the annual report of the Hospital. During that year, a patient was referred from the out-patient department for -x-ray examination. He returned a few days after the examination stating that the "light" had relieved the pain in his leg. To prove the truth or fallacy of the patient's statement, investi- gations were undertaken by Mr. Dodd and Dr. Seabury W. Allen. Their conclusions that the x-rays were capable of relieving pain in certain pathological condi- tions, and that probably this was brought about by changes in the character or amount of the blood supply, have since been confirmed. For over a year, Mr. Dodd had been exposed daily to the x-rays, and in April, 1897, he developed a severe radio-dermatitis of the hands and was admitted to the surgical ward for treatment. This was the first of many operations that he was obliged to undergo as a result of the injuries received in this early experimental work. In 1900, the x-ray room was moved from the old West Room to the domestic building. Here for the first time lead screens were used to protect the operator from the x-rays. In 1907, the Department of Roentgenology was estab- Ushed, and Mr. Dodd, having received the degree of 170 Historical Doctor of Medicine, was appointed Roentgenologist. In 1911, Dr. George W. Holmes was appointed Assistant Roentgenologist . During the next two years, the members of the x-ray- staff, in cooperation with Dr. George C. Shattuck, de- veloped a technique for the study of the heart and great vessels. For some time Mr. Sewell Cabot had been working on a type of apparatus that would give a non-fluctuating, high potential current, and, with the assistance of Dr. Dodd, he undertook to develop a machine for use in giving x-ray treatment that would allow the operator to measure accurately the dosage. Their efforts met with considerable success. Using this machine in connection with the clinical work of the department. Dr. Holmes established a method of measuring dosage by computing the electrical energy supplied the tube. For a number of years considerable instruction had been given in the department both to undergraduate and postgraduate students, and in 1915 it became necessary to organize a definite program of instruction. This program included the appointment of a house pupil, resident in the Hospital, who would devote his entire time to the work in the X-ray Department. The estab- lishment of such a course offered an opportunity for the adequate training of physicians desiring to take up roentgenology as a specialty, and was the first to be offered in any hospital in America. This course has attracted a high type of young men, and the work that they have accomplished since leaving the Hospital has been a credit both to the department and to the institution. During the summer of 1915, Dr. Dodd was with the first Harvard Medical Unit in France, where he did a large amount of fluoroscopic work in connection with the treatment of the wounded. For this work, he received citation from the British Government. He returned to this country in October of the same year, and shortly afterwards the injuries from which he had suffered so long became rapidly worse, and he died on December 18, 1916. 171 Massachusetts General Hospital Dr. Dodd had frequently emphasized the need of an endowment to carry on the research work of the de- partment, and after his death his widow, Mrs. Margaret L. Dodd, placed a small sum of money at the disposal of the hospital for the establishment of such a fund. His friends generously subscribed to this, and the Dr. Walter J. Dodd Memorial Fund was thus established. In the year 1917, three rooms were added to the X-ray Department in the old Gay Ward building, one of which was properly equipped for therapeutic work; and in May, of this year, rooms for the examination and treatment of private patients were opened in the Phillips House, the private ward of the Hospital. Dr. George W. Holmes was appointed Roentgenologist to succeed Dr. Dodd, and Dr. Adelbert S. Merrill was appointed Assistant Roentgenologist. Later in that year. Dr. Merrill went to France with the hospital unit. Base Hospital No. 6, where he remained in active service until 1919. Dr. James F. Boyd was appointed Acting Assistant Roentgenologist. Early in 1919, it was found necessary to reorganize the treatment clinic, so that diseases of the thyroid and skin, the two largest groups of cases, could be handled in special groups with a consultant for each group. In 1922, the Hospital received a generous gift for the purchase of radium, and it was thought desirable to combine the therapeutic use of x-rays with radium. Following out this idea, the clinics were combined, and a policy of special groups with consultants was adopted. Early in 1923, a machine producing x-rays of very short wave length was installed, and equipped with a device for measuring accurately the intensity of the rays. The department now occupies sixteen large rooms. The staff consists of five physicians who give their entire time to its work, and as many more who act as con- sultants in the treatment clinic. The number of patients examined or treated daily averages seventy-five, making it one of the largest and most active clinics in the Hospital. George W. Holmes, M.D., Roentgenologist. 172 Historical SOCIAL SERVICE Non-medical needs of patients were recognized before the idea of social service as an organic part of the Hos- pital staff was conceived. In Bowditch's history of the Hospital, 1852, we find a story of his interest, as a hos- pital trustee, in a Httle girl of seven who had been injured while picking up chips on the Maine Railroad enclosure and had to have a limb amputated. He later took her to the directors of the railroad "to argue her own case" and the $300 granted to her by the railroad was held in trust for her by Mr. Bow(itch and the Hospital Superintendent. In 1870 the Trustees appointed as a Ladies' Visiting Conunittee a group of young women who had the year before volunteered ''to visit the Hospital for the purpose of performing any kindly service in their power for the patients." The growth of the Hospital, with its numerous patients and increasing complexity, rendered personal relationships more difficult. In 1905 Dr. Richard C. Cabot, after several years as visiting physician, perceived that the pressure of numbers of patients and the demands of careful medical examination, as weU as the scheme of organization of dispensary clinics at that time, obscured the back- ground of the patient's home, his work, responsibilities and worries. These social elements, so intimately a part of the patient's fife, were essential considerations in- fluencing and possibly jeopardizing sound medical treat- ment. On the initiative of Dr. Cabot, a social worker was placed in the corridor of the Out-Patient Department on October 1, 1905, a new element in therapy. Equipped with a knowledge of the conditions under which people live and work, and the resources of the community, she was, Dr. Cabot said, ''a speciahst in deahng with character under adversity and the influences that mold it for good or iU." Throughout the initial demonstration, Dr. Cabot and Dr. James J. Putnam stood loyally back of the idea and 173 Massachusetts General Hospital the workers, giving generously of their time and wise counsel as well as taking the responsibility for raising funds for the work. The success of the demonstration and many of the present poUcies of the Department can be traced back to them, and to the devoted work and the interaction of such personalities as Garnet I. Pelton, Ellen T. Emerson, Gertrude L. Farmer, Edith N. Burleigh and Jessie D. Hodder, all members of the Out-Patient Staff during the early years. In February, 1909, a committee was organized for the supervision and support of the work. It consisted of physicians from the Staff, the Hospital Superintendent, two expert social workers, a member of the Ladies' Visiting Committee, and a business man. This Commit- tee has been intimately in touch with the Department all through these years. In 1911, a social worker was assigned to the Children's Chnic. DecentraUzation was further extended at the request of the physicians to the Orthopedic and Nerve Clinics, 1913, and to the Genito-Urinary Clinic, 1914. The South Medical Chnic for SyphiUs was estabhshed in 1914, with Miss 0. M. Lewis as social worker. Under her direction a consistent follow-up pohcy was apphed to all patients coming to the clinic, thus anticipating by several years a pohcy later established by the State. This speciaUzation in medical-social work has the usual weaknesses of specialization, but is, we believe, a phase of development which is jdelding a deeper understanding of the social problems in organized medicine. In 1913, with the encouragement of Dr. Edsall, a social worker was appointed to gather material for the study of occupational diseases. Two years later this was merged into the Industrial Clinic which now is a department of the Harvard Medical School. Affiliation with the Boston School of Social Work was estabhshed in 1910, students from the school having their practice under supervision in the Department. In 1912 a two years' course for medical-social workers was inaugurated. 174 Historical In 1913, Dr. Edsall asked the Department to assist in a lecture course on social subjects to medical students. Two years later the plan of instruction was changed to a weekly discussion of the medical-social problems of patients known to the fourth-year medical students during their assignment to the wards. The Training School for Nurses began in 1913 to assign to the Department, for a period of three months, selected pupil nurses to get an insight into the social aspects of the Hospital. The Ladies' Visiting Committee has for fifty years ministered in a friendly way to the ward patients, which service the Department has never supplanted. In 1907, however, patients in the Hospital wards were referred by the physicians for such service as involved visits to the homes and arrangements for care in other institutions. The Hospital administration appointed, in 1908, Miss Alice Tippet as the "Executive's Assistant," to give her full time to ward patients. On her resignation, in 1913, the position of Chief of Social Service was created by the Trustees and the Ward and Out-Patient Departments were correlated, the ward service being paid for by the Hospital. Out-Patient social service continued under the direction and support of the Supervisory Committee until October, 1918, when the Trustees made the Department an official part of the Hospital organization and gave the Supervisory Committee the status of an advisory committee. Of the original members of this body, we are fortunate in still retaining Dr. Cabot, Mrs. Nathaniel Thayer, Mr. Jeffrey R. Brackett, Dr. Daniel F. Jones, and Dr. Washbiu-n. The Department has had, in increasing numbers, visi- tors and students from other parts of this country and abroad, coming for experience in hospital work which has given us valuable opportunity to aid in the develop- ment of the Hospital Social Service movement. From the beginning volunteers have served the Hospital under the direction of our workers. It is impossible to measure the assistance they have rendered in the day's work and their value in interpreting the Hospital to the community. 175 Massachusetts General Hospital In the adjustment of the Social Service Department to the Hospital functions and organization there has been a conscious effort to infuse into the Department the ideals and policies of the Hospital and the threefold purpose of care of patients, teaching and research. Sev- eral joint studies have been made with physicians of the Staff, the most outstanding of which were the "Economic Efficiency of Epileptic Patients" and a recent investiga- tion of the "Medical-Social Aspects of Cardiac Disease," for which special funds were donated. While primarily identified with clinical medicine, the Department has been able to assist the Administration and to supplement the Lady Visitors in the ever-present human problems involved in the service of this, as of every other big hospital. Ida M. Cannon, Chief of Social Service. 176 Historical THE GENERAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The Staff of the General Hospital from 1821-1911 was organized and had its services upon the English principle. Each Medical and each Surgical Service was divided into periods, usually of four months each, during which time a physician or surgeon was in charge of the patients on this service. In 1911 the Staff felt the need of more continuity of the plan of work. The abrupt change three times a year, with perhaps complete alteration of treat- ment of the patients and with no continued policy for research, was found to be less productive of results than could be wished. At a meeting of the Visiting Staff, held January 25, 1912, the report of a committee, previously appointed to propose a scheme to reorganize all departments of the Hospital Staff, was considered and approved. This plan of reorganization provided that the several medical and surgical divisions of the General Hospital should have chiefs, with continuous service throughout the year; other members of the Staff might have continuous or divided service. The continuity of the work was made possible by the continuous service at the head. The General Executive Committee was now planned to take over the functions of the Visiting Staff and to have certain new duties added. The General Executive Committee is constituted as follows : One member is elected by the Chiefs of Service of the special departments from among their number. The other members are the two Medical Chiefs of Service, the two Surgical Chiefs of Service and the Director. It was provided that the Director is to be ex officio Sec- retary of the General Executive Committee, Medical Executive Committee and the Surgical Executive Com- mittee. These latter two Committees are merely sub- committees consisting of the two Medical Chiefs of Service with the Director to consider matters purely medical, and the two Surgical Chiefs with the Director 177 Massachusetts General Hospital to consider matters purely surgical. It was further provided that in matters pertaining to a surgical sub- department, such as the Orthopedic Department, its Chief shall be ex officio a member of the Surgical Execu- tive Committee. The same rule provides that the Chief of a sub-department of Medicine shall be ex officio a mem- ber of the Medical Executive Committee. This plan was approved by the Trustees. The first meeting of the General Executive Committee was held in the old Treadwell Library in the Bulfinch Building, on April 30, 1912. Since that time meetings have been held once a week, with only an occasional meeting omitted. The members of the Committee have undertaken their duties with great earnestness and con- scientiousness, and have made it a matter of pride to attend the meetings. The establishment of the Committee with the Director (Resident Physician) of the Hospital as a member and Secretary has made it possible^ for the Administration and Staff to work harmoniously for the advancement of the institution in an effective way. It has made for good understanding. The Committee has carefully considered, and on its recommendation the Trustees have adopted, many important undertakings. Among these may be mentioned the establishment of the Department for the care of Syphilis, the Genito-Urinary Department, and the assignment of special subjects, and the allotment of patients in these subjects to certain individuals on the Surgical Staff for more intensive study and research. Classes have been estabhshed in particular diseases and conditions upon the Medical side, such as classes in diabetes, obesity, nephritis, and others. An Industrial Clinic has been established for the care of patients whose diseases are due to industrial conditions and for study and investigation of the subject. Lately a Dietetic Clinic has been formed for the more careful instruction of patients in their diets. This last clinic has been made possible by the North End Diet Kitchen, which provides the funds for the necessary salaries. After careful study and thought the Committee recom- mended, and the Trustees approved, the establishment 178 Historical of full time paid Services in the Departments of Medicine and Surgery. This means that the Chief of the Medical Department and his first Assistant are paid by the Massa- chusetts General Hospital and the Harvard Medical School to give practically their full time at the Hospital to the care of patients, medical teaching and scientific research. A similar thing has been done on one of the Surgical Services. This has meant a large increase in the amount of laboratory work done at the Hospital, much more time spent upon important problems, and a constant increase to the Hospital's prestige. The Com- mittee nominates for all Staff positions to the Board of Trustees. 179 Massachusetts General Hospital THE PHILLIPS HOUSE The Phillips House was opened for patients on May 17, 1917. For many years a ward for the private patients of the Staff of the Hospital had been desired by the Staff and discussed by the Trustees and the Administration. In the Annual Report of Trustees for the year 1910, the following appears under the Report of the Administrator and Resident Physician of the Hospital: "A private hospital built in close connection with the General Hospital is much to be desired. From the point of view of the community, this is needed because there is now in Boston no place where people of moderate means and the well-to-do can go to a hospital, and pay their doctor and get all the advantages which they could have in a hospital connected with such an institution as ours. We have here the high traditions of a hundred years, well equipped laboratories with their accrued knowledge and recognized standing, the X-ray, Electrical, Hydrothera- peutic and Medico-Mechanical Departments with their skilled and experienced operators. From the point of view of the Hospital, a private hospital would be of value in the training of our nurses, in furnishing us a revenue to help support the charity wards, and in bringing to our doors people of means who, we would hope, would become interested in the work done by the institution. It would concentrate the work of the Staff and enable them to spend more of their time at the Hospital to the advantage of the patients." Appeals similar to this appear in other Annual Reports of the Hospital. In 1915 the Trustees felt that they could wait no longer for money given for this particular purpose. They were convinced that the enterprise would pay sufficient dividends on the investment to warrant them in using a part of their funds. The old Wards A and B, built in the early seventies, as temporary wards to stand for a few years only, were torn down in 1915 to make room for the new private ward; and the Gardner Ward, F, was moved to the eastward, raised, and a new Ward A built under it. 180 Historical The Phillips House is really a private hospital by itself, rather than a ward. It has an entrance separate from that of the General Hospital. It has its own kitchen, dining room, apothecary shop, store, x-ray plant, and operating rooms. The building is of eight stories with a high basement. It is L shaped, with the long wing ex- tending north and south, and thus exposing all the patients' rooms to the east and west. The ward accom- modates one hundred and six patients. The rooms are nearly all provided with connecting doors to permit the assigning of small or large suites. There are many bathrooms. There is an attractive roof garden and a balcony on the south end of each floor. The rooms are furnished individually, and the whole aspect of the place is homelike as far as is consistent with the efficiency of a hospital. This is written in 1923, and at this time, after six years of occupancy, we may fairly say that the Phillips House has accompUshed all that the Trustees expected of it. It has fulfilled the need in the community for a high-class hospital in Boston, where people who can afford to pay for it may go and receive the advantages of treatment at an institution where all the appliances and knowledge demanded today by medical science can be found. This can only be in connection with such a hospital as is the Massachusetts General Hospital. It has proved to earn sufficient interest on the investment to justify the Trus- tees in the expenditure. It has increased the interest in our Hospital among people who have the means to help us in our charity and scientific work. It has concentrated the work of our Staff at the Hospital so as to give us more of their time for the care of our patients who are unable to pay the full cost. It has increased the Hos- pital's prestige at home and abroad. The Trustees have accepted the doctrine that the Hospital should be equipped to care for all classes of the conamunity. For one hundred years we have cared for the poor; for six years we have cared for the well-to-do, and we hope that we will soon be in a position to care, on a large scale, for people of moderate means. 181 Massachusetts General Hospital THE MEDICAL LABORATORY The organization of a laboratory for clinical investiga- tion was made possible in the spring of 1917, when the old offices of the Administration on the ground floor of the Bulfinch Building were vacated. The collection of equipment having been started as early as the spring of 1916, reconstruction was immediately begun. In this way six rooms became available, which now constitute a fairly satisfactory laboratory for about twelve workers. Before the organization of this Laboratory clinical research had to be conducted in any corner that the investigator could find. The old cashier's office has been converted into a very good chemical laboratory, and to it has been added a portion of the hallway opposite. Dr. Rowland's old office has become a bacteriological laboratory, and Dr. Washburn's a blood labpratory. The old stenog- raphers' office and the visitors' room are now used for metabolism work. Near by under the west end of the portico is the cardiographic laboratory. The organization of the Medical Laboratory has been the result of natural growth. It has not yet been recog- nized as a definite entity, but functions more or less as such, and also in close cooperation with the Medical and Surgical Services and with the special clinics. The chief idea underlying the establishment of the Medical Laboratory is that it shall be primarily a place for original work in the field of clinical investigation. Routine work is not done there except in the case of certain highly technical tests which cannot be done elsewhere. In a sense this Laboratory may be said to provide a follow-up clinic for special cases, such as those of diseases of the blood or ductless glands. Any patient who has been studied in the Laboratory during his stay in the Hospital may be asked to return to it from time to time. In such cases careful observations are made of the progress of the disease, and the patient receives advice as to treatment. 182 Historical The original expense of equipping the Laboratory was largely met from Medical School funds. At present the running expenses are met partly by the Hospital and partly by the Medical School. Some workers, for instance, receive a portion of their salary from each institution. Sometimes a piece of apparatus is bought by the Hospital, sometimes from Medical School funds. We have been very fortunate in receiving generous aid from the Proctor Fund for the study of chronic disease, and also by gifts from Dr. William Norton Bullard. From the time of its organization to the present a large number of workers have contributed to the progress made by the Medical Laboratory, and the collected papers of the Laboratory now make a series of seven fair-sized volumes. It is believed that the work represented by these papers is of good quality, also. Since the war some of the more extensive studies undertaken have been those on blood gases, carried out largely by Dr. A. V. Bock, and with the constant super- vision and advice of Professor L. J. Henderson. This work has been closely correlated with certain work in the physiological laboratory at Cambridge, England, and with that of the Anglo-American Andean expedition of 1921. Dr. Henry Field, Jr., at various times, has been associated with Dr. Bock in this work. Since the time the laboratories started. Dr. George R. Minot, with certain colleagues, has given considerable time to the study of the pathology of the blood. Starting on certain blood problems with Dr. Minot, Dr. Chester Jones has worked extensively for a period of three years on the metabolism of bile pigments and its relation to diseases of the liver and the bile passages, as well as on certain diseases of the blood. Dr. Jones' work has made definite progress in the diagnosis and treatment of liver and gall bladder disease by means of the duodenal tube. Ever since the war the study of thyroid disease has been carried on actively under the direction of the thyroid committee. An important phase has been conducted in the Medical Laboratory, that portion which has to do with the measurement of the respiratory metabolism. The association in the thyroid work between the 183 Massachusetts General Hospital Medical Service, the Surgical Service, the X-ray Depart- ment and the Laboratory has been most profitable. It is believed that cooperation of this sort between men interested in a common problem, but from different angles, has been yielding results distinctly promising. At the present time a liaison of this kind is being formed for the study of gastro-intestinal diseases, and should be able to make valuable contributions. Dr. Fritz Talbot, ever since the Laboratory started, has continued the work on clinical calorimetry of infants which was originally begun in conjunction with Dr. F. G. Benedict. Dr. Talbot has been able to collect important data on the metabolism, not only in normal infants and children, but in certain pathologic states such as malnutrition, cretinism and Mongolian idiocy. Dr. Talbot has had a considerable group of physicians and laboratory assistants associated with him in this work. In conjunction with Dr. Stanley Cobb, he has made a study of the metabojism of epileptic children, both under normal conditions and during starvation. Dr. Frederick T. Lord for a period of years has carried on an investigation of the behavior of the pneumococcus under different environmental conditions, especially its viability in different culture media, and in the presence of various percentages of blood serum. He is also studying the bacteriology of pneumonia in the wards and supervises the use of pneumococcus serum. Dr. F. M. Rackemann has made use of the Medical Laboratory in conjunction with his Anaphylaxis Clinic in the Out-Patient Department. Work has been going on actively since the war. In the Laboratory he has done the bacteriological and iromunological work neces- sary for the intensive study of patients with asthma, hay fever, and allied conditions. A number of other workers have been active for shorter periods of time in the work of the Laboratory. Dr. Reginald Fitz, during the year 1919-20, carried on extensive studies of the blood and urinary chemistry in diabetes and nephritis. Dr. Basil Jones was in the Laboratory during the year 1920-21 working upon certain problems of hemolysis. 184 Historical Dr. A. L. Barach of New York, also spending that year with us, carried on active research on certain problems of acid-base equilibrium in pneumonia and other diseases, and upon the therapeutic use of oxygen. He also studied, in conjunction with Dr. William Mason, the effects produced in the blood by the injection of hypertonic saline solutions. During the year 1922-23, Dr. William G. Lennox, in conjunction with Dr. Stanley Cobb, has made certain studies of the blood chemistry during starvation. Dr. Harold N. Segall of Montreal, holding the Walcott Fellowship, has made careful studies of the metabohc rate of persons with toxic goiter before and after various surgical procedures. In April, 1922, Mr. Gilbert Adair, of the University of Cambridge, England, joined the laboratory force and for a year took an active part in the blood gas work of Drs. Henderson and Bock, and in addition made studies upon the osmotic pressure of hemoglobin solutions. Altogether the Laboratory has been most fortunate in having a group of workers with a wide variety of interests, working oftentimes in the closest cooperation upon definite programs of study. The Laboratory has made possible a more complete study of the patients in the wards and has contributed toward a better knowledge of the nature of their diseases. A laboratory for clinical investigation really is a necessary adjunct to the medical clinic of any modern teaching hospital. It is hoped that before long more adequate space may be available in which this type of work may be carried on in more convenient surroundings. J. H. Means, M.D, 185 Massachusetts General Hospital Financial FINANCES OF THE HOSPITAL 18n-1922 To the reader of the early financial struggles of the Hospital one fact stands forth most clearly. The institu- tion does not receive aid from the State today, but the assistance given by the Commonwealth in the early days was vital to the successful outcome of the undertaking. On February 25, 1811, the State Legislature granted a Charter to the Massachusetts General Hospital, and it at the same time made a grant of the so-called Province House Estate with authority to sell the same and use the proceeds at pleasure provided that within five years S100,000 additional was raised. In 1813 this time was extended five years, and in 1816 authority was finally granted to sell the Province House Estate on condition that the proceeds be paid into the State Treasury unless within one year the additional sum of 1100,000 should be obtained. The subsequent history of the Province House Estate is interesting. On April 1, 1817, the Hospital leased the Estate to David Greenough, Esq., for 99 years, at an annual rental of $2,000 or an outright sum of $33,000, and on October 1, 1824, this latter option was exercised. In 1828 Mr. Greenough tried to buy the reversionary interest, but the Hospital declined to sell. The heirs of David Greenough continued to hold the property until 1909, when certain clauses in the lease caused the trustees of the Greenough Estate and the Hospital to enter into an agreement whereby in con- sideration of $25,000 annual rental to the Greenough heirs the Hospital took possession of the property, some seven years before the 99-year term of the lease was up. This splendid gift from the State, valued in the Gen- eral Fund at its original value, $40,000, is today assessed 186 -r-.'-^-S-SSfWiiJi- Ht*'. ■ lull ©ivriovO ^^g^.;g^ ^ Financial by the city at over $1,000,000 for the land alone, and a new $1,000,000 building thereon is nearing completion. Twice again did the Commonwealth come to the assistance of the Hospital. Work to the value of $35,000 was done by the inmates of the State Prison, who dressed stone for the Bulfinch Building, and in 1814 the Com- monwealth, still mindful of the Massachusetts General Hospital, made provision in a Charter granted to the Massachusetts Hospital Life Insurance Company that one- third of its whole net profits from insurance on lives should go to the Hospital. In 1824 this was modified by an act sanctioning an agreement between the two institu- tions whereby the Hospital, in heu of all former rights, became entitled to one-third of all earnings of the Insur- ance Company over 6%, and this arrangement operated until 1906, when a new arrangement gave the Hospital one-half the profits over 6%. In 1823, the Hospital had subscribed to $50,000 of the stock of the Insurance Company. It has never parted with it, and whatever may have been the difference of opinion among the Trustees on investments, we very much doubt if the wisdom of this particular investment has been ques- tioned. Once, certainly, in 1861, a special dividend of $15,000 is spoken of by the Trustees as saving a general deficit. The Hospital has received from the Massachu- setts Hospital Life Insurance Company in dividends and profits the magnificent sum of $1,289,687.50. The work of securing the necessary subscription was from the beginning actively pressed, and although matters were slow at first, the original amount called for by the Char- ter was obtained within the required time. Ten hundred and forty-seven different subscribers, many being res- idents of towns outside of Boston, gave for the founda- tion from 1811 to 1843, $146,992.50. Various gifts were received of an unusual character. A mummy from Thebes was donated by Mr. Tilden and Mr. Edes, in behalf of Jacob Van Lennep & Com- pany of Smyrna, which was exhibited profitably. Also a very fine sow, weight, 273 pounds, but what was done with this sow is not clear. A patent for sweeping chimneys, a very practical gift, is also noted. 187 Massachusetts General Hospital The two gifts, however, that were most unportant as affecting the future of the Hospital were the donation of WilUam Phillips and the bequest of John McLean. In 1797 the Honorable WilUam Phillips bequeathed the sum of $5,000 to the Town of Boston for a Hospital for the Insane. The son of the testator. Lieutenant Governor WilUam Phillips, increased his father's gift, subscribing $20,000 to the foundation, and on April 20, 1817, advised the Trustees of his readiness to pay his subscription as soon as the town would discharge him as executor of his father's will from the $5,000 given there- by. This large donation had a most encouraging effect on the friends of the Hospital; it stimulated others to UberaUty and practically insured success. Mr. Phillips was the first President of the Corporation, and mindful of this and his generosity the Trustees most appropriately named the splendid private ward erected in 1916 the PhilUps House. On November 2, 1823, the Trustees received the gratifying announcement of a bequest of $25,000 under the wiU of John McLean. The Hospital it also devel- oped was the residuary legatee. The residue eventually proved to be over $90,000, the whole gift amounting to $119,858.20. When the time came to create a fitting memorial to such generosity the Trustees, with the approval of the friends of the testator, voted that the Asylum be here- after known as "The McLean Asylum for the Insane." On December 18, 1816, the funds being in sight, the board decided to proceed with negotiation for the pur- chase of Mr. Joy's land, the site of the McLean Hospital in Somerville. The subscriptions having by January 5 reached the sum of $93,969, authority was given to pm-chase Mr. Joy's land, not exceeding fifteen acres or to cost over $15,000. On January 12 the committee reported the purchase for $15,650, and the board approved. A committee was now appointed to select a site for a General Hospital, and after examining several locations, reported in favor of North Allen Street. Each trustee approved the site, and after various delays the committee reported in October, 1817, "The 188 Financial Allen Street" purchase as substantially completed. During these negotiations Charles Bulfinch had prepared plans for both the Asylum and the General Hospital. Evidently of the opinion that competition might produce something better, in November the committee reported the draft of an advertisement offering $100 reward for a plan of a hospital. The competition brought out several plans, but in January, 1817, the plan for a hospital by Mr. Bulfinch was adopted, and immediately steps were taken to pro- ceed with the building. On July 4, 1818, the corner stone of the General Hospital was laid in Masonic form by the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts. The ceremony was attended by his Excellency the Governor, the Lieu- tenant General, the Honorable Council, many charitable societies, the Selectmen and Board of Health of the town of Boston, the members of the Corporation of the Massachusetts General Hospital, and a great concourse of citizens. The exercises were followed by an address by Mr. Quincy, and the ceremony concluded by remarks by Mr. Prince, the Treasurer. His Excellency and other invited guests then proceeded to Mr. Prince's house and partook of a collation. Those who could not get into the house were accommodated in the garden. On September 1, 1821, the Bulfinch Building was so far completed that the Hospital was ready to receive patients. Both the Asylum and the General Hospital were now organized and in active operation, and the Trustees issued a report addressed "To the Subscribers and to the Pubhc." This report is one of the most interesting that the Trustees have ever issued and in form is very similar to the reports issued today (with the donations omitted) . The Medical report is signed by Dr. James Jackson, the Surgical by Dr. J. C. Warren, and the Asylum report by Dr. Rufus Wyman. The Treasurer's report, which is here reproduced, gives a vivid sense of the financial difficulties under which the Hospital labored. 189 Massachusetts General Hospital 31 m 09 i P O 2o en Q S oi p ° o 2 ^ "a © o » « « <« ©is w'-S a S'l a 'a ta U M 9) d 2 S <" o & a o s _ _ 3 I o5 * 2 © WD a J3 ci '5 a© ® 'S S o a pa S'l g s ° a © •»j o o goo S9a GO O O f- O O X O O 05 O O OS « c^ ^ Oi t- CI rf o> r- 05 00 Oi •\ •s CQ CO t^ *n SQ s en O GR o »a © > © ' a •43 <§ © « 'S O S * «« ^ « *•« > a-5 ^rs a e-^-a ■2 '^fS S ^1 en S ■** fcd ® O S S o"^ O'^M ** 05 -5 o a a 4^ .s firf*^ ci m c^ >• 0) o © a «-''"-_ _ 41 Jlj 'S © © en • © -»* . 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V, V. sifif '^ O 5 0) IS ^ >• y« \« . 03 (S 12 fa ^ S 2 >> eu g-.-a s ® § - ^ ^ -^ U d s « 03 § 5 g .T S o ^ fa 09 -o a .. gCC a d a ^ 2 o o a^ g v9 ^ a ja ^ JS <» C -M Property le Province use in Boyi Drcester Tu; are in the A HHFco a I O •a a 03 .JQ ^ a" a on ,-— a fl I o jd .a a .i^^w «3 O OR •^ 91 05 — U 'S _« fc^ O S'*' fa - -*» ^ •*» R> fa w fa fa d 4Sh ^ 191 Massachusetts General Hospital 33 2 ^ ■£ h ^ s s S'z "J "S s ^ ^ .2 •52 !•§ '3 « e g 2"1 « 2 2 o ? »- M d &£) a o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o «o o o o o o «o o 09 • Q a (0 O a en O d o Pu 4) < o -s CO € CO 3 QO S ^ .a o 4) o e-a £.•0 a? i -a :Si-^ O) -•5 fl l§ 0) ^^ >< S8 0} 'S« 'S^ fl a> 09 U) eg V .2 « SI 5 2 0. S2 P.V V CO g d ll S^* I fl — is « fl r^" 5 ^ 2 ^ o WD a ?* "s F- - o es C e: 0) fl D ^ 3 ^ S ^fl O QQ |> pK4 C» CC^ Q CO i'" 06 i« 192 Financial 34 s ^fe* ^00 2 00 •12 CO «» IS asj I tA O) «H tn d ^ CO O t- o m o en o 00 OS o CO Tf t- QO T^ O c^ *> oT •^ ^^ 99 9Q 4P •n'*5 W^3 «j o 1^ 2 b g t« Clj ^ ej O 3 v« ^a v« >■ v« ^« PQ I •^5 O co S s o 0) Tt* 05 O l> « CO C^ '»^ '^ ^^ GO Tt^ CO 05 'iH ys »0 »rtC^ QO OO '^ W CO W C5 c* o T? rj< 05 CO c i^ w r^ CO Ci t^ «0 CO ;o ;o CO 05 CO CO CO w 03 B a» *3 * g^ WDrf c ^•^ O 3 o en S • 1-4 o £ • 5 "^ GO O CO ^ 8S 28 « 5 ii: •?? 5 a-s-D S o .-a •= -« -^ a « 3 53 Q^ PQ 2::« « 5 u s " S 5 3" V* to -H 5: :: >• Xs V* 193 Massachusetts General Hospital Y Financial From now on the Hospital continued to grow, both in resources and in usefulness, as measured by donations and expenditures for treatment of patients. The report of 1823 mentions the donations since its founding as amounting to $225,980.25, and the combined expenses of operation of the General Hospital and the Asylum as $17,591.40. By 1829 the amount expended in operations had increased only slightly, the report of that year show- ing a combined operating expense of $20,869.28. It is difficult to determine the amount received from pa- tients during the earlier years of the Hospital, but it was small. The report of 1850 shows a considerable increase in cost of operation at the two Hospitals, $29,024.00 at the General Hospital and $43,144.11 at the Asylum. During this period and even up to the present century, as expressed in dollars and cents, operations at the Asylum exceeded those at the Hospital, and it was not until 1904 that the General Hospital expenditures were the greater. In the year preceding the outbreak of the Civil War the expenses and receipts at the General Hospital were $42,578.39 and $5,209.85, and at the Asylum $67,750.97 and $62,712.67. The year 1870 saw the income yielding investments of the Hospital in excess of half a million dollars ($551,592.82). The expenses and receipts at the General Hospital were $62,814.82 and $12,003.83, and $134,339.63 and $141,793.86 at the Asylum. From now on the General Hospital operations con- tinued to expand, and the Asylum continued at the level of 1870 until the late nineties. In 1880 the General Hospital expenses were $92,077.90 and the McLean Hospital expenses $131,172.69. In 1890 they were $137,990.61 and $152,219.98, including in the General Hospital figures the cost of operating the Convalescent Hospital at Waverley, which had been opened in 1882 as a branch of the General Hospital. In 1900 the Gen- eral Hospital expended $214,954.76 and the Asylum $235,107.36. From this point on the actual increase in expenses can hardly be taken as a measure of growth without allow- ance for various factors; for instance, the expenses at the 195 Massachusetts General Hospital General Hospital in 1910 were $380,146.28 and $173,457.37 receipts. At the McLean Hospital expenses were $334,110.55, receipts $320,072.93, a total expendi- ture of $714,256.83. In 1922 the total expenses of the General Hospital and the Asylum were $1,894,000.30 and the receipts $1,473,064. The war had come and passed with its legacy of high costs. Phillips House and the new Administration Building were completed and in operation, a notable advance, but these additions to the activities of the Hospital will not under normal condi- tions account for such heavy increase in expenditure, and some other measure for the growth of the institution must be found. That portion of this history dealing with what we may call the professional activities of the Hospital will furnish a fairer measure. During the period just reviewed, 1811 to 1922, gifts to the Hospital have reached $11,287,429; profits on investments and accumulated restricted income have increased this to $14,292,499.39; $5,542,452.43 has been expended in Hospital buildings, $3,266,481.87 to make up operating deficits, etc. The balance, $5,483,565.09, represents the income producing investments of the Hospital. Today these investments cover funds the greater part of which are restricted as to principal and income to certain specified Hospital purposes. The names of the benefactors of the Hospital form an impressive list. The humblest and those most honored in the community over a period of one hundred and twelve years are there with gifts ranging from eight cents to over eight hundred thousand dollars. Exceeding, however, the gift of any individual is that of the generous host of Annual Free Bed Subscribers, who have, since 1825, when the Trustees voted to place a Free Bed for one year at the disposal of anyone who should donate $100, given the Hospital over nine hundred thousand dollars, thirty-six thousand dollars having been given in a single year. 196 Financial PERMANENT FUNDS FREE BED FUND INCOME FOR FREE BEDS 1825 The Davis Fund, a bequest from Mrs. Eleanor Davis $900.00 1827 William Phillips Fund, a bequest from William PhiUips . 5,000.00 1830 Belknap Fund, a bequest from Jeremiah Belknap 10,000.00 1841 Brimmer Fimd, a bequest from Miss Mary Ann Brimmer 5,000.00 1842 Tucker Fimd, a bequest from Mi^ Margaret Tucker 3,312.37 1849 WiUiams Fund, a bequest from John D. Wil- Uams, of Estate No. 17 Blackstone Street . 19,600.00 Nichols Fund, a bequest from B. R. Nichols . 6,000.00 1850 Todd Fund, a bequest from Henry Todd . . 5,000.00 1851 Wilder Fund, a bequest from Chas. W. WUder $12,000.00 1912 and a bequest from Florence EUza- beth Wilder, his grandaughter . 1,000.00 13,000.00 1856 Bromfield Fimd, half of a bequest from John Bromfield 20,000.00 Wm. Reed Fvmd, a bequest from Wm. Reed . 5,233.92 1857 Treadwell Fimd, part of a bequest from J. G. TreadweU $38,703.91 1922 Additional 6,000.00 44,703.91 1858 Dowse Fund, a bequest from Thomas Dowse 5,000.00 1858-1897 Sawyer Fund, part of a bequest from M. P. Sawyer 76,966.19 1859 Thompson Fund, a bequest from S. B. Thomp- son 500.00 1860 J. PhiUips Fund, a bequest from Jonathan PhiUips 10,000.00 1862 Miss Townsend Fund, a donation from the executors of the will of Miss Mary P. Townsend 11,486.50 1863 Pickens Fimd, a bequest from John Pickens . 1,676.75 Percival Fund, a bequest from John Percival . 950.00 1864 Greene Fund, a bequest from Benj. D. Greene 5,000.00 1865 Sever Fund,a bequest from Miss Martha Sever 500.00 Raymond Fund, a bequest from E. A. Ray- mond 2,820.00 1868 Harris Fund, part of a bequest from Charles Harris 1,000.00 Mason Fund, a bequest from Wm. P. Mason 9,400.00 Loring Fund, a bequest from Abigail Loring 5,000.00 1868-1875 Miss Shaw Fund, a donation and bequest from Miss M. Louisa Shaw 5,500.00 Carried forward $273,549.64 197 Massachusetts General Hospital Permanent Funds Brought forward $273,549.64 1871 The J. L. Gardner Fund, a donation from J. L. Gardner 20,000.00 B. T. Reed Fund, a donation from Benj. T. Reed 1,000.00 Read Fund, half of a bequest from James Read 1,000.00 1872-1877 McGregor Fund, half of a donation and be- quest from James McGregor 7,500.00 Joy Fund, a bequest from Miss Nabby Joy . 20,000.00 1873 Parker Fund, a bequest from Jonathan Parker, Jr 10,000.00 1874 Templeton Fund, half of a bequest from John Templeton 5,000.00 Miss Rice Fund, a bequest from Miss Arabella Rice 5,000.00 Mrs. J. H. Rogers Fimd, a donation from J. H. Rogers 1,177.50 1876 Beebe Fund, a bequest from J. M. Beebe . . 50,000.00 Lincoln Fund, half of a bequest from Mrs. F. W. Lincoln 85,000.00 1877 Blanchard Fimd, a bequest from Mrs. M. B. Blanchard 4,000.00 George Gardner Fimd, a donation of $1,000 from George Gardner, and $11,000 from Shepherd Brooks 12,000.00 Hemenway Fund, a donation from the execu- tors of the will of Augustus Hemenway . 20,000.00 Jessup Fund, part of a bequest from Dr. Chas. A. Jessup 1,000.00 Tufts Fund, a bequest from Quincy Tufts . . 10,000.00 1878 EUza Perkins Fund, a donation from Mrs. H. B.Rogers 1,000.00 Dwight Fund, a donation from Mrs. T. Brad- ford Dwight 1,000.00 1879 Hunnewell Fund, a donation from H. H. Hunnewell 10,000.00 R. M. Mason Fvmd, a bequest from R. M. Mason .• • • • 5,000.00 Hannah Lowell Cabot Fimd, a donation from Dr. Samuel Cabot 1,000.00 The Gray Fund, a donation from John C. Gray 1,000.00 1881 Welles Fimd, a donation from Miss Jane WeUes 5,000.00 1882 Black Fund, a bequest from Miss Marianna Black 2,000.00 Eben Wright Fund, an assignment of legacies by the children of T. Jefferson Coohdge . . 14,000.00 1883 Paraclete Holmes Fvmd, a donation from W. S. Adams 2,000.00 Estabrooks Fimd, a bequest from J. W. Esta- brooks 1,000.00 Thayer Fund, a bequest from Nathaniel Thayer 30,000.00 1884 ■ John Bertram Fund, a donation from Mrs. Clara Bertram Kimball 5,000.00 D. R. Whitney Fund, a donation of D. R. Whitney 1,000.00 Carried forward $605,227.14 198 Financial Permanent Funds Brought forward $605,227.14 1884 The Ann E. Gray Fvind, a bequest from Miss Ann E. Gray 5,000.00 1886 Hannah C. Leland Fund, a bequest from Mrs. Hannah C. Leland 15,000.00 Esther E. Beebe Fund, a bequest from Mrs. Esther E. Beebe 2,000.00 Ella F. Roehl Fund, a bequest from Ella F. Roehl 8,085.02 Donations from friends, two of $100 each and one of $50 250.00 Urbino Fund, a bequest of S. R. Urbino . . 6,000.00 1887 Emily W. Appleton Fimd, a donation from Mrs. Emily W. Appleton 1,000.00 Henry B. Rogers Fund, a bequest from Henry B. Rogers 10,000.00 John H. Eastburn Fund, a bequest from John H. Eastburn 10,000.00 Mrs. Susan F. Eastburn Fimd, a bequest from Mrs. Susan F. Eastburn 1,000.00 WiUiam B. Craft Fund, a bequest from William B. Craft 5,000.00 1888 McGregor Fund, a bequest of Mrs. James McGregor 1,000.00 Charles R. Hayden Fund, a donation from Mrs. Annie Ruth Hayden 2,000.00 Spaulding Fimd, a donation of Mahlon D. and John P. Spaulding 10,000.00 Anna T. PhiUips Fund, a donation of Mrs. Anna T. PhUMps 1,000.00 1888-1919 Joel Spaulding Fimd, a donation and bequest of Miss Sarah R. Spaulding 4,300.30 1889 Bartlett Fund, a bequest of Sidney Bartlett . 10,000.00 Jas. B. and Mary Dow Fund, a gift of Mary Dow, xmder the will of James B. Dow . . 5,000.00 Shattuck Fimd, a donation of Mrs. George C. Shattuck 500.00 1890 EHsha T, Loring Fund, a bequest of Elisha T. Loring 10,000.00 EUen M. Gifford Fund, part of bequest of EUen M. Gifford 10,000.00 Turner Sargent Fund, a bequest of AmeUa Jackson Sargent 5,000.00 Sarah E. Allen Fund, a bequest of Sarah E. Allen 5,000.00 Jordan, Marsh & Co. Fund, a donation of Jordan, Marsh & Co 1,000.00 Wm. S. Dexter Fund, a donation of Wm. S. Dexter 5,000.00 Wm. B. Spooner Fund, a bequest of Wm. B. Spooner 3,000.00 1891 Caroline Merriam Fund, a donation from Frank Merriam 1,000.00 1892 Stephen P. H. May Fund, a donation . . . 1,000.00 1893 Waldmeyer Fund, a bequest of Philip Wald- meyer 1,000.00 Carried forward $744,362.46 199 Massachusetts General Hospital Permanent Funds Brought forward $744,362,46 1893 The Elizabeth W. Gay Fund, a bequest of Ehza- beth W. Gay 7,931.19 1894 Lawrence Fund, a bequest of Abbott Law- rence 10,000.00 Isaac Sweetser Fund, a bequest of Mrs. Anne M. Sweetser 46,913.14 1895 Burnham Fund, a bequest of T. O. H. P. Burnham 250,000.00 Moseley Fund, a bequest of Wm. O. Moseley 20,000.00 Snow Fund, a bequest of Sophia J. Snow . . 5,000.00 1896 Glover Fund, a bequest of Albert Glover . . 5,000.00 R. W. Turner Fund, a bequest of Royal W. Turner 21,086.48 CooUdge Fund, a bequest of Susan G. Coolidge 176,000.00 Vose Fund, half of a bequest of Ann White Vose . 38,983.09 Cheney Fund, a bequest of B. P. Cheney . . 10,000.00 Mary B. Turner Fund, a bequest of Mary B. Turner 5,000.00 Theodore Chase Fund, a donation of Ahce Bowdoin Chase 5,000.00 1896 Henry E. Moody Fund, a bequest of Jane C. Moody 2,091.42 1897 Benj. Jos. Gilbert Fimd, a donation of Mrs. Susan B. Richards 5,000.00 Harriet T. Andrew Fundj a bequest of Harriet T.Andrew 5,000.00 Wm. Hilton Fund, a bequest of Wm. Hilton . 22,553.66 Cornelia V. R. Thayer Fund, a bequest of Mrs. C. V. R. Thayer 25,000.00 Chas. Paine Cheney Fund, a donation of Mrs. B. P. Cheney 5,000.00 Chas. B. Porter Fund, a bequest of W. L. Chase 5,000.00 1898 Henry L. Pierce Fimd, part of a bequest of Henry L. Pierce 50,000.00 Brown Fund, a bequest of Harriet Louisa Brown 5,000.00 1899 Luther Farnum Fund, a bequest of Luther Fatnum 2,637.37 J. Huntington Wolcott Fund, a bequest of Mrs. J. Huntington Wolcott 25,000.00 Geo. A. Newell Fund, a bequest of Geo. A. NeweU 5,000.00 Ira C. Calef Fund, a donation of Ira C. Calef 5,000.00 1900 J. Colhns Warren Fund, a bequest of Anna S. C. Blake 10,000.00 1901 Henry Saltonstall Fund, a bequest of Henry Saltonstall 10,000.00 Conrad Mohr Fund, a bequest of Conrad Mohr 41,384.18 Sarah H. A. Burnham Fund, a donation of Mrs. Sarah B. Whittemore and Mrs. Theresa B. Dodge 5,000.00 Chas. L. Young Fund, a bequest of Chas. L. Young 5,000.00 Carried forward $1,578,942.99 200 Financial Permanent Funds Brought forward $1,578,942.99 1902 The Henry Woods Fund, a bequest of Henry Woods 5,000.00 Henry Wlutman Fund, a bequest of Henry Whitman 10,000.00 Jos. B. Glover Fund, a bequest of Jos. B. Glover 5,000.00 Stuart Wadsworth Wheeler Fund, a donation of Susan Famutn Wheeler 1,000.00 Wm. Whitworth Gannett Fund, a donation of Wm. Whitworth Gannett 1,000.00 1903 Fred'k L. Ames Fund, a bequest of Mrs. Fred'k L. Ames 5,000.00 John Ruggles Fund, a bequest of Mrs. Mary L. Ruggles 10,000.00 Robert Chas. Billings Fund, a donation of Thomas Minns, surviving executor under the will of Robert Chas. BiUings 5,000.00 J. Sulhvan Warren Fund, legacy of EUzabeth T. L. Warren 62,350.00 1904 Chas. H. Hayden Fund, part of a bequest of Chas. H. Hayden 5,000.00 1904-1915 Harriet O. Cruft Fund, a donation and bequest of Miss Harriet O. Cruft 33,000.00 1904 Shepard NorweU Fund, a donation of John Shepard 5,000.00 1905 Henry C. Weston Fund, a donation of Mrs. Evelyn O. Weston 5,000.00 Geo. B. Upton Fimd, a bequest of Geo. B. Upton 5,000.00 Hannah Smith-Lexington Fund, a bequest of George O. Smith 5,000.00 1906 Cob\u"n Fund, a bequest of Mrs. Helen G. Coburn 75,000.00 Nurses' Training School, Free Bed Fund . . 5,000.00 1907 Charles Merriam Fund, a bequest of Charles Merriam 5,000.00 1908 Moses Williams Fimd, a donation of Laura L. Case 5,000.00 Smith Gerrish and Sarah A. Gerrish Fund, a bequest of Edward Gerrish 8,000.00 Harriet O. Cruft Fund, a donation of Miss Harriet O. Cruft, as a Children's Fund . . 5,000.00 1908-1919 W. Scott Fitz Fund, a donation of Mrs. W. Scott Fitz 15,000.00 1910-1914 Florence Lyman Fund, a bequest of Florence Lyman 3,891.41 1910 Eugene V. R. Thayer Fund, a bequest in memory of Eugene V. R. Thayer .... 5,000.00 Lucius Clapp Fimd, a bequest of Lucius Clapp 5,000.00 Thomas Niles Fund,a bequest of Thomas Niles 29,281 .67 Wilham Litchfield Fimd, a bequest of WiUiam Litchfield 5,000.00 Charles H. Draper Fund, a bequest of Charles H. Draper 23,934.13 1911 James Rogers Rich Fund, a bequest of James Rogers Rich 1,000.00 Carried forward $1,932,400.20 201 Massachusetts General Hospital Permanent Funds Brought forward $1,932,400.20 1911 The Mrs. Bennett H. Nash Fund, a donation of Mrs. Bennett H. Nash 5,000.00 1911-1919 Frances Fay and Arthur Kelsey Fay Memorial Fund, a donation of James H. Fay .... 25,000.00 1911 Catherine A. Barstow Fimd, a bequest of Catherine A. Barstow 10,000.00 Mary E. Badger Fund, a bequest of Mary E. Badger 2,000.00 Thomas Talbot Fund, a bequest of Isabella W. Talbot 5,000.00 1912 Matchett Fund, a bequest of Mrs. Sarah A. Matchett 25,000.00 Waite Memorial Bed, a bequest of Harriet E. Goodnow 5,091.67 Caroline M. Martin Fund, a bequest of Caro- Une M. Martin 5,094.94 1913 John S. Ames Fund, a donation of John S. Ames 5,000.00 Mary Stiekney Fund, a bequest of Mary Spaulding 5,000.00 George N. Smalley Fimd, a bequest of George N. SmaUey 5,000.00 1914-1915 WilUam S. HiUs Fund, a bequest of WiUiam S. HUls 10,000.00 1914-1917 Dr. John M. Harlow Fund, a bequest of Dr. John M. Harlow, of $31,125.47 and of Frances K. Harlow of $13,339.48 .... 44,464.95 1915 Esther Storey Fund, a bequest of Joseph C. Storey 5,000.00 Jane Elkins Fund, a bequest of Joseph C. Storey 5,000.00 WiUiam N. Felton Fimd, a bequest of William N. Felton 5,000.00 Jennie A. Pond Fimd, a donation of H. D. Woods 5,250.00 Susan WeUes Sturgis Fund, a bequest of John Aiken Preston 5,000.00 1916 Isabella Freeman DilUngham Bed, a bequest of IsabeUa W. DiUingham 5,314.44 WiUiam Endicott Fund, a bequest of WilUam Endicott, $25,000, and an Anonymous dona- tion of $25,000 50,000.00 1917 Sylvester Bowman Fimd, a bequest of Sylves- ter Bowman 50,900.00 EUen Channing Fund, a bequest of EUen Channing 5,000.00 Mrs. Henry S. Grew Fund, a donation of Mrs. Henry S. Grew 6,000.00 Timothy Paige Fund, a donation of Timothy Paige 4,000.00 1918 Henry Lee Higginson Fund, given by his partners 4,250.00 Mary T. Appleton Fund, bequest of Mary T. Appleton 1,000.00 Moses Wildes Fund, bequest of Moses WUdes 20,104.16 Carried forward $2,254,870.36 202 Financial Permanent Funds Brought forward $2,254,870.36 1918 The Mary Helen Freeman Fund, bequest of Mary- Helen Freeman 1,000.00 1919 Sarah Bell Conery Fund, a bequest of Sarah E. Conery 5,000.00 Moorfield Storey Fund, a donation of Moor- field Storey 500.00 James R. Gregerson Fund, a bequest of Ehza- beth Sharp Gregerson 5,000.00 1919-1920 Helen Homans Memorial Fund, donations of sundry donors . . $805.00 1922 Donation of the family of Helen Homans 1,000.00 1,805.00 1919 Samuel Q. Cochran Fvmd, a bequest of Flor- ence A. Cochran 5,000.00 1920 Frank E. Peabody Fimd, bequest of Frank E. Peabody 104,477.77 Abbie T. Vose Fund, bequest of Mrs. Abbie T. Vose in memory of Andrew J. Vose .... 5,074.51 Mary McG. Dalton Fund, bequest of Mrs. Mary McG. Dalton 10,000.00 Nellie M. Foley Fund, donation of NeUie M. Foley 890.00 Henry S. Howe Fund, donation of Henry S. Howe 5,000.00 Donation of the Italians of Boston through Dr. Gerardo M. Balboni 10,213.00 "The Italian Free Bed established October 16, 1920, by the Italians of Boston in recognition of the service rendered by the Massachusetts General Hospital to this community." 1920 Placido Amaru $50.00 Gaetano Alvino 50.00 Joseph Ardini 25.00 Nicholas Angelo 25.00 L. Avanzino 100.00 jEolian Macaroni Company 50.00 Arancio Brothers 25.00 1921 Albiani Lunch 100.00 A. A. Amendola, M.D 35.00 Martin E. Adamo 10.00 Alberti Importing Company 10.00 Andrea Aloisi 25.00 Isadore Albertini 5.00 C. Benjamin Andrews 5.00 Angalone Brothers 10.00 Frank Avallone 10.00 1920-1922 Gerardo M. Balboni, M.D 263.00 1920 V. Bonzagni 100.00 Bonardi & Orsi 100.00 Bailen and Leveroni, Esqs 100.00 Boston Spaghetti Company 20.00 Richard M. Burden 100.00 Vincent Brogna 100.00 Boston Fruit Company 100.00 G. B. Biggi 25.00 Joseph Barone, M.D 25.00 A. Bertelli 25.00 F. Balzebra 5.00 1921 Augusto Boggiano 25.00 A. Baldini & Co 25.00 Louisa M. Bacigalupo 25.00 Joseph Bianco, M.D 10.00 Carmine Bonapane 15.00 G. Biagi 10.00 E. L. Booth, M.D 10.00 Carried forward $2,408,830.64 203 Massachusetts General Hospital Permanent Funds Brought forward $2,408,830.64 1921 Carmela Belmonte $10.00 Enrico Balboni 10.00 Frederick Balboni 10.00 E. C. Bowen, M.D 5.00 L. A. Brignati 5.00 Mrs. Maude E. Besse 200.00 Charles Bonnano Company 25.00 Biggi & Cassassa 25.00 I. Bergo 10.00 Michele Bellucci 10.00 R. Bernardi 2.00 Charles Britt 1.00 A. Balboni 50.00 A. A. and J. A. Badaracco 50.00 Joseph M. Bailen 10.00 Joseph Bruno 10.00 Dr. T. Bello 5.00 Stephen Bacigalupo 5.00 1920 D. A. Costa 100.00 Lawrence Cafiarella 50.00 Nathaniel M. Cohen 100.00 S. Caruso 10.00 J. J. Calabro, D.M.D 10.00 1921 J. E. Chiesa 20.00 Francis M. Ciccone 10.00 Isidoro Carcioffo 10.00 Ralph Cangiano 10.00 Ettore Ciampolini, M.D 10.00 Charles Cuneo 100.00 C. Carbone 25.00 M. Capidalupe 25.00 Rev. Father Victor Cangiano 25.00 Anna Carletti 25.00 Michele Cangiano 25.00 EmiUo Carlson . . . .= 10.00 Antonia Cavicchi 10.00 Dora B. Cassini 10.00 J. A. Christoforo 5.00 Angelo Casteldini 10.00 L. J. Costa 10.00 Caldarone & Grillo 5.00 Vladimiro Ciani 5.00 1920 Cav. Domenick D'Allesandro 100.00 Agostino DeFerrari 100.00 Andrea DiPietro 100.00 Luigi DeVincentis 100.00 Errico DeUadonne 25.00 Fred Drew, M.D 50.00 M. DeFelice, D.M.D 25.00 Vincent J. DiMento, M.D 25.00 A. De Robertis, M.D 15.00 C. De Simone 15.00 1921 G. B. DeFerrari Family 100.00 Primo Diozzi 25.00 Rev. Father P. DiMilla 25.00 Agostino DiStefano 10.00 Leonardo DeMurra 10.00 Martin Devizia 10.00 Agostino DeGuglieLmo 5.00 Alfred DeVoto 25.00 Victorio DeAgostini 20.00 Renita C. Davenport 10.00 Fedele DelBene 5.00 Santo DiGregorio 5.00 Oliver B. DeCecca 5.00 1920 Eliot, Marchetti & Agostini 5.00 Albert B. Fopiano contributed .... 100.00 Albert B. Fopiano collected 150.00 Franciscan Fathers 200.00 Massimiliano Francesconi 100.00 G. Ferullo 10.00 Paulina Ferri 10.00 Frank Fralli 10.00 Farmacia Cento Citta 10.00 1921 James Famingo 10.00 Carried forward $2,408,830.64 204 Financial 1921 1920 1921 1920 1921 1920 1920-1921 1921 1920 1921 1920 Permanent Funds Brought forward $2,408,830.64 Allen R. Fredericks S50.00 A. A. Frederick 25.00 Figli DelLavoro e Lega Protettiva . . . 25.00 Felix Forte 10.00 C. D. Funai 10.00 Pasquale Gallassi 60.00 Alfons Gaeta 25.00 Green Star Pharmacy 25.00 Cesido Guerini, M.D 10.00 Frank Guinasso 10.00 Ralph D. Guarente 10.00 G. Gubitosi 25.00 Luigi D. Gardella 10.00 Andrea J. Granara 10.00 Anthony J. Granara 10.00 Vincent Garro 15.00 Guistina Gregori 10.00 John J. Gill 5.00 C. G. Galbo 25.00 Arthur Gaetani 5.00 Cesare Govani 10.00 Michael J. Harty 25.00 International Hod Carriers Building and Common Laborers Union of American Local No. 209 200.00 Angelo Jannini 50.00 J. E. Locatelli 100.00 Amelia LoPresti 25.00 Albert Lombardi 25.00 Robert La Centra 25.00 Angelo Liberti, M.D 15.00 Louise Leverone, M.D 10.00 Prof. Georgio LaPiana 10.00 John Luciano 5.00 Rev. Father F. Liberti 15.00 Frank Lentini, D.M.D 25.00 Antonio N. Lawrence 25.00 Lugurian Mutual Benefit Society . . . 50.00 Leo Lodi 10.00 Joseph A. Langone 5.00 Charles Lanza and Agents, Metropolitan Life Insurance Co 40.00 Gerard LaCentra 25.00 Albert Levis 15.00 Louis LoConte 11.00 F. M. Leonardi, D.M.D 10.00 Felice Lauricella 10.00 Michael Langone 2.00 Paul Mondello 25.00 P. Mysel, M.D 25.00 Emmanuel Macaluso 25.00 N. Maggioli 25.00 A. Macaluso 20.00 James T. Maguire 20.00 Nino B. Moro 10.00 A. Marchetti 5.00 Nathaniel R. Mason, M.D 50.00 Robert C. Martini 25.00 Pantaleone Mercuric 25.00 Enrico Moro 25.00 Felix A. Marcella 25.00 Joseph Malatesta 25.00 Zacchario A. MoUica, M.D 10.00 Antonio Marciello 10.00 John G. Membrino 10.00 C. W. MiUer, D.M.D 5.00 Rev. P. Maschi 50.00 F. Malatesta 25.00 Benilda Malaguti 25.00 Francesco Moglia 10.00 Dr. Marco Mastrangelo 5.00 Pietro Mongrandi 5.00 George Mongavero 50.00 Antonio Musolino 100.00 Thomas Nutile 100.00 Carried forward $2,408,830.64 205 Massachusetts General Hospital Permanent Funds Brought forward $2,408,830.64 1920 Michele Nigro $100.00 Joseph Nutile 25.00 1921 Napoli Restaurant 25.00 Cesare Notini 10.00 Northern Fruit Company 40.00 Vittorio Orlandini 25.00 1920 Michael J. Porcella 100.00 1920-1921 Charles A. Pastene 300.00 1920 Prince Macaroni Company 100.00 Pistorino & Yunes 50.00 Dr. Vincent J. PoUina 25.00 Leopoldo Pastorelli 60.00 Gaetano Praino 33.33 Rev. N. Properzi 30.00 L. Pennini 25.00 D. Petrini 15.00 C. Pizzi 10.00 1921 Gino L. Perera 60.00 Joseph L. Porcella 10.00 Jerome J. Pastene 10.00 Catherine Pescia 25.00 Rev. Father Pietro Piemonte 25.00 Mrs. Benjamin Piscopo 25.00 John Piscopo 25.00 Felicita and Teresa Pellegrini 15.00 1920 Romano & Saporito 25.00 David A. Rosen, M.D 50.00 Rev. Father Ernest Rovai 26.00 Thomas Russo . 25.00 Umberto Re 25.00 1921 Giovanni Razetto 5.00 Abramo Re 25.00 Jerome Russo 25.00 Dr. W. H. Regan 25.00 Adolorata Russo . . T 25.00 Frank Ratto 10.00 1920 Alfred Scaramelli 100.00 Joseph Santosuosso 100.00 Gabriele Stable 100.00 St. Charles Borromeo Fathers 100.00 Frederick Solari 30.00 Arthur L. Shain, M.D 50.00 Joseph St. Angelo, M.D 25.00 L. F. Salerno, M.D 26.00 R. Simpson 25.00 S. Sodekson 5.00 1921 Societa Italiana Colombo 60.00 Societa Maria Santissima Lettera di Mes- sina 25.00 Societa San Collogero 25.00 Societa Cittadini Pietraperzia 50.00 Frank Squillaciotti 15.00 Savoy Importing Company 10.00 Vincent Savarese. 10.00 1920 Harry Z. Tosi 100.00 Rev. L. Toma 30.00 Vincent Tassinari 25.00 L. TorielU 10.00 C. Torielli 5.67 1921 Michael A. Tricano 25.00 Samuel J. Tomasello 25.00 Joseph A. Tomasello 25.00 Marie Tassinari 25.00 William Roscoe Thayer 10.00 Augusta Thompson 10.00 Uphams Corner Market 100.00 1920 Vesuvius Pharmacy 10.00 1921 Feliz Viano 50.00 Anthony Viano 60.00 J. J. Viano 60.00 F. E. Viano 60.00 Augusto Vannini 10.00 1920 Woodbury Drug Company 25.00 1921 Chandler M. Wood 25.00 1920 Joseph Zottoli 100.00 Carried forward $2,408,830.64 206 Financial Permanent Funds Brought forward $2,408,830.64 1920 Frank Zottoli S5.00 1921 Alfred J. Zunnmo 25.00 G. Zuffante 5.00 Proceeds of an auction sale held for Dr. G. M. Balboni by H. Harris & Co. at salesroom, Fitchburg Ter- minal, August 25, 1921, of 100 crates of grapes donated by Mr. Thomas Nutile. A. Alois! $30.00 H. Harris & Co 30.00 Seigle-Rodman & Co 25.00 G. Angelo Fruit Co 25.00 S. Stock 25.00 Biggi & Casassa 25.00 G. Benersani 25.00 G. A. Mercurio & Co 25.00 Alfred Scaramelli 35.00 Great A. & P. Tea Co 25.00 A. Bertelli 25.00 Bonardi Orsi & Co 25.00 0. E. Spooner 20.00 Richmond Fruit Co 15.00 1. Malkin 10.00 A. Palumbo 10.00 F. Cincotta 10.00 T. Cristivo 10.00 J. Camello 10.00 F. Bova Co 10.00 S. Albertson 10.00 Barkas & Terzis 10.00 F. J. Gardella 10.00 T. H. McKevitt 10.00 Bova's Motor Trans. Co 10.00 M. Feinstein Co 10.00 Bartolomeo Bros 10.00 Salem Street Market 10.00 G. O. Gustin 10.00 Carp Bros 10.00 Max Murmes 10.00 A. W. Otis 10.00 S. J. Shallow Co 10.00 J. F. Wyman & Co 10.00 Empire Fruit Co 10.00 E. J. Twombly 10.00 Biggi & Casassa 15.00 S. Gallo 10.00 J. O. Cook 10.00 A. F. Heald 10.00 Scott & Allen 10.00 P. D. Cecca 10.00 Central Fruit Co 10.00 H. E. Gustin Sons 10.00 Grant & Co 10.00 S. Bartolomeo Fruit Co 10.00 Carbone Bros 10.00 Stewart Fruit Co 10.00 F. A. Roman 25.00 George Weinstein 10.00 S. Silk 10.00 J. Palmisano 10.00 F. Balzebre 10.00 Peter Bertelli 10.00 G. Lampros 10.00 S. Marino 10.00 J. Fumaro 10.00 Mrs. C. B. Downer 10.00 V. Mashio 10.00 S. Abrams 10.00 B. Caro 10.00 P. Condake 10.00 Essex Produce Co 10.00 L. Farrah 10.00 J. Ganem & Son 10.00 S. Fumara 10.00 J. TaviUa 10.00 Carried forward $2,408,830.64 207 Massachusetts General Hospital 1921 1921 1922 Permanent Funds Brought forward $2,408,830.64 Effenson Bros $10.00 E. J. Zorzy 10.00 Boggiano Bros 10.00 A. Damori 10.00 A. Silverman & Son 10.00 B. Durso 10.00 G. Voci 10.00 Caruso Bros 10.00 F. Puccia 10.00 J. Managlia 10.00 A. Minstretta 10.00 Sawtelle & Pratt 10.00 S. Golub 10.00 Mrs. Orsi 10.00 Mrs. Bonardi 10.00 A. C. Fisher & Co. Inc 10.00 G. Giovino 15.00 G. Goldman 10.00 A. Marchetti 10.00 G. B. Houghton & Co 10.00 Mrs. Thomas Nutile 25.00 Mrs. G. M. Balboni 25.00 P. Herschkovitz 10.00 Commercial Fruit Co 10.00 A. Papouleas 10.00 Pascal Cohen 10.00 J. Simes 10.00 Antonio Frene 10.00 L. Ginsberg 10.00 Silver Bros 10.00 Sparta Fruit Co 10.00 J. Hunt 10.00 S. Arria 10.00 P. Puccia 10.00 S. Rusao " 10.00 Miss Mary Tassinari 10.00 Winsor Gleason 10.00 Hecht Free Bed Fund, bequest of Mrs. Lina Frank Hecht 5,000.00 Greorge B. Upton Fund, bequest of George B. Upton, in memory of his father 5,000.00 Katherine E. Bullard Fimd, bequest of Miss Katherine E. BuUard 2,500.00 Emily R. M. Strauss Fund, bequest of Mrs. Emily R. M. Strauss 5,000.00 Rev. Reuben Kidner Fimd, donations of friends in memory of Rev. Reuben Ividner 10,000.00 Francis C. LoweU Free Bed Fund, in me- moriam, bequest of Mrs. Cornelia Prime LoweU 10,000.00 Charles and Helen L. Walker Fimd, bequest of Miss LesUe W. Walker 80,000.00 Abigail and Samuel T. Armstrong Fund, be- quest of Miss LesHe W. Walker 10,000.00 INCOME UNRESTRICTED FUND 1845 The Waldo Fund, bequest of Daniel Waldo $40,000.00 Dr. J. H. Whittemore Memorial Fund: Wilham S. BuUard . . $500.00 Peter C. Brooks . . . 200.00 Martin Brimmer . . 300.00 Arthur T. Lyman . . 250.00 Carried forward $1,250.00 $40,000.00 $2,536,330.64 208 Financial Permanent Funds Wigglesworth Brought forward 1845 Geo. P. MetcaK . . Benton, Caverly & Co B. Johnson .... A Friend David P. Kimball . T. Jefferson Coolidge James L. Little . . Caroline G. Curtis . Theodore Lyman . E. F. Mason . . . T. K. Lothrop . . C. J. Morrill . . . George Higginson . Edmimd Dwight S. D. Warren . . . Mrs. J. E. Lodge Dr. Charles V. Bemis George S. Hale Miss Anne H. H. Hunnewell J. A. Emmons . . Mrs. Gardner Brewer Miss C. A. Brewer . Mrs. E. B. Bowditch Sands, Furber & Co. J. B. Fletcher . . . Shattuck & Jones D. R. Whitney . . Nathan Robbins WiUiam Perkins . . Chas. P. Curtis . . Otis E. Weld . . . Ida M. Mason . . George B. Brown A Friend 1886 A Friend, through Mr. John L. Bremer . . Miss Anna Hallowell N. P. Hallowell . . G.W.Wells . . . A Lady, through Mr. Franklin Haven, Jr. Charles Merriam Edward Austin . C. H. Dalton . . Mrs. C. H. Dalton Augustus Lowell Henry Saltonstall Mrs. G. H. Shaw Mrs. Frank Morison Mrs. J. H. Wolcott Mrs. W. W. Vaughan R. T. Paine .... Francis Blake . . . Roger Wolcott . . Henry Lee .... $1,250.00 $40,000.00 $2,536,330.64 100.00 100.00 100.00 1,000.00 500.00 500.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 500.00 1,000.00 5,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 100.00 50.00 50.00 500.00 1,500.00 500.00 100.00 20.00 500.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 500.00 100.00 50.00 50.00 Endicott 100.00 500.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 50.00 100.00 100.00 300.00 300.00 50.00 250.00 200.00 100.00 50.00 100.00 250.00 200.00 100.00 100.00 500.00 Dalton Carried forward $20,820.00 $40,000.00 $2,536,330.64 209 Massachusetts General Hospital Permanent Funds Brought forward . . . $20,820.00 $40,000.00 $2,536,330.64 1886 A. A. Lawrence . . . 300.00 William Endicott, Jr. 1,000.00 Henry Woods .... 500.00 Ezra Farnsworth . . 1,000.00 Thomas E. Proctor . 500.00 Henry B. Rogers . . 500.00 Mary Anne Wales . . 200.00 Mrs. Jas. McGregor . 100.00 Mrs. Caroline Merriam 100.00 Mrs. J. Elliot Cabot . 1,000.00 J. M. Sears 1,000.00 Nathaniel Thayer . . 1,500.00 John E. Thayer . . . 1,000.00 Bayard Thayer . . . 1,000.00 E. V. R. Thayer . . . 500.00 Mrs. Nathaniel Thayer 500.00 Mrs. J. F. Andrews . 500.00 R. C. Greenleaf . . . 1,000.00 Samuel Johnson . . . 500.00 Mrs. Francis Brooks . 100.00 J. H. Wolcott .... 100.00 33,720.00 1889 The Blake Fund, a bequest of Stanton Blake 10,000.00 1892 Charles W. Faulkner Fund, be- quest of C. W. Faulkner . . . 2,940.00 John Foster Fimd, bequest of John Foster 10,000.00 1898 Elizabeth C. Ware Fund, bequest of Elizabeth C. Ware .... 10,000.00 1901 Lucretia A. Wilder Fund, a be- quest of Lucretia A. Wilder . . 9,377.64 Roger Wolcott Fund, bequest of Roger Wolcott 5,000.00 1915 Arthur T. Lyman Fund, a dona- tion of Arthur T. Lyman . . . 10,000.00 1916 Mitchell A. Dearborn Fund, a be- quest of Mitchell A. Dearborn 525.00 1917 Arthiu- G. Tompkins Fund, a be- quest of Arthur G. Tompkins . 25,000.00 Charles P. Jaynes Fund, a bequest of Charles P. Jaynes 11,477.00 1905 Edward W. Codman Fund, part of a bequest of Edward W.Codman 10,000.00 By vote of the Trustees April 14, 1905, the income on $10,000 is to be transferred annually to the Training School for Nurses Fund. 1918 Charles L. Pitts Fund, bequest of Mary Rose Harris 10,000.00 Charles Goddard Weld Fund, be- quest of Mrs. CaroUne L. Weld 100,000.00 1919 Surgical Dressings Fund, donation of the New England Surgical Dressings Committee .... 10,000.00 Carried forward $298,039.64 $2,536,330.64 210 Financial Permanent Funds Brought forward $298,039.64 $2,536,330.64 1919 The Henry Pickering Walcott Fund . 10,000.00 Alexander E. O. Munsell Fund, donation of Alexander E. O. MunseU 1,000.00 1920 Fredrika G. Holden Fund, a dona- tion of Miss Fredrika G. Holden. Income unrestricted but prefer- ably for Out-Patient Depart- ment 1,500.00 Mary Walcott Almon Fimd, be- quest of Mrs. Mary Walcott Almon 5,000.00 John Johnston Soren and Fanny Wales Soren. Memorial Fund bequest of George W. Soren . 8,000.00 Accumulated Income on bequest of Geo. W. Soren to income . . $2,279.53 Expended, 1920 . . 2,279.53 1921 T. Jefferson CooUdge Fund, be- quest of T. Jefferson CooUdge . 20,000.00 1922 Andrew C. Slater Fund, bequest of Andrew C. Slater 1,000.00 Elizabeth White Fund, bequest of George Robert White .... 100,000.00 Dudley L. Pickman Fund, dona- tion of Mr. and Mrs. Dudley L. Pickman 2,500.00 447,039.64 REDMAN FUND Income for any purpose except buildings 1862-1872 A bequest from John Redman . . 455,113.34 CHESTER H. DAVIS FUND Income for Crippled Children 1903 Bequest of Chester H. Davis . . 20,000.00 McLEAN HOSPITAL FUND 1830 The Joseph Lee Fund, a donation of Joseph Lee,as heir of Francis Lee $20,000.00 1843 Appleton Fund, a bequest of 1854 $10,010 from Samuel Appleton 1862 and a donation of $20,000 from WilUam Appleton , 30,010.00 1851 Bromfield Fund, half of a bequest from John Bromfield 20,000.00 1858 Austin Fund, part of a bequest from Mrs. Agnes Austin . . . 5,000.00 1859 Kittredge Fimd, a bequest from RufusKittredge 5,500.00 Carried forward $80,510.00 $3,458,483.62 211 Massachusetts General Hospital Permanent Ftinds Brought forward $80,510.00 83,458,483.62 1870 The Amusement Fund, S5,000 bequest of Miss Mary Louise Shaw: 1875 $5,000 donation of Mrs. Quincy A. Shaw and other ladies .... 10,000.00 1871 Read Fund, half of a bequest from James Read 1,000.00 1872 McGregor Fund, half of a dona- tion and bequest from James McGregor 7,500.00 1874 Templeton Fund, half of a bequest from John Templeton .... 5,000.00 1876 Lincoln Fund, half of a bequest from Mrs. F. W. Lincobi . . . 85,000.00 1885 Proctor Fund, a bequest from Mrs. Lydia P. Proctor 1,000.00 1888 Hibbard Occupation Fund . . . 1,000.00 1889 Higginson Fund, a bequest from George Higginson 10,000.00 1890 Ellen M. Gilford Fund, part of a bequest from Ellen M. Gifford 5,000.00 1892 Bradlee Fund, part of a donation from Helen C. Bradlee .... 50,000.00 1895 Matchett Fimd, a donation of Sarah A. Matchett 15,000.00 Thomas E. Proctor Fund for main- tenance of buildings' 30,000.00 1896 Vose Fund, half of a bequest of Ann White Vose 38,983.09 1900 Abbott Fund, a bequest of Mar- shaU K. Abbott 2,500.00 Fund for Department of Scientific Research: 1904 Donation of Sarah A. Matchett .... S5,000.00 1921-1922 Donation of W. Eugene McGregor . 1,000.00 1922 Donation of Mrs. Lucy I. Kingsbury 1,000.00 7,000.00 1906 Samuel EUot Memorial Chapel Fimd for maintenance of Chapel 10,904.84 1909 George F. Parkman Fund, part of a bequest of George F. Parkman 50,000.00 EUzabeth B. Maxwell Fund, a be- quest of Ehzabeth B. MaxweU 1,030.00 Mercy A. BaUey Fund, a bequest of Mercy A. BaUey 5,500.00 1911 Martha R. Hunt Fund, to be used for the entertainment of patients at McLean Hospital 10,135.00 1912-1915 Matchett Memorial Fund, part of a bequest of Sarah A. Matchett 73,376.05 1913 Sarah E. Cazenove Fimd, a be- quest of Sarah E. Cazenove . . 63,784.36 1916 John Milton Hall Fund, a donation of a Friend 3,000.00 567,223.34 Carried forward $4,025,706.96 212 Financial Permanent Funds CONVALESCENT HOSPITAL FUND Brought forward $4,025,706.96 1879 Sundry Donors (through Miss RusseU) $3,446.00 Executors of George O. Hovey . 2,000.00 1880 Sundry Donors (through Miss RusseU) 2,513.00 Dr. and Mrs. C. E. Ware .... 1,000.00 Mrs. Sarah S. Fay 1,000.00 J. L. Gardner 1,000.00 Mrs. E. B. Bowditch 1,000.00 H. B. Rogers 1,000.00 Anne S. Hooper 1,000.00 E. Pierson Beebe and Miss Emma Beebe 1,000.00 W. S. BuUard 500.00 Samuel W. Swett 500.00 William Amory 500.00 C. H. Dalton 500.00 Chas. P. Curtis 500.00 T. K. Lothrop 500.00 H. L. Higginson 300.00 F. L. Higginson 300.00 O. W. Peabody 250.00 J.R.Hall 200.00 George Dexter 200.00 Mrs. Mary M. McGregor .... 200.00 Mrs. Frank Morison 200.00 Eliza Goodwin 150.00 Friends 2,050.00 Mrs. Augustus Hemenway . . . 100.00 T. G. Appleton 100.00 J. R. CooUdge 100.00 H. P. Kidder and C. J. Morrill, Trustees 3,713.85 Margaret Curtis account Mrs. C. P. Curtis, Sr 25.00 D. F. Appleton 50.00 1881 Sundry Donors ( through Miss Russell) 3,750.83 C. J. Morrill and Friend, one-half each 5,000.00 Moses Williams 1,000.00 A. T. Lyman 200.00 A. Cochrane 250.00 J. C. Gray 300.00 B. Schlessinger 500.00 Henry Saltonstall 500.00 Mrs. P. C. Brooks 300.00 T. J. CooUdge 300.00 Mrs. J. B. H. James 100.00 R. P. Wainwright 50.00 Ezra H. Baker 500.00 WUliam S. Houghton 1,000.00 EUjah Smith 500.00 Mrs. Samuel Cabot 100.00 Charles Merriam 100.00 Carried forward $40,348.68 $4,025,706.96 213 Massachusetts General Hospital Permanent Funds Brought forward $40,348.68 $4,025,706.96 1881 Caroline Merriam 100.00 W. G. Weld 250.00 Mrs. Theodore Chase, Sr. ... 50.00 Mis3 Cochrane 500.00 Alice M. Longfellow and sister . 1,000.00 Leopold Morse 50.00 Samuel Eliot 500.00 Eliza Ashton, by Charles P. Curtis 500.00 "A Bostonian, " by Charles P. Curtis 500.00 W. E. Bright 200.00 G. A. Nickerson 200.00 S. R. Payson 300.00 George C. Richardson 300.00 Edward Austin 500.00 Charles P. Hemenway 250.00 Nathaniel Thayer 20,000.00 H. P. Kidder 5,000.00 J. L. Bremer 1,000.00 Henry Lee 1,000.00 Martm Brimmer 300.00 Miss Anne Wigglesworth .... 300.00 Quincy A. Shaw 5,000.00 F. H. Peabody 500.00 S. B. Rindge 500.00 S. D. Warren 2,000.00 Ehsha Atkins . . . ." 500.00 H. H. Hunnewell 10,000.00 Nevins & Co 500.00 W. Endicott, Jr 2,500.00 Henry Woods 1,000.00 Samuel Johnson 500.00 R. C. Greenleaf 500.00 Henry Endicott 100.00 1882 Ezra Farnsworth 500.00 W. C. Grover 1,000.00 Joseph B. Glover 100.00 Sundry Donors (through Miss Russell) 450.00 Miss Anne Wigglesworth .... 100.00 Frank L. Ames 3,000.00 CorneUa Dehon 75.00 1883 Jerome G. Kidder, bequest . . . 15,000.00 1884 Samuel W. Swett, bequest . . . 50,000.00 1885 "Francis," donation 20.00 1886 George A. Gardner, donation . . 5,000.00 Miss Mary Russell, donation . . 40.00 1888 EUzabeth B. I. B. Dixwell, bequest 1,000.00 1889-1895 Miss Helen C. Bradlee, donation 1,300.00 1892 EUzabeth B. Bowditch, bequest . 5,000.00 1893 Mrs. Isaac Sweetser, in memory of Dr. Edw.H. Clarke, donation 1,000.00 1912 Julia M. Moseley, bequest . . . 6,190.47 $186,524.15 Cost of Building 34,713.02 151,811.13 Carried forward $4,177,518.09 214 Financial Permanent Funds Brought forward $4,177,518.09 SAMUEL CABOT FUND FOR PATHOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION Income for Salary of Surgical Pathologist 1888 Donation of Samuel Cabot and Dr. Arthur T. Cabot 10,000.00 JOHN CALL DALTON AND EDWARD BARRY DALTON FUND Income for Investigation in the Science of Medicine 1891-1909 A donation from Charles H. and Henry R. Dalton 25,000.00 PATHOLOGICAL LABORATORY AND RANDALL FUNDS 1895 Fanny G. Villiard $1,000.00 Charles U. Cotting 500.00 Thomas Nelson 200.00 A. S. Bigelow 500.00 William S. Bullard 500.00 Henry C. Weston 500.00 "A Western Friend" (J. M. Forbes) 5,000.00 R. H. White 1,000.00 WaUace L. Pierce 500.00 Caleb A. Curtis 500.00 Charles Merriam 500.00 Ehzabeth R. Cabot 200.00 EUzabeth C. Ware 100.00 John C. Ropes 100.00 George G. Kennedy 1,000.00 J. Morris Meredith 100.00 Wilham Powell Mason 1,000.00 W. B. Thomas . ' 500.00 Mrs. F. L. Ames 5,000.00 Miss Mary S. Ames 1,000.00 Thomas Wigglesworth 1,000.00 H. H. HunneweU 10,000.00 John L. Gardner 1,000.00 1896 C. W. Amory 500.00 Mrs. S. D. Warren 5,000.00 Augustus LoweU 1,000.00 Henry Lee 1,000.00 T. Jefferson CooUdge 1,000.00 Henry L. Pierce 5,000.00 Charles Head 1,000.00 Martin Brimmer 1,000.00 Dr. Charles G. Weld 5,000.00 O. H. Alford 500.00 John A. Burnham 500.00 Mr. and Mrs. W. Scott Fitz . . 1,000.00 OUverAmes 1,000.00 D. L. Pickman 200.00 W. D. Sohier 100.00 Carried forward $55,500.00 $4,212,518.09 215 Massachusetts General Hospital Permanent Funds Brought forward $55,500.00 $4,212,518.09 1896 George F. Fabyan 1,000.00 Miss A. P. Rogers 500.00 A Friend 400.00 Mrs. W. D. Pickman 1,000.00 Frank Simpson 1,000.00 A. A. Lawrence 500.00 E. Pierson Beebe 1,000.00 J. Reed Whipple 500.00 A. Hemenway 1,000.00 W. H. Forbes 500.00 Mrs. Frank Merriam 500.00 Mrs. William C. Loring .... 1,000.00 Estate of Eben D. Jordan . . . 5,000.00 Nathaniel Thayer 1,000.00 Mrs. J. N. Fiske 1,000.00 Through Dr. A. T. Cabot . . . 100.00 Through Dr. Chas. B. Porter . . 100.00 W. Sturgis Bigelow 2,500.00 Anna S. C. Prince 1,000.00 Wm. Endicott, Jr 5,000.00 Interest on Fund added .... 1,947.02 1897 Henry M. Whitney 1,000.00 Children of Samuel Parkman . . 2,000.00 Laurence Minot 100.00 Mrs. Henry S. Grew 500.00 George Wigglesworth ^ 100.00 William Minot 100.00 A. Hemenway 1,000.00 Miss A. P. Carey 500.00 AUen Danforth 100.00 1912 Mrs. Mary Upham Johnson, a bequest 3,201.32 Pathological Fund $90,648.34 Apparatus and Equipment . . . 26,772.93 $63 875 41 1898 John W. and Belinda L. Randall Fund 20,000.00 83,875.41 TRAINING SCHOOL FOR NURSES FUND 1897 C. P. Curtis, Treasurer, for sundry donors $18,386.42 John Foster 5,000.00 1902 Francis Skinner 1,000.00 1904 Francis E. Bangs 2,000.00 William Amory 25.00 George A. Gardner 2,000.00 Mrs. Ernest B. Dane 100.00 Mrs. Robert W. Emmons .... 25.00 Mrs. Larz Anderson 50.00 Mrs. John L. Bremer 100.00 Mrs. George F. Fabyan .... 50.00 J. Randolph CooHdge 100.00 , Carried forward $28,836.42 $4,296,393.50 216 Financial Permanent Funds Brought forward $28,836.42 $4,296,393.50 1904 H. D. Chapin 10.00 A Friend 1.00 Dr. J. F. Bumham 1.00 Miss Fannie R. Brewer 100.00 F. L. Higginson 100.00 Mrs. J. B. Case 100.00 Miss Georgina Lowell 25.00 Mrs. E. Preble Motley 50.00 Arthur A. Carey 25.00 Mrs. Annie L. Woods 100.00 Thomas Wigglesworth 500.00 Miss Isabel Fabyan 50.00 Charles E. Cotting 50.00 Mrs. B. P. Cheney 50.00 T. Jefferson CooUdge 500.00 Mr. and Mrs. Thornton K. Lothrop 500.00 Charles H. Dalton 100.00 Mrs. A. W. Blake 50.00 Miss B. F. Blake 50.00 Forbes Lithograph Co 10.00 Mrs. W. Scott Fitz 100.00 Miss Ehza W. S. Parkman . . . 10.00 Walter Hunnewell 100.00 Henry S. HunneweU 50.00 Mrs. F. B. Harrington 10.00 Miss Mary S. Ames 50.00 W. O. Gay 100.00 The Misses Minot 25.00 Miss Sarah F. Bremer 50.00 Stephen Bullard 50.00 Samuel W. Rodman 20.00 Mrs. F. C. Manning 10.00 Miss M. L. Blake 10.00 Miss Mary Brandegee 50.00 Shepherd Brooks 400.00 O. H. Alford 100.00 Mrs.Alford 15.00 Miss Mary Thomas 10.00 Miss Sarah C. Paine 25.00 Miss Mary W. Eastman .... 100.00 Charles W. Hubbard 25.00 Mrs. John C. PhiUips 50.00 George F. Fabyan 1,000.00 Graduate of School 50.00 Graduate of School 1.00 1905 Mrs. Algernon Coolidge .... 10.00 Luce & Manning 25.00 Mrs. J. T. Eldredge 5.00 Mrs. William C. Otis 100.00 Nurses' Alumnee Association . . 53.50 Miss Mary Lee Ware 500.00 Miss Alice Longfellow 5.00 John T. CooUdge 100.00 Mrs. Theodore Lyman 100.00 Mrs. G. Howland Shaw .... 100.00 Clement S. Houghton 25.00 Carried forward S34,642.92 $4,296,393.50 217 Massachusetts General Hospital 1905 1906 1907 1909 1912 1913 1904 1904-1908 1904-1922 1906-1907 Permanent Funds Brought forward $34,642.92 $4,296,393.50 Louis S. Dabney 25.00 William S. Dexter 200.00 Thomas P. Beal 50.00 Francis Skinner 300.00 Henry MuUiken 500.00 Mrs. W. S. BuUard 25.00 Mrs. H. S. Grew 25.00 Richard H. Weld 25.00 Mr. and Mrs. George Putnam . . 200.00 Mr. and Mrs. N. Thayer .... 2,000.00 Mr. and Mrs. Dudley L. Pickman 100.00 F. L. Higginson 250.00 Mrs. G. G. Hammond 100.00 Mr. and Mrs. H. M. Sears . . . 200.00 Mrs. Daniel Merriman 50.00 Arthur Amory 5.00 Mrs. Otis Norcross, Jr 50.00 Alexander Cochrane 100.00 Mrs. S. Parkman Blake .... 100.00 Grant Walker 100.00 Mrs. J. J. Storrow 10.00 Mrs. H. H. Fay 25.00 Miss M. B. Lothrop ...... 50.00 Francis W. Hunnewell 100.00 Nathaniel T. Kidder 500.00 Mrs. Anna D. Blake - 50.00 William P. Blake 50.00 E. Pierson Beebe 50.00 Miss Emma Rodman 25.00 Mrs. R. G. Shaw 50.00 Mrs. A. CooHdge 10.00 Henry A. Wyman 5.00 Miss Harriet W. Barnes .... 50.00 40,022.92 ART ROOM FUND Income for Art Room McLean Hospital Mrs. Samuel Eliot $500.00 Sundry Donors 311.90 Interest added 897.86 1,709.76 ORTHOPEDIC WARD FUND Nathaniel Thayer $5,000.00 Bayard Thayer 5,000.00 Mrs. Lester Leland 5,000.00 John and W. S. Spaulding and Mrs. H. F. King 5,000.00 Mrs. W. G. Weld 5,000.00 Mr. and Mrs. H. M. Sears . . . 5,000.00 Mrs. B. P. Cheney 5,000.00 Augustus Hemenway 3,000.00 J. L. Bremer 2,448.64 E. V. R. Thayer 2,500.00 H. E. Converse 2,500.00 Miss Mary Ames 2,000.00 Carried forward $47,448,64 $4,338,126.18 218 Financial Permanent Funds Brought forward S47,448 64 $4,338,126.18 1906-1907 Mrs. Edward D. Brandegee . . . 1,500.00 Nelson Curtis 1,500.00 MaxAgassiz 1,000.00 G. L. Peabody 1,000.00 F. Gordon Dexter 1,000.00 C. W. Amory 1.000.00 WilUam Endicott, Jr 1,000.00 P. L. Saltonstall 1,000.00 Samuel Dana 1,000.00 Mrs. J. H. Wright 1,000.00 Lyman Nichols 1,000.00 Francis Blake 2,000.00 Miss Elizabeth Cheney 1,000.00 Mrs. Roger Wolcott, Sr 1,000.00 John Parkinson 500.00 Mrs. Peter C. Brooks 250.00 John Saltonstall 250.00 John A. Burnham 100.00 F. P. Sprague 100.00 W. O. Gay 100.00 WaUace L. Pierce 300.00 $65,048.64 Expended: Building and Equipment 38,577.72 26,470.92 1908 CLINICAL LABORATOEY FUND Bequest of Mrs. Grace M, Kuhn . . . . 10,000.00 1913 SARAH PROCTOR JOSLIN FUND Income to be expended by the Ladies' Visiting Com- mittee for Books and other articles Bequest of Sarah Proctor Joslin 1,000.00 DR. WALTER J. DODD MEMORIAL FUND Income for X-Ray Investigation 1916 Mrs. Walter J. Dodd $100.00 1917 A Friend 1,000.00 A Friend 2.00 Dr. and Mrs. F. A. Washburn . 100.00 G. N. Talbot 100.00 Dr. Vincent Y. Bowditch .... 5.00 Dr. James B. Ayer 10.00 Dr. Henry M. Chase 5.00 Dr. John W. Cummin 15.00 Dr. J. Collins Warren 50.00 Dr. H. K. BoutweU 5.00 Dr. Herman F. Vickery .... 10.00 Dr. Mabel D. Ordway 10.00 Dr. Charles J. White 15.00 Dr. W. E. Paul 25.00 Dr. E. A. Codman 25.00 Carried forward $1,477.00 $4,375,597.10 219 Massachusetts General Hospital Permanent Funds Brought forward $1,477.00 $4,375,597.10 1917 Mrs. James Howard Means . . . 25.00 Dr. J. Payson Clark 25.00 Dr. L. L. Bigelow 5.00 Dr. James J. Putnam 25.00 Dr. F. B. Lund 100.00 Dr. Richard C. Cabot 100.00 Dr. E. W. Emerson 5.00 Dr. George H. Wright 50.00 Dr. E. P. Bagg, Jr 5.00 Dr. Robert B. Osgood 10.00 Dr. Joseph L. Goodale 3.00 Dr. George M. Sheahan .... 5.00 Dr. Wilder Tileston 10.00 Dr. Henry Lee Morse 25.00 Lieut.-Col. H. H. Shaw .... 5.00 Dr. Henry L. Sanford 10.00 Dr. Ehsha Flagg 25.00 Dr. F. H. Davenport 25.00 Dr. F. Van Nuys 2.00 Dr. Robert M. Green 5.00 Drs. E. P. and E. D. JosUn . . . 10.00 Dr. R. M. Smith 10.00 Dr. Adelbert S. MerriU 5.00 Dr. Richard Dexter 15.00 ' Dr. ElUott C. Cutler 10.00 Dr. George H. Monks- 10.00 George Wigglesworth 1,000.00 Dr. George S. Derby 15.00 Dr. John W. EUiot 100.00 Mrs. Lewis Agassiz Shaw .... 4.00 Dr. Walter C. Seelye 5.00 Dr. Frederick W. Taylor .... 5.00 Dr. Herbert C. Moffitt 100.00 Dr. W. F. Whitney 5.00 Dr. Hyman Morrison 5.00 Dr. Seabury W. Allen 10.00 Dr. A. A. Davis 10.00 Dr. Walter I. Baldwin 10.00 Dr. George K. Sabine . ! . . . 5.00 Dr. Theodore J. Eastman . . . 10.00 Dr. Henry S. Forbes 10.00 Dr. Joseph B. Howland .... 10.00 Dr. James J. Minot 50.00 Dr. Marshal Fabyan 100.00 Dr. Herbert B. Howard .... 25.00 Dr. FrankUn G. Balch 100.00 Dr. Horace Binney 10.00 Dr. Frances W. Peabody .... 10.00 Dr. Chauncey W. Norton . . . 25.00 Dr. WiUiam H. Buffum .... 5.00 Dr. James L. Gamble 20.00 Dr. Edward L. Young, Jr. ... ^ 5.00 Dr. Augustus Thorndike .... 250.00 Dr. Charles G. Mixter 5.00 Dr. Herbert J. HaU 10.00 Dr. Lloyd T. Brown 10.00 Carried forward $3,931.00 $4,375,597.10 220 Financial Permanent Funds Brought forward $3,931.00 $4,375,597.10 1917 Dr. Charles N. Meader 10.00 Dr. W. P. Graves 5.00 Dr. Charles S. Butler 25.00 Dr. Russell T. Congdon .... 5.00 Dr. Charles Edwin Briggs . . . 25.00 Dr. Harvey P. Towle 10.00 Dr. John B. Hawes, 2d 10.00 Mrs. Mabell Burleigh Chase . . 35.00 Dr. William Jason Mixter . . . 25.00 Dr. H. P. Greeley 5.00 1918 Donation of Dr. D. Crosby Greene 25.00 Donation of Alumnse Association of the Massachusetts General Hospital Training School for Nurses 65.00 1919 Dr. Mark W. Richardson .... 50.00 Miss Anna Lea 10.00 Wallace L. Pierce 100.00 Mrs. John C. Gray 100.00 Miss J. L. Motley 5.00 Mrs. Irma Vonnegut 10.00 Dr. Duncan McDougall .... 50.00 Dr. A. C. Nason 70.00 1920 Donations and proceeds from sale of memorial books through Phil- hps House X-Ray Department 35.52 Donation of Dr. Da\T[d Cheever . 25.00 Donation of Dr. Edward P. Rich- ardson 25.00 1918-1922 Accumulated Income 1,458.86 6,115.38 WARREN LIBRARY FUND Income for Books for Patients 1841 Donation of Dr. J. C. Warren . . 1,000.00 TREADWELL LIBRARY FUND Income for the Library 1857 Bequest of J. G. TreadweU . . . §5,000.00 1913 Donation of Richard Olney . . . 100.00 1914 Donation of Dr. Daniel Fiske Jones 5.00 Donation of Dr. John M. T. Finney 200.00 1917 Donation of Dr. John W. EUiot . 1,000.00 WOODEN LEG FUND 1861 Donation — P. K SIOO.OO Bequest of N. I. Bowditch . . . 5,000.00 George A. Newell Fund .... 2,500.00 6,305.00 7,600.00 Carried forward $4,396,617.48 221 Massachusetts General Hospital Permanent Funds Brought forward $4,396,617.48 WARREN PRIZE FUND Income for a Triennial Prize 1868 Bequest of Dr. J. M. Warren . . $1,880.00 Accumulated interest 3,305.84 SURGICAL INSTRUMENT FUND Income for Special Surgical Instruments 1870 Donation of Dr. Henry J. Bigelow $1,250.00 1881 Donation of R. M. Moore . . . 100.00 1889 Donation of Lydia B. and O. A. Taft 100.00 Donation of Chas. S. Bixby . . . 25.00 1902 Arthur Appleton Beebe Fund . . 5,000.00 5,185.84 6,475.00 SHATTUCK FUND Income for Music at Hospital 1894 George C. and Anne H. Shattuck Fund, dona- tion of Dr. Frederick C. Shattuck .... 2,000.00 NEW ENDOWMENT FUND 1917 Donation of George R. Agassiz . $500.00 Donation of Miss Sarah H. Blan- chard 500.00 1918-1922 Donation of George Wigglesworth 36,752.45 1919 Donation of Frank G. Webster . 5,000.00 Donation of Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Motley 555.00 1920 Donation of Henry S. Hunnewell 10,000.00 Donation of Francis Henry Apple- ton 1,000.00 Donation of Francis L. Higginson 5,000.00 1920-1921 Donation of Mrs. Charles E. Mason 10,000.00 1920 Donation of Arthur Lyman . . . 1,000.00 Donation of Walter H. Hunnewell 5,000.00 Donation of Mrs. A. Lawrence Hopkins 5,000.00 Donation of Mrs. John Holmes Morison 500.00 Donation of Anonymous .... 2,000.00 Donation of A. Lawrence LoweU . 5,000.00 Donation of Mrs. Moses Williams 5,000.00 Donation of Mrs. Henry Forbes Bigelow 4,300.00 Donation of Miss Louise W. Case 500.00 Donation of Miss Marian R. Case 100.00 Donation of Mrs. O. H. Alford . 1,000.00 Donation of Henry C. Everett 500.00 Carried forward $99,207.45 $4,410,278.32 222 Financial Permanent Funds Brought forward $99,207.45 $4,410,278.32 1920 Donation of Mr. and Mrs. Robert T. Paine, 2d 5,000.00 1921 Donation of David P. Kimball . 20,000.00 Donation of Eliot Wadsworth . . 2,500.00 Donation of William S. Spaulding 1,000.00 Donation of Mrs. Henry P. Kidder 880.00 Donation of Miss Sarah F. Bremer 1,000.00 Donation of Dr. J. Lewis Bremer 1,000.00 130,587.45 SOCIAL SERVICE FUND 1916 Donation of Mrs. Shepherd Brooks $15,000.00 Bequest of Susan C. Dove . . . 5,000.00 1917 Donation of Susan P. Atkinson . 100.00 1918 Donation of Mrs. Henry P. Kidder 500.00 1921-1922 Bequest of Mrs. Grace E. Reed . 4,500.00 25,100.00 FOSTER FAMILY FUND 1918 Donation of C. H. W. Foster 10,000.00 A permanent fund in the name of the donor. The income to be used to pay the Hospital bills of patients nominated by the donor or his wife. After their decease the power of nomination shall descend in suc- cession to their oldest child living, then grandchild. Thereafter, or in case the line of descent shall cease, the income shall be for the unrestricted uses of the Hospital. ARTHUR W. BLAKE FUND Income for the Study and Care of Nervous Diseases 1918 Donation of Arthur W. Blake . . $24,697.02 1920 Income added to Fund 302.98 25,000.00 JOHN W. ELLIOT FUND Income for Investigation in the Science of Medicine 1919-1922 Donation of Dr. John W. Elliot 10,082.00 MEMORIAL FUND TO THE DOCTORS AND NURSES WHO DIED IN THE WAR OF 1917-1918 Income for Maintenance of Free Beds Donation through the Ladies' Visiting Committee 5,000.00 MARY ELIZABETH SALTONSTALL FUND Income for the Social Service of the Hospital, "preference being given for the help and care of little children" 1020 Bequest of Philip L. Saltonstall 5,000.00 Carried forward $4,621,047.77 223 Massachusetts General Hospital Permanent Funds Brought forward $4,621,047.77 MRS. NATHANIEL THAYER FUND The income to be used "preferably for the Social Service Department" 1920 Donation of Mrs. Nathaniel Thayer 10,000.00 GEORGE ROBERT WHITE FUND Income for the Development or Maintenance of a Department for the Treatment of Diseases of the Skin 1922 Donation of George Robert White 100,000.00 Total Permanent Funds $4,731,047.77 224 Financial SPECIAL PURPOSE FUNDS FREE BED SUBSCRIBERS FOR TEN YEARS Unexpired Mrs. W. Scott Fitz (1913-1922) $1,000.00 $0.00 James Longley (1914-1923) 1,000.00 100.00 Mrs. Louis A. Frothingham (1915-1924) .... 1,000.00 200.00 The late Henry R. Dalton (1915-1924) .... 1,000.00 200.00 Mrs. Henry S. Grew (1915-1924) 1,000.00 200.00 Mrs. O. H. Alford (1916-1925) 1,000.00 300.00 Miss Martha A. Alford (1916-1925) 1,000.00 300.00 Mr. and Mrs. Shepherd Brooks (1916-1925) . . 1,000.00 300.00 Mrs. George D. Howe (1916-1925), in memory of George D. Howe 1,000.00 300.00 Frank G. Webster (1917-1926) 1,000.00 400.00 Mrs. Ehzabeth Cabot Lyman (1917-1926) . . . 1,000.00 400.00 The Misses KimbaU (1917-1926) 1,000.00 400.00 Mrs. Anne P. Rice (1918-1927) 1,000.00 500.00 Miss Mary Weld (1919-1928) 1,000.00 600.00 Walter HmmeweU (1919-1928) 1,000.00 600.00 Mrs. George Putnam, Sr. (1920-1929) 1,000.00 700.00 Richard Wheatland (1920-1929) 1,000.00 700.00 Frances E. (Cutler) Sprague Fund (1921-1930) . 1,000.00 800.00 Miss Martha A. Alford (1922-1931) 1,000.00 900.00 $7,900.00 NURSES' HOME FUND — McLEAN HOSPITAL 1913 Donation of Miss Elizabeth L. Grant $1,000.00 1914 A Friend 40,000.00 Sundry Donors (through Mrs. E. Stanley Abbot) 13,679.70 Donation of Miss Sara E. Parsons . 5.00 1915 Donation of Miss Louise W. Case . 100.00 Donation of Sundry Donors (through Mrs. E. Stanley Abbot) : Anonymous 16.00 Edward B. Field 15.00 Mrs. A. H. Hews 25.00 Mrs. Charlotte Nichols Greene . 10.00 Mrs. Isabel B. Richardson . . . 10.00 1916 A Friend 2,500.00 Mrs. Florence N. Putnam .... 100.00 1922 From McLean Hospital Operations 20,241.09 1913-1922 Accumulated Income 30,671.96 $108,373.75 Expended on Plans, etc 4,883.54 103,490.21 Carried forward $111,390.21 225 Massachusetts General Hospital Special Purpose Funds Brought forward $111,390.21 CHILDREN'S MEDICAL WARD BUILDING FUND 1913 Donation of G. S. Talbot $250.00 1913-1922 Accumulated Income 165.52 415.52 TRAINING SCHOOL FOR NURSES' ENDOW- MENT FUND 1915-1919 Miss Sara E. Parsons $700.00 1915-1920 Miss Louise C. May 140.00 Miss Susan L. Mills 5.00 Miss Louie W. Wellington .... 25.00 Dr. Benjamin Brown 10.00 Graduate of School 1.00 1916 Miss R. Helen Cleland 200.00 A Graduate of 1880 50.00 1916-1920 Miss AnnabeUa McCrae 170.00 Miss Jane F. Riley 100.00 Miss Grace Nichols 10.00 Mrs. John Bartol 15.00 Miss E. W. Allen 2.00 Miss Mary F. Emery 12.00 Miss Alice C. S. Cushman .... 5.00 Miss Grace Stackpole 15.00 Miss Helen B. Fenton 10.00 Miss Grace Nichols . - 100.00 Miss Frances C. Dailey 22.50 Mrs. WilUam S. Ely 1,000.00 Mrs. Samuel Cabot 100.00 1916-1919 Miss Fannie R. Slayton 40.00 1916-1918 Miss Helen G. O'Dea 4.00 Miss Helen T. Niverson 10.00 1916-1919 Miss V. C. Hall 50.00 Miss Helen Wood 90.00 Miss Harriet J. AUyn 25.00 Mrs. Helen A. Wayland Hudson 10.00 Miss Agnes J. Trull 10.00 Miss Alice M. Watson 10.00 Mrs. and Miss Alford 200.00 1916-1920 Miss Jessie E. Grant 20.00 1916-1919 Miss Eileen R. Curley 15.00 1916-1918 Miss Charlotte M. Perry 100.00 Miss Olga Olson 5.00 Miss Josephine Mulville 10.00 Miss Ruth C. Blair 5.00 Miss Helen M. Finlay 1.00 Miss Hannah Ward 10.00 Miss Mary L. Keith 100.00 Miss Jessie L. Brown 25.00 Miss Harriet L. P. Friend .... 100.00 Mrs. Isaac PhiUips, in memory of Ethel May Fixter 10.00 Miss Rose K. Butler 10.00 1916 Miss Mary E. Higson 10.00 Miss Mehssa J. Cook 5.00 Miss Christina J. McDonald . . . 2.00 Carried forward $3,569.50 $111,805.73 226 Financial 1916 1916-1919 1916-1920 1917 1917-1920 1917-1918 1917-1919 1917-1920 1918-1919 1919 1919-1920 1920 Special Purpose Funds Brought forward $3,569.50 $111,805.73 Miss Anna G. Griffin 5.00 Mrs. Oscar Feuerstein 10.00 Miss Esther Dart 50.00 Miss Hannah J. Brierley 35.00 Miss Alice Scott 70.00 Mrs. Frederick A. Driscol .... 10.00 Miss Maria Brown 5.00 Mrs. Daniel Coakley 204.00 Mrs. Webster H. Carney 8.50 Miss Adele Richardson 10.00 Miss Ehzabeth P. Hamlen .... 10.00 Mrs. John R. MacKinnon .... 5.00 Miss Mary O. Clark 20.00 Mrs. Marie A. Sirois 25.00 Miss Mary R. Wiggin 25.00 Miss Helen Redfern 10.00 Mrs. Justin Starkie 5.00 Miss Burtella L. Tompkins .... 5.00 Miss Ella M. Tompkins 10.00 Miss Blanche M. Craven 10.00 Miss Mae G. Rodger 10.00 Miss Alice O. Tippett 10.00 A Friend (in name of Margaret Russell)_ 100.00 A Friend (in memory of Mary KeUey Johanesson) 100.00 Miss Edith HinchcUffe 12.00 Miss Mary E. McEUigot 10.00 Dr. E. Lawrence OUver ... . 10.00 Miss Eunice A. Smith 25.00 Miss Myra A. "V\Tiitney 5.00 Miss Carrie M. Hall 50.00 Mrs. Ameha S. Crane 102.00 Miss Frances P. West 70.00 Miss Edith F. Moulton 10.00 Miss Laura E. Currier 12.00 Mrs. Henry D. Evans 5.00 Mrs. George H. Rogers 20.00 Miss Hilda George 100.00 Miss Annie H. Smith 50.00 Miss Winifred H. Brooks 75.00 Donation of Mrs. Arthur E. Hudson 20.00 Donation of Miss Irene W. Mason . 25.00 Donation of F. L. Higginson . . . 42.62 Donation of Miss Honora Fitzpatrick 25.00 Donation of Miss Mary G. Ely . . 50.00 Donation of Miss Augusta C. Ely . 50.00 Donation of Arthur A. Gary . . . 10.00 Donation of Miss Grace M. Neal . 50.00 Mrs. Mabel Morse Hardy .... 100.00 Miss Elspeth S. Campbell .... 10.00 The Nurses' Aides of the Massachu- setts General Hospital 151.00 Donation of Miss Margaret W. Stevenson 25.00 Donation of Miss Sarah J. Condon 5.00 Carried forward $5,441.12 $111,805.73 227 Massachusetts General Hospital 1920 1920-1921 1916-1922 1861 Special Purpose Funds Brought forward Donation of Miss Hannah S. Peterson Donation of Miss Annie C. Carlisle Donation of Miss Isabelle McC. Lumsden Donation of Miss Elizabeth E. Payne Donation of Mrs. S. Bell Hartshorn Donation of Miss Laura A. Wilson . Donation of the Massachusetts Gen- eral Hospital House Pupils Alumnse Association Donation of Miss Minnie S. Hollings- worth Donation of Miss Bessie Fullerton . Donation of Miss Ruth H. King . . Donation of Miss Hilda A. Fletcher (in memory of Lucy N. Fletcher) Donation of Mrs. Eva S. Rogers Donation of Mrs. C. K. Ovington . Donation of Miss Louise S. Zutter . Donation of Mrs. Lillian Dobie Bal- boni Donation of Miss PauUne L. DoUiver Donation of Miss Elizabeth Conway Donation of Miss Alma A. Maddocks Donation of Miss Annie L. Clarke . Donation of Miss Annie Fletcher . Donation of Miss Dorothea J. Mac- Innis Donation of Miss R. Louise MetcaH Donation of Mrs. Robert Shaw Rus- sell as a memorial to Mr. and Mrs. Charles Pelham Curtis Donation of Miss Clare Dennison . Donation of Miss Anna C. Maxwell Donation of Miss Rosa A. Munger Donation of Mrs. Francis M. Racke- mann Accumulated Income ,441.12 5.00 10.00 50.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 100.00 25.00 25.00 50.00 100.00 20.00 100.00 25.00 25.00 200.00 40.00 10.00 10.00 5.00 5.00 75.00 1,000.00 5.00 25.00 10.00 50.00 2,300.83 $111,805.73 1920 BOWDITCH HISTORY FUND Income and Principal devoted to the Publication of a History of the Hospital Bequest of N. I. Bowditch .... ANNIE NORTON WARD FUND For Charitable Purposes connected with the Hospital pursuant to the vote of the Ladies' Visiting Committee Bequest of Miss Annie Norton Ward 9,742.45 2,000.00 1,000.00 MARTHA B. ANGELL FUND For the purpose of Medical and Surgi- cal Experimentation on Animals to the end of saving human lives 1920-1922 Bequest of Mrs. Martha B. Angell . Carried forward 228 15,842.61 $140,390.79 Financial 1920 1920-1922 1916 1916-1922 1921 1922 1921 1922 1922 1922 Special Purpose Funds Brought forward NURSES' HOME (McLEAN HOSPITAL) FURNISHINGS FUND For Furnishings in proposed Nurses' Home Donations of Nurses at McLean Hospital $359.85 Accumulated Income 56.79 TROPICAL MEDICINE FUND For Study and Care of Tropical Diseases Donation of United Fruit Company $2,500.00 Accumulated Income 576.27 WILLIAM H. GOVE FUND For the Purchase of Radium Donation of Mrs. Aroline C. Gove . $30,000.00 Expended 30,000.00 MARY RACHEL MARTIN FUND Preferably for a Needy Dressmaker Bequest of Mary Rachel Martin NATHANIEL T. KIDDER FUND For Changes in Trustees' Room and Repairing Portraits Donation of Nathaniel T. Kidder . $2,000.00 Expended 2,000.00 NURSES' HOME AND OTHER IMPROVE- MENTS FUND For an Additional Story on the Nurses' Home, Renovating Thayer Building for Nurses, and other repairs at the General Hospital Donation of Mrs. T. Jefferson CooUdge $5,000.00 Donation of Edwin A. Grozier . . 5,000.00 Donation of John R. Macomber . . 2,500.00 Donation of Arthur W. Wheelwright 1,000.00 Donation of Mrs. Frank G. Webster 500.00 Donation of Horace S. Sears . . . 500.00 Donation of Mr. and Mrs. W. L. Shearer 1,000.00 Donation of John S. Lawrence . . 500.00 Donation of Frank G. Webster . . 10,000.00 Donation of WilHam Endicott . . . 10,000.00 Donation of F. L. Higginson . . . 5,000.00 Donation of Frank W. Remick . . 5,000.00 Donation of Mrs. Shepherd Brooks 3,000.00 Donation of A Friend (through Wm. Endicott) 1,000.00 Donation of C. W. Barron .... 500.00 Donation of Herbert M. Sears . . 1,000.00 Donation of George P. Gardner . . 1,000.00 Donation of Thomas P. Beal . . . 500.00 Donation of Charles P. Curtis . . . 100.00 Donation of Mr. and Mrs. Thomas B. Gannett 2,500.00 Total Special Purpose Funds 229 $140,390.79 416.64 3,076.27 0. 500.00 55,600.00 $199,983.70 Massachusetts General Hospital GENERAL FUND 1811 Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Province House Estate $40,000.00 Cutting stone for Hospital 35,070.27 1811-1843 Subscribers for Foundation: Benjamin and Caleb Adams . . . $100.00 Joseph AUen 100.00 Hannah R. Amory 100.00 John Amory 200.00 Jonathan Amory 200.00 Ebenezer T. Adams 300.00 Nathan Appleton 500.00 Samuel Appleton 2,000.00 William Appleton, for himself . . 100.00 William Appleton, for an imlcnown 200.00 Samuel T. Armstrong 100.00 Nathaniel Austin 100.00 AdamBabcock 300.00 Baker, Brown, & Co 100.00 Aaron Baldwin 110.00 Charles Barnard 100.00 John Bartlett . . . ." 100.00 Thomas Bartlett 300.00 Stephen Bean 100.00 Jeremiah Belknap 100.00 John Belknap 100.00 John Bellows 100.00 Amos Binney 300.00 John Bishop 100.00 George Blake 100.00 George Bond 180.00 Boott, Kirk, & Sons 300.00 Mary Boott 300.00 Charles Bradbury 100.00 GamaUel Bradford 100.00 Joseph P. Bradlee 100.00 Josiah Bradlee 200.00 Thomas D. Bradlee 100.00 Nathan Bridge 100.00 Andrew Brimmer 100.00 John Brooks 100.00 Peter C. Brooks 2,000.00 Moses Brown 100.00 Samuel Brown 100.00 John Bryant 100.00 Thomas Bumstead 125.00 Benjamin Bussey ....... 1,000.00 George Cabot 100.00 John Cabot 150.00 Sarah and Susan Cabot .... 100.00 WiUiam Cabot 100.00 Francis Carnes 200.00 Carried forward $11,665.00 $75,070.27 230 Financial General Fund Brought forward $11,665.00 $75,070.27 1811-1843 Richard Chamberlain 100.00 Walter Channing 100.00 WiUiam E. Channing 100.00 Henry Chapman 100.00 Town of Chelsea 145.42 David W. Child 100.00 Samuel Cobb 200.00 WiUiam Cochran 100.00 Charles R. Codman 100.00 Margaret Coffin (and Ann Smith) 100.00 CoUections in Ward 4 340.00 CoUections in Ward 10 373.00 Joseph CooUdge 2,000.00 Joseph Coolidge, Jr 1,000.00 Thomas Cordis 100.00 Uriah Cotting 100.00 Allen Crocker 100.00 Benjamin W. Crowninshield . . . 200.00 George Crowninshield 500.00 Thomas Curtis 100.00 John P. Cushing ....... 5,000.00 Thomas Cushing, a share in Ex- change Coffee House, worth . 300.00 WilHam Dall 100.00 Benjamin Dana 100.00 Nathan Dane 200.00 Amasa Davis 100.00 A. and C. Davis 150.00 Charles Davis 100.00 Daniel Davis 100.00 Eleanor Davis 200.00 Joshua Davis 100.00 WiUiam Davis 150.00 Thomas Dawes 100.00 H. A. S. Dearborn 150.00 P. P. F. Degrand 175.00 Thomas Dennie 100.00 John Derby 300.00 Richard Derby 100.00 Richard C. Derby 300.00 Humphrey Devereux 100.00 Aaron Dexter 100.00 Katharine Dexter 100.00 Pickering Dodge 300.00 John Dorr 110.00 Samuel Dorr 100.00 Catherine Eliot 200.00 John S. EUery 100.00 David EUis 100.00 Samuel Endicott 100.00 Otis Everett 100.00 Exhibition of Mummy 1,257.87 Samuel Fales 100.00 Ebenezer Farley 125.00 Female Association 753.08 Joseph Field 100.00 Carried forward $29,194.37 $75,070.27 231 Massachusetts General Hospital General Fund Brought forward $29,194.37 $75,070.27 1811-1843 Joshua Fisher 100.00 Simon Forrester 2,000.00 Ebenezer Francis 200.00 John French 100.00 French and Weld 120.00 Robert H. Gardiner 200.00 Samuel P. Gardiner 100.00 Abraham Gibson 100.00 Nathaniel Goddard 200.00 John Gore 200.00 Francis C. Gray 100.00 Henry Gray 1,000.00 Horace Gray 1,000.00 John C. Gray 100.00 John C. Gray 300.00 WiUiam Gray 500.00 Gardiner Greene, $1,000 in three per cents 650.00 David Greenough 200.00 David S. Greenough 200.00 Dudley Hall 200.00 Samuel Hammond 200.00 John Hancock 200.00 Harvard College 213.32 Lemuel Hayward 100.00 Joseph Head . . . ^ 1,000.00 Joseph Head, Jr 100.00 Augustine Heard 100.00 Barnabas Hedge 150.00 David Hinckley 1,000.00 Hingham, Third Parish .... 504.44 John Holland 200.00 Benjamin P. Homer 100.00 Henry Homes 100.00 John Howe 100.00 Henry Hubbard 100.00 John Hubbard 200.00 Humane Society of Massachusetts 5,140.56 Humane Society (Merrimack) . . 2,000.00 Jonathan Hunnewell 100.00 John Hurd 100.00 Joseph Hurd 200.00 Charles Jackson 400.00 James Jackson 420.00 Patrick T. Jackson 220.00 Samuel Jacques, Jr 100.00 John CoflSn Jones 500.00 Thomas Kilby Jones 200.00 Abigail Joy and family 300.00 Benjamin Joy 250.00 John Kidder, Jr 100.00 Josiah Knapp 100.00 Seth Knowles 100.00 Wilham Lambert 100.00 Amos and Abbott Lawrence . . 200.00 William Lawrence 100.00 Carried forward . $51,762.69 $75,070.27 232 Financial General Fund Brought forward $51,762.69 $75,070.27 1811-1843 Francis Lee 100.00 George Lee 150.00 Joseph Lee 300.00 Thomas Lee, Jr 100.00 Winslow Lewis 100.00 Lincobi and Wheelwright .... 100.00 James Lloyd 1,000.00 Caleb Loring 100.00 Francis C. LoweU 400.00 JohnLoweU 450.00 George W. Lyman 150.00 Theodore Lyman 2,000.00 Theodore Lyman, Jr 150.00 Josiah Marshall 100.00 Massachusetts Charitable Fire So- ciety 900.00 PerrinMay 100.00 Samuel May 100.00 Samuel R. Miner 100.00 WiUiamMinot 100.00 John Morse 100.00 Thomas Motley 100.00 Israel Munson 1,000.00 Caleb Oakes 100.00 John Odin 200.00 George Odiome 100.00 Joseph Orne 200.00 Samuel Ome 200.00 JohnOsbom 200.00 H. G. Otis 500.00 Daniel P. Parker 500.00 John Parker 500.00 Samuel Parkman 2,000.00 Samuel Parkman, Jr 200.00 Nehemiah Parsons 200.00 WiUiam Parsons 1,500.00 M. Payne 100.00 WiUiam Payne 100.00 Joseph Peabody 2,000.00 James Perkins 5,000.00 Samuel G. Perkins 100.00 Thomas H. Perkins ...... 5,000.00 John Perry 100.00 John Philhps 100.00 Jonathan PhiUips 100.00 Stephen PhiUips 200.00 WiUiam PhiUips, including $5,000 legacy of his father 20,000.00 Henry Pickering 100.00 Benjamin Pickman, Jr 1,000.00 Dudley L. Pickman 150.00 WiUiam Pickman 300.00 Paschal P. Pope 100.00 John Pratt 135.00 Wmiam Pratt 400.00 WiUiam Prescott 150.00 Carried forward $100,997.69 $75,070.27 233 Massachusetts General Hospital General Fund Brought forward $100,997.69 $75,070.27 1811-1843 James Prince 250.00 John Prince 200.00 Josiah Quincy 200.00 Isaac Rand 100.00 JohnRandaU 100.00 John T. Reed 100.00 Joseph W. Revere 100.00 Paul Revere 100.00 Henry G. Rice 100.00 Benjamin Rich 300.00 John Richards 100.00 Andrew Ritchie 500.00 Nathan Robinson 200.00 Daniel D. Rogers 1,000.00 WilUam Ropes 150.00 Nathaniel P. Russell 500.00 Samuel Salisbury 500.00 Samuel Salisbury, Jr 100.00 Samuel Sanford 300.00 Daniel Sargent 200.00 Ignatius Sargent 400.00 WilHam Sawyer 100.00 David Sears 5,000.00 Joseph SewaU 500.00 Robert G. Shaw 500.00 Michael Shepherd . .- 100.00 William Shimmin 100.00 Nathaniel Silsbee 100.00 John Skinner 100.00 Barney Smith 400.00 Samuel Snelhng . 100.00 Washington Benevolent Society, Charlestown Branch 200.00 HoUis-street Society 148.05 First Church Society 100.67 King's Chapel Society 114.44 West Church Society 190.06 Roman Catholic Society .... 100.40 First Parish Society, Dorchester . 168.48 Dr. Bancroft's Society, Worcester 140.60 Dr. Pierce's Society, Brookhne . 173.38 JohnSoley 100.00 Samuel Spear 100.00 Phineas Spelman 100.00 William Spooner 100.00 Francis Stanton 100.00 RusseU Sturgis 200.00 William Sturgis 100.00 George Sullivan 200.00 Richard Sullivan 400.00 WiUiam SulUvan 200.00 John Tappan 350.00 Lewis Tappan 100.00 Charles Taylor 300.00 Boston Theatre 1,190.00 Abraham Thompson 100.00 Carried forward $118,473.77 $75,070.27 234 Financial General Fund Brought forward $118,473.77 $75,070.27 1811-1843 Israel Thorndike 2,000.00 Israel Thorndike, Jr 100.00 Joseph Tilden 100.00 Catherine Torrey 200.00 John G. Torrey 100.00 Samuel Torrey 100.00 Abraham Touro 300.00 George Trott 100.00 Gideon Tucker 200.00 Richard D. Tucker 100.00 Edward Tuckerman 100.00 Edward Tuckerman, Jr 500.00 William and Gustavus Tuckerman 100.00 Town of Concord 200.00 Town of Maiden 193.80 Cotton Tufts 135.00 Nathan Tufts 100.00 Phineas Upham 100.00 Vose, Coates & Co 100.00 Daniel Waldo 200.00 Thomas B. Wales 100.00 Timothy Walker 150.00 WiUiam J. Walker 400.00 ArtemasWard 100.00 NahumWard 100.00 Thomas W. Ward 150.00 WiUiam Ward 100.00 John C. Warren 400.00 Redford Webster 153.00 Francis Welch 200.00 Benjamin Weld 500.00 John Welles 300.00 Nathaniel West 1,000.00 EhzaWetmore 200.00 Elisha Wheeler 100.00 Moses Wheeler 100.00 James White 300.00 Asa Whitney 100.00 Benjamin Wiggin (Exhibition of Picture) 1,604.07 Thomas Wigglesworth 200.00 Ehphalet WiUiams 100.00 John D. WiUiams 1,000.00 Moses WilUams 100.00 Samuel G. Williams 100.00 Thomas Williams 100.00 Timothy WiUiams 100.00 Amasa Winchester ....... 100.00 Edmund Winchester 100.00 Thomas L. Winthrop 100.00 John Wood 100.00 Sundry subscribers, less than $100 15,332.91 146,992.55 1813 John Lucas 900.00 1819 Polly RusseU 400.00 1820 Samuel Eliot 10,000.00 Carried forward $233,362.82 235 Massachusetts General Hospital General Fund Brought forward $233,362.82 1820 Beza Tucker 5,350.00 1822 Seth Webber 1,000.00 1823 Abraham Touro 10,000.00 1824-1835 John McLean 119,858.20 1826 Thomas Oliver 22,438.70 Allan Crocker 100.00 1829 James Savage 100.00 1831-1849 Isaiah Thomas 6,370.33 1832-1833 Mary Belknap 89,882.60 1834 Jonathan Moseley 753.46 1836 Susan Richardson 250.00 1838 Ambrose S. Courtis 2,500.00 1841 Peter Westerfield 165.67 1844 Subscribers for Enlargement of Hospital : Charles Amory $500.00 James S. Amory 250.00 WiUiam Amory 500.00 Ebenezer T. Andrews 1,000.00 Nathan Appleton 1,000.00 Samuel Appleton 2,000.00 Samuel A. Appleton 100.00 WiUiam Appleton 2,000.00 Samuel T. Armstrong 100.00 Edward Austin 100.00 Richard Aylwin 100.00 Daniel C. Bacon . " 100.00 Benjamin Bangs 200.00 Charles Barnard 500.00 Francis Bassett 100.00 John D. Bates 250.00 AmosBinney 200.00 Mrs. Joshua Blake 200.00 Edward Blanchard 500.00 WiUiam H. Boardman 100.00 J. IngersoU Bowditch 100.00 N. I. Bowditch 500.00 Dwight Boyden 100.00 Josiah Bradlee 1,000.00 James B. Bradlee 200.00 Martin Brimmer 500.00 P. C. Brooks 2,000.00 P. C. Brooks, Jr 500.00 JohnBromfield 100.00 John Bryant, Jr 250.00 Henry Cabot 200.00 Thomas G. Cary 100.00 Carney and Sleeper 100.00 Caleb Chase 200.00 EbenChadwick 500.00 Abiel Chandler 100.00 Jonas Chickering 500.00 Charles R. Codman 100.00 Edward Codman & Co 100.00 Henry Codman 100.00 Gardner Colby 100.00 B. W. Crowninshield 300.00 Carried forward $17,450.00 $492,131.78 236 Financial General Fund Brought forward $17,450.00 $492,131.78 1844 A. and C. Cunningham 100.00 Charles P. Curtis 100.00 Thomas B. Curtis 100.00 Peter R. Dalton 100.00 Samuel Dana 100.00 John James Dixwell 100.00 J. W. Edmands 200.00 Samuel A. Eliot 500.00 Moses Everett 100.00 Samuel Fales 200.00 Richard Fletcher . 100.00 John M. Forbes 100.00 Ebenezer Francis 1,000.00 George Gardner 100.00 John L. Gardner 1,000.00 John Goodenough 100.00 Benjamin Goddard 500.00 Ozias Goodwin 500.00 Francis C. Gray 500.00 Horace Gray 300.00 John C. Gray 1,000.00 Samuel C. Gray 100.00 WiUiam Gray 100.00 EUzabeth C. Greene 500.00 Sarah Greene 1,000.00 David S. Greenough 100.00 Henry Hall 100.00 George Hallett 200.00 George Hayward 100.00 Nathaniel Hooper 100.00 Robert Hooper 250.00 Robert C. Hooper 100.00 Samuel Hooper 250.00 George Howe 500.00 Jabez C. Howe 200.00 lasigi and Goddard 100.00 P. T. Jackson 100.00 James Johnson 100.00 Samuel Johnson 100.00 Abigail Joy 100.00 Abel Kendall, Jr 100.00 George H. Kuhn 100.00 Lane and Reed 100.00 Abbott Lawrence 2,000.00 Amos Lawrence 1,000.00 Amos A. Lawrence 100.00 WiUiam Lawrence 1,000.00 Lawrence and Stone 500.00 George Lee 1,000.00 Thomas Lee 500.00 Isaac Livermore 100.00 Elijah Lormg 100.00 Francis C. Loring 100.00 John J. and Francis Low .... 100.00 Francis C. Lowell 500.00 John A. Lowell 1.000.00 Carried forward $36,650.00 $492,131.78 237 Massachusetts General Hospital General Fund Brought forward $36,650.00 $492,131.78 1844 Charles Lyman 500.00 George W. Lyman 500.00 Theodore Lyman 1,000.00 John Marland 100.00 Robert M. Mason 100.00 William P. Mason 500.00 Charles H. Mills 100.00 MUton and Slocumb 100.00 Benjamin R. Nichols 100.00 William OUver 100.00 William F. Otis 100.00 Daniel P. Parker 500.00 James Parker 500.00 John Parker 1,000.00 George Parkman 150.00 William Parsons 100.00 WilUam P. Perkins 100.00 Edward D. Peters 100.00 William Phipps 100.00 C. Gayton Pickman 100.00 Paschal P. Pope 500.00 Mary Pratt 500.00 WiUiam Prescott 500.00 William H. Prescott 100.00 Samuel R. Putnam 100.00 Josiah Quincy, Jr. 1,000.00 Joseph W. Revere 100.00 Rice and Thaxter 100.00 Richardson, Jeffrey, and Brother 100.00 Edward H. Robbins 100.00 Henry B. Rogers 500.00 James D. RusseU 100.00 Richardson, Burrage, and Co. . . 100.00 Stephen SaUsbury 500.00 Ignatius Sargent 1,000.00 Lucius M. Sargent 100.00 James Savage 100.00 Willard Sayles 500.00 David Sears 2,000.00 R. G. Shaw 1,000.00 Francis Skinner 250.00 Josiah Stickney 100.00 Charles Stoddard 100.00 WilUam Sturgis 1,000.00 John E. Thayer 500.00 Nathaniel Thayer 100.00 Joseph TUden 100.00 Henry Timmins 500.00 PhineasUpham 1,000.00 Daniel Waldo and sister .... 200.00 Thomas B. Wales 1,000.00 WiUiam J. WaUier 200.00 Waterson, Pray, and Co 100.00 John C. Warren 500.00 JohnWeUes 500.00 Thomas Wetmore 100.00 earned forward $57,750.00 $492,131.78 238 Financial General Fund Brought forward $57,750.00 $492,131.78 1844 William F. Whitney 100.00 Edward Wigglesworth 100.00 Thomas Wigglesworth 300.00 John D. Williams 2,000.00 Moses WiUiams ........ 100.00 Simdry subscribers, less than $100 2,100.00 62,450.00 Moses Everett 116.00 Israel Mvmson 20,000.00 1844-1866 Mrs. E. G. Everett 475.00 1845 WiUiam RusseU 100.00 John Brown 100.00 1847-1849 Sarah Clough 601.16 1851 EUzabeth SaUsbury 4,000.00 1852 James Ingersoll 2,000.00 1854 JudahTouro 10,000.00 1855 William Appleton 20,000.00 Ehzabeth Pratt 20,000.00 1856 Subscribers for Brick Fence : Nathan Appleton 1500.00 WiUiam Appleton 500.00 Josiah Bradlee 500.00 P. C. Brooks 250.00 John P. Gushing 250.00 Jonathan Phillips 500.00 David Sears 500.00 WiUiam Sturgis 250.00 3,250.00 1857 WiUiam Pickman 4,000.00 EUison LasseU 6,888.60 1858 Agnes Austin 7,500.00 1858-1879 M. P. Sawyer 119,687.93 1859 George HUls 1,000.00 1860 Wmiam I. Bowditch 274.25 1861 J. Poland 15.00 J. Bowdoin Bradlee 500.00 1863 Subscribers for Cottage for Males at Asylum : WiUiam Amory $500,00 Francis Bacon 500.00 Wilham B. Bacon 250.00 Benjamin E. Bates 1,000.00 John BaUard 300.00 James M. Beebe 2,000.00 Mrs. Nath. I. Bowditch .... 5,000.00 J. Bowdoin Bradlee 500.00 Gardner Brewer 2,000.00 Martin Brimmer 1,000.00 Peter C. Brooks 1,000.00 WiUiam S. BuUard 2,000.00 J. Amory Davis 500.00 J. Edgerton 1,000.00 J. Wiley Edmands 500.00 Joseph S. Fay 500.00 John C. Gray 1,000.00 Mrs. Henry Grew ........ 300.00 Carried forward $19,850.00 $775,089.72 239 Massachusetts General Hospital General Fund Brought forward $19,850.00 $775,089.72 1863 George Higginson 500.00 Robert Hooper 250.00 George Howe 1,000.00 Jabez C. Howe 1 000.00 Peter Hubbell 500.00 H. H. Hunnewell .' 1,000.00 Miss Anna P. Jones 400.00 James LawTence 1 000.00 Abbott Lawrence 1 000.00 Charles Lyman 300.00 George W. Lyman 500.00 Robert M. Mason 500.00 Ex'rs of Henry P. Oxnard . . . 500.00 J. W. Paige 500.00 Benjamm T. Reed 250.00 George C. Richardson 1,000 00 Henry B. Rogers 1,000.00 David Sears 1 000.00 G. Howland Shaw 1,000.00 Francis Skinner 1,000.00 Henry P. Sturgis '50o!oO WiUiam Sturgis 1,000.00 Nathamel Thayer 3,000.00 George W. Wales 500.00 Miss Mary Anne Wales .... 500.00 William F. Weld . .^ 1,000.00 B. C. White 30o!oO Joseph Whitney 500.00 Misses Wigglesworth 1,000.00 Edward Wigglesworth 500.00 Thomas Wigglesworth 300.00 Moses Wilhams 1,000.00 J. Huntington Wolcott 300.00 vv u *!, xi-11 44,450.00 Mizabeth Hill 907 rn 1864 William S. Bullard '.'.'.'.'.'.'. 800 00 William Oliver ' 57 750 04 1865 Hannah F. Lee . 1 000 00 William Minot 'lOO 00 Stephen Salisbury ;.;;.":: 5,000^00 Edward Whitney 5,000.00 isfifi Edward Wigglesworth 1,000.00 loob Subscribers m Aid of Funds: WilUamAmory $250.00 William T. Andrews 500.00 Charles H. Appleton 500.00 Nathan Appleton, Jr 250.00 Thomas G. Appleton l,OOo!oO William Appleton, Jr 500.00 William S. Appleton 500.00 Anonymous, by W. S. B 500.00 Francis Bacon 500.00 James M. Beebe 5,000.00 George B. Blake 'lOo!oO John Borland 300.00 Boston Stock Exchange Board . 1,000.00 Carried forward $10,900.00 $890,437.26 240 Financial General Fund Brought forward $10,900.00 $890,437.26 1866 Mrs. N. I. Bowditch 5,000.00 F. H. and J. B. Bradlee .... 500.00 Martin Brimmer 1,000.00 Edward Brooks . 500.00 Peter C. Brooks 1,000.00 Peter C. Brooks, Jr 1,000.00 Shepherd Brooks 1,000.00 WilUam S. Bullard 5,000.00 Edward A. Codman 500.00 Caleb A. Curtis 100.00 Greely S. Curtis 500.00 John G. Cushing 500.00 Robert M. Cushing 500.00 Thomas F. Cushing 500.00 Otis Daniels 500.00 Isaac Warren Danforth .... 500.00 F. Gordon Dexter 500.00 Albert Fearing 500.00 Augustus Flagg 100.00 WiUiam H. Gardiner 250.00 George Gardner 300.00 Henry J. Gardner 500.00 John L. Gardner 5,000.00 Joseph B. Glover 300.00 The Misses EUza and Lucy Goodwin 500.00 Mrs. Henry Grew 500.00 Andrew T. HaU 100.00 Augustine Heard 250.00 Mrs. Augustus Hemenway . . . 1,000.00 George Higginson 250.00 Robert Hooper 200.00 C. F. Hovey & Co 1,000.00 George Howe 1,000.00 Jabez C. Howe 2,000.00 Thomas Howe 250.00 Horatio H. Himnewell 2,000.00 lasigi, Goddard & Co 500.00 Herman B. Inches 250.00 Abbott Lawrence 500.00 Amos A. Lawrence 500.00 James Lawrence 1,000.00 James L. Little 1,000.00 Mrs. John E. Lodge 300.00 Francis C. Lowell 250.00 John Amory Lowell 1,000.00 George W. Lyman 1,000.00 Theodore Lyman 200.00 Robert M. Mason 1,000.00 William P. Mason 500.00 Theodore Matchett 200.00 Nathan Matthews 200.00 James McGregor 250.00 Charles H. Minot 100.00 George R. Minot 200.00 Enoch R. Mudge 1,000.00 Charles Merriam 250.00 Carried forward $56,200.00 $890,437.26 241 Massachusetts General Hospital General Fund Brought forward ....... $56,200.00 $890,437.26 1866 E. Francis Parker 100.00 John Brooks Parker 500.00 Samuel R. Payson 1,000.00 William Perking 500.00 Andrew Pierce, Jr 100.00 Miss Sarah P. Pratt 1,000.00 Miss Mary Pratt 1,000.00 Jeffrey Richardson 1,000.00 Henry B. Rogers 1,000.00 George C. Shattuck 500.00 Francis Skinner & Co 2,000.00 Henry P. Sturgis 500.00 Samuel W. Swett 250.00 Nathaniel Thayer 25,000.00 William Thomas 100.00 Mrs. William Thomas 100.00 Mrs. WilUam W. Wadsworth . . 500.00 Miss M. A. Wales 300.00 WiUiam G. Weld 250.00 George D. Welles 100.00 Miss Susan J. WeUes 500.00 Miss Jane Welles 500.00 Benjamin C. White 200.00 Joseph Whitney 500.00 Miss Anne Wigglesworth .... 1,000.00 Miss Mary Wiggleswprth .... 1,000.00 Edward Wigglesworth 1,000.00 Thomas Wigglesworth 1,000.00 Moses Williams 3,000.00 Robert C. Winthrop 100.00 100,800.00 Rev. Mr. Spaulding 500.00 Rev. S. M. Worcester 1,900.00 F. N. MitcheU 67.50 1867 Sarah Pratt 18,800.00 Charles Harris 1,000.00 J. Mason Warren 2,000.00 1868 AbigaULoring 38,901.67 St. Stephen's Chapel 2,000.00 MorriUWyman 200.00 1870 Amateur Dramatic Association 450.00 H. J. Bigelow 500.00 1871 Sidney Homer 1,000.00 1871-1917 Massachusetts Hospital Life Insurance Co. . . 410,000.00 1874-1886 Hospital Sunday 10,798.28 1875 Miss M. C. Bryant 500.00 1877-1883 Charlotte Harris 274,457.33 1877 Ehzabeth Powers 3,000.00 1878 Edward Blanchard 3,000.00 1879 J. T. CooUdge 100.00 Margaret Tucker 49.63 Miss Marian Hovey 1,000.00 Henry S. Hovey 1,000.00 Mrs. John T. Morse, Jr 1,000.00 1880 F.James 846.07 1881 John C.Gray 25,000.00 earned forward $1,789,307.74 242 Financial General Fund Brought forward $1,789,307.74 1881 Thomas D. Quincy 1,000.00 E. R. Mudge 1,000.00 Sir Moses Montefiore 5.97 1882 Mary Pratt 20,000.00 Miss Mary Wigglesworth 5,000.00 G. H. Gay Fund 25,000.00 Edwin Fiske 50.00 1883 Jerome G. Kidder 25,000.00 1884 AmasaGuHd 40.00 Thomas G. Appleton 5,000.00 1885 A.W.Folsom 125.00 Dr. Francis P. Hurd 10,030.56 John Wilson 13,600.00 1887 E. W. Hooper 1,500.00 1888-1898 Helen C. Bradlee 75,000.00 1888 Mrs. EUot Hubbard 1,000.00 Francis C. Balch 50.00 1891 Abraham Goldsmid 150.00 Joseph Schofield 3,000.00 Anne Wigglesworth 5,000.00 Augustus L. Case 500.00 Mrs. J. S. Cabot 50.00 1892 EUzabeth B. Bowditch 5,000.00 1893-1894 George A. Gardner 50,000.00 1893-1922 Anna S. C. Prince 20,850.00 1894 Henry P. Kidder 10,000.00 1895 George W. Ellis 50.00 Benefit Performance — Henry Irving .... 884.25 Henry C. Hutchins 2,000.00 Walter Hunnewell 1,000.00 1897 Louisa C. Palfrey 2,000.00 EUenFUnt 28.86 1897-1901 Mary B. Turner 2,580.61 1897 EUen F. Mason 1,000.00 E. B. Bush 50.00 J. W. Quimby 50.00 1898-1921 Henry L. Pierce 803,130.56 1898-1905 Subscribers to EUot Chapel 33,220.07 1898 Thomas E. Proctor 145,000.00 A. C. Slater 1,000.00 Thomas F. Wyman 119,720.41 1899 Otis E.Weld 1,063.50 1900-1908 J. Putnam Bradlee 243,391.24 1900 Robert C. BiUings 50,000.00 Francis E. Bangs 2,000.00 Daniel Sharp Ford 7,000.00 1901-1906 Robert Henry Eddy 56,788.00 1901-1913 Mrs. John B. Tileston 505.00 1901 Euphemia Millar 2,557.74 Robert Codman 5,000.00 1902 Mrs. S. D. Warren ....'. 20,000.00 Edward I. Brown 10,000.00 Mrs. EUzabeth L. Wyman 250.00 George Gardner 1,000.00 Mrs. Nathaniel Thayer 1,000.00 Edward F. Daland 1,000.00 Carried forward $3,580,529.51 243 Massachusetts General Hospital 1902 1903-1908 1903 1904-1905 1904-1907 1904 1905 1906 1907 1907-1912 1907-1915 1907 1907-1914 1907 1908-1915 1908-1911 1908-1918 1908 1909 1909-1915 1910 1910-1911 1910 1910-1913 1910 General Fund Brought forward $3,580,529.51 Children of Mrs. Henry Winsor (Phila.) . . . 1,000.00 William S. Dexter 5,000.00 C. H. W. Foster 500.00 Jacob Hecht 500.00 Merchants' & Miners' Transportation Co. . . 50.00 Sarah A. Matchett 1,000.00 Charles H. Hayden 102,133.33 Thomas Wigglesworth 15,000.00 Mrs. Ahce B. Chase 1,000.00 Harriet O. Cruft 2,000.00 Mrs. Henry Lee 2,000.00 Mrs. WilUam Caleb Loring 100.00 EUen V.Smith 50.00 J. H. T. Adams 58,256.46 Edward W. Codman 303,073.91 Mr. and Mrs. Henry S. Grew 1,000.00 Mrs. H. Kuhn 50.00 Desmond FitzGerald 25.00 Laura M. Moore 2,500.00 Martin Brimmer 20,000.00 "William Bolton 555.22 Edward Woodman 1,000.00 Henry L. Higginson 1,000.00 Mrs. George D. Howe 1,000.00 Charles E. French 10,000.00 Mrs. J. J. Storrow . . ^ 25.00 Donation and Bequest of Henry B. MulUken . 113,424.21 Donation of Miss Georgina LoweU 170.00 Donation of Wilham Amory 50.00 Donation of Miss Alice M. Longfellow .... 5.00 Donation of Mrs. R. G. Shaw . 50.00 Donation of WiUiam P. Blake 250.00 Donation of Miss Anna Dehon Blake .... 25.00 Donation of Philip S. Sears 125.00 Donation of Mrs. B. L. Young 75.00 Donation of Charles W. Hubbard 375.00 Donation of Mrs. John H. Sturgis 10.00 From Orthopaedic Ward Fund 38,577.72 Bequest of Luther Farnham 466.63 Donation of "Cash" 1.00 Donation of C. O. Brewster 12.00 Bequest of George F. Parkman 50,000.00 Donation of J. P. Reynolds, Jr 50.00 Donation and Bequest of Francis Skinner, Jr. . 12,000.00 Donation of T. C. Thatcher 25.00 Donation of Howard Child 25.00 Bequest of George W. Boyd 2,000.00 Donation of Mrs. Frances R. Jones 35.00 Charity Contest — Henry Siegel Co 30.00 Donation of Mrs. G. W. W. Dorr 25.00 Donation of Miss Ellen T. Emerson 10.00 Bequest of WiUiam J. Chever 8,116.95 Bequest of John E. Atkins 89,420.68 Bequest of George Dexter 10,000.00 Donation of Mrs. Frederick C. Shattuck, "Wal- cott Fellowship" 300.00 Carried forward $4,435,002.62 244 Financial 1910 1910-1916 1911-1919 1920 1911 1911-1912 1911 1911-1921 1911 1912-1916 1912 1913-1917 1913 1913-1916 1913 1913-1915 1913-1919 1913 1913-1919 1913-1914 1913 1913-1922 1913 1913-1914 1913 1913-1922 1913 General Fund Brought forward $4,435,002.62 Donation of R. M. Burden 50.00 Bequest of Lucy F. Simmons 5,007.04 Donation of Miss Marian L. Blake 105.00 Donation of Miss Marian L. Blake, in memory of Moses Williams 200.00 Bequest of John Ashton 22,176.47 Donation of E. C. Lee "Walcott Fellowship" . 500.00 Donation of Madame la Vicomtesse Treilhard . 400.00 Donation of Harvey H. Baker 10.00 Donation of Lionel Norman 9.00 Donation of Dr. Frederick C. Shattuck .... 400.00 Bequest of Joseph G. Dalton by A. P. Loring . 1,000.00 Donation of Thomas J. Knudsen 4.00 Donation of Mrs. Edwin S. Webster 100.00 Donation of The Misses Dorothy King and Ohvia Churchill 1.00 Donation of Victor Govignon 50.00 Donation of Pedro Tosea 10.00 Donation of Dr. E. M. Vrooman 10.00 Donation of Drs. Wasener and Tongs .... 40.00 Donation of Paul W. Reimer 1.00 Donation of Miss Josephine Pitman 2.00 Donation of Miss Rosamond Clark 2.00 Donation of Ohver S. Roberts 3.00 Donation of Henry H. Hills 100.00 From Clara Barton Fund 3,241.00 Donation of F. Hunnewell, 2d 110.00 Donation of Edward W. Grew 20.00 Donation of Mr. Countway 1.00 Donation of I. Tucker Bmr 75.00 Donation of Charles T. Lovering 30.00 Donation of A Former Out-Patient 2.00 Donation of Miss Mary Thomas 10.00 Donation of Francis I. Amory 100.00 Donation of Mrs. Harcourt Amory 350.00 Donation of Mrs. Peter C. Brooks 50.00 Donation of Mrs. Stephen S. FitzGerald . . . 60.00 Donation of Frank E. Langley 30.00 Donation of Josef Henrik Jolmsan 5.00 Donation of A Friend 25.00 Donation of Humane Society of Commonwealth of Massachusetts 3,700.00 Donation of Mr. and Mrs. F. A. Eustis . . . 10.00 Donation of Mrs. Henry S. Grew 1,000.00 Bequest of Mehitable C. C. WUson 543.75 Donation of Anonymous 2.00 Donation of Mrs. F. A. Eustis 10.00 Donation of Theodore Mendelstein 5.00 Donation of The Ninety-Five Sewing Circle . 20.00 Donation of Rosa A. Mulrey 1.00 Donation of Miss Marjorie R. van Wickle . . 50.00 Donation of Mrs. W. Scott Fitz 16,000.00 From Nurses' Home Fund 92,880.31 Donation of Mrs. Andrew C. Wheelwright $20,000.00 Donation of Nathaniel Thayer . 50,000.00 Carried forward $70,000.00 $4,583,514.19 245 Massachusetts General Hospital 1913 1914 1914-1916 1914 1914-1919 1914 1914-1920 1914 1915 1915-1916 1915 1915-1919 1915 1915-1919 1915-1919 1915 General Fvind Brought forward $70,000.00 $4,583,514.19 Donation of Shepherd Brooks . . 5,000.00 Donation through the Ladies' Ad- visory Committee of the Train- ing School for Nurses .... 14,000.00 Donation in memory of Mrs. Samuel Torrey Morse .... 1,000.00 $90,000.00 Interest accrued 2,880.31 $92,880.31 Donation of Mrs. Harold J. Coolidge .... 748.03 Donation of J. M. Crafts 40.00 Donation of Edward B. Adams 10.00 Donation of A Friend 5.00 Donation of Mrs. S. Parkman Blake 300.00 Bequest of Mrs. Caroline B. Allen 5,000.00 Bequest of Francis Bartlett by H. M. Sears, F. C. Welch and R. E. Bullard, Executors .... 10,000.00 Donation of Edward B. Alford 60.00 Donation of Mrs. William P. McKenzie . . . 5.00 Donation of Emily "^Tiiting 5.00 Bequest of Anne W. Davis 9,030.70 Donation of Mrs. Warren B. P. Weeks .... 25.00 Donation of Out-Patient 1.00 Donation of Mary A. Conhn 10.00 Bequest of Francis Skinner, Sr 43,832.38 Donation of Miss Helen Cudahy 500.00 Donation of Anonymous 1.00 Donation of Mrs. EUza Dean 5.00 Donation of George Wigglesworth 2,500.00 Donation of WiUiam H. Blacar 2.50 Donation of Mrs. David K. Horton 15.00 Donation of Arthur A. Carey 5.00 Donation of Lawson Frederick Cartter .... 50.00 Donation of Miss A. F. Manning 20.00 Donation of Mrs. F. S. Mead 5.00 Donation of Mrs. Alex. S. Porter, Jr 25.00 Donation of W. B. P. Weeks 125.00 Donation of Anonymous .08 Donation of Mrs. F. G. Curtis 125.00 Bequest of Charles R. LavsTence 15,431.04 Donation of Mrs. Gertrude Hunter 2.00 Donation of Anonymous 3.00 Donation of Dr. WiUiam E. Reed 9.22 Donation of Anonymous 3.00 Donation of Henry Lyman 200.00 Donation of Anonymous 50,000.00 Donation of Anonymous 5.00 Donation of W. H. Wilhams 6.00 Donation of Out-Patient 3.00 Donation of Martin J. Foley 1.00 Donation of Everett Morss 100.00 Donation of Miss Lois W. Clarke 5.00 Donation of Annie L. Conley 5.00 Donation of Salvatore Maschera 3.00 Carried forward $4,721,741.14 246 Financial 1915-1916 1915 1916 1916-1918 1916-1917 1916 1916-1919 1916 1916-1918 1916 1916-1917 1916 1916-1917 1916 1916-1917 1916 1917 1917-1918 1917 1917-1922 1917 1811-1917 1918-1919 1918 1918-1919 1918 1918-1919 1918 General Fund Brought forward $4,721,741.14 Bequest of Caroline L. W. French 100,843.34 Donation of Misag Azzigian 5.00 Donation of Anonymous 1.00 Donation of Mrs. Stephen G. Wheatland . . . 50.00 Donation of Mrs. Wallace Dunbar Dexter, Jr. 5.00 Donation of Mrs. Richard B. Fuller 5.00 Donation of Mrs. Arthur N. Hood 5.00 Donation of Elmer P. Howe 40.00 Donation of Mrs. Atherton Thayer Brown . . 20.00 Donation of Charles A. Vialle 25.00 Donation of Mrs. Barrett Wendell, Jr 10.00 Donation of Miss Helen Peabody 2.00 Donation of Mrs. Waldo E. Forbes 50.00 Donation of Archibald Cary Coohdge .... 30.00 Donation of Malcolm G. Peabody 10.00 Donation of Mrs. Ezra Ripley Thayer .... 20.00 Donation of EUase Jacques 25.00 Donation of A Former Patient 5.00 Donation of E. S. C 200.00 Bequest of John W. Wheelwright 2,000.00 Donation of Mrs. J. T. Coohdge 100.00 Donation of F. W. Webster 25.00 Donation of Bartlett C. Reynolds 1.00 Donation of Miss EfSe A. McDonald .... 1.00 Donation of A Patient 1.00 Donation of Thomas Mack 1,000.00 Bequest of CaroUne E. Davis 33,852.03 Bequest of Frank E. Peabody 77,221.35 Interest accrued 1,003.37 Bequest of Juha M. Moseley by Charles W. Moseley, sxirviving executor, in memory of Dr. WiUiam Oxnard Moseley, Jr 185,000.00 Interest accrued 4,642.35 Donation of Mrs. Geoffrey G. Whitney .... 50.00 Donation of Albert Farwell Bemis 10.00 Donation of Mrs. Richard M. Saltonstall . . . 100.00 Donation of Miss Eleanor S. Parker 200.00 Donation of Mrs. George Putnam 100.00 Donation of J. Randolph Coohdge 200.00 Donation of Edward M. Brewer 50.00 Donation of S. T. Russell 50.00 Donation of Mrs. Wilham Whitman, Jr. . . 275.00 Donation of The S. S. W 10.00 Donation of Captain Blackwell 10.00 Donation of Miss Marian F. Young 5.00 Subscribers to Annual Free Beds 804,651.09 Donation of Mrs. Boylston Beal 100.00 Donation of Mrs. M. Irving Mott 1.00 Donation of Wilham Brewster 20.00 Donation of Mrs. Edward Clark Streeter . . . 20.00 Donation of Mrs. Andrew J. Peters, Jr. ... 50.00 Bequest of Henry F. Lynde 2,210.50 Donation of Mrs. James C. Melvin 1,000.00 Donation of George R. Agassiz 1,000.00 Bequest of George D. Dodd 10,135.00 Bequest of Blanche Shimmin 2,174.39 Carried forward . $5,950,361.56 247 Massachusetts General Hospital General Fund Brought forward $5,950,361.56 1918 Donation of Frederick P. Bagley 25.00 Bequest of James D. Sullivan 1,000.00 Donation of William Caleb Loring 1,000.00 Bequest of Richard Black SewaU 25,000.00 Donation of Mrs. T. O. Richardson 50,000.00 Bequest of Annie M. Washburn 100.00 Bequest of Susan Smith, 1912. Transferred from Susan Smith Fund 13,703.98 1919 Donation of Mrs. S. D. Warren, Jr 10.00 Bequest of Mrs. EUzabeth W. RusseU .... 1,133.50 Donation of Mary T. Crocker 5.00 Donation of Mrs. WilUam H. McElwain . . . 50.00 Bequest of George von L. Meyer 2,500.00 Donation of Jennie Leitch 15.00 Donation of Edward D. Rosenwald 15.00 Donation of Charles P. Hobbs 5.00 Donation of Charles Hodgdon 1.00 1920 Donation of A Friend 22,750.00 Donation of Daniel Russell 150.00 Bequest of Miss Fanny Young 5,000.00 Donation of Patrick J. Kilcoyne 2.00 Donation of Jewish Federated Charities . . . 750.00 Donation of Henry and Theodore Lyman . . . 500.00 Donation of Charles A. Dean 500.00 Donation of Robert SaltpnstaU 2,000.00 Donation of Horace S. Sears 2,000.00 Bequest of Catherine M. Lewis 200.00 Donation of David U. Boland 50.00 Donation of E. M 1,000.00 Donation of Louisa Hogan 5.00 1920-1922 Donation of Edward M. Pickman 750.00 1920 Donation of Winifred T. Bolan 1.00 Donation of the Agoos Family Charity Fund . 60.00 Donation of Judge E. Allen Frost 100.00 Donation of Mr. and Mrs. James J. Phelan . . 1,600.00 Donation of Mrs. Louis A. Frothingham . . . 1,000.00 Donation of Mr. and Mrs. S. H. Fessenden . . 5,000.00 Donation of Dr. and Mrs. F. A. Washburn . . 100.00 Donation of Miss Clark 1.00 Donation of Nathaniel T. Kidder 1,000.00 Donation of Joseph Lee 100.00 Donation of A. E. O. Munsell 1,000.00 Donation of T. Jeffsrson Coohdge 10,000.00 Donation of Charles E. Cotting 1,000.00 Donation of Kidder, Peabody & Co. .... . 50,000.00 Donation of James Dean 60.00 Donation of Thomas Barbour 500.00 Donation of Mrs. George E. Warren 1,000.00 Donation of H. O. Underwood 2,500.00 Donation of John R. Macomber 600.00 Donation of A Friend 7,700.00 Donation of Galen L. Stone 5,000.00 Donation of Mrs. T. J. Coohdge, Jr 2,000.00 Donation of Samuel Appleton 1,000.00 Donation of Post PubUshing Co 5,000.00 Carried forward $6,176,684.04 248 Financial 1920 1920-1921 1920 1920-1921 1920 1921-1922 1921 1921-1922 1921 1922 1811-1922 1811-1922 1811-1922 General Fund Brought forward $6,176,684.04 Donation of James Richard Carter and Carter, Rice & Co., Inc 500.00 Donation of Arthur W. Wheelwright 1,000.00 Donation of Miss AmeUa Peabody 100.00 Donation of Prof. Theodore Lyman 1,000.00 Donation of "T. N. P." 25,159.15 Donation of Mrs. Francis W. Sargent .... 1,000.00 Donation of James C. Neeley 200.00 Donation of Mr. and Mrs. Thomas B. Gannett 9,900.00 Donation of Miss SaUie Sharpe 2,000.00 Donation of Tarrant P. King 1,000.00 Donation of Mrs. Frederick Winthrop .... 2,000.00 Donation of F. S. Moseley 1,000.00 Donation of Anonymous 7.20 Donation of Committee of the Permanent Charity Fund, Inc 3,500.00 Donation of Miss Ahce Maud Stiu-gis .... 880.00 Donation of " A Grateful Patient " 30.00 Donation of R. G. Fessenden 50.00 Donation of Mrs. Frank Morison 3,000.00 Bequest of William Timlin 14,000.00 Donation of Dr. Augustus Thomdike .... 500.00 Bequest of Benjamin F. Poole 12,694.72 Donation of A. C. Ratshesky Charity Founda- tion 750.00 Donation of Augustus Hemenway 5,000.00 Donation of Charles H. Moseley 25.00 Donation of Anonymous 100.00 Donation of Maurice E. Finn 18.00 Donation of Francis Clark 5.00 Donation of Anonymous 10.00 Donation of Frank G. Webster 2,000.00 Donation of WiUiam Endicott 5,000.00 Donation of Mrs. Minnie M. Woods 340.00 Donation of Mrs. Charles E. Mason 400.00 Donation of Jonathan Kanzabadian 100.00 Donation of Louis B. Thacher 20.00 Donation of Morris Sacowitz 5.00 Donation of Louis J. Beckwith 15.00 Donation of United Fruit Company 500.00 Bequest of Miss Ellen Gray 30,000.00 Donation of Myer Rabinowitz 2.00 Donation in memory of Jonathan Greeley Stevenson, Physician, Harvard A. M. 1816, M. D. 1826; 1799-1835 2,000.00 Donation in memory of Misses Martha Curtis Stevenson, Annie Brace Stevenson, Frances Greely Stevenson, of Brookline, formerly of Boston 1,000.00 Total unrestricted gifts $6,303,495.11 Gains in Investments, etc 2,187,359.10 $8,490,854.21 Deficits at Hospitals, Investments in Land and Buildings, etc 8,281,989.12 Balance December 31, 1922 $208,865.09 249 Massachusetts General Hospital DONATIONS AND BEQUESTS FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES (INCOME) 1857 1870-1875 1875 1876 1877 1878 1887 1888-1894 1890 1895 1897 1899 1900 1901 1902-1905 1903 Dr. J. G. Treadwell: Bequest of books, valued at $3,000.00 Dr. H. J. Bigelow: Donation of instruments, valued at .... 3,600.00 Dr. James Jackson Putnam: Donation of an electrical apparatus, valued at 21.50 Dr. John Collins Warren: Donation of galvanic apparatus, valued at . 25.00 Benefit indigent at Asylum : Donation of Dr. Samuel Cabot 1,000.00 Training School for Nurses: Donation of Executors of Augustus Hemenway 5,000.00 Toward purchase of pictures: Donation of Frederick Dexter 50.00 Photographic Apparatus: Donation of Waldo March 100.00 To make up deficiency on income of Samuel Cabot Fund: Donations of Dr. Arthur T. Cabot and Samuel Cabot 1,335.00 Photographic Studio: Donation of George L. Kingsley 802.82 Repairs and alterations to Bradlee Ward : Donation of Miss Helen C. Bradlee .... 7,000.00 To make up deficiency in income of Pathological Fund: Donation of the Staff of the Hospital . . . 1,070.60 Interest accrued on bequest of William L. Chase for Charles B. Porter Fund 370.00 Microtome for Pathological Laboratory: Donation of Francis Blake 266.30 Treadwell Library: Donation of a patient 200.00 Open Ball Court : Donation of Dr. A. T. Cabot 1,000.00 Zander Apparatus : Donation of Trustees under the will of Mary Hemenway 5,000.00 Addition to Income of Dalton Fund : Donation of Charles H. Dalton 1,000.00 Treadwell Library: Donation of Mrs. T. W. Bennett 100.00 Carried forward $30,941.22 250 Financial Donations and Bequests for Special Purposes Brought forward $30,941.22 Late Result Fund : 1909 Donation of Anonymous .... $500.00 1911 Donation of Anonymous .... 500.00 1912 Donation of Anonymous .... 500.00 Donation of F. W. Hunnewell . . 500.00 1914 Donation of Frederic Winthrop . 500.00 1910-1922 1912-1918 1912 1912-1916 1912 1913 1913-1916 1913-1914 1913-1918 1913-1916 1914 1916 Lovering Fund: Bequest of Miss Sarah C. M. Lovering Surgical Instruments: Donation of Mrs. Caroline L. Weld . Surgical Instruments: Donation of Dr. Hugh Cabot .... Expense Visiting Children's Hospitals: Donation of Dr. Fritz B. Talbot X-Ray Work: Donation of Dr. G. Cheever Shattuck . . . X-Ray Work: Donation of A Friend Expenses of Orthopsedic Department: Donation of the Staff of Orthopsedic Depart- ment Awning on Weld Ward G veranda: Donation of Mrs. Charles G. Weld . . . . Special Instrument in Ward G: Donation of Mrs. W. F. Watters Toward salary of Dr. Emerson, Psychologist: Donation of Trustees of the A. W. Blake Fund Scholarship, Training School for Nurses, General Hospital: Donation of Mrs. Charles E. Mason .... Toward the salary of the House Surgeon to the Genito-Urinary Department : Donation of Dr. Hugh Cabot X-Ray Apparatus: Donation of George Wigglesworth Children's Medical Department: Donation of Mrs. John Parkinson, for salaries $40.00 Donation of Mrs. Ralph B. Williams 10.00 Donation of Mrs. Henry Lyman . . 25.00 Donation of Mrs. S. D. Warren, Jr. 10.00 Donation of Mrs. Waldo E. Forbes 25.00 Donation of A Friend 20.00 Donation of Mrs. EUery Sedgwick . 25.00 Donation of Mrs. John S. Lawrence 25.00 Donation of Mrs. Gorham Brooks . 25.00 Donation of Mrs. Thomas Barlow . 20.00 Half salary for one year of a special worker in the Children's Medical Ward who is to be Clinic Secretary and do follow up work (through Miss Ella L. Lyman). 2,500.00 18,804.75 12,677.75 100.00 75.00 250.00 100.00 125.00 70.00 25.00 1,700.00 200.00 2,500.00 2,800.00 Carried forward $225.00 $72,868.72 251 Massachusetts General Hospital Donations and Bequests for Special Purposes Brought jorward $225.00 $72,868.72 1917 Donation of A Friend, in memoiy of Mary R. Hudson 10.00 1919 Donation of Miss Margaret Perry for furnishings 430.00 1922 Donation of J. Brotenas, Amelia Povilonis, Guardian 5.00 Donation of Mrs. Edgar N. Wright- ington 300.00 Donation of Mrs. Charles E. Mason for secretarial work 75.00 1,045.00 1922 Toward salary and expenses of a Visiting Nurse in the Dermatological Department : 1914-1920 Donation of a Friend $5,820.79 1921 Donation of Sundry Donors . . 1,949.00 7,769.79 Toward the expenses of a Tennis Court for Nurses: 1914 Donation of Miss Marion H. Fenno .... 10.00 Two Scholarships, Training School for Nurses, General Hospital: 1915-1917 Donation of Mrs. Nathaniel Thayer .... 100.00 Babies' Milk Fund: 1915-1916 Donation of George Wigglesworth . $1,000.00 1915 Donation of Anonymous 37.11 1917 Donation of Dr. W. B. Robbins . . 5.00 1917-1920 Donation of Miss Emma Hutchins . 15.00 1917 Donation of Mrs. Neal Rantoul . . 50.00 Donation of Mrs. Ralph B. WilUams 5.00 Donation of Mrs. J. D. C. Bradley . 20.00 Donation of Mrs. Edward Wiggles- worth 25.00 Donation of Mrs. W. S. Spaulding . 25.00 Donation of Mrs. F. A. Winthrop . 25.00 Donation of Mrs. W. B. Emmons . 5.00 Donation of Mrs. Gorham Brooks . 50.00 Donation of Mrs. Alvan T. Fuller . 125.00 Donation of Mrs. Winthrop Coffin . 5.00 Donation of Mrs. Freeman Allen . 5.00 Donation of Mrs. Allan Forbes . . 10.00 Donation of Roger B. Merriman . 10.00 Donation of Mrs. Roger B. Merriman 25.00 Donation of Anonymous 1-00 Donation of Miss Ahce A. Thorpe . 33.18 1919 Donation of A Friend 50.00 1,526.29 To extend help to worthy patients as their needs may become known through their attend- ance at the Hospital : 1915-1917 Donation of A Friend 1,500.00 Refitting part of the Genito-Urinary Out-Patient Rooms: 1915 Donation of Friends of the Hospital through Mrs. Hugh Cabot 167.00 Fvu-niture for roof -garden : Donation of Training School for Nurses' pro- ceeds of a May Party 74.82 Carried forward • $85,061.62 252 Financial Donations and Bequests for Special Purposes Brought forward $85,061.62 Expense of X-raying a series of cases in the Out-Patient Department: 1915 Donation of Anonymous 30.00 Books for Patients' Library : Donation of Junior Girls of Camp Abena . . 6.46 Social Service Work: Donation of Mrs. Harold J. Coolidge, in memory of the late Amory A. Lawrence $75.00 1916 Donation of Moses Williams . . . 25.00 Donation of Mrs. Charles H. Dalton 20.00 1917 Donation of Miss Alice Farnsworth 25.00 Donation of Chase & Sanborn . . . 25.00 170.00 Social Service Work in the Wards: 1915-1919 Donation of the Ladies' Visiting Committee $2,000.00 1917-1919 Donation of Mrs. A. Lawrence Hop- kins 1,442.65 Donation of the Committee of the Permanent Charity Fund, Inc. . 4,100.00 7,542.65 Scholarship, Training School for Nurses, General Hospital : 1916 Donation of General Hospital Training School Alumnse 100.00 X-Ray Department: Donation of A Friend 150.00 Special Technical Laboratory Apparatus : Donation of Mrs. Malcolm Donald 1,000.00 Salary of stenographer, and certain expenses in the Dermatological Department: 1916-1918 Donation of W. F. Waiters 1,850.00 Children's Medical Out-Patient Department: 1916 Donation of Dr. Fritz B. Talbot . . $150.00 Donation of Mrs. Charles E. Mason, toward changes in the Department 350.00 1922 Donation of Mrs. Charles E. Mason, for part time Clinic Secretary . . 300.00 Warren Library: 1916-1917 Donation of Dr. Richard Cabot . . $100.00 1916 Donation of Patrick Donovan . . . 2.79 Instruments for Out-Patient Throat Department: Donation of Mrs. Caroline L. Weld $250.00 Donation of A Friend 500.00 Infantile Paralysis Research Fund: Donation of W. Murray Crane . $500.00 Donation of Alvah Crocker . . . 500.00 Donation of WiUiam Endicott . . 500.00 800.00 102.79 750.00 Carried forward $1,500.00 $97,563.52 253 Massachusetts General Hospital Donations and Bequests for Special Purposes 1916 1916-1919 1916 1916-1919 1917 1919 1917 1917-1918 1917 1918 1918-1922 1919 Brought forward Donation of Albert Strauss . . Donation of Frank G. Webster Donation of Charles Jackson . Donation of Arthur Perry . . Donation of Wallace L. Pierce Donation of Robert L. Studley Donation of James H. Proctor Donation of George R. Wallace Donation of James J. Storrow . Donation of Allan C. Emery . Donation of J. P. Morgan . . Donation of Infantile Paralysis Commission Donation of Isaac Sprague . Donation of F. W. Hallowell .$1,500.00 500.00 250.00 200.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 250.00 500.00 100.00 1,000.00 450.00 25.00 100.00 X-Ray Equipment : Donation of Charles Philip Beebe . Out-Patient Department: Donation of Miss Myra T. Styles . Course in Occupational Therapy: Donation of Mrs. Nathaniel Thayer For the salary of a clerk in the Tread- well Library to typewrite certain parts of the Surgical Records : Donation of Dr. G. W. W. Brewster Donation of Dr. Charles Alien Porter Donation of Dr. Beth Vincent . . Donation of Dr. Lincoln Davis . . Donation of Dr. Hugh Williams . . Donation of Dr. Daniel Fiske Jones Donation of Dr. Franklin G. Balch Donation of Dr. Charles L. Scudder Donation of Dr. Richard C. Cabot Donation of Dr. R. B. Greenough . S50.00 50.00 30.00 30.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 88.50 20.00 Salary of a Technician in Medical Research Laboratory : Donation of Anonymous Toward Salary of a worker in Infantile Paralysis Department : Donation of Harvard Infantile Paralysis Com- mission Toward Expenses of the Librarian to a conven- tion: Donation of George Wigglesworth Toward Salary of an assistant in the Genito- urinary Department: Donation of George Wigglesworth Toward Expenses of a House Social Worker to a convention: Donation of Dr. Richard C. Cabot .... $97,563.52 5,275.00 1,000.00 10.00 100.00 468.50 780.00 4,500.00 40.00 500.00 75.00 Carried forward $110,312.02 254 Financial Donations and Bequests for Special Purposes Brought forward $110,312.02 Purchase of radium at the General Hospital : 1919 Donation of George Wigglesworth . $650.00 Donation of Mr. and Mrs. Thomas B. Gannett 650.00 1,300.00 300.00 10,950.40 1919-1922 1919-1920 1919 1919-1922 1920 1920-1921 1920 1921 1920-1922 1920 Wheel chairs from "Rosamond, George and Peter" ; Donation of Mrs. Percival H. Lombard . . . Surgical Instruments: Donation of Miss Mary Weld Toward the salary of a technician in the Medical Research Laboratory: Donation of Phihp Cabot Special Research work in X-Ray Department: Donation of Mrs. Charles E. Mason .... To aid and assist poor and needy colored people : Donation of the Estate of Photius Fiske through the New England Trust Company Massage. A memorial to Miss Susan Sawyer: Donation of Mrs. L. J. Sawyer Assistant in Warren Library: Donation of Miss Mary F. Atkinson $60.00 Donation of Mrs. A. Lawrence Hop- kins 10.00 Donation of The Ladies' Visiting Committee 80.00 Donation of Mrs. John Chipman Gray 10.00 Donation of Mrs. Harold J. CooUdge 10.00 Donation of Mrs. John Lowell . . 10.00 1,500.00 100.00 2,125.00 600.00 180.00 Department of Occupational Therapy : Donation of Mrs. Horace Binney . $50.00 Donation of Mrs. John H. Hammond 83.34 Donation of Mrs. E. H. Win^low . 100.00 Donation of Mrs. WUham H. Clafiin, Jr 25.00 Donation of A Friend 25.00 Donation of The Ladies' Visiting Com- mittee '50.00 Donation from Patients 93.75 427.09 State Venereal Clinic: Donation of the Commonwealth of Massa- chusetts, Department of PubUc Health . . 4,758.33 Glassing in of porch on sixth floor of Phillips House: Donation of Mrs. Charles G. Weld .... 3,096.47 Nurses' Alumnae Supper: Donation of George Wigglesworth 155.25 To be expended at Dr. Edsall's direction: Donation of WiUiam G. Beale 200.00 Carried forward $136,004.56 255 Massachusetts General Hospital Donations and Bequests for Special Purposes Brought forward $136,004.56 Purchase of ambrine and replacement of appa- ratus for treatment of burns: 1920 Donation of Miss Louise C. May 250.00 Nurses' Scholarship to be known as the Welch Scholarship : Donation of Mrs. Eleanor Welch Paul . . . 100.00 After treatment of Infantile Paralysis Cases: Donation of Robert F. Herrick Donation of F. S. Moseley . . . Donation of Edward W. Grew Donation of Junius Beebe . . . Donation of Edward W. Hutchins Donation of Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Farnham Greene Donation of J. FrankUn McElwain Donation of Frederic E. Snow . . $59.00 100.00 50.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Purchase of X-Ray Apparatus: Donation of Mrs. Mary A. Bullard Donation of Miss Judith D. Beal Donation of Miss M. E. Crafts . Donation of Mrs. C. C. Jackson . Donation of Miss E. F. Mason . 1921 Donation of Mrs. Mary S. Crafts $100.00 100.00 15.00 500.00 4.00 10.00 709.00 729.00 Industrial Chnic: ^ 1920 Donation of Pacific Mills $500.00 1921 Donation of American Felt Co. . . 500.00 Donation of Bigelow-Hartford Car- pet Co 500.00 1,500.00 Treatment of Patients and Research: 1920 Donation of United Fruit Company .... 1,000.00 Dr. Walcott's Portrait Fund: Unexpended Balance 90.71 Construction of rooms in Out-Patient Depart- ment of the Industrial CUnic : 1921 Donation of the Harvard Medical School, De- partment of Industrial Hygiene 2,000.00 Rug, Nurses' Sitting Room, seventh floor PhilUps House: Donation of Mrs. George T. Rice 22.50 Furnishings in Nurses' Room, sixth floor PhiUips House : Donation of Nathan D. Bill 150.00 Toward the salary of the half-time worker in the Out-Patient Depart- ment of the Scoliosis CUnic: Donation of S. H. Fessenden . . . $100.00 Donation of George Wigglesworth . 200.00 300.00 Nurses' Recreation: Donation of A Friend 200.00 Fm-nishing Nurses' Parlor in Thayer: Donation of The Ladies' Visiting Committee 140.15 Carried forward $143,195.92 256 Financial Donations and Bequests for Special Purposes Brought forward $143,195.92 Alterations in the Nerve Clinic: 1921 Donation of Anonymous 263.85 1922 Income Donation: Donation of Miss Sarah Smith 5.00 For purchase of books for Granny's collection in the Warren Library: Donation of A Friend through Dr. Seth M. Fitchet $20.00 Donation of A Friend 20.00 Donation of Dr. Seth M. Fitchet . . 10.00 50.00 To give some poor woman hospital care: Donation of Helen Tyler Brown 50.00 For an ambulance: Donation of William Endicott 5,000.00 For purchase of Ether Pamphlets: Donation of Nathaniel T. Kidder 10.00 For purchase of three volmnes of OUver Wendell Holmes: Donation of Nathaniel T. Kidder 8.21 For South Medical Department: Donation of A Friend 100.00 For the charitable purposes of the Hospital: Donation of United Fruit Co 500.00 1857-1922 Total Donations $149,182.98 1922 Treadwell Library "Fines" 87.00 1919-1922 Interest added 233.46 $149,503.44 1857-1922 Expended 145,725.08 Balance December 31, 1922 $3,778.36 Purchase of Ambrine and replacement of apparatus for treatment of burns $249.90 Special Technical Laboratory Appa- ratus 1,106.31 Wheel Chau-s 159.18 To be expended at Dr. EdsaU's direc- tion 209.10 Infantile Paralysis Research .... 62.97 Nurses' Recreation 204.00 Dr. Walcott's Portrait Fund .... 90.71 For purchase of books for Granny's col- lection in the Warren Library . . . 27.77 For Children's Department 252.92 For an Ambulance 1,049.35 Children's Out-Patient Department for part time Clinic Secretary .... 303.50 Treadwell Library "Fines" 62.65 $3,778.36 INCOME DONATIONS FOR SOCIAL SERVICE DEPARTMENT 1920-1922 Donations of Sundry Donors . . $63,717.74 1920-1922 Expended 63,717.74 0. C. H. W. Foster, Treasurer. 257 Massachusetts General Hospital OFFICERS OF THE HOSPITAL From Its Foundation to 1923 Presidents William Phillips 1814-1826 Thomas H. Pekkins 1826-1827 John Lowell 1828-1830 Gardiner Greene 1830-1832 Joseph Head 1833-1835 Ebenezer Francis ' . 1836 Edward Tuckerman 1837-1843 William Appleton 1844-1862 Robert Hooper 1862-1869 Edward Wigglesworth 1869-1875 Henry B. Rogers 1875-1887 Charles H. Dalton 1888-1908 Francis C. Lowell ...>.. 1909 Henry P. Walcott 1910- Vice-Presidents Samuel Parkman 1814 (declined serving) James Perkins 1815-1822 Thomas H. Perkins 1823-1826 John Lowell 1826-1829 Gardiner Greene 1829-1830 Joseph Head 1830-1832 Ebenezer Francis 1833-1835 Samuel Appleton 1836 Jonathan Phillips 1837-1845 Theodore Lyman 1846-1849 Robert Hooper 1850-1856 Nathaniel I. Bowditch 1856-1862 Edward Wigglesworth 1862-1869 Nathaniel Thayer 1869-1883 Amos A. Lawrence 1884-1886 George Higginson 1887-1889 John Lowell 1890-1897 Francis C. Lowell 1898-1908 Charles G. Weld 1909-1911 David P. Kimball 1911-1923 258 Officers Treasurers James Prince 1813-1821 William Cochran 1821 N.P.Russell 1821-1834 Henry Andrews 1835-1859 J. Thomas Stevenson 1859-1876 Francis H. Peabody 1876-1881 David R. Whitney 1881-1882 Edmund Dwight (pro tern) 1882-1883 Franklin Haven, Jr 1884-1908 Charles H. W. Foster 1908- Secretaries Richard Sullivan 1811-1816 Henry Codman 1817-1826 N. I. Bowditch 1827-1836 William Gray 1836-1841 Marcus Morton, Jr 1842-1859 Thomas B. Hall 1859-1865 William S. Dexter 1865 Thomas B. Hall 1866-1903 Charles H. W. Foster 1903-1908 John A. Blanchard 1908-1920 Francis G. Gray 1920- Chairmen of the Trustees Thomas H. Perkins 1818 Joseph May 1819-1826 Joseph Head . 1826-1829 Ebenezer Francis 1829-1831 Edward Tuckerman 1831-1835 George Bond 1835-1842 Robert Hooper, Jr 1842-1850 N. I. Bowditch 1850-1856 Henry B. Rogers 1856-1874 Samuel Eliot 1874-1898 Edmund Dwight 1898-1900 Henry P. Walcott 1900-1919 George Wigglesworth 1919- 259 Massachusetts General Hospital Trustees Thomas H. Perkins 1813-1818 JosiAH QuiNCT 1813-1820 Daniel Sargent 1813-1821 Joseph May 1813-1826 Stephen Higginson, Jr 1813-1815 Gamaliel Bradford 1813-1823 Tristram Barnard 1813-1818 George G. Lee 1813-1816 Francis C. Lowell 1813-1815 Joseph Tilden 1813-1815 JoECN L. Sullivan 1813-1816 Richard Sullivan 1813-1822 Jonathan Phillips 1816-1832 John Lowell 1816-1819 Joseph Coolidge 1816-1831 David Sears 1817-1819 Eben Francis 1817-1831 Peter C. Brooks 1819 (declined serving) Joseph Head 1819-1829 Thomas W. Ward 1819-1823 Samuel Appleton 1819-1822 John Belknap 1820-1822 Daniel P. Parker 1821-1825 Theodore Lyman, Jr 1822-1825 Benjamin Guild 1823-1834 William H. Prescott 1823-1825 Gardiner Greene 1823-1830 Samuel Swett 1823-1826 Edward Tuckerman 1824-1836 George Ticknor 1826-1830 Edward H. Robbins 1826-1834 William Sturgis 1826-1827 Amos Lawrence 1826-1831 P.T.Jackson 1827-1828 Henry Codman 1827-1835 William H. Gardiner 1828-1829 Francis C. Gray 1829-1836 Josiah Quincy, Jr 1830-1836 Benjamin D. Greene 1830-1833 James Bowdoin 1830 (declined serving) Heman Lincoln 1831 (declined serving) George Bond 1831-1842 George Hallet 1831-1833 260 Trustees Thomas W. Waed 1832 (declined serving) Abbott Lawrence 1832-1835 Francis J. Oliver 1833-1835 Samuel A. Eliot 1834-1838 Charles G. Loring 1834-1837 RuFUS Wyman 1835 (declined serving) Thomas B. Curtis 1835-1838 Charles Amory 1836-1847 Henry Edwards 1836-1845 Samuel Lawrence 1836-1838 Robert G. Shaw 1836-1838 John P. Thorndike 1836-1837 Martin Brimmer 1837-1842 Robert Hooper, Jr 1837-1849 N. I. BowDiTCH 1837-1856 William Appleton 1838-1841 Thomas Lamb 1838-1861 George M. Dexter 1839-1853 Francis C. Lowell 1839-1853 Henry B. Rogers 1839, 1841-1874 Ebenezer Chad wick 1840-1842 Ignatius Sargent 1841 William T. Andrews 1842-1847 Jonathan Chapman 1843 William F. Otis 1843 John A. Lowell 1843-1850 Charles S. Storrow 1844-1845 Edward Wigglesworth 1844-1862 William W. Stone 1846 J. Wiley Edmunds 1847-1848 J. Thomas Stevenson 1846-1859 Charles H. Mills 1848-1859 Amos A. Lawrence 1848-1854 William S. Bullard 1849-1872 G. HowLAND Shaw 1850-1856 William J. Dale 1851-1862, 1864 John P. Bigelow 1852-1855, 1857 Charles H. Warren 1853-1857 Robert M. Mason 1854-1862 Henry M. Holbrook 1855-1857 James B. Bradlee 1856-1859 William D. Greenough 1856-1866 John Lowell 1857-1870 Abbott Lawrence 1858-1859 261 Massachusetts General Hospital Nathaniel H. Emmons 1859-1861 George Higginson 1859-1872 Marcus Morton, Jr 1859-1860 Martin Brimmer 1860-1864 James M. Beebe 1860-1875 J. Amory Davis - . . 1861-1866 Samuel G. Howe 1861-1875 James C. Wild 1862-1865 Harrison Ritchie 1863-1867 Henry A. Whitney 1863-1868 Charles S. Storrow 1865-1870 Charles H. Dalton 1866-1881 Samuel Eliot 1866-1898 James L. Little 1866-1871 Ezra Farnsworth 1867-1872 Edmund Dwight 1868-1882, 1884-1900 George S. Hale 1870-1888 Samuel W. Swett 1870-1872 George E. Ellis 1871-1875 Samuel D. Warren 1871-1888 Henry P. Kidder ^ 1872-1886 E. Francis BowDiTCH . . .' 1872-1891 Charles R. Codman 1872-1875 Robert H. Stevenson 1874-1880 Charles V. Bemis 1875-1899 Peter C. Brooks, Jr 1875-1878 Charles J. Morrill 1875-1885 William Endicott, Jr 1876-1897 Thornton K. Lothrop 1878-1883, 1885-1896 Roger Wolcott 1880-1896 Nathaniel Thayer, Jr 1881-1910 Thomas E. Proctor 1883-1894 David P. Kimball 1886-1916 David R. Whitney 1887-1894 Frederick L. Ames 1888-1893 Henry P. Walcott 1892-1919 William S. Bigelow 1893-1903 Arthur A. Carey 1894-1897 Henry S. Howe 1894-1912 Samuel D. Warren 1896-1902 George Wigglesworth 1896- Francis Blake 1897-1909 Reginald Gray 1898-1902 Moses Williams 1898-1919 262 Trustees John M. Harlow 1899-1903 Francis L. Higginson 1900-1914 Francis H. Appleton 1902-1919 Charles H. W. Foster 1902- Charles p. Greenough 1903-1919 Arthur Hunnewell 1904-1904 Henry S. Hunnewell 1904-1914 Nathaniel T. Kidder 1910- JoHN Lowell 1910-1922 Joseph H. O'Neil 1912- Mrs. Horatio N. Slater 1914-1915 Philip L, Saltonstall 1915-1919 Mrs. Nathaniel Thayer 1916- WiLLiAM Endicott . 1917-1918, 1919- Thomas B. Gannett 1918- George T. Tuttle 1919-1921 John R. Macomber 1919- Sewall H. Fessenden 1919- RoBERT Homans 1920- Algernon Coolidge 1921- Galen L. Stone 1923- * Superintendents of The General Hospital Capt. Nathaniel Fletcher 1821-1825 Nathan Gurney 1825-1833 Gamaliel Bradford 1833-1839 Charles Sumner 1839-1841 John M. Goodwin 1841-1845 Richard Girdler 1845-1858 Benjamin S. Shaw 1858-1872 Norton Folsom 1872-1877 James H. Whittemore 1877-1885 John W. Pratt 1886-1897 Herbert B. Howard 1897-1908 Frederic A. Washburn 1908- *Title changed at different times to Resident Physician, Administrator and Director. 263 Massachusetts General Hospital OFFICERS OF McLEAN HOSPITAL Superintendents RuFus Wyman 1818-1835 Thomas G. Lee 1835-1836 Luther V. Bell 1837-1856, 1857-1858 Chauncey Booth 1856-1857 John E. Tyler 1858-1871 George F. Jelly 1871-1879 Edward Cowles 1879-1904 George T. Tuttle 1904-1919 Frederic H. Packard 1919- First Assistant Physicians Thomas G. Lee 1834-1835 Edward Rowland 1835-1836 John R. Lee 1837-1839 John Fox ^ 1839-1843 Chauncey Booth 1843-1856 Mark Ranney 1856-1865 James H. Whittemore 1865-1871, 1873-1876 Orville E. Rogers 1871-1872 Charles F. Folsom 1872-1873 Charles E. Woodbury 1876-1877 James B. Ayer (temp.) 1876-1877 A. R. Moulton (temp.) 1877 Frank W. Page 1878-1879 George T. Tuttle 1879-1904 E. Stanley Abbot 1904-1909 Frederic H. Packard 1909-1919 Theodore A. Hoch 1919- Second Assistant Physicians Mark Ranney 1854-1856 Jerome C. Smith 1856-1861 J. Blackmere 1861-1862 James H. Whittemore 1862-1865 Isaac H. Hazelton 1865-1867 James H. Denney 1867-1869 George F. Jelly : . . . 1869-1871 264 Officers Feedinand a. Stillings 1871-1873 Charles E. Woodbury 1874-1876 Wilbur F. Sanborn 1876-1879 WiNFRED B. Bancroft 1879-1880 Frederick M. Turnbull 1880-1885 Henry C. Baldwin 1885 James W. Babcock 1885-1891 Daniel H. Fuller 1891-1897 E. Stanley Abbot 1897-1898 Charles S. Little 1898-1902 Guy G. Fernald 1902-1908 Earl D. Bond 1908-1912 Theodore A. Hoch 1912-1919 Ray L. Whitney 1919-1920 Freeman A. Tower 1920- Third Assistant Physicians Horace M. Locke 1887-1889 E. Stanley Abbot 1893-1897 Charles G. Dewey 1894-1895 Frederick W. Pearl 1898-1913 Ray L. Whitney 1913-1919 Assistant Physicians George A. MacIver 1919-1920 Sidney M. Bunker 1921- KeNNETH J. TiLLOTSON 1922- John D. McCarthy (temp.) 1923 Pathologists William Noyes 1888-1893 August Hoch 1893-1905 Frederic H. Packard 1905-1909 E. Stanley Abbot 1909-1917 Emma W. Mooers (assistant) 1900-1903 James S. Plant 1920-1921 Chemists Otto Folin 1900-1908 Charles C. Erdman 1907-1914 Philip A. F. Schaffer (assistant) 1900-1903 Lucian a. Hill (assistant) 1903-1904 Christian Oestergren (assistant) 1904-1907 Otto Folin 1920- John C. Whitehorn 1921- 265 Massachusetts General Hospital Psychologists Shepherd Ivory Franz 1904-1906 F. Lyman Wells 1907-1921 Helge Lundholm 1921- Physiologists Walter B. Cannon 1921- Clarence J. Campbell 1922- Junior Assistant Physicians George E. Emery 1897-1898 Howard W. Beal 1897-1898 Edwin Leonard, Jr 1897-1898 George W. Blanchard 1898- Albert E. Loveland 1898-1899 Harry W. Miller 1898-1900 Charles B. Dunlap 1898-1899 William G. Ward 1899-1900 Guy G. Fernald , 1899-1902 Martin J. Cooley 1900-1903 Frederic H. Packard 1902-1905 Albert E. Steele 1902-1903 William F. Roberts 1903-1905 Gilbert V. Hamilton 1905-1907 Ralph C. Kell 1906-1908 Frederic B. M. Cady 1907-1908 Earl D. Bond 1908-1912 Edmund M. Pease 1908-1912 Howard T. Child . . . . : 1909-1910 Clarence M. Kelley 1910-1914 Henning V. Hendricks 1911-1912 Clifford G. Rounsefell 1913-1916 Carl F. Vernlund 1913-1914 Charles M. Flagg 1914 Carl B. Hudson 1914 V. Edgar Babington 1915-1916 Sydney V. Kibby 1915-1916 Walter J. Otis 1916-1919 Clarence M. Kelley 1917-1919 Herbert R. Fiege 1917-1918 Kenneth J. Tillotson 1921-1922 Maxwell E. MacDonald 1921-1922 266 Staff STAFF OF THE GENERAL HOSPITAL Italics following the name indicate to what service of the Hospital the individual belonged: An.; Anesthetist Bd. of Con.; Board of Consultation CM.; Children's Medical D.; Dermatological E.M.; East Medical E.S.; East Surgical G.U.; Genito-Urinary L.; Laryngological A'^.; Neurological Or.; Orthopedic P.; Pathological R.; Roentgenological S.; Syphilogical S.S.; South Surgical Soc. Serv.; Social Service T.; Trustee T.M.; Tropical Medicine Thd.S.; Third Surgical W.M.; West Medical W.S.; West Surgical Letters in small type indicate the special work of an individual. An O following indi- cates Out-Patient Department. a.; assistant assoc; associate c. ; chief of service chem.; chemist con. chem.; consulting chemist d.; dermatologist dir.; director dn.; dentist h.p.; house physician h.s. ; house surgeon 1.; laryngologist n.; neurologist obst.; obstetrician oph.; ophthalmologist otol.; otologist p.; physician path.; pathologist r.; roentgenologist r.p.; resident physician r.s.; resident surgeon s.; surgeon s.path.; surgical pathologist v.p.; visiting physician V.S.; visiting surgeon * Deceased *Samuel Leonard Abbot, adm.p. 1849-1858, p.O. 1858-1864, v.p. 1865-1888, Bd. of Con. 1889-1904. Zabdiel Boylston Adams, Or. a. in s. 1907-1908, a.s.O, 1908- 1917, a.v.s. 1917-1921, v.s. 1921- Arthur Wilburn Allen, a.s.O. 1916-1919, s.O. 1919- Freeman Allen, con.An. 1903-1911, An. 1911-1912, c.An. 1912- Seabury Wells Allen, Temp. a.s.O. 1917-1918. Nathaniel Allison, Or.c. 1923- Alfred Mason Amadon, a.otol. 1911-1914. Joseph Charles Aub, E.M. h.p. 1916-1917, a. in med. 1921- 1922, assoc.m. 1922- Arthur Everett Austin, a.p.O. 1917-1923. James Bourne Ayer, N. a.p.O. 1911-1913, a.n. 1913-1917, n. 1917- 267 Massachusetts General Hospital B George Sherwin Clark Badger, p.0. 1903-1912, a.v.p. 1912- 1919. Walter Channing Bailey, a.p. 1902. *Henry Cutler Baldwin, N. a.p.0. 1889-1907, p.0. 1907-1911, n. 1911-1915. Gerardo M. Balboni, a.p.O. 1913-1921, p.0. 1921- Franklin Greene Balch, s.O. 1896-1905, a.v.s. 1905-1907, v.s. 1907-1920, c.E.S. 1920- Harry Aldrich Barnes, L. a.p.O. 1909-1911, a.l. 1911-1920, assoc.l. 1920-1921, 1. 1921- James Bellinger Barney, a. in s. 1906-1909, G.U. a.s.O. 1910-1911, s.O. 1911-1920, c. 1920- Philip Challis Bartlett, a.p.O. 1915-1921, p. to sp. clin. 1921- *Henry Harris Aubrey Beach, s.O. 1873-1879, v.s. 1879-1907, Bd. of Con. 1907-1910. Harold Cotton Bean, Or. a. in s. 1921-1922, a.s.O. 1922- *Henry Jacob Bigelow, v.s. 1846-1885. *Jacob Bigelow, v.p. 1836-1855. William Sturgis Bigelow, s.O. 1879-1881, T. 1893-1903. Oliver E. Bixby, CM. a.p.O. 1915-1922, p.0. 1922- JoHN Harper Blaisdell, a.d. 1916- Gerald Blake, a.p.O. 1913-1915, p.0. 1915-1921, assoc. m. 1921- JoHN H. BlodgetI", a. in 1. 1919. Arlie Vernon Bock, a. in med. 1919-1920, W.M. h.p. 1921- 1922, sr. h.p. 1922- Max Bohm, Or. a. in s. 1904-1907, s. in chg. med. mech. dept. 1907. William Frederick Boos, chem. 1906-1912. *Henry Ingersoll Bowditch, a.p. 1839-1845, v.p. 1846-1864, Bd. of Con. 1864^1891. John Templeton Bowen, D. a.p.O. 1889-1895, p.0. 1895-1911, c. 1911-1913, Bd. of Con. 1913- Elliott Gray Brackett, Or. s.O. 1907-1909, s. 1909-1911, c. 1911-1919. John William Stansbury Brady, a. in med. 1921-1924, p. to sp. clin. 1924- WiLLiAM Bradley Breed, a.p.O. 1920-1923, p.0. 1923- JoHN F. Bresnahan, a.r.p. 1914-1918. George Washington Wales Brewster, s.O. 1900-1906, a.v.s. 1906-1914, v.s. 1914- Francis Gorham Brigham, a.p.O. 1914-1921, p.0. 1921- 268 staff *WiLLiAM Allen Beooks, s.O. 1894-1903, a.v.s. 1903-1906, v.s. 1906-1910. Arthue Nicholson Broughton, Temp. a.s.O. 1918. Lloyd Thornton Brown, a. in s. 1911-1913, Or. a.s.O. 1913- 1917, s.O. 1917-1921, a.v.s. 1921- *Jacob Baldwin Bruce, Jr., a.r.p. 1912-1914. John Bryant, med. ass't in prob. of convales. 1919- C. Herman Bucholz, s. in chg. med. mech. dept. 1908-1909, Or. a. in s. 1909-1911, s.O. 1911-1917, a.v.s. 1917-1920. John Henry Bufford, a.d. 1914- Sydney Moore Bunker, a.r.p. 1916-1917. Francis Lowell Burnett, a. in. clin. path. 1911-1912. Frederick Stanford Burns, D. a.p.O. 1903-1912, assoc.d. 1912- Charles Sidney Burwell, Jr., W.M. h.p. 1921. C *Arthur Tracy Cabot, s.O. 1881-1886, v.s. 1886-1907, Bd. of Con. 1907-1912. Hugh Cabot, s.O. 1903-1910; G.U. s. in chg. 0. 1910-1911, s. 1911, c. 1911-1919. Richard Clarke Cabot, p.O. 1898-1908, a.v.p. 1908-1912, c. W.M. 1912-1921, Bd. of Con. 1921- *Samuel Cabot, v.s. 1853-1882, Bd. of Con. 1882-1885. Ida M. Cannon, c. Soc. Serv. 1914- *Cyrus Faulkner Carter, N. a.p. 1888-1893. Arthur Patterson Chadbourne, Temp, ass't in med. 1917- 1918, ass't in med. 1919-1921. George Lawrence Chaffin, W.S. h.s. 1919-1921; G.U. h.s. 1921. *Walter Channing, a. to v.p. 1821-1838. Austin Walter Cheever, S. a. in med. 1917-1923, a.p.O. 1923- Frederick Edward Cheney, oph.s. 1897-1901, 1904-1911. Edward Delas Churchill, W.S. h.s. 1922- George Oliver Clark, Temp. a.s.O. 1917. Henry G. Clark, v.s. 1851-1874. Joseph Payson Clark, L. p.O. 1893-1911, 1. 1911-1916, Temp. 1. 1917. Edwin Nelson Cleaves, a.r.p. 1918-1919. Randall Clifford, a.p.O. 1919-1923, p.O. 1923- George Clymer, a.n. 1913-1923, n. 1923- 269 Massachusetts General Hospital Faerar Cobb, s.O. 1900-1907, a.v.s. 1907-1914, v.s. 1914- 1917. Frederic Codman Cobb, L. a.p.O. 1889-1911, 1. 1911-1912. Stanley Cobb, a.n. 1919- Ernest Amory Codman, s.O. 1900-1907, a.v.s. 1907-1914. Harriet Isabelle Cole, a. chem. 1921-1922. Frederick Amasa Coller, W.S. h.s. 1914-1915. William Merritt Conant, s.O. 1891-1900, v.s. 1900-1914, Bd. of Con. 1914- *Algernon Coolidge, v.s. 1868-1875, Bd. of Con. 1876-1911. Algernon Coolidge, L. a.p.O. 1889-1892, p.0. 1892-1911, c. 1911-1920, T. 1921- CoRiNNE R. Cote, G.U. a.s.O. 1922- WiLLiAM Pierce Coues, Temp. a.s.O. 1917-1919, a.s.O. 1919- Ernest Granville Crabtree, G.U. h.s. 1913-1915, a.s.O. 1915-1920, s.O. 1920- Harvard Hersey Crabtree, W.S. h.s. 1913-1914, G.U. h.s. 1916-1919, a.s.O. 1919-1920, s.O. 1920- EuGENE Anthony Crockett, aur.s. 1908-1910, otol. 1920- JoHN White Cummin, Temp. a.s.O. 1917-1919, c.O. 1919- LoRETTA Joy Cummins, a. in d. 1916-1918, a.d. 1918- *Hall Curtis, p.O. 1868-1871. Robert D. Curtis, CM. a.p.O. 1919-1922, p.O. 1922- *Thomas B. Curtis, s.O. 1875-1881. Elbridge Gerry Cutler, p.O. 1878-1889, v.p. 1889-1908, Bd. of Con. 1908- Elliott Carr Cutler, W.S. h.s. 1915-1916. George David Cutler, h.s. 1912-1913, a.s.O. 1917-1919. D Ernest Merrill Daland, a.s.O. 1921- *Edward Barry Dalton, v.p. 1870-1872. Murray S. Danforth, Or. a. in s. 1911-1914, a.s.O. 1914-1917, s.O. 1917- David S. Dann, X-r. h.p. 1921-1922. Lincoln Davis, s.O. 1903-1911, a.v.s. 1911-1917, assoc.s. 1917-1919, v.s. 1919- RoGER P. Dawson, a.p.O. 1915-1923, p.O. 1923- Willey DEN^s, a. chem. 1913-1920. George Strong Derby, a. oph. 1916-1920, oph. 1920- George Alfred Dix, S. a. in med. 1914-1916, a.p.O. 1916- 1923, p.O. 1923- *Walter James Dodd, a. apoth. 1892-1896, apoth. 1896-1908, r. 1908-1916. 270 staff Arthur Malcolm Dodge, a. An. 1913-1915. *Pauline L. Dolliver, ass't to r.p. 1917-1921. Frank Eugene Draper, a. oph.s. 1897-1900. Richard Dresser, a.r. 1923- E Theodore Jewett Eastman, a.p.O. 1910-1912, p.O. 1912- Harold B. Eaton, a. in n. 1915-1919, a.n. 1919- David Linn Edsall, c. E.M. 1912-1921, c. med. serv's 1921- 1923, Bd. of Con. 1923- JoHN Wheelock Elliot, s.O. 1886-1894, v.s. 1894-1906, Bd. of Con. 1906- *Calvin Ellis, cur. of path. cab. 1855-1865, micro. 1856-1865, v.p. 1865-1883. Francis P. Emerson, otol. 1920- Louville Eugene Emerson, psychol. 1913- William Robie Patten Emerson, CM. p.O. 1916- *Harold Clarence Ernst, p.O. 1888-1900. Richard Spelman Eustis, CM. a.p.O. 1914-1916, p.O. 1916- F Calvin Barstow Faunce, Jr., a. in 1. 1918-1919, a.l. 1919- 1923, assoc.l. 1923- Lawrence W. Faust, G.U., r.s. 1924- Nathaniel Wales Faxon, a.r.p. 1919-1922, a.dir. 1922. Henry Field, E.M. h.p. 1922- Harry p. Finck, a. in 1. 1921-1923, a.l. 1923- *JoHN Dix Fisher, v.p. 1846-1850. Reginald Fitz, assoc. m. 1919, E.M. h.p. 1919-1920. *Reginald Heber Fitz, micro, and cur. of path. cab. 1871-1889, path. 1889-1892, v.p. 1887-1908, Bd. of Con. 1908-1913. Elisha Flagg, s.O. 1907-1910. Otto Folin, chem. 1913-1922, con. chem. 1922- Henry Stone Forbes, a.p.O. 1916-1920. Maurice Fremont-Smith, a. in med. 1920-1922, a.p.O. 1922- 1923, p.O. 1923- Harold M. Frost, a. in s. 1921-1922, a.s.O. 1922- G James Murry Gallison, a.s.O. 1916-1919, s.O. 1919- WiLLiAM Whitworth Gannett, p.O. 1885-1891, v.p. 1891- 1911, Bd. of Con. 1911- 271 Massachusetts General Hospital Frederic Eugene Garland, a.l. 1913-1920, assoc. 1. 1920- George Minot Garland, p.O. 1887-1894. Joseph Garland, a.p.O. 1922-1923. *George Henry Gay, v.s. 1855-1878. Ralph Kalb Ghormley, 0. s.O. 1924- Allen Clay Gilbert, G.U, h.s. 1923. *Louis Whitmore Gilbert, CM. a.p.O. 1912-1916, p.O. 1916- 1917. Louis Adilore Oliver Goddu, Or. a. in s. 1911-1914, a.s.O. 1914-1917, s.O. 1917- Thomas Rodman Goethals, E.S. h.s. 1919. Ross Golden, X-r. h.p. 1920-1921. Joel Ernest Goldthwait, Or. s. 1903-1905, s.O. 1905-1907, v.s. 1907-1908, Bd. of Con. 1922- JosEPH Lincoln Goodale, L. a.p.O. 1895-1911, a.l. 1911-1912, 1. 1912-1913, a.l. 1917-1921, assoc. in larnygol. in Teaching, 1921- Harry Winfred Goodall, a.p.O. 1909-1910. Alfred Henry Gould, a.s. 1903-1907. *AuGusTus Addison Gould, v.p. 1857-1866. Hugh Payne Greeley, a.p.O.- 1913-1915. *John Orne Green, aur.s. 1887-1896. Daniel Crosby Greene, Jr., L. a.p.O. 1903-1911, a.l. 1911- 1912, assoc.l. 1912-1916, 1. 1916- RoBERT Battey Greenough, S.O. 1900-1911, a.v.s. 1911- 1916, v.s. 1916- Arthur M. Greenwood, a.d. 1921- Margaret V. Grogan, a.p.O. 1920-1923, p.O. 1923- H *Enoch Hale, v.p. 1838-1848. Francis Cooley Hall, a.p.O. 1919-1921. Gardner W. Hall, a.p.O. 1912-1916. John Wilkes Hammond, CM. a.p.O. 1914-1916, p.O. 1916- 1917. Philip Hammond, otol. 1920- WiLLiAM Joseph Harkins, a. in 1. 1915-1921, a.l. 1921-1923, assoc.l. 1923- ToRR Wagner Harmer, a. in s. 1913-1916, a.s.O. 1916- *Francis Bishop Harrington, p.O. 1884-1886, s.O. 1886-1894, v.s. 1894-1911, c. E.S. 1911-1914, Bd. of Con. 1914. Paul, Wilberforce Harrison, G.U. h.s. 1915. Harry Fairbanks Hartwell, a. in Or.s. 1904r-1911, a.s.path. 1911-1916, s.path. 1916- 272 staff John Bryant Hartwell, a.s.O. 1911-1917. Floyd Frost Hatch, E.S. h.s. 1916-1917. Ralph Augustus Hatch, a. oph. 1915- Rafe Nelson Hatt, Or. a.s.O. 1920-1921, s.O. 1921- JoHN Bromham Hawes, 2d, a.p.O. 1906-1912, a.v.p. 1912- *David Hyslop Hayden, p.O. 1870-1884. Edwin Parker Hayden, E.S. h.s. 1922-1923. *George Hayward, v.s. 1826-1851, Bd. of Con. 1853-1863. *JoHN Theodore Heard, s.O. 1866-1872. Edward W. Herman, a. in 1. 1915-1923, a.l. 1923- Harold Waters Hersey, a.r.p. 1912-1919. Henry Fox Hewes, p.O. 1899-1912, a.v.p. 1912- George Jackson Hill, CM. a.p.O. 1917-1922. George Sumner Hill, a.p.O. 1917-1923, p.O. 1923- James Hitchcock, a. in med. 1922-1923, a.p.O. 1923- *RiCHARD Manning Hodges, v.s. 1863-1885, Bd. of Con. 1887- 1895. John Sprague Hodgson, W.S. h.s. 1916, E.S. h.s. 1920, a. m s. 1920-1921, a.s.O. 1921- Gerald Norton Hoeffel, CM. h.p. 1922-1923. George Winslow Holmes, a.r. 1910-1917, r. 1917- *Oliver Wendell Holmes, con. s. 1840-1845, v.p. 1846-1849. *John Homans, s.O. 1876-1882, v.s. 1882-1899, Bd. of Con. 1899-1903. John Homans, s.O. 1911-1912. Franklin Henry Hooper, L. p.O. 1889-1892. Gilbert Horrax, W.S. h.s. 1916-1917. Arthur Allison Howard, CM. p.O. 1916-1921. ♦Herbert Burr Howard, r.p. 1897-1908, Bd. of Con. 1923. Joseph Briggs Howland, a.r.p. 1907-1917, act. r.p. 1917-1919. Charles William Hutchinson, W.S. h.s. 1918-1919. I Frederick Carpenter Irving, a. obst. 1919- J Howard B. Jackson, a. in med. 1922-1923, a.p.O. 1923- *James Jackson, v.p. 1817-1837, Bd. of Con. 1838-1867. *James Marsh Jackson, p.O. 1894-1911. *John Barnard Swett Jackson, a.p. 1837-1838, v.p. 1840-1864. Chester Morse Jones, a. in med. 1920-1921, E.M. h.p. 1921, a. in med. 1923- Daniel Fiske Jones, s.O. 1903-1911, a.v.s. 1911-1917, v.s. 1917- Frederick Robert Jouett, a.p. 1902. 273 Massachusetts General Hospital K Edward W. Karcher, S. a. in med. 1921-1923, a.p. 1923- Varaztad H. Kazanjian, a. in 1. 1922-1923, a.l. 1923- Parker H. Kemble, adm. 1919-1920, consul, eng. 1920-1921. Elizabeth Dickieson Kerr, a. in 1. 1917- Frederic Clinton Kidner, a.s.path. 1906-1907, a. to *S. 1907- 1913. Roger Kinnicutt, a. in clin. path. 1909-1910. James C. Kirby, a. in 1. 1921-1923, a.l. 1923- Armin Klein, Or. a.s.O. 1920-1921, s.O. 1921- *Frederick Irving Knight, L. p.O. 1872-1892, Bd. of Con. 1892-1909. William Fletcher Knowles, L. a.p.O. 1909-1911, a.l. 1911- 1920, assoc.l. 1920, otol. 1920. Walter J. LaMarche, 0. a. in s. 1915- Walter B. Lancaster, oph. 1920- C. Guy Lane, a.d. 1919- *Samuel Wood Langmaid, L. p.O. 1881-1892. Charles Henry Lawrence, Jr., a.v.p. 1912-1914. Roger Irving Lee, p.O. 1908-1912, v.p. 1912-1920, a.c. W.M. 1920-1921, assoc. c. med. serv's 1921-1923. George Adams Leland, Jr., h.s. 1912-1915, a. in s. 1915- 1916, a.s.O. 1916-1919, s.O. 1919- OscAR Raoul Talon L'Esperance, G.U. a. in s. 1913-1920, a.s.O. 1920- John Mason Little, Jr., a.s.O. 1917-1919. Harry Linenthal, a.p.O. 1913-1914, p.O. 1914- Henry Demarest Lloyd, ;S. a.p.O. 1916-1923, p.O. 1923- Frederick Taylor Lord, p.O. 1903-1912, v.p. 1912- Sydney Archer Lord, N. a.p. 1898-1900, a.n. 1918- Robert Gardner Loring, a.oph. 1911- Oliver Ames Lothrop, a. otol. 1911- John Leroy Lougee, a.l. 1916-1919. Harry Chamberlain Low, Or. a. in s. 1909-1911, a.s.O. 1911-1917, s.O. 1917-1921, s. chg. poliomyelitis, 1921- Charles Carroll Lund, h.s. 1922-1923, a. in s. 1923- Arthur Bates Lyon, CM. h.p. 1918, a. in med. 1921-1922, a.p.O. 1922-1923, p.O. 1923- 274 Staff M William Russell MacAusland, Or. a.s.O. 1908-1909. Elba McCarty, X-r. h.p. 1917-1918. Charles A. McDonald, a. in n. 1916-1918, a.n. 1918- George Albert MacIver, a.r.p. 1916-1917, 1st a.dir. 1922- Monroe Anderson McIver, E.S. h.s. 1920-1922, surg. assoc. 1923- DoNALD Macomber, a.p.O. 1915-1919, a. in s. 1921-1922. George Burgess Magrath, m.-l. path. 1909-1912. *Thomas James Manahan, s.O. 1906-1907. Henry Chase Marble, a.s.O. 1916- Herman Weston Marshall, Or. a.s.O. 1914-1917, s.O. 1917- 1919. Charles Louis Martin, X-r. h.p. 1919-1920. Frank William Marvin, a.s.O. 1917- WiLLiAM Mason, E.M. h.p. 1920-1921. William Ropes May, a.p. 1902-1903. Louis Guy Mead, a.p.O. 1909-1912, p.O. 1912-1919. James Howard Means, a.p.O. 1916, assoc. m. 1916-1923, c. med. serv's 1923- JoE Vincent Meigs, a.s.O. 1922- HuGO Mella, a. in n. 1920-1923, a.n. 1923- Louis Mendelsohn, a.p.O. 1916-1921. Adelbert Samuel Merrill, X-r. h.p. 1915-1916, a.r. 1916- Richard Henry Miller, a. in s. 1912-1914, a.s.O. 1914-1916, s.O. 1916-1919, c.s.O. 1919- Leroy Matthew Simpson Miner, dn. 1910- *Francis Minot, v.p. 1859-1887, Bd. of Con. 1887-1899. George Richards Minot, a. in med. 1915-1918, assoc.m. 1918-1924, p. to sp. clin. 1924- James Jackson Minot, p.O. 1887-1903, v.p. 1903-1913, Bd. of Con. 1913- Samuel C. Mintz, G.U. a. in s. 1918-1920, a.s.O. 1922- Samuel Jason Mixter,s.O. 1886-1894, v.s. 1894-1911, c. W.S. 1911-1915, Bd. of Con. 1915- WiLLiAM Jason Mixter, a.s.O. 1911-1917, s.O. 1917-1919, a.v.p. 1919- Sherwood Moore, X-r. h.p. 1916-1917. *Ferdinand Gordon Morrill, p.O. 1878-1884. Hyman Morrison, a.p.O. 1915-1921, p.O. 1921- George W Morse, E.S. h.s. 1911-1912; a.s.O. 1917-1920. Henry Lee Morse, aur.s. 1897-1908. John Jamieson Morton, E.S. h.s. 1915-1916. 275 Massachusetts General Hospital Haeeis Peyton Moshee, L. a.p.O. 1903-1908, aur.s. 1908- 1911, assoc. 1. 1912-1913, 1. 1913-1920, c. of 1. and otol. 1920- *James Geegoey Mumfoed, s.O. 1894-1903, a.v.s. 1903-1905, v.s. 1905-1912. Feed Towsley Muephy, s.O. 1907-1911. *Peecy Musgeave, a.p. 1902-1903. N Louis Haeey Newbuegh a.v.p. 1912-1916. Feanklin Spilman Newell, obst. 1914- Otis Kimball Newell, s.O. 1889-1895. Haevey Field Newhall, Or. a. in s. 1907-1911, a.s.O. 1911- 1912. MicHELE NiGEO, CM. a.p.O. 1917-1922, p.O. 1922- *Waltee Buelingame Odioene, s.O. 1906. Edwaed Scott O'Keefe, a. in med. 1917-1920, CM. a.p.O. 1920-1922, P.O. 1922- Eveeaed Laweence Olivee, a.d. 1911-1923, assoc. d. 1923- *Heney Kemble Olivee, Jr., p.O. 1867-1868, v.p. 1868-1873. RiCHAED Feothingham O'Neil, G.U. a.s.O. 1911, s.O. 1911- Claeence Eugene Oedway, a.p.O. 1917-1919. Heeman Ashton Osgood, X-r. h.p. 1918-1919. Robeet Bayley Osgood, Or. a.s.O. 1904-1907, s.O. 1907-1911, a.v.s. 1911-1917, v.s. 1917-1919, c. 1919-1922. Geoege Byeon Packaed, Jr., E.S. h.s. 1917. Chaeles Faiebank Paintee, Or. Temp, a.v.s. 1917-1919. Waltee Walkee Palmee, E.M. h.p. 1913-1915. Willaed Stephen Paekee, CM. a.p.O. 1912-1915; a.p.O. 1915-1916, a. in med. 1922-1923, a.p.O. 1923- *Samuel Paekman, v.s. 1846-1854. John Paesons, CM. h.p. 1920-1921. RussEL Hugo Patteeson, G.U. h.s. 1919-1920. Waltee Eveeaed Paul, N. a.p.O. 1893-1911, a.n. 1911-1912, n. 1912-1922, con. in neurol. 1922- WiLLiAM Albeet Peekins, E.S. h.s. 1918-1919. *Maeshall Seaes Peeey, v.p. 1851-1856. Feanz Pfaff, chem. 1896-1903. 276 Staff Edward Hemphill Place, con. in contag. dis. 1915- George H. Poirier, a. in 1. 1921-1923, a.l. 1923- Charles Allen Porter, s.O. 1894-1903, a.v.s. 1903-1907, v.s. 1907-1915, c. W,S. 1915- *Charles Burnham Porter, s.O. 1868-1875, v.s. 1875-1903, Bd. of Con. 1903-1909. Charles Terrell Porter, a. in 1. 1917-1923, a.l. 1923- Abner Post, Bd. of Con. 1913-1914, con. in syph. 1914-1919. Hale Powers, a. in n. 1917- JosEPH Hersey Pratt, a.p.O. 1903-1911, a.n. 1911-1913, a.v.p. 1913-1918. *James Jackson Putnam, Elec. 1872, N. p.O. 1872-1911, c. 1911-1912, Bd. of Con. 1912-1918. Q Alexander Quackenboss, oph.s. 1904-1911, oph. 1921-1923. R Francis Minot Rackemann, a. in med. 1917-1921, p.O. 1921- Benjamin Harrison Ragle, a.p.O. 1917-1920, 1921- Andre William Reggio, a.s.O. 1916- William Duncan Reid, a.p.O. 1917-1920. George Stoddard Reynolds, r.s. 1923- Anna G. Richardson, G.U. a.s.O. 1920-1923. Edward Pierson Richardson, a.s.O. 1911-1912, s.O. 1912- 1919, a.v.s. 1919-1922, c. Thd.S. 1922- *Maurice Howe Richardson, s.O. 1882-1886, v.s. 1886-1911, s. in c. 1911-1912. Oscar Richardson, a. in clin. path. 1897-1905, a. path. 1905- William Lambert Richardson, p.O. 1871-1883, v.p. 1883- 1903, Bd. of Con. 1903- Edward Hammond Risley, a.s.O. 1912-1920. Chandler Robbins, a.l. 1912-1917, temp. a.l. 1917. William Bradford Robbins, a.p.O. 1913-1915, p.O. 1915- Samuel Robinson, a. m s. 1906-1908, s.O. 1908-1912. John Rock, G.U. h.s. 1920, a. in s. 1921- Mark Homer Rogers, Or. a. in s. 1906-1908, a.s.O. 1908- 1917, a.v.s. 1917-1921, v.s. 1921- Orville Forrest Rogers, E.M. h.p. 1915-1916. Eli Charles Romberg, CM. h.p. 1921-1922. Solomon Hymen Rubin, Temp. a.p.O. 1918, a.p.O. 1920-1923, p. CM. O. 1923- George H. Ryder, oph. 1920-1923. 277 Massachusetts General Hospital S Alpha R. Sawyeb, G.U. a. in s. 1920, a.s.O. 1920- Charles Locke Scudder, s.O. 1891-1903, v.s. 1903-1914, c. E.S. 1914-1920, Bd. of Con. 1920- Andrew Watson Sellards, a. in T.M. 1915- Malcolm Seymour, a.p.O. 1915-1921, p.O. 1921- Frederick Cheever Shattuck, p.O. 1878-1886, v.p. 1886- 1912, Bd. of Con. 1912- George Cheever Shattuck, a.p.O. 1911-1912, a.v.p. 1912- 1921. *George Chetne Shattuck, Bd. of Con. 1836-1850, v.p. 1850- 1885, Bd. of Con. 1886-1893. *Benjamin Shurtleff Shaw, r.p. 1858-1872, v.p. 1873-1882. Edward Byer Shaw, CM. r.p. 1923- WiLLiAM Martindale Shedden, G.U. h.s. 1920-1921, W.S. h.s. 1921-1922, a. in s. 1922- Channing Chamberlain Simmons, a.s. path. 1907, s.O. 1907- 1916, a.v.s. 1916- Fred a. Simmons, a. in 1. 1919-1923, a.l. 1923- Charles Moffett Simpson, G.U. h.s. 1921-1922. ♦Alexander Doull Sinclair, p.O. 1867-1868. Warren Richards Sisson, CM. p.O. 1917-1923. Charles Morton Smith, S. c. 1913- George Gilbert Smith, G.U. a.s.O. 1910-1911, s.O. 1911- Richard Mason Smith, CM. p.O. 1910, a.v.p. 1910-1916, v.p. 1916-1922. William David Smith, S. a.s.O. 1916-1921, p.O. 1921- WiLLiAM Henry Smith, p.O. 1903-1912, v.p. 1912- Marius Nygaard Smith-Petersen, Or. a. in s. 1917-1919, s.O. 1919-1921, a.v.s. 1921- DuNCAN Campbell Smyth, a. in 1. 1915-1917, a.l. 1917-1921, assoc.l. 1921- Harry C. Solomon, S. a. in med. 1920-1923, a.p.O. 1923- HoRACE Kennedy Sowles, W.S. h.s. 1917-1918, a.s.O. 1920- Fred M. Spalding, oph. 1920- Louis Mahlon Spear, p.O. 1912-1913. Lesley Hinckley Spooner, a.p.O. 1912-1914, p.O. 1914-1921. Albert Edward Steele, a. in chn. bac. 1910- James L. Stoddard, chem. 1922- Arthur Kingsbury Stone, p.O. 1893-1912, a.v.p. 1912- 1918. *David Humphreys Storer, v.s. 1849-1858. ♦Charles Pratt Strong, p.O. 1887-1893. Richard Pearson Strong, c. T.M. 1915- 278 staff LoRiNG Tiffany Swaim, Or. a. in s. 1918-1919, s.O. 1919- J. H. SwARTz, a.d. 1923- Walter B. Swift, a. in 1. 1915-1918. T Fritz Bradley Talbot, CM. p. in chg. 191Q-1911, c. 1911- *George Grosvenor Tarbell, P.O. 1868-1873, v.p. 1873-1891, Bd. of Con. 1891-1900. Edward Wyllys Taylor, A^ a.p.0. 1893-1911, n. 1911-1912, c. 1912- JoHN Houghton Taylor, a.p.O. 1919-1921, p.O. 1921- Peter H. Thompson, oph. 1920- George Loring Tobey, Temp. a.l. 1917-1918. Harold Grant Tobey, a. in 1. 1916-1923, a.l. 1923- Harvey Parker Towle, D. a.p.O. 1903-1911, d. 1911- Charles Wendell Townsend, p.O. 1892-1909. ♦Solomon Davis Townsend, con. s. 1835-1839, v.s. 1839-1863, Bd. of Con. 1863-1869. *Henry Tuck, p.O. 1873-1877. V Robert Glass Vance, X-r. r.p. 1923- Theodore S. Van Riempst, G.U. a.s.O. 1910-1911. Frederick H. Verhoeff, oph. 1920- Herman Frank Vickery, p.O. 1887-1898, v.p. 1898-1914, Bd. of Con. 1914- Henry Rouse Viets, Jr., a. in n. 1919, a. in s. 1919-1920, a. in n. 1921-1923, a.n. 1923- Beth Vincent, a. ins. 1906-1907, s.O. 1911-1917, a.v.s. 1917- Robert H. Vose, Temp. a.s.O. 1917-1919, a.s.O. 1919- W *0liver Fairfield Wadsworth, oph.p. 1873-1899, Bd. of Con. 1900-1911. ♦William Walter Walcott, a.p.O. 1916-1919. David Harold Walker, otol. 1910- Eugene Walker, a.r.p. 1913-1916, 1919-1920. George Lincoln Walton, N. p.O. 1889-1907, Bd. of Con. 1907- *Charles Eliot Ware, v.p. 1857-1868, Bd. of Con. 1868-1887. *John Ware, con.p. 1837-1838, v.p. 1839. *JoHN C. Warren, v.s. 1817-1853, Bd. of Con. 1853-1856. J. Collins Warren, p.O. 1870-1872, s.O. 1873-1877, v.s. 1877- 1905, Bd. of Con. 1905- *JoNATHAN Mason Warren, v.s. 1846-1867. 279 Massachusetts General Hospital Frederic A. Washburn, a.r.p. 1898, 1903-1908, r.p. 1908- 1922, dir. 1922- George Arthur Waterman, N. a.p.O. 1902-1911, a.n. 1911- 1912, assoc. n. 1912-1915, n. 1915-1916. Joseph Deutsch Weis, a.p. 1903. Charles Edward Wells, a.r.p. 1914-1915, 1917-1919, 1920- 1922, 2d a. dir. 1922- *George Webb West, s.O. 1883-1888. Bryant Davis Wetherell, S. a. in med. 1919- Charles James White, D. a.p.O. 1895-1903, p.0. 1903-1911, d. 1911- *James Clarke White, chem. 1864-1872, N. p.O. 1871-1872, p.O. 1873-1902, Bd. of Con. 1902-1914. J. Warren White, Or. a. in s. 1921-1922, a.s.O. 1922-1924, s.O. 1924- Paul Dudley White, W.M. h.p. 1914-1917, 1919-1920, c. M.O. 1920- and p. to sp. clin, 1921- *WiLLiAM FiSKE Whitney, a.path. 1888-1892, path. 1892-1901, s.path. 1901-1916. Wyman Whittemore, a. in s. 1907-1908, a.s.O. 1911-1914, S.O. 1914-1919, a.v.s. 1919-. ♦Edward Newton Whittier, p.O. 1872-1883, v.p. 1883-1898, Bd. of Con. 1898-1902. William Irving Wiggin, a. in 1. 1917-1921, a.l. 1921-1923, assoc. 1. 1923- *ROBERT WiLLARD, p.O. 1869-1870. Hugh Williams, s.O. 1903-1911, a.v.s. 1911-1917, assoc. s. 1917-1919, v.s. 1919- Philip Duncan Wilson, Or. s.O. 1919- *Edward Stickney Wood, chem. 1873-1905. James Edwin Wood, Jr., E.M. r.p. 1923. Clarence Field Worthen, Temp, a.oph. 1918. George Henry Wright, dn. 1912- James Homer Wright, path. 1896- Mary Wright, CM. a. in med. 1921-1922, a.p.O. 1922-1923, p.O. 1923- Wadb Stanley Wright, med. ass't in ind. dis. 1916-1921, p. to sp. chn. 1921- Edward Lorraine Young, Jr., G.U. a.s.O. 1912-1914, s.O. 1914-1919, s.O. 1919- James Herbert Young, CM. a.p.O. 1911-1913, p.O. 1913- 280 House Officers HOUSE OFFICERS 1821 Joshua Green, Apothecary *1875 1822 James Madison Whittemore, A. *1863 1823 Benjamin Barrett, A. *1869 Charles William Chauncey, A. *1864 1824 Jonas Henry Lane, A. *1861 1825 Joseph Reynolds, A. *1872 1826 Phineas Miller Crane, A. *1882 1827 John Barnard Swett Jackson, A. *1879 1828 Augustus Addison Gould, M. *1866 1829 LuciAN WiLLARD Caryl, S. *1837 Francis Dana, M. *1872 Willard Parker, M. *1884 1830 Henry Ingersoll Bowditch, M. *1892 Thomas Kemble Thomas, S. *1863 1831 Thomas Sparkhawk, ' M. *1874 Samuel Swett, S. *1866 1832 Lyman Bartlett, M. *1865 John Odin, S. *1864 1833 Francis Henry Gray, M. *1880 Henry Tuck, S. *1845 1834 EsTEs Howe, M. *1887 Stephen Salisbury, ,S. *1875 281 Massachusetts General Hospital 1835 William Ward Cutler, Horace Dupee, 1836 Samuel Parkman, Morrill Wyman, 1837 William Mack, Joseph Sargent, 1838 Henry Jacob Bigelow, John Bates Johnson, 1839 John Fenwick Eustis, Christopher Columbus Holmes, 1840 William Augustus Davis, Elijah Raymond Mears, 1841 Ezra Wood Fletcher, George Hayward, 1842 Edward Brooks Pierson, William Henry Thayer, 1843 John Frazier Head, William Edward Townsend, 1844 Henry Augustus Barrett, George Henry Gay, 1845 John Sydenham Flint, Alfred Lambert, 1846 Charles Bertody, Charles Frederick Heywood, Ralph Kneeland Jones, 1847 Thomas Andrews, John Call Dalton, John Gallison Sewall, 282 M. *1870 S. *1891 M. *1854 M. *1903 S. *1895 M. *1888 M. *1890 S. M. *1844 S. *1882 M. *1898 S. *1841 M. *1847 S. *1901 s. *1874 M. *1897 M. *1908 S. *1866 M. *1899 S. *1878 M. *1887 S. *1885 S. *1893 s. *1893 M. *1888 s. *1852 s. *1889 M. *1872 House Officers 1848 William Otis Johnson, Robert Woodruff Oliphant, Daniel Denison Slade, William Henry Thorndike, 1849 Waldo Irving Burnett, Calvin Ellis, Charles Dudley Homans, 1850 Charles Goldthwaite Adams, Albert Henry Blanchard, John Nelson Borland, Freeman Josiah Bumstead, Charles Hosea Hildreth, 1851 Joshua James Ellis, Thomas Hovey Gage, John Phillips Reynolds, Albert Franklin Sawyer, 1852 Samuel Coleman Blake, Joseph Clay Habersham, William Nourse Lane, William Hussey Page, 1853 Samuel Abbott Green, Edward Lorenzo Holmes, Joel Seaverns, 1854 Charles Bell, Samuel Foster Haven, Henry Kemble Oliver, Charles Ellery Stedman, John Lane White, 1855 Alfred Hosmer, George Smith Hyde, Lucius Manlius Sargent, James Clark White, 283 M. *1873 M. *1883 S. *1896 s. *1884 M. *1854 M. *1883 S. *1886 S. *1852 M. *1909 M. *1890 S. *1879 S. *1884 M. *1861 S. *1909 M. *1909 S. *1903 M. *1897 M. *1881 S. *1862 S. *1888 s. *1918 s. *1900 M. *1894 s. M. *1862 M. *1919 S. *1909 M. *1902 S. *1891 M. *1905 S. *1864 M. *1916 Massachusetts General Hospital 1856 Hall Cubtis, o GustavusHay, ^ ;i906 Alexander Doull Sinclair, m *|q?? William Thorndike, f' .^^^ll 1857 * ^^^^ Eugene DeCourcillon, m * Basket Derby, c * ^ Anson Parker Hooker, ^ J.^^ JosLiH Henry Stickney, 5 ' ^t^l^ 1858 ' Ezra Dyer, „ John Theodore Heard, c' llnnl Edward Hooker, J; ^^06 Benjamin Lincoln Ray, ^; ^?^^^ Charles Carroll Tower, m *!sqq 1859 1893 George Adams Bright, m *iQnK Francis Codman Ropes, ^ * ^tZ^l John Stearns, o' ^^"^ JosiAH Newell Willard, ' m *Jf^n 1860 * ^^^^ John George Blake, o ^ Francis Henry Brown, J *,^}^ Sidney Howard Carney, ^; ,}^^ Joseph Whitney Gushing, 5. *Jgg^ John Howe Clark, ^ William Borrowe Gibson, ,(? " J^^i John Homans, «' ^^^^ John Gray Park, J r^^OS 1862 * ^^^^ George Ebenezer Francis, s ' *iqio David Hyslop Hayden, s. na]o Charles Everett Vaughn, m *iQn;f Robert Willard, ^- 1^04 1863 ^^^^ Benjamin Faneuil Dunkin Adams, S. *iRQ^ Norton Folsom, ' ^ ^^^^^ Samuel Wood Langmaid, s *Jo?^ Charles Walter Swan, m *iqo? Oliver Fairfield Wadsworth, m *iqi 1 284 1911 House Officers 1864 Alfred Leonard Haskins, Charles Edward Inches, George Edward Mason, Charles Burnham Porter, George Grosvenor Tarbell, 1865 John Orne Green, Francis Boott Greenough, Arthur Howard Nichols, Calvin Pratt, John Collins Warren, Jeremiah Whipple, 1866 Richard Henry Derby, Thomas Dwight, Henry Parker Quincy, William Lambert Richardson, Frederick Russell Sturgis, Henry Tuck, 1867 Henry Harris Aubbey Beach, JosiAH Little Hale, William Henry Howe Hastings, RuFus Pratt Lincoln, Herbert James Pratt, Thomas Waterman, 1868 Henry Hooper, Barker Brooks Kent, Ferdinand Gordon Morrill, Charles Pickering Putnam, Ira St. Clair Smith, Edward Newton Whittier, 1869 Henry Thatcher Boutwell, William Gelson Farlow, Abner Post, James Jackson Putnam, Frederick Henry Thompson, Leonard Wheeler, 285 M. *1876 S. *1911 s. *1882 s. *1909 s. *1900 s. *1922 M. *1904 s. *1923 s. *1922 s. M. *1871 s. *1907 s. *1911 s. *1899 M. s. *1919 M. *1904 S. *1910 s. *1903 M. *1900 s. *1900 M. *1915 s. *1901 s. *1919 s. *1873 s. *1907 M. *1914 s. *1891 M. *1902 S. *1915 s. *1919 s. M. *1918 S. M. Massachusetts General Hospital 1870 Albert Novatus Blodgett, James Thacher Boutelle, Horace Bridge, James Read Chadwick, Joseph Pearson Oliver, Edward Stickney Wood, 1871 Walter Channing, Elbridge Gerry Cutler, Francis Augustine Harris, Amos Lawrence Mason, William James Morton, James Edwin Tobey, William Hunter Workman, 1872 James Bourne Ayer, Edward Hickling Bradford, Francis Edward Porter, George Kraus Sabine, > Frederick Cheever Shattuck, 1874 Edward Marshall Buckingham, John Standish Foster Bush, Edward Waldo Emerson, William Edward Moseley, Thomas Morgan Rotch, Henry Rust Stedman, 1875 Francis Henry Davenport, William Aloysius Dunn, Walter Ela, Samuel Howe, Claudius Marcellus Jones, George Stedman, William Fiske Whitney, 1876 Arthur Tracy Cabot, Joseph Everett Garland, Thomas Waterman Huntington, Frederick Fiske Moore, 286 s. *1923 s. * M. s. *1905 M. *1903 S. *1905 s. *1921 M. S. *1911 M. *1914 S. *1920 S. *1891 M. S. *1910 S. s. s. M. w.s. *1916 E.S. *1922 W.S. E.M. *1916 W.M. *1914 E.S. M. W.S. *1918 E.S. E.S. *1879 E.M. *1892 W.S. *1921 W.M. *1921 W.S. *1912 W.S. *1907 E.M. W.M. House Officers Samuel Quincy Robinson, George Horton Tilden, William Adams Winn, 1877 Edward Chauncey Booth, Charles Wendell Cooper, Oliver Hurd Everett, Henry Cecil Haven, OcTAVius Thorndike Howe, Marcello Hutchinson, Ernest Parker Miller, Maurice Howe Richardson, 1878 John Winters Brannan, John Wheelock Elliot, William Castein Mason, James Jackson Minot, Henry Lee Morse, William Oxnard Moseley, 1879 Vincent Yardley Bowditch, William Whitworth Gannett, Samuel Jason Mixter, Francis Sedgewick Watson, George Webb West, John Brooks Wheeler, 1880 Dudley Peter Allen, William Norton Bullard, George Griswold Hayward, Henry Percy Jaques, George Howard Monks, Walter Joseph Otis, 1881 Charles Harrington, Francis Bishop Harrington, William Donnison Hodges, Thomas Foster Sherman, Charles Pratt Strong, William Nye Swift, Charles Bryant Witherle, 287 s. *1899 E.S. *1916 E.S. *1890 W.M. W.S. *1897 E.S. E.S. *1915 W.S. E.M. *1908 W.M. E.S. *1912 E.S. W.S. E.S. E.M. W.S. W.M. *1879 E.M. W.M. W.S. E.S. W.S. *1897 E.S. W.S. *1915 E.M. E.S. *1910 W.M. E.S. W.S. E.M. *1908 E.S. *1914 E.S. *1893 W.M. *1893 W.S. *1893 E.M. *1911 W.S. Massachusetts General Hospital 1882 Franklin Asaph Dunbar, Lester Sackett Ford, Andrew Hall Hodgdon, John Homans, 2d, Frederick Howard Lombard, Frederick Weston Taylor, Herman Frank Vickery, 1883 John Templeton Bo wen, Clarence Miles Godding, Charles Sumner Holden, Otis Kimball Newell, Herbert William Newhall, Alley Talbot Wakefield, 1884 Frederick Melancthon Briggs, William Merritt Conant, Charles Wilt^iam Galloupe, Oscar Joseph Pfeiffer, » 1885 Henry Cutler Baldwin, Dillon Brown, Henry Jackson, George Morrill Kimball, Edward Reynolds, George Gray Sears, 1886 Algernon Coolidge, Jerrie Knowlton Phillips, John Washburn Pratt, Charles Schram, William Donnison Swan, Charles Wendell Townsend, Frederick Clinton Woodbury, 1887 Joseph Payson Clark, Henry Strong Durand, BuRNSiDE Foster, George Hills Francis, Lewis Tebbets Stevens, 288 EM. E.S. *1882 W.M. E.S. *1902 w.s. *1885 E.M. *1919 W.M. W.M. E.S. *1920 W.S. E.S. W.M. W.S. *1886 E.S. W.S. W.S. *1922 E.S. E.S. *1915 W.S. *1909 E.M. W.S. E.S. W.M. E.S. W.S. *1899 W.S. *1922 W.M. E.S. E.M. E.M. *1886 E.S. W.S. ' W.S. *1917 E.S. W.M. *1898 House Officers 1888 Norman Fitch Chandler, Edward Fitch Gushing, Homer Gage, Henry Barton Jacobs, Richard Sprague, Arthur Kingsbury Stone, 1889 John Miller Turpin Finney, Edward Miller Greene, Hardy Phippen, Charles Locke Scudder, William Sydney Thayer, Augustus Thorndike, 1890 Arthur Patterson Chadbourne, Edward Fitch Gushing, George Eliot, Arthur Lyman Fisk, George Lyle Kingsley, James Gregory Mumford, Malcolm Storer, 1891 John Washburn Bartol, Everett Alanson Bates, Frank Spooner Churchill, Frederick Shurtleff Coolidge, James Marsh Jackson, Ralph Holland Seelye, Henry Alden Shaw, 1892 William Allen Brooks, Arthur Carleton Jelly, Howard Augustus Lothrop, Edward Allen Pease, William Lord Smith, 1893 Franklin Greene Balch, W.S. George Washington Wales Brewster E.S. Elmond Arthur Burnham, W.M. Farrar Cobb, E.S. 289 W.M. *1922 E.S. *1911 E.S. E.M. W.S. *1892 W.S. W.S. E.M. E.S. E.S. W.M. W.S. E.M. W.M. *1911 W.S. *1891 W.S. W.S. *1890 E.S. *1914 E.S. E.S. E.M. W.M. W.S. *1915 W.M. *1918 E.S. W.S. E.S. *1921 E.M. E.S. W.S. W.S. Massachusetts General Hospital John Dane, E.S. Warren Fisher Gay, W.S. *1916 Joseph Lincoln Goodale, W.M. Fred Bates Lund, W.S. Frank Lyman, W.S. Charles Allen Porter, E.S. Edmund Channing Stowell, E.M. 1894 Richard Clarke Cabot, E.M. Frederick Jay Cotton, W.S. Abel Albert Davis, E.S. Edward Hamilton Kidder, W.S. *1898 Sidney Archer Lord, S.S. James Savage Stone, E.S. HoBERT Endicott Warren, E.S. Alfred Augustus Wheeler, S.S. 1895 George Lawrence Barney, E.S. *1898 Arthur Lambert Chute, S.S. Edmund Wright Clap, » E.M. Ernest Amory Codman, E.S. William Pearce Coues, W.S. Francis Parkman Denny, W.M. George Carroll Dolliver, S.S. *1897 Richard Edward Edes, E.S. *1901 Henry Fox Hewes, E.M. George Hillard Hill, W.S. Henry Lincoln Houghton, W.S. Elliot Proctor Joslin, W.M. Herbert Charles Moffitt, E.M. Richard Frothingham O'Neil, W.S. Frederick Warren Pearl, E.S. Charles Russell Lowell Putnam, S.S. Mark Wyman Richardson, W.M. 1896 Charles Norton Barney, W.M. *1922 Joseph Almarin Capps, E.M. William Cogswell, S.S. Harvey Gushing, S.S. Robert Battey Greenough, E.S. Herbert James Hall, E.S. *1923 Robert Gardner Loring, W.S. Franklin Spelman Newell, S.S. 290 House Officers RicHAED Frothingham O'Neil, EM. Charles Fairbank Painter, E.S. John Combe Pegram, Jr. w.s. *1906 Gardiner Hubbard Scudder, W.M. *1896 Franklin Warren White, E.M. 1897 Henry Arnold Cooke, E.M. John White Cummin, S.S. James Crowley Donoghue, E.M. *1911 Horace Bird Frost, E.S. Louis Whitmore Gilbert, W.M. *1919 Robert Battey Greenough, W.M. Joseph Briggs Howland, W.S. Joshua Clap Hubbard, s.s. Daniel Fiske Jones, w.s. Harris Peyton Mosher, E.S. William Henry Smith, W.M. Robert Henry Vose, E.S. Frederic Augustus Washburn, S.S. Ernest Boyen Young, W.S. *1923 1898 Seabury Wells Allen, W.S. George Sherwin Clark Badger, W.M. Charles Edwin Briggs, E.S. Arthur Nicholson Broughton, S.S. Weston Percival Chamberlain, W.M. Arthur Richmond Crandell, S.S. William Horace Davis, w.s. Carleton Phillips Flint, S.S. *1908 Nathaniel Bowditch Potter, E.M. *1919 Howard Townsend Swain, E.S. George Shattuck Whiteside, W.S. Jonathan Dixon Yost, E.S. 1899 Howard Walter Beal, S.S. *1918 Arthur Appleton Beebe, E.S. *1900 Charles Shorey Butler, E.S. Hugh Cabot, S.S. Lincoln Davis, E.S. Harry Fairbanks Hart well. S.S. Walter Sidney Johnson, W.S. *1920 Walter Augustus Lecompte, W.S. *1907 291 Massachusetts General Hospital George Wilton Moorehouse, E.M. Percy Musgrave, E.M. *1922 Howard Townsend Swain, WM. Joseph Deutsch Weis, WM. Hugh Williams, W.S. 1900 Freeman Allen, S.S. William Phillips Graves, E.S. Frederic Robert Jouett, W.M. Maynard Ladd, W.M. Thomas James Manahan, S.S. *1911 William Ropes May, E.M. Walter Burlingame Odiorne, E.S. *1906 Robert Bayley Osgood, W.S. George Burgess Pierce, W.S. Alexander Carleton Potter, S.S. William Henry Sayward, Jr., W.M. Walter Clark Seelye, W.S. Channing Chamberlain Simmons, E.S. Wilder Tileston, E.M. 1901 Edward Francis Washburn Bartol, E.S. George Strong Derby, E.S. Charles Hunter Dunn, W.M. Alfred Henry Gould, S.S. *1907 George Sumner Hill, E.M. Harold Abbott Johnson, W.S. Merrick Lincoln, W.M. *1923 Frederick Taylor Lord, E.M. Louis Guy Mead, E.M. Fred Towsley Murphy, W.S. Henry Lindsay Sanford, E.S. Richard Goodwin Wadsworth, S.S. George Arthur Waterman, W.M. Fred Bradlee Winslow, S.S. 1902 Eliot Alden, W.S. Horace Binney, S.S. William Frederick Boos, W.M. Henry Melville Chase, W.S. Benjamin Kendall Emerson, E.S. Elisha Flagg, E.S. 292 House Officers Robert Francis Gibson, W.M. Arthur Lemuel Kennedy, EM. John Mason Little, Jr., S.S. Edwin Allen Locke, E.M. Chauncey Williams Norton, W.S. Samuel Robinson, s.s. Roger Spalding, E.M. James Rockwell Torbert, E.S. Fred Patterson Webster, W.M. 1903 John Baxter Bain, E.M. Allan Foster Barnes, S.S. Richard Stanwood Benner, W.S. William Henry Buffum, E.M. Robert Laurent DeNormandie, E.S. John Flint, W.S. Frederick Eugene Garland, s.s. Harry Winfred Goodall, W.M. Francis Winslow Palfrey, W.M. William Carter Quinby, E.S. Harold Wellington Smith, S.S. Beth Vincent, W.S. 1904 Fred Houdelett Albee, S.S. James Lyman Belknap, W.M. Thomas Jayne Burrage, E.M. George Oliver Clark, E.S. Charles Wonson Eveleth, W.M. Ralph Roswell Fitch, W.M. Cleaveland Floyd, W.M. Roy Garland, W.S. Frederick James Goodridge, S.S. Robert John Graves, E.S. Arthur Moses Greenwood, W.S. Robert DeLancey Hamilton, E.M. John Bromham Hawes, 2d, E.M. John Homans, S.S. Carl Shepard Oakman, E.S. Henry Dudley Prescott, E.S. Eugene Augustus Vickery, W.S. 1905 James Bellinger Barney, E.S. Lynn Staley Beals, W.M. 1914 1914 1918 1911 1911 293 Massachusetts General Hospital Horace Keith Boutwell, E.M. Joel Ives Butler, *S.*S. Nelson Henry Clark, W.M. Charles Daniel Easton, E.M. Arthur Brewster Emmons, 2d, W.S. Marshall Fabyan, E.M. Frederick James Goodridge, D. John Bryant Hartwell, W.S. Frederick Clinton Kidner, *S.*S. Lucius Collinwood Kingman, W.S. William George Lee, E.S. Alexander Hamilton Rice, E.S. Chandler Robbins, S.S. 1906 Lawrence Francis Cusick, E.S. Richard Dexter, E.M. Nathaniel Wales Faxon, ;S.*S. James Chapman Graves, Jr., E.S. Royal Hatch, W.M. *1917 Charles Wentworth Hoyt, W.S. Harvey Field Newhall, E.S. Clarence Eugene Ordway, W.S. Charles Leonard Overlander, W.M. Walter Gray Phippen, S.S. George Cheever Shattuck, E.M. Benjamin Ernest Sibley, S.S. Louis Mahlon Spear, E.M. William Wright Walcott, S.S. *1919 James Lyman Whitney, W.M. Wyman Whittemore, W.S. 1907 Louis Herbert Burlingham, W.M. Arthur Hallam Crosbie, E.S. Theodore Jewett Eastman, W.M. Robert Montraville Green, S.S. Roger Irving Lee, E.M. Herman Weston Marshall, W.S. Carleton Ray Metcalf, E.S. Charles Galloupe Mixter, W.S. William Jason Mixter, >S.*S. EvERARD Lawrence Oliver, D. Edward Pierson Richardson, E.S. Hervey Lewis Smith, W.M. 294 House Officers Horace Paine Stevens, W.S. Fritz Bradley Talbot, E.M. Fresenius Van Nuts, E.M. 1908 Williston Wright Barker, W.M. Leslie Lawson Bigelow, W.S. Lloyd Thornton Brown, s.s. Francis Lowell Burnett, s.s. Lawrence Dudley Chapin, E.M. William Edward Eaton, D. ToRR Wagner Harmer, E.S. Charles Byam Rollings, W.S. James Lincoln Huntington, S.S. Roger Kinnicutt, E.M. Harry Leslie Langnecker, 0. Herman Weston Marshall, 0. Gordon Niles Morrill, 0. Francis Weld Peabody, E.M. Edward Hammond Risley, E.S. Wilbur Augustus Sawyer, W.M. George Maurice Sheahan, W.S. WiLLARD Porter Woodbury, E.S. James Herbert Young, W.M. 1909 Charles 0. Caswell, 0. Russell Thompson Congdon, W.S. Charles Orrin Day, E.S. George Bourne Farnsworth, E.S. Louis Perley Felch, 0. Harold Girard Giddings, S.S. Donald Gregg, W.M. Paul Wilberforce Harrison, E.S. Benjamin Franklin Janes, D. Oliver Ames Lothrop, W.S. Henry Koval Marks, E.M. Louis Harry Newburgh, W.M. Augustus Riley, S.S. Roy Angelo Sadler, E.M. George Gilbert Smith, W.S. Richard Mason Smith, W.M. Lesley Hinckley Spooner, E.M. John Baker Swift, Jr. S.S. 1910 295 Massachusetts General Hospital 1910 Francis Gorham Brigham, E.M. John Bryant, W.S. William Waddell Duke, E.M. James Murry Gallison, W.S. Louis Adilore Oliver Goddu, 0. Hugh Payne Greeley, W.M. Robert Granville Hall, W.M. Robert Richard Hellman, CM. Charles Albert Holbrook, E.S. Paul Dudley Lamson, E.M. Charles Henry Lawrence, Jr., W.M. George Price Lingenfelter, D. Walter Williamson Manton, S.S. George W Morse, E.S. Roland Lesley Toppan, S.S. Harrison Briggs Webster, E.S. Charles Edward Wells, 0. William Stewart Whittemore, S.S. Edward Lorraine Young, Jr., W.S. 1911 John Harper Blaisdell, D. Harold Bowditch, W.M. Bronson Crothers, W.M. Ralph Waite Dennen, E.S. Reginald Fitz, E.M. Ralph Winward French, S.S.&E.S. John Wilkes Hammond, Jr., CM. Robert Richard Hellman, S.S.&E.S. Frederick Carpenter Irving, W.S. Eugene Sterling Kilgore, W.M. Andrew Roy MacAusland, W.S. Donald Macomber, S.S. Thomas Franklin Mayo, 0. Jean Sears Millard, D. Richard Henry Miller, E.S. George Albert Moore, W.S. Walter Walker Palmer, E.M. WiLLARD Stephen Parker, E.M. Frank Arthur Pemberton, S.S. Russell Bradford Sprague, 0. Paul Dudley White, CM. 1911 1918 1911 1919 296 House Officers 1912 George David Cutler, E.S. William Milos Dunn, E.S. Richard Spelman Eustis, W.M. James Larider Gamble, W.M. Edwin Daniels Gardner, S.S.&W.S. Norman Paul, Hersam, D. Alpheus Felch Jennings, W.M. George Adams Leland, Jr., W.S. Harry Lesley Franklin Locke, CM. Henry Chase Marble, W.S. John Edward McCartin, 0. Charles Nash Header, E.M. Joy Alva Omer, 0. Karlton Goodsell Percy, E.M. Hugo Oliver Peterson, E.M. Dexter Newell Richards, E.S. Russell Firth Sheldon, E.S. Warren Ricelards Sisson, CM. Loring Tiffany Swaim, W.S. 1913 Edward Parsons Bagg, Jr., E.M. Walter Isaac Baldwin, 0. George Hayward Binney, W.S. Ernest Granville Crabtree, E.S. Harvard Hersey Crabtree, E.S. Richard Spelman Eustis, CM. Frank Peyton Gaunt, W.S. Carl Arthur Hedblom, E.S. James Howard Means, E.M. George Richards Minot, E.M. John Tolson O'Ferrall, O. Carl Merrill Robinson, W.S. Orville Forrest Rogers, Jr., W.M. William David Smith, W.M. Thornton Stearns, E.S. LoE Albright Sutter, D. Clifford Daniel Sweet, CM. William Franklin Temple, Jr., W.S. Paul Dudley White, W.M. 1914 Lyman Guy Barton, Jr., E.S. Harry Calvin Berger, CM. 297 Massachusetts General Hospital Russell Potter Borden, W.S. Frederick Amasa Coller, W.S. Charles Clayton Dennie, D. John Favill, E.M. John Wilkes Hammond, Jr., W.M. Herbert Handy Howard, W.S. Ernest Victor Keller, 0. 1919 Alson Raphael Kilgore, W.M. Francis Minot Rackemann, E.M. Andre William Reggio, W.S. Oswald Hope Robertson, W.M. Eugene Watson Rockey, E.S. Abraham Bernard Schwartz, CM. Thornton Stearns, 0. Harold Wentworth Stevens, CM. John Edward Talbot, E.M. Melvin Harvey Walker, Jr., E.S. Philip Duncan Wilson, E.S. 1915 Arthur Wilburn Allen, W.S. Joseph Charles Aub, » E.M. Carl Alfred Lanning Binger, E.M. DeWitt Scoville Clark, Jr., E.S. Harry Anthony Durkin, CM. Luther Mitchell Ferguson, E.S. *1916 Thomas Madden Foley, 0. Harold Maurice Frost, W.S. CusTis Lee Hall, 0. Lewis Webb Hill, W.M. William Gordon Lennox, W.M. Edward DeWitt Leonard, E.S. Joseph Arthur Levek, CM. Frank William Marvin, W.S. Philip Hale Pierson, E.M. Zaccheus Roscoe Scott, CM. Joseph Leslie Sherrick, W.M. Donald Benjamin Steenberg, E.S. Charles Fletcher Warren, W.S. James Augustus Wood, CM. 1916 Roy Charles Abbott, 0. Benjamin Harrison Alton, W.S. Archibald Hildreth Beard, W.M. 298 House Officers Hugh Kling Berkley, CM. Howard Spencer Colwell, EM. Edgar Charles Cook, W.S. Floyd Frost Hatch, E.S. John Sprague Hodgson, W.S. Sumner Waldron Jackson, E.S. William John Kerr, W.M. John Moore Lee, CM. Lawrence Kirby Lunt, W.M. Arthur Bates Lyon, CM. Orland Franklin Montgomery, E.S. Wayland Augustus Morrison,' W.S. George Byron Packard, Jr., E.S. Marius Nygaard Smith-Petersen, 0. Harold Wentworth Stevens, E.M. Arthur Edgar Strauss, E.M. Langdon Thom Thaxter, E.M. William Almon Wood, CM. Wade Stanley Wright, W.M. 1917 Paul Appleton, W.S. George Hoyt Bigelow, E.M. Earl Bloomer, E.S. Arlie Vernon Bock, W.M. Edward Cline Bull, 0. Edwin Nelson Cleaves, E.S. Kenneth Llewellyn Dole, E.S. Harry Anthony Durkin, W.M. George Francis Dwinell, W.S. John Blair Fitts, 0. Alan Gregg, W.M. Arthur Morrison Jackson, W.S. James Gerard Kramer, CM. Walter Hamer Lacey, W.S. Ralph Herbert Luikart, W.S. Arthur Bates Lyon, W.M. William Patton McDowell, CM. LuDo VON Meysenbug, CM. Howard Osgood, E.M. Charles William Peabody, E.S. William Albert Perkins, E.S. Benjamin Harrison Ragle, E.M. Adolph George Schnack, E.M. 299 Massachusetts General Hospital Albert John Scroll, Jr., E.S. Abraham Clement Silverman, CM. Horace Kennedy Sowles, W.S. Newton Samuel Stern, E.M. John Houghton Taylor, E.M. Henry Malcolm Thomas, Jr. W.M. Leonard Mathews Van Stone, W,M. John Cree Wilson, 0. 1918 Frank Dennette Adams, W.M. William Bradford Adams, E.M. Harold Cotton Bean, W.S. Thomas Ellwood Buckman, E.M. Carleton Wheller Bullard, W.S. Francis Jervois Callanan, E.S. George Lawrence Chaffin, E.S. Marshall Chipman Cheney, W.M. Thomas Donald Cunningham, W.M. Robert Dudley Curtis, CM. Ernest Merrill Daland, W.S. Neil Augustus Fogg, W.S. Leslie Newton Gay, E.M. Francis Cooley Hall, E.M. Charles William Hutchinson, E.S. Basil Bradbury Jones, E.M. Thomas Hinckley Lanman, E.S. James Rufus Lincoln, 0. Thomas McCance Mabon, W.M. Robert Reyburn McClellan, W.M. LuDO VON Meysenbug, W.M. Kemp Prather Neal, E.S. Way Sung New, 0. James Howard Park, CM. Derric Choate Parmenter, E.M. Curtice Rosser, W.S. Robert Brewster Seabury, W.S. John Newton Shirley, W.S. Eugene Pardon Sisson, Jr. CM. Bryant Davis Wetherell, E.S. 1919 William Bradley Breed, E.M. Charles Sidney Burwell, Jr., W.M. Robert Cartwright Cheney, W.S. 300 House Officers Joseph Garland, CM. Rafe Nelson Hatt, 0. Frederick Sherman Hopkins, E.S. George Henry Jackson, Jr., 0. Henry Jackson, Jr., EM. Basil Bradbury Jones, CM. Chester Morse Jones, E.M. Leland Sterling McKittrick, W.S. Robert Nason Nye, E.M. Albert Elisha Parkhurst, W.M. RussEL Hugo Patterson, E.S. Willard Cole Rappleye, W.M. John Rock, W.S. Chester Clayton Schneider, E.S. Arthur Carroll Scott, Jr., W.S. Wilfred Sefton, W.M. Curtis Everett Smith, W.M. Ralph Case Spence, E.M. Edmund Kenneth Steenburg, E.S. William T. S. Thorndike, W.S. Elmar Stebbins Waring, E.M. Allen Pellington Winsor, W.M. Mary Wright, CM. 1920 Samuel Ayres, Jr., W.M. Paul Edward Belknap, CM. Fletcher Hatch Colby, W.S. Thomas Donald Cunningham, CM. James Greenough, W.S. Gilbert Edmund Haggart, W.M. Donald Storrs King, E.M. Robert Frederick Loeb, W.M. William Mason, E.M. WlLFORD MeRRIAM NeLSON, E.M. Charles William Peabody, 0. James Jackson Putnam, CM. Morris Blackman Sanders, E.S. Francis Barnard Sargent, W.S. WitLiAM Martindale Shedden, E.S. Charles Mofpett Simpson, E.S. Homer Waldo Spiers, 0. Robert Cole Stickney, CM. Joseph Kiddoo Surls, 0. Wilfred Douglas Van Stone, W.S. 301 Massachusetts General Hospital Milton Victor Veldee, E.M. Charles Amory Williams, E.S. Shutai Tinwong Woo, W.M. 1921 Warren Gerald Atwood, W.S. Edward Bradley Dewey, E.S. Harold Sparrow Dorrance, E.M. Rudolph Ludwig Dresel, 0. Arthur Ford Geddes Edgelow, W.S. Henry Field, Jr., CM. Joseph Garland, E.M. Samuel Ftutoute Haines, W.M. James Hitchcock, W.M. Eliot Hubbard, Jr., W.M. Benjamin Hughes Kennedy, Jr., CM. John Albert Key, 0. Wilfrid Wallace McKay, CM. Joe Vincent Meigs, E.S. Hugh Grant Rowell, W.S. William Erasmus Sherman, CM. DwiGHT Lewis Sisco, ' E.M. Curtis Everett Smith, E.S. Steele Fuller Stewart, 0. Joseph Stokes, Jr., W.M. Edward Sawtelle Welles, E.S. Allen Pellington Winsor, W.S. John Barlow Youmans, E.M. 1922 William Hamlet Alexander, W.S. Howard Boyd, CM. Sheo-Nan Cheer, E.M. Edward Delas Churchill, W.S. Solomon David David, 0. Arthur George Davis, 0. John Joseph Dumphy, CM. Henry Field, Jr., E.M. Frank Leslie Fort, 0. William Talmage Freeman, CM. Clarence James Gamble, W.M. Donald Mitchell Glover, W.S. Myron Ormell Henry, 0. William Herman, E.M. Harold Homer Hitchcock, 0. 302 House Officers Gerald Norton Hoeffel, CM. William Kenneth Livingston, W.S. Charles Carroll Lund, E.S. Ralph Fabian McDonald, E.S. WiNTHROP Morgan Phelps, 0. Isaac Starr, Jr., W.M. Joseph Kiddoo Surls, E.S. LeRoy Russell Wheeler, W.M. Edward Harlan Wilson, E.S. 1923 William Hamlet Alexander, T.S. Thomas Maxfield Barber, E.M. Charles Barrows Bennett, 0. Randolph Kunhardt Byers, E.M. William Bosworth Castle, E.M. Seth Marshall Fitchet, E.S. Daniel Parsons Foster, E.M. Clarence Falk Friedman, CM. Lauren Holmes Goldsmith, CM. Stephen G. Jones, W.S. William Ethelbert McConnell, E.S. James William Martin, 0. Frank Hastings Hamilton Mewburn, , 0. Eugene Adolph Osius, W.M, Winthrop Morgan Phelps, T.S. Tracy Jackson Putnam, E.S. John Jacob Sampson, W.M. Lemuel David Smith, 0. Daniel Max Stiefel, 0. Augustus Thorndike, Jr., W.S. James Harvey Townsend, W.M. Curtis Carver Tripp, W.S. Richard Gwyn Watson, CM. Edward Harlan Wilson, 0. James Edwin Wood, Jr. W.M. 303 w\ ImSmS.^^^^^^^^ 0037544608 1IES ;.r»