i£x EtbrtH
SEYMOUR DURST
When you leave, please leave this book
Because it has been said
"Ever'tbincj comes t' him who waits
Except a loaned book."
DEPARTMENT OP EDUCATION
THE CITY OF NEW YORK
Borough o f
REPORT CARD
p. s. _ -\3>3
Pupil-
Term,
Satisfactory : A=Excellent ; B=Good. *
Unsatisfactory: C=Poor; D=-Bad.
MONTHS
I st
2 d
3 d
5 th
Proficiency . .
a
a-
4+
&
Days Absent . .
Times Late . . .
Deportment . .
6
o
r,
P
d
6L
6/
DEFICIENT IN
1st Month
^
2d " 7ls2y£y~yeJJ.
3d " £i£jLjtoL
5th " ^
(OVER)
TOWN'S
NEW SPELLER AND DEFINER
CONTALSLNG
A NEW AND COMPLETE KEY TO PRONUNCIATION } AN
INTRODUCTION TO THE " ANALYSIS OF DERIVATIVE
WORDS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE"; DIC-
TATION EXERCISES ; AND VARIOUS
OTHER IMPROVEMENTS.
By SALEM TOWN, LL.D.,
AUTHOR OF THE "ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE," AND A SERIES OF READERS.
REVISED EDITION.
NEW YORK:
OAKLEY, MASON & OO.
1 870.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1863, by
SALEM TOWN,
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the
Northern District of New York.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1866, by
EDWIN B. MORGAN, CHRISTOPHER MORGAN, HENRY
MORGAN, AND NELSON M. HOLBROOK,
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for th* Northern
District of New York.
The Courier Company, Printers and Binders, Buffalo, N. Y
Electrotvped by Welch, Bigklow, and Company.
PREFACE.
Ix presenting to the public a new elementary work for the use
of schools, the author feels bound briefly to assign the reasons
which have prompted him to an undertaking that might, at first
view, appear to be superfluous. These reasons, he trusts, will be
deemed sufficiently valid to free him from the imputation of having
engaged in a service uncalled for.
The principle which he considers as lying at the foundation of
all good teaching is, that a child being taught, both to read and
to spell, should be taught, at the same time, to understand what he
reads and spells. It is this principle which has suggested the plan
of the present work. He would not deny that some advantages
may accrue from the mere mechanical exercise of spelling, and
storing the memory with words which, as yet, convey no sense.
He is ready to admit that it is better for the mind to be thus fur-
nished, than not to be furnished at all ; but, as words are the signs
of ideas, and the ultimate object of acquiring words is to acquire
I ideas and a medium of imparting them to others, it is not easy to
say why this end should not be kept in view through every stage
\ of the learner's progress.
All the spelling-books now in use follow out the same uniform
! plan, of arranging words according to their sounds and syllables,
irrespective of their import. On that plan, they are generally
I well executed, and would admit of little improvement.
But, if the above principle be well founded, something is still
i requisite, beyond a mere judicious arrangement and correct or-
; thography, to answer the grand purposes of elementary instruc-
| tion. It is plain, that, as far as practicable, the knowledge of the
sign and of the thing signified should be acquired together, inas-
much as' both are to hold an inseparable connection in the mind.
This Speller is believed to be the first school-book for children,
j ever published, in which the principle, as to its peculiar arrange-
! ment of definitions, was adopted and carried out through the en-
tire work. Many persons, at first, honestly believed such a course
would be attended with injurious consequences ; but time and
experience have, to a great extent, changed their views.
4
In confirmation of the importance of a knowledge of the synon-
ymous import of words, we make a quotation from the Preface of
the revised edition of Dr. Webster's Royal Quarto Dictionary : —
" One new feature is now added to this volume, by making it a
synonymous dictionary. Every one engaged in literary compo-
sition has felt, at times, the want of such a work, — a work not
intended, like Crabb's, to discriminate nicely between the shades
j of meaning in similar terms, but to present, under each of the im-
portant words, an extended list of others having the same general
| import, out of which a selection may be made according to the
j exigencies of the case." " It will afford important aid to young
: writers in attaining grace, variety, and copiousness of diction."
The question has been very satisfactorily settled among teachers,
that children, while acquiring the meaning of words, do, at the same
time, make equal, if not greater, advancement in accuracy of spell-
| ing. The acquisition of ideas always adds interest to the exercise.
And then, too, the peculiar arrangement of this Speller affords i
an excellent opportunity for the teacher to require his pupils, es- j
pecially in the advanced classes, as the words are pronounced, to
write them with their definitions, and then submit their work for I
examination and correction. This is one of the most approved
methods of teaching spelling and defining.
In the revision of this Speller in 1847, the spelling vocabulary
was enlarged by the addition of about three thousand words. In
the present revision, the whole work has been carefully reviewed j
by Nelson M. Holbrook, A. M., and such corrections and im- ,
provements made as the experience of the last sixteen years has \
suggested. Dictation exercises have been inserted ; a new and |
complete Key to the pronunciation has been introduced, embracing
Dr. Webster's, with some additions by Mr. Holbrook ; and the or-
thography and pronunciation are believed to accord with the last
\ revised edition of Dr. Webster's Dictionary, that work being almost
universally adopted as the standard throughout the United States.
All these modern improvements, in connection with its present
: popularity, will, we trust, insure for this Speller, not only a contin-
uance, but a largely increased degree, of public favor.
SALEM TOWN.
t\ Aurora, Cayuga Co., N. Y., Sept. 1, 1863.
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER. 7
20. Oo, unmarked, has a long or open sound, heard in the word moon.
21. Oo, marked thus, oo, has a short sound, heard in the word book.
22. This mark [*] over u denotes its sound heard in the word furl.
23. This mark [*] over u denotes its sound heard in the word rude
24. Two points [..] under u denote its sound heard in the word push.
25. This mark ["*"] over y denotes its sound heard in the word myr'tle.
26. C, unmarked, c, has the sound of s, as heard in the word cdnt.
27. C, marked thus, c, has the sound of k, heard in the word cap.
28. Ch, unmarked, ch, has its sound as heard in the word much.
29. Ch, marked thus, ch, has the sound of s/i, heard in the word c"hai$e.
30. Ch, marked thus, ch, has the sound of k, heard in the word chord.
31. G, unmarked, g, has its sound as heard in the word g£t.
« 32. G, marked thus, g, has the sound of j, heard in the word gSm.
1 33. S, unmarked, s, has its sound as heard in the word same.
34. S, marked thus, s, has the sound of z, heard in the word muse.
j 35. Th, th, unmarked, Th, th, has its sound heard in the word thin.
I 36. Th, th, marked thus, Th, th, has its sound heard in the word thine.
| 37. X, unmarked, x, has the sound of ks, as heard in the word tax.
! 38. X, marked thus, x, has the sound of gz, heard in the word ex -1st'.
39. Silent letters, except final e when the preceding vowel in the syl- 1
lable is long, and c before h in the same syllable, are printed in italics. \
40. The mark of accent ['], when placed after the accented syllable of,
any word, designates, also, the accented syllable of all the words
that follow, until it is contradicted by a change of place.
41. The double accent ["] after e or i denotes that the subsequent c or
t has the sound of sA, which sound is drawn back to the preceding
syllable ; as in spe n rial, vi ,f ti ate.
42. The double accent ["] after n" denotes that it has the sound of ng ;
as in man' 1 gle.
43. Any key-mark, indicating the vowel or vocal sound in the ac-
cented syllable of a word, or in monosyllables, when once used,
continues its influence until another mark is introduced.
Synopsis of the Key. a, e, i, 5, u, f, long ; a, 6, i, 5, ti, J,
short; care, far, last, fall, what ; prey, there, term, feet; pique, firm;
w&rm, done, for, lost, move, wolf, moon, book ; furl, rude, push ;
myrtle ; c as s, ch as in much, ch as sh, c or ch as k ; g as in get,
g as j ; s as in same, ft as z ; th as in thin, th as in thine ; x as ks,
j x as gz; c and t as in spe ;/ cial, vi" ti ate; n" as in man' 7 gle.
I
8 TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINEB.
TABLE Or ELEMENTARY SOUNDS.
By most elocutionists, the Elementary Sounds, or Elements of the language, are
considered to be forty in number ; and the following table is introduced as an
exercise for the pupil in enunciatiag them,
i The class, either individually or in concert, may first distinctly pronounce the
word containing the element, and then enunciate the pure element of the given
j letter by itself, varying the intensity of the voice as the teacher may think proper; i
; thus, ale, a; arm, a; all, a 5 at, a, &c. Having thus learned to enunciate all the j
elementary sounds correctly, let the class repeat them in their order ; thus, a, a,
a, si, &c, — next combine each sub- vocal and aspirate with all the vocal or vowel
elements; thus, ba, bd, 6a, ba> &c, — and then reverse the order of the elements;
thus, 56, ab, ab, ab, &c.
VOWELS
OR VOCALS.
SUB-VOCALS.
Name.
Power.
Element.
Name.
Power.
Element.
1 A
Ala
A
21
M
Him
M
2 A
Arm
*
A
22
N
Run
TO"
Iff
3 A
AH
A
A
23
R
Bur
R
4 A
At
A
9/1
V
Ev
V
5 E
Eat
E
r\ »»
zb
W
Woe
W
6 E
BSt
E
26
Y
Yet
Y
7 I
Ice
I
27
Z, S
Buzz
Z
3 I
It
I
28
z
Az'ure
Zh
9
Ode
! 29
Th
Thy
Th
10
Do
i 30
Ng
Sing
Ng
11
Ox
6
ASPIRATES.
12 U
Sue
u
31
P
Up
?
13 U
up
tt
32
T
It
T
14 U
Full
u
33
K, €
Ark
K
15 Ou
Out
6u
34
Ch
Much
Ch
SUB-VOCALS.
35
H
He
H
16 B
Ebb
B
36
F
If
F
17 D
Odd
D
37
Wh
When
Hw
18 G
Egg
G
38
s, c
Sin
S
19 J, G
Jet
J
39
Sh
Fish
Sh
20 L
111
L
' 40
Th
Thin
Th
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINES. 9
TABLE OF SUBSTITUTES.
I S'd *' " 'I
A substitute is a single letter, or two or more letters, used to
represent an elementary sound, or element, which is peculiar to some
other letter ; as, ai in said, and ph in phrase.
Explanation. The following table, showing the correct pronun-
i ciation of the given substitutes numbered and italicized in the ex-
amples, is referred to by corresponding numbers at the right of words
in the spelling lessons throughout the book. In studying the table,
the learner may first name the substitute, next the element it represents,
land then the example in which it is combined; thus, ei is sometimes
' a substitute for a (long a), as in the word vein, &c.
1 Subst.
i
Element.
Example.
Subst.
Element.
Example.
1 ^ '
ei
ror
a
as in
vem
29. i
TO!
u as in sir
1 ^'
<<
a
they
30. y
u
myr' tie
j 3.
e
it
a
tt
there
31. o
tt
rc
wolf
i J.
n
tt
ser' geant
32. oo
ft
it
i
! 3
M
•*
t*
bo?/ght
33. eon
((
tin
tt
pig eon
1 fi
1 b>
i
(t
tt
ma nne'
34. ion
ft
tin
tt
fash' ion
7.
ia
tt
e
tt
min' ia ture
35. ro
If
ur
a' pron
Q
1 o.
a
e
tt
an' y
36. u
w
ft
sua' sion
9.
ai
u
said
37. oir
tt
wor
mem' oir
10.
ay
tt
tt
says
38. o
it
wu
it
one
11.
u
g
tt
bu' ry
39. i
tt
y
min' ion
12.
y
ti
i
s Py
40. u
yu
use
13.
y
I
tt
hymn
41. p
b
tt
cu// board
14.
e
tt
i
tt
En" glish
42. t-eous
tt
chus
right?' eous
15.
ee
tt
I
tt
been
43. g
41
tt
re \ig ion
16.
i
t<
worn' en
44. j
dj
pre; 7 u dice
17.
u
I
bus 1 y
45. gh
a
f
tt
lauo/i
18.
au
tt
6
n
haut f boy
46. ph
a
f
phmse
19.
eau
tt
6
beau
47. p-ph
f-f
tt
sa// p/tire
20.
ew
tt
5
tt
sew
48. x
gz
tt
ex act
21.
a
o
tt
what
49. wh
tt
hw
ft
ivhiile
22.
ew
a
u
a
new;
50. d
tt
j
tt
sol' dier
23.
iew
a
u
tt
view
51. g
it
j
ti
gem
24.
6
it
ft
son
52. geon
jun
sur' geon
25.
oi
tt
tl
tt
por / poise
53. gion
jun
tt
le' gion
26.
00
tt
a
tt
blood
54. €
k
a
€&t
27.
ew
u
zrew
55. «h
ti
k
a
e//ord
: 28.
e
tt
11
her
56. gh
a
k
hough
10 TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
Subst. Element. Example.
57.
q
for k as in pig' uant
58.
quet
ka
bou quet 1
59.
X
ks
wax
60.
X
u
k-sh
a
flux' ion
61.
€ho
"
k\v
tc
choir
62.
qu
ii
kw
ti
quart
6-3.
n"
a
°g
it
an" ger
64.
gh
ti
P
ii
hie' eoiigh
65.
c
s
n
cSnt
66,
z
ii
s
f<
waltz
67.
c
ti
sh
it
6' cean
68.
ch
<(
sh
it
c/mise
69.
s
ti
sh
it
sure
70.
sc
it
sh
if
eon'scious
71.
t
ii
sh
a
fr&e'£ious
72.
ci
ii
she
it
as s5' ci ate
73.
sci
a
she
pre' sci ent
74.
s-cicnt
((
sh-ent
CI
om ills' c*erc£
Subst.
Element.
Example.
75.
cie
for
shl as in
spe' cie
76.
s-s
a
sh-sh
it
as sure'
77.
cion
ti
shun
ti
€0 er' cion
78.
sion
a
shun
u
man 7 sion
79.
tion
tt
shun
ti
no' tion
80.
s-sion
tt
sh-un
a
pas' sion
81.
s-sia
it
sh-ya
tt
cas' sia
82.
ed
ii
t
wftrked
83.
f
a
V
tt
of
84.
ph
it
V
tt
Ste' phen
85.
c
a
z
tt
suf fice'
86.
s
tt
z
tt
hU
87.
X
a
z
tt
Xan'thus
88.
(V
ti
zh
tt
rou/e
89.
s
a
zh
a
plSa^' ure
90.
z
a
zh
ti
gla' zier
91.
sion
ii
zhun
fu' $ion
92.
s-ion
tt
zh-un
tt
vi$' ion
OBSCURE VOCAL SOUNDS.
The obscure sound of a vowel or vocal occurs in many unaccented
syllables ; and, although it is modified in quantity so that it resembles,
somewhat, the element of some other vowel, yet it is really the pure
element of the given vowel less prolonged than when it occurs in an
accented syllable, as will appear from a critical examination of the
obscure sound —
Of
Of
Of
Of
Of
long
short
long
short
long
e in
8 in
m
d£i' i eate
la/ bi a\
lm' pe tus
tip' u lent
s€n' ti nel
10,
Of
Of
Of
Of
Of
short
long
short
long
short
di mln' ish
im po lite
en vi' ron.
ira' pi* dent
sep' wl eher
LETTERS SOMETIMES SILENT.
A silent letter is one which is not sounded in the correct pronunciation
of the word in which it occurs.
1. E is often silent before I or n, also in words ending in ed when pre-
ceded by any letter, except d, f, A, k, p, s, t, or an equivalent sound ; as
in day' el, e' ven, loved, &c. In a few participial adjectives, however,
the e is sounded ; as in learn' ed, a' ged. Final e is also usually silent;
as in name, prince' ly.
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
11
2. / is sometimes silent before / or n ; as in e' vtl, ba' sm.
3. is often silent before n ; as in ba' €on, ma' son.
4. U is sometimes silent after q ; as in con' quer, gro-t£sque'.
5. B is silent after m or before t in the same syllable ; as in lam!>,
de7>t' or.
6. C is silent in czar and mils 7 cle, before k or t, and after s ; as in
sick, vict' na\$, scene.
7. D is silent in hand' some, W&dues' daj/, stacft' hold-er, and 'before
as in fat'.
15. S is silent in de-mesne', puts' ne, vis' count, isle, isl' and, aisle.
16. T is silent in chgs£' nut, Chris*' mas, mortgage, hau£' boy, c-el&',
Ml' le/-dowr, and sometimes before /e, en, or cA; as in whis' tic, soft' en,
f&ch. I
17. TF is silent before r, and sometimes before h; as in write, ichoop.
18. X is silent in biV \et-dbux, Bor-deaur' [bor-do'], &c.
19. Z is silent in r£n' dez vows.
20. Ch k sometimes silent ; as in scAism, yac/tt, dr&chm.
21. Gh is frequently silent; as in high, Wght, wc\gh.
22. Ph is sometimes silent ; as in phthls' ic, phthl' sis.
23. F, j, q, r, and v are never silent.
SPELLING BY ELEMENTS.
To spell a word by its elements, is to enunciate such elementary
sounds of the letters as are heard in its proper pronunciation.
Pronounce. Spell. Pronounce. Spell.
hSad h 8 d eofrp' let k ii p' 1 e t
stam stan vT$' age viz' aj ;
12
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINES.
debt
dSt
■ea price'
k a-p res'
-eloak
klok
ob \ique r
Sb-lik'
rough 45
ruf
vSn' quish^
v5nk' wish
throur/7i
thru
fa tigW
f a-t e g'
prai$£
pr az
dis gm$j/
a
b
B
h
J?
b
jB
Q
c
c
P
c
c
d
D
LI
T)
JJ
cv
ox
b
D
A
jj
e
Jjj
6
(o
c
f
F
J
9
Jo
/
f
or
G
(1-
/
8
h
H
ft
IT <
SI
/:
ft
I
I
i
T
±
i
\
J
J
J
r
/
J
i
k
K
J-Jk.
£
k
a
1
L
7
1
T
/
rp
I
t
m
M
m
JXL
DO
m
m
1ST \
n
7\r
Jx
11,
Q/r
u
N
ii
O
f)
(y
<$>
p
p
JL
P
Jr
j,
r
V
V
°l
o
^5 <
9
Q
f
an
r
I
r
si
r
H
g
s
s
a
»5
6
t
T i
■t
t
ec
U
U
U
u
€€,
u
m i
V
V
V
V \
1A
t)
w
vv
w
w \
to
to
X
X
X
x \
A
X
y
- Y
y
Y
r
f
S
z
Z 1
z
Z
f
?
2
&
1
f
FIGURES.
1
2 3 4
5
6
7 5
! 9
16 TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
LESSON
l.
so*
no
ha
we my
to
Sf 8
3 1$
go
ho
me
y e fy
am if
a$
1
10
he
be
by do
an
it
us
LESSON
2.
*
at
or
up
do If
a$
me
am
ax
in
oh
by ye
to
us
it
ox
on
alt
we my
i$
of 8£
I
LESSON
3.
My
ox is up.
It is an ax.
Do
we go
in?
TT
He
is by me. I
go to it.
No;
we go
on.
He
is to go.
Go on by me. We
do, as
ye do.
LESSON
4.
bSt
11 dO
bin
pin
box
V-/
-Gun
pan
•eat
mat
dm
sin
-eox
dan
ran
fat
rat
fin
nil
tin
tin
iUA
fan
tan
gat
sat
gin
win
pox
man
van
LESSON
5.
bSt
hSt
not
den
pSn
hot
net
eot
jot
pot
fen
ken
get
set
got
lot
rot
hen
ten
let
wet
dot
mot
sot
men
wen
met
yet
LESSON
6.
fix
dun
pun
bit
lit
hfin
ULUl
bad
mix
fun
run
kit
pit
-eon
dad
pix
gun
sun
fit
sit
non
gad
six
nun
tun
hit
wit
ton
had
LESSON
7.
lad
dam
dab
€«b
bSd
nSd
eub
mad
ham
eab
mob
fed
pod
hub
pad
jam
gab
rob
led
rod
nub
sad
yam
nab
sob
red
sod
rub
* The key-mark, indicating the vocal or rowel sound in the accented syllable of a
word, or in monosyllables, when once used, continues its influence till another mark is
introduced. For an explanation of the Key, see pages 6 and 7.
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINES.
IT
LESSON
a
bub
rum
dum
but
dip
pip
fSp
bun
mum
gum
■eut
hip
rip
hop
pug
jut
hum
hut
lin
lip
sip
lop
pup
pus
sum
nut
nip
fin
lip
mop
LESSON
9.
pSp
bud
bid
lid
bib
€&p
m&p
sop
cud
did
mid
fib
g a P
nap
mud
hid
rid
nib
ban
11 C\ \J
rap
vu U
rud
kid
rim
rib
Inn
sap
LESSON
10.
bSg
sag
bSg
big
M
bug
€ag
lag
tag
keg
dig
Fg
dug
hug
fag
nag
wag
leg
firr
P
rig
g a g
rag
hag
peg
gig
wig
j u g
LESSON
11.
lug
dim
bur
€Up
bog
ban
mug
him
«ur
sup
dog
tax
-earn
rug
gem
nSb
fob
fog
wax
pat
rn cf
lUg
h r»Tn
11 VJ LL1
w T eb
odd
1 ACT
log
TOT
V CA
VQ f
V te
gale
pale
rice
side
node
mote
dale
sale
vice
wide
rode
note
hale
vale
LESSON 16.
dace
pace
made
gage
came
same
face
race
wade
page
tame
tame
lace
iacle
■eade
rage
lame
bane
mace
lade
cage
sagQ
name
cane
LESSON 17.
lane
dime
tine
dive
dike
mile
mane
lime
vine
hive
like
vile
pane
time
wine
five
pike
wile
sane
sine
mine
rive
pile
nic
LESSON 18.
bind
mind
bite
hole
hone
bolt
find
rind
kite
mole
bone
colt
kind
nine
mite
pole
lone
dolt
1 11 11 J.
pine
site
sole
■inlf
JOll
LESSON 19.
cape
bore
sore
lope
gaze
no$e
nape
eore
tore
mope
haze
ho$e
tape
fore
wore
rope
maze
ro$e
sate
more
coke
bode
wane
doze
erf
shy
fly
bay
maj/
boy
dry
thy
ply
nay
eoy
fry
sky
sly
%
pay
toy
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
19
MSt
dot
plot
bled
led
sled
€rum
drum
grum
brim
grim
trim
€&mp
damp
lamp
ramp
samp
vamp
chTp
ship
whip 49
€lip
flip
slip
milk
silk
gilt
hilt
milt
wilt
bump
hump
jump
lump
mump
pump
LESSON 20.
bSnd sand
lend band
mend hand
rend land
send rand
tend bang
LESSON 21.
bSnk bill
hank dill
lank fill
rank hill
sank gill
tank kill
LESSON 22.
€iirl
furl
hurl
•elSp
flap
slap
€ash
dash
gash
lash
rash
sash
LESSON 23.
kick
d(5ck
back
dust
lick
hock
hack
gust
nick
lock
lack
just
pick
mock
pack
lust
sick
sock
rack
must
tick
rock
sack
rust
ptnk
kink
link
mink
sink
wink
mill
pill
rill
sill
till
will
bgst
lest
rest
test
vest
west
br&g
-crag
drag
fast
past
tact
bSnt
cent
dent
lent
vent
went
duck
luck
tuck
dusk
husk
tusk
bung
hung
rung
sung
hang
rang
belt
felt
melt
pelt
fist
mist
LESSON 24.
bond
cr5p
clod
€ork
spun
drub
fond
drop
plod
tort
stun
grub
pond
prop
shod
cost
shun
club
frog
stop
loss
trod
lost
plum
snub
shop
tost
turk
tfirf
20
TOWN'S SPELLER
AND DE FINER.
LESSON 25.
cart
east
bark
bard
bass
lard
dart
fast
dark
eard
lass
spar
hart
last
hark
hard
mass
star
mart
mast
lark
yard
pass
s«ar
part
past
mark
barm
hasp
hatt
tare
vast
park
harm
rasp
raic
LESSON 26.
ball
t^l
bawl
buff
bSll
eull
call
wall
yawl
cuff
cell
dull
fall
bald
dawn
huff
fell
gull
hall
ward
lawn
muff
dell
hull •
mall
draw
yaz^n
puff
tell
lull
pan
flaw?
lawd
ruff
well
mill
nun
LESSON 27.
book
deem
halt
cool
ford
bush
cook
seem
salt
COOp
fort
push
hook
teem
wart
loop
port
pull
look
leek
wasp
food
torn
full
nook
seek
wash
mood
w T orn
puss
took
w T eek
wand
rood
pore
put
LESSON 28.
cove
doom
reek
deal
beam
beat
hove
loom
meek
heal
ream
feat
rove
room
feel
meal
seam
heat
wove
boon
heel
seal
team
meat
roll
moon
peel
veal
lean
neat
boll
noon
reel
zeal
mean
seat
LESSON 29.
babe
bare
cant
barn
bide
bl&b
bane
care
dank
barb
bile
clad
bate
dare
fang
carp
dice
flat
base
fare
gang
darn
dine
flax
-ease
hare
pang
farm
fife
plat
dame
mare
sang
pard
fine
slat
TOWN'S
SPELLER
AND DEFINER.
LESSON 30.
Dl'cl VC
K -l
Drake
broke
drove
b^n
blaze
grave
nake
choke
grove
dram
glaze
shave
SpdKU
spoke
stove
gram
ui aze
blade
brace
shore
globe
tram
craze
shade
grace
snore
pro$e
cham
graze
trade
place
store
tiio$e
slam
snake
LESSON 31.
slack
batch
flank
bound
boast
bride
stack
ca£ch
crank
found
toast
chide
! block
ldl III
drank
pound
coach
bribe
-clock
pa£ch
thank
sound
bloat
tribe
J crock
flash
prank
brown
shorn
prime
frock
trash
chank
frown
sworn
swine
LESSON 32.
grind
grist
parse
brass
noi$e
oieai
quire 62
whist 49
farce
grass
UOlipc?
cleat
spire
whisk
barge
class
spoil
treat
sheer
quern
caZve
draft
thorn
cluck
queer
stern
halve
graft
torch
pluck
sneer
sperm
salve
shaft
storm
truck
LESSON 33.
_.
■crape
baste
blush
blame
chill
spell
grape
haste
plush
flame
Ullli
dwell
shape
paste
brush
shame
frill
snell
plate
taste
stand
crane
quill 62
brine
slate
waste
brand
plane
spill
shine
state
grate
grand
frame
still
tirine
LESSON 34.
beicn
blacK
blend
brack
crane
chess
bench
clack
bless
brand
crape
chest
nlcn
click
blink
brant
crate
chick
bunch
clink
bliss
brink
crime
chill
lunch
brick
bluff
brisk
drake
chink
• munch
brock
blunt
bring
drape
chuck
22
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DE FINER.
LESSON 35.
d? al d? et
ri al po et
vi al po em
ri ot ru in
bi as dii el
re al li on
bu' bo*
he ro
so lo
ty ro
pi ea
so fa
1? ar
ci der
rid er
bri er
eri er
pri or
-eru' el
gru el
18v el
reb el
lim it
piv ot
d<51' lar
sol der
hop per
prop er
rob in
bob bin
eow / slip
eow pen
pSp gun
eat nip
sun set
sun rise
ev' er
nev er
lep er
giv er
riv er
liv er
LESSON 36.
bltf er
pip er
vi per
f If er
mi ter
til er
15' dy
la zy
ha zy
ma zy
na vy
za ny
pa' per
ta per
la ver
«a per
pa cer
ra cer
bo' ny
ho ly
to ry
po $y
ro $y
po ny
let/ ter
fet ter
fes ter
sil ver
eut ter
-eut ler
s5r' ry
fol ly
sul ly
sun ny
fun ny
a go'
a bode
a lone
a side
a like
a'live
post' age
bean pole
ink stand
silk worm
plaz/ mate
fire fly
LESSON 37.
mSt' in gun' ner d&l' ly
lat in gut ter ral ly
sat in pet ty sal ly
■eab in pen ny tal ly
ra zor hil ly hand y
slat er sil ly sand y
LESSON 38.
eom' ie St' om b&n' dy
■eol ie at tie ean dy
ton ie pan ie dan dy
top ie mim ie till er
frol ie civ ie tin der
trop ie rus tie sis ter
LESSON 39.
pSn' eake fish' hook
bed post band box
bed room snow ball
eob web blue bird
tea eup play da t y
tea pot foot ball
* The mark of accent continues its influence till contradicted by a change of place.
23
Li Ea b O U iN
AC\
4U.
bat' te>*
bid' den
sex' ton
clow' er
lat ter
hid den
pen non
pow or
pat ter
mad den
ven om
tow er
tat ter
sad den
ser mon
low er
flat ter
red den
€&n ton
bow er
seat \w>
trod den
pis ton
flow er
T TT Q Q A "NT
*»1.
hSlp' er
tW ber
be side'
€on tSnt'
11 CI fed
lim l&pr
Hill Urvl
UC LlLlv
TP lfmf
ren der
sim per
de ride
re pent
gen der
tin der
a bide
in vent
ten der
hin der
e lide
in dent
slen der
gin ger
pro vide
in tent
T 17 Q C H AT
JU JtLi O O \J JN
AO
r&ck' et
wSx' en
frgt' ful
mSlt' ed
JaLlv
TIOV DX\
lltlA 6-U
IdllLXi IUL
pelt ed
pack et
deep en
htirt ful
belt ed
lock et
frSsh en
sin ful
brand ed
rock et
sick en
help ful
hunt ed
sock et
short en
man ful
lift ed
LESSON
43.
boy' ish
nice' ly
un kind
mis date'
oa-it ion
tuy loii
Wl T in dow
•eon vex
Vvea ry
sor row
win now
] vor tex
que ry 62
wid ow
tal low
LESSON 49.
o me' ga
no' ti fy
ra' di us
in' di go
ar ma da
pu ri fy
ra pi er
in fa my
■pa nfl rv
xj
0TO7/7th
£i 1 KJ lAJ til
cr\Q x\ \r
D L/C* 11 XV
nvnnf,
Ul 111 lb
rrrnnf
til U.11U
LESSON 72.
poach
pouch
greek
brood
brawl
chime
vouch
&nead
who$e
drawl
grime
prowl
sheep
shone
drawn
whine 4 ^
mound
sweep
trope
spawn
while
drown
groom
prude
preach
of vlp
OW »T 1
troop
tl I tret tilt?
•
LESSON 73.
winch 49
chant
wreath
whiff
podge
width
vawlt
street
fifth
scrip
shred
eorse
wheeze
snuit
strip
depth
■corpse
leaves
sturt
U1C/UU
n o 1 rv» 62
U Udillil
wrong
truss
wi£ch
wreck
squad
yog we
truc?ge
LESSON 74.
wr£tfch
quaint 62
toftgh 45
fou^At 5
trounce
french
strove
tdngwe
sou^At
ehri$m
stench
traipse
roftgh
&nSck
breathe
breath
eurse
-COWgh
waif
sheathe
spunge
swear
ought 5
weigh
r\e\gh
fcnell
troll
gTOflt
whom
mien
30
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
PART II.
MODE OP SPELLING AND DEFINING.
In the following spelling-lessons, where there are but two col-
umns, each word in the first column is to be defined by the oppo-
site word in the second, using the word implies, or such expression
as may be applicable ; thus, fruition (implies) enjoyment. If there
are three columns, the word in the first is defined by the other two
words standing opposite in the second and third columns ; thus,
lively (implies) active or brisk.
The class will therefore study and spell all the words in each
column, but will define only those in the first column, according to the
following examples. To the definitions thus given in the book, the
pupils will add what others they can ; or the teacher may, and
ought to exercise them, in giving examples of the differer t senses in
which the words may properly be used.
EXAMPLES OF TWO COLUMNS.
gal' lant ly brave' ly
■eom pound mixt lire 40
de frai(d' cheat
dis perse s€&t' ter
Defined thus : gallantly (implies) bravely. A compound (implies a)
mixture. To defraud (implies to) cheat. To disperse (implies to)
scatter.
EXAMPLES OF THKEE COLUMNS.
■eon else' brief short
pal' lid pale wan
fis' sure 6940 €ha$m eleft
la bor toil work
Defined thus : concise (implies) brief or short. Pallid (implies)
pale or wan. A fissure (implies a) chasm or cleft. To labor (im-
plies to) toil or work.
A strict adherence to this method of defining will be of inestimable
importance to the learner.
In defining adjectives and adverbs, the scholar may say implies;
in defining nouns, implies, or implies a, the, or an ; but in defining
verbs, implies to ; or he may substitute such other terms as his teach-
er thinks most applicable in the case.
No pains should be spared, on the part of the teacher, to induce
the pupils to be faithful in acquiring a knowledge of the significa-
l\ tion of such words as they are learning to spell; for by words,
jj written or spoken, they are to communicate their thoughts to oth-
jj ers, and comprehend what others wish to communicate to them.
H ! i ^ -r^^^ , — , -
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFDsER.
31
REMARK.
Every child, in his course of instruction in primary schools, is
required to spell the tables of words in his book many times over ;
and it is scarcely possible that he should be exercised each time ac-
cording to the method here proposed, without distinctly acquiring
one or more of the prominent or leading significations of a great
majority of the words. And we think it can not be shown, that
such a course will not lay the earliest and the best foundation
the age of the scholar will admit, to become well versed in a knowl-
edge of the English language.
Much, however, will depend on the fidelity of the teacher, in car-
rying out the mode of defining, as laid down on the foregoing
page.
SECTION I.
Always define the first column
I never define the second by the first.
by the second, but
See page 30th.
-Nouns. -
beak
brim
bile
brute beast
bush shrub
-Nouns.-
bill
edge
gall
boon
boss
coast
cowl
gift
&nob
shore
hood
dread fear
flesh meat
flaw
fib
fume
glee
glebe
sack
bulk
crack
He
smoke
joy
soil
bag
size
harm
hide
heap
jSst
lung£
kirk
1M
loop
lout
ma/ze
noun
pawn
peak
tine
qugst 62
bark
space
cave
-Nouns. -
hnrt
skin
pile
joke
thrust
chlirch
boy
noose
clown
corn
name
plSoge
point
prong
search
rind
room
d8n
flame blaze
girile craft
sol
van
pest
staff
pace
sun
front
plague
cane
stSp
paw$e stop
lawn plam
spSH charm
speed haste
spine thorn
tube pipe
stall
blow
sta^
stSncl
stroke
pr5p
thrSng crowd
slu£ drone
32
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
t Verbs.
blink wink
doze
fe£ch
flinch
float
ford
flSp
frisk
flag
gaze
-Verbs.-
drow$e
bring
shrink
swim
wade
flSp
skip
droop
stare
grieve mo^rn
gripe pinch
plunge dive
purge €l&an$e
pr&s squeeze 62
quash 62 -erush
querl €oil
&n3ck
rai$e
lease
wash
rule
, Adjectives.
blSncl mild
blank
bleak
big
broad
rap
rear
rSnt
rinse
rei^n
rub
wipe
halt
heed
hail
leap
jade
stop
mind
eall
jump
tire
skate slide
shift change
singe
shut
test
smut
scorch
clo$e
try
black
fain
fleet
harsh
null
prime
pert
snug
vast
brief
^afai
white
eold
large
wide
chaste pure
crude
raw
gkd
swift
rough 45
void
first
smart
•close
great
short
still
kink
lade
leer
lend
miss
chat
cede
chSmp
hum
hush
leave
plight
whoop
boom
erimp
flay
g^ide
dip
brawl
twist
load
squint 62
loan
fail
t&Zk
yield
chew 22
buzz
still
quit
pledge
shout
swSll
€url
skin
lead
plunge
s^old
snarl
slake
slay
smite
streak
sup
twirl
veer
vSnd
warp
wrap
wield
woo
bin/At
erave
jerk
stir
slant
blare
growl
quSnch 62
kill
strike
stripe
sip
whirl
turn
sen
twist
fold
sway
-eoMrt
blast
bSg
twitch
move
slope
roar
l&x
sour
sleek
sheen
sear
queer 62
sage
terse
green
grim
scarce
sh&m
sharp
sp&re
twain
spruce
gazmt
blear
brisk
loose
tart
smooth
bright
dry
droll
wise
neat
fr£sh
fierce
rare
false
keen
lean
two
trim
thin
sore
quick
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
33
arc
Nouns.
arch
curve
bounce
v erbs. —
leap
spring
blast
gust
puff
clinch
grasp
seize
beach
strand
shore
screak
creak
squeak 62
branch
bou^A
lim6
deem
think
judge
fen
bSg
marsh
drag
draw
haul
cramp
crick
sp8$m
drench
wSt
soak
crest
tuft
plume
delve
grub
dig
chit
shoot
sprout
tnrf
fuse
smelt
melt
sod
clod
{Mge
flirt
%
fit
fang
tusk
tooth
throw
toss
feat
deed
Set
glide
slide
slip
f OSS 6
moat
ciiccn
gull
dupe
trick
fun
sport
p%
frizz
crisp
curl
garb
dress
clothes
fling
cast
send
globe
sphere 46
ball
hurl
sling
flout
fling
haze
fog
mist
jeer
scSff
need
lack
want
mash
smash
crush
path
road
way
plod
drudge
toil
sprig
shoot
twig
rive
cleave
split
spume
frdth
foam
soar
mount
rl$e
skein
hSnk
&n<5t
screech
scream
shriek
blur
blot
stain
seek
search
hunt
&n&g
knot
peg
vaunt
boast
brag
charge
trust
care
drub
thrash
beat
mass
lump
heap
score
no£ch
mark
2tlVQ
dread
fear
rid
free
clear
turn
change
shift
goad
spur
prick
wand
r5d
stick
stew 22
seethe
boil
craft
art
trade
&n5ck
beat
strike
shrine
ease
b5x
cloy
fill
glut
site
seat
place
hoist
raise
lift
tSche
loop
crouch
cringe
stoop
scrap
piece
part
wrSnch
wrest
twist
booth
tont
stall
trim
dress
prune
knftt
tie
b5nd
fleer
mock
jeer
leak
crack
hole
&n&b
seize
bite
34 TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
SECTION II
No
babe
uns. N
in fant
, Na
rage
-OS. N
fu' ry
splr it
Parts of the
human body.
bard
po et
soid
arm
bet
wa ger
shoal
shal low
bone
beeve$
eat tie
splint
splint er
back
eoin
mon ey
sire
fa flier
brow
eote
sheep fold
ton
i ash ion 34
brain
eopse
erib
brush wood
trice
in stant
breast
man ger
trump
trum pet
chin
dearth
f &m ine
vest
jack et
cheek
frill
ruffle
1 111 11(5
W \JL til
\ro 1 -Tj/i40
V ell 11 U
ear
gauge
mea$ ure 89
zSst
rel ish
eye
grot
eav em
bale
pack age
fist
host
ar my
bunch
elus ter
foot
hue
eol or
kin
kin dred
head
hilt
han die
chance
fort une 40
hand
hose
stock ing$
eloak
man tie
hip
leave
li' cense
pass
\_/ » •
pas sage
joint
lunch
lunch eon 33
rSalm
king dom
mount
mount am
shed
hov el
knee
mart
mark et
shade
shad ow
leg
mead
mead oio
strife
eon test
lungs
morn
morn ing
trill
qua ver 62
mouth
one 38
u nit 40
dawn
da?/ spring
neck
orts
ref use
de6t
deb it
no$e
rein$
kid ney$
shield
buck ler
vein
gift
pre$ ent
eove
in let
ribs
gulf
a byss'
bit
mor sel
shin
C2iU$e
rea' $on
robe
gar ment
skin
chlirl
rus tie
stroll
r&m ble
spine
seum
ref use
nymph 46
god dess
sealp
scrap
frag ment
seribe
writ er
toe
scheme
proj eet
tSnk
els tern
thumi
spine
back bone
mask
vi$ or
tongwe
brawl
quar rel 62
text ure 40
wrath
an" ger
throat
woof
wish
de sire'
waist
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
35
-Nouns. -
as cSnt'
a mount
be kef
ca reer
€0 qitStte 57
es cape
in trigwe
mo r&ss
m&n' ace
an them
ban queti
ba^n io 39
be $6m
bor der
brisk et
big ness
bun die
rise
sum
faith
course
jilt
Sight
pl8t
marsh
thrSat
hymn
feast
bath
broom
ScZge
breast
size
roll
wa ge$
fi nis
fr&€ tion 79
fri ar
f ul crum
flam beau 19
ge nus
gul let
hiir die
kern el
m5n arch
muz zle
op tion
pigmy
pig ment
por tion
pros pect
hire
2nd
part
monk
pr5p
torch
class
throat
crate
seed
king
mouth
choice
dwarf
paint
part
view 23
Persons and
Occupations.
barb' er
bra $ier 89
coop er
€511 ier 39
chan dler
cloth ier
dra per
f arm er
gla zier 90
gro cer
huck ster
hat ter
join er
lim ner
ma son
mln er
bur' den
b5b bin
€on tact
cord age
cov ey
cut purse
cy cloid
cyg net
nar row$
sen ni^At
sew er 22
si lex
stat ute 40
stat ure 40
scab bard
pas time
bl£m ish
azd ance
broad ness
load
spool
touch
ropes
brood
thief
curve
swan
straits
week
drain
flint
law
height
sheath
sport
scar
hSlp
width
pur' view
ra dix
rai ment
rSb ble
sig nal
sei^n ior 39
scru toir' 31
su' et
spSl ter
stream let
tSxt ure 40
to ken
vi$ ion 92
ob it
hi con
grap pie
com fort
ver tex
sig; net
scope
root
cloth e$
m5b
sign
lord
d&k
fat
zinc
rill
web
sign
sight
dSath
hmvk
hook
ea$e
tSp
seal
mill'er
mer chant
nail er
paint er
p5t ter
saw yer
sSd dler
shep herd
tin ner
tan ner
tai lor
tink er
w T eav er
pla^ er
plead er
rig ger
fram er
spin ster
print er
36
TOWN'S
SPELLER AND
DEFINER.
Things known.
bread
^- Verbs.
ilOD Di£
limp
shud' der
quake 62
shake
shriv el
shrink
beef
num ber
count
squan dev 62
waste
orocn
pam per
glut
str&g gle
stroll
beer
pon der
pur cnase
mu$e
OUll UU1
part
bo?^l
buy
sw r ad die
swathe
■cake
riv et
clinch
tan gie
snarl
cheese
i n ne
rob
with' er
fade
■cream
A I
seru pie
douJt
be smear'
daitb
1 isn
Sm bl#
pace
■eon cede
yield
fork
bios som
bloom
con front
face
iooa
ea per
c8n sure 69
skip
«on fide
trust
nam
blame
flon cezve
think
hash
chuck le
1 'A •» . /-v. V. 45
laMgrr
con struct
k/ild
yfcnlfe
clam ber
climi
com mend
prai$e
milk
«6z en
cheat
de mana
claim
meat
d8s tine
doom
de fray
pay
pork
rl/'iTiV/ 1 o
uyui) it;
1 Ultl
de terge
-cleanse
plate
Idlll loll
starve
en tice
tempt
tusk
hud die
crowd
en gage
pledge
soi/p
trav erse
■cross
ex pend
spend
spoon
tori ure
rack
ex tend
reach
salt
im brown'
tan
l j i vj v o
starch
in vSst
clothe
im plead
sue
straw
in cllne
lean
1UU. U.c-11
bl ush
tea
m f$et
taznt
€ob ble
bo£ch
toast
in struct
teach
X>i ecu
fl&e cid
lax
wpryk
VY Cw I\.
I U.UU III c
1)1 xjU/KjLL
br^filc
flesh y
gross
1 ctu
b]Jc5 LfctiJp
sort
kYnrl
glSss y
smooth
rvr>1 /"//if
s5r vow
grzef
woe
health y
hale
sound
slug gard
drone
mopo
lim pid
elear
pure
spig ot
spile
P 6 S
nim b\e
quick 62
spry
Vd UUI
mist
fog
pal lid
wan
pale
Veil \&y
dale
glen
qui et
€a/m
oLlll
vi$ age
phiz
face
si lent
mute
whist
ves tige
trace
miirk
s81 id
firm
hard
mid die
mid
midst
eon else'
brief
short
to k^n
sign
mark
ex pSnse
•cost
price
^erb age
herb$
grass
di reet
straight
right
pa rade'
p8mp
show
to' tal
whole
all
SECTION VI.
Couplets of Words unlike in Pronunciation and Meaning.
Lean, wanting flesh.
Li'' en, a legal claim on property.
Least, the smallest.
Lest, for fear that.
Lie, to he at rest horizontally.
Laf, the past tense of lie.
Line, a long straight mark.
Loin, part of the back of an ani-
Loom, a weaver's frame. [mal.
Loam, a rich friable earth.
Loose, not tight; unbound.
Lose, to suffer loss ; to forfeit.
Mild, gentle in disposition.
Mile, a distance of 320 rods.
Milk, a white fluid.
Milch, giving milk.
News' 22 , accounts of recent events.
Noose, a running knot. [ure.
off, noting distance or depart-
6f S3 , from ; proceeding from.
Pass, to move onward ; to enact.
ParS£, to apply rules in grammar.
Pint, half a quart ; four gills.
Point, a sharp end; to direct.
Pfjs, matter from an ulcer.
PuRS^r, a bag of money.
Rare, seldom occurring.
Rear, to rise on the hind legs.
Rents, yearly payments for lands,
Rins-E, to cleanse by water. [&c.
Rout, a total defeat.
Rbi/TE, the course or way trav-
Set, to place ; to plant. [eled.
Sit, to occupy a seat.
S£x, distinction of gender.
Sects, different denominations.
S6t, an habitual drunkard.
Sat, the past tense of sit [find.
Sought 5 , searched for ; tried to
Sort, a kind or order of things.
Spile, a wooden peg or pin.
Spoil, to destroy ; to injure.
StijN, to make senseless.
Stone, a small rock.
Tow' er, a high edifice.
Tour, a circuitous journey.
Witile, a band of twigs.
With, denoting companionship.
42
TOWN'S SPELLER
AND DEFINER.
SECTION VII.
■Mr.ii »->o
cin"gl£
cor ner
a^m$'-hous^
"noor'-hons^
a' aua 62
ow man
in mate
lodfg er
bus £l#
tu mult
in stant
mo ment
bed lam
mitd hous^
T ris
razn boc*#
bios som
flow er
jun-e tion^
un ioD^
bold ness
cour age
lar gess
boun ty
brSth ren
broth er$
la?^n dry
wash-room
brim stone
su.1 phur
loo by
lub ber
-ear nago
sla^7i ter
lu. * fzafire
o o fe
lus ter
ba tic
spon sor
ten sion 78
thresh old
ton sure 69
tor por
tru ant
tran script
treat ment
twee zer$
tu mor
list ion 39
vel lum
vest ure 40
-Adjectives.-
bi' ble
tSn don
mer maid
dou6t er
sure ty 69
tight nes3
door-sill
shav ing
num5 ness
I dler
cop y
u $age'
mp per$
swell ing
burn ing
parch ment
gar ment
40
ag' He
ac rid
ar dent
bale ful
brill iant 39
bon ny
ce rate
caws tic
diz zy
dor mant
drear y
e ven
f &c ile
frag He
fu tile
fla grant
hor rid
act we
pun gent
fer vent
woe ful
shin ing
h&ndl some
wax en
burn ing
gid dy
sleep ing
di$ mal
lev el
ea $y
brit tie
use less 40
glar ing
sh5ck in£
un' guent 36
ac cess
a^e tion 79
ere dence
in cense
leet ure 40
pla^d it
rel ics
scan dal
za ny
ad vice'
ca bal
bow quet 58
de light
de fa?dt
ma chi'ne
ra vine
me' ter
mem brane
oint' ment
ap proach'
ven due
be h'ef
per' fume
dis course'
ap plaw$e
re mam$
of f 8ns<3
buf foon
coun' sel
jun to
no$e gay
pl£a$ ure 89
fail ure 40
Sn gme
hoi low
mea$ ure 89
tis sue 76
jun' ior 39
lan" guid 36
la tent
list less
mus ty
nas ty
neu ter
no cent
6ft en
old en
peace ful
p6t tish
sim pte
pli ant
quSg gy 62
text i\e
smut ty
shag gy
top most
young' er
droop ing
hid den
heed less
mold y
filth y
net ther
hurt ful
fre quent 62
an czent 67
qui et
frgt ful
art less
11m ber
mir y
wov en
dirt y
hair y
high est
44
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
-Adj. & Adv.-
-Adj. & Adv.-
pi OUS
pal try
pu ny
rue ful
rud dy
sel dom
serv ile
sil ly
slea zy
shab by
ster ile
tab by
hand y
tac it
tep id
test y
oily
gSd'lj
tr! fling
fee hie
dole ful
r&d dish
rare ly
slav ish
fool ish
flim $y
rag ged
bar ren
brin died
read y
si lent
hike warm
frSt ful
greet $y
a far'
re mote'
ab rupt
sud' den
a drift
a float'
a thwart
a -eross
e rest
up' right
a gain' 9
en" sore' 4
gen teel
po lite
ob seene
un chaste
ob liqwe 57
a slant
&m' pig
largg
hast' y
speed y
lee bly
taznt ly
dark ish
dusk y
prl or
for mer
ti&v bid
mud dy
ng^h er
low er
smart ly
brisk ly
tim' id
touch y
wa ry
live ly
a droit'
a way
be neath
be yond
di vine
ex pert
for sooth
for lorn
in ert
mo rose
pa rol
sub lime
dire' ful
dap pig
slack ly
fear 7 fill
pee yish
cheer fill
dSx trous
ab sent
un der
fur %her
gSd like
skill ful
trft ly
hope less
slug gish
sul len
o ral
lofty
drgad ful
spot ted
loose ly
-Verbs k Interj.-
al Y&ge'
an nex
an nouncg
a bSsh
af front
ap peal
ap pSnd
as plre
as sazl
a vaunt
be irdth
be reave
eom bine
com mute
-eon d&nsg
eon cert
«on eSct
at test
af firm'
af fix
j>ro elazm
•eon fu$e
of f Snd
re f er
at tach
de $Tre
at t&ck
be gdne
es pou$e
de prive
u nite 40
ex change
eom press
€on trlve
di gSst
wit' ness
TOWN'S SPELLER
AND DEFINER.
45
€ol late
€om pare
re hearse
^\ i
re cite'
•eon string*?
con tr&ct
re coil
re bound
cie mean
be have
re form
a mend
de f Snd
pro t£ct
re tund
re pay
ae base
de grade
re arise
re lease
de throne
de pose
re voke
re call
de file
pol lute
re spSct
re gard
de hort
dis suade*
re quire^
—4 • JL
so journ
de mand
de tazn
with hold
re Side
e vSlve
un told
sur vive'
out live
in thrall
en slave
sus pSct
mis trust
in trust
-pon fidft
se cede
with dratW
en croach
in trude
ve neer
in lay
in hume
en tom5
cur tail
re trench
in cense
en rage
can' ter
gSl' lop
in fer
de duce
clat ter
rat tie
im puyn
at tack
cod die
par boil
m close
sur round
dal ly
tri fie
in snare
en trap
hag gle
man" gle
mal treat
a buse
heark en
lis£ en
o mit
neg lect
chat ter
• i i
jab ber
ob je-et
op po$e
mum ble
mut ter
per turb
dis tlirb
pes ter
troub le
por tray
de scribe
rim pie
wrink le
pre $ume
sup pose
shat ter
shiv er
pro claim
de clare
stam mer
stut ter
pro cure
pro vide
squab ble 62
scut tie
pro gress
ad vance
gig gle
tit ter
pro pound
pro pose
tarn per
med die
re bel
re v51t
tram mel
ham per
re dound
con duce
twink le
glit ter
re serve
re tarn
van quish^
con qnev 57 |
en twine
en twist
wel ter
wal \oiv
dis cuss
de bate
un twist'
un wind'
in still
in fuse
re gale
re frSsh
ad diet
^z—
de vote
af fix
sub join
46
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
- Verbs. -
a base'
com pete
com plete
de la^/
ex tilt
for swear
im prove
in ter
ja pSn
OC CUr
per plSx
pro nounce
re l&x
re prieve
re spSnd
re strict
erSd' it
hum' ble
ri val
fin ish
lin" ger
tri' umph 46
per jure
bSt ter
bu ry 11
var nish
h£p pen
puz zle
ut ter
slack en
res pite
an swer
lim it
be keve'
-Verbs.-
be hoove'
de bar
de duet
ex dude
de claim
im peach
re but
re trieve
pre elude
dis perse
es teem
ob $erve
rSn som
rev el
sue cor
swin die
tres pass
be fit'
hin' der
sub tract'
de bar
ha rang^e
a« eu$e
re pel
re gain
pre vSnt
sc&t' ter
val ue 40
no tice
re deem'
ea rou$e
as sist
de fraz^d
trans gr&ss
eov' et
eeh o
fur nish
gath er
gov ern
man age
mer it
par don
Aon or
al lot'
ae ccist
ad juage
pre juage
dis band
dis charge
dis close
dis course
dis gust
dis mask
de $ire'
re Sound
sup ply
col lSet
con trol
con duct
de serve
for give
re vere
as sign
ad drSss
a ward
fore juage
dis miss
re lease
re veal
con verse
dis please
un mask
die' tate
sazm ter
tiick le
quiv er 62
re preach'
rSnk' le
men ace
floun der
prom ise
dis count
se cure'
ex p81
re vert
un bind
un nerve
com mix
e clipse
pro long
un joint
or' der
loi ter
har ness
trSm ble
in suit'
f es' ter
threat en
strug gle
en gage'
de duct
in sure 69
e jSet
re turn
un tie
weak' en
min" gle
dark en
ISngth en
dis joint'
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
47
SECTION VIII.
-Verbs.-
,02
a bide'
a mu$e
a€ quire'
a€ c8pt
be €ome
■eon ceal
eon t£um
de -eoy
dis robe
de cease
de sist
dis maj
es chew 22
im merge
in dite
in vite
re mazn
di vert
ob tarn
re ceive
be fit
se erete
de spi$e
en tice
di vSst
ex pjire
for bear
ap pall
a void
im merse
«om pose
re qu&t 62
stay
plea$e
gain
take
suit
hide
scorn
lure
strip
die
cease
dawnt
shun
plunge
write
ask
3 contrasted. N
bSsh' ful
bit ter
bot torn
bor row
i crook ed
dirt y
ear ly
e yen
fe male
fut ure 40
f ie tion 7d
heav y
heav en
lim ber
ma ny 8
mo tion
per spire
re buke
e lSet
sur vey
sub sist
sue cum6
de scry
de piet
af fliet
en chant
sub scribe
ca jole
be friend
com mand
trans crlbe
de fy
bar' bor
g lo ry
prac tice
ex ude' 40
re prove
lSet
in spect
ex ist
sub mit
es py
por traz/
dis tress
be wi£ch
eon sent
fiat' ter
fa vor
or der
«Sp y
chal lenge
shel ter
ex ult'
per form
sw£at
chide
choo$e
view 23
live
yield
see
paint
grieve
charm
sign
coax
serve
bid
write
dare
\Mge
boast
do
mean
scarce
giad
deep
saint
tough 45
vice
man
end
rude
kind
sound
fire
hill
whole
cheap
dead
now
give
n
se eure
fin' ish
op po$e'
fore shozv'
dis elazm
slan' der
ear ry
vi" ti ate
troub' Ye
eoun sel
di late'
un fold
f 81' low
hin der
pur pose
fore show'
wan" gle
prate
wrink! le
pol ish
spark' le
cher ish
fet ter
fon die
raur mur
kin die
pro po$e'
num' ber
eom fort
de la?/
fright' en
troub le
dis traet'
m£n' age
slack en
pro mote'
in sure 69
eom plete
at tack
Species of Plants.
on' ion 39
pars nep
pars ley
pump kin
plant ain
rad ish
sal ad
seall ion 39
sor rel
tan $y
tea $el
this tie
tu lip
tur nip
r/m barb
mel on
bam boo'
Dogs.
bar' bet
ban dog
bea gle
mas tiff
pup py
span iel 39
Shrubs.
al' der
bri er
ha zel
h£n bane
Trees.
red-oak
live-oak
black-oak
white-oak 49
wil low
shad dock
54
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
blink' ing
chat ting
crook ing
cant ing
drag ging
drub bing
deal ing
ford ing
fu$ ing
fling in£
grub bing
gull ing
hail ing
hoist ing
heal ing
harm ing
jad ing
-Participles.-
SECTION XI.
wink' ing
taik ing
bSnd ing
toss ing
dm# ing
beat ing
trad ing
wad ing
smelt ing
cast ing
dig ging
trick ing
call ing
rai$ ing
cur ing
hiirt ing
tir ing
-Participles.-
blos' som ing
ca per ing
cen sur ing 69
col or ing
f am ish ing
hec tor ing
la bor ing
num ber ing
piir chas ing
plun der ing
pil fer ing
red den ing
riv et ing
sev er ing
tow er ing
trav ers ing
wan der ins:
blow' ing
skip ping
blam ing
dye ing
starv ing
vSx ing
toil ing
count ing
huj ing
r<5b bing
steal ing
blush ing
clinch ing
part ing
soar ing
crQss ing
rov ing
loan ing
la?^d ing
lash ing
leap ing
push ing
pil ing
P% ing
quit ting
shut ting
slay ing
test ing
ty ing
veer ing
vend ing
wait ing
win ning
wind ing
warp ing
star ins
lend' ing
prai$ ing
whip ping
jump ing
iirg ing
heap ing
sport ing
leav ing
clo$ ing
kill ing
try ing
bind ing
chang ing
sSll ing
stay ing
gain ing
turn ing
twist ing
gaz ing
a void' ing
as sist ing
be stow ing
be ftt ting
con fid ing
dif fu$ ing
de fray ing
ex tSnd ing
e vine ing
per form ing
re tain ing
re po$ ing
sa lut ing
in clin ing
way' lay ing
wea-ry ing
se cret' ing
re buk ing
pe ru$ ing
shun' ning
aid ing
giv ing
suit ing
trust ing
spread ing
pay ing
reach ing
prov ing
do ing
hold ing
r8st ing
greet ing
lean ing
\va£ch ing
tir ing
hid ing
chid ing
read ing
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINEB. 55
SECTION XII.
-Adrerb8.-
&pt' ly
brzef ly
blSnk ly
clean ly
bare ly
cheer ly
du ly
famt ly
frank ly
firm ly
fleet ly
fresh ly
gent ly
glib ly
good ly
gross ly
fit' ly
short ly
pale ly
nice ly
mere ly
live ly
fit ly
fee bly
free ly
strfing ly
swift ly
new ly 22
sdft ly
smooth ly
come ly
coarse ly
bSsh' ful ly
drear i ly
dis tant ly
fa tal ly
filth i ly
for ward ly
grate ful ly
gib ing ly
h&p pi ly
hancZ some ly
harm ful ly
heart i ly
heed ful ly
ho li ly
lSv ish ly
16 gal ly
- Adverbs .-
mSd' est ly
gloom i ly
re mote' ly
mor' tal ly
dirt i ly
ea ger ly
pl£a$ ant ly
scorn ful ly
luck i ly
grace ful ly
hurt ful ly
sin cere' ly
c&re' ful ly
pi ous ly
waste ful ly
law ful ly
gruff' ly
gayly
low ly
mild ly
plain ly
pert ly
plump ly
poor ly
riffht ly
sage ly
sharp ly
slack ly
scant ly
snug ly
stern ly
strict ly
vast ly
base ly
queer ly 62
rough ly 45
fine ly
meek ly
caZm ly
clear ly
smart ly
round ly
mean ly
just ly
wT$e ly
keen ly
loose ly
scarce ly
safe ly
harsh ly
close ly
great ly
vile ly
odd ly
pru' dent ly
play ful ly
pgn sive ly
peace ful ly
pee vish ly
per feet ly
per verse' ly
po lite ly
pre cise ly
pri' vate ly
slug gish ly
sin ful ly
scant i ly
tim id ly
tac it ly
ver i ly
vi" ciom ly
de cent ly
stm gi ly
dis creet' ly
sport' ive ly
so ber ly
qui et ly 62
frgt ful ly
com plete' ly
stub' born ly
gen teel' ly
ex act ly
se' cret ly
la zi ly
wick ed ly
nar row ly
cow ard ly
si lent ly
cer tain ly
cor rupt' ly
pr5p' er ly
nig gard ly
56
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
-Nouns.-
SECTION XIII.
v , Nouns.—
8T ti tiide
bev er age
ean ti ele
eal u met 40
€on di ment
era ni urn
cru ci fix
dSs ti ny
dom i cile
firm a ment
fur be low
fo li age
gSm i ni
eon fi dence
id i ot
in te ger
height
drink
song
pipe
&§uce
skull
eross
fate
house
sky
flounce
leaves
twin$
trust
fool
whole
af f Se' tion 79
arm' is tice
bra va' do
cse $u ra
eol li$ ion 92
eon eus sion 80
•eon ver sion 78
eon tu $ion 91
eom pul sion
de cep tion
di ree tion
lig' a ture
mo nas' tie
o bei sance
o ra tion
pa vil ion 39
love
truce
brSg
pa^$e
elash
shock
change
brui$e
force
cheat
eourse
band
monk
bow
speech
tSnt
Quadrupeds.
ape
bear
buck
eow
eaZf
eolt
deer
dbg
Slk
fawn
goat
h3,rt
hSg
horse
hind
hound
lar* ce ny
lSt i tude
Ion gi tude
mae u la 40
moi e ty
Sr i gin
or i $on
par a gram
per qui site 62
par ent age
rSm e dy
ret i nue
sus te nance
sur' cin" gle
seo' ri a
pa geant ry
hap haz' ard
man da mus
per eus sion 80
theft
breadth
length
spot
haZf
source
pr%' er
pun
fee
birth
eure
train
food
girth
drSs3
show
chance
writ
stroke
po ta' tion 79
eat/ a logwe
no ble man
tSst a ment
ter ma gant
vSs ti bule
Adjectives.
bf na ry
seur ril ous
sin is ter
sor row ful
sim i lar
in fer' tile
pro dig zous 43
un eom mon
pre' ter it
im po lite'
nSe' tar ous
ace' tous
draught 45
list
peer
will
seold
porch
two
vile
bad
sad
like
bare
huge
rare
past
rude
sweet
sour
mare
mule
moose
Sx
roe
swine
shote
sheep
stSg
steer
wolf
whSlp 49
lamJ
kid
Pig
fox
nag
eub
eur
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
57 J
, Verbs . —
com' pro mit
•eoun ter feit
81 e vate
heb e tate
jac u late 40
lac er ate
nav i gate
nom i nate
ob li gate
in to nate
pen e trate
pu ri fy
ru mi nate
sig ni fy
term in ate
tu me fy
un du late
-Verbs. -
pledge
forge
raise
blunt
dart
tear
sail
name
bind
sound
pierce
-elean$e
muse
mean
gnd
swell
wave
cie' a trize
fab rie ate
flag el late
ger mi nate
p51 pi tate
tor re fy
dis «61' or
in hab it
heal
frame
scourge
sprout
thrSb
parch
tinge
dwell
re lin quish^ leave
veg* e tate sprout
sac ri fice 85 slai/
des pu mate froth
en cum' ber load
ad vent ure 40 dare
in -eurv ate bend
tan' ta lize tease
o ver stock' fill
cure
bidld
lash
bud
beat
dry
stain
live
quit 62
grow
kill
foam
€log
risk
crook
plague
crowd
de m5n' strate
dis com fit
en &m or
ex hib it
ex tin" guish 36
un der stand'
im por tune
gas con ade
o ver -east
o ver pass
o ver take
un der mine
scar' i fy
sur ren' der
sat' u rate 40
cor us -eate
pu tre fy
eon trib' iite
de nud ate
prove
rout
charm
show
quench 62
know
urge
boast
•cloud
erdss
ea£ch
sap
scratch
yield
fill
flash
rot
give
strip
-Nouns.-
gr&v' i ty weight
log ger head dolt
mer chan di$e goods
sep ul ther grave
spee ta cle
in ci$' ion 92
mag' ni tude
sis na ture
ex plic' it
in trep id
la €on ie
prln' ci pal
sa pi ent
met tie some
val or ous
vig or ous
virt u ous 40
show
gash
bulk
sign
Adjectives.
slear
brave
brief
main
sage
brisk
brave
strong
good
heft
dunce
wares
tomfi
sight
cut
size
mark
plain
bold
short
chief
wise
m
bold
stout
chaste
58
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
SECTION XIV.
-Nouns.-
an' nal$
al ien 89
bo nus
eap tive
cen sus
chi na
■elois ter
chap man
de$ ert
gar ner
gen try
horn age
jus tice
in quest 62
nun cid 67
out rage
ehron' i ek$
for eign er
pre mi um
pri$ on er
num ber ing
por ce lam
nun ner y
mark et man
wil der ness
gran a ry
gen tie men
rev er ence
eq ui tyg
in qui' ry
mgs' sen ger
vT o \ence
ba' sis
eha os
eon cert
dis eount
ex it
her aid
jii rist
ni ter
nm sancus cle
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DE FINER. 65
SECTION
-Verbs.
XVII.
at trib' ute 40
a ban don
as sem ble
ae knowl edge
in \ei gle
ex eru ci ate 72
in ter pret
pro mul gate
eas' ti gate
rat i fy
reg u late 40
sup pli eate
€0 in cide'
com pre hend
eon tra diet
di mm' ish
as eribe'
de $ert
•eon vene
a vow
se duce
tor m&nt
ex plain
pro miilge
ehas tl$e
eon firm
ad just
en treat
eon eiir
in elude
gam say
de crease
im pute'
for sake
•eol lSet
eon fess
en tice
tort' ure 40
ex pound'
pub' lish
pun ish
san-e tion 79
ar range'
im plore
a gree
•eom pri$e
de ny
ISss' en
ant
bee
bug
flea
%
mite
#nSt
moth
drone
louse
tick
worm
ay asp
breeze
boud
dor
im bo $6m
be to ken
dis a vow'
dis o bey
o ver look
in' ter est
pat ron ize
no ti fy
bar' bar ous
bois ter ous
h5r ri h\e
hal cy on
prox i mate
ul ti mate
ma jSs' tie
cir eu lar
phre n£t' ie 46
f < v if u ous 40
in elo$e'
fore show
di$ own
re fu$e
in spSet
eon cern
sup port
in form
Adjectives.
•eru' el
noi $y
drSad ful
peace ful
near est
fi nal
state ly
ro tund'
frSn' tie
fool ish
sur round'
de note
de ny
neg lSet
.23
re view-
en gage
fa/ vor
pub lish
bru' tal
loud
dire
eaZm
nSxt
last
gr&nd
round
m&d
weak
Tools.
saw
gouge
rake
spade
plow
shears
aw' ger
chl$ el
-elev is
eolt er
har row
ham mer
hateh et
haz/-&nife
pl£ch fork
sick \e
era die
serap er
66
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
pr5g e ny
sal a ry
serv i tude
eon tor' tion 79
eur mud geon 52
en grav er
ex 8m plar
re Sera blance
tar' di ness
in june' tion
h&m' i ly
apt i tude
bound a ry
ee sta sy
elSan li ness
ob tuse' ness
■eon eur rence
8£T spring
stT pend
slav er y
writh. ing
nig gard
seulpt or
pat tern
sem blance
late ness
pre cept
dis eourse'
apt' ness
pre cinet
rapt ure 40
neat ness
blunt ness
a gree' ment
is' sue 76
wa ge$
b5nd age
twist ing
mi $er
earv er
m5d el
like ness
slow ness
eom mand'
ser' mon
fit ness
lim it
trans port
pure ness
dull ness
as sent'
Vessels.
hdzvl
butt
eask
e&n
■eup
flask
jar
j u g
keg
pazl
pan
mug
tub
tierce
eruse
urn
vase
ea ri ousykr' *
cir eum speet
joe u lar 40
jo vi al
pSnd u bus 40
sen su al 69
som no lent
prod i gal
ut ter most
vig i lant
in sip' id
in her ent
f e' eund
re lig' zous 43
elan des tine
in' fi nit#
del i eate
dif fer ent
— Adjectives.
pu' trid
eai£ tzous 71
jo eose'
hang ing
ear nal
drow $y
pro fuse'
ex treme
a lert
vSp' id
in nate'
pro Kf ie
de vout'
se' eret
&nd less
dam ty
un like'
rSt' ten
pru dent
wag gish
mer ry
swing ing
flesh ly
sleep y
lav ish
fur tfiest
wa£ch M
taste less
in born
frrnt ful
pi ous
pri vate
im mSns^
tSn' der
dis tlnet'
Measures.
m
foot
inch
pole
r5d
rood
mile
yard
league
Weights.
ounce
pound
dram
gram
tun
Seats.
stool
mm
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
67
SECTION XVIII.
- Adjectives. -
ap' po $\te
eul pa ble
ev i dent
friv o bus
im mi nent
rau ta ble
per ma nent
p8r il ons
rel e vant
ri$ i ble
stren u ous 40
spher ie al 46
mil i tant
un sta' b\e
im mor tal
de vice ful
suit' a b\e
blam a b\e
mSn i fest
triv i al
im p8nd' ing
change' a ble
dur a ble
d£n ger ous
per ti nent
la^gh a bk 45
vig or ous
glob u lar 40
fight ing
in e8n' stant
un dy ing
in v8nt ive
im plic' it
in ces sant
pa thet ie
prog n§s tie
vin die tive
-Adjectives.-
im plitfd'
un ceas' ing
af f Set ing
fore show ing
re vSnge ful
sub' se quent 62 f 81' low ing
trai tor cms treach er ous
tStn per ate
mer ci less
8b so lete
on er 0us
in fa mous
e qua ble 62
in dul' gent
ma ter nal
ra pa ciox\s {
67
mod er ate
hard h^art' ed
un used 40
bur' den som^
se&n dal 0us
u ni form 40
hu mor ing
moth er ly
rav en ons
re gard' ful
wan' der ing
a bu' siv£
un ea $y
un law ful
sus pi" cioxxs
in de' cent
en tSn" gled
pre ma ture'
eow' ard ly
im pru' dent
won' der ful
s5r did ly
fan ci ful
of f I" cious
se di" tious
all-know' ing
threat' en ing
reg u lar 40
8m' bi ent
€0 pi 0US
dis so lute
in so lent
IT a ble
pr6s per ons
quer u lous^
ea thar' tie
eon tTn gent
eo rus eant
| fa mil iar 39
■ fi du cial 67
10 qua czous
nu tri" tious
por tent eus
pu' is sant
ru bes' cent
tre men dous
11 lie it
sur round' ing
a bun dant
li cen tious 71
in suit ing
ex posed'
sue c8ss' ful
eom plain ing
piir' ga tive
ea$ u al^j
glit ter ing
in ti mate
eon fi dent
taZk a tive
ncmr ish ing
om in cms
pow er ful
r8d den ing
ter ri ble
un law' ful
ob $erv' ant
er rat ie
in vee tive
im pa tient 71
il le gal
dis trust ful
im mod est
in' tri eate
pre eo' cious 67
rSe' re ant
in dis ereet'
mar' vel ons
nig gard ly
no tion al 79
m8d die some
mu ti nous
om nis' cient 74
mi na czous'
me th8d ie
.67
(38
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
-Nouns. -
-Nouns. -
aV er age
bar ri er
eal en dar
I eom i ty
eon ti nenc£
[ eol lo quy 62
| den i zm
| dig ni ty
| e\\ eha rist 40
| St y mon
I ex i gence
run a gate
grat i tude
hea then i$m
in dus try
in' sci ence
mas sa ere
me' di urn
8b sta ele
&1 ma nae
€our te sy
ch&s ti ty
di a logue
cit i zen
no ble ness
sae ra ment
prim i tive
iirg en cy
fu gi tive
thank ful ness
pa gan i$m
dil i gence
ig no ranee
bu£ch er y
de eo' rum
du Sn na
e lix ir
bSn' e fit
en ti ty
o pi ate
r8e ti tude
ren e gade
sat el lite
sen ti ment
sym pa thy
ten e ments
dis or' der
fru !" tion
im pos' tor
ne ga tion 79
op po nent
de' cen cy
gov era ess
eor di al
ad van' tage
ex ist ence
nar eot ie
up' ri^At ness
vag a bond
at tSnd' ant
o pin ion 89
eom pas sion 80
pos ses sion$
dis tiirb ance
en joy ment
de ceiv er
de ni al
op po$ er
me te or
nu di ty
pan to mime
ped a gogue
per fi dy
sane ti tude
seot o my
po tent ate
pu ni ness
safe guard
ar den cy
id i om
ab sti nence
se ere cy
pro fuse' ness
chSs' ti$e ment
de file' ment
in eur sion 78
ob $erv ance
fire' ball
na ked ness
mim ic ry
school mas ter
trSach er y
ho li ness
diz zi ness
sov er eign
lit tie ness
de fense'
fer' ven cy
di a leet
tSm per ance
pri va cy
lav ish ness
eor r^c' tion 79
pol lu tion
in va $ion 91
at t8n tion
par ti" tion di vi$' ion 92
pe ti" tion en treat y
pre ci$' ion 92 ex act ness
pro vl $o eon di" tzon
re ten tion 79 re tain ing
ve' he mence v? o lence
ver ti go gid di ness
vi$ it ant vi$ it or
re pub' lie eom' mon wealth
o' vert ure 40 pro po' $al
ex tine' tion de strue tion
a void ing
in cSn tive
ex cite ment
re mov al
a bash ment eon f u $ion 91
ex pan sion en large ment
suf fer ance en dur ance
leg a tor' test a tor
a ver sion 10
in cite ment
eom mo tion
mi gra tion
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
69
SECTION XIX.
Nouns.
clSm' en cy
lu na ti€
cor pu lence
cat a ract
lu na ey
bar ris ter
po $1" toon
e chl' nus
oe cur' rence
pre c8p tor
con tri" toon
re fee tion 79
di$ as ter
com po$ ure 89
dis ten tion
con" gru ence
len' i ty
ma ni ac
flgsh i ness
wa ter fall
ma ni a
coun sel or
St ti tiide
por cu pine
in ci dent
in struct' or
com punc tion 79
re fresh ment
mis fort une 40
se date ness
ex tSn sion 78
a gree ment
mild' ness
mad man
fat ness
cas cade'
m&d' ness
law yer
post ure 40
hec%e hog
e vgnt'
tu' tor
re morse'
re past
mis hap
cairn' ness
stretch ing
fit ness
con' tra ry
ob sti nate
fu ri cms
pli a ble
te di cms
tem po ral
ad he' sive
e da cicms 67
in ter nal
mo ment cms
ma lig nant
fu ga cious 67
ter. nf ic
%j u dite
mal a pert
in ex pert'
im ma ture
in dis tinct
-Adjectives.-
op' po $ite
stub born
vT o lent
flex i ble
wecz ri some
sec u lar 40
te na' czems 67
vo ra czems 67
in tSs tine
im por tant
ma li" cious
vol' a tile
ter ri ble
in struct' ed
im' pu dent
un skill' ful
im per feet
con f u$ed'
ad' verse
will' ful
rag ing
pli ant
tire some
world ly
stick ing
greed y
in ward
wgic/At y
ma %n'
fly' ing
iright ful
learn ed
sru cy
awk ward
un ripe'
ob scure
70
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINED
ab' ro gate
€om mis' sion 80
dSv' as tate
dep re date
ne go' ti ate 71
r&v' er encuke
-Miscellaneous. -
op po $1" tzon
in tro due' tion 79
pre con ceived!
an tic' i pate
o rig i nal
par tic u lar 40
lam' ent a ble
fash ion a ble
sol i ta ry
val u a ble 40
me thSd' ic al
in tel li gence
dis en tan" gle
de f 1" cien cy
ad mi ra' tion 79
awg men ta tion
ir rSv' er ent
rep re hSn' sion 78
gSd' fly
bean fly
a phis 46
bSt fly
ox fly
wee vil
Salts.
al' um
ep som
bo rax
glawb er's
gyp sum
Bedding.
blank' et
ham mock
mat tress
pal let
era die
pil low
spoons
screen
stands
t6ng$
my
urns
wheels 49
dish' e$
chi na
ba sins
buck ets
plat ter$
so fa
sSl vers
ta bles
shov els
pftch er$
bel lows
7
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
SECTION XXI.
Y Misc
ce 18b' ri ty
sllaneous
re nown'
fame
Water.
bay
in gen u cms 40
ean' did
frSnk
eove
eri te ri on
stand ard
rule
ereek
fas tid i tfus
squeam ish 62
nice
flood
de mar ka' tion 79
lim it
bound
frith
ex pe di" taon
par tic' i pate
nu' ga to ry
dis pa£ch'
speed
share
gulf
par take
fu til ^
lake
use' less 40
pond
a bom' i nate
ab hor'
de test'
pool
in ait gu rate
in duet
in vest
rill
pro eras ti nate
cle ier
de lay
sea
■nrno* nn? tip afp
JJl '-'q IlWO Lit* CILC
L\J L C It'll
brook
re T)ii di ate
X \j IJ U Vll CI \J\J
dis -fiard
Villi) \A.
AO LOU
ob lit er ate
e rase
ef face
stream
ab bre vi ate
a bricZgg
short' en
sound
ex pa tri ate
?x' Tie
ban ish
burn
ac eel' er ate
has' ten
quick' en 62
Land.
as sid u ous 40
sed u bus 40
dil i gent
earth
mat' ri mo njr
wed lock
mar riage
cape
rep ii ta' tion^
re pute'
tre' mor
ered it
isle
trep i da tion
trem bling
piat
se vgr' i ty
rig or
strict ness
state
in kj ui tous5f.
wick ed
un just'
eare' les3
town
in ad vert' ent
heed less
Beds.
ar til' le ry
ord nance
€£in non
eouch
•eom pat i h\e
in teg ri ty
eon slst' ent
suit a hie
eot
prob i ty
Aon est y
bunk
mu nif i cent
gen er cms
lib er al
Earths.
pe ti" tion er
sup pli
Petri fac' tion, a turning to stone.
, Putre faction, process of rotting.
{ Sta' tion a ry, fixed in a place. ;
! Sta tion er y, paper, pens, &c.
80
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
SECTION XXV.
Miscellaneous.
cir' €um stance
be nSv' o \ence
ex pe di ent
eon sum ma' tion 79
eom pe ti" tion
op er a' tion
ob li ga tion
ma lSv' o lenc£
in ves ti gate
ex hil a rate
mag nif i cent
dex ter i ty
&d' ver sa ry
ig no min y
ep i der' mis
un der stUnd lag
«on di" tion
char' i ty
suit a hie
«om pie' tion
rf val ry
a gen cy
■e5n traet
en mi ty
seru ti nize
en IV en
ma jes tie
ex pert ness
Sn' e my
in fa my
«u ti e\e
in tel leet
state
Y6ve
fit
end
strife
work
bSnd
spite
search
cheer
grand
skill
foe
skin
mind
de bil' i tate
ex ten u ate 40
ob strep er ous
e pit o me
ex te ri or
e lu ci date
hab i ta' tion 79
eon' tu me ly
an i mad vert'
ex 8n' er ate
ex ter min ate
su per flu ous
oe €u pa' tion
laz a r&t to
re ver' ber ate
5? ' :Sl ent
al ter ea' tion
il lus' tri ous
m noe u 0us
40
e ner' vate
pSl' li ate
elam or ous
a briog' ment
ex ter nal
il lus trate
rS$ i dence
in so lence
€rit i ci$e
dis bur' den
ex ttr pate
re dun dant
em ploy ment
h6s' pi tal
re S«h' o
sub mis sivs
eon ten tion
Sm' i nent
in no cent
weak' en
less en
noi $y
Sb straet
out ward
ex plain'
a bode
re proach
cen' sure 69
ac quit' 62
de stroy
use' less 40
bu$ i ness 17
pSst-house
re Sound'
du' ti M
dis pute'
fa' mous
harm less
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
83
SE
pro fi" c/en cy
com pul' so ry
ad vent ure some 40
de mon stra tive
es tab lished 82
un cir cum spect
e vent u ate 40
con ter mi nous
con tu ma' cious 67
sus ten ta tion 79
dis po $i" tion
des pe ra, tion
en ter tain ment
€om pat' i ble
con sum ma' tion
par tic' i pant
in cli na' tion
CTION XXVIII.
Miscellaneous.-
de veT op ment
dis con so late
as ton ish ment
de cT phered 46
com pre hen' sive
per' emp to ry
sane ti mo ny
su per vl' $or
en er get ie
in' do lent ly
mol es ta' tion 79
neg' li gent ly
ob seu ra' tion
ob 7 sti nate ly
o ver rfiT ing
pas siv' i ty
pit' i ful ness
in ad' e quate 62
in an i mate
ad vance' ment
€om pel ling
haz' ard ows
con clu' sive
con firmed
in $2lu tzous 71
term' in ate
bor der ing
8b sti nate
mam te nance
ar range' ment
hope' less ness
a mu$e' ment
•eon sist ent
com pie tion 79
par tak er
tend' en cy
dis clo$' ure 89
de ject ed
a maze ment
ex plained
ca pa cwus 67
ab' so lute
de vout' ness
o ver seer'
vig' or ous
slug gish ly
an noy' ance
heed' less ly
ob scur' ing
stub' born ly
con trol' ling
pas' sive ness
ten der ness
in com plete'*
spir' it less
prog' ress
for cing
dar ing
cer tain
fixed 82
heed' less
is sue 76
touch ing
per verse'
sup port
meth od
de spair'
treat' ment
fit ting
end ing
shar er
lean ing;
un fold' ing
com' fort less
con fu' $ion 91
un fold ed
ex ten sive
po$ i tive
ho li ness
in spect' or
for' ci ble
la zi ly
dis turb' ance
re miss ly
dark' en ing
will ful ly
di rect' ing
sub mis sion 80
com pas sion
de feet \ve
in act ive
84
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
e moll' ient 39
ef front er y
per dp i ent
un der tak' ing
re Sid' u urn 40
nec' es sa ry
ti mid' i ty
eon see u tive 40
in cip i ent
in ad vert' ence
im prls' on ment
im mac u late 40
im per a tive
cir cum fer ence
i ras ci h\e
in firm i ty
re sus ci tate
— Miscellaneous.
le' ni ent
im pu dence
per cep tive
ad vent ure 40
re mam der
es sen tiai 71
eow' ard ice
sue ceed' ing
be gin ning
nSg' li gence
eon fine' ment
un de filed'
im pe' ri 011s
pe riph er y 46
Ir 7 ri ta h\e
weak ness
re vi v' i fy
s6f£' en ing
saw ci ness
per ceiv' ing
Sn' ter prise
re$ i due
req ui $itd# ■
fear ful ness
f oi low ing
•com menc' ing
o' ver si^At
re stramt'
spSt' less
com mand' ing
pe rim e ter
pas' sion
di$ ease'
re vive
cer e mo' ni ous
eon ti gu i ty
e €0 nSm ic al
in di vid u al 40
plu vi am e ter
pri mo ge ni al
hy per bo re an
an i mos i ty
le Sg i nous
per spi eu i ty
sub i ta ne oxxs
su per cil i oxxs
sub sid' i a ry
di lap i da teel
hi e ro glyph f ie 4 ^
in fat u a tion^
im' po tent ly
ex pe' di en cy
in tSn tion al ly
form' al
•eon tact
fru gal
sin" g\e
ram'-gawge
first-born
north ern
ha tred
oily
clear ness
sud den
h&ugh ty
aid ing
de eayed'
gin' blem
folly
weak ly
fit ness
de $igri ed ly
Buildings.
ar' se nal
h6s pi tal
mu $e' um
meet' ing house
nun ner y
syn a gogue
the a ter
ea the' dral
pan the' on
ro tun da
state'-pris' on
Quadrupeds.
ich neu' mon
pos sum
kan" ga roo'
eha me' le on
zo 8ph a gaii 4 " 3
ar ma dll' lo
4
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DE FINER.
85
SECTION XXIX.
in seru' ta ble
de fin i tive
vil' kin ous ly
eom pla' cen cy
pro mul ga' tion 79
con tern pla tion
cor re spSnd ent
punct' u al ly 40
in ai6 spl" cious
at tent' ive ly
dec la ra' tion
dis re spect ful
de spite' ful ly
cir cum ven' tion
a name' ment
di ver si ty
-Miscellaneous.-
un search' a ble
de term in ate
in' fa mous ly
ap pro ba' tion 79
pub li ca tion
med i ta tion
&n' swev a ble
scru pu bus ly
un fort' u nate 40
dil i gent ly
af fir ma tion
ir rev' er ent
ma li" czous ly
im po $1" tzon
rec re a' tion
dif fer ence
hid' dm
f I nal
base ly
plea$ ure 89
no t\ce
stud y
suit ed
ex act' ly
un luck y
care' ful ly
as ser' tion 79
un civ il
scorn' ful ly
de cep' tion
di ver sion 78
un like ness
af fee tion ate ly 79
dis a gree' a ble
dis sat is f ac' tion
com mi$ er a tion
com pli mSnt' a ry
con spic' u (?us ly 40
cir cum ro' ta ry
de term in a' tion
de bil i ta tion
del e te' ri ous
con tu me li ous
de rog' a to ry
vol a til' i ty
in ju' ri cms ly
so lie i tude
so lie it a' tion
ac ri mo' ni ous
eOQ tra diet o ry
de form' i ty
ten' der ly
un ple#$' ant
dis con tent'
com pas' sion 80
o blig ing
o' pen ly
re volv' ing
de ci$ ion 92
fee' ble ness
de struct' iv<2
re proach ful
de tract ing
live' li ness
hurt fill ly
anx 1 e ty
sup pli ca' tion 79
cor ro' sive
in con slst' ent
de face' ment
16v ; ing ly
of f en ; sive
dis like'
pit'y
civ il
pi am ly
turn ing
piir pose
weak ness
dead ly
a bu' s\ve
de grad ing
W i ty
wrong ful ly
earn est ness
en treat' y
sharp
c<5n' tra ry
86
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
r Miscellaneous.
e qui lib' ri urn 62
as si du i ty
het' e ro dox y
dis sat is f ae' to ry
flex i Ml' i ty
in ter mu ta' tion 79
re pu di a tion
el e ment' a ry
in u til i ty 40 N
in ter lo eu' tion
dis rep' u. ta bk 40
dis Aon or a hie
dis eon tin' u ance 40
dis a gree a bly
sub or di na' tion
cir eum am' bi ent
eon fra ter ni ty
e qui poi$£
dil i genc<2
her e sy
dis plea$' ing
pli' an cy
in ter change
re jee' tion 79
pri' ma ry
use less ness 40
di a \ovue
dis grace' ful
re proach ful
ces sa tion
un plea$ ant ly
sub jee tion
sur round ing
bro^th' er hood
Great Circles on
the Globe.
e qua' tor 62 I
ho ri zon
e clip tie
eo lure$'
me rid' i an
Smaller Circles.
trop' ies
po' lar-
cir ek$
Planets.
Mer' eu ry
Ve nus
Earth
Mar$
Ju' pi ter
Sat urn
eom mu ni ea' tion' 9
a bom' i na bl<2
vo eab u la ry 40
in ter po $1" tion
in ter pret a tion
in sin cer' i ty
in har mo ni
Words of opposite Meaning.
as pire'
to
aim at.
lav ish
fru' gal
ab seind
to
cut off.
pa ti'ent 71
iret iul
ar rive
to
come to.
pub lie
pri vate
win ter
as sSnt
to
agree to.
sum mer
an nex
to
join to.
sim pie
■eom plex
be set
to
hem in.
si lent
noi $y
be take
to
resort to.
slack en
quick en 62
de jeet
to
cast down.
up per
un der
de -eant
to
pour off.
wi$ dom
fol ly
na dir
e mit
to
send out.
ze nith
ex seind
to
cut off.
ad vance
re treat
e rase
to
blot out.
a dSpt
re jeet
ex -el ami
to
cry out.
a bove
be low
ex pel
to
drive out.
a fore
a baft
ef face
to
blot out.
af firm
de ny
re lapse
to
slide back.
be fore
be hind
re cede
to
move back.
de grade
ex alt
in jSet'
se leet
in sert
af fix
de duce
de volve
de traet
dis burse
ex empt
ex punge
in fli-et
re vert
re drSss
re Serve
re store
re -eline
pre cede
se elude
seuT fle
to cast in.
to pick out.
to set in.
to fix to.
to draw from,
to roll down,
to take from,
to pay out.
to free from,
to blot out.
to lay on.
to turn back,
to set right,
to keep back,
to give back,
to lean back,
to go before,
to shut out.
to struggle with.
di re^t'
di verge
dis sSnt
en eamp
in duce
in erease
in hale
in spire
di vine
pro fane
as cSnd
ar rive
in vSlve
in -elude
a bridge
en list
lim' pid
tor rid
-ere ate'
m verse
con verge
€on sSnt
de -eamp
e duce
de crease
ex hale
ex pire
hu' man
sa cred
de se&nd'
de part
e vftlve
ex elude
en large
dis b&nd
tfir' bid
frig id
de stroy'
90
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
ab seSnd'
as perse
•eon volve
■eon voke
de rive
en twine
im bibe
im pinge
pro pel
re buff
sub scribe
prQs' trate
ef fu$e'
ex alt
ex Set
ex peet
ex trade
-Verbs, Nouus, Adj.-
Words of opposite Meaning.
to hide from,
to cast censure,
to roll together,
to call together.
to deduce-, to draw from.
to twist around,
to drink in.
to dash against,
to drive forward,
to beat back,
to write under,
to lay or fall flat,
to pour out.
to lift high,
to demand,
to look for.
to thrust out.
lib' sent
cheer ful
cen ter
dam age
doub le
eld est
free dom
for mer
feel in£
hith er
home ly
ho ly
hilly
im port
in let
in come
mi $er
pre$' ent
so ber
stir face
prof it
sin" gle
young' est
slav er y
lSt ter
numb ness
tiiith er
hancZ some
sin ful
lev el
export
out let
out lay
spend thrift
blub' ber
€of fer
du el
ex cl$e'
gr&v' el
glim mer
idol
im post
mon soon$'
si' phon 46
skir mish
tal on
dis tinct'
era vat
ex tant
al' ley
s§ quel 62
mis date'
lub' ber
fat of whales,
a money-chest.
a fight between two persons.
duty on home goods,
coarse sand,
a faint light,
a heathen god.
a duty on goods,
periodical winds,
a bent tube or pipe,
a slight fight,
a bird's claw,
different from,
a neck-cloth,
now in being,
a narrow way.
a succeeding part,
a wrong date,
a clumsy fellow.
mat' ter
ma jor
rum hie
o pen
love ly
tight en
black en
quick en 62
fall en
short en
stop page
skit tish
tru ly
a like'
im prSss'
in' gress
in jgct'
in' ward
for w r ard
spir' it
ml nor
clum $y
-elosed
hate ful
loos en
whit en
slack en
ri$ en
length en
pas sage
gen tie
false ly
un like'
ex press'
e' gress
e jeet'
out' ward
back ward
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
91
SECTION XXXI.
-Nouns. N Names of Towns.
a colored mineral. Aits' tin
a close assembly. An son
a small anchor. Al fred
a defamatory writing. Am Aerst
a plant used for dyeing. Bea ver
a jewel at the ear. Chel sea
a wandering traveler. Court land
a clearing away. <£ats kill
a fallacious argument. -Car ll$le'
a written discourse. Deer' field
a vessel with two masts. Dun kirk
a common man. En field
a rapid stream. Fair field
a round of business. Fish kill
a cap of false hair. Free hold
half the files of a company. Gail ford
•era?/ on
eon -elave
grap nel
IT bel
mad der
pend ant
pil grim
rid dancun' try
the tongue
the fo' cus
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
1-03
SECTION XXXVII.
Repeat the caption with any word in the
defines its opposite word in the first column,
out blame.
blame' less
braz'n less
beard less
eloud less
eye less
faith less
fnend less
fault less
fear less
grace less
guilt less
guile less
hope less
-Without-
fclame
sSnse
beard
clouds
eyes
faith
friSnds
faults
fear
grace
guilt
guile
hope
second column, and it
Thu9, blameless, with-
Countries of Europe.
Aus' tri a
Ba den
Ba va' ri a
Bo he mi a
BSr gi um
Den mark
Eng land 14
Flan der$
France
Ger' ma ny
Greece
H&n' o ver
Hoi land
heed' less
harm less
help less
jmce less
life less
leaf less
law less
noise less
rSst less
sight less
shame less
stain less
sleep less
s£nse less
tooth less
tear less
taste less
Snd less
joy less
«are
harm
hSlp
jmce
life
leaves
law
noise
rest
sight
shame
stams
sleep
sSnse
teeth
tears
taste
end
Hun" ga ry
Ire land
It a ly
Lap land
Nor way
Po land
Port u gal
Prus sza *
Bus sia f
Sax o ny
Seot land
Spam
Swe' den
Swit zer land
Tiir key
Wales
Wir tern burg
• Pru' sha or Prush' a.
t Ru' sha or Rush' a.
104: TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
SECTION XXXVIII.
Repeat the caption at the head of the eolumns with any word in
the second column of the couplets, and it defines its opposite word in
the first column. Thus, blackish, somewhat black.
Somewhat-
black' ish
black
^ A little, or £
bur let
l SP»9ll N
ball
-eool ish
cool
fil let
band
dusk ish
dusk
glob ule 40
globe
damp ish
damp
gran ule 40
gram
f amt ish
faint
hill ock
hill
i'ltJdl l&H
rpv»o din
cell
po ny
L T\ T*C! O
11UI bt?
gray isn
gray
pull ty
1X7 r» AA
wiieei
11C/ W loll
IlUVV
pup pui
U.Oi.1
jr\\ r\ ink
U1U. lbU
OKI
pen nant
nag
pai lOll
pale
pal let
oeu.
vAn w r\ ion
IUUI1U. lbll
lOUIlUL
peo vie
stone
cm oil 1 C5 ri
bLLiall lbll
sm^ll
runu ieu
■cask
CI A It. IQn
oalO loll
balu
VI VI or lof
J. 1 LI i_ lt?U
ring
sour ish
sour
rip' pl#
wave
sick ish
sick
mor sel
piece
soft ish
sfift
sach el
bag
sweet ish
sweet
stream let
stream
wSt tish
wBt
lSm6 kin
lSm6
whit ish
white
duck ling
duck
Like a
leaf let
leaf
boy' ish
boy
bil let
lgt' ter
child ish
child
ham let
vil lage
€olt ish
colt
Isl et
Tsl and
girl ish
girl
pSn iard 39
d2g ger
wolf ish
wolf
pust ule 40
pirn pie
fool ish
fool
par eel
bun die
mul ish
mule
round let
cir ele
f 8p pish
brut ish
fSp
brute
tab let
ta hie
tur ret
tow er
elown ish
clown
vi al
bSt tie
Jcn&v ish
&nave
cask et
box
slut tish
slut
riv u let 40
brook
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
105;
Pertaining or relating to
ce ta' ceous 67 whales
di ur nal
noe tiir nal
lach' ry mal
sac er do' tal
t&m' po ral
Consisting of, or containing
lae te al
fo ren' sic
bal' ne al
cor o nal
fes ti val
lin e ar
ma ter' nal
pa ter nal
bib' li cal
cer e bral
cor po ral
<%
mght
tear$
priests
time
milk
courts
a bath
a erown
a feast
a line
a moth' er
a fa ther
the Bi b\e
the bram
the bSd' y ■
a que ous^
vit re ous
fer re ous
sco ri ous
pul ver cms
ig ne ous
f I brous
pi lose'
sa line
me tal' lie
ma te ri al
gan" guin' e ous 3
wool' ly
spi nous
grass y
tiirf y
earth y
w& ter
glass
I ron 85
drciss
dust
fire
fi' ber$
hazr
salt
mSt' al
mat ter
blood
wool
thorn$
grass
turfs
earth
clSr' ic al
dig it al
la bi al
lat er al
pee to ral
gut tur al
hu mer al
max il lar
fern i nin<2
in fant ine
ce les' tial 39
he ro ic
of f i" cfal
fra ter' nal
nu m8r ic al
hi ber nal
oph thai mic 46
pftp' u lar 40
se pul' ehral
the -eler' gy
the fin" ger
the lips
the side
the brgast
the throat
the should' er
the j&w bone
fe' males
in fants
heav en
he roe$
of fice
broth er$
nam ber
win ter
the eye
the peo' pie
bu' ri al 11
Resembling or
ser' rate
glo D0U3
milk y
o val
spi ral
gla cwus 67
os se ous
nSb u bus 40
u ve ous 40
niv e 0us
an nu lar
stel late
tu bu lar
ret i cule
cir cu lar
ser pen tine
eap il la ry
fi la' ceousF
v27
like
a saz/j
a globe
milk
an egg
a screw'*
Tee
bone
a cloud
a grape
snow
a ring
a star
a tube
a net
a cir' ele
a ser pent
a hazr
threads
106
SECTION XXXIX.
Repeat the caption with any word in the second column, and it
defines its opposite word in the first column ; thus, delusive, having
a tendency to deceive.
-Having a tendency to — - ^ r Implies-
de lu sive
de ceive'
a vawnt'
be g<3ne'
dis sua sive 36
dis suade 36
a foot
OKI foot
dif fu sive
dif fu$e
a bed
in bed
de prSss ive
do press
a drift
a float
de struct ive
de stroy
a side
a part
de cep tive
de lude
a frSsh
a new 22
as sua sive 36
as suage 36
a slope
a slant
in cen sive
pro voke
a thwart
a cross
pro mo tive
ad vance
aloft
on high
pre vent ive
pre vent
a do
bus' tie
eon sump tive
con sume
a shore
on shore
re pul sive
il lu sive
re pel
a dievi
fare wSll'
mis lead
a nSn
quick' ly
con du' cive
pro mote'
ph a gous 46
ver miv o rous
bae civ o rous
gram in iv' o reus
Having
eor nig' er ous
ehe lif er p' ard
mam moth
monk ey
pan ther
rae eoon'
rein' deer 1
ze bra
Instruments
of Music.
elaY i on
flag eo let
dul ci mer
tam hour 'ine'
vi o lin
vi o' la
ser' a phi'ne
ae eor' di on
mel o de on
112
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
The Doctrine of, or
Op' ties
phy$ ies 46
teeh m€3
eth i«s
stat ies
po St' i«s
pho net ies 46
a €ous ties
har raon ies
sta tist i-es
hy dr%u\ ies
pol' i ties
gno mSn' ie$
sci op ties
mne mon i-es
ehro mat ies
mag net ies
a 40
the Science which treats of
light
nat' tire'
arts
mor' als
b5d' ie$ at rest,
po' e try
^sounds
mu' $ie al sounds,
state of the eoun' try.
mo' tion of flu' ids.
gov' em ment
di' al ing
cam' e ra ob seu' ra
mem' o ry
€ol' or$
mfc' net i$m
Crimea.
Br 1 son
as sattlt'
burg' la ry
big a my
cheat ing
ex tor' tion 79
gam' ing
gam bling
trea $on
lar ce ny
mlir der
mazm ing
per' ju ry
poi $' 6er Bid' den Sna// joish Re be//' ion 39
Ra.7 Pft Stir Re mi*'
Ra/7' yed Pif' fance Stirred Re mit' tance
Fan Skim Smttl Be gin'
Fan' ny Skim' mer Sma?' ty Be gin' ning
Ro£ Kno* Spin ' De mur'
E6£' /en Knck 1 Spin' ning De nattr' rage
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFLNER. 119
EXCEPTIONS, When the accent of the primitive word is
changed in the derivative, the final consonant is not doubled ;
as,
Confer' Pre tor* De ffcrf Infer'
€on' fer ence Prgf er a ble Def er e"n' tial 71 lu fer eV tial 71
Rule 6. Words ending w T ith a single consonant preceded
by a digraph or diphthong, and words not accented on the last
syllable, and those also not ending with a single consonant, do
not double the final consonant, when a suffix beginning with a
vowel is added ; as,
Sai/ Brown Trav' el Mel*
Sai/' or Brown' ish Trav' el er MS]/ 1 ing
€on cea/' Be elouc/' Sim' i lar Re eord 1
-Con cea/' ing Be e\oud' ed Sim i lar' i ty Re core/' er
Exception 1. Some words, without regard to accent,
double the final consonant, principally because it is doubled in
the languages from which the words are derived ; as,
.€an' eel €r^s' tal Ex ce7' Tran' qui/ 52
-Can eel /a' tion 79 Crys' id /ize £x' eel /ence Tran qui/' li ty
Exception 2. If one letter of the digraph is dropped
when a suffix is added, the final consonant is sometimes doub-
led ; as, fiiiT, fa/' h ble ; appeal, ap pe/'/ant.
Rule 7. Words ending in er or or sometimes drop the e \
or o before a suffix beginning with a vowel ; as,
Ti' ger Re mSm' ber le' tor Ad min is tra' tor
Ti' gress Re mem' bxance Xe f tress Ad min is tra' trix
Rule 8. Words ending in ble drop le before the suffix ly ;
but, when they take the suffix ity s the e only is dropped, and
an i is inserted between the b and / ; as,
Hum' ble Fee' ble a ble No' ble
Hum' bly Fee' bly a bil' i ty No biV i ty
Rule 9. When the suffix ion or ive is added to words
ending in d, ade, ide, ode, ude, vert, and a few in ent, the final
d, de, or t is changed to s ; as,
De sceW De cioV "Con clfwfe' Dis sSnf'
De seen' sion 78 De e\$ ion 92 Con elu' fion 91 Dis sen sion 78
In vade' Ex plur/e' Di vert' In cluoV
In va' *ion 91 Ex plu' sive Di v£r' sion 78 In elu' sive
120 TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
Rule 10. Words ending in ate drop te before the suffix
ble, cy, or ry ; and those ending in ant or ent drop t before ce
or cy ; as>
es' ti mate Lit' er ate in' stanf -Con' stanf
es' ti ma ble Lit' er a ry In' stance €on' stan cy
in' tri eate Xr' bi trate ad' sent Flu' en£
in' tri ea cy Ar' bi tra ty Ab' sence Flu' en cy
Rule 11. Words ending in scribe change be into p before
the suffix tion or tive ; as,
As eri&e' In seri&e' Be seri&e' Pro serine'
As cri// tion 79 In seri^' tion 79 De seri// tive Pro serf// tive
Rule 12. Words ending in solve or volve change ve into
u before the suffix tion and some others ; as,
: Dis solre' Ab solre' In voire' -Gon voice'
Dis so lu' tion 79 Ab sol' u to ry 40 In vo W tion 79 €on' vo \u ted
Rule 13. Words ending with a double letter preserve it
double in all their derivatives formed either by prefixes or
suffixes ; as,
Bnjf See Du/J Free
Re buy Fore see' DM' ness Free' ly
Spe7/ Gross UAff Glass
Mis spe//' Engross Mti^' less Glass' y
Exceptions. Words ending in // when they take a suffix
beginning with /, and some irregular derivations from verbs
ending in 11 or 55, and also the derivatives of the word pontiff
and some others, drop one of the double letters ; as,
Hill Shall Bless Ton' tiff
Hi/' ly Shaft B16st Pon ti/'i eal
Ti// Will mil Pontl/Meate
Un ti/' Wi/t An nu/' An nu/ f merit
Rule 14. Compound words are generally spelled like the
simple words of - which they are composed ; as, foe'-man,
horse'-shoe, mill'-dam.
Exceptions. Full, when unaccented, or when used merely
as a suffix, miss (to err), when used as a prefix, and some
other simple words ending in //, when they form permanent
compounds, drop one of the double letters ; as,
Fu/i Full Miss WM aU Buff
Fu/ fill' Fear' fui Mis rule' We/' fare \l most' Bu/' rush
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
121
SECTION II.
THE SUFFIXES DEFINED AND EXEMPLIFIED.
A root is a primitive or simple word, from which derivative
words are formed by means of suffixes and prefixes ; as, fruit in
fruit' less.
A suffix is a letter, syllable, or word added or annexed to a
root or primitive word, in the formation of derivatives ; as, less in
fruit' less, ful in fruit' ful.
At the commencement of every Table under this Section and the
following, the teacher is expected to make all necessary explana-
tions, and to propose as many questions as are needful to familiar- j
ize each scholar in his class with the meaning and application of the j
given suffixes or prefixes.
One example or more is given at the head of each Table, show-
ing the ma^aer and order of forming and defining all the other
words in the lesson. The order is designated by figures ; and the
scholars must supply the meaning of each derivative word in the
table, in accordance with the illustrative example or examples.
As the noun, adjective, verb, adverb, and participle are so fre-
quently referred to in the following tables, we here introduce a
brief definition and illustration of each one.
A noun is the name of an object or of some abstract quality of
it; as, man, apple, virtue.
An adjective is a word joined to a noun or pronoun, to qualify
or limit *'s meaning; as, a sweet apple, five men.
A vev;b is a word by means of which something is affirmed ; as,
I men live, birds sing, I am loved.
An adverb is a word joined to a verb, an adjective, or another
| adverb, to modify its meaning ; as, birds sing sweetly, a very good
man, he walks quite fast.
A participle is a word derived from a verb, and partakes of
I the properties of a verb and an adjective ; as, the following tables,
! diligently studied, will richly repay the pupil for giving them his
; unwearied attention.
The suffix or prefix, when joined with a primitive word, and also
: its peculiar signification, are printed in italics.
U
122
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
The illustrative examples, and all other words to be spelled and
defined, are divided into syllables, accented, and their proper
pronunciation indicated in the same manner, as in other parts of
the book.
The formation of derivative words by suffixes furnishes a practi-
cal application of the Rules for Spelling ; and references are made,
in each table, from the examples illustrating them. The teacher
must invariably require the pupils to show the application of the
Rules or Exceptions referred to.
For a further explanation of Part Third, see pages 115 and
116.
TABLE I.
The Suffix Less, Defined and Exemplified.
Less, as a suffix, means without ; destitute of; wanting. The roots or
primitive words in this table are nouns; but, when less is added, the
derivatives thus formed are adjectives.
Manner and Order of Forming and Defining the Words.
Root and Definition. Derivative and Definition.
1. -Cash, money; coin. 2. -Cash' less, without money ; without cash.
Bound, a limit.
Bound' less,
Qause, a reason.
Caj7$^' less*
Child, an infant.
Child' less,
Doubt, uncertainty.
Doubt' less,
Dream, thoughts in sleep.
Dream' less,
end, termination.
£nd' less,
Grief, sorrow ; sadness.
Grief' less,
Match, an equal.
Match' less,
Spell and Define.
Law, a rule of action.
Latf' less,
Life, existence.
Life' less*
NoiS£, any sound.
KOISS' LESS*
Path, a road ; a way.
Path' less,
Point a sharp end.
Point' less,
P£st, repose ; quiet.
B£st' less,
Sf NS£, understanding.
Sensj' less*
Sleep, rest ; repose.
Sleep' less,
* See Rule 2 page 117.
Track, a footprint; a
Track' less, [mark.
Thorn, a sharp point ; a
Thorn' less, [spine.
Bot' tom, a foundation.
B6t' tom LESS,
Com' fort, consolation.
Com' fort less,
Fa'ther, a male parent.
FX' ther less,
Moth' er, a female par-
Moth' er less, [ent.
Mo' tion, 79 a movement.
Mo' TION LESS,
Shel' ter, a cover.
Shel' ter less.
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
123
TABLE II.
The Suffixes Ful, Ose, and Y, Defined and Exemplified.
Ful, ose, or Y implies full of; abundance of; abounding in or with ;
having much; as much as. Y sometimes implies belonging to; like or
pertaining to; consisting of.
In this table, the roots or primitives are defined as nouns. The deriva-
tives, with the exception of pailful, are adjectives.
Manner and Order of Forming and Defining the Words.
1. Plaf, sport or merriment. 1. Palm, a tree and its fruit.
2. Plaf' ful, full of sport or play. 2. Palm' f,* abounding ivith palms.
Spell and Define.
Bliss, happiness. De vice', contrivance. Dis trCst', suspicion.
BlIss' fulJ De vice' ful,% Dis trust' ful,
Fraud, deceit; guile. Dis gust', dislike. Verb, a word.
Fraud' ful, Dis gust' ful, Ver bose',*
Pe^ice, composure; Dis tress', pain; anguish. Wa' ter, a common
Feace' ful t t [quiet. Dis tress' ful ft Wa' ter r,* [fluid.
Spite, malice ; hate. Re gard', respect ; esteem. Pail, a common ves-
Spite' ful,% Re gard' ful, Pail' ful. [sel.
TABLE III.
The Suffixes Ful and Less in Connection with the Same
Root.
Let the pupil observe and explain the opposite import of the deriva-
tives, formed by the alternate use of these suffixes.
Manner and Order of Forming and Defining the Words.
1. Pain, distress of some kind. 2. Pain' ful, fidl of pain or distress.
3. Pain' less, without pain or distress.
art, skilL; craftiness,
art' ful,
art' less,
* Rule 6, page 119.
Spell and Define.
Mirth, merriment.
Mirth' ful,
Mirth' less,
t Rule 13, page 120.
Hope, expectation.
Hope' ful,\
Hope' less,\
\ Rule 2, page 117.
124 TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
-Care, anxiety; oversight. Need, want; necessity. Change, alteration.
C are' ful* Need' ful, Change' ful,*
Care' lesS,* 'Need' less, Change' less,*
Fear, dread ; reverence. Praf' er, a petition. Joy, gladness; bliss.
Fear' ful, Praf' er ful, Joy' ful,
Fear' less, Praf' er les,s, [grace. Joy' less, [pity.
Fa ult, a defect ; error. Shame, reproach; dis- Mer' cy, clemency;
Fault 1 ful, Shame' ful* Mer' ci fulJ
Fault 1 less, Shame' less* [idea. Mer' ci less J
Getile, deceit; cunning. Thought 5 , reflection ; Pit' y, compassion.
Gi7ile' ful* Thought' ful, Pit' i ful,X
Guile' less * Thought' less, Pit' i less,]
TABLE IV.
The Suffix Ish, Defined and Exemplified.
Ish, with nouns, implies like, or somewhat like; with adjectives, it im-
plies somewhat. The primitives in the first column are nouns, in the
second and third, adjectives. All the derivatives are adjectives.
Define the first column like brute, and the second and third like
small.
Manner and Order of Forming and Defining the Words.
1. Brute, an irrational animal. 1. Small, little; trifling.
2. Brut' ish, % like a brute. 2. Small' ish, somewhat small.
Spell and Define.
Boy, a male youth. old, aged ; not new. Graf, of mixed color.
Boy' ish, § old' ish, || Graf' ish, §
Dwarf, very small per- Blue, of a particular Wet, containing water.
Dwarf' ish, || [son. Blu' ish, $ [color. Wet' tish, 1
\ ATnave, a dishonest Black, of the darkest Gool, moderately cold.
TTnav' ish, X [man. Black' ish, [color. €ool' ish, ||
1 Mule, a mongrel ani- Brown, of a dark Sour, tart, as vinegar.
Mul' ish, X [mal. Brown' ish, \\ [color. Sour' ish, ||
Slut, a dirty woman. Dusk, a little dark. Sick, affected with dis-
Slut' tish,H Dusk' ish, Sick' ish, [ease.
* Rule 2, page 117. t Rule 3, page 117. % Rule 1, page 117.
§ Rule 4, page 118. || Rule 6, page 119. IT Rule 5, page 118.
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER. 125
TABLE V.
The Suffixes Er, Or, Ar, &c., Defined and Exemplified.
Er, DR, AR, ARD, AN, EE, EER, IAN, IER, ISAN, 1ST, ITE, NER, i
ster, yer, or zen, implies the person who; one who; or the thing'
which. An or ar sometimes implies pertaining to or relating to. The
primitives are verbs, nouns, or adjectives. The derivatives are nouns,
, or adjectives.
Manner and Order of Forming and Defining the Words.
1. Bittld, to make, as a honse. 1. P£r' sia, c9 the name of a country.
, 2. Build' em* one who builds. 2. Per' sian, pertaining to Persia.
Spell and Define.
Deml, to buy and sell. Vis' it, to go to see an- art, skill ; dexterity.
Deal' er* Vis' it or* [other, art' i $an* [to nature.
Drum, to beat a drum. Beg, to ask alms. Nat' u ral, 40 according
Drum' M£i2,t Beg' gar,\ Nat' tj ral ist, *
| Hunt, to search for. Dote, to become silly Is' ra el, the son of
; Hunt' er* Do' tard, % [by age. Is' ra el ite* [Isaac, j
! Le4d, to guide ; to con- Mis sis sip' pi, a state. Part, a share or por- i
Le^id' er* [duct. Mis sis sip' pi an, Part' ner, [ti-on. \
j Make, to create ; to Re fer', to leave to an- Trick, a cheat; decep- ■
Mak' er, X [form. Ref er ee 1 , \\ [other. Trick' ster, [tion.
R6b, to plunder. Fu' sil, alight musket. Latt, a statute.
R6b' BER,i Fu sil eer'* Latf' ter,
Scoff, to ridicule. Phys' ic, the art of heal- Cit' y, a large town.
Scoff' er, § Phy si" cian, [i-ng. Cit i zen,^
Vend, to sell ; to bar- Fi nance', revenue ; Line, a straight mark, j
Vend' er, * [ter. Fin an cier\ [income. Lin' e ar.
TABLE VI.
The Suffix En, Defined and Exemplified.
En, as a suffix, when added to nouns, means made of; but, when \
added to adjectives, it commonly means to make. The primitives in
the first column are nouns; but the derivatives formed by the addi-
* Rule 6, page 1 19. f Rule 5, page 118. % Rule 1, page 117.
§ Rule 13, page 120. || Ex. Rule 5, page 119. TT Rule 3, page 117.
\ 126 TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
tion of en are adjectives. The primitives in the second and third
columns are adjectives ; and the derivatives are verbs.
Manner and Order of Forming and Defining the Words.
'■ I. Wax [noun], a sticky substance. 1. Hard [adj.], solid; difficult.
2. Wax' en, made of wax. 2. Hard' en* to make hard.
Spell and Define.
Beech, the name of a Bright, shining ; clear. Like, similar.
Beech 7 en, [tree. Bright' en, LIk' en, X
ejlrth, soil ; the globe. De^if, unable to hear. Loose, slack ; not tight.
E4RTH' EN, Deaf' EN* LOOS' EN, J
Flax, a fibrous plant. Fat, fleshy; plump. Short, of little extent.
Flax' en, Fat' tenJ Short' en, *
Gold, a precious met- Glad, delighted ; joy- Sharp, keen ; painted.
Gold' en* [al. Glad' den,-\ [ful. Sharp' en, *
LiLiD, a soft metal. White, snowy ; pure. We^ik, feeble; hnirm.
Le^d' en* Whit' en, J We4k' en*
oak, the name of a tree. Flat, a dead-level. Wide, broad; extensive.
o^ik' en* Flat' ten,1[ Wid' en. X
TABLE VII.
The Suffix Ly, Defined and Exemplified.
Lt, added to nouns and thus forming adjectives, means like; but
when added to adjectives and thus forming adverbs, it means in a —
manner. The primitives in the first column are nouns ; in the second
i and third they are adjectives. The derivatives formed by adding ly to
| the former are adjectives; those formed by adding it to the latter are
adverbs.
Manner and Order of Forming and Defining the Words.
1. Man [noun], a human being. 1. Swift [adj.], quick; rapid.
2. Man' ly [adj.], like a man. 2. Swift' ly [ad.], in a swift manner.
Spell and Define.
Frz£nd, an intimate. Blind, wanting sight. Meek, mild ; humble.
Friend' ly, Blind' ly, Meek' ly,
* Rule 6, page 119. t Rule 5, page 118. % Rule 1, page 117.
TOWN'S SPELLEE AND DEFINER.
127
Ghost, an apparition.
GilOST' LTy
King, a sovereign.
King' if,
Prince, a king's son.
Prince' ir,*
Sa/nt, a holy person.
Saint' if,
€ow' ard, a timid per-
€ow' ard xf, [son.
Neigit'bor, one living
Neigxt' bor LT y [near.
Brave, courageous.
Brave' if, *
-Gross, peevish.
-Cross' if, t
Grave, sober ; serious.
Grave' ly, *
Kind, benevolent.
Kind' ly,
Gay, sportive ; lively.
Gaf' ly, t
Grand, magnificent.
Grand' ly,
Mean, base ; vile.
Mean' ly,
Neat, clean ; nice.
Neat' ly,
Proud, haughty.
Proud' ly,
Wise, having wisdom.
Wise' ly, *
So' ber, serious; temper-
So' ber xf, x [ate.
Pru' dent, discreet ; ju-
Pru' dent xf. [dicious.
TABLE YIIL
The Suffix Ed, Defined and Exemplified.
Ed, in the past tense of verbs or in participles, means did, was, or
were; but, in participial adjectives, it means having or being.
The primitives are defined as verbs ; and the derivatives formed by
the addition of ed are verbs or participles.
Manner and Order of Forming and Defining the Words.
I. Fold, to double over. 2. Fold' ed, § did fold, or was or were folded,
Spell and Define.
arch, to curve.
Fade, to lose color.
Loan, to lend.
ARCHED 82
Fad' ed, 1"
Loaned, §
Blast, to wither.
Fret, to vex ; to worry
Mar, to injure.
Blast' ed, §
Fret' ted, \\
Marked, |j
Bloat, to swell.
Filch, to steal.
Mend, to repair.
Bloat' ed, §
FlLCHXD, 82
M£ nd' ed, §
ChEck, to curb ; to stop.
Grant, to allow.
M6ck, to mimic.
Checkxd, 82
Grant' ed, §
Mocked, 82
Dip, to plunge.
Heal, to cure.
Part, to separate.
Dippxd, 82 ||
Healxd, §
Part' ed, §
Deck, to ornament,
Jerk, to twitch.
Skulk, to hide.
Decked, 82
Jerkjsd, 82
Skulked, 82
* Rule 2, page 1 ! 7.
t Rule 13, page 120.
+ Rule 4, page 118.
§ Rule 6, page 119.
|| Rule 5, page 118.
TT Rule 1, page 117.
128 TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
TABLE IX.
The Suffix Ness, Defined and Exemplified.
Ness most generally implies a state of being, or quality of. The
primitives are adjectives; but the derivatives are nouns.
Manner and Order of Forming and Defining the Words.
1. Base, mean ; vile ; worthless. 1. Lame, unsound in limb.
2. Base' ness, * the state or 2. Lame' ness, * the state of
quality of being mean. being lame.
Spell and Define.
apt, fitted ; suited. Bald, without hair. Hoarse, having a rough
apt' ness, Bald' ness, Hoarse' ness,* [voice.
€lean, free from dirt. Fer' vid, hot ; zealous. Near, close by.
€lean' ness, F£r' vid ness, Near' ness,
Fair, clear; honest. Fick' le, changeable. Gloom'y, dismal; down-
Fajr' ness, Fick' lje? ness, * Gloom' i ness, t [cast.
Fit, suitable. Mel' lotf, soft ; ripe. Pen' sive, sorrowful.
Fit' ness, Mel' lotf ness, Pen' sive ness, *
Fleet, swift ; quick. Sal' lojf, yellowish. • Qui' et, 62 calm ; still.
Fleet' ness, Sal' lotf ness, Qui' et ness.
TABLE X.
The Suffixes Able and Ible, Defined and Exemplified.
Able or ible implies that may or can be ; capable of being ; fit to
be. The primitives are defined as verbs; but the derivatives are ad-
jectives. The perfect participial form of the primitive is usually the
last defining word.
Manner and Order of Forming and Defining the Words.
1. Trace, a slight mark, [be traced. 1. Re sist', to withstand, [resisted.
2. Trace' a ble, \ that may or can 2. Re sist' i ble, that may or can be
Spell and Define.
Blame, to censure. As cend', to mount up. De bate', to discuss.
Blam' a ble, § As cend' a ble, De bat' a ble, §
* Rule 2, p. 117. t Rule 3, p. 117. { Ex. Rule 1, p. 117. § Rule 1, p. 117.
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
129
Bend, to crook.
Bend' a ble, *
Clazm, to demand.
€lazm' a ble, *
Drain, to filter.
Drajn' a ble, *■
Force, to compel.
For' ci ble, f
Fuse, to melt.
Fu' si ble, t
Tame, to domesticate.
Tam' a ble, f
A chjeve', to perform.
A CH/EV' A BLE, f
As sail', to attack.
As sa/l' a ble, *
At tajn', to gain.
At tazn' a ble, *
Chas tise', to punish.
Chas tis' a ble, t
■Con ce^il', to hide.
€on ce^il' a ble, *
■Gor rode', to eat away.
Cor rod' i ble, f
De spise', to contemn.
De spis' a ble, t
La ment', to mourn.
Lam' ent a ble,*
He fute', to prove false
Re fut' a ble, f
Cen' sure, to blame.
Cen' SUR a ble, t
€red' it, to believe.
€red' it a ble, *
Pun' ish, to chastise.
Pun' ish a ble.
TABLE XI.
The Suffixes Ic, Al, &c., Defined and Exemplified.
Ic, al or ical, AC, ary, axe, ine, or ile implies pertaining
to; belonging to; relating to ; consisting of; like. Tic implies the same as
ic. When al converts a verb into a noun, it implies the act of.
Ary sometimes implies the art of; one who; the place where. Ile
sometimes implies easily. The primitives are nouns or adjectives. The
derivatives are the same.
Manner and Order of Forming and Defining the Words.
1. al' ge bra, universal arithmetic. 1. el' e gy, a plaintive poem.
2. Al ge bra' i€, like, or pertaining 2. E le' gi A€, % belonging f j
to algebra. [algebra. elegy-
3. Al ge bra' i€ al, pertaining to 1. Due' t ile, easily led or drawn.
Spell and Define.
an' gel, a celestial spirit.
An gel'k 1 ,* An gel' ai, *
He' ro, a brave man.
He ro' ie, He ro' i-g al,
Dra' ma, a tragedy or comedy.
Dra mat' i-e, Dra mat' i-e al,
Proph' et 46 , one who foretells.
Pro phet' i*e, Pro pheV i-e al,
Par' ent, a father or mother.
Pa rent' al, * Pa rent' al ly,*
Po' et, one who writes poetry.
Po et' i-e, * Po et' i€ al, *
al' pha bet 46 , letters of a language.
Al pha bet' ie, Al pha bet' i€ al,
Met' a phor 46 , a short similitude.
Met a phor'j^, Met a tuor'i€ al,
* Rule 6, page 119. t Rule 1, page 117.
t Rule 3, page 117
130 TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
De p6s' it, thing intrusted. Hyp' o crite, sl dissembler.
De pos' i ta by* one to whom, frc. Hypocrit'z €AL,i like a, hypocrite.
Plan' et, a celestial body. Hu mane', pertaining to humanity.
Plan' et a by, pertaining to planets. Ser' pen tine, winding like a ser-
In firm', the sick and feeble. [&c, In' fant, a new-born child, [pent.
In firm' a by, place where the sick, In' fant ile, pertaining to infants.
TABLE XII.
The Suffixes Ion, Ment, &c., Defined and Exemplified.
Ion, ment, tjre, or ture implies the act of; the state of, or the
I state of being; that which; the result of Sion, tion, or ition implies
, the same as ion. The primitives are verbs; the derivatives, nouns.
Manner and Order of Forming and Defining the Words.
1. Dis perse', to scatter. 1. En tIce', to incite to evil.
2. Dis per' sion^X the act of scat- 2. En tice' ment, % the act or re-
tiring, or the state of being suit of enticing ; or that
scattered, or separated. which entices.
Spell and Define.
As sert', to affirm. In struct', to teach.
As ser' tion, 19 In struc' tion? 9
j A base, to humble. Pre vent', to hinder.
A base'j£ea t t,J [guilty. Pre ven' tion,
| €on vict', to prove Pro tect', to defend,
j €on vie' tion, Pro tec' tion,
j Di rest', to guide. Re strict', to limit.
[ Di reV tion, Re strig tion,
| Ex cept', to leave out. Re vise', to review,
i Ex cep' tion, Re vis' ion, 92 f
j Ex pose', to lay open. Fix, to set firmly,
j Ex pos' ube, S9 f Fixr' ube*°
I Fail, to miss; to fall Di vert', to turn aside. De part', to go away.
I Fail' ube*° [short. Diver' szon, 78 § [fense. De part' ube,*
j Please, to delight. For' feit, to lose by of- €om pose', to calm.
I Pleas' ube, S9 t For' feit ube,* -Com pos' ube,* 9
I * Rule 6, p. 119. t Rule 1. p. 117. f Rule 2, p. 117. § Rule 9, p. 119.
Al lure', to entice.
Al lure' ment,\ [ward.
Ad vance', to go for-
Ad vance' ment, %
€on ge4l', to freeze.
■Con geal' ment,
Ex cite', to rouse.
Ex cite' ment, %
In fringe', to violate.
In fringe' ment, X
Dis sent', to disagree.
Dis sen' sion, 18 §
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFLNER. 131
TABLE XIII.
The Suffixes Ize and Ise, Defined and Exemplified.
Ize or ise usually implies to make, or to become. Ation implies
the same as ion in the preceding table. The primitives are nouns,
adjectives, or verbs. The derivatives formed by the addition of ize
or ise are verbs; those ending in ation are nouns. For other ter-
minations, see preceding tables.
Manner and Order of Forming and Defining the Words.
1. Le' gal, lawful. 2. Le' gal ize* to make legal or lawful.
3. Le' gal ly, in a legal manner.
Spell and Define.
Bru' tal, cruel ; inhuman. M6d' ern, of recent date.
Bru' tal ize, * Bru' tal ly, Mod' ern ize, Mod' ern iz M,t
e' qual, 62 like another. Reu' tral, not of either party.
e' qual he, * e' qual iz.ez>, t Keu'tral ize, * Keu' tral iz eb,\
E QUAL I za' TI02V, 79 t N^U TRAL I ZA f TION, f
Fer' til£, fruitful; producing. Pa' gan, an idolater; a heathen.
Fer' til i*e, t Fer' til iz eh, t Pa' gan ize, * Pa' gan ized, t
Pul' ver ize, to make fine. Civ' il, well-bred ; polite.
Pul' ver ized, t Civ' il ize* Civ il i za' r/oiv, 79 !
Pul' ver in eh, t -Grit' i€, a severe judge.
Pul ver i za' tion, t Crit' i cue, -Grit' i cised. t
TABLE XIV.
, The Suffixes Fy, Ify, and Ing, Defined and Exemplified. I
Fy or ify implies to make, or to become; and ing, as the termina-
tion of a participle, implies continuing to. Cation implies the same
| as ion in Table XII.
The' primitives are adjectives or verbs. The derivatives ending in
fy or ify are verbs ; those ending in ing are present participles ; and
those ending in cation are nouns.
* Rule 6, page 119. t Rule 1, page 117.
132 TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
Manner and Order of Forming and Defining the Words.
1. Rare, thin ; not dense; scarce. 1. -Glar' i ft, to make clear.
2. Rar' e fy, to make or become -2. -Glar' i fy ing,* making or
thin and porous. continuing to make clear.
3. Rar' e fy ing, * continuing to 3. -Glar i fi -ca 1 tion, t the act of
make thin and porous. making pure, or clear.
Spell and Define.
Glo' ry, to exult ; to rejoice.
Glo' ri fy, f
Glo' ri fy jng, *
In tens.e', very severe.
In ten' si ft, %
In tEn' si fy ing, *
S6l' id, compact ; hard.
So l!d' i FY, §
SO LID' I FY ING, *
Galas' si fy, to form into classes.
GJlas si fied, t
Galas' si fy ing, *
€las si fi ^a' tion,™ t
Fals' i .fy, to make false.
FaLS' I FY ING, *
FAL SI FI -6A 1 TION, f
Spec' i fy, to particularize.
Spec' i fy ing, *
Spec i fi -ex' rro.y, t
SIm' pli fy, to make plain.
SIm' pli fy ing, *
Sim pli fi €a' tion, 19 t
Ver' i fy, to prove to be true.
VER' I FY ING, *
Ver i fi -ga' tion, t
Rat 7 i fy, to confirm; to sanction.
Rat' i fy ing, *
Rat i fi €a' tion, f
Stu' pe ft, to make stupid or dull.
stu' pe fy ing, *
Stu pe fa€' tion, \\
Stu pe yav 1 tive, ||
Tu' me fy, to swell; to puff up.
Tu' ME FY ING, *
TU ME FA€ f TION, \\
£d' i fy, to instruct; to build up..
ED' I FY ING, *
ED I FI €A f TION. f
TABLE XV.
The Suffixes Ance, Ancy, &c., Defined and Exemplified.
Ance, ancy, ence, or ency implies the act of; the state of, or
the state of being ; that which. Ant or ent implies the person who, or
that which, when the word is a noun ; but, when it is an adjective, the
defining word ends in ing.
The primitives are verbs. The derivatives, ending in ance, ancy,
ence, or ency, are nouns; those ending in ant or ent are nouns or ad-
jectives.
* Ek. 2, Rule 3, page 118. f Rule 3, page 117. t Rule 1, page 117.
§ Rule 6, page 119. || Note, Rule 4, page 118.
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
133
Manner and Order of Forming and Defining the Words.
1. An noy', to trouble; to vex. 1. De spond', to be dejected.
2. An noy' ance, * that which an- 2. De spond' en cy, f the state of
noys ; the act of annoying ; or being dejected, or without
the state of being annoyed. hope or courage.
1. De fend', to protect ; to guard. 1. Ad here', to stick close.
2. De fend' ant, t the person who 2. Ad her' ent, \ adhering or
defends or protects. slicking.
Spell and Define.
i Al low', to grant. Im pend', to hang over. De pend', to hang from.
Al low' ance, [to see. Im pend' ence, f [of. De pend' en cy, t
€)on nive', to forbear E m£rg£', to rise out Dis pute', to argue.
€on niv' ance,\ [vent. E mer' gen cy, I Dis' pu tant, \
■Con TRiVE,toplanorin- Ab sorb', to suck up. Dis sdLV-E', to melt
Con inly' ance, J Ab sorb' .eat, t Dis s5lv' ent, J
Ex peut', to look for. -Con cur', to agree. Pre cede', to go before.
Ex pect' an cy, f -Con cvjr' bent, § Pre ced' ent. |
TABLE XVI.
The Suffixes Ive and Ory, Defined and Exemplified.
Ive implies tending to; having the power or quality of Ory implies
having the power or quality of; tending to; containing ; the place where.
I Ative implies the same as ive; and atory, the same as ory.
The primitives are verbs or nouns. The derivatives ending in ive
I are adjectives ; those ending in ory are nouns or adjectives.
Manner and Order of Forming and Defining the Words.
1. Re store', to heal or cure. 1. Man' date, a formal order.
2. Re stor' a tive, J tending or 2. Man' da to by, t containing a
having the power to cure. command. [storing things.
1. Re pos' it, to store things.
2. Re pos' i to by, t a place for
Spell
and Define.
\ A muse,' to entertain. Dif fuse', to spread. Of fense', moderate
A mc' si ve, t Dif fu' sive, X Of fen' sive, | [anger.
* Rule 4, page 118.
{ Rule 1, page 117.
f Rule 6, page 119.
§ Rule 5, page 118.
134 TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
Cre ate', to make. Ex pans.e', a wide ex- Pre vent', to hinder.
€re a' tive, * Ex pan' sive* [tent. Pre vent' ive, t
€om mend', to praise. Pla ud' it, applause. Ob serve', to notice.
€om mend' a to by,~\ Pla^d' it o by j Ob serv' a to by, *
Dis pense', to deal out. Ex €Ul' pate, to clear. Pro hib' it, to forbid.
Dis pen' sa to my, * Ex uul' pa to by, * Pro u!b' it o by. t
TABLE XVII.
The Suffixes Ity, Cy, &c, Defined and Exemplified.
Itt, cy, ude, tude, or itude implies a state of being; or the
quality or capacity of. Ty, ety, or iety implies the same. The
primitives are adjectives or verbs. The derivatives are nouns.
Manner and Order of Forming and Defining the Words.
1. Pu' trid, corrupt ; rotten. 1. 6b' du rate, hard of heart.
2. Pu trid' i ty, t the state of 2. 6b' du ra cy, J the state of
being putrid or rotten. being hard of heart.
Spell and Define.
€6n' «ave, hollowing. H6s' tike, opposed to. Del' i -gate, nice ; ten
€on €av' i rr, * Hos til' i ty, * Del' i ca cy, * [der.
£J6n' vex, rounding. Serv' ike, slavish. In' tri -gate, complicat-
"Con vex' i ty, Ser vil'j rr,* in' tri ca cy, t [ed
Serve, to work for. Se cure', safe. Va' ry, to alter in form
Serv i tude, * Se cu' ri ty, * Va ri' e ty, || [&c
Safe, free from harm. Loy'al, faithful to law. Sate, to fill to the ut-
Safe' ty, § Loy' al ty, Sa ti' e ty.* [most,
TABLE XVIII.
The Suffix Ous, Defined and Exemplified.
Ous implies containing, or partaking of; having, or consisting of;
full of; belonging to. Eous, ious, ceous, cious, or tious implies the
same. The primitives are nouns. The derivatives ending in ous are
adjectives; those ending in ly are adverbs; and those ending in ness
are nouns.
* Rule 1, page 117. f Rule 6, page 119. { Rule 10, page 120.
§ Rule 2, page 117. II Rule 3, page 117,
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER. 135
Maimer and Order of Forming and Defining the Words.
I. Dan' ger, exposure to injury 2. Dan' ger ous, * full of or
or evil ; peril ; risk. partaking of danger.
3. Dan' ger ous if, in a dangerous manner.
Spell and Define.
Fu' ry, madness; rage. -Go' pi ous, abundant; plentiful.
Fu 7 ri ous, f Fit'ri ous ly, -Go 1 pi ous ly, Go' pi ous ness,
Hu' mor, merriment ; wit Tim' or ous, fearful of danger.
HO' MOR OUS, * Hu r MOR OUS LY, TlM'OROUSiF, TlM' OR OUS NESS,
Ran' -eoR, deep-seated hatred. Ven' om, poison; spite; hate.
Ran' cor ous, * Ran' cor ous ly, Ven' om ous* Ven' om ous ness,
Ru' in, destruction. Mar' vel, a wonder ; a prodigy.
Ru' in ous, * Ru' in ous ly % Mar'vel ous* Mar'vel ous ness,
TABLE XIX.
The Suffixes Ability, &c., Defined and Exemplified.
Ability, ibility, ableness, or ibleness implies the quality,
state, or capacity capable of being ; and sometimes fit to be ; or
worthy of being. The primitives are verbs or nouns. The derivatives
are nouns or adjectives.
Manner and Order of Forming and Defining the Words.
1. -Gom press', to press together. 1. Ac count', to give a reason for.
2. €om press' i ble, % capable of 2. Ac count' a ble, * liable to I
being compressed. give account.
3. Gom press i bil' i ty, \ quality 3. Ac count a bil' i ty* the state
of being compressible. of being accountable.
I 1. Gom mend', to speak in favor 2. Gom mend' able ness* worthy
of ; to praise. of being commended.
Spell and Define.
Ad mire', to regard with esteem. Change, to alter; to vary.
Ad mi ra bil' i ty, § Change' a ble, \\
ad' mi ra ble ness, § Change a bil' i ty, \\
* Rule 6, page 119. t Rale 3, page 117. f Rule 13, page 120.
§ Rule 1, page 117. || Ex. Rule 1, page 117.
136 TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
€or rupt', to cause to decay.
€0R RUPT' I BLE, *
€OR RUPT' I BIL 1 I TY, *
Ac cess', admission.
Ac CESS' I BLE, f
Ac CESS I BIL 1 I TY, f
Gon tempt', act of despising.
€0N TEMPT' / BLE NESS, *
De sire', to wish for.
DE SIR' A BLE NESS, t
Prac' tice, to do ; to use.
PRAC TI €A BIL 1 I TY. §
TABLE XX.
The Suffixes Dom, Hood, &c, Defined and Exemplified.
Dom, hood, Ric, CY, or ship implies jurisdiction; state; officer-
rank ; skill. Age implies the state of; the act of; cost of; place of;
or collectively. Ism implies the doctrines or principles of; the practice
of; state or condition of; peculiar to. Ics implies the art or science of.
Fic or ific implies causing or producing.
Manner and Order of Forming and Defining the Words.
1. Duke, the highest order of no- 1. Vas' sal, a slave; a bond-
bility. [a duke. man. [slavery.
2. Duke' dom, \\ the jurisdiction of 2. Vas' sal age, * the state of
Spell and Define.
Pope, the bishop of Gl£rk, a hired writer. Hea' then, a pagan.
Pope' dom, || [Rome. -Clerk' sii/p, [casks. Hea' then i$m, *
Girl, a female child. Goop' er, a maker of Pyr o tech' xi-es, the
Girl' hood, -Goop' er age, * art of making fire-works.
Bish' op, a spiritual anch' or, to cast anch- Ter' ror, extreme fear.
Bisn' op Ri€, [overseer, an' chor age* [or. Ter hif' ie,
ad' ju tant, a military Port' er, a carrier. -Gx lor' ic, agent of
ad' ju tan cY,*h [officer. Port' er age, * -Gal o tlijf 1 i€. [heat.
TABLE XXI.
The Suffixes Ate, Ear, &c, Defined and Exemplified.
Ate, when the termination of a verb, or when it changes a noun
into a verb, often implies to make, or to cause to be; and in all cases
the particle to precedes the defining word. But, when it is the suffix
i of a noun, it implies one who. Ery or ry implies the art or practice j
* Rule 6, p. 119. f Rule 13, p. 120. J Rule 1, p. 117.
§ Note, Rule 1, p. 117. || Rule 2, p. 117. IT Rule 10, p. 120,
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER. 137
of; the place where; and sometimes a body of, or collection. Oid im-
plies Jiaving the form of; resembling. Some implies somewhat ; causing ;
tending to. Ward implies toward; direction.
Manner and Order of Forming and Defining the Words.
1. €on dens.e', to press together. 1. Thjeve, to steal. [stealing.
2. Con den' sate, * to make dense. 2. Thiev' er y, * the practice of
Spell and Define.
Do mes' Ti€, tame. GCn, a kind of fire- -C5r'al, marine produc-
l Do mes' ti €ate, G0n' her r, t [arms. €5r' al loid, | [tion.
O blige', to compel. Brew, 27 to make beer. W£a' ry, tired,
j 6b' li gate, * Brew' er y, Wea' ri some, §
I or' i gin, beginning. Bake, to harden by €JCm' ber, to overload.
O rig' i hate, Bak' er y, * [fire. €um' ber some,
« -Gol'leg^, literaryinsti- Her' ald, a proclaim- Heav' £N, place of the
€ol le' gi ate, [tution. Her' ald ry, [er. Heav'^n ward. [holy.
TABLE XXII.
The Suffixes Ess, Ine, &c, Defined and Exemplified.
Ess, ine, ix, ress, or stress implies a female. Cle, icle, et
or let, kin, ling, ock, ULE or cule implies little; small ; or young.
Er, when it forms the comparative degree of an adjective, implies
more. Est implies most. Esce implies to grow, or to become, Escent
implies tending to, or becoming. Escence implies the act of or the
state of becoming.
Manner and Order of Forming and Defining the Words.
1. Proph' et, 46 a foreteller of events. 1. Drop, a globule of any fluid.
2. Proph' et ess, a female prophet. 2. Drop' let, a little drop.
Spell and Define.
Hejr, he who inherits. Part, a portion. Sphere, 46 a globe.
UkivJ ess, II Par' ti -cle, Spher' ule, *
He' ro, a brave man. Flow'er, a blossom, an' i mal, living being.
Her' o ine, Flow' er et, An i mal' -cule,
* Rule 1, page 117. t Rule 5, page 118. { Ex. 1, Rule 6, page 119.
§ Rule 3, page 117. H Rule 6, page 119.
138 TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
Ex ec' u tor, 40 he who Brook, a small stream. "Bright, shining,
settles an estate. Brook' let, Bright' er, [touch.
Ex ec' u trjx, 40 * Lamb, a young sheep. RotJGR, 45 harsh to the
HtjNT' er, one who Lamb' kin, Rough 1 est, [united.
Hunt' ress, * [hunts. Duck, a wateu-fowl. <2o a lesce', te become
Song' ster, a singer. Duck' ling, -Go a les'cence, [better.
Sosq' stress, [tumor. Hill, small elevation <3©n va lesce', to grow
Tu' ber €le, a small Hill' &ck, [of land. €on va les' cent, t
SECTION III.
THE PREFIXES DEFINED AND EXEMPLIFIED.
A prefix is a letter, syllable, or word put to the beginning
of a root or primitive word, usually to vary its signification ; as,
un in un kind', dis in dis a' h\e.
For an explanation of the suffixes used in the following tables,
see the tables under the preceding section.
TABLE XXIII.
The Prefixes Un and Non, Defined and Exemplified.
Un, when prefixed to adjectives, participles, or adverbs, implies
not ; but, when prefixed to verbs, it implies to undo what has been
done. Non implies not ; neglect ; refusal. The primitives are verbs
or nouns. The derivatives are verbs, nouns, participles, or adjectives.
Manner and Order of Forming and Defining the Words.
1. aid, to help; to assist. [sists. 1. Mold, to model; to shape.
2. aid' er, \ one who helps or as- 2. Mold' ed, X was modeled.
3. aid' ed, was helped, or did help. 3. Un mold', to destroy the mold.
4. Un aid' ed, was not aided. 4. Un mold' ed, was not molded.
Spell and Define.
ask, to petition. Soil, to dirty. L6ck, to make fast.
asked, 82 Soiled, J Un lock',
; Un askjsd', 82 Un soiled', X Un locked', 82
* Rule 7, page 118. t Rule 1, page 117. \ Rule 6, page 119.
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER. 139
Bleach, to whitea.
Bleach' eb,
bleached, 82
Un bleached', 82
Paf' ment, act of pay-
Non paf' ment, [ing
Till, to cultivate.
Till' eb,*
Tilled, *
Un tilled', *
Ex 1st' ence, being.
NON EX 1ST' ENC£,
Vajl, to cover.
V AILED, f
Un vail',
Un tailed', t
Gom mit' tal, a pledge.
Non COM mit' tal,
* TABLE XXIV.
The Prefix Mis, Defined and Exemplified.
Mis implies wrong ; erroneous ; or ill use. The primitives are de-
fined as verbs. The derivatives are verbs, participles, or adjectives.
Manner and Order of Forming and Defining the Words.
1. Rule, to govern or control. 3. Mis rule', § to govern wrong.
2. Ruled, J did govern, or was 4. Mis ruled', § | did govern
governed. wrong, &c.
5. £Ziv ruled', J was not governed.
Spell and Define.
Gall, to name ; to cry out. As sign', to appropriate; to appoint.
Galled, * Mis call', § * As signed',! Mis as sign', §
Mis called', § * Un called', * Mis as signed', § f CZzv as signed',!
Gount, to number ; to reckon. Di rect', to order ; to regulate.
• Gount' ed, t Mis count', § Di rect' ed, f Mis di rect', §
Af/S COUNT' ED,§ f CZzV COUNT' JSD,f MlSDI RE€T'ED,§f Un DI RE€T'eD ; |
! Date, to note the time of an event. Em ploy', to use ; to keep at work.
; Dat' ed, % Mis date', § Em ployed', || Mis em ploy',§
! Mis dat' ed, § \ Un dat' ed, J Mis em ployed || Un em ployed',
Judge, to form an opinion. Inform', to instruct; to apprise.
Judged,! Mis judge', § Informed', A/is in form', §
AT/n, to put in a prison.
Ap point' ment, Re ap point', Im pris' on ment, Re im pris' on,
Re ap point' ment, Re im pris' on ment,
* Rule 1, page 117. t Rule 6, page 119.
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER. 141
En list', to engage in a cause. Es tab' lish, to settle firmly.
En list 7 ment, Re en list', Re es tab' lish,
Re en list' ment, Re es tab' lish ment, [ly.
En act 7 , to make or pass, as a law. Con' se crate, to dedicate solemn-
En act' ment, Re en act', Re c6n' se crate,
Re en act' ment, Re con se €Ra ! tion, f
In stall', to induct into an office, it' er ate, to utter a second time.
In stal la't/Oxv, 79 * Re in stall',* It er a' tjo^, t Re it' er ate,
Re in stal la' tion,* Re it er a' Tmy,t
TABLE XXVII.
The Prefixes E and Ex, Defined and Exemplified.
E or ex, sometimes written EC or ef, implies out; out of ; from ; or
beyond. The primitives, as here given, are all verbs, except the noun,
egress, and the adjectives, extinct and eccentric. The derivatives end-
ing in ion, ure, ence, or ity are nouns.
Manner and Order of Forming and Defining the Words.
1. E duce', to draw out ; to elicit. 1. Ex 6x' er ate, to free from
2. E duc' noN, t the act of draw- blame. [freeingyVcwi blame.
ing out or eliciting. 2. Ex ox er a' tio^v, f the act of
Spell and Define.
E ject', to cast out.
E JEC TION - , 79 }
E rase', to rub out.
E RAS' URE,^ t
E' gress, a going out.
E gr£s' sion, 80 *
E volve', to roll out.
Ev o lit' tion, $
Er fuse', to pour out. Ex tract', to draw out.
Ef fc' sion? 1 t Ex traV tion,~ 9 {
Ex empt', to free from. Extinct', put out; dead.
EX EMP' T ION, 79 X [out. Ex TINC' HON, \ [out.
Ex haust', to drain Ex tir' pate, to root
Ex hacks' Tioiv, 39 X Ex Tin pa' tjon - ,! [ter.
£>FCLG.E',tosend forth E-e Cen'tric, out of ceu-
Effvl' genceJ [light. Ee cen tric' i ty, X
TABLE XXVIII.
The Prefix In, &c., Defined and Exemplified.
In, sometimes written ig, il, im, or ir, implies not, when prefixed
to adjectives or adverbs; but, when prefixed to verbs or words derived
! from yerbs, it implies in or into ; on or upon.
* Rule 13, p. 120. t Rule 1, p. 117. \ Rule 6, p. 119. § Rule 12, p. 120.
142
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
The primitives are adjectives or verbs. The derivatives ending in j
ity, ion, or ness are nouns ; and those ending in ly are adverbs.
Manner and Order of Forming and Defining the Words,
1. Prop' er, fit or suitable. [er. 1. Snare, to entrap; to eDtangle.
| 2. Im prop' er, not fit, or not prop- 2. In snare', to catch in a snare. !
1. Se cure', free from danger. 1. S:en' si bl£, perceptible.
2. Se cu' ri tf, * state of safety. 2. In sen' si ble, not perceptible.
3. In se cure', not safe. [safe. 3. In sen' si bly, t in a manner j
4. Ziv se cu' rz tf,* in a state not not perceptible.
Spell and Define,
Lit' er ate, learned ; instructed. Ra/ tion al, 71 pertaining to reason.
1l lit' er ate, Lit' er a by, J Ri' t/6n al ly, Im ra' t/on al,
Res' o lute, firm ; determined. Ir ra tion al' j rr, ||
Res' o lute zf,§ Zr res' o lute. Qau' t/ous, 71 extremely careful.
Mor' tal, subject to death. ^A u ' tzous ly, -Gact' tjous .zv.ess, j
Mor' tal ly, Mor tal' j ty,\\ In exu' tious, In cap 7 t/ous zf,
Im mor' tal, Zitf mor tal' j tf,|| De co' rous, decent ; becoming.
act' iye, nimble ; quick. In de co' rous, Zzv de co' rous ly,
act' iye ly, § Ac tiv' i ty, * No' bljj, of great worth ; exalted.
In act' iye, In ac tiv' j tf, * No' blf, f No bil' j tf, f
Lib' er al, generous ; ample. Ig no' bue, Ig no' bly, t
Lib' er al ly, Lib er al' j tf, || Ml' grate, to remove.
IL LIB' ER AL, II LIB ER AL' I TY,\\ Z.T/ 7 Ml GRATE, Zilf Ml GRA' T70JV, * i
TABLE XXIX.
The Prefix Dis, Defined and Exemplified.
Dis, sometimes written di or dif, implies separation; denial or
not ; off; depriving of; want of; out of; and sometimes to undo what
has been done. Y here implies the state of being.
The primitives are verbs or adjectives. The derivatives ending in
ed, est, or ing are verbs, participles, or adjectives ; those ending in ion,
ment, er, or y are nouns or verbs; those ending in ly are adverbs.
* Rule 1, page 117. t Rule 8, page 119. % Rule 10 ' P a S e 120 «
§ Rule 2, page 117. || Rule 6, page 119.
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
143
Manner and Order of Forming and Defining the Words.
1. Join, to unite; to connect. 1. O blige', to compel ; to gratify.
2. Dis join', to separate or sever. 2. Ob li ga' tionJ the state of being
3. Dis joined' * was separated, &c. compelled. [gratify.
4. Re join', to join or unite again. 3. Dis o blige', not to oblige or
5. Be joined'* was joined or unit- 4. Dis o blig' ing ly, t in a di^o-
ed again ; reconnected. bliging manner.
Spell and Define.
€lo$e, to shut an opening. Ap pear', to be in sight ; to seem.
Dis close', Dis closed', t Dis ap fear', Disappeared',*
j Re close', Re closed',! Re ap pear', Re ap peaked', *
Mount, to ascend ; to rise. Em bark', to go on board a ship,
j Dis mou'Nt', Dis mount' ed, * Dis em bark', Dis em barked'/' 2
| Re mount', Re mount' ed,* Re em bark', Re em barked', 82
I In ter', to bury in the earth. or' gan ize, to form properly,
i Dis in ter', Dis in termed', J or' gan ized, f Dis or' gan ize,
j Re in t£r', Re in termed', X Dis or' gan iz er 1 t
A gree', to be of one mind. Re or' gan ize, Re or' gan izED,t
; Dis a gree', § Dis a greed', || Like, to be pleased with.
Dis a gree' ing, 9 ^ Dis like', Dis liked', 82 t
Dis a gree' ment, § use, 40 to employ ; to consume.
Be lieve', to trust in ; to credit. Dis use', Dis used', t
Dis be l/eve', Dis be lieved', f //on' est, free from all fraud.
; Dis be ljev' jjvg, f Hon' est f, * i/oN' est xf,
I Z)/s be ljev' E/e,t //on' est, Dis jton' est f,*
! bey', to comply with commands. Robe, to put on a robe ; to dress.
; Dis o bey', Dis o bey ed', * * Dis robe', Dis robed, t
TABLE XXX.
The Prefix Con, Defined and Exemplified.
Con, frequently written co, cos, col, com, or cor, implies with
or together ; joined with ; in connection with ; agreement. Syn, sometimes
written sym or syl, implies the same. The primitives are nouns, ad-
jectives, or verbs. The derivatives, formed by a prefix alone, are
nouns or verbs.; those ending in ence, er, ion, ity, or, or ship are nouns;
and those ending in ble are adjectives.
i
* Rule 6, p. 119. tRulel, p. 117. J Rule 5, p. 118. § Rule 13, page 120.
II Note, Rule I, p. 117. TT Ex. Rule 1, page 117. * * Rule 4, page 118.
14A
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
Manner and Order of Forming and Defining the Words.
1. Densi;, close; compact, [ness. 1. Heir, he who inherits by law.
2. DEn' si tv, * the state of close- 2. Heir' ess, f a female heir.
3. -6W dens.e', to force together. 3. Heir 1 ship, the state of an heir.
j 4. -6W dens' er, * , t
Un con test' ed, t
€031 pare', to liken.
€oiI PAR' A BLE, *
In com par' a ble*
Un com par' A BLE, *
In COM PAR' 4 BLYy *
UN COM PAR 7 A BLY y *
Com pared', *
£fo COM PARED', *
Dl$ CERN£Z>', 85 f
£ZzV DIS CERNEZ)', f
Cor rupt', to vitiate.
COR RUPT' I BLE, f
In cor rupt' j .bee, t
Un cor rupt' j ble, t
ZiV COR RUPT' I BLY, f
cTtf COR RUPT' I BLY, f
€OR RUPT' ED, f
Z7.Y COR rupt' ED, t
TABLE XXXIII.
The Prefixes Di and Z?j, Defined and Exemplified.
Di implies separation; disunion; asunder; off; out of. Bis, com-
monly written bi, implies two or double. The primitives of the first
column are verbs; those of the second column, nouns or adjectives.
The derivatives are verbs, nouns, participles, adjectives, or adverbs*
Manner and Order of Forming and Defining the Words.
1. Lac' er ate, to tear; to rend. 1. Form, shape; figure.
2. Di lac' er ate, to tear asunder. 2. Bi' form, having two forms.
I 3. Di lac er a' tion* the act of 3. Bi form' j rr,t a double form,
tearing asunder. 1 . Bi' fold, twofold ; double.
Spell and Define.
Di vest', to strip off.
Di vest' ed, t Di vest' ure,^
Di gress', to leave the subject.
Di gress' ing, % Di gres' sion, \
Di lute', to weaken, as spirit.
Di lut' ed, * Di lu' tion*
Di vide', to separate.
Di vid' ed, * Di vis' ion, 92 §
Di lap' i date, to fall apart.
Di lap' i da ted, *
Di lap i da' tion, *
Lat' er al, pertaining to the side.
Lat' er al ly, Bi lat' er al,
-Cor po' re al, having a body.
€or po' re al ly,
Bi cor po' re al,
Bi ma' nous, having two hands.
Bi corn' ous, having two horns.
Bi en' ni al, once in two years.
Bi' ped, an animal with only two feet.
Bi no' mi al, consisting of two
Bi col' orjd, of two colors, [termg.
* Rule 1, p. 117. f Rule 6, p. 119. { Rule 13, p. 120. § Rule 9, p. 119.
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINES. 147
TABLE XXXIV.
The Prefix Inter, &c., Defined and Exemplified.
Inter implies between or among. Trans or ultra implies across;
over; beyond; change of; through. Cis implies on this side. The prim-
itives are nouns, adjectives, or verbs. The derivatives are adjectives,
jr bs, or nouns.
Manner and Order of Forming and Defining the Words.
1. Ja' cent, lying at length. 1. At lan'tic, the Atlantic ocean.
2. In ter ja' cent, lying between. 2. Txans at lan' ti-g, beyond the
1. Ma fine', pertaining to the sea. Atlantic. [across the sea.
2. Trans ma rine', beyond the sea. 3. Ul tra ma bins', beyond or
Spell and Define.
We^ive, to unite threads, as in cloth.
In ter weave',
Mar' ry, to unite in marriagp.
\ In ter mar' jiy,
Plant, to cover in the ground.
Trans plXnt',
al' pine, pertaining to the Alps.
Trans al' pIke, Cis al' pIne,
Lu' cent, having brightness.
Trans lu' cent,
Trans lu' cen cf,*
In ter fere', to interpose.
In ter fer' ence, t
In ter vene', to come between.
In ter ven' tion,~ 9 t
In ter rupt', to stop by inter-
In ter rup' tion, J [faring, i
Trans gress', to pass over or
Trans gress' or, § [beyond, j
Trans cend', to go beyond ; to
Trans cend' ent, t [surpass.
Trans cend' en cf,*
TABLE XXXV.
The Prefix Super, &c., Defined and Exemplified.
Super, supra, or sur implies above; beyond; excess; over; over
and above. The primitives are adjectives, or verbs. The derivatives
are adjectives, verbs, or nouns.
Manner and Order of Forming and Defining the Words.
1. Hu' man, belonging i mankind. 1. Mun' dane, belonging to the
2. Su per hu' man, above what is world. [the world.
human ; divine. 2. Su pra mun' dane, being above
1. Charge, to load, as a gun. 2. Sur charge', to overload.
* Rule 10, p. 120. t Rule 1, p. 117. % Rule 6, p. 119. § Rule 13, p. 120.
148
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
Spell and Define.
\ add, to join or put to.
! Su PER ADD', *
1 Su PER AD Dl" TION, *
A bound', to be in great plenty.
SU PER A BOUND',
Sup er a bound' jng, t
Nat' u ral, 40 according to nature.
SU PER NAT' U RAL, 40
: an' gel, a divine messenger.
| An gel' ie,\ Su per an gel' i-e,
Su per vise', to oversee; to in-
Su per vis' ion? 2 X [spect.
Su PER Vl' SOR, t
Mount, to ascend ; to rise on high.
Sur mount', Sur mount' a bleJ
Pass, to move onward.
Sur pass', * Sur pass' ing, *
Sur vive', to live beyond or longer
Sur viv' or, $ [than.
Sur viv' or ship, J
TABLE XXXVI.
The Prefixes Sub and Subter, Defined and Exemplified.
Sub, sometimes written sue, suf, sug, sup, or sus, implies under;
below; subordinate ; after; up. Subter implies under. The primitives
are adjectives, verbs, or nouns. The derivatives are adjectives, parti-
ciples^ or nouns.
Manner and Order of Forming and Defining the Words.
1. A quat' i€, 62 living in water; 1. Pend'ing, hanging; depending.
watery. [the water. 2. Sus pend' ing, hanging up or
2. Sub a quat' i-e, living under under; delaying for a time.
Spell and Define.
as' tral, belonging to the stars. Flu' ent, readily flowing.
Sub as' tral, Sub ter 1 flu ent,
Lin" gual, 30 pertaining to the Fix, to fasten ; to place.
Sub lin" gual, [tongue. Suf 1 fix, Suf 1 fix ing.
Ma rine', pertaining to the sea. Sue ceed', to follow after.
Sub ma r'ine', Sue ceed' er, t Su-e ceed' ing>\
Tu' tor, one who instructs. Sup port', to sustain, or hold up.
Sub tu' tor, Sup port' a ble,\ Sup port' er, t
Gu ta' ne ous, pertaining to the Suf* fer, to feel or undergo.
Sub cu ta' ne ous, [skin. Suf' fer er, t Suf 1 fer ing, t
Ter ra' ne ous, pertaining to the ^'jugate, to bring under control
Sub ter ra' ne ous, [earth. Sub ju ga tio-y, 79 %
* Rule 13, page 120. t Rule 6, page 119. | Rule 1, page 117.
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
149
TABLE XXXVII.
The Prefixes Ob, Retro, &c., Defined and Exemplified.
Ob, sometimes written oc, of, or op, implies against; toward; to;
into; out; on or upon. Retro implies back or backward. Bene
implies good or well. Male or mal implies bad; evil; ill. The
primitives are nouns, verbs, or adjectives. The derivatives are nouns,
verbs, adjectives, or participles.
Manner and Order of Forming and Defining the Words.
1. Li g a/ tion, 79 the act of binding. 1. Op pose', to act against.
2. Ob li ga' tion, something of 1. ac' tion, 79 state of moving.
binding force on a person, 2. Re tro ac' tion, acting back-
as a duty. [mind. ward or in return. [foWinact.
1. O-e cur', to meet or come to the 1. Be nev' o lent, ^//-wishing ;
1. Of* fer, to present to or before. I, Ma lev' o lent, evil-minded.
Spell and Define.
Ob struct', to hinder; to stop. Ob tr£ t de', to thrust or force upon.
Ob struc' tion* Ob struct' ing, Ob trud' er, t Ob tru' sion, 91 X
Ob struct' ed, Un ob struct' ed, Ob trud' ed, t Un ob trud' edJ
Ob scure', to darken ; clouded. Eac' tor, a doer of something.
Ob scu ra'tionJ Un ob scuRi;z>',t Ben e fac' tor, Mal e fac' tor,
Of fenS-e', moderate anger. Die' tion, style ; expression.
Of ten 1 siveJ Un 0-ffen' siveJ Ben e dic' tion,
Ret' ro spect, a review; a looking Mal e dic' tion,
Re tro spec' tion,* [back. Prac' tice, customary use or ac-
Re tro spect' ive, * Mal prac' tice, [tions
Ret' ro grade, going backward. Mal prac' tic ing, § [with.
Re tro gra da' tion, t Treat, to manage ; to have to do
Re tro grad' ing, t Mal treat', Mal treat' ment,
TABLE XXXVIII.
The Pr'efixes De, Circum, &c, Defined and Exemplified.
De implies removing from; depriving of; down. Circum implies
around ; about. Ante implies before. Post implies after. The prim-
itives are verbs, nouns, or adjectives ; and the derivatives are the same.
* Rule 6, p. 119. t Rule 1, p. 1 17. j Rule 9, p. 119. § Note, Rule 1, p. 117.
150
TOWN'S SPELLFg AND DEFINER.
Manner and Order of Forming and Defining the Words.
1. ox' yd ate, 13 to convert into an 1. Nav' i gate, to sail on water
oxyd ; to oxydize. with a ship. [round.
2. Ox yd a' tion, 19 * the act of 2. Cir €um nav' i gate, to sail
converting, &c. [ygen. 3. Cir -euM nav i ga' Tmzv, * the
3. De ox' yd ate, to deprive of ox- act of sailing round.
4. De ox yd a'tion* the act of &c. 1. An te me rid' i an, before noon.
Spell and Define.
Pop' u late, 40 to furnish people. Kange, to place in order.
De pop' u late, Deyop'xj lated* De range', De range' ment, J
Po' lar, pertaining to the poles. Cm -euM volv^b', to roll round.
Po lar' i tt, f Cm-euM po' lar, An te ced' ent, what goes before.
Date, to note the time of an act. Ante 1 ri or, before in time or place.
An' te date, Post 1 date, An te di lu' vi an, existing be-
Po si" t/on, situation ; place. fore the deluge. [ten afler.
An te po si" t/on, Post 1 script, that which is writ-
Post po si" tion, Pos tb'ri or, after or later in time.
TABLE XXXIX.
The Prefixes Pro, Per, &c, Defined and Exemplified.
Pro implies for; forth; forward; out. Per implies through; over;
by. Preter, extra, out, or over implies beyond; excess; too much ;
past. The primitives are verbs, nouns, or adjectives. The derivatives
are verbs, nouns, adjectives, participles, or adverbs.
Manner and Order of Forming and Defining the Wot-ds.
1. Pro ject', to throw out. 1. Le' gal, according to law.
2. Pro jec' tion,'' 9 t the act of, &c. 2. Pre ter le' gal, beyond law.
1. Pro tract', to prolong. 1. am' bu late, to walk about. !
2. Pro tract' or^ he who prolongs. 2. Per am' bu late, to walk over.
Spell and Define.
Pro ceed', to go forward. Pro pel', to drive forward.
Pro ceed' ed, t Pro ced' ure, f Pro filled', § Pro pel' ler, § 1
Pro pose', to lay before. Ex tray' a gant, beyond due '
Pro pos' ^ll,* Prop o sj" tion* bounds ; lavish in expenses.
* Rule 1, p. 117. t Rule 6, p. 119. J Rule 2, p. 117. § Rule 5, page 118.
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DE FINER. 151
Per Changs', by chance. Pre ter nat' u ral, 40
Per vade', to pass through. Fre ter nat' u ral ness,*
Per' fo rate, to pierce through. Out nCm'ber, to exceed m number.
Nat' fr ral, 40 according to nature. ver paf', to pay too much.
TABLE XL.
The Prefixes Mono, Poly, &c , Defined and Exemplified.
Mono implies one or alone. Poly implies many. Omni, pan, or
panto, implies all; universal. The primitives are nouns or adjectives;
and the derivatives are the same.
Manner and Order of Forming and Defining the Words.
1. Stl' la bl£, a union of letters. 1. Po' tent, possessing power.
2. Mon o syl' la blu, a word of 2. Om niv' o tent, a//-powerful.
one syllable. [syllables. 1. The' ism, belief in a God.
3. Pol y syl' la ble, word of many 2. P^lv'the ism, God in all things.
Spell and Define.
€hro mat' ic, relating to color. Pol tphon'ic, having many sounds.
Mon o chro mat' ic, Pol' y gon, a figure of many sides.
Tech' ni€, pertaining to the arts. Om nif 1 i€, ^/-creating.
Pol y tech' ni€) Om ni fa' ri ous, of all varieties.
Om nis 1 cient, 74 a//-knowing. Mon 1 o log ue, spoken alone, [ties.
Pol' y glot, of many languages. Pan the' on, temple for all the dei-
TABLE XLI.
The Prefixes Uni, Multi> &c., Defined and Exemplified.
Uni implies one*, multi, many ; equi, equal. Anti, sometimes
written ant, and contra, also written contro or counter, implies
against ; in opposition. The primitives are nouns, verbs, or adjectives ;
and the derivatives are the same.
Manner and Order of Forming and Defining the Words.
1. Form, shape ; model, [same form. 1. Spas m6d' ic, consisting in
2. U' ni form, 40 having one or the spasm ; fitful. [spasm.
3. Mul' ti form, having many 2. An ti spas m5d' ic, opposing
forms. 1. arc' tic, lying far north. [tic.
4. E f qui form, 62 of equal form. 2. Ant arc' tic, opposite the Arc-
152
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINEB.
Spell and Define.
Lat' er al, pertaining to the side. LP ni corn, animal with one horn.
Mul ti lat' er al, E qui lib' ri um, equality of
an" gu lar, having angles. weight, force, &c.
E qui an" gu lar, [flowers. Con ta' gzous, catching; infec-
Mul ti flo' Rous, having many An ti con ta' gjous, [tious.
An tag' o nist, one who opposes An ti fe' briue, opposing fever.
another; an opponent. [words. -Con* tro vert, to argue against.
■€on tra digt', to oppose by -Co un ter ac't ion, opposite action.
TABLE XLII.
The Numeral Prefixes Defined and Exemplified.
Demi, hemi, or semi implies half; uni, one; bi, two; tri, three;
tetra, four; penta or pent, Jive; sex or hexa, six; sept or
hepta, seven; octa, octo, or oct, eight; novem or ennea, nine;
deca, dec, or decem, ten ; centu, centi, or cent, one hundred.
Spell and Define.
Dem' i qua ver, 82 half a quaver. Sept an ;/ gu lar, having seven
Hem* i sphere, 46 half a sphere. angles. [and as many angles.
Sem' i cir CLE, half a circle. Hep' ta gon, figure of seven sides,
U ni lat' er al, 40 having one side. Oe tag' o nal, having eight angles.
Di dent' al, having two teeth. No vem 1 ber, ninth month of the
Tri an" gu lar, having three Roman year, but eleventh of ours.
angles. [four angles. De€ ( a logue, the ten command-
Tet' ra gon, a plane figure having ments, or the moral law. [years.
Pen tam[ e ter, verse of five feet. Cent 1 u ry 40 period of a hundred
Sex en' ni al, once in six years. Cen ten' ni al, occurring every
Hex ag 1 o nal, having six sides. hundred years.
TABLE XLIII.
The Prefixes A, Ab, Abs, &c., Defined and Exemplified.
A, ab, or abs implies from; away from ; separation. A, sometimes
implies in or on; without; wanting. En, sometimes written em, im-
plies in or into; to give, or to make; and it also adds intensity of mean-
ing. Be implies nearness ; to make or do something ; intensity of mean-
ing. By implies aside, or private.
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER. 153
Spell and Define.
A bridge', to take from. Em row' er, to give power to.
Ab ,so6nd', to flee away from. En rich', to make rich.
A board', on board. Be side', at the side of.
A pet' al ous, without petals. Be sot', to make stupid.
A tox' i€, wanting tone. Be rate', to scold severely.
En gulf', to draw into a gulf. Z?f'-street, a private street.
TABLE XLIV.
The Prefixes All, Ambi, &c, Defined and Exempli fved.
All implies most ; tvholly ; in the highest degree. Ambi, amb, or amphi
implies both; around; two, double, or doubtful. Duo or du implies
two, or double. Dia implies through. Dys implies bad, or difficult.
Under implies below; beneath; subordinate. With implies opposition;
Ixick ; restraint.
Spell and Define.
^4lz-cheer' ing-, most cheering. Du plic' i ty, cfo«6/e-dealing. [ter.
Am bi dex' trous, using both Diameter, aline through the cen-
hands with equal ease. [ments. Dys p£p' sy, difficult digestion.
Am pant* I ous, living in two ele- Un deb a gent, subordinate agent.
I Am big' u ous, of doubtful import. With draw', to take back.
TABLE XLV.
The Prefixes Hyper, Homo, &c, Defined and Exemplified.
Hyper implies over; excess; beyond. Homo implies the same, or
similar. Hetero implies contrary, or different. Juris implies law, or
If gal right. Meta implies change; beyond. NoCT implies night. Para
implies contrary; beyond; by the side of; from. Proto, primo, or
prim implies first, or original; chief. Se implies separation; with-
drawal. Up implies aloft, or on high; sustaining.
Spell and Define.
Hy per -grit' i€ al, ow?--critical. No€ tiv'a gant, roving in the night.
Ho 3/0 ge' ne ous, of the same kind. Pah } a mount, superior to others.
Het e ro ge'ne ous, of & different Pno t to type, an original model.
kind or nature. [of law. Se olude', to separate from society.
Ju mis pru' dence, the science Up lift', to raise aloft.
Met a morph'ose, 46 to change form. Up hold', to sustain or support.
154
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
PART IV.
WORDS PRONOUNCED ALIKE, BUT DIFFERENT IN SPELLING AND
MEANING, WITH DICTATION EXERCISES.
LESSON I.
ail, to trouble ; a pain.
ale, a malt liquor.
air, the atmosphere.
e'er, a contraction of ever.
ere, before , sooner than.
Heir, he who inherits.
all, the whole ; total.
; awl, a shoemaker's tool.
ark, a vessel ; a repository,
AR-e, a part of a circle.
As cent', an eminence ; a rise.
As sent', agreement ; consent.
au 1 ger, a tool to bore with.
AU f gur, to foretell by omens.
ate, the past tense of eat.
eight, twice four.
Bad, ill ; not good.
Bade, the past tense of bid.
Bail, a surety ; a handle.
Bale, a package of goods.
Dictation Exercise. — What can ail the boy? The ale does him no
good. Arise, and breathe the morning air, ere the sun rises! Where'er I
go, an heir I am. All shoemakers use an awl. Was Noah's ark like the
arc of a circle ? He had his father's assent to climb the steep ascent. If I
ask him for the auger, will it augur ill success ? The chestnuts he ate cost
him eight cents. They reproved the bad man, and then bade him leave the
house. I will be your bail. The merchant received a bale of goods.
LESSON II.
Ball, a spherical body.
Bawl, to cry aloud.
Bare, naked; uncovered.
Bear, a beast ; to suffer.
Bay, an arm of the sea ; a color.
Bey 2 , a Turkish governor.
Be, to exist ; to remain.
Bee, an insect; as, honey-bee.
Be^ich, a sandy sea-shore.
Beech, the name of a tree.
Beau 19 , a gallant; a lover.
Bow, used to shoot arrows with.
Beer, a brewed liquor.
Bier, hand carnage for the dead
Beet, a garden vegetable.
Beat, to strike ; to outdo.
Bell, a metal vessel for ringing. ,
Belle, a gay young lady.
Ber' ry, a small pulpy fruit.
Bu' ry 11 , to inter; to cover.
Bin, a box for grain.
Been 15 the past participle of be.
Blew 22 , the past tense of blow.
Blue, one of the primary colors.
Dictation Exercise. — Please toss me the ball, and do not bawl so loud.
The man handles the bear with his bare hands. The Bey came in the ship j
which is anchored in the bay. You should be as busy as the bee. A beau- 1
tiful beech stands near the beach. Her obliging beau can use the bow very
skillfully. A brewer makes beer. He was borne on a bier to the grave. |
The gardener gave me a beet. Do not beat the horse. The bell is ringing.
A young belle is often proud. A delicious berry. Where will you bury
your friend? I have just been out to see your large bin in the barn. The
wind blew the ship on shore. Our glorious old flag of red, white, and blue ! \
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
155
LESSON III.
Bo^ir, a male swine.
Bork, to pierce with an auger.
Boll, the pod of a plant.
Bowl, an earthen vessel.
Bole, a kind of fine clay.
Bold, brave ; courageous.
Bowled, rolled rapidly, as a ball.
Bow, an act of civility.
Boug£t, the branch of a tree.
Brake, a kind of plant.
Break, to part asunder.
Bre^id, an article of food.
Bred, produced ; trained.
Bur' rojf, a hole for rabbits.
Bon' ough, a corporate town.
But, more; except; only.
Butt, to strike with the head.
By, near to ; beside.
Buy, to purchase.
Bye, a stopping-place.
€a/n, a man's name.
Cane, a plant ; a walking-stick.
Call, to cry out ; to name.
Ca£7L, a membrane in animals.
Can' non, a large gun.
Can' on, a rule of a church.
Dictation Exercise. — The tusk of a boar. I can bore with an auger.
Has flax a boll? Give John a bowl of milk. Bole has various shades of
; color. A bold soldier. He bowled the ball. Bow respectfully. What is the
bough of a tree? Brake is sometimes called fern. Did you break the
jlamp? The poor boy is crying for bread. He is well bred. What ani-
j mals live in a burrow f The inhabitants of a borough. The old sheep will
i butt the boy, but may not hurt him much. I passed by my uncle's house
when I went to buy me a hat. Run to your bye. Cain was the first mur-
derer. Give the old man his cane. Call the butcher to remove the caul.
The roar of the cannon. It is an essential canon of the church.
LESSON IV.
Can' vas, coarse cloth for sails, &c.
Can' vass, to examine ; to discuss.
Cede, to yield up to another.
Seed, to sow with seed.
Ce/l, to cover the top of a room.
Sexl, to fasten with a seal. [room.
Ce/l'ing, covering of the top of a
Seal' ing, fastening with a seal.
Cell, a small, close room.
Sell, to part with for a price, [der.
Ces' sion, 80 a giving up ; surren-
Ses' sion, the sitting of a court.
Cent, the 100th part of a dollar.
Sent, ordered away ; thrown.
Scent, a smell ; odor.
Cite, to summon ; to quote.
Site, situation ; a building-spot.
Sight, the sense of seeing.
Claws, nails of a beast or bird.
Qlause, a part of a sentence.
Clime, region ; a climate.
Climb, to ascend with effort.
Col' or, hue ; tint ; dye.
Cull' er, one who culls or selects.
Dictation Exercise. — For what is canvas used ? I will canvass the
subject. I will cede to you the land, if you will seed it with grass. When
! will you ceil my room ? Ho will seal the package of money. The ceil-
ing of my room needs repairing. I am scaling the package. The prisoner's
cell. Will you sell your liorse? The cession of land was made at the last
scen'P °^ tue court * PI®* 86 g* ve me a cenL **e was sent t0 scnooL The
rh" iV flower, die the witness to testify in regard to the site for the
cnoounouse. ^ M? . g in sif)U The clam of a Hon . Read the i ast
clause agam. In a clime% 'who will climb the hill of science? What
is the color of your eyes ? He is a culler of hoops.
156
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
LESSON
■C6m' ple ment, a full number.
Com' pli ment, praise or favor
-Cord, a small rope, [bestowed.
€Jiiord, harmony of sounds.
€ore, the heart or inner part.
Corps, a body of troops, &c.
Course, way; direction.
Course, not fine ; rude.
! Cous' in, an uncle's or an aunt's
■Goz JEN, to cheat slyly. [child.
Cote, a sheep-fold.
-C6.4T, an outer garment.
Dane, a native of Denmark.
Deign', to condescend.
Dictation Exercise.
De>ir, costly; beloved.
Deer, a kind of animal. [night.
Dew, 22 moisture deposited at
Due, that ought to be paid.
Die, to lose life ; to expire.
Dye, to color; to stain.
Dire, dreadful ; horrible.
Dy' er, one who colors.
Doe, the female of the deer.
Dough, unbaked paste.
Dun, to urge for a debt ; a color.
Don^, performed ; finished.
Fort, a fortified place.
Forte, a peculiar talent.
The ship has her complement of sailors. The
lady received a compliment. He leads his dog by a cord. Do your voices
chord ? A worm is at the core. A corps of soldiers. Their course was clue
south. Coarse salt. Put on your coat. The sheep are in the cote. He is
a Dane. Will you deign to listen to me ? My dear boy shall have a tame
deer. The dew is on the grass. What is due should be paid. The old must
die, and the young may. The dyer will dye your cloth. A dire calamity.
The young doe was frightened. We bake dough. I will dun him as soon
as I have done the job. The fort is in our possession. What is your forte f
LESSON VI.
Forth, abroad ; forward.
Foi/rtii, the ordinal of four.
Foul, filthy ; cloudy ; wicked.
Fowl, a winged animal.
Gilt, overlaid with gold-leaf.
GtfiLT, ill-desert ; crime.
Grate, a frame of iron bars.
Gr£at, large in bulk, &c.
Grown, increased in size, &c.
Grcmn, a deep mournful sound.
Hail, to call ; frozen jain.
Hale, healthy; sound,
Hart, a stag, or male deer.
H^art, the seat of life ; chief part.
Fane, a sacred temple.
Fain, gladly ; pleased.
Feign, 1 to pretend ; to dissemble.
Fair, free from blemish.
Fare, price of passage ; food.
¥eat, an extraordinary action.
Feet, the plural of foot.
Freeze, to congeal by cold.
Frieze, a coarse woolen cloth.
Fle4, a small insect.
Flee, to run away.
Flour, the fine part of grain.
Flow' er, the blossom of a plant.
Dictation Exercise. — A fane for heathen worship. I would fain
avert the evil. Do not feign to be what you are not. A fair apple. She
paid her fare. He performed a feat on a rope twenty feet long. Will all
fluids freeze f Frieze has a nap of little tufts. Catch that flea or he will
flee away. It is first quality of flour. The flower has fragrance. Str>^_ I
forth. Give me one fourth. Foul weather. A young fowl. I ha ? y^ e ^ ^ j
edged book. The criminal shows guilt. There is coal in ^ urec [ the
great army. He has grown rich. I heard a groan. nal in J
'grain of a hale old man. Who killed the hart ? Hi? ^art has ceased to d^j
i
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINLR.
157
Hare, a small timid animal.
Ha/r, filaments of the skin.
Haul, to draw with force.
Hall, a large public room.
Heel, the hind part of the foot.
He4L, to cure ; to restore.
Here, in this place.
He^ir, to perceive by the car.
Hew, 22 to smooth with an ax.
Hue, a shade of color.
Hie, to go in haste.
High, elevated ; lofty.
Him, the objective case of he.
Hym.n, a sacred song.
LESSON VII.
Hire, to procure for wages.
High' er, more high or elevated.
I, myself.
Eye, the organ of sight.
in, within ; among.
inn, a country tavern.
In dite', to compose ; to dictate.
In dict, to present for trial.
isle, an island.
Aisle, a walk in a church,
i 'll, contraction of / will.
Kef, what locks or unlocks.
Quay, 57 a wharf; a mole or pier.
Dictation Exercise. — Harm not the timid hare. What is the color
of your hair f Haul in the seine. The lecture was in the hall. What will
heal the chilblain on my heel f Just step here if you wish to hear distinctly.
He will hew the timber with his broad-ax. A sky of purple hue. Hie to
your work! Set youj* mark high. Who will join with him in singing the
hymn ? I will hire him if he asks no higher wages. / have one weak eye.
He was found in a country inn. If you indict the prisoner, I will indite a
plea in his defense. On a lone, desert isle. /7iwalk up the aisle to my
seat. This key will unlock the door of the store-house on the quay.
LESSON VIII.
Kxdw, to have knowledge of.
Kill, to deprive oflife.
Kiln, for burning bricks, &c.
Anave, a dishonest person.
Nave, the hub of a wheel.
Anead, to work or mix dough.
Need, want ; to lack.
Aneel, to rest upon the knees.
Neal, to temper by heat.
Anew,' 22 the past tense of know.
New, not old ; recent ; fresh.
K "sight, a champion ; a title.
* Nig/jt, from sunset to sunrise.
Anot, the part tied ; a knag.
N6t, no ; negation.
No, a refusal ; not any.
Lade, to load; to freight.
Laid, placed ; stowed away.
Lajn, the past participle of lie.
Lane, a narrow street or passage.
Lac, a kind of gum.
Lack, to be destitute of.
Leaf, part of a plant or book.
L/ef, willingly ; freely.
Led, conducted*; guided.
Lead, a soft, heavy metal.
Leek, a kind of wild onion.
Leak, to let out through a crack.
Dictation Exercise. — "Thou shalt not MIL 11 The kiln smokes.
Never become a knave. Is this a hickory nave f I will stay and knead the
dough if -you really need me. Kneel before your Maker. The smith will
neal the iron. He knew the carriage was not a new one. The brave knight
travels in the night. She could not untie the knot. No one seems to know
the stranger. Lade the ship. She laid her bonnet aside. It had lain there
an hour when she walked up the lane. The varnish er is without lac ; but
! he does not lack bread. I would as lief press this leaf as that Who ltd
| you to the lead mines? A leek is a vegetable. This barrel will leak.
158
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
LESSON IX.
LeV son, a task ; instruction.
Less' jen, to diminish.
Lie, a criminal falsehood.
Lye, water drained through
Lo, look ! see ! behold ! [ashes.
Low, not high ; humble.
Lone, single ; solitary.
Loan, to lend ; the thing lent.
Lore, learning ; erudition.
how' er, more low ; to let down.
Made, did make ; finished.
Maid, an unmarried woman.
Ma/n, chief; leading ; principal.
Mane, long hair on the neck.
Male, the he kind ; masculine. [&c
Mail, bag for conveying letters,
Meet, to come together; fit.
Meat, flesh for food.
Mete, to measure ; a limit.
Mjen, external appearance.
Mean, base ; to have in view.
Mewl, 22 to cry, as a child.
Mule, a domestic animal.
Mite, a small insect or piece.
Might, power; strength.
Moan, to mourn ; to lament.
MoVn, cut down, as grass.
Dictation Exercise. — I have learned my lesson. Opiates lessen
pain. Never tell a lie. Strong lye makes good potash. Lo ! how low he
has fallen ! That lone stranger may have money to loan. A man of lore.
Lower the life-boat! This young maid has made a dress for herself. What
is the main question ? The horse has a mane. A male animal. Has the
mail arrived? Where shall we meet, and dine on roast meat? A judge
should mete out justice to all. What do you mean when you speak of a
gentleman's lofty mien ? Do not mewl as a child. I have no use for a mule.
Give me just a mite of it. Strive to learn with all your might. I heard the
moan of the man who had mown down the grass.
LESSON X.
Moat, a ditch for defense.
Mote, a small particle.
Nag, a small horse.
/Tnag, a knot in wood.
Nat, no ; a denial.
Neigh', 1 to cry as a horse.
Nit, the egg of an insect.
2£nit, to weave with needles.
oar, a paddle to row with.
ore, metal in a mixed state,
o' eh, a contraction of over. [tion.
oh, or O, denoting strong emo-
owe, to be indebted.
Dictation Exercise. — Is there a moat around the fort?
mote in my eye. Is this your nag f He hewed off the knag.
Oni?, 38 a single person or thing.
Won, gained the victory.
Ought, 5 held or bound in duty.
aught, anything.
Our, belonging to us.
Hour, sixty minutes.
Pa/n, distress of body or mind.
Pane, a square of glass.
Pajr, a couple ; two of a sort.
Pare, to cut oft the rind.
PjEar, a kind of fruit.
Pale, pallid ; wan.
Pail, an open vessel.
I have a
Nay, sir,
the horse did not neigh. Destroy that nit. Have you learned to knit?
Each one of us took an oar, and we rowed o'er the stream, to see the miner
gather ore. Oh, how painful! 0, you are very kind! How much does
he owe you? Which one of the boys won the race? Ought I to pay aught
for damages? Our children may remain an hour. If you will ease the
pain in my head, I will set the pane of glass. I have a pair of shoes.
Please pare this pear for me. The pale cooper made me a wooden pail.
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
159
LESSON XI.
Pan' el, of a door ; a jury.
Pan' nel, a kind of saddle.
Pe/ICE, quiet ; freedom from war.
Piece, a part ; a fragment.
Peel, the rind ; to strip off.
Pe^il, succession of loud sounds.
Plain, level ground ; clear.
Plane, to smooth with a plane.
Plum, a kind of fruit.
Plumb, perpendicular.
Pole, a long, slender stick.
Poll, the head ; place of election.
Prae, to supplicate ; to implore.
Prey' 2 , what is seized by violence.
Rain, water from the clouds
Reign, 1 to rule ; royal authority.
Rein, the strap of a bridle, &c.
Raise, to lift up ; to elevate.
Raze, to subvert; to demolish.
Rays, lines of light from the sun.
Rap, a quick blow ; to strike.
TFrap, to fold up ; to inclose.
Head, to peruse.
Reed, a slender plant.
Red, a color like blood.
Remd, perused ; did read.
Reek, to emit steam or vapor.
Wreak, to execute ; to inflict.
Dictation Exercise. — Is the panel of a door like pannel, a saddle?
I long for peace. Will you have a piece of pie? The peel of an apple. The
cannons' peal. He lives on the plain. Plane this board. A delicious plum.
Is the clock plumb f A pole ten feet long. What is a/x»Z/-tax? ' l Pray with-
out ceasing." Lions watch for prey. A refreshing rain. His reiyn was
short. Hold a tight rein on that horse. Raise that weight. Raze the city
to the ground. The sun's rays. What means that rapt Wrap his cloak
around him. We read books. That is reed-grass. It is a red rose. Have
we read? Horses reek with sweat. Do not wreak vengeance on him.
Rest, repose ; to be quiet.
IKrest, to take by force.
King, to sound ; a circle.
TFring, to twist violently.
Rise, origin ; ascent.
Rice, an esculent grain.
Rite, a religious ceremony.
Might, conforming to law ; just.
irRiTE,toform letters with a pen.
Wright, a name ; a mechanic.
Ro^ir, a loud continuous sound.
Row' er, one who rows.
Rode, the past tense of ride.
Ro^d, a public highway.
LESSON XII.
Roe, the female of the hart.
Rote, to impel by oars ; a line.
Rote, a round of mere words.
Wrote, expressed by letters.
Rough, 45 not smooth ; uneven.
Ruff, a frill for the neck.
Rye, an esculent grain.
R 7 ry, distorted ; turned one side.
Sail, to move with sails, as a ship.
Sale, the act of selling.
Se^i, a large body of salt water.
See, to perceive by the eyes.
Se^im, the union of two edges.
Seem, to appear.
Dictation Exercise. — He needs rest. Wrest the sword from him.
Ring the- bell before you wring out the clothes. The rise of the river. Rice
grows in warm climates. It is right. A religious rite. Mr. Wright will
write in regard to it. The rower heard the cannon's roar. When I rode
to town, the road was bad. My young roe died. I row for exercise. Some
sing by rote. Who wrote this ? the paper is rough. It is a lady's ruff. The
low, price of rye made him make a wry mouth. My scn7-boat is for sale.
See the ship on the sea. It is a handsome seam, but you seem ashamed of it.
160
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINES.
LESSON XIII.
Seen, beheld ; observed.
Scene, a view ; part of a play.
Seine, a large net for fishing"
Sen' i or, 39 older in age or office.
Sejgn' ior, a Turkish title.
Shear, to cut with shears.
Sheer, pure ; to turn aside.
Shire, a county ; a district.
Slaf, to kill by violence.
Sley, 2 a weaver's reed.
S le i gh} a carriage on runners.
Sleight, skill ; dexterity.
Slight, to neglect ; weak.
Sloe, a kind of wild plum.
Slow, not swift in motion.
So, thus ; in like manner.
Sow, to scatter seed.
Sew,' 23 to join with a needle.
Sole, bottom of the foot or shoe.
SotfL, the spirit; a person.
Stake, a sharpened stick.
Steak, a slice of fresh meat.
Stare, to gaze ; a fixed look.
Stazr, a step for ascending.
Steel, iron refined.
Steal, to take unlawfully.
Dictation Exercise. — I have seen a most beautiful scene. Are they
fishing with a seine f The grand seignior is my senior in age. Shear the
sheep. It was sheer carelessness. Which is the shire-town? " Slay and
eat." I need a weaver's sley more than a sleigh to ride in. Those having a
peculiar sleight for business sometimes make slight mistakes. He is slow,
but sure. Is the sloe bitter? If it is so that you sow grain, how do you sew
with a needle? My shoe has a double sole. Your soul is above' price. A
wooden stake and a sirloin steak are alike only in sound. Come down a
stair or two, and not stare so at the people. I would not steal even a steel pen.
LESSON XIV.
Stile, steps over a fence.
Style, manner of writing ; fashion.
Stra/t, a narrow pass ; strict.
Straight, not crooked ; direct.
Sum, the whole amount.
Some, a quantity or part.
Sun, the source of light and heat.
Son, a male child.
Tacks, small nails.
Tax, impost; assessment. [ness.
Team, oxen or horses in har-
Teem, to produce ; to be full of.
Tear, to rend ; to lacerate.
Tare, a weed ; an allowance.
Tear, water from the eye.
Tier, one of two or more rows.
The, a definitive adjective.
Thee, the objective case of thou.
The/r, belonging to them.
There, in that place.
Throjf, to cast or hurl.
Throe, extreme pain ; anguish.
To, at, or arriving at.
Too, also ; over ; likewise.
Two, twice one ; a couple.
! Dictation Exercise. — The steps of the stile are not sound. The style
\ of your composition is elegant. Sail the ship straight through the strait.
\ The whole sum was given to some brave soldiers. My son, " let not the sun
go down upon your wrath." One paper of tacks is but a small tax on my
purse. You have a strong team. The streets teem with people. How did
you tear your dress? Deduct the tare. Shed not a fear. Man the upper
tier of guns ! Black are the heavens above thee. Their friend was there.
Throw out the anchor. Will nothing ease my throe ? On my way to school,
I saw two boys quite too much excited.
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER. 161
LESSON XV.
Tow, coarse part of flax ; to drag.
Toe, the extremity of the foot.
Tun, a large cask.
Ton, twenty hundred-weight.
urn, for the ashes of the dead.
£^RN, to gain by labor.
Vail, a covering for the face.
Vale, a valley.
Vain, proud ; empty ; fruitless.
Vane, a weather-cock.
Vein, 1 a passage for the blood.
Wait, to stay for ; to delay.
Weight, 1 heaviness; a burden.
Wale, a ridge on cloth or animals.
Wa/l, loud weeping or sobbing.
Waste, to squander ; to destroy.
Waist, a part of the body.
Wat, a road ; manner of acting.
Weigh - , 1 to find the weight of.
Wear, to have on the body; to waste.
Ware, goods ; merchandise.
Weath' er, state of the atmos-
Wetii' er, a sheep. [phere.
Week, seven days.
Weak, not strong ; feeble.
Wood, trees cut for the fire.
Would, the past tense of will.
Yew* 22 , a kind of tree.
You, the person spoken to.
Ewe, a female sheep.
Dictation Exercise. — Save the tow. The soldier's toe is sore. Is a
tun of wine worth more than a ton of coal ? This urn contains his dust.
Do you earn your living? A lady's vail. In a fertile vale. Vain man, be
wise! What does a vane indicate? A pulmonary vein. Wait a moment,
if you wish to know the weight of your wool. The wale on cloth. Hear
the orphan's wail. Waste no time. A small waist. Step this way, and I
will weigh you. I shall wear my new dress. He sells earthen ware. It is
fair weather. Is this wether for sale ? I shall return this leeek, if not too
weak to travel. Would you like some wood ? You can see the old ewe and
her lambs near the yew-tree.
PART V.
PAUSES AND OTHER MARKS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING.
1. The Comma [, ] usually denotes the shortest pause.
2. The Semicolon [ ; ] usually denotes a pause twice as long as a
comma.
3. The Colon [ : ] usually denotes a pause three times as long as a
comma.
4. The Period [ . ], at the end of a sentence, denotes a full stop.
5. The Interrogation point [ ? ] denotes that a question is asked.
6. The Exclamation point [ ! ] denotes wonder, surprise, or admiration.
7. The Dash [ — ] usually denotes a sudden stop, or change in the
subject ; but it is sometimes used in connection with another pause to
increase its length.
8. The Marks of Parenthesis [ ( ) ] are used to inclose an incidental
remark, or some explanatory clause or sentence, which might have been
1162 TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
omitted without injuring the sense ; as, Blessed are they (saith the Scrip-
tures) that do his commandments.
9. The Brackets, or Crotchets [["]], are used to inclose some correc-
tion or explanation, or the subject to be explained; as, Her [Wisdom's]
ways are ways of pleasantness.
10. The Hyphen [-] is used to separate the syllables of a word, to
mark the division of a word at the end of a line, and to join the simple
parts of compound words ; as, per-se-vere, lap-dog,
11. The Apostrophe ['] denotes the possessive case of nouns; as,
Jane's doll ; or the omission of a letter in a word ; as, lov'd for loved.
12. The Caret [ A J is used only in manuscript, and denotes where to
e is
insert what was left out by mistake ; as in lovly. Knowledge povier.
A A
13. The Marks of Quotation [ " " ] denote that the inclosed passage
is the language of some other person ; as, " Blessed are the meek' 1
Note. A quotation within a quotation has only single points j and the
single points should be placed within the double ones.
14. The Index [ ] points to something of importance, and worthy
of particular attention.
15. The Section [ § ] is used to divide chapters into smaller parts.
16. The Mark of a Paragraph [^ ] denotes the beginning of a naw
subject.
17. The Asterisk, or Star [*], and some other marks, as, t, t> §> \\>
and sometimes the letters of the alphabet and figures, refer to notes or
explanations in the margin or at the bottom of the page.
18. The Marks of an Ellipsis [ ], or [ ], or [****], are
used to indicate the omission of letters in a word, or of words in a sen-
tence, or of sentences in a paragraph.
19. The Diasresis [ " ] is placed over the latter of two vowels, to show
that they belong to separate syllables ; as in coalesce.
20. The Brace [] ] is used to unite several words or lines, and to con-
nect them with something to which they are all related.
21. CAPITAL LETTERS should be used at the beginning of every
Book, Chapter, Note, and Sentence after a full stop ; at the beginning
of all Appellations of the Deity ; at thfc beginning of Proper Nouns, of
Common Nouns personified, and of all Adjectives derived from proper
nouns ; at the beginning of Titles of office and honor, and of the names
of Religious Sects and Public Bodies ; at the beginning of Nouns and
other important words in the Titles of Books, and sometimes in the
Subjects of Discourse ; and at the beginning of Direct Quotations, and
of every line in Poetry. The pronoun /, and the interjection 0, should
also be written in capitals.
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER. 163
ABBREVIATIONS EXPLAINED.
A. or Ans. Answer.
A. or Adj. Adjective. [Academy.
A. A. S. Fellow of the American
A. B. or B. A. Bachelor of Arts.
Abp. Archbishop.
Acct. Account.
A. D. In the year of our Lord.
Ad. or Adv. Adverb.
Adjt, Adjutant.
Admr. Administrator.
Mt. Aged.
Agt. Agent.
Aki. or Al. Alabama.
C Master of Arts ; Before
A. M. < Noon ; In the year of
( the World.
Am. American.
Amt. Amount.
Anon. Anonymous.
Apr. April.
Ark. Arkansas.
Art. Article.
Atty. Attorney.
Aug. August.
Bal. Balance.
B. C. or A. C. Before Christ.
B. D. Bachelor of Divinity.
Bishop.
Brigadier ; Brigade.
California.
Captain.
Cashier.
Canada East ; Civil En-
Chapter, [gineer.
Bp.
Brig.
Cal.
Capt.
Cash.
C. E.
Chap.
CI. or Clk. Clerk*
C. J.
Co.
Col.
Coll.
Chief Justice.
Company ; County.
Colonel.
College ; Collector.
( Commissioner ; Com-
Com. ) modore ; Committee ;
( Commerce.
Cong. Congress.
Conn, or Ct. Connecticut
Const. Constable.
Cor. Sec. Corresponding Secretary.
C. P. Common Pleas.
Cr. Credit or Creditor.
Ct., Cts. Cent, Cents.
C. W. Canada West.
D. C. District of Columbia.
D. D. Doctor of Divinity.
Dea. Deacon.
Dec. December.
Del. Delaware.
Dept. Deputy ; Department.
Dft. Defendant.
Dist. Atty. District Attorney.
Do. Ditto or The same.
Dolls, or $. Dollars.
Dr. Doctor ; Debtor.
D. V. God willing.
E. East.
Ed. Edition ; Editor.
E. E. Errors Excepted.
E. G. For example.
E. L East Indies.
Eng. England ; English.
Esq. Esquire.
Et al. And others.
Etc. or &c. And so forth.
Ex. Example ; Exception.
Exr. Executor.
Feb. February.
Fig. Figure.
Flor. or Fa. Florida.
Fr. France ; French.
Fri. Fridav.
F. R. S. Fellow of the Royal So-
Ga. or Geo. Georgia. [ciety.
G. B. Great Britain.
Gen. General.
Gent. Gentleman.
Ger. German ; Germany.
Gov. Governor.
Gr. Greek ; Gross. [e*ty.
H. B. M. His or Her Britannic Maj-
H. M. His or Her Majesty.
Hon. Honorable. [tives.
H. R. House of Represen ta-
ll. S. S. Fellow of the Historical
Hund. Hundred. [Society.
164
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINES.
Ibid, or lb. In the same place.
I. e. That is.
111. Illinois.
Ind. or la. Indiana.
Inst. Instant ; The present
Int. Interest. [month.
Io. Iowa.
Ir. Ireland ; Irish.
I. T. Indian Territory.
It. Italian ; Italy ; Italic.
J. Judge.
Jan. January.
J. P. Justice of the Peace.
Jr. or Jun. Junior.
K. King.
Kan. Kansas.
Km. Kingdom.
Kt. Knight.
Ky. Kentucky.
L. Latin ; Lord ; Lady.
Lat. Latitude.
L. C. Lower Canada.
Lcgis. Legislature.
L. I. Long Island.
Lieut, or Lt. Lieutenant.
LL. D. Doctor of Laws.
Lon. Longitude.
Lond. London.
Lou. or La. Louisiana.
L. S. Place of the Seal. [quis.
M. Meridian or Noon ; Mar-
M. A. Master of Arts ; Military
Maj. Major. [Academy.
Mar. March.
Mass. or Ms. Massachusetts.
Math. Mathematics.
M. C. Member of Congress.
M. D. Doctor of Physic or
Md. Maryland. [Medicine.
Mdlle. or Mile. Mademoiselle.
Me. Maine. [Sirs.
Messrs. Messieurs ; Gentlemen ;
Mcx. Mexico or Mexican.
Mich. Michigan.
Minn. Minnesota.
Miss, or Mi. Mississippi.
Mo. Missouri ; Month.
Mon. Monday.
Mons. or M. Monsieur.
M. P. Member of Parliament.
Mr. Master or Mister.
Mrs. Mistress.
MS. Manuscript.
MSS. Manuscripts.
Mt. Mount or Mountain.
N. North.
N. A. North America. [wick.
N. B. Take notice ; New Brans*
N. C. North Carolina.
N. E. Northeast ; New Eng-
Neb. Nebraska. [land.
N. F. Newfoundland.
N. H. New Hampshire.
N. J. New Jersey.
N. M. New Mexico.
N. O. New Orleans.
No. Number.
Nov. November. [Providence.
N. P. Notary Public ; New
N. S. Nova Scotia ; New Style.
Num. or Nos. Numbers.
N. T. New Testament.
N. W. Northwest.
N. Y. New York.
O. Ohio.
Obj. Objection ; Objective.
Obt. Obedient.
Oc<\ October.
Or. Oregon.
O. S. Old Style.
O. T. Old Testament.
P., pp. Page, Pages.
Pa. or Penn. Pennsylvania.
Pari. Parliament.
Per cent. By the hundred.
Phila. Philadelphia.
Plff. Plaintiff.
P. M. Postmaster ; Afternoon.
P. M. G. Postmaster-General.
P. O. Post Office.
Pop. Population.
Pres. President.
Prof. Professor.
P. S. Postscript.
Ps. Psalms.
Pub. Doc. Public Documents.
Q. Queen.
Q. or Qu. Question. [strated.
Q. E. D. Which was to be demon-
Q. E. F. Which was to be done.
Q. M. Quartermaster.
Rec'd Pay't. Received Payment.
Rec. Sec. Recording Secretary.
Ref. Reformed ; Reformer.
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFLNER.
165
Regr. Register.
Regt. Regiment. [lie.
Rep. Representative ; Repub-
Rev. Reverend ; Revelations.
I R. I. Rhode Island.
R. R. Railroad.
Rt. Hon. Right Honorable.
S. South; Shilling; Sign.
S. A. South America.
Sat. Saturday.
S. C. South Carolina.
Schr. Schooner,
i Scot. Scotland or Scotch.
! S. E. Southeast.
Sec. Secretary.
Sect. Section.
Sen. Senator or Senate.
Sept. September.
Serg. or Scrj. Sergeant.
Servt. Servant.
Sp. Spain or Spanish.
Sr. or Sen. Senior.
SS. or Viz. Namely or To wit.
St. Saint ; Street.
S. T. D. Doctor of Divinity.
Ster. Sterling.
S. T. P. Professor of Theology.
Sun. Sunday.
Sup. C. Superior Court.
Supt. Superintendent.
Surp-. Surgeon.
S. W. Southwest.
T. Town ; Territory.
Tenn. Tennessee.
Tex. Texas.
Thurs. Thursday.
Tr. Treasurer ; Transpose ;
Tues. Tuesday. [Trustee.
U. C. Upper Canada.
Ult. Last or The last month.
U. S. United States.
( United States of Am-
U. S. A. } erica ;
( United States Army.
U. S. M. United States Mail.
U. S. N. United States Navy.
U. S. S. United States Senate.
U. T. Utah Territory.
Va. Virginia.
Via. By the way of.
Vol., Vols. Volume, Volumes.
V. P. Vice-President.
Vs. Against ; In opposition.
Vt. Vermont.
W. West.
Wed. Wednesday.
W. I. West Indies.
Wis. Wisconsin.
W. T. Washington Territory.
Xmas. Christmas.
WORDS AND PHRASES FROM FOREIGN LANGUAGES,
FREQUENTLY OCCURRING IN ENGLISH BOOKS, RENDERED INTO ENGLISH.
L. stands for Latin ; F., for French.
Ab in 1" ti o, L. from the beginning.
Ad cap tan' dum vul' gus, L. to
captivate the populace.
Ad fi' nem, L. to the end.
Ad horn' i nem, L. to the man.
Ad in fi ni'tum, L. to endless extent.
Ad in' ter im, L. in the mean while.
Ad lib'i turn, L. at pleasure, [value.
Ad va 16' rem, L. according to the
a la Fran"cai$e', F. after the French
II' i as, L. otherwise. [fashion.
II' i bi, L. elsewhere.
XV ma ma' ter, L. a benign mother.
A him' ni, L. graduates of a college.
In' i mus, L. the mind or intention.
Beau 19 i de'al, F. a model of beauty.
Beau 19 monde',F. fashionable world.
Bo' na fi' de, L. in good faith.
Bon" mo/', F. a jest; a witticism.
■Ca'sus bel' li, L. occasion for war.
Carte' de vi s'ite', F. a small photo-
graph picture fastened upon a card.
Chef d'ceu' vre, F. [sha doo' vt] a
masterpiece. [movement.
Co?//? de ma/n", F. an unexpected
£oup d'e t&', F. a stroke of policy
in state affairs.
Cui bo' no, L. for whose benefit ?
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINEE.
166
De fae' to, L. from the fact. [God.
De' i gra' t'i a, 71 L. by the grace of
De ju' re, L. by right, or by law.
De no' vo, L. anew; again.
De' o vo leV to, L. with God's will.
Dernier resort', F. t\ie last resource.
En" masse',F.[angmass'] in a body.
E plu' ri bus u' num, 4J L. one com-
posed of many; the motto of the
Er'go, L. therefore. [United States.
Ex ca the' Sra, L. from the chair.
Ex eel' si or, L. more elevated ; the
motto of the State of New York.
Ex of f 1" ci o, L. by virtue of his of-
Ex par' te, L. on one side only. [fice.
Ex po se', F. an exposition; a recital.
Ex post fae' to, L. after the fact, or
the commission of a crime.
Fae sim f i le, L. an exact imitation.
F'ille de cham'bre, F. a lady's-maid.
Gens darmes', 6 ! F. armed police.
Ha' be as eor' pus, L. a writ for de-
livering a person from prison,
j Hie ja' cet, L. here lies, [to fight.
Hors de eom ba£', F. out of condition
Ho tel' di eu', F. a hospital in Paris.
In eV se, L. in being.
In sta' tu quo, L. in the same state.
In'ter nos, L. between ourselves.
In tran' si tu, L. on the passage. .
Ip' se dix'it, L. he said it himself.
ip' so fae' to, L. in the fact itself.
Jeu d'es pri£', F. [zhu de spree') a
witticism ; a play of wit.
Ju' re di vi'no, L. by divine law.
La' bor 6m' ni a vin'cit, L. labor
conquers everything. [tongue.
Lap'sus lin"guse, L. a slip of the
Lu' sus na tu' rse, L. a freak of nature.
Mag'na ehar'ta, L. the great charter.
Me mSn' to mo' ri, L. remember
death. [to tell.
Mi rah' i le die' tu, L. wonderful
Mo' dus op e ran' di, L. manner
of operation. [little.
Mill' turn in par' vo, L. much in
Na' ive te, F. unaffected simplicity.
Nem eon, L. without opposition.
Ne plus til' tra, L. to the utmost ex-
tent ; nothing further. [or not.
No' lens vo' lens, L. whether he will
Non" cha lance', F. indifference.
Non eom'pos mSn'tis, L. not of
sound mind. [tral.
Non li' quet, 02 L. undecided ; neu-
On the qui v'ive', 57 F. on the alert.
O iSm' po ra, mo' res ! L. Oh the
times and the manners !
Par no' bi le fra' trum, L. a noble
pair of brothers.
Pa' ri pas' su, L. with equal step.
Pa'ter pa'trise, L father of his coun-
Per eap' i ta, L. by the head. [try.
Per di' em, L. by the day.
PSr se, L. by itself. [body.
Pos' se eom i ta tus, L. an armed
Post mor' tem, L. after death.
Pri ma fa' ci e, L. on the first view.
Pro bo' no pub' li eo, L. for the
public good.
Pro et eon, L. for and against.
Pro pa'trias, L. for our country.
Pro ra' ta, L. in proportion, [being.
Pro t8m' po re, L. for the time
Qua' si, 62 L. as if ; resembling.
Quid nune, L. a newsmonger.
Quid pro qu5, L. an equivalent. [igy.
Ra' ra a' vis, L. a rare bird; a prod-
Re cher'che, F. nice to an extreme.
Re su me', F. a summary.
Sang froid', F. [sang-frwa'] in cold
blood ; apathy. [out care.
Sans sou c"i', F. [sang soo see'] with-
Se ri a' tim, L. in regular order.
Si' ne dV e, L. without a day ap-
pointed, [indispensable.
Si' ne qua non, L. that which is
Soi di $an£', F. [swa de zang'J self-
styled, [in manners.
Suav i ter 36 in mo'do, L. agreeable
Sub ju'di ce, L. under consideration.
Su'i g^n' e ris, L. of its own kind.
Sum 'mum bo^um.L. the chief good.
TeV ra fir ma, L. the solid earth.
u' si^s 40 lo quSn' di, L. usage in
speaking. [panion.
Va' de me' eum, L. a constant eom-
Ver ba/tim et lit er a' tim, L. word
for word and letter for letter.
W ce ver' sa, L. the terms being
reversed or exchanged.
W va vo' ce, L. by the living voice.
Vox pop' u li, 40 L. the voice of the
people.
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER. 167
Letters.
Figures.
Numeral Adjectives.
Ordinal Adjectives.
I
1
one
first
II
2
two
second
III
3
three
third
IV
4
four
fourth
V
5
five
fifth
VI
6
six
sixth
VII
7
seven
seventh
VIII
8
eight
nine
eighth
IX
9
ninth
X
10
ten
tenth
XI
11
eleven
eleventh
XII
12
twelve
twelfth
XIII
13
thirteen
thirteenth
XIV
14
fourteen
fourteenth
XV
15
fifteen
fifteenth
XVI
16
sixteen
sixteenth
XVII
17
seventeen
seventeenth
VTTTTT
XVIII
18
eighteen
eighteenth
XIX
19
nineteen
nineteenth
XX
20
twenty
twentieth
!xxx
30
thirty
thirtieth
XL
40
forty
fortieth
L
50
fifty
sixty
fiftieth
LX
60
sixtieth
LXX""
70
seventy
seventieth
LXXX
80
eighty
eightieth
xc
90
ninety
ninetieth
c
100
one hundred
one hundredth
cc
200
two hundred
two hundredth
ccc
300
three hundred
three hundredth
jcccc
400
four hundred
four hundredth
D
500
five hundred
five hundredth
DC -
600
six hundred
six hundredth
DCC
700
seven hundred
seven hundredth
pccc
800
eight hundred
eight hundredth
DCCCC
900
nine hundred
nine hundredth
M
1000
one thousand
one thousandth
168
TOWN'S SPELLER AND DEFINER.
SPECIAL RULES FOR PRONOUNCING CLASSES OF WORDS.
Explanations. By a separable prefix, we mean that part which may
be taken from the primitive root, and leave a significant English word ;
as, from impress, im may be thus taken.
By an inseparable prefix, we mean such combination of a word, syl-
lable, or letter with the root, that, as an English word, a separation of
the parts would destroy the English signification of both ; as, depute,
I which, in Latin, is composed of de and puto, but in English the parts
may not be separated.
Penult is the* last syllable but one; Antepenult, the last but two.
Rule 1. Words of two syllables, the first of which is a separable or
inseparable prefix, commonly take the accent on the second ; as, de-base',
pro-claim' ; but, if the first syllable partakes of the root, the accent gen-
erally falls on the first ; as, urg'ent, tal'ent.
Note. — This rule has an extensive application ; and the main exceptions are found
in those words which may be used either as nouns or verbs. When used as nouns,
the accent, in most cases, rests on the first syllable 5 as, his con'duct : but when
used as verbs the accent commonly falls on the second 5 as, to con-duct 9 .
Rule 2. All words of three or more syllables, ending in ability, ibility,
ical, ity, or ety, have the primary accent, invariably, on the antepenult; as,
sens-i-bil'i-ty, e-co-nom'ic-al, cu-ri-os'i-ty.
Rule 3. Words, ending in tion, sion, ion, cious, thus, date, tiate, cient,
tient, tial, tia, cian, cial, cia, ceous, geous, gious, or geon, when pronounced
in one syllable, take the primary accent on the syllable preceding those ter-
minations ; as, con-fed-er-a'tion. Nothing but ity after al, in words in j
ion, ever removes the accent ; as, na'tion, n&'tion-al, n&-tion-al'i-ty.
Rule 4. Words of three or more syllables, having the termination
cracy, gamy, graphy, logy, machy, metry, nomy, phony, pathy, tomy, thropy,
lysis, feiQus, gerous, or vorous, take the accent on the antepenult ; as,
a-nat'o-my ge-og'ra-phy the-ol'o-gy ar-mig'er-ous
an-tip'a-thy de-moc'ra-cy po-lvg'a-my pes-tifer-ous
as-tron'o-my ge-om'e-try phi-lan'thro-py car-niv'o-rous
a-nal'y-sis the-om'a-cny sym'pho-ny ^erb-iv'o-rous
Rule 5. All words ending in ics (pol'i-tics excepted) are accented
on the penult ; as, op'tics, me-chan'ics.
Rule 6. Words ending in ic when a suffix, and with few exceptions
when otherwise, are accented on the penult ; as, dra-mat'ic, al-pha-bet'ic.
Note. — The suffix ic, when added to words of more than one syllable, except in
six cases, always changes the place of accent ; as, meth od, me-thod'ic.
Rule 7. All words of three syllables in able, ible, ably, ibly, and all
words of four syllables in abhness, ibleness, are accented on the first ; as,
blam'a-ble, mov'a-ble-ness.
Rule 8. All words in tive preceded by a single consonant, mp, or
' nc, and all words in ive preceded by s or c, (except sub'stan-tive and ad'-
\jec-tive), are accented on the penult ; as, re-ten'tive, com-pre-hen'sive.
Rule 9. All words of three syllables in ary and ory (except ca-na f ry
and va-ga'ry) are accented on the first ; as, saPa-ry, mem'o-ry.
Rule 10. All words of more than two syllables in fy invariably take
the accent on the antepenult ; as, glo'ri-fy, per-son'i-fy.
Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library
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