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AUTHOR: 
 
 MUSTARD, WILFRED 
 PIRT 
 
 TITLE: 
 
 ETYMOLOGIES IN THE 
 SERVIAN ... 
 
 PLACE* 
 
 COLORADO SPRINGS 
 
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 1892 
 
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 Mustard, Wilfred Pirt, l86li- 
 
 The et:/mologies in the Servian commentary to 
 Vergil, by Wilfred P. Mustard ... Colorado 
 Springs, The Gazatte printing co., 1892. 
 
 37 p. 23 cm. 
 
 Thesis (Ph.D.), Johns Hopkins university. 
 "Reprinted from Colorado college studies, 
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 »•* 
 
The Etymologies in the 
 
 Servian Commentary to Vergil 
 
 BY 
 
 WILFRED P. MUSTARD 
 
 • • • 
 Professor of Latin in Colorado College 
 
 A DISSERTATION 
 
 PRESENTED TO THE BOARD OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES OF THE JOHNS HOPKINS 
 UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 {HEFRINTED Fh'oM COLORADO COLLEGE STUDIES, VOL. Ill] 
 
 COLORADO SPRINGS 
 
 The Gazette Pbintino Company 
 
 1882 
 
Pleraquc sunt vocabula^ qtiibus vulgo titimur^ ncque ta?nen 
 
 liquido scimtis^ quid ea propria at que vere signijicent ^ sed in- 
 
 compertani ct vulgar iain traditio?iem rci non cxploratae sccuti^ 
 
 videfNur juagis diccrc, quod volumus, quam dicimus. 
 
 [Aul. Gell., N. A. XVI 5, l.J 
 
 nam antiquitas ipsa creavit errorem. 
 
 [Serv. ad Aen. VII 678] 
 
 et multa verba aliud mine ostendunt. aliud ante signiji- 
 cabant. IVarr.L. L. V«.J 
 
 THE ETYMOLOGIES IN THE SERVIAN COiMMENTARY 
 
 TO VERGIL. 
 
 By \SZ'ILRRED F». MUSTARD. 
 
 I. — Servius the Etymologist. 
 
 The Roman philologists, from Aelius Stilo down,were much 
 given to etymologizing. Some interesting specimens of early 
 effort in this line are cited by Quintilian, Inst. or. I 6, 32-38, 
 where some of the results of the principles recognized and 
 employed by his predecessors are characterized in the words 
 ^inde pravis incjeniis ad foedissima usque ludibria lahuntur.' 
 The vast number of etymological notes in the commentary to 
 Vergil shows what a charm this fascinating study had for the 
 grammarians of a later day.* In one or two points Servius 
 shows a distinct improvement upon the methods of his prede- 
 cessors, but he has not escaped all the faults of his age. 
 His character as an etymologist may be inferred from the 
 following summary. 
 
 I. He makes free use of the principle that objects may be 
 named from their contraries, zar av:i<ppa<Tv^^ applying it to 
 the explanation of the following words: ardea, A. 7, 412 
 bellum, A. 1, 22; Charon, A. 6, 299; Eumenides, A. 3,63; 6, 250 
 6, 375; G. 1, 278; lucus, A. 1, 22; 1, 441; lustrum, A. 1, 607 
 mactare, A. 4, 57; manes, A. 1, 139; 3, 63; Parcae, A. 1, 22; G. 
 1, 278, This convenient principle, which Voss in his Ety- 
 mologicon, v. lucus, called ^ inane Grammaticorum commen- 
 tum,^ had long been employed by the Greeks. That it was 
 recognized from an early period at Rome is evident from 
 Paulus, p. SSf: Militem Aelius a mollitia y-»-ra w^ziifpaavj 
 
 * Servius offers or quotes etymologies for almost a thousand words. 
 
 t References to Festus and Paulus in this paper are to the pages of Pouor's edition, 1889. 
 
 239776 
 
 < 
 
Colorado College Studies. 
 
 ^ 
 
 L^ 
 
 y 
 
 dictum pukif, GO, quod nihil molle, sed poiius asperum quid 
 
 gerat. 
 
 II. He is very fond of deriving Latin words from Greek. 
 On Aen. 1, 184, he says: Sciendum autem est etiam Latina 
 nomina Graeeam plerumque etymologiam recipere. Natu- 
 rally enou^^h he goes to an extreme in this direction, and we 
 find him offering a Greek etymology not only to Latin words, 
 which are at most cognate with Greek, but to others where 
 the connection he assumes is absolutely wrong. A few ex- 
 amples will suffice to show some of the results of this ten- 
 dency * animus, A. 1, 57, and anima, A. 8, 403, «r.) rw. a^ijiio.. 
 antes, G. 2, 417, «-'^ '"^^ avr.'^rij'xsfy. aptum, A. 4, 482; 11, 202, 
 dTre) roh ar.re^Oai. ars, A. 5, 705, «-o rr^^ «/>-/79. Inclita, A. 6, 781, 
 Graecum est; nam z/yr()v gloriosum dicunt. ara, A. 2, 515, a 
 precibus,quasGraeci apii,^ dicunt. rura, A. 1,430, Graecea)r>"^i«« 
 dicuntur. Aphaeresis ergo sermonem fecit Latinum. telum, 
 A. 2, 468; 8, 249; 9, 507; 9, 744, ar.^ mu zr^XoO.v. ulna, B. 3, 105, 
 dTzd Toiv (oAeuwy. ululae, B. 8, 55, arr) roh 6hdoUi^^, uri, G. 2, 374, 
 drrd roiv Spiiou, Frequently we have two or more derivations 
 offered for the same word, and in several cases one of these 
 optional etymologies is from the Greek. For examples see 
 the explanations of Acidalia, A. 1, 720; ancile, A. 8, 664; annus, 
 A. 1, 269; clarigatio, A. 10, 14; Quirinus, A. 1, 292; scopulus, 
 A. 1,45; Yesta, A. 1, 292. 
 
 Nettleship, Lectures aud Essays, p. 212, notices a remark- 
 able difference between Varro and Verrius Flaccus in the 
 matter of etymology. Varro, if we may judge by the De 
 Lingua Latina, preferred to explain Latin words by assummg 
 for them a Latin origin: Verrius, to judge from the epitome 
 of Paulus, certainly seems to have a predilection for deriving 
 Latin words from Greek. Possibly Servius' fondness for 
 Graecizing etymologies is one of the results of his indebted- 
 ness, direct or indirect, to Verrius' great work. 
 
 III. The Roman philologists usually confined their in- 
 quiries very strictly to their own and the Greek language, 
 paying little attention to other languages or even to the 
 
 * All quotations from Servius in this paper are from the edition of Thllo and Hagen, 
 1878-1887. 
 
 Etymologies. 
 
 3 
 
 Italian dialects. It may be noted that Servius mentions 
 
 not only several Greek words which are not Attic but about 
 
 thirty words which are neither Latin nor Greek. These he 
 
 assigns to various languages and dialects as follows: Punic: 
 
 Bah A. 1, 729; caesa, A. 1,286; Carthago, A. 1, 366; Dido, A. 
 
 4, 36 ; 4, 335, and 4, 674 ; magar, A. 1, 421 . Sabine : cupencum, 
 
 A. 12, 538; curis, A. 1, 292; dira. A. 3, 235; liernae. A. 7,684; 
 
 hirpi, A. 11, 785; Loebasius, G. 1, 17; nar, A. 7, 517. Gallic. 
 
 Alpes, A. 4, 442; caesar, A. 11, 743; gaesa, A. 7, 664; gaesos, A. 
 
 8, 660; virga, A. 8, 660; volema. G. 2, 88. Etruscan: arimos, 
 
 A. 9, 712; Camillus, A. 11, 558; capys, A. 10, 145; Mantus, 
 
 A. 10, 198. Egyptian: Isis, A. 8. 6%: ^KiV. A. 4, 577. 
 
 Macedonian: phalanx, A. 11, 92; sarissa, A. 7, 664. Doric: 
 
 'Qfnww, A. 1, 535; Paean, A. 7, 769. Laconum lingua: tityrus. 
 
 Proem, ad Buc. Cretan : sminthicem, A. 3, 108. Phrygian : 
 
 sminthos, A. 3, 108. Aeolic: <7W'^^, A. 3, 445; 6, 12. Libyan: 
 
 Amnion, A. 4, 196. Assyrian: El, A. 1. 642. Persian: gaza, 
 
 A. 1, 119; 1, 359. Oscan: Lucetius, A. 9, 567. Umbrian: 
 
 dira, A. 3, 235. Ty^ian: sar. G. 2, 506. Illyrian: Varro. A. 
 
 11, 743. Lingua Theotisca: cateia, A. 7, 741. 
 
 IV. Servius distinctly forbids the derivation of Greek 
 words from Latin. On Aen. 11, 31 (Parrhasio), and G. 2, 4 
 ( Lenaeus ) he says ' nam Graecum nomen etymologiam Latinam 
 non recipit,' in each case rejecting the explanation of Donatus. 
 And yet we find him deriving castor, G. 1, 58, 'a castrando'; 
 pausia, G. 2, 86, ^a paviendo'; tus, G. 1, 57, ^a tundendo'. 
 
 V. He lays down the important rule that a word should 
 agree in quantity with the word from which it is derived. 
 This principle is emphasized several times: Aen. 1, 498, 
 (Diana); A. 1, 535 (Orion); A. 1, 185 (totus); A. 1, 726 
 (lucerna); A. 2, 557 (litus); A. 8, 51 (Pallanteum). On Aen. 
 1 726, e. g., he says: "a lychno autem lucerna dicta est, unde 
 et bre'vis est 'lu' . . . , si enim a luce diceretur, non staret 
 versus." On Aen. 2, 557 he rejects the derivation of Vitus' 
 ( from ' litare ', or from ' lituus ' ) offered by Donatus— the same 
 Donatus to whom he says 'latebat', A. 3, 636, suggested 'late 
 patebat', and 'exilio', A. 2, 798, seemed a metrical equivalent 
 for *ex Ilio'. M. Thomas remarks, Essai sur Servius,p. 224, 
 
Colorado College Studies. 
 
 tliat Servius himself forgets this rule in explaining ' curulis', 
 A. 11, 3:U ('a curru', sc). It is not hard to fiiid much more 
 striking violations of it. There are several passages in which 
 words of different quantity are connected without comment: 
 G. 2, 97, aminneum (quasi sine minio); A. 6, 4, anchora 
 {ayxofm); A. 8, 190, Cacus (xaxo^^); A. 6, 299, Charon (quasi 
 dx^jLtf>io'^): G. 2, 93, defrutum (defraudatur .... fraudem)*; 
 A. 3, 35, Gradivus (gradior)*; A. 6, 180, cedria (quasi xawjih-^'i 
 dpoo^ oypo'^); B. 4, 35, heroas (terra e/^a dicta); A. 1, 292, 
 securis (quasi semicuris); A. 1, 688; 4, 2, venenum (quod per 
 venas eat); and the implied etymologies of Acheron, A. 6, 
 107, (quasi sine gau(Mo),and irritum, A. 7,421 (a retibus). 
 
 VI. M. Thomas, Essai sur Servius, pp. 208-210, discusses 
 Servius' attitude towards the fables which proved so attract- 
 ive to the grammarians of Quintilian's day (see Inst. or. I 8, 
 19). Our commentator remarks more than once (on Aen. 6, 
 74, and (), 617,) that Vergil, and the poets generally, are apt 
 to vary the forms of these stories. Frequently he mentions 
 a fable only to reject it: ad Aen. 3, 73, ' Veritas longe alia est'; 
 ad Aen. 6, 134, 'ratio autem haec est'; ad Aen. 2, 7, 'sed hoc 
 fabulae est' ; ad Aen. 6, 14, etc. Such stories are always quoted 
 as fabulous, and are usually prefaced by some such words 
 as 'fabula autem talis est', yet they prove a convenient re- 
 source, especially in Daniel's Scholia, for the explanation of 
 several words. Accounts of people changed into animals, 
 birds or plants, of implements named after their inventors, 
 etc., are given under the following words: «£r«9, A. 1, 394-f; 
 amaracus, A 1, 693; anethus, B. 2, 47; /*/^>'}, A. 1, 505; 
 ;^£'/>v£9, A. 4, 250; circinus, A. 6, 14; '^i^^j, A. 3, 91; hyacinthus, 
 
 •Vergil, G. 4, 269, has defrutum (u sh(yrt^\ Plautus, Pseudol. II 4, 61, defrutum(u long)— 
 ' Murrinam passum defrutum mellam mel (luoiuismcxli,' (Ussing'a reading). Minton War- 
 ren, ^mtr. Joum.of Phil., Vol. IV, p. 73, has found four instances of Gradivus (a ghort) out 
 of fifty-three where the word occurs in Latin poetry. These are Ov. M. 6, 427; Val. Fl. 6, 
 651; Sil. 15, 15; 15, 337. In each case Gradivus is at the end of a hexameter. 
 
 tin quoting from the Servian commentary I have everywhere distinguished between 
 the 'vulgate ' and the additional notes found in the fuller version. Thus an italicized refer- 
 ence such as ad Aen. 4, ioa means that the note which follows is found only in Daniel's 
 Scholia; when part of a note is printed in italics as 'Amazon, quasi a>eo /i«C"'^ »<»« 
 mamma\ the italicized words are added in the fuller version, the rest is in the vulgate. 
 Such references as Africa, Aen. 6, 312; 5, 128, quasi aT£p (ffJlxr^ ?,' are meant to imply that 
 the same or a similar etymology Is given in each division. 
 
 Etymologies. 
 
 A. 11, 69; B. 3, 106; lynx, A. 1, 323; myrtus, A. 5, 23; 5, 72; 
 narcissus, B. 2, 47; G. 4, 160; oTv»v, G. i, 8; palaestra, A. 8, 138; 
 papaver, B. 2, 47; philyra, G. 3, 93; <p'jUa^ B. 5, 10; (TTa<^uXij\>j 
 -6f. 1, 8; thorax, A. 9, 503. With the exception of palaestra 
 (A. 6, 642; G. 2, 531) no other explanation of any of these 
 words is offered in any part of the commentary. 
 
 VII. The phonetic possibilities recognized in Servius' 
 etymological notes may be groujjed as follows: 
 
 (a) 'nomina corrupta' or 'aetate corrupta': Arpi, A. 11, 
 246 (Argyrippa); Casperuli, A. 8, 638 (Caspiri); Crustume- 
 rium, A. 7, 631 (Clytemestra). 
 
 (h) *in diminutione plerumque multa mutantur': ofella, 
 A.6, 420(offa). 
 
 (c) Vowel-changes 'in deri vatione' : caelata, A. 1,640 (celum 
 ... in deri vatione mutatur). There is a similar note on 
 G. 2, 291 (aesculus ab esu). In two cases, however, the diph- 
 thongs apparently presented no difficulty and the derivations 
 of Maenala, G. 1, 17 («-<) rtyv fjLrjAivv)^ and cedria, A. 6, 180 
 (quasi xatofiivr^^ d/tuo'^ 'jyfxrA are given without comment. 
 
 ((/) There are seven words distinctly put down for *per 
 antistoechon' formations: curculio, G. 1, 186 (quasi gurgulio ) ; 
 laquearium, A. 1, 726 (lacunarium); magalia, A. 1, 421 (ma- 
 gar); meditor, B. 1, 2 (//£/£rw, *r enim et 'd' interdum sibi 
 invicem cedunt.) ; Poeni, A. 1, 301 (quasi plioeni); sella, A. 7, 
 169; B. 1, 2 (quasi sedda); solium, A. 7, 169 (quasi sodium a 
 sedendo). 
 
 (e) et amurca per *c' scribitur et per *g' pronuntiatur, ut 
 *C.' Gains, 'Cm' Gnaeus. G. 1, 194. 
 
 (/) Implied similarity of certain sounds. Tumultus, A. 
 2, 486; 8, 1, quasi timor multus. Mercurius, A. 8, 138, alii 
 Mercurium quasi Medicurriiim a Latinis dictum volunt. 
 cadaver, A. 8, 264, cadaver est corpus nondum sepultum, dictum 
 cadaver quod careat honore sepulturae. asylum, Aen. 2, 761, 
 dictum 'asylum' quasi 'asyrum.' 
 
 (g) Synaeresis. saltem,A.4, 327 (salutem. .. persynaere- 
 sin); conpostus, A. 3, 152 (pro conpositus). 
 
 y 
 
 1/ 
 
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 ft 
 
 y 
 
 6 Colorado College Studies. 
 
 (h) Aphaeresis. A. 1, 480, rura Graece 6tiO"o/>« dicuntur. 
 aphaeresis ergo sermonem fecit Latinum. With this compare 
 the following etymologies which are given without comment: 
 Boaulia, A. 6, 107; 7, 662 (caulam bubus fecit); carceres, 
 A. 1, 54; 5, 145; G. 8, 104 (quasi arcer abarcendo); caulae, A. 
 9, 59 (Graecum nomen 'c' detracto) ; Caulon, A. 3, 553 ( Aulon 
 mons est etc. ) ; coTium^A. 3,92 {alii . . . quasi ortina . . . 
 quod inde vox oriatur); Segesta, A. 1, 550 (Egesta); A. 5, 
 718 (Acestes). 
 
 (i) Rhotacism. A 4,219, aras (asas), Valerios ( Valesios), 
 Furios (Fusios), etc. 
 
 (k) Representation of certain Greek sounds in Latin, 
 i. <f. apricus, A. 5, 128; 6, 312 (quasi anp <ffnxTj<^). 
 Africa, A. 5, 128; 6, 312 (quasi «r£// f/^t'^r^?). 
 herba, G. 1,120 {<for;ir;). 
 ii. Spiritus asper. Formiae, A. 7, 695 (inmutato H in 
 
 F . . . (I'd ry)? of'/^TJ'^). 
 
 Septem, B. 2, 11 (in multis enim nominibus, 
 quae in Graeco aspirationem habent, nos pro 
 aspiratione *s' ponimus: inde est.. . . pro 
 hepta * septem'). 
 
 aptum, A. 4, 482; 11, 202 <iro too ar^rzaOat). 
 
 iii. Digamma. Belus, A. 1, 642 (El . . . addita 
 digammo . . . ). 
 Velia,A.6,359(Elia. . . accepit digammon . . .). 
 
 In a number of etymologies the recognition of any un- 
 usual phonetic possibility is s6 doubtful that they have not 
 been included under this head. If Servius derives 'Africa' 
 from «v£t^ <finxr,^ in one part of his commentary, from arep 
 ippuTi<$ in another, he probably means in each case only *a 
 privative.' So with the explanations of * Amazon' (quasi 
 hto iiaWo) and 'apricus' (quasi iirzp <ppUr^i). In other notes 
 'a privative' is indicated by the word 'non' or 'sine': Ache- 
 ron, A. 6, 107 (quasi sine gaudio); Alexis, B. 2,1 (quasi sine 
 responsione); aminneum, G. 2, 97 (quasi sine minio); ato- 
 mos, B. 6, 31 (quia rofii^'^ non recipiunt). The 'sine' which 
 appears in another group of etymologies perhaps means only 
 'se', although Servius makes no such definite statement on 
 
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 Etymologies. 7 
 
 this point as we find in Isidore, or. X 247 : segnis, id est sine 
 igne, ingenio carens. Se autem sine significat, ut sedulus 
 sine dolo: securus, quasi sine cura, etc. In two other pas- 
 sages Isidore omits this explanation: orig. X 244, sedulus fami- 
 liare verbum Terentii: hoc est sine dolo; orig. X 262, sepultus, 
 sine pulsu, id est sine motu. Accordingly, when Servius 
 explains 'securus', A. 2, 374, as 'sinecura\ sedulus, J.. 2, 374, 
 as 'sine dolo\ segnis, A. 1, 423; 2, 374, as 'sine igne', and 
 'sepultus', A. 3, 41; 6, 424, 'quasi sine pulsu', it seems safer 
 to suppose that he really means *se dolo', 'se igne', etc., than 
 to infer that he allows the 'n' of 'sine' to disappear. 
 
 VIII. The additional notes of Daniel's Servius are some- 
 times supplementary to those of the vulgate, sometimes repe- 
 titions of them, sometimes inconsistent with them. Examples 
 of inconsistency in the matter of etymology may be seen 
 under the following words*: ara, A. 2, 515; 4, 219; bruma, A. 
 
 2, 472; G. 1, 211; feretrum, A. 11, 64; insertas, A. 3, 152; 
 jubar, A. 4, 130; latrones, A. 12, 7; palaestra, A. 6, 642; 8, 138; 
 G. 2, 351; Praeneste, A. 7, 682; vitula, A. 1, 533; B. 3, 30. 
 
 One of the chief arguments relied on by Thomas (p. 49)- 
 and Thilo (Praef. XIII) as showing that these 'additional' 
 notes did not form part of the original commentary of Servius 
 is the following: the additional notes quote a variety of opin- 
 ions upon disputed points without deciding upon any one in 
 particular, while the vulgate usually does so only to adopt 
 one in preference to the others. As far as etymological notes 
 are concerned this statement seems to require some modifica- 
 tion. Omitting the explanations of proper names, we have 
 in the vulgate several cases where one etymology out of two 
 or more offered or quoted is distinctly preferred*: cortina, A. 
 6, 347; 3, 92; delubrum, A. 2, 225; 4, 56; fur, G. 3, 407; 
 harena, A. 1, 178; indigetes, A. 12, 79; G. 1, 498; latrones, A. 
 12, 7; lucerna, A. 1, 726; manes, A. 3,63; tus, G. 1,57; vesti- 
 bulum, A. 2, 469; 6, 273 and perhaps circenses, A. 8, 636; G. 
 
 3, 18. In an equal number of cases, however, no such pre- 
 ference is manifested: amoenus, A. 6, 638; ancile, A. 8, 664; 
 annus, A. 1, 269;* castra, A. 3, 519; clarigatio, A. 10, 14; cuna- 
 
 • These etymologies are quoted in the second part of this paper 
 
 ^/ 
 
8 
 
 Colorado College Studies. 
 
 / 
 
 bula, B.4, 23; foedus, A. 1, 62; palaestra, G. 2, 531;. scopulus, 
 A. 1, 45; senatores, A. 5, 758; sparus, A. 11, 682; urbs, A. 1, 12. 
 As far as the etymologies in the additional notes are con- 
 cerned, Thomas' statement seems to be strictly correct. 
 
 In this connection may be pointed out a few inconsist- 
 encies which are found in the vulgate itself. For the words 
 cadaver, A. 6, 481; 8, 2f>4; cortina, A. 3, 92; 6,347; delubrum, 
 A. 2, 225; 4, 56; fur, A. 9, 348; G. 3, 407, and Segesta, A. 1, 
 550; 5, 718 different etymologies are preferred in different 
 parts of the commentary. For Carthago, A. 1, 343; 1, 366; 
 4, 670; cedria, A. 6, 180; 7, 178, and formosus, A. 1, 359; 8, 
 453, we have, if -not different etymologies, at least a more 
 general and a more exact explanation of each word in differ- 
 ent places. For several words two etymologies are offered or 
 quoted in one place, only one in another: amoenus, A. 5,734; 
 6, 638; clarigatio, A. 9, 52; 10, 14; delubrum, A. 2, 225; 4, 
 56; fur, A. 9, 348; G. 3,407; scopulus, A. 1, 45; 1, 180; solium, 
 A. 1, 506; 7, 169. For scopulus the two derivations are offered 
 earlier in the commentary than the one which is apparently 
 , preferred; for each of the other five words the two optional 
 etymologies are not mentioned until after one of them has 
 been given. 
 
 IX. Sometimes etymologies are only implied: Acheron, 
 A. 6, 107 (quasi sine gaudio); dolones, A. 7, 664 (a fallendo 
 dicti); hydra, A. 6, 287 (ab aqua dicta); etc. Even when 
 they are more definitely stated it is sometimes difficult to 
 determine the exact meaning. For example, on the passage 
 'saepe volutabris pulsos silvestribus ai^ros latratu turbabis 
 agens', G. 3, 411, we have the comment 'volutabra loca sunt, 
 in quibus se apri volvunt.' Is 'apri' part of the etymology, 
 and not due merely to the 'apros' of Vergil's line? Such 
 an explanation would not be too bad for Isidore, who has, 
 or. XVI 1, 5, 'volutabra appellata quod ibi apri volutentur', 
 and the notes on the following words suggest that such an 
 explanation was good enough for Servius: antarium, A. 11, 156 
 (quasi ante aras); circenses, A. 8, 636; G. 3, 18 (vel a cir- 
 cuitu, vel . . . ab ensibus circa quos currebant); fatiscunt, 
 A. 1, 123 ('fatiDi' abundanter, hiscere aperiri); fortuitus, 
 
 \: 
 
 / 
 
 •'« 
 
 I 
 
 ) 
 
 i 
 
 -) 
 
 ( 
 
 * Etymologies. 9 
 
 6, 179 (ab eundo et a fortuna); furcillae, G. 2, 389 (quibus v 
 frumenta cillentur). A similar case is the explanation of 
 4egumen'. On G. 1,74, we read 'dicitur quod manu legatur^ 
 nee sectionem requirat'; on G. 1, 199, "'manu legeret'; hinc 
 quidam volunt dictum legumen". The fact that *legumina' 
 is reijresented in an old glossary by yz^im-d seems to confirm 
 the susi)icion that, if Servius himself did not derive the word 
 from legere -|- manus, he at least refers to such a derivation 
 in his note on G. 1, 199*. A third instance is the note on 
 4ugentes campi', A. 6, 441: ''lugentes, quasi 4ucis egentes' •'. 
 This is probably meant for an etymology, not merely the 
 explanation of a metaphor. Voss in his Etymologicon men- 
 tions a derivation, 'ingeniosius quam verius', of 4ugere' from 
 '/'V'J? i- <?• '^^"'j'« tenebrae\- 
 
 X. The difficult question of the sources of Servius' ety- 
 mological notes must be reserved for a separate paper. At 
 present, however, two general statements may be made. 
 About thirty derivations are attributed to Varro, but he un- 
 doubtedly was the ultimate authority for a good many more, i 
 Verrius Flaccus is only once mentioned by name, but there 
 is much in these notes which must have come directly or 
 indirectly from the great work De Verborum Significatu. 
 This might have been inferred from the papers in which 
 Nettleship has pointed out some of the parallels between . 
 Servius and Festus or Paulus. See his Ancient Commenia- \ 
 iors to Vergil, prefixed to the fourth edition of Conington's 
 commentary, and the papers on Verrius Flaccus, Nonius 
 Marcellus and Thilo's Servius in his Lectures and Essays, 
 Oxford, 1885. 
 
 Many of the etymologies quoted in our commentary are 
 introduced by such general phrases as 'quidam . . .', 'alii . . .', 
 'fabula est . . .', etc., or by others which are almost as indefi- 
 nite: 'ut lectum est in historia Poenorum' (Carthago, A. 1, 
 343); 'lectum tamen est in philologis' (Caieta, A. 7, 1); 
 'prudentiores tamen dicunt' (Silvanus, A. 8, 601). On Aen. 
 
 • It may be noted that the latest etymology offered for this word is also due to the 
 feeling that 'legere' in itself is not sufficient to explain 'legumina'. Stowasser, Dunkle 
 iVoerter, p. 29, proposes leyere -|- *umina. " Umcn von ttere, wie flumen von fluere, numen 
 von nuere, acumen von acuere gebildet, bedeutet ersichtlich Huelle, Huelse." 
 
 / 
 
 V 
 
 ^ 
 
 V 
 
 ■\ 
 
10 
 
 Colorado College Studies. 
 
 Etymologies. 
 
 11 
 
 7, 678, we have the following general statement: 'de civitati- 
 bus totius orbis miilti quidem ex parte scripserunt, ad plenum 
 tamen Ptolomaeus graece, latine Plinius. de Italicis etiam 
 urbibus Hyginus plenissime scripsit, et Cato in originibus'. 
 Omitting the cases in which Vergil's own explanations of 
 words are discussed, we have etymologies distinctly referred 
 to the following authors: — 
 
 Aeschylus, pergama, A. 1, 95. 
 Alexarchiis, Campania, A. 5, 334. 
 Marcus Antonius, Umbros, A. 12, 753. 
 Arisionicus, Campania, A. 3, 334. 
 Asper, solium, A. 7, 169. 
 Afeius, Roma, ^4. 2, 273. 
 Carminius, amoenus, A. 5, 374. 
 Cass his, fana, G. 1, 10. 
 
 Cassius Hemina, Crustumerium, A. 7, 631; magalia, A. 1, 421. 
 
 Cato, Graviscae, A. 10, 184; intempestae, A. 10, 184; lulus, A. 
 
 1, 267; magalia, .4. 1, 421; Praeneste, A. 7, 682; Sabini, 
 
 A. 8, 638. 
 Cicero, foedus, A. 8, 641; sedkio, A. 1, 149; Tenedos, A. 2, 21. 
 Cimius, delubrum, A. 2, 225; fana, G. 1, 10. 
 Clinias, Roma, ^4. i, 273. 
 Clodius Tuscus, mussare, A. 12, 667. 
 Conon, Sarrastras, A. 7, 738. 
 Donaius, latebat, A. 3, 636; Lenaeus, G. 2, 4; litus, A. 2, 657; 
 
 Parrhasio, A. 11, 31. 
 Ennius, Roma, A. 1, 273. 
 
 Eratosthenes, Myrmidones, A. 2, 7; Roma, ^4. 1, 273. 
 Gellius^ Sabini, A. 8, 638. 
 Heraclides, Roma, A. 1, 273. 
 Hijginus, Ardea, A. 7, 412; Caere, A. 8, 597; Casperuli,^. 
 
 8, 638; Hesperia, A. 1, 530; Sabini, A. 8, 638. 
 Livius, Campania, A. 3, 334; Carthago, A. 1, 343; 1, 366. 
 Lutatius, Baiae, A. 9, 707, 
 3Iasiirius Sabiniis, delubrum, A. 2, 225. 
 Naevius, Roma, A. 1, 273. 
 Nigidius, herba, G. 1, 120. 
 Ovidius, Ardea, A. 7, 412; names of months, G. 1, 43. 
 
 V 
 
 / 
 
 X 
 
 ) 
 
 1 
 
 r 
 
 Philochorns, Pelasgi, A. 8, 600, 
 
 Philostephanus, Trinacia, A. 1, 196. 
 
 Piso, Pilumnus, A. 10, 76. 
 
 Plinius, intempestae, A. 10, 184; junior, A. 6, 304; lyciscae, B. 
 3, 18; sucinum, A. 8,402. 
 
 Postumius, Baiae, A. 9, 707. 
 
 Sallu stills, magalia, A. 1, 421; senatores, A. 5, 758. 
 
 Saufeius, Aborigines, Cascei, Latium, A. 1, 6. 
 
 Seneca, Abatos, Philos, A. 6, 154. 
 
 Statius Tullianus, Camilla, ^.ii, 543. 
 
 Thulxydides, Italia, A^ 8, 328. 
 
 Varro, amoenus, A. 5, 374; ara, 4, 219; arena, A. 1, 172; 
 Aventinus, A. 7, 657; Campania, A. 3, 334; candelabrum, 
 A. 2, 225; carceres, A. 5, 145; cernuli, A. 10, 894; curcu- 
 lio, G. 1, 186; delubrum, A. 2, 225; faunos, G. 1, 11; 
 focus, A. 11, 21; frenos, A. 8, 230; germanus, A. 5, 412 
 liarena, A. 1, 172; junior, A. 5, 409; 6, 304; Latium, A. 8 
 322; latrones, A. 12, 7; Libya, A. 1, 22; Oenotria, A. 1, 532 
 Palatinus, A. 8, 51; pklla, A. 1, 648; proceres, A. 1, 740 
 pronuba, A. 4. 166; senior, A. 5, 409; sparus, A. 11, 682; 
 testudo, A. 1, 505; valvae, A. 1, 449; Varro, A. 11, 473; 
 vates, A. 3, 443; vestibulum, A. 6, 273. 
 
 Verrius Flaccus, juniperi, B. 7, 53. 
 
 Vitruvius, aditus, ostium, A. 6, 43. 
 
 XL Sometimes we find Servius attributing to earlier 
 writers opinions which they apparently did not hold. Unless 
 it be supposed that Varro in his voluminous writings may 
 have preferred different etymologies for the same word in 
 different places, we must infer that he has been misrepre- 
 sented at least two or three times. 
 
 amoenus. — Servius says, ad Aen. 6, 638, that Varro explained 
 I amoena * quasi amunia.' 
 
 Isidore, or. XIV 9, 33, makes Varro derive amoena 
 from amare. 
 Latium. — Serv. ad Aen. 8, 322, Varro autem Latium dici 
 
 putat, quod latet Italia inter praecipitia Al- 
 pium et Apennini. 
 Varro, L. L. V 32, says Apulia and Latium are 
 named * ab hominibus.' 
 
12 
 
 Colorado College Studies. 
 
 Etymologies. 
 
 13 
 
 vates.Sery. ad Aen. 3, 448, vates a vi mentis appellatos, 
 \ arro auctor est. 
 Varro, L. L. VII 36, antiqui poetas Vates appella- 
 baiit a versibus vieiulis. 
 ostium.— ^eTY. ad Aen. 6, 43, nam Vitruvins qui de archi- 
 
 tectonica scripsit, ostium dicit per quod ab 
 alicjuo arcemur in^ressu ab obstando dictum. 
 
 To use Thilo's words, falso Servius ostium, etc' Vitruvio 
 tribuit. 
 
 II.-FALSE AND POPULAR ETYMOLOGIES. 
 
 The great value of Servius' etymological notes is apparent 
 to every reader of his commentary. There are, of course, 
 many derivations offered which are no longer accepted, but 
 many of the words which he attempts to explain still defy 
 certain analysis, and in some of the cases where he offers two 
 optional etymologies for the same word each of these has its 
 supporters at the present day. In the following pages an 
 attempt is made to collect all his etymologies which may be 
 confidently rejected. It is hardly necessary to disclaim any 
 pretence to completeness of treatment where completeness of 
 treatment is practically impossible. At the same time this 
 paper professes to contain all Servius' etymologies (excluding 
 proper names) which, according to the highest and most re- 
 cent authorities, are no longer tenable. One word of expla- 
 nation should be added. In cases where Servius offers two 
 optional etymologies of the same word both are regularly 
 quoted, often without comment. Large as the following list 
 is, it might have been much larger, had it included all the 
 unnecessary derivations of Latin words from Greek, cases, /. e., 
 where the Latin word is at most cognate with the Greek, not 
 derived from it. In many cases Servius' statements as to the 
 exact relation between two cognate Latin words do not agree 
 with modern views. These too are regularly omitted, though 
 one or two extreme examples have been retained: fores, Aen. 
 1, 449 (quae foras aperiuntur); fundus, G. 2, 468 (rerum 
 omnium fundamentum). 
 
 As often as one of Servius' more remarkable etymologies 
 has been found in an earlier writer the passage is added below, 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 ) 
 
 I 
 
 r 
 
 but in no case is it definitely stated that he borrowed his note 
 from this source. It is somewhat surprising to find how few 
 of these appear in the extant works of his predecessors and 
 how many of them recur in Isidore, for whom no etymology 
 was too grotesque. It is hard to imagine that Servius is 
 himself responsible for all these ingenious explanations. 
 Whether Isidore drew directly upon Servius, as Thilo thinks, 
 or upon Servius' sources, as Nettleship maintains, he doubt- 
 less iireserves many derivations that were offered by Servius' 
 predecessors. 
 
 Such works as Palmer's Folk EUjmologij, Andresen's 
 Dcidsche Volksefijmologie, and Keller's Lateinische Volks- 
 etymologir deal chiefly with Folk Etymology in the narrower 
 sense of the term: where the form of a word is affected by 
 false derivation or mistaken analogy, or where the significa- 
 tion is warped and perverted from a false relationship being 
 assumed. Even in this narrow sense of the term our com- 
 mentary furnishes several examples of Folk Etymology. 
 Thus Servius, on Aen. 1, 172, i3refers the derivation 'arena ab 
 ariditate' to 'harena ab haerendo', where Varro left an option 
 and an optional spelling. The Sabine ' f asena ' shows that the 
 initial *h' is' etymologically correct*. On G. 1, 57, he says 
 that the old derivation of 'tus' {^I'd roo Oeioo) led to the spell- 
 ing 'thus'. Cases of xjerverted meaning due to mistaken 
 analogy are more numerous: see especially the notes on gur- 
 gulio, indigetes, lat rones, orichalcum, and i^ostumus, quoted 
 in the following pages. For the words indigetes and latrones 
 Servius himself distinctly mentions popular etymologies; 
 with these may be compared the comment on Aen 6, 392: 
 sane Alciden volunt quidam d'o ri;^ dXxr;^ dictum, id est a vir- 
 tute: quod non procedit, quia a prima aetate hoc nomen 
 habuit abAlcaeo.patreAmphitryonis. et scimus agnomina ab 
 accidentibus dari. 
 
 Adorea, Ae7i. 10, 077, 'Turnus adoro^ id est juxta veteres, 
 qui adorare adloqui dicehcmt: nam ideo et adorea laus 
 hellica, quod omncs cum cum gratulatione adloquehantur, 
 qui in bellis fortitcr fecit. 
 
 •Corssen, Vol.Ip. 102. 
 
14 Colorado College Studies. 
 
 '^'^Aesculus, G. 2, 291, ab esu dicta. 
 Amellus, G. 4, 278, Mella tiuvius Galliae est, juxta quern liaec 
 herba plurima nascitur; unde et amella dicitur. 
 Servius' explanation seems to have been sn^^ested by 
 Vergil's line, 'et curva legunt prope fluniina Mellae'. See 
 Wharton, Effjma Latina,p. 4, ''amellus starwort: Gaulish for 
 *ampellos 'loved by bees', fr. *ampis bee ( M spelt am, and p 
 disappearing in Celtic: see Stokes, B. B. \\ 194), cf. OHG. impi 
 and c/jtrrV gnat?" 
 "^ Aminneum, G. 2, 97, aminneum vinum dictum est quasi sine 
 minio, id est rubore; nam album est. et alifcr: Amineos 
 AristoMcs in polifiis hoc scribit Thessalos ftu'ssr, qui 
 suae^ rc(jionis viivs in Halicun frdnstnlfrunf, atque illis 
 inde nomen injyosiium. 
 
 Amoenus, Aen. 6, 638, amoena autem quae solum amorem 
 praestant, vel ut supra (ad Aen. 5, 374, sc.) diximus, (piasi 
 aniunia, hoc est sine fructu, ut Varro et Carminius docent. 
 
 Paulus, p. 2, says 'amoena dicta sunt loca, quae ad se 
 amanda adliciant\ Isidore makes Verrius Flaccus derive 
 ' amoenus' from *munus', Varro from 'aniare'; orig. XIV 9, 33: 
 'amoena loca dicta Varro ait eo quod solum amorom praestent 
 et ad amanda adliciant: Verrius Flaccus, quod sine munere 
 sint, nee quicquam in his officii, quasi amunia, id est sine 
 fructu etc'. 
 Ancile, Aen. 8, 664, ancile autem dicitur aut quasi undique 
 
 circumcisum, aut quasi ao.<fixsiA(t>, id est undique labrum 
 
 habens. 
 Annus, Aen. 1, 269, annus autem dictus quasi anus, id est 
 
 anulus, quod in se redeat, . . . vel firzd zou dvavsobffOai, id 
 
 est ab innovatione. 
 Antarium, Aen. 11, 156, sane hoc bellum 'antarium' vocari 
 
 solitum, quod sit ante urbem, quasi ante aras. 
 Apricus, Aen. 6, 312, quasi arsp (f/tixr^?, id est sine frigore ut 
 
 diximus supra (ad Aen. o, 128, sc.) 
 
 cf. Paul. p. 2, apricum locum a sole apertum a Graeco 
 vocabulo <pf>'y-^j appellatum, quasi fi<fp:'/.rjs^, id est sine horrore, 
 videlicet f rigoris, unde etiam putatur et Africa appellari. 
 
 Ara, Aen. 2, 515, dicitur a precibus, quas Graeci «/>«? dicunt. 
 
 Etymologies. 
 
 15 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 v 
 
 ( 
 
 ) 
 
 1 
 
 r 
 
 Aen, 4,219, vcteres aras 'asas' dicebant; postea inmu- 
 tata litiera' s' in 'r' 'aras' dixerunt, sicut Valesios Valerias, 
 FusiosFurios: quod Varro rerum divinarum in libroquinio 
 plenius narrat * 
 
 Ardea, Aen. 7, 412, sciendum tamen ardeam avem z«r' «vrj'- 
 
 <Pfmffr^ dictam, quod brevitate pennarum altius non volat. 
 
 G. 1, 3(>4, ardea dicta quasi ardua. 
 Asylum, Aen. 2,761, dictum 'asylum' quasi 'asyrum\ alii 
 'asijlnm' idco dictum, quod nullus inde tolleretur, id est 
 quod *Tu?.dfTOai, hoc est abripl, nullus inde poterat. 
 Aen. 8, 342, templum misericordiae, . . . unde nullus 
 posset abduci. 
 Atrium, Aen. 1, 726, ibi et culina erat: unde et atrium dictum 
 est; atrum enim erat ex fumo. alii dicunt Atriam Eiru- 
 viae civitatem fuisse, quae domos amplis vestibulis habe- 
 hat: quae cum Romani imitarentur atria appellaverunt. 
 AUGURIUM, Aen. 5,523, dictum quasi 'avigerium', id est quod 
 aves gerunt. 
 The same derivation is given ad Aen. 1, 393; 1, 397; 1, 398, 
 
 2, 702; S, 89; 6, 198. 
 cf. Paul. p. 2, augur ab avibus gerendoque dictus, quia 
 per eum avium gestus edicitur; sive ab avium garritu, 
 unde et augurium. 
 Bellum, Aen. 1,22, /.azd (hziiffxitn-^, a nulla re bella. 
 
 cf . Charis. p. 276, 15 K. antiphrasis . . . ut bellum dicitur, 
 
 quod minime sit bellum. 
 Donat. ars gram. p. 402, 4 K. ut bellum, hoc est minime 
 bellum. 
 Bidentes, Aen. 4, 57, 'bidentes' autem dictae sunt quasi 
 biennes, quia neque minores, neque maiores licebat hostias 
 dare, sunt etiam in ovibus duo eminentiores dentes inter 
 octo, qui non nisi circa bimatum apparent. 
 Aen. 6, 39, 'bidentes' autem ut diximus supra oves sunt 
 
 circa bimatum, habentes duos dentes eminentiores. 
 Servius here combines two different derivations. The 
 derivation from 'annus' is mentioned by Aulus Gellius, who 
 
16 
 
 Colorado College Studies. 
 
 Etymologies. 
 
 17 
 
 devotes a whole chapter to the word 'bidentes', and approved 
 by Nonius Marcellus. 
 
 cf. Gell. XYI 6, 13, scriptum invenimus in commentariis 
 
 •quibusdam ad jus pontiiicum pertinentibus, 4ndennes' primo 
 
 dictas, *d' littera inmissa, quasi 'biennes', turn longo usu 
 
 loquendi corruptam voceni esse et ex 'bidennibus' 'bident'es' 
 
 factum, quoniam id videbatur esse dictu facilius leniusque. 
 
 Non. Marc. Lib. 1, p. 53 M. bidentes qui existimant ob 
 earn cansam oves a Yergilio dictas quod duos dentes habeant, 
 
 pessime a vitio intellegunt et melius intellegi 
 
 potest, si bidcnnis quasi biennis dixeris auctoritate. 
 
 Bruma, Aen. 2, 472, dicta . . . quasi t^r^/J^ ^//^«/'j id est brevis 
 dies. 
 G. 1, 211, hruma dicta a hreinoribus diehus. 
 
 BuRiS, G. 1, 170, quasi i3od>^ oufta, quod sit in similitudinem 
 caudae bovis. alii . . . : hiiris cuitn id curveinr, ante 
 
 igni domatur,id est amhuritur Varro ait\ totum 
 
 hurim indici a?> iivhe. 
 
 Cadaver, Aen. 0, 481, caduci ... a cadendo; unde et cada- 
 vera dicta. 
 
 Aen. 8, 264, cadaver est corpus nondum sepultum, dictum 
 cadaver quod careat honore sepulturae. 
 
 Aen, 11, 143, sane haec corpora sive proici juhehantur 
 a cadendo, sive quod sej^ultura carehant * cadavera'* 
 dicta. 
 Caesaries, Aen. 1, 590; 8, 659, a caedendo dicta. 
 
 Calamistrum, Aen. 12, 100, acus maior, quae calefacta et 
 adhibita intorqueat capillos. 
 
 cf. Varr. L.L. V 129, calamistrum, quod his calfactis in 
 cinere capillus ornatur. 
 
 / Calculus, G. 2, 180, dictus, quod sine molestia sui brevitate 
 calcetur. 
 
 Carcer, Aen. 1, 54, dictus quasi arcer ab arcendo. G. 3, 104, 
 ab arcendo dictus. 
 Aen. 5,145, ^carceres' quasi *arceres' secundum Varronem. 
 
 cf. Varr. L.L. V 151, carcer a coercendo. V 153, carceres 
 dicti, quod coercentur equi. 
 
 \ 
 
 I 
 
 \ 
 
 { 
 
 I 
 
 V 
 
 *) 
 
 r 
 
 Varro at least attempted to account for the initial *c'. To 
 Servius no such explanation would seem necessary. 
 See Caulae. 
 
 Casses, Cassus, Aen. 2, 85, cassum est quasi quassum et nihil 
 continens; nam et vas quassum, quod humor em in se non 
 continet et est vacuum, unde et retia casses, quod multum 
 in se vacui haheant. Aen. 11, 104, ^cassis' vacuis: unde 
 et retia casses dicimus, et vestimenta araneorum casses 
 dicuntur. 
 
 cf. Non. p. 45, 9 M. cassum veteres inane posuerunt. Et 
 arbitrandum est eius verbi proprietatem magis ab 
 aranearum cassibus dictam, quod sint leves et nullius 
 ponderis, non, ut quibusdam videtur, quasi quassum. 
 
 Castor, G. 1, 58, castores autem a castrando dicti sunt. 
 
 O. Keller, Lateinische Volksetymologie und Verwandtes, 
 p. 285, derives castrare from castor, citing an ancient belief 
 (Cic. Ovid. Plin. Juven. Apulej. ) concerning the beaver. *Also 
 castrare aliquem heisst einen nach Biberart behandeln, seine 
 o(r/j'.<i zerstoeren'. 
 
 Castra, Aen. 3, 519, dicta autem 'castra' quasi casta, vel 
 quod illic castraretur libido: nam nunquam his intererat 
 mulier. 
 Catus, Aen. 1, 423, id est ingeniosus «-(^ 't>^> y.aUfrOai. 
 
 cf. Donat. ad Ter. Andr. V 2, 14, catus: callidus, doctus, 
 ardens, T.a()d zo xaUtv. unde Cato dictus. ingeniorum 
 enim igneus vigor esse videtur. 
 
 Caulae, Aen. 9, 59, 'caulas' munimenta et saepta ovium. 
 est enim Graecum nomen *c' detracto: nam Graeci aokd<; 
 vocant animalium receptacula. 
 
 Servius evidently means to connect *caulas' and «y/«9 
 etymologically, not merely to j^oint out an interesting co- 
 incidence in form. That the initial *c' in the Latin word pre- 
 sented no serious difficulty to him may be inferred from his 
 explanation of Caulon, Aen. 3, 553, ^A.ulon mons est Cala- 
 briae, etc.', and the comments on Cortina, Aen. 3, 92, and 
 Carcer, Aen. 1, 54; 5, 145. 
 
18 
 
 Colorado College Studies. 
 
 Cedrl\, Aen. 6, 180, cedria dicta est quasi xaiojLhr,^ opuos^ nyf^ov, 
 id est arboris iimor ardentis. 
 Aen. 7, 178, *e cedro\ unde et cedria. 
 
 Cernulus, Cernuus, Aen. 10, 8^ cernuus equus dicitur, qui 
 cadit m faciem, quasi in earn partem cadens qua cernimus: 
 unde et pueri quos in ludis videmus ea parte, (jua cernunt, 
 stantes, cernuli vocantur, ut etiam Varro in ludis tliea- 
 tralibus docet. 
 cf. Non. p. 21, 2 M., cernuus dicitur proprie inclinatus, 
 
 quasi quod terrani cernat. 
 
 Chelydrus, G. 3, 415, 'chelydri' dicti quasi chersydri, qui et 
 in aquis et in terris morantur: nam yjixroj dicimus terram, 
 aquam vero '^'^'w/;. 
 
 Circenses, Aen. 8, 686, circenses dicti vel a circuitu, vel quod 
 
 ubi nunc metae sunt, olim gladii ponebantur, quos cir- 
 ' cumibant. dicti autem circenses ab ensibus, circa (luos 
 
 currebant. 
 
 G. 3, 18, circenses dicti sunt, quia exliibebantur in cir- 
 cuitu ensibus positis; licet alii a circumeundo dicant 
 circenses vocari. 
 Circumvolat, Aen. 3, 233, aut circum praedam volat uncis 
 
 pedibus: aut intra volam amplectitur praedam: unde et 
 
 involare etc. See Volando. 
 Clarigatio, a. 9, 52, a claritate vocis. 
 
 A. 10, 14, aut a clara voce qua utebatur pater patratus, aut 
 a zA};/>a>, hoc est sorte. 
 Classis, a. 1, 39, dicta est ^/-^ rwv x«/wv, id est a lignis. So 
 
 A. 6, 1. 
 Cliens, a. 6, 609, si enim clientes quasi colentes sunt etc. 
 
 Cortina, A. 3, 92, dicitur autem cortina, vel quod Apollinis 
 tripos corio Pythonis tectus est, vel quod certa illinc 
 responsa funduntur, quasi certina, vel quod est verius, 
 quia cor illic vatis tenetur. alii coriinam quasi ortinam 
 tradunty quod inde vox oriaiur. 
 
 \ 
 
 I 
 
 \ 
 
 I 
 
 ) 
 
 i 
 
 Etymologies. 
 
 19 
 
 A. 6, 347, cortina dicta est aut quod cor teneat, aut quod 
 tripus saeptus erat corio serpentis, ut diximus supra: 
 aut certe secundum Graecam etymologiam on rij> xoprj^ 
 Tstvsi rjroi Tt>drrff£t, id est quod extendit puellam, ut 
 'maiorque videri'. 
 
 CuNABULA, Buc. 4, 23, lectuli in quibus infantes jacere con- 
 sueverunt: vel loca, in quibus nascuntur, quasi cynabula; 
 nam xt)£i> est Graece niti. 
 
 CuRA, A. 1, 208; 4, 1, cura dicta ab eo quod cor urat. 
 cf. Varr. L.L. VI 46, cura quod cor urat. 
 Paul. p. 35, cura dicta est, quasi coreda, vel quia cor urat. 
 
 CURCULIO, G. 1, 186, Varro ait hoc nomen per antistoechon 
 dictum, quasi gurgulio, qiioniam paene nihil est nisi guttur. 
 
 Defrutum, G. 2, 93, dictum, quod defraudatur et quasi 
 fraudem patitur. 
 
 Delubrum, a. 2, 225, delubrum dicitur quod uno tecto plura 
 complectitur numina, quia uno tecto diluitur, . . . alii, id 
 Cincius, dicunt, delubrum esse" locum ante templum, ubi 
 aqua currit, a diluendo {a de/we?icZo, Nettleship, Contrib. 
 p. 429.) 
 
 On A. 4, 56, a similar explanation is given with this addi- 
 tion: aut certe simulacrum ligneum delubrum dicimus, 
 a libro, hoc est raso ligno factum, quod Graece ?<>avov 
 dicitur. 
 Daniel's Servius on A. 2, 225, attributes this explanation 
 *a delibratione corticis' to Masurius Sabinus, and quotes an- 
 other from Varro, ' lucrum divinarum libro f XIX' : aut in 
 quo loco dei dicatum sit simulacrum, ut (sicut) in quo figunt 
 candelam, candelabrum appellant, sic in quo deum ponunt, 
 delubrum dicant 
 
 Nettleship, Lectures and Essays, p. 239, has compared two 
 parallel passages in Macrobius and Paulus, and suggests a 
 possible inference as to the source of Servius' information. 
 *' Macrobius (3, 4, 3) has one note, Paulus, p. 73, has another, 
 on this word. But the substance of both notes is combined 
 by Servius on Aen. 2, 225. Paulus says ^delubrum dicebant 
 
 ^ 
 
20 
 
 Colorado College Studies. 
 
 Etymologies. 
 
 21 
 
 fustem delibratiim, hoc est decorticatum, quern venerabantur 
 pro deo'. Servius not only gives this explanation, but also 
 those quoted in Macrobius from Varro's Kerum Divinarum; 
 and much the same comment recurs, with an addition, in 
 Servius on Aen. 4, 56. The impression left is that both Ma- 
 crobius and Servius were copying from an article in Verrius 
 Flaccus, of which only a short extract has survived in the 
 epitome of Paulus." 
 Deus, a. 12, 139, nam quod graece '5/»9, latine timor vocatur, 
 
 inde deus dictus est, quod oninis religio sit timoris. 
 
 cf. Paul. p. 50, deus dictus, (luod ei nihil desit, . . . sive 
 a Graeco f'^io^ quod significat metum, eo quod homini- 
 bus metus sit. 
 Dm A, A. 4, 453, dira enim deorum ira est. 
 
 A. 3, 235, Sabini et Umbri, quae nos mala, dira appellant. 
 
 cf. Paul. p. 49, dims, dei ira natus. 
 
 Non. Marc. p. 30. 14 M. dirum . . quasi deorum ira in- 
 missum . 
 
 Ebur, a. 1, 592, ebur a barro dictum, id est elephanto. 
 ExTUDERAT, A. 8, 605, studiose fecerat. 
 
 Fatiscunt, a. 1, 123, fatiscunt abundanter aperiuntur; *fatim' 
 enim abundanter dicimus. unde et adfatim, hiscere autem 
 aperiri. 
 
 Fera, a. 1, 215, feras dicimus aut quod omni corpore feruntur, 
 aut quod naturali utuntur libertate et pro desiderio suo 
 feruntur. So A. 2, 51. 
 
 V Flagella, G. 2, 299, dicuntur summae arborum partes, ab eo 
 
 quod ventorum creljros sustinent flatus. 
 
 cf. Varr. R.K.I, 31, 3, neque ex se potest eiicere vitem, 
 
 quam vocant minorem flagellum, maiorem etiam unde 
 
 uvae nascuntur, palmam. prior, litera una mutata, de- 
 
 - clinata a venti flatu, similiter flabellum ac flagellum. 
 
 Flagrantia, a. 1, 436, quotiens incendium significatur, quod 
 flatu alitur, x)er T dicimus, quotiens odor, qui fracta 
 specie major est, per 'r' dicimus. 
 
 ^ 
 
 / 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 ^ 
 
 { 
 
 Flamines, a. 8, 664; 10, 270, a filo quo utebantur, flamines 
 dicti sunt quasi filamines. 
 
 cf. Varr. L.L. V 84, quod . . . caput cinctum habebant 
 filo, flamines dicti. 
 
 Paul. p. 62, Flamen Dialis dictus, quod filo assidue vele- 
 tur; indeque api^ellatur flamen, quasi filamen. 
 
 Yarro's explanation of this word is now generally rejected, 
 though De Vit says it is confirmed by an inscription 
 *ap. Gruter. 227, 6'. 
 
 FoEDUS, A. 1, 62, dictum vel a fetialibus, id est sacerdotibus 
 per quos fiunt foedera, vel a porca foede, hoc est lapidibus 
 occisa, ut ipse 'et caesa jungebant foedera porca'. 
 
 The same explanation is given on Aen. 8, 641 and Aen. 12, 
 109. On Aen. 8, 641 Daniel's Servius adds: Cicero 
 foedera a fide puiat dicta. On Aen. 4, 242 we have 
 ^fetiales afoedere\ 
 
 cf. Paul. p. 59, foedus appellatum ab eo, quod in pacis- 
 cendo foede hostia necaretur. Virgilius: 'et caesa 
 jungebant foedera porca'. Vel quia in foedere inter- 
 ponatur fides. 
 
 Formica, A. 4, 402, sane 'formica' dicta est ab eo, quod ore 
 micas ferat. 
 
 FoRMOSUS, A. 1, 359, formosus a forma, ut a specie speciosus 
 etc. 
 
 A. 8, 453, nam forvum est calidum: unde et formosos dici- 
 mus quibus calor sanguinis ex rubore pulchritudinem 
 creat. 
 
 cf. Paul. p. 59, Forma significat modo faciem cuiusque rei, 
 modo calidam, ut, quum exta, quae dantur, deforma 
 appellantur. Et Cato ait de quodam aedificio aestate 
 frigido, hieme formido. 
 
 Fores, A. 1, 449, fores proprie dicuntur quae foras aperiun- 
 tur, sicut apud veteres fuit. 
 
 FoRTUiTUS, A. 6, 179, sane 'fortuitus' ab eundo est et a for- 
 tuna compositum. 
 
 Fragrantia, vide Flagrantia. 
 
22 
 
 Colorado College Studies. 
 
 Etymologies. 
 
 23 
 
 Fr ATRIA, A. 7, 286, Argos dipsion . . . , apud quo^ erat 
 magna societas inter eos qui uno puteo utebantur: unde 
 et fratrias dixerunt ar.o rou <ppiazo^. 
 
 Frenos, a. 8, 230, nam et frendere significat dentibus fran- 
 gere . . . . et Varro frenos hinc putat dictos. 
 
 Fundus, G. 2, 468, fundus dicitur ab eo, quod sit rerum om- 
 nium fundamentum. 
 
 FuNUS, A. 1, 727, funera dicuntur, quod fun^s incensos mor- 
 
 tuis praeferebant. So on A. 6, 224, and A. 11, 148, where 
 
 another explanation is offered: alii a fungendo, quod eo 
 
 supremo in eo qui decessit, officio fungimur, vel quod hi 
 
 qui morhd sunt 'vita fundi'' dicuntur. 
 
 cf. Donat. ad Ter. Andr. 1, 1, 88: 'in funus': in ipsum 
 
 officium aut in pompam exsequiarum: quod a funali- 
 
 bus dictimi est et uncis et cuneis candelabrorum, quibus 
 
 delibuti funes cerei fomites infiguntur. 
 
 Fur, Furtum, A. 2, 18, nam et furtum ideo dicitur, quod 
 magispertenehras admittafur; undefures qui quasi per 
 furvum tempus, hoc est nigrum, aliquid suhripiunt. So 
 A. 9, 348. 
 
 G. 3, 407, fur autem a furvo dictus est, .... aut certe a 
 Graeco venit; nam fur <f(Ofi voeatur. 
 
 The derivation of 'fur' from 'furvum' is attributed to 
 Yarro (in XIV rerum divinarum libro) by Gellius, 
 1, 18, 4; to Yarro (rerum humanarum lib. XIY.) by 
 Nonius, p. 50, 9 M. Gellius himself explains 'fur' as 
 the Latin representative of <f(i>o. 
 
 \i FuRCiLLAE, G. 2, 389, nam 'cillere' est movere, unde et fur- 
 cillae dictae sunt, quibus frumenta cillentur. 
 
 Harena, a. 1, 172, quaeritur, habeat necne nomen hoc adspi- 
 rationem. Et Yarro sic definit si ab ariditate dicitur non 
 habet, si ab haerendo, ut in fabricis videmus, liabet. 
 melior tamen est superior etymologia. 
 
 Heroas, B. 4, 35, quidam a terra dictos volunt, quod terra 
 epa dicta sit, unde initio nati creduntur homines, qui nomen 
 a matre traxerunt. 
 
 A 
 
 / 
 
 h 
 
 t 
 
 / 
 
 ) 
 
 1 
 
 r 
 
 Inclita, a. 6, 781,inclita Graecum est: nam xluro^ gloriosum 
 dicunt. 
 
 cf. Paul. p. 39, clutum Graeci x/^oro^ dicunt. Unde accepta 
 praepositione fit inclitus. 
 
 Indigenae, a. 8, 314; 8, 328, id est inde geniti, adToy(hryz,\ 
 
 Indigetes, a. 12, 794, indigetes dii duplici ratione dicuntur: 
 vel secundum Lucretium, quod nullius rei egeant, qui ait 
 (II, 650 sc.) 'nihil indiga curae' ... vel certe indigetes 
 sunt dii ex hominibus facti, et dicti indigetes quasi in diis 
 agentes. The fuller version adds: vel quod nos deorum 
 indigeamus . . . , alii patrios deos indigetes did debere 
 tradunt, alii ah invocatione indigetes didos volunt, quod 
 *indigeto' estprecor et invoco. 
 
 G. 1, 498, indigetes proprie sunt dii ex hominibus facti, 
 quasi in diis agentes, abusive omnes generaliter, quasi 
 nullius rei egentes. 
 An incorrect form Indigens appears in a Pompeian in- 
 scription, C. I. L. Vol. 1, p. 283, ujDon which the editor 
 remarks: ' Indigens pro indiges hoc solo loco reperitur, 
 ni fallor ex fabrili errato'. 
 
 Inferiae, a. 10, 519; 11, 81, inferiae sunt sacra mortuorum, 
 quod inferis solvuntur. 
 
 Insertas, a. 3, 152, aut clatratas; aut non seratas, ut sit quasi 
 insertas id est non clausas, et dictum quomodo . . . 'con- 
 postus' pro 'conpositus' . . . vel ' insertas fenestras'" quas 
 lumine suo tuna inseruerat, ab inserendo, quod se per 
 rimas insereret. 
 
 Instaurata, a. 2, 15, 'instar' autem est ad similitudinem : 
 unde non restaurata sed instaurata dicuntur aedificia ad 
 antiquam similitudinem facta. 
 
 cf . Paul. p. 79, instaurari ab instar dictum, cum aliquid ad 
 pristinam similitudinem reficitur. 
 
 Macrob. Sat. I 11, 5, . . . isque instauratitius dictus est, 
 ... a redintegratione, ut Yarroni placet, qui instaurare 
 ait esse instar novare. 
 
24 
 
 Colorado College Studies. 
 
 Etymologies. 
 
 25 
 
 'Instaurare' may be cognate with ^iiistar', but is hardly 
 derived from it. 
 Involare, a. 3, 233; G. 2, 88, involare dicimus intra volam 
 
 tenere. See Volando. 
 Irritum, a. 7, 421, in cassum id est in irritiim: incassum 
 
 autem tractum est a oassibus, id est a retibus. 
 
 Jubar, a. 4, 130, proprie 'jubar' lucifer dic-itur, quod jubas 
 lucis eifundit: est autem lucifer interdum lovis: nam et 
 antiqui 'juhar' quasi 'jiivar^ dicrhant 
 
 Juniper, B. 7, 53, Verrius Flaccus juniperum juvenem pirum 
 ait. 
 
 AAO/^ G. 1, 63, nam et Graece populi /^j dicuntur a lapidi- 
 
 bus. 
 
 The resemblance between /«'>9 people and Aaa? stone is 
 implied in Hom. II. XXIV 611, ?Moh'i ok /Mhiw^ Tzoixjfre 
 h'f)o>tu)v, and Pindar explains the word from the legend 
 
 of Deucalion, 0.9, (jiy^ x7'.(T(Td^0a.> UOi\>ov yovov Aa(n d' 
 
 Latex, A. 1, 68(), proprie aqua est ab eo quod intra terrae 
 venas lateat. 
 
 This derivation is accepted by Stowasser, Dunkle Woerter, 
 p. 5, *Richtig schon Isidor XIII 20, latex proprie liquor fontis, 
 quod in terra lateat '. It is surely better to regard latex as 
 the Latin representative of /ar«|, with which it is sound for 
 sound identical. 
 
 Latrones, a. 12, 7, est Graecum; nam Xar p^o^v^ dicunt obse- 
 qui et servire mercede, unde latrones vocantur conducti 
 milites. Varro tamen dicit, hoc nomen posse habere 
 etiam Latinam etymologiam, ut latrones dicti sint quasi 
 laterones, quod circa latera regum sunt, quos nunc satel- 
 lites vocant. l( drones, ah laiendo. 
 The same three derivations are mentioned by Varro, L.L. 
 
 VII 52. 
 cf. Paul. p. 85, Latrones antiqui eos dicebant, qui con- 
 ducti militabant, a^d zjf^ Urfnia^. At nunc viaruni 
 obsessores dicuntur, quod a latere adoriuntur, vel quod 
 latenter insidiantur. 
 
 A 
 
 \ 
 
 I'/t 
 
 {\ 
 
 
 Legumen, G. 1, 74, dicitur quod manu legatur nee sectionem 
 requirat. 
 
 G. 1, 199, ^manu legeret'; hinc quidam volunt dictum 
 legumen. 
 
 LiTUS, A. 2, 557, quod autem Donatus dicit, Vitus' locum 
 esse ante aras, a litando dictum: vel quod lituo illud spa- 
 fium designatur, ratione caret: nam a litando 'li' brevis 
 est, et stare non potest versus. 
 A. 5, 163, 'litus' est omne quod aqua adluitur. 
 cf. Sueton. reliqu. p. 244, 5 Reiffers., litus, quidquid aqua 
 adluitur. 
 
 Lucus, A. 1, 22, lucus a non lucendo. 
 
 A. 1, 441, 'lucus' autem dicitur quod non luceat, non quod 
 
 sint ibi lumina causa religionis, ut quidam volunt. 
 cf. Quintil. 1, 6, 34 etiamne a contrariis aliqua sinemus 
 
 trahi, ut 'lucus', quia umbra opacus parum luceat, et 
 
 "Indus', quia sit longissime a lusu, etc. 
 Charis. p. 276, 15 K., antiphrasis . . . ut bellum . . . et 
 
 lucus, quod minime luceat. 
 Diomed. p. 462, 15 K., antiphrasis . . . ut bellum . . . et 
 
 lucus, quod minime luceat. 
 
 LuGENTES (campi), A. 6, 441, quasi 'lucis egentes'. 
 
 Lustrum, A. 1, 607, aut ' lustrabant ' inumbrabant, unde lustra 
 et ferarum cubilia et lupanaria per contrarium dicimus, 
 quia parimi inlustrantur. 
 
 Mactare, a. 4, 57, 'mactant' verbum sacrorum, xar ed<frjru(Tfidv 
 dictum, ut adolere, nam 'mactare' proprie est 'magis 
 augere'. 
 
 cf . Paul. p. 90, mactus magis auctus. 
 Sueton. reliqu. p. 275 R. mactatum autem quasi magis 
 
 auctum, 
 Non. p. 341, 16, mactare est magis augere. 
 
 Magmentum, a. 4, 57, quasi niaius augmcntum. 
 
 cf. Paul. p. 91, magmentatum*, magis augmentatum. 
 
/ 
 
 26 
 
 Colorado College Studies. 
 
 Malus, a. e5, 487, dietus est, vel quia habet instar mali in 
 summitate, vel quia quasi quibusdam nialis ligneis cingi- 
 tur, quorum volubilitate vela facilius elevantur. 
 
 Manes, A. 1, 139, 'manum' enim antiqui bonum dicebaut, . . 
 unde . . . per antiphrasin * manes' inferi, quia non sint 
 boni. 
 
 ♦ 
 
 On Aen. 3, 63, the explanation z«r« a.>r i<fpa(rvj is repeated, 
 and another mentioned: alii manes a manando dietos 
 intellegunt: nam animabus plena sunt loca inter luna- 
 rem et terrenum circulum, unde et defluunt. 
 
 cf. Paul. p. 87, inferi di manes, ut subpliciter appellati 
 bono essent, et in carmine Saliari Cerus manus intel- 
 legitur creator bonus, cf. Fest. Qu. VIII 38; Paul, 
 p. 131. 
 
 Paul. p. 149, Manes di ab auguribus vocabantur, quod eos 
 per omnia manare credebant, eosque deos superos 
 atque inferos dicebant. 
 
 Medius Fidius, A. 8, 275, 'communem deum' inter deos atque 
 homines: unde medius fidius dietus. 
 
 A. 4, 204, ut Sallustius 'quam medius fidius veram licet 
 mecum recognoscas ' : id est sis dicfis wccUiis: fidius 
 id est J£o? i>fw9, lovis filiiis, id est Hercules, medium 
 dixit testem. 
 
 cf. Paul. p. 131, Medius fidius conpositum videtur et sig- 
 nificare lovis filius, id est Hercules, quod lovem Graece 
 Jj'a et nos lovem, ac fidium pro filio, quod saepe antea 
 pro L littera D utebantur. Quidam existimant jusju- 
 randum esse per divifidem: quidam perdiurni temporis, 
 id est diei fidem. 
 
 Mustela, a. 2, 468; 9, 744, 4elum' dictum a longitudine: 
 unde et mustela dicitur, quasi mus longus. 
 
 Oppetere, a. 1, 96, ore terram petere, id est mori. 
 
 Orichalcum, a. 12, 87, quod et splendorem auri et aeris duri- 
 tiam possideret. 
 
 cf. Paul. p. 7, aurichalcum vel orichalcum quidam putant 
 conpositum ex aere et auro, sive quod colorem habeat 
 
 X 
 
 <\ 
 
 1 
 
 1/ 
 
 V 
 
 Etymologies. 27 
 
 aureum. Orichalcum sane dicitur, quia in montuosis 
 locis invenitur. Mons etenim Graece opo<i appellatur. 
 
 Oscilla, G. 2, 389, dicta sunt ab eo, quod in his cillerentur, 
 id est moverentur ora: nam 'cillere' est movere. oscilla 
 autem dicta, sive quoniam capita et ora hostium in sum- 
 mis perticis figebantur, sive quia hunc lusum Osci dicun- 
 tur frequenter exercuisse et rem per Italiam sparsisse. 
 
 Ostium, A. 6, 43, nam Vitruvius qui de architectonica scripsit, 
 ostium dicit per quod ab aliquo arcemur ingressu ab ob- 
 stando dictum, aditum ab adeundo, per quem ingredimur. 
 
 " Falso Servius ' ostium . . . ingredimur ' Vitruvio tribuit " ; 
 Thilo. 
 Paganus, G. 2, 382, "pagi' a-o zwv ny^wv, i. e. a fontibus, circa 
 quos villae consueverant condi: unde et pagani dicti sunt, 
 quasi ex uno fonte potantes. 
 
 cf. Paul. p. 121, pagani a pagis dicti. pagi dicti a fontibus 
 
 quod eadeni aqua uterentur. Aquae enim lingua 
 
 Dorica -a^wr appellantur. 
 
 Palaestra, G. 2, 531, vel a-o r/;? ra/>j9, id est a luctatione, 
 
 vel a'o TOO ra/A££>, hoc cst a motu urnae, nam ducti sorte 
 
 luctantur. 
 
 On Aen. 8, 138, the fuller version tells the story of the 
 
 Arcadian princess Palaestra, who disclosed to Mercury 
 
 the nature of her brothers' athletic contests, for which 
 
 reason all wrestling was known by her name. 
 
 V Passum, G. 2, 93, dicitur a patiendo; nam decoquitur mustum 
 
 et inde fit passum. 
 
 cf. Non. p. 551, 22,Varro de vita populi Komani lib. I: 
 passam nominabant, si in vindemia uvam diutius 
 coctam legerent eamque passi essent in sole aduri. 
 ^/Pausia, G. 2, 86, a paviendo dicta, id est tundendo; aliter 
 enim ex se oleum non facit. 
 Pecus, a. 1, 435, a pascendo. 
 Pernix, G. 3, 230, a pernitendo tractum est. 
 
 It seems much better, with Vanicek and Wharton, to de- 
 rive pernix from perna, ' strong in the ham ' . For term. 
 
28 
 
 Colorado College Studies. 
 
 Etymologies. 
 
 29 
 
 cf. fel-ix. In the old etymology it is hard to see what 
 becomes of the 't' of nitor. 
 
 PoLLiNCTORES, A. 9, 485^ qui mortuis os polline ohlinehcmf. 
 
 PoRRiciAM, A. 5, 238, id est porro iaciam. 
 
 cf. Paul. p. 273, poriciam porro iaciam. 
 
 PosTUMUS, A. B, 763, postumus est post humationem parentis 
 creatns. 
 
 cf. Varr. L. L. 9, 60, postumus . . post patris mortem natus. 
 
 Fest. Qu. XII 8, p. 306, postumus cognominatur post 
 patris mortem natus. 
 
 Caesellius Vindex ap. Gell. II 16, 5, 'postuma proles* non 
 eum.sii^nificat, qui patre mortuo, sed qui postremo loco 
 natus est sicuti Silvius, qui Aenea iam sene tardo 
 seroque partu est editus. 
 
 v/Preciae;, G. 2, 95, quasi praecoquae, quod ante alias coquantur. 
 Procul, a. 3, 13, 'procur est quasi porro ab oculis. 
 
 A. 6, 10, procul enim et quod prae oculis est, et quod 
 porro ab oculis. 
 
 Pruna, a. 11, 788, a perurendo dicta est. 
 
 cf. Paul. p. 283, pruina dicta, quod fruges ac virgulta 
 perurat. 
 
 Recinus, a. 1, 282, recinus autem dicitur ab eo, quod post 
 tergum reicitur, quod vulgo maforte dicunt. 
 
 cf.Yarr, L. L. V 132, ab reiciendo ricinium dictum. 
 
 RiRA, A. 1, 430, Graece uftoofta dicuntur. aphaeresis ergo 
 sermonem fecit Latinum. 
 
 Sancire, a. 12, 200, 'Sancire' autem proprie est sanctum 
 aliquid, id est consecratum facere fuso sanguine hostiae: 
 et dictum sanctum, quasi sanguine consecratum. 
 
 ScopuLUS, A. 1, 180, id est specula. 
 
 A. 1, 4o, aut a speculando dictus, aut a tegimento navium 
 
 iiTZo TOO ffxsTzdZst'^. 
 
 ScuTRA, G. 1, 110, . . . scatebris biillHionibus, unde vulgo 
 
 vasa, ubi calida soletfier'i scuirae appellant ur, 
 Securis, a. 1, 292, quasi semicuris. 
 
 \ 
 
 V 
 
 1 
 
 Segnis, a. 1, 423; 2, 374, id est sine igni. [Cf. the explanation 
 of Catus quoted above.] 
 
 This etymology is doubtful at best, and, unless Servius 
 means only * se igni ', it is phonetically impossible. Sto- 
 wasser, Dunkle Woerter, pt. 10, quotes Isid. or. X 19 
 {segnis aus se igne) in support of his explanation of 
 *prospere'. 
 
 Senatores, a. h, 758, senatores autem alii a senecta aetate, 
 alii a sinendo dictos accipiunt. 
 
 A. 1, 426, legitur apud quosdam, Brutum eos qui se in 
 eiciendis regibus iuvissent legisse in consilium, eumque 
 ordinem senatum appellatum, quod una sensissent, 
 .... alii senatum a senectutehominum^fquibiallecti 
 erant, dictum volunt, qui apud Graecos y^poo«7ia appel- 
 latur. 
 
 Sepultus, a. 3, 41, 'sepulto' mo^o mortuo vet jacenti signifi- 
 cat . . ; nam sepultus est quasi sine pulsu. non enim 
 hunc sepultum possumus dicere, cum sepultura non sit in 
 hoc rite facta, sed fortuita sit obrutus terra, 
 cf . Donat. ad Ter. Andr. 1, 1, 101, Sepulcrum /-ar d^ziippa- 
 (Tvj, ut diximus, quod sine re pulcra sit: an quod ibi sine 
 
 pulsu sint, id est, mortui? sepulcrum enim a 
 
 sepeliendo dictum. 
 
 SiNiSTRUM, A. 2, 693, a sinendo dictum. 
 
 cf. Fest. Qu. XV 13, p. 502, Sinistrae aves sinistrumque 
 est fsinistimum auspicium, id quod sinat fieri. 
 
 Solium, A. 1, 506, dictum quasi solidum. 
 
 A. 7, 169. secundum aliquos a soliditate dictum, secundum 
 Asprum per antistoechon, quasi sodium a sedendo. 
 
 Sparus, a. 11, 682, Varro ait sparum telum missile, a piscibus 
 ducta similitudine, qui spari vocantur. alii 'sparus' a 
 spargendo dici putant. 
 
 cf. Paul. p. 489, spara parvissimi generis iacula a spar- 
 gendo dicta. 
 
 Stella, A. 5, 42, poetice dixit: nam si stella a stando dictae 
 sunt, non fugantur; semper enim fixae sunt praeter pla- 
 netas. 
 
30 
 
 CoLOKADO College Studies. 
 
 Etymologies. 
 
 31 
 
 SuDUM, A. 8, 529, est quasi sub udum, serenum post pluvias, 
 ut ver sudum. alii ^sudum' seniiudum volunt did, cum 
 per nubes ad nos perveniat solis ictus non integer. 
 
 Telum, a. 2, 468, telum enim dicitur secundum Graecam 
 etymologiam «-'' t«5 tt^XoOev, quidquid longe iaci potest. 
 So on Aen. 8, 249; 9, 507; 9, 744 
 
 cf . Fest. Qu. XVI 8, p. 556, Tela proprie dici videntur ea, 
 quae missilia sunt, ex Graeco videlicet translato eorum 
 nomine, quoniam illi rrj/jtOcv missa dicunt quae nos 
 enniusf. 
 
 Territorium, a. 5, 755, dictum quasi . terriborium tritum 
 bubus et aratro. 
 
 cf. Varr. L. L. V 21, Terra dicta ab eo, ut Aelius scribit, 
 
 quod teritur Territorium quod maxime teri- 
 
 tur. 
 
 Torus, Aen. 5, 388, 'torus' a tortis dictus est herbis. So on 
 Aen. 2, 2; 1, 708. 
 
 cf. Non. 11, 11, Tororum et toralium designator est Varro 
 de vita pop. Rom. lib. I: quod fronde lecticae strue- 
 bantur, ex eo herba torta torum appellatum. 
 
 [cf., however, Varr. L.L. V 167 Torus a torvo, quod is in 
 promptu.] 
 
 TuMULTUS, A. 2, 486; 8, 1, dictus quasi timor multus. 
 
 cf. Cic. Phil. VIII 1, 3, quid est enim aliud tumultus nisi 
 perturbatio tanta, ut maior timor oriatur? unde etiam 
 nomen ductum est tumultus. 
 
 -Tus, G. 1, 57, sane 'tus' modo sine aspiratione dicimus; nam 
 antiqui * thus' dicebantwTTo TOf) ^££'o6»: quoddispiicuit; tura 
 enim a tundendo dicta esse voluerunt, a glebis tunsis, cum 
 quibus dicitur fluens de arboribus coalescere. 
 
 cf. Charis. p. 75, 13 K., tus a tundendo sine adspiratione 
 dicitur, quamvis lulius Modestus a^ro r«t> Onsiv tractum 
 dicat. 
 
 Urbs, a. 1, 12, urbs dicta ab orbe, quod antiquae civitates in 
 orbem fiebant; vel ab urvo, parte aratri, quo muri desig- 
 nabantur. 
 
 / 
 
 ^ 
 
 \. 
 
 ';> 
 
 r 
 
 cf. Varr. L.L. V 143, quare et oppida, quae prius erant 
 circumducta aratro, ab orbe et urvo urbes. 
 
 vUri, G. 2, 374, dicti 'uri' d-d z<hv 6fjia}>j id est a montibus. 
 
 Vates, a. 3, 443, vates a vi mentis appellatos, Varro auctor 
 est. 
 
 cf. Varr. L.L. VII 36, antiqui poetas Vates appellabant a 
 versibus viendis. 
 
 Venenum, a. 1, 688, venenum dictum quod per venas eat. 
 A. 4, 2, quia per venas amor currit . . . sicut venenum. 
 
 Verbenae, a. 12, 120, quidam sane ver is proximi herhas 
 verbenas dicunt 
 
 Buc. 8, 65, a viriditate verbenae appellantur. 
 
 Vestibulum, a. 2, 469, vel quod ianuam vestiat, ... vel 
 quoniam Vestae consecratum est. 
 
 A. 6, 273, vestibulum ut Varro dicit, etymologiae non 
 habet proprietatem, sed fit pro captu ingenii: nam 
 vestibulum, ut supra diximus, dictum ab eo, quod 
 ianuam vestiat. alii dicunt a Vesta dictum per inmi- 
 nutionem: nam Vestae limen est consecratum. alii 
 dicunt ab eo, quod nullus illic stet; in limine enim 
 solus est transitus: quomodo vesanus dicitur non sanus, 
 sic vestibulum quasi non stabulum. 
 
 Sulpicius Apollinaris, quoted with approval by Gellius 
 XVI 5, derives vestibulum from ve -|- stabulum, but 
 gives a different force to the prefix. Nonius, p. 53, 
 prefers this explanation to that from Vesta. 
 
 Victim A, Aen. 1, 334, victimae . . . sacrificia quae post vic- 
 toriam fiunt. 
 
 cf. Fest. Qu. XVI 25, p. 562, victimam Aelius Stilo ait 
 esse vitulum ob eius vigorem. alii aut quae vincta ad- 
 ducatur ad altare aut quae ob hostis victos immoletur. 
 
 ViPERA, G. 3, 416, quae vi parit. 
 
 ViRGA, A. 4, 242, dicta quod vi regat. 
 
 Virgo, Buc. 3, 30; 6, 47, a viridiore aetate. 
 
82 
 
 Colorado College Studies. 
 
 Etymologies. 
 
 33 
 
 ViiiosA, G. 1, 58, dicta ab eo, quod est virus; alii fortia ac- 
 
 cipiunt a viribus. 
 ViTULA, Buc. 3, 30, a viridiore aetate dicta. 
 
 A. ly 533, Graeci hoves iraXoh^, nos vifidos dicirrDiS. 
 VoLANDO, A. 6, 198, alii Wolando' anibulando dicunt: vola 
 
 enim dicitur media pars pedis sive maims. 
 
 cf. Non. Marc. p. 32, 31 M., involare est inruere, insilire, 
 aut a volatu aut a vola, id est media manu, dictum. 
 
 PROPER NAMES. 
 
 No part of a lan<>:ua^e allows freer play to popular etymol- 
 ogizing than its proper names, for no part of a language is 
 more difficult to explain. Bervius himself appreciated in 
 some measure the difficulty of this part of his task. On Aen. 
 7, 678, he says that it is not surprising that many conflicting 
 explanations are offered for ancient Italian names, 'nam an- 
 tiquitas ipsa creavit errorem'. On Aen. 1, 273, Daniel's 8er- 
 vius quotes a great many explanations of the name 'Roma'. 
 These are prefaced by the remark: sed deorigine et condiiorc 
 iirhis diversa a diversis traduntur. Accordingly, many such 
 words as Argiletum (Aen. 8, 345); Aventinus (Aen. 7, 657); 
 Palatinus (Aen. 8, 51) are provided with several etymologies 
 each. 
 
 i'vNo attempt is here made to pronounce upon all Servius' 
 explanations of proper names, but the following brief list will 
 show most of the phases of popular etymologizing which are 
 to be expected in an ancient commentary upon words of this 
 class. "False etymologies are of themselves the fruitful 
 causes of myths" (Sayce, Science of Language, Vol. II, }\ 
 259). ''The eponymous heroes from whom tribes and nations 
 have been supposed to derive their names owe their existence 
 to the same popular etymologizing etc." \_Ibid.p. 247.^ In 
 our commentary myths are recounted ad nanseam, and the 
 hero eponymous appears on almost every page. Sometimes 
 these ancient tales are rejected as fabulous, and rational ex- 
 planations inserted to replace them. Thus Servius explains 
 
 V 
 
 i 
 
 \ 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 //rj; 
 
 away the stories of the origin of the Myrmidones (Aen. 2, 7), 
 the strange birth of Orion (Aen. 1, 535), and of Minotaurus 
 (Aen. 6, 14), the she-wolf that suckled Romulus and Remus 
 (Aen.l, 273), etc.^ 
 
 In any language foreign words are especially liable to cor- 
 ruption, cf. Paul. p. 13, 'Alumento pro Laumedonte a vete- 
 ribus Romanis necdum adsuetis Graecae linguae dictum est. 
 sic Melo pro Nilo, Catamitus pro Ganymede, Alphius pro 
 Alplieo dicebatur'. See also Paul. p. 6 (v. Alcedo); p. 31 
 (v. Catamitum); p. 89 (v. Melo). If a language could repre- 
 sent ravofxrjdrj^ by Catamitus, ^£fj.i^^rj by Stimula, it is not sur- 
 prising to find its ancient commentators offering numerous 
 popular etymologies for its proper names^and especially for 
 names of foreign origin — as they manfully tried to assign 
 meanings to these unintelligible words by deriving them from 
 words of similar sound. Many of these explanations are 
 obviously suggested by well known peculiarities of climate, 
 product, or character. 
 
 Finally may be mentioned one or two examples of a ' per- 
 verse ingenuity', which discovers a certain appropriateness 
 in the names of some of the actors in the Aeneid. Not con- 
 tent with the statement on Aen. 12, 391, "lapix, aptum nomen 
 medico; nam tdtrOai Graeci dicunt curare," Servius has two 
 curious comments on Achates' name, on Aen. 1, 174 and 
 1, 312. For these see the first word in the following list. 
 
 Achates, Aen. 1, 312, diximus quaeri, cur Achates Aeneae sit 
 comes. Varia quidem dicuntur, melius tamen hoc fingi- 
 tur, ut tractum nomen sit a Graeca etymologia. «/'>? enim 
 dicitur sollicitudo, quae regum semper est comes. 
 Aen. 1, 174, adlusit ad nomen. nam achates lapidis spe- 
 cies est : bene ergo ipsum dicit ignem excussisse. unde 
 etiam Achatem eius comitem dixit. 
 
 Acheron, Aen. 6, 107, quasi sine gaudio. 
 
 Acid ALIA, Aen. 1, 720, Acidalia Yenus dicitur vel quia inicit 
 curas, quas Graeci axuJa<s dicunt, vel certe a fonte Acidalio 
 qui est in Orchomeno ..... 
 
34 
 
 Colorado College Studies. 
 
 Etymologies. 
 
 35 
 
 Africa, Aen. 6, 312, . . . apricis, quasi arep <ppUTj^,ide8tsine 
 f rigore ; unde non nulli et Af ricam dictam volunt. 
 
 Aen. 5, 128, 'apricum' autem quasi aveu <fpUrj?, sine frigore: 
 
 inde et Africa, quod est calidior. 
 cf. Paul. p. 2, apricum locum a sole apertum a Graeco 
 vocabulo (fpUrj appellatum, quasi d<fptxrj?, id est sine 
 horrore, videlicet f rigoris, unde etiam putatur et Africa 
 appellari. 
 Amazon, Aen. 1, 490, dictae vel quod simul vivant sine viris, 
 quasi «>« Cw/ra^, vel quod unam mammam exustam habe- 
 ant, quasi a'^^u /la^ou. 
 
 Aen. 11, 651, nam hoc est Amazon, quasi «v£t> /xaC^D, sine 
 mamma. 
 Arcturus, Aen. 1, 744; G. 1, 67, quasi apxzou oopd. 
 Charon, Aen. 6, 299, xarri w.ziippaavj, quasi «/^/c>a>v. 
 
 The resemblance between the words yaipay^^ and Xdputv was 
 snflacient for a Greek pun ( Ar. Ran. 184, '/,aXp a> A'dpwv)^ 
 but Servius' rule for agreement of quantity should 
 have prevented him from connecting them etymologi- 
 cally. 
 CuMAE, Aen. 3, 441; 6, 2, vel dzd rcDv xofjArw^, vel a gravidae 
 mulieris augurio, quae Graece fyxuo^ dicitur. 
 
 Cybele, Aen. 3, 111, 'Cybeli' id est montis Phrygiae, a quo 
 
 et Cvbele dicta est. alii .a Cybelo sacerdote, 
 
 .... alii drtd Tou xulSifTzav rr^v x£f «/ryv, id est a capitis rota- 
 
 tione. 
 Etruria, Aen. 10, 164, ah Etrusco principe. 
 
 Aen. 11, 598, Etruria dicta est, quod eius fines tendebantur 
 
 usque ad ripam Tiberis, quasi irepoopta-, nam irspov est 
 
 alterum, o/>"9 finis vocatur. 
 
 Hecate, Aen. 4, 511, qnidam Hecaten dictam esse tradunt, 
 
 quod eadem et Diana sit et Proserpina, dr.o rwv ixaripoiv: 
 
 vel quod Apollinis soror sif, qui est ixazrjtSoAo'^. 
 
 Hyades, Aen. 1, 744, hyades stellae sunt in fronte tauri, quae 
 quotiens nascuntur pluvias creant: unde et Graece odde^ 
 dictae sunt dTzd zuu ueiv, Latine suculae a suco . . . alii 
 
 { 
 
 X 
 
 )/ 
 
 dicunt hyadas dictas vel ab ^ littera vel dr.o zou ud?, id est 
 sue, in cuius formatae sunt faciem. The same three ex- 
 planations are given on G. 1, 138. Daniel's Servius adds 
 on Aen. 1, 744, quidam hyadas ah Hyante fratre etc. 
 cf. Cic. N. D. II 43, § 111; Tullius Tiro ap. Gell. XIII 9, 4; 
 Plin. N. H. XVIII 26, § 247. 
 
 Iris, Aen. 5, 606; 9, 2; Iris dicta quasi £>£9. 
 Ianus, Aen. 7, 610, quidam lanum Eanum dicunt ah eundo. 
 cf . Cic. N. D. II 27, 67, lanum . . . , quod ab eundo 
 nomen est ductum. 
 lovEM, Aen. 1, 47, lovem autem a iuvando dixerunt. See 
 
 lUPPITER. 
 
 luNO, Aen. 1, 4, cum a iuvando dicta sit luno etc. 
 
 cf. Varr. L.L. V 67, dicta quod una cum love iuvat, luno. 
 Cic. N. D. II 26, 66, Sed lunonem a iuvando credo nomi- 
 natam. 
 luPPlTER, Aen. 4, 638, 'luppiter' iuvans pater. 
 
 cf. Cic. N. D. II 25, 64, sed ipse luppiter id est ' iuvans 
 pater', quem conversis casibus appellamus a iuvando 
 lovem. 
 Gell. V 12, 4, lovem Latini veteres a iuvando appellavere, 
 eundemque alio vocabulo iuncto 'patrem' dixerunt. 
 Nam quod est elisis aut inmutatis quibusdam litteris 
 *Iupiter', id plenum atque integrum est 'lovispater'. 
 
 Kponos, Aen. 3, 104, quasi A>«v«9. 
 
 cf. Cic. N. D. II 25, 64, A>.;vo9 enim dicitur, qui est idem 
 '/po>o^^ id est spatium temporis. 
 
 Lenaeus, Aen. 4, 207; G. 2, 4, dxd zoo kyjuod. In each passage 
 Servius rejects Donatus' explanation, mentioning him by 
 name in the second: nam quod Donatus dicit ab eo, quod 
 mentem deleniat, non procedit; nee enim potest Graecum 
 nomen Latinam etymologiam recipere. 
 
 Liber, Aen. 4, 638, a libertate. 
 
 G. 1, 166, ab eo, quod liberet, dictus. 
 
36 
 
 Colorado College Studies. 
 
 G. 1, 7, qiinmvis Sahini Cererem Pandam cqypelleni, 
 Libei'um Loebasium, dictum autcw, quia graece ^otj^ij 
 dicitur res divina, 
 
 Libya, Aen. 1, 22, dicta autem Libya vel quod inde libs flat, 
 hoc est africus, vel, ut Varro ait, quasi AlUlllA^ id est 
 egens pluviae. 
 
 LuPERCAL, Aen. 8, 843, sub monte Palatino est quaedam 
 spelunca, in qua de capro luebatur, id est sacrificabatur: 
 unde et lupercal non nulli dictum putant. alii quod illic 
 lupa Remum et Romulum nutrierit: alii, quod et Ver- 
 gilius, . . . ergo ideo et Evander deo gentis suae sacravit 
 locum et nominavit lupercal, quod praesidio ipsius nu- 
 minis lupi a pecudibus arcerentur. 
 
 M AEN ALA, G. 1, 17, mons Arcadiae, dictus «-() ra»> /iijAo>v, id 
 est ab ovibus, cjuibus plenus est. 
 
 Mercurius, Aen. 4, 638, quod mercibus praeest. 
 
 Aen. 8, 138, (dii Merciirimn quasi Medicurrium a Laiinis 
 dictum voliint, quod inter caelum et inferos semj^er 
 intercurrat. hie etiam mercimonii deus est. 
 
 cf. Arnob. Ill 32, Mercurius etiam quasi quidam Medi- 
 currius drctus est. 
 
 For a curious explanation of tins word see Wilmanns, 
 De Tere7it.V(irr. Lihris, p. 175: 'Mium et commir- 
 cium per I antiquis relinquamus, apud quos aeque et 
 Mircurius per I dicebatur, quod mirandarum esset 
 rerum inventor, ut Varro dicit'. 
 
 NiLUS, Aen. 9, 30; G. 4, 291, dictus quasi >ia> M6v, hoc est 
 novum limum trahens. 
 
 Pan, Buc. 2, 31, deus rusticus, in naturae similitudinem for- 
 matus, unde et Pan dictus est, id est omne etc. 
 
 cf. Hom. Hymn. XYIII 47, //«va Si fu> xaXietrxo^^ art <ppha 
 Tzafftv £Tep(^>e. 
 
 PoENiNAE, Aen. 10, 13, loca quae rupit (Hannibal sc.) Poeni- 
 nae Alpes vocantur. quamvis legatur a Poenina dea etc. 
 
 Praeneste, Aen. 7, 678, locus dictus «~o ribv rphiovj id est ab 
 ilicibus. 
 Aen, 7, 682, Cato dicit quia is locus montibus praestet. 
 
 (I> 
 
 Etymologies. 
 
 3' 
 
 VI 
 
 1 
 
 I!' 
 
 I 
 
 Prometheus, Buc. 6, 42, a;ro r^? 7:po;irj0e{a?. 
 
 Sabaei, G. 1, 57, find TOO ffiiSetrOatj quod apud eos tus nascitur, 
 quo deos placamus. 
 
 Suculae, Aen. 1, 744, Graece odde^ dictae sunt dTtd rod uetv^ 
 Latine suculae a suco. 
 
 Daniel's Servius on Aen. 1, 744, and G. 1, 138, gives the 
 other explanation, ' a suibus '. 
 
 cf. Gellius, XIII 9, 15, quod ab illis 't)dd£^\ a nobis primo 
 *syades', deinde suculae appellantur. 
 
 Tusci, Aen. 2, 781; 8, 479; 10, 164, a frequentia sacrificii 
 
 dicti, hoc est «~o rou Ouetv. 
 
 cf . Paul. p. 537, Tusci a Tusco rege, filio Herculis, sunt 
 dicti, vel a sacrificando studiose, ex Graeco velut 
 
 Ooffxuoi. 
 
 Tartarus, Aen. 6, 577, d-o rrj^ rapaxi;?, aut, quod est melius, 
 dTzd TOO rapraptUtv id est a tremore frigoris. 
 
 Vesta, Aen. 1, 292, a-o r^9 i<TT{a<$ • • • , vel quod variis vestita 
 sit rebus. 
 
 Aen, 2, 296, , . . quod vi sua stet. 
 
 cf. Ovid. Fast. VI 299, stat vi terra sua: vi stando Vesta 
 vocatur. 
 
 ZETIj Aen. 1, 388, luppiter, quo constant omnia, Zeo? vocatur 
 dTTu T^9 CojYj^, id est vita. 
 
 cf. Plat. Cratyl. 396 B, Zijva . . . dC 8v C^s^ de) Tzdffi rol? ZwGiv 
 
 UTzdp^Bt. 
 
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