OPPORTUNITIES 
 
 IN THE 
 
 FIELD OF NURSING 
 
 BY 
 
 ISABEL MAITLAND STEWART, R.N., A.M. 
 
 Assistant Professor, Department of Nursing 
 and Health, Teachers College, Columbia 
 University, Nem York City 
 
 Published by 
 
 The Committee on Nursing 
 of the Council of National Defense 
 , By permission 
 
 of the Nursing and Health Branch of the 
 Alumni Association, Teachers College 
 Columbia University 
 City of New York 
 1917 
 
 This pamphlet is in its 2Sth thousand and this edition 
 brings it up to the 3Sth thousand 
 
PREFACE 
 
 There probably never was a time when so many 
 young women were so sincerely anxious to make their 
 life-work count for something worth while. The 
 thoughtful girl or woman is not satisfied any more with 
 simply an easy job, or a situation that brings in an 
 immediate money return. She wants something that 
 will stir her interests, that will develop her latent ability, 
 and will give her a chance to contribute something to 
 the real work of the world. 
 
 This is particularly true since the war has brought 
 home to us so forcibly the need for utilizing every 
 available talent and all the energy and devotion we 
 possess in some definite, productive, form of national 
 service. Nursing is probably the most vital and satis¬ 
 fying form of service which any woman can render in 
 critical times such as these, and it will be just as much 
 needed in the period of reconstruction that will come 
 after the war. 
 
 The purpose of this pamphlet is to give all the main 
 facts about the profession as clearly and impartially as 
 possible, and to advise those who intend to fit them¬ 
 selves for this work how best to proceed. Those who 
 are engaged in the nursing profession and know it most 
 intimately, do not hesitate to commend it to your serious 
 consideration, believing that in breadth and variety of 
 opportunity, in possibilities of service, and in positive 
 human interests, no profession of the present day offers 
 larger returns to the educated woman. 
 
Opportunities in the Field of 
 Nursing 
 
 Development of the Profession 
 
 The story of the birth of our modern pro¬ 
 fession of nursing reads more like a romance 
 than a history. Everybody is familiar with the 
 picture of the crowded hospital barracks of the 
 Crimea, the lack of proper food and proper care, 
 the dreadful harvest of death from wounds and 
 cholera — then the change that came with the 
 arrival of Florence Nightingale and her little 
 band of nurses, when the “ charnel-house of 
 misery ” became a decent, safe, well-managed 
 home for sick people. 
 
 The spectacular reduction in the death rate, 
 which went down from between thirty and fifty 
 to about two percent, was not the only proof of 
 the value of intelligent and skillful nursing. 
 Those refined and capable women had brought 
 with them a new atmosphere, a new sense of com¬ 
 fort and security, a new measure of efficiency in 
 the management of such institutions, that broke 
 down at last all the unreasoning and bitter oppo¬ 
 sition which had met them in the beginning of 
 their work. The rough hospital orderly, the poor 
 old incompetent drudge, and the devoted but un¬ 
 skilled amateur were alike relegated to the past, 
 
4 
 
 so far as the expert care of sick people was con¬ 
 cerned. The “ trained ” nurse had arrived. 
 
 From the very beginning Florence Nightin¬ 
 gale insisted on training as the only means of 
 reaching proficiency in nursing. She had abso¬ 
 lutely no patience with the “ born-nurse ” theory, 
 nor with the ordinary pottering and fussing 
 about sick-beds which well-intentioned and ami¬ 
 able women dignified by the name of “ nursing.” 
 To all the ardent and sometimes sentimental 
 young women who began to volunteer their ser¬ 
 vices for the care of the sick, she emphasized the 
 absolute necessity of long, rigorous training. 
 “ Nursing is an art,” she insists, “ and if it is to be 
 made an art it requires as hard a preparation as 
 any painter’s or sculptor’s work; for what is 
 having to do with dead canvas or cold marble 
 compared with having to do with the living 
 body ? ” Again she calls it “ the finest of the fine 
 arts.” 
 
 As a public testimonial to the services of this 
 great woman, the first nursing school was estab¬ 
 lished in connection with St. Thomas’ Hospital, 
 London, and from that time to the present, 
 schools have multiplied at a very rapid rate. 
 There are at the present time in America approxi¬ 
 mately 1,500 schools of nursing, with a student 
 
5 
 
 body of about 40,000. This is a larger number of 
 students than will be found in all the medical col¬ 
 leges of the country, and exceeds the number 
 of women students now registered in all Ameri¬ 
 can colleges. 
 
 The work has attracted on the whole, an 
 exceptional body of women, who have built about 
 it the most splendid traditions of personal and 
 public service. Though one of the youngest of 
 the professions, it has already a strong organi¬ 
 zation, with rapidly advancing professional 
 standards and a considerable literature. 
 
 Scope of the Field 
 
 From two or three original branches, the 
 work has broadened out till there are now from 
 twenty to thirty fairly distinct lines of activity. 
 From the rather limited field of the hospital 
 and home, the nurse now goes out into streets 
 and tenements, into shops and factories, into 
 schools and colleges. From the more or less 
 simple personal services to the sick, her work has 
 developed till it includes a large number of 
 important duties, some of them distinctively med¬ 
 ical and sanitary, others educational and adminis¬ 
 trative and others public and social in character. 
 So rapid has been the expansion of this field that 
 there has never been an adequate number of qual- 
 
6 
 
 ified nurses to meet the need. There are probably 
 over 100,000 nurses practising in the United 
 States at the present time, and yet the demand for 
 competent nurses still far exceeds the supply. 
 
 All the indications go to prove that this 
 demand will be substantially increased in the 
 immediate future. Those who have been gauging 
 the tendencies of the past few years say that not 
 hundreds more, but thousands will very soon be 
 needed, not only in homes, hospitals, and public 
 schools, but as workers on boards of health, in 
 philanthropic societies, in systems of education, 
 in factories and department stores, in rural dis¬ 
 tricts, and wherever this new idea of health con¬ 
 servation is being actively worked out. The war 
 has brought a greatly increased demand for 
 nurses, not only for the care of the sick and 
 wounded abroad, but also for the care of the 
 sicks in camps and for the protection of workers 
 in munition factories and other industries. It is 
 imperative that the present forces should be sub¬ 
 stantially increased in the near future. The scope 
 of the work is at present practically unlimited, 
 and the promise of really live, interesting, and 
 useful employment is assured to all who are 
 personally qualified and who fit themselves ade¬ 
 quately for it. 
 
7 
 
 Purpose and Character of Nursing Work 
 
 The word “ nursing ” is a beautiful old word, 
 meaning “ to nourish,” “ to tend,” “ to sustain or 
 protect.” The impulse to care for those who are 
 helpless and ailing comes from the deeply-rooted 
 mother-instinct which all true women have in 
 some degree. A recent author calls the nurse 
 the “ foster-mother ” of the race. “ Wherever 
 and whenever there is life to be tended, nourished 
 or nursed, educated and saved, whether the life 
 be yet unborn or new-born or senile or ill, there 
 is the field for womanhood exercising its great 
 function of foster-motherhood.” 
 
 In a general way, the nurse in the hospital 
 or home is responsible for the personal care of the 
 sick person. She provides the right mental and 
 physical environment for the patient, prevents the 
 spreading of disease to others, carries out the 
 physician’s instruction regarding diet, medicines, 
 etc., assists him in operations and treatments, 
 observes and notifies the physician of all impor¬ 
 tant developments in the condition of the patient, 
 and, where consultation is impossible, administers 
 the proper medical measures as necessity arises. 
 The nursing staff in the hospital is also respon¬ 
 sible for organizing and administering the various 
 services connected with the care of the sick in the 
 
8 
 
 most efficient and economical manner possible. 
 
 In some of the other branches of the work 
 the nurse is employed mainly in anticipating ill¬ 
 ness by identifying the early signs of trouble, in 
 investigating unsanitary conditions, and teaching 
 people how to prevent ill-health. In all these 
 branches the nurse is expected to be familiar with 
 and codperate with all the other agencies which 
 are working toward the relief of suffering and 
 the prevention of disease. 
 
 It will be seen from this, that the nurse is not 
 merely the assistant of the physician, though this 
 itself is an important and very responsible func¬ 
 tion. The nursing art is just as distinct and as 
 specialized as the art of the medical practitioner, 
 and is more and more recognized as such. Some¬ 
 times it is the skill of the surgeon or physician 
 that turns the scale in favor of recovery, and 
 sometimes it is good nursing — one supplements 
 the other, and both are usually necessary in any 
 adequate care of sick people. 
 
 With the increased emphasis which is being 
 put on fresh air, good food, exercise, mental 
 influences and occupation in the treatment of dis¬ 
 ease, more and more responsibility is put upon the 
 nurse, and a much higher degree of initiative and 
 judgment is demanded of her. In many of the 
 
9 
 
 newer branches of the profession the nurse works 
 more or less independently, calling in the services 
 of the medical expert only when necessary. Her 
 duties are perhaps more distinctly social and edu¬ 
 cational than medical, and yet she must under¬ 
 stand the nature and causes of disease, and must 
 be expert in the observation and handling of sick 
 people. 
 
 Training Required and How Secured 
 
 It will be seen at once that such duties and 
 responsibilities demand a very considerable degree 
 of knowledge and skill. The sciences underlying 
 them are varied and comprehensive, the proced¬ 
 ures are often complicated and technical, and the 
 power of observation required is highly special¬ 
 ized. The ability to organize all these complex 
 duties, to deal with all classes and kinds of people, 
 and to meet critical situations wisely and prompt¬ 
 ly, requires long experience and constant practise 
 in the actual conditions of the sick-room. From 
 lectures and text-books alone, important and 
 essential as these are in certain phases of the 
 training, such powers cannot be derived. 
 
 These are some of the reasons why schools 
 of nursing must be attached to hospitals, and why 
 from two to three years’ experience in the actual 
 
10 
 
 handling and care of sick people, under the con¬ 
 stant eye of experts, is considered essential to 
 ensure safety to the public and an adequate train¬ 
 ing to the nurse. 
 
 Types of Schools. 
 
 Nursing schools are connected with general 
 hospitals, (caring usually for all types of diseases 
 and all classes of patients) and special hospitals, 
 such as fever, maternity, surgical, tubercular, and 
 insane hospitals, or hospitals for children, for 
 women, etc. 
 
 Generally speaking, the hospital caring for a 
 wide range of diseases, with patients of every age, 
 class and sex represented, and with a pretty active 
 service, offers the best facilities for training. It 
 is absolutely essential that the student nurse 
 should have adequate experience in the care of 
 medical, surgical and obstetrical cases, and in the 
 diseases of children. 
 
 Hospitals vary much in size, ranging from 15 
 or 25 beds up to 1,000 or 1,500, or even more. 
 New York State and several other states require 
 any school which is registered as a training school 
 for nurses to be connected with a hospital of at 
 least 50 beds. The small private or the special 
 hospital is at a distinct disadvantage in offering a 
 
II 
 
 training for nursing, unless it is affiliated with 
 other hospitals giving experience in all branches 
 of nursing work. 
 
 Length of Training. 
 
 With the developments in surgery and medi¬ 
 cine creating a large number of new specialties 
 and with the gradual extension of the nurse’s 
 duties, the course of training has been extended 
 from one to two, and later, in most of the best 
 schools, to three years. It is found that the work 
 cannot be covered thoroughly, and that the aver¬ 
 age student nurse cannot get the maximum benefit 
 from her course in less than three years. 
 
 Several prominent hospitals have recently 
 agreed to reduce the regular three-year course by 
 from eight to twelve months, for students who 
 have completed a full college training, including 
 satisfactory courses in the sciences underlying 
 nursing work. 
 
 Character of the Training 
 
 The work in the nursing school is both theo¬ 
 retical and practical. In all the better schools the 
 new classes come in at certain stated periods, and 
 the students receive some preliminary theoretical 
 training before they are allowed to begin their 
 practical work in the wards. The probationary 
 period lasts usually from two to six months, after 
 
12 
 
 which there are examinations both in theoretical 
 and practical work. If the results are satisfactory 
 the applicant is retained in the school. After the 
 probation period, she adopts the uniform of the 
 school and enters the wards as a pupil nurse, con¬ 
 tinuing her class and lecture work throughout the 
 whole course. 
 
 Lecture and Class Work. 
 
 The time devoted to the theoretical work 
 varies a great deal in different schools, ranging 
 from about two to six hours per week, except in 
 the earlier part of the course, when from ten to 
 eighteen hours per week may be given to theo¬ 
 retical work. The class term is usually from 
 October to May, while the practical work extends 
 through the year. 
 
 The subjects which are studied in a nursing 
 school vary somewhat, but usually cover the gen¬ 
 eral sciences underlying nursing work {anatomy 
 and physiology, bacteriology and chemistry), the 
 household sciences {cookery and nutrition, die¬ 
 tetics and hospital housekeeping), the study of 
 disease in all its various branches, with the nurs¬ 
 ing measures required in each {medical, surgi¬ 
 cal obstetrical, children’s infectious diseases, 
 etc.), the subjects dealing with the prevention 
 and treatment of disease {hygiene and sanitation. 
 
13 
 
 materia medica, massage, etc.) and certain gen¬ 
 eral subjects which deal with the history and 
 ethics of nursing and the social and professional 
 aspects of the nurse’s work. 
 
 The main part of the teaching is usually car¬ 
 ried on by nurse instructors, and by specialists 
 in the various branches represented. Physicians 
 usually give the lectures on disease and some¬ 
 times carry on the work in some of the sciences 
 also. 
 
 It would be a mistake to conclude that all the 
 theoretical training is confined to the classes and 
 lectures. A great deal of the most valuable teach¬ 
 ing the pupil gets in the ward, over the bed of 
 the patient, or in close touch with actual living 
 conditions. Supervisors and head-nurses are 
 usually at hand to direct and criticize her work, 
 and visiting and resident physicians add their 
 substantial contribution to her education. 
 
 Technical and Executive Experience and Prac¬ 
 tice. 
 
 The practical work in the ward (the nurse’s 
 laboratory), gives the student a chance to 
 observe, to gain skill and facility in nursing pro¬ 
 cedures, and to acquire confidence and control in 
 managing herself and others. The work proceeds 
 usually from the simpler to the more highly tech- 
 
14 
 
 nical processes, the student spending a few 
 months in each of the different departments of 
 the hospital. As she gains in experience, she is 
 promoted to positions of greater and greater 
 responsibility, and so develops the capacity for 
 leadership and organization, which stands her in 
 good stead when she is cut loose from the sys¬ 
 tematized and regular work of the hospital. 
 
 Nursing Courses Connected ivith Universities. 
 
 The present system of education, while giv¬ 
 ing the student exceptional advantages in the 
 close observation and care of sick people, pre¬ 
 sents some limitations. It is believed that many 
 of these would be overcome if the hospital train¬ 
 ing school could be connected up with a good 
 college or university where most of the funda¬ 
 mental scientific training could be given. Such 
 affiliations have now been established in several 
 universities, such as those of Minnesota, Indiana, 
 Cincinnati, California, Leland'Stanford, Wash¬ 
 ington (St. Louis) and Columbia (New York). 
 A combined academic and professional course of 
 five years, leading to the Bachelor of Science 
 Degree, is now offered by the Department of 
 Nursing and Health, Teachers College, Columbia 
 University, in cooperation with the Presbyterian 
 Hospital, New York City. Students with two 
 
15 
 
 years of work in a good college, normal or techni¬ 
 cal school, would require only three years for the 
 degree and nursing diploma. Similar arrange¬ 
 ments can be made in several of the above 
 mentioned universities. Even where a training 
 school has no organic relationship with a nearby 
 college or medical school, it is often able to 
 make use of its better teaching and laboratory 
 facilities, and so improve its work. 
 
 Cost of Tuition. 
 
 In a few schools a fee is charged for the pre¬ 
 paratory course, ranging from $25 to $50. Where 
 this preliminary course is taken in a college, the 
 fee is of course the same that all students pay in 
 that institution, with living expenses in addition. 
 In most schools the student receives her tuition 
 and living expenses (which include room, food 
 and laundry) from the hospital in return for 
 her services. Hospitals often make an allow¬ 
 ance of from $4 to $10 per month for text¬ 
 books, uniforms and incidental expenses, but 
 many prominent schools have given up this 
 practice, preferring to expend the money on bet¬ 
 ter teaching facilities, better supervision, and 
 more trained instructors. Where the instruction 
 is excellent and the living and working conditions 
 are good, it is believed that the pupil has a full 
 
i6 
 
 equivalent for her services, in the education 
 received. Where these conditions do not hold, no 
 money allowance can make up to the pupil for 
 their lack. In several schools scholarships are 
 offered, which are designed to assist students who 
 prove unusually capable either in their studies or 
 in practical work. 
 
 Conditions of Work in the Hospital 
 
 Effects on Health. 
 
 Nursing is known to be very exacting and 
 responsible work, but it is a great mistake to 
 think of it as exhausting or dangerous to health. 
 Most pupils in training find themselves in better 
 condition physically than before they entered the 
 hospital, and very few are injured by the work 
 in any well-regulated hospital. The regular 
 hours, the wholesome food, and the physical 
 activity, as well as the unfailing interest of the 
 work itself, help to offset any disadvantages 
 which may come from indoor life, fairly long 
 hours and contact with sickness. On the whole, 
 nurses will be found to have fewer illnesses than 
 teachers and office workers. Pupil nurses receive 
 free medical attendance and care in illness, 
 though the time lost must usually be made up in 
 full. 
 
17 
 
 Hours of Duty and Vacations. 
 
 The hours of pupil nurses in most hospitals 
 have always been too long, considering the class 
 work and study which is expected of the students. 
 The tendency is all toward a lowering of these 
 hours of duty, many schools now adopting the 
 eight-hour system. Those that still hold to a nine 
 or ten-hour day give one free afternoon a week. 
 Students are usually assigned to from four to 
 eight months of night duty, in periods of from 
 one to two months’ duration, any time during the 
 three years. Vacations average about three 
 weeks yearly, several prominent schools giving 
 one month. 
 
 Housing and Food. 
 
 Improvements in living conditions for nurses 
 have been very marked in recent years. Beauti¬ 
 ful residences for the nursing staff are a feature 
 of many modern hospitals, well equipped with 
 class-rooms, laboratories, libraries and reception 
 rooms. The food served to pupil nurses will com¬ 
 pare very favorably with that found in college 
 dormitories and boarding schools. Some schools 
 have country and summer homes where pupil 
 nurses are sent for change and recreation. 
 
i8 
 
 Social Life. 
 
 The life in the hospital is too intense and 
 absorbing to admit of many'outside social activi¬ 
 ties, but the opportunities for observing and 
 knowing all kinds of human beings of every class 
 and type, make the possibilities of social develop¬ 
 ment rather exceptional. It is an undisputed fact 
 that numberless nurses look back to the years of 
 their hospital training as the time when they met 
 the most interesting people, formed the closest 
 friendships, and enjoyed the happiest and most 
 memorable experiences of their lives. The nec¬ 
 essity for recreation and outside interest is being 
 recognized more fully in all the better schools. 
 Provision is being made for tennis and other out¬ 
 door games; roof-gardens, gymnasia and swim¬ 
 ming pools have been added to some of the newer 
 homes, and classes in physical training and danc¬ 
 ing are often provided. Though the hour for 
 retiring is usually about lo; 30 P. M., permission 
 for late leave is granted at reasonable intervals 
 for theaters and entertainments, and in the 
 nurses’ residence very jolly class parties, recep¬ 
 tions and dances are not infrequent. 
 
 Rules and Regulations. 
 
 The regulations governing the Nurses’ Home 
 are much the same as for any large dormitory. 
 
19 
 
 In a number of schools the students themselves 
 have much to do with making and enforcing all 
 the general regulations of the home. On the 
 wards, however, the military type of discipline is 
 still in force, though by no means so rigidly exer¬ 
 cised as in the old days. Where matters of life 
 and death are at stake, the habit of prompt and 
 implicit obedience to orders is absolutely neces¬ 
 sary, and no one who knows the conditions to be 
 met in hospital work, questions the necessity for 
 the loyal co-operation and obedience of all to 
 those in command. Outside of certain more or 
 less well-defined limits, however, there is plenty 
 of room for the nurse to exercise her judgment 
 and initiative and to express her individuality. 
 She will have ample opportunity for demonstrat¬ 
 ing her ability to carry responsibility, to organize 
 and direct work, and to lead and guide others. 
 
 Special Interests and Satisfactions 
 
 Wherever there is serious illness there will, 
 of course, be some mental and nervous strain, but 
 it is a mistake to imagine that acute or distressing 
 illness is the rule in hospital wards. By far the 
 largest number of patients are either moderately 
 ill or on the way to recovery, and the joy of see¬ 
 ing them daily mending under one’s care more 
 
20 
 
 than counter-balances the depressing effects of 
 the occasional inevitable tragedy. 
 
 Probably the most inspiring part of the work 
 is the privilege of assisting in the wonderful 
 results which are being accomplished by the great 
 surgeons and by other leaders in the field of 
 research and practical medicine. The nurse’s 
 work is a most essential part of all these activities, 
 and so she has a vital interest in every detail con¬ 
 nected with them. Nothing seems petty or unim¬ 
 portant when the purpose of the whole is under¬ 
 stood ; nothing is drudgery which ministers to 
 the welfare of her patient. 
 
 The nurse sees far more of the personal and 
 human sideof hospital life than the physician does. 
 She gets closer to her patients, and being con¬ 
 stantly with them, she can help them so much 
 more in all their various interests and needs. 
 There is a strong pull on all that is best in a 
 woman when she feels so many depending on her 
 for strength and comfort, and often for life. 
 While her responsibilities mature her, they 
 strengthen her, and, if she is made of the right 
 stuff, she cannot fail to be a better and more use¬ 
 ful woman for all the experiences she has gone 
 through. Sometimes, of course, hard things have 
 to be met, as in all other ways of life that are 
 
21 
 
 worth while. There is a joyful challenge in a 
 difficult task, and a satisfaction in its performance 
 that comes only to those who dare attempt the 
 harder paths of duty. These subtle satisfactions 
 nurses receive in full measure. 
 
 The spectacular and sensational pictures of 
 the hospital as depicted by the popular novelist, 
 are rarely true to life, and yet there is much that 
 makes a strong appeal to the imagination and the 
 sympathies, even in the most ordinary hospital 
 ward. Nowhere does one find more high 
 lights and shadows, more dramatic situa¬ 
 tions and more fascinating glimpses of human 
 nature. There is adventure too, and heroism, 
 and lots of healthy humor to keep the balance 
 true. 
 
 Qualifications Required in Nursing 
 
 Education. 
 
 To make a good nurse, one must have 
 an alert and understanding mind, good judg¬ 
 ment, cultured tastes and sufficient knowl¬ 
 edge of the sound fundamentals on which 
 a professional training can be built. No 
 diploma is a guarantee of these qualifications, 
 but we know that they are rarely found except 
 among women who have had a fair amount of 
 
22 
 
 education. The better schools of nursing accept 
 only high school graduates. Mature women who 
 have had exceptional experience and training are 
 sometimes admitted on the same standing, but as 
 a rule candidates with superior education are pre¬ 
 ferred. College women in increasing numbers 
 have been entering nursing schools in recent 
 years, and even the brightest feel that they need 
 all the resources that a college education gives, to 
 enable them to meet the higher demands of the 
 profession. 
 
 Subjects which will prove of especial value 
 to the prospective nurse are Biology, Bacteriol¬ 
 ogy, Hygiene, Chemistry, Physics, Household 
 Science (including Cookery, Nutrition and 
 Housekeeping), Sociology, Psychology, Ethics 
 and Economics. Latin is useful in helping to 
 master technical terms. Modern languages are 
 of considerable service in the hospital wards and 
 subsequent social work. English and History 
 are of course essential. Arithmetic is necessary, 
 but Algebra and Geometry are of little practical 
 value except in the study of chemistry and 
 physics. Voice Culture is one of distinct value, 
 while Music and Drawing, Games and Dancing, 
 Art and Craft Work, and other accomplishments 
 all prove serviceable in certain types of nursing. 
 
23 
 
 Lettering is required in most schools for 
 charting work. Students who are too young to 
 enter a School of Nursing, are strongly advised 
 to pursue their studies, either in high school or 
 college, along these lines. 
 
 Experience in the management of a good 
 home, training in domestic science, in kinder¬ 
 garten work, or teaching of any kind, experi¬ 
 ence in social settlement work — anything that 
 trains the eye to observe accurately and the mind 
 to act quickly and surely; that broadens one’s 
 outlook and develops one’s sympathies; that 
 gives understanding and experience in the hand¬ 
 ling of people; that trains the hands in deftness 
 and fineness of touch; that gives one orderly and 
 systematic habits; that enables one to pursue a 
 given course seriously and intelligently — all 
 these help in fitting one to be a better nurse. 
 
 Character and Personality. 
 
 Good nurses are not made from any stereo¬ 
 typed pattern. Indeed, there is no profession 
 where individuality is more needed, and where 
 people of varying temperament and personality 
 will find a wider range of congenial occupations. 
 There are, however, a few essentials in consider¬ 
 ing one’s fitness for this work. A nurse should 
 be strong, because people will lean on her; she 
 
24 
 
 should be truthworthy because people will confide 
 in her; she must have a certain steadiness and 
 self-reliance, for heavy responsibilities will some¬ 
 times be put on her. Needless to say, she should 
 have the spirit of service, and a sincere interest 
 in human beings of all classes and kinds. Tact, 
 and the right kind of sympathy, are highly 
 important; a sense of humor, resourcefulness 
 and adaptability one would be inclined to put 
 among the essentials. Many other desirable quali¬ 
 ties will be developed by the right kind of a train¬ 
 ing. Certain types, such as the incurably lazy, 
 sentimental, frivolous, morbid or unreliable girl, 
 have no place in a nursing school, but on the 
 other hand, it is astonishing what unsuspected 
 powers may be developed and what objectionable 
 traits may be eliminated by the demands of a 
 serious and responsible task which requires one’s 
 best effort. 
 
 Physical Qualifications. 
 
 It is important that the student nurse should 
 have good general health, but it is a mistake to 
 assume that nursing demands any unusual phy¬ 
 sique or exceptional strength. Size is not a very 
 important factor, though the well-built young 
 woman of average height and weight is of course 
 preferred. The age of entrance varies in 
 
25 
 
 different schools, usually between nineteen 
 and thirty-five years. The best age at which to 
 begin a nursing course is from twenty-one to 
 twenty-five years. Seventeen or eighteen years is 
 considered too young, unless the girl is steadied 
 and matured by unusual responsibilities, and is 
 physically well-developed. Any deformity or 
 weakness in feet, hands or back would be of 
 serious disadvantage; a weak throat and chest, a 
 bad heart, or poor hearing or vision would dis¬ 
 qualify. Most nursing schools demand a certifi¬ 
 cate of health from a reputable physician before 
 a pupil’s entrance, and insist on a thorough physi¬ 
 cal examination before accepting her. This is a 
 protection both to the school and the student. 
 Teeth and eyes should be attended to before 
 entering the hospital, and one should enter in the 
 best possible physical condition. 
 
 Positions and Remuneration 
 
 The field of nursing, as already stated, is 
 expanding at a very rapid rate. In no other pro¬ 
 fession for women is there such a wide variety of 
 positions to choose from. Private nursing is 
 undoubtedly the most familiar field to the general 
 public, but it does not represent at all adequately 
 the possibilities open to progressive women in 
 the field of nursing today. Women of exceptional 
 
26 
 
 executive ability usually choose institutional or 
 administrative positions; those who are inter¬ 
 ested in the educational and scientific phases of 
 the work become superintendents, teachers or 
 technical assistants. The woman whose inter¬ 
 est is centered in the human and social side 
 of nursing has a large number of fields to choose 
 from. Some of these positions are briefly 
 described below, with the salaries that may 
 usually be expected in them. 
 
 Private Nursing. 
 
 The work of the private nurse may be either 
 in the home or the hospital, where she will be 
 responsible for the bed-side care and treatment 
 and the general welfare of individual sick 
 patients. Of recent years there has been a demand 
 for specialists in private nursing who are qualified 
 to give expert care in certain classes of disease, 
 such as children’s diseases, mental and nervous 
 diseases, maternity work, etc. The hours of pri¬ 
 vate duty are usually long and the life somewhat 
 exacting. The interest of the work varies much 
 with the personality of the patient and the acute¬ 
 ness of the disease. Opportunities for travel and 
 the very interesting experiences of social life 
 among all classes of people are felt to be some 
 compensation for the lack of personal freedom 
 
27 
 
 when on actiA^e duty. Between cases the private 
 nurse is absolutely free, and her vacations are 
 usually at her own disposal. 
 
 Salaries for private nurses vary in diflferent 
 parts of the country. The minimum for general 
 cases is usually from $20 to $28 per week, while 
 the specially trained and experienced woman may 
 receive from $30 up for her services. It must be 
 remembered, however, that cases are often short, 
 and sometimes exhausting, and there is a good 
 deal of time when the private nurse cannot be 
 actively employed. The average yearly income 
 of the private nurse is believed to be about $900. 
 When on duty she receives her living, but she 
 has a room always to keep up, and she must pro¬ 
 vide for her living expenses when off duty. In 
 the larger centers, there are always a few posi¬ 
 tions where nurses are engaged from year to year 
 in wealthy families. Others do hourly nursing, 
 which means that the nurse lives in her own 
 home and is called out much as a doctor is, to 
 assist in operations, give special treatments, etc., 
 for which she is paid by the hour. 
 
 The number of private nurses is usually 
 fairly adequate in cities, though towns and 
 country districts often suffer for lack of good 
 nurses. A competent private nurse of agreeable 
 
28 
 
 personality is, however, practically sure of con¬ 
 stant employment. She usually joins a nurses’ 
 registry, which keeps her in touch with physicians 
 and the public. 
 
 Hospital and Training School Positions. 
 
 Positions in hospitals, sanatoria, etc., may be 
 those of superintendent, assistant superintendent, 
 supervisor, head-nurse, operating room nurse, 
 matron of nurses’ home, dietitian, etc. Officers 
 of training schools are usually considered also as 
 officers of the hospital, but they are more specific¬ 
 ally concerned with the education of the nurses. 
 Very often in smaller institutions the positions of 
 superintendent of hospital and training school are 
 combined. The position of superintendent of a 
 nursing school is usually comparable in dignity 
 and importance with that of dean of a small 
 college or principal of a school. The instructor 
 of nurses usually gives her whole time to class 
 work, and occupies much the same kind of a posi¬ 
 tion as that of instructor in any professional or 
 technical school, except that she usually lives in 
 the hospital. A few positions as visiting 
 instructor are opening up, and several teaching 
 positions in universities are now available. Posi¬ 
 tions as dietitians and housekeepers in hospitals 
 are also open to qualified nurses, and there is an 
 
29 
 
 increasing demand for nurses with special train¬ 
 ing in these branches. 
 
 The technical specialties in the hospital 
 include the work of the operating-room nurse, 
 the nurse anesthetist, the assistant in electro¬ 
 therapy and X-Ray work, the expert in massage, 
 hydrotherapy and mechano-therapy, and the lab¬ 
 oratory assistant. The last-mentioned fields are 
 not so common, but the demand for nurses in 
 them is increasing. A new branch of institu¬ 
 tional work where nursing training is a distinct 
 asset, is that of occupations for invalids. Several 
 nurses are now employed as teachers of occu¬ 
 pation therapy. For most of these executive 
 teaching and technical positions, additional 
 training and experience outside of the regu¬ 
 lar hospital course, while not as yet com¬ 
 pulsory, is very advisable. The Department 
 of Nursing and Health in Teachers College, 
 Columbia University, offers advanced courses to 
 graduate nurses who wish to fit themselves for 
 executive and teaching posts, as well as for the 
 fields of Public Health Nursing. 
 
 Salaries of superintendents vary from about 
 $ioo to $250 per month, the average probably 
 being about $100 per month. Assistants, anaes¬ 
 thetists and dietitians receive from about $50 
 
30 
 
 to $100 per month, averaging about $75; head 
 nurses get from $40 to $60 and instructors 
 from $75 to $100. All institutional posi¬ 
 tions include room, board and laundry unless 
 specified to the contrary. There is a steady 
 demand for good institutional workers, especially 
 for women of broad education and experience, of 
 good administrative ability, and forceful person¬ 
 ality. 
 
 Ptiblic Health Nursing. 
 
 This term includes a number of varying 
 activities, all of which are definitely concerned 
 with public health and social betterment. It is 
 largely preventive and educational work though 
 it also concerns itself with the personal care of 
 the sick in the home. District or visiting nursing 
 is the oldest of these branches, and all the other 
 activities may be said to be ofif-shoots or special 
 forms of district nursing. Some of these visiting 
 nurses are primarily devoted to the care of 
 mothers and small babies; some to mental and 
 nervous patients; others to tuberculous patients, 
 etc. Infant zvelfare zvork includes the actual care 
 of sick babies as well as the teaching of mothers. 
 It is carried on in the homes, in schools, in dispen¬ 
 saries, milk stations, fresh air camps, etc. Com¬ 
 bined with it or existing as a special branch is 
 
31 
 
 prenatal nursing, which deals with the care and 
 teaching of expectant mothers. Insurance nurs¬ 
 ing differs only in that the nurses are paid by the 
 insurance companies for visiting industrial policy 
 holders who are sick and helping to keep them 
 well. If health insurance becomes compulsory 
 as it may in a few years, this branch of nursing 
 would be tremendously increased. 
 
 Visiting nursing in rural districts and small 
 tozvns, combines all these types of work and often 
 includes school nursing as well. Rural nurses 
 often join The Town and Country Nursing Ser¬ 
 vice of the Red Cross, which carries this work 
 into the more remote pioneer districts, as well as 
 the better-populated sections of the country. A 
 similar service in country districts is often carried 
 on by State Boards of Health, and private organi¬ 
 zations. 
 
 In all these branches of public health nursing 
 directors and organizers are paid from about $ioo 
 to $150 per month, usually without living 
 expenses. The general worker receives usually 
 from $60 to about $85 per month. A few posi¬ 
 tions as directors and instructors in schools for 
 public health nurses are available, the salaries 
 being much the same as for superintendents. 
 
32 
 
 Social Service and Welfare Work. 
 
 This work differs from the preceding only in 
 that there is usually less actual nursing done, and 
 the positions are open to other workers besides 
 nurses. Hospital social service aims to conserve 
 the patient’s strength while he is in the hospital 
 and after he leaves, by attending to home condi¬ 
 tions, getting him the right kind of employment, 
 securing proper food, and putting him into rela¬ 
 tions with agencies which will help him. Welfare 
 work in department stores and factories is speci¬ 
 ally designed to improve sanitary conditions, to 
 advise and teach employees how to keep well, to 
 see that they get proper attention when sick 
 and to render first aid in accidents. Nurses are 
 preferred in all of these positions if they have the 
 other essential qualifications. The salaries are 
 from about $75 to $125, without maintenance. 
 
 Philanthropic societies, specializing in Child 
 Welfare, Mental Hygiene, Red Cross, Tubercu¬ 
 losis work, etc., often secure the services of 
 nurses as secretaries for organization and pub¬ 
 licity work. The salaries offered are usually from 
 $100 to $200 per month. Other lines of social 
 activity in which nurses have proven themselves 
 successful are sanitary inspection, sanitary inves- 
 
33 
 
 tigation, zvork zjuith defectives and criminals, 
 police matron zvork, and probation zvork. 
 
 School Nursing. 
 
 This is an extension of visiting nursing, but 
 it is fast becoming a distinct branch by itself. Its 
 activities lie in both the school and the home, and 
 the opportunities for educational and preventive 
 work are very great. School nurses usually 
 receive from about $75 to $100 per month, with¬ 
 out living expenses. The hours are shorter, how¬ 
 ever, and the duties are not so heavy as in some 
 other branches of nursing. Resident nurses in 
 hoarding schools and colleges have more actual 
 nursing to do, and are often expected to teach 
 hygiene in the class-room as well as to individual 
 students. The hours are usually long and the 
 duties rather exacting, but these conditions will 
 doubtless be remedied as the work becomes better 
 organized. Salaries range from $50 to $100 with 
 maintenance. 
 
 O ffice Nurse and Laboratory Assistant. 
 
 Physicians, surgeons and dentists often 
 employ nurses as assistants in their office prac¬ 
 tise. They prepare for examinations and oper¬ 
 ations, do routine bacteriological examinations, 
 give electrical treatments, massage, etc., and gen- 
 
34 
 
 erally assist the physician. "Salaries vary much 
 — generally from $6o to $ioo per month, without 
 maintenance. 
 
 Nurses are also employed in bacteriological 
 and research laboratories. Salaries here are 
 usually $25 to $100 per month. 
 
 Army, Navy and Red Cross Nursing. 
 
 Nurses who enter the army and navy service 
 in times of peace are detailed to one of the regu¬ 
 lar army or navy hospitals, where their work is 
 somewhat similar to that in civilian hospitals. 
 They are an integral part of the army or navy 
 personnel, and are under the same general regu¬ 
 lations as other members of those forces. In 
 times of war, they serve either in the field or in 
 the base hospitals at home. The salaries range 
 from $60 to $100 per month, including main¬ 
 tenance. 
 
 Red Cross nurses are graduate nurses who 
 are regularly occupied in other fields of work, 
 but who have enlisted with the American Red 
 Cross nursing service for emergency duty in 
 event of war or other national calamities. They 
 are pledged to respond at any time to the call of 
 the Red Cross, for service either at home or 
 abroad. When the country is at war, the various 
 nursing corps are first recruited by the Red Cross 
 
35 
 
 and then transferred to the regular army or navy 
 medical service. Only thoroughly qualified 
 nurses from registered hospitals are accepted for 
 the Red Cross nursing service. Salaries range 
 from $6o per month up, including maintenance. 
 
 Nursing in Home and Foreign Mission Fields 
 
 The work is really very much the same here 
 as district and hospital work at home. The scarc¬ 
 ity of nurse volunteers has seriously handicapped 
 the work in many of the foreign posts, and 
 women who have had this training will always be 
 eagerly welcomed. Salaries vary much with dif¬ 
 ferent countries and conditions, but is usually on 
 the .same basis as other missionary helpers. The 
 most thrilling tales of pioneer work among the 
 mountain Avhites of North Carolina, and the fish¬ 
 ermen of labrador rival anything that has been 
 told of the far-oflf fields. Here also the need is 
 very great. 
 
 Opportunities for Advancement and 
 Future Development 
 
 In addition to these fields which have been 
 more or less clearly marked out, there are a num¬ 
 ber which offer opportunity for pioneer effort. 
 The whole field of mental and insane work is 
 calling for expert nurses; almshouses must also 
 
36 
 
 be reclaimed from the hands of ignorant and 
 untrained workers ; occupational work for mental 
 patients and for the physically handicapped needs 
 to be developed and scientifically studied; and the 
 work of the foreign midwife must be improved 
 and possibly replaced by a more satisfactory ser¬ 
 vice. Many other branches of public welfare 
 work are waiting for investigation and organiza¬ 
 tion. The problems are all extremely practical 
 and vital to public welfare. The nursing body 
 has done much, but it needs reinforcements. The 
 system of education in nursing is itself under¬ 
 going radical changes and particularly calls for 
 educated women. Any one of these problems 
 offers scope for the highest kind of intellectual 
 and administrative ability that can be secured. 
 
 It will be seen from the foregoing that there 
 is no lack of opportunity for the right kind of 
 women. Especially are needed leaders, who, in 
 addition to wide culture, and excellent profes¬ 
 sional training, have the capacity for enthusiastic, 
 whole-hearted, constructive effort. No one will 
 succeed who is afraid of work. Experience shows 
 that wherever women have demonstrated their 
 fitness for superior service, salaries have usually 
 risen to meet them. Fortunately, most of the 
 good women in nursing regard salary as a second- 
 
37 
 
 ary matter. The main thing is the opportunity 
 for real service, and this is positively unlimited. 
 Nurses are founding settlements, directing phil¬ 
 anthropies, organizing local and national health 
 movements, occupying positions on the most in¬ 
 fluential committees, teaching in colleges, editing 
 magazines, lecturing — indeed there are almost no 
 fields of public service in which they are not en¬ 
 gaged, and in which they may not aspire to serve. 
 
 Advantages Over Other Vocations for Women 
 Compared with other professions for women, 
 nursing has many advantages. Almost from the 
 beginning the pupil nurse is engaged in real living 
 problems, not merely in an abstract preparation. 
 The training requires no large financial outlay, 
 her services covering expenses of tuition and to a 
 great extent expenses of living as well. She does 
 not have to face the competition from men which 
 meets women in every other profession, and so 
 far there has been little competition among 
 nurses themselves. The day she graduates the 
 nurse may usually begin her work, without 
 searching for a position or waiting for a tardy 
 practise to grow up. She requires no expensive 
 outfit to keep up, and so long as health lasts, she 
 has an assured income. She need not remain in 
 any fixed place, for wherever she goes, if she is a 
 
38 
 
 competent woman, she is likely to find some 
 demand for her services. If she wishes to go 
 into any other fields of work, her nursing train¬ 
 ing is always a valuable asset. In times of war 
 and national calamity, it places her in the first line 
 of defense and enables her to render probably the 
 most valuable service it is in the power of any 
 woman to give to her country. 
 
 The great objection raised to many of 
 women’s occupations is that they unfit, or at least 
 do not help in fitting a young woman for her 
 probable future as a homekeeper and a mother. 
 Nursing is the best possible preparation for these 
 vocations. It gives training in management, in 
 cookery and dietetics, in sanitation and the care 
 of children, and in many other branches which 
 are of distinct value in the keeping of a home. 
 In addition nurses have abundantly shown that 
 their unusual opportunities for knowing human 
 nature and observing social problems, and their 
 practical grasp of effective measures, make them 
 especially valuable citizens in any community. 
 From these points of view, one would be inclined 
 to recommend the training for almost all women. 
 
 In a recent address by Lady Helen Monroe 
 Ferguson on “ The Nurse as a Citizen ” she con¬ 
 gratulates nurses on the fact that their horizon. 
 
39 
 
 instead of being narrowed, is constantly being 
 set farther back, and that their work, instead of 
 tending to contraction of character and impover¬ 
 ishment of soul, tends to bring into play every 
 quality which they possess. The possibilities of 
 social usefulness and of self-development are 
 limited only by their own capacity. This cannot 
 be said of a great many other occupations. 
 
 Suggestions for Entering the Nursing 
 Profession 
 
 There is no way of becoming a recognized 
 member of the nursing profession except through 
 graduating from a good training school. The 
 cheap, short-cut methods have all proven futile 
 and deceptive. Correspondence courses can no 
 more train one to be a nurse than they can train 
 a soldier or the captain of a vessel. The results 
 of ignorance might not be so great in an occupa¬ 
 tion like stenography, or an art like music or 
 painting; but where they are disastrous to life 
 and human welfare, ignorance and incompetence 
 become little less than criminal. 
 
 Just as in medicine or any other pro¬ 
 fession, the status of the nurse in the community 
 and among her co-workers depends a great deal 
 on the prestige of the school from which she 
 received her training. Without a diploma from a 
 
40 
 
 reputable school, she cannot look forward to 
 occupying any important positions, or winning the 
 confidence of a discriminating public. The choice 
 of a good school is thus of the highest importance. 
 Unfortunately, we have in this country a large 
 number of hospitals where the economic value of 
 the work done by the pupil nurse, and not her 
 education, is the prime and only consideration. 
 One may get a certain kind of experience in such 
 an institution, but no consecutive or systematized 
 teaching. No money inducements, or low age or 
 educational standards, should tempt anyone to 
 enter such a school. 
 
 Before making a choice, applicants should 
 visit several schools or write making full inquiries 
 regarding the following conditions. All good 
 schools welcome visitors and are glad to answer 
 inquiries about their work. Many mothers have 
 been induced to forego their prejudices and allow 
 their daughters to take up nursing, after a visit to 
 a good up-to-date institution. The important 
 points to be considered will be — 
 
 Size of School and Character of Service. 
 
 It is not necessary that the hospital should 
 be a very large institution. A small hospital (not 
 less than fifty beds) may give a good training if 
 it connects itself with other and larger institu- 
 
41 
 
 tions. The scope and character of the work done 
 is of the greatest importance. Training in a loo¬ 
 ked general hospital with an active and varied 
 service is usually more profitable than in a much 
 larger institution, which cares for only a few 
 kinds of diseases, and those more or less chronic 
 in character. 
 
 Reputation. 
 
 The value of a nursing school is not always 
 directly proportioned to the prestige and reputa¬ 
 tion of the hospital with which it is connected. 
 Some hospitals that have built up a reputation on 
 the work of a brilliant surgeon, or a magnificent 
 building, give their nurses very inadequate train¬ 
 ing. The reputation of the nursing school 
 depends on the standards set for the actual care 
 of the patient and the training of the nurse. 
 
 Standards of Entrance. 
 
 If there are no educational requirements at 
 all, or if they are very low, it is fair to draw the 
 conclusion that the educational work is not of a 
 high character. Most of the better schools 
 demand a high school certificate or its equivalent. 
 If one cannot meet this moderate standard, it is 
 usually better to make good one’s deficiencies 
 rather than enter the school which has lower 
 
42 
 
 standards of education. High schools, evening 
 schools and special courses, enable any ambitious 
 woman to meet these educational requirements. 
 
 The Course of Study. 
 
 Though lectures and classes are not the all- 
 important thing in a nurse’s training, they are a 
 pretty fair indication of the standards which the 
 school considers important. A few unrelated, 
 unsystematized lectures by even the ablest physi¬ 
 cians will never take the place of systematized 
 and continuous teaching by the nursing staff. The 
 extent of this class teaching and the thoroughness 
 with which it is organized is a fair measure of the 
 efficiency of a school. 
 
 The Character and Capacity of the Teaching 
 
 Staff. 
 
 It is impossible to too strongly emphasize 
 this point, for the school to a great extent takes 
 its tone, not from the physicians and the board of 
 managers, but from the principal of the school 
 and her assistants. Well-educated, broad-minded, 
 progressive women at the head, will make up for 
 a great many deficiencies; and though no degree 
 or title can guarantee these things, nurses them¬ 
 selves place greater reliance on those who can 
 put R. N. after their names. (See p. 44.) If, 
 
43 
 
 in addition, a superintendent or teacher has had 
 large experience in important posts or has taken 
 postgraduate work to fit her better for her posi¬ 
 tion, a better quality of teaching is usually 
 insured. 
 
 Living and Working Conditions. 
 
 These are important considerations, for one’s 
 health and efficiency depend to such a great 
 extent on them. Any school that still holds to a 
 ten or twelve-hour working day, and a one or two 
 weeks’ vacation, need not expect to receive appli¬ 
 cations from discriminating women. A number 
 of schools still send their pupils out on private 
 duty during their course of training, the hospital 
 receiving certain remuneration for their services. 
 The best authorities in the nursing profession feel 
 that this is a profound injustice to the pupil nurse, 
 since it interferes with her course of study, 
 removes her from the supervision of her instruc¬ 
 tors and greatly limits her opportunity for obser¬ 
 vation and practise. 
 
 Standing of the Alumnae of the School. 
 
 This is also a fair test of the value of a train¬ 
 ing. If former pupils are occupying prominent 
 positions all over the country, if they are repre¬ 
 sented in professional organizations and in public 
 
44 
 
 and social enterprises, the school is likely to have 
 good traditions of training'. 
 
 Registration. 
 
 It would be wise for all intending applicants 
 to inquire whether the school they think of enter¬ 
 ing is registered in its state, and whether its grad¬ 
 uates are eligible to the title of Registered Nurse 
 (R. N.). Owing to the united efforts of nurses, 
 laws have been passed in most of the states for 
 the purpose of upholding good standards of edu¬ 
 cation, and giving the public some means of 
 determining the qualifications of women practis¬ 
 ing as nurses. Schools which meet certain mini¬ 
 mum requirements are allowed to register. Their 
 graduates only are eligible for the state examina¬ 
 tion, and for the certificate which the state gives. 
 In a few states, no one may practise as a nurse 
 who does not pass this examination, and the like¬ 
 lihood is that very soon such compulsory regis¬ 
 tration will be general. Already several large 
 organizations employing nurses (such as the New 
 York Board of Health and the National Red 
 Cross Society) have decreed that they will receive 
 applications only from registered nurses, and 
 practically all the professional organizations re¬ 
 quire this qualification (where such laws are in 
 force) for membership. While registration either 
 
45 
 
 of hospital or nurse, is not to be regarded as a 
 testimonial of high efficiency, it shows that cer¬ 
 tain fundamental standards have been met. 
 
 If in doubt about the reputation of a school 
 it would be wise to consult some official of the 
 States Nurses’ Association, or to write to the edi¬ 
 tor of a reliable nursing periodical, one or two of 
 which are mentioned below. 
 
 In the list of references below will be found 
 much fuller discussions of the history and scope 
 of nursing and its place in the work of the world 
 to-day. 
 
 References; 
 
 Nutting, M. Adelaide, and Dock, Lavinia D.'— 
 History of Nursing. 4 Vols., Putnams, 1907 and 
 1912. 
 
 Cook, Sir. Edward — Life of Florence Nightingale. 
 2 Vols. Macmillan Co. 
 
 Nightingale, Florence — Notes on Nursing — What 
 it is and what it is not. Appleton, i860. 
 
 Wald, Lillian D. — The House on Henry Street. 
 Holt, 1915. 
 
 Gardner, Mary S. — Public Health Nursing. Mac¬ 
 millan Co., 1916. 
 
 Epler, Percy H. — The Life of Clara Barton. Mac¬ 
 millan Co., 1916. 
 
 Tiffany, Francis — Life of Dorothea Lynde Dix. 
 Houghton-Mifflin, 1896. 
 
46 
 
 Richards, Linda — Reminiscences of Linda Rich¬ 
 ards. Whitcomb & Barrojvs, 1911. 
 
 Boardman, Mabel — Under the Red Cross Flag. 
 
 Loane, M. — The Queen’s Poor, The Next Street 
 but One, From Their Point of View, Neighbors and 
 Friends, etc. (Contain very interesting descrip¬ 
 tions of the experiences of a visiting nurse in Lon¬ 
 don.) Arnold, London. 
 
 Saleeby, C. W. — Surgery and Society (Chap. XIII 
 — Florence Nightingale. Chap. XIV — The Modern 
 Nurse). Herbert & Daniel, 1912. 
 
 Nutting, M. Adelaide — Educational Status of 
 Nursing — Bulletin of the U. S. Bureau of Educa¬ 
 tion, No. 475, Government Printing Office, Wash¬ 
 ington, 1912. 
 
 Wald, Lillian D. — Article on Nursing in Vocations 
 for the Trained Woman. Edited by Agnes F. 
 Perkins and published by the Woman’s Educational 
 and Industrial Union, Boston; also a Vocational 
 pamphlet on Nursing, published by same organi¬ 
 zation. 
 
 Morley, Edith — Women Workers in Seven Pro¬ 
 fessions (Sec. Ill Nursing). Routledge, 1914. 
 
 Cannon, Ida M. — Medical Social Service, Bulletin 
 No. II, published by the Appointment Bureau, 
 Woman’s Educational and Industrial Union, 264 
 Boylston Street, Boston, Mass., 1912. 
 
 Journals : 
 
 American Journal of Nursing — Editorial Office, 
 45 South Union St., Rochester, N. Y. 
 
 British Journal of Nursing — Nursing Press Ltd., 
 4.31 Oxford St., London. 
 
47 
 
 Canadian Nurse — Canadian Nurse Publishing Co., 
 408 McKinnon Building, Toronto, Canada. 
 
 Public Health Nurse Quarterly, 501 St. Claire St., 
 Cleveland, Ohio. 
 
 Pacific Coast Journal of Nursing — 721 Call Build¬ 
 ing, New Montgomery and Jesse Sts., San Fran¬ 
 cisco, Cal. 
 
 The Red Cross Magazine — American Red Cross, 
 Washington, D. C.