COLUMBIA LIBRARIES OFFSITE 
 
 HEALTH SCIENCES STANDARD 
 
 HX64111270 
 RA781 .182 Physical education: 
 
 RECAP 
 
:T\T\W 
 
 Tto 
 
 (Solumbta Httrorratty 
 in % (Ettg of Nero fork 
 
 (ftoUpgr nf JtygatrianH anfc §>unjrmta 
 
 Y 
 
 A^ 
 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2010 with funding from 
 
 Open Knowledge Commons 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/physicaleducatioOOtrev 
 
PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 TREVES. 
 
VOLUME ONE READY IN MAY. 
 
 A Treatise on Hygiene. 
 
 In Two Volumes. 8vo. 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 THOMAS STEVENSON, M.D., F.R.C.P., 
 
 LECTURER ON CHEMISTRY AND ON MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE AT GUY'S HOSPITAL; 
 
 OFFICIAL ANALYST TO THE HOME OFFICE; 
 
 AND 
 
 SHIRLEY F. MURPHY, 
 
 MEDICAL OFFICER OF HEALTH TO THE COUNTY OF LONDON. 
 
 Vol. I., about 1020pp., which will be published in May, contains: 
 
 Air. By J. Lane Notter, M.A., IVLD., Professor of Military Hygiene at the Army Medi- 
 cal School, Netley. 
 Warming and Ventilation. By W. N. Shaw, F.R.S., Lecturer on Experimental 
 
 Physics in the University of Cambridge. With 53 Illustrations. 
 Meteorology. By G. J. Symons, F.R.S., Secretary of the Royal Meteorological Society. 
 
 With 27 Illustrations. 
 Influence of Clima,to on Health. By C. Theodore Williams, M.A., M.D., 
 
 F.R.C.P. With Two Illustrations. 
 Water. By Thomas Stevenson, M.D., F.R.C.P. With Three Illustrations. 
 The Influence of Soil on Health. By S. Monckton Copeman, M.A., M.D., D.P.H., 
 
 Assistant Lecturer on Physiology at St. Thomas's Hospital. With Four Lithographic 
 
 Plates. 
 Food. By Sidney Martin, M.D., F.R.C.P., Assistant Physician to University College 
 
 Hospital. With 21 Illustrations. 
 The Inspection of Moat. By E. W. Hope, M.D., D.Sc, Assistant Medical Officer of 
 
 Health; Lecturer on Public Health, University College, Liverpool. 
 Clothing. By Geo. Vivian Poore, M.D., F.R.C.P., Physician to University College 
 
 Hospital. With Lithographic Plate. 
 Physical Education By Frederick Treves, F.R.C.S., Surgeon to the London Hos- 
 pital. 
 Baths. By W. Hale White, M.D., F.R.C.P., Physician to Guy's Hospital. 
 The Dwelling. By P. Gordon Smith, F.R.I.B.A., and Keith D. Young, F.R.I.B.A. 
 
 With 60 Illustrations. 
 Hospital Hygiene. By H. G. Howse, M.S., Surgeon to Guy's Hospital. 
 The Disposal of Refuse. By W. H. Corfield, M.A., M.D., and Louis C. Parkes, 
 
 M.D., D.P.H. With 24 Illustrations. 
 Offensive Businesses. By T. W. Hime, M.D., Medical Officer of Health for Bradford. 
 Slaughterhouses. By E. W. Hope, M.D., D.Sc, Assistant Medical Officer of Health, 
 
 Liverpool. 
 
 The "Writers in Vol. II., which will appear in the Summer, are: 
 
 Dr. E. KLEIN, F.R.S. — The Pathology and Etiology of Infectious Diseases. 
 With 42 Plates. 
 
 Dr. T. W. THOMPSON. — The Natural History and Prevention of Infec- 
 tious Diseases. 
 
 Dr. McVAIL. — Vaccination. Illustrated. 
 
 Dr. H. L'. ARMSTRONG.— Ship Hygiene. Illustrated. 
 
 Dr. J. L. NOTTER. — Military Hygiene. Illustrated. 
 
 Sir T. SPENCER WELLS, Bart.— Disposal of the Dead. 
 
 Dr. ARTHUR RANSOM E.— Vital Statistics. Illustrated. 
 
 Dr. ALFRED ASHBY.— Duties of the Medical Officer of Health. 
 
 Mr. C. N. DALTON— Sanitary Law. 
 
 Philadelphia: P. BLAKISTON, SON & CO., 1012 Walnut Street. 
 
PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 BEING 
 
 AN ARTICLE CONTRIBUTED 
 
 TO AN 
 
 ENCYCLOPEDIC WORK ON HYGIENE 
 
 BY 
 
 FREDERICK TREVES, F.R.C.S., 
 
 SURGEON TO AND LECTURER ON ANATOMY AT THE LONDON HOSPITAL - . MEMBER OF THE 
 BOARD OF EXAMINERS OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS. 
 
 Printed from the advance sheets of "A Treatise on //v^iene," by varioui authors. 
 
 See opposite /■ ■ 
 
 I'HII AMI I'll! \ : 
 
 P. BLAKIST* IN, s< >\ & C( >.. 
 
 ioia WALNU1 - i i ; i i i . 
 1899. 
 
Copyright, 1892, 
 
 By P. BLAKISTON, SON & CO., 
 
 PHILADELPHIA. 
 
PUBLISHER'S PREFACE. 
 
 The subject of Physical Education as a Hygienic measure has recently 
 attracted so much attention from School Boards, the Medical Profession, and 
 Sanitarians generally, that it now ranks in importance with the various 
 branches of study pursued in our public schools and colleges. To the 
 average city man or woman of sedentary occupation, physical exercise is 
 of quite as much consequence as it is to school children and college students. 
 It is however often taken up unwisely and to the lasting harm of those who in 
 ignorance attempt methods that are unsuited to their physical condition. 
 
 It has therefore been thought advisable to publish from the advance sheets 
 of "A Treatise on Hygiene" this paper by one of the best known medical 
 writers of the day, that it might be within the reach of those who would not 
 perhaps care to purchase the larger work in which it will be included. 
 
 (v) 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Introductory 9 
 
 The General Effects of Exercise 14 
 
 I. The Effects of Exercise upon the Development and Proportions of the 
 
 Body • . . 14 
 
 II. The Effect of Exercise upon the Muscular and Nervous Systems 26 
 
 III. The Effect of Exercise upon the Tissues and Organs generally 29 
 
 IV. The Effect of Exercise upon Personal Comeliness and Comfort 32 
 
 V. The Mental and Moral Effects of Exercise 36 
 
 Fatigue 38 
 
 I. Breathlessness 38 
 
 II. Muscular Fatigue 43 
 
 III. Muscular Stiffness 
 
 45 
 
 IV. General Fatigue 46 
 
 rs o» Excessive <>r Unsuitable Exercise 48 
 
 The I [eart and Blood-\ 
 
 50 
 
 Aneurysm c\ 
 
 ■ V< ins 
 
 5 2 
 
 The Fungs c; 
 
 and Musclei 
 
 I [ernia 
 
 Train 
 
 53 
 
 54 
 
 55 
 
 
 57 
 
 Walking cy 
 
 Running 58 
 
 Jumping 60 
 
 Skating 61 
 
 Riding 61 
 
 Swimming 63 
 
 Fencing 64 
 
 65 
 
 ( v:i ) 
 
viii CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Boating 66 
 
 Rowing and Sculling 69 
 
 The Muscles Involved 71 
 
 The Adaptabilities of Boating 72 
 
 Canoeing 73 
 
 Cycling 75 
 
 Cycling as an Exercise 78 
 
 Cycling for Ladies and Girls 84 
 
 Gymnastics and Calisthenics 86 
 
 Gymnastic Apparatus 94 
 
 Home Gymnasia 102 
 
 Outdoor Games 103 
 
 The Elements of Physical Education 105 
 
 Forms of Exercise 109 
 
 I. Exercises of Strength 109 
 
 II. Exercises of Speed or of Rapid Movement no 
 
 III. Exercises of Endurance no 
 
 IV. Exercises of Skill 1 10 
 
 V. Exercises which Develop the Chest Ill 
 
 The Selection of Exercises According to Individual Needs 112 
 
 Children 112 
 
 Girls and Women 1 12 
 
 Lads 115 
 
 Adults 115 
 
 The Middle-aged and Elderly 115 
 
INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 Writers are not yet weary of enlarging upon the marvels of civilization, 
 upon the intellectual development of the human race, upon the triumphs of 
 human ingenuity, and the might and magnificence of human culture. He 
 ha?, indeed, much to marvel at who measures the gulf which separates the 
 polished citizen of the world from the half-naked and quite savage barbarian. 
 The inventive genius of the modern, the high development of each craft and 
 industry which he has cultivated, the skill of the nineteenth-century artisan, 
 the general intellectual condition of the masses in the great centres of civili- 
 zation, are all features of attraction for those who are unceasing in the glorifi- 
 cation of the race. The great elements in human progress afford, indeed, 
 proper material for admiration. There is no one but would admit that the 
 advantages of the civilized man over the savage are such as to make reason- 
 able comparisons scarcely possible ; but there follows upon this the question 
 as to whether the so-called blessings of civilization represent an unmixed 
 good. The intellectual victory has been great, but it has nut been effected 
 without cost. We have in our midst the inventor, the man of genius, the 
 handicraftsman, but we have also the weakling, the delicate, the misshapen, 
 and that most modern product of all, the mannikin of the city. This pale, 
 wizened, undersized creature represents no little sacrifice ; he is a product of 
 civilization, an unintentional manifestation, but a characteristic one. 
 
 If one watches the stream of men, 1 -ill., which pours out at the 
 
 close of day from a great city factory, the question may well be asked : Are 
 
 these superior to the savage in all things, and are there no points m which the 
 
 barbari in could < (aim some advantage over his modern descendant? 
 
 The savage N TSeman who first sailed the northern seas knew little of an 
 
 and e, DUt lie had gre and a stout heart and mighty 
 
 tnd exhau rength, and was a Bt t might be assumed — 
 
 to many of tin- aches and pains ami petty illnesses which the modern town- 
 
 dwellei o i natural inrii 
 
 In the face of a marvellous so, i,,i, moral and intellectual development, we 
 arc apt to at of the fact that man is an animal, that lie cannot yet <l » 
 
io PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 without a body, and that a strong receptacle fcr the mind is better than a 
 frail one. 
 
 The higher type of savage was perfect in form, lithe in movement, keen of 
 vision and strong cf arm. He felt in his veins the glow of life, the joy of 
 mere vigor thrilled his muscles, the instincts of mere health dignified his 
 movements. If he pursued physical culture to an exclusive degree, it is pos- 
 sible that his civilized brother may carry intellectual finish to an equal extreme. 
 
 There is evidence to show that an exclusive development of what are quite 
 properly termed the higher faculties of man is not of unmixed advantage. 
 Progress is so rapid, and the movements of daily life are so exacting, that 
 there is a tendency to overlook the fact that man cannot live by intellectual 
 bread alone. The young lad is taught to read as soon as he can lisp, and to 
 write as soon as he can grasp a pen. At school he is forced and fostered like a 
 hot-house plant, and when he is old enough to take his place in the race in life 
 he at once feels the fever of competition and the strain of incessant endeavor. 
 
 It is, however, becoming obvious that one great element of success in life is 
 bodily strength ; and that he who has every mental requirement and the finest 
 intellectual finish may find that he still lacks the one thing needed. Sound 
 physical health enables a man to work with vigor and freshness, to pass un- 
 harmed through periods of unusual pressure, to withstand the evils of worry, 
 to preserve a clearness and acuteness of mind when others are worn and fret- 
 ful and uncertain, and to still press forward when others have fallen in the race. 
 
 He will do well who still retains in the midst of his city life some of the 
 qualities of the men of the plain. He will find that muscular strength and 
 good lungs are not without value, even though he be no longer dependent 
 upon the hunter's skill for his daily meal. The attributes of the trapper and 
 the seaman are attributes which cannot be without service, even in the murk- 
 iest life in the wilderness of a great city. 
 
 It is now more or less clearly recognized that no skill, no learning, no in- 
 tellectual greatness, can carry with it its fullest influence without a certain 
 element of physical capacity in the individual. 
 
 The unduly diligent student who burns the midnight oil, who cannot tear 
 himself away from his books, who moves in a world in which the only sun- 
 shine is that of learning, and the only breeze is that which blows from the 
 erudition of the past, is often a miserable object enough as a human being. 
 His face is wan, his arms are feeble, his eyes are dim, he lives in an atmo- 
 sphere of little ailments, and he has few pleasures other than the joys of the 
 
IX TR OD UCTOR Y. 1 1 
 
 bookworm. Such a man would make no less progress in the present, and 
 would effect no less influence in the future, if he would devote some leisure to 
 the cultivation of his body. A clear eye, a wiry limb, and a ruddy cheek, are 
 not inconsistent with the greatest intellectual development ; while on the 
 other hand there are many poor lads who have been crammed and cultivated 
 until they are mere learned invalids. It may well be asked of their learn- 
 ing, "What will they do with it?" Many a "city man " can have but little 
 knowledge of living, however much he may know of "life." His hurried 
 hours of work are followed by a period of dulled rest. He lives in the maze 
 caused by the rush of passing events, he knows little of the joys of the world 
 as the barbarian knows them, and his journey through life is but at a halting 
 and creaking pace. He remains a partly developed creature who has never 
 attained to the full stature of a man. 
 
 Montaigne well says, in speaking of a man as he should be, " I would have 
 the disposition of his limbs formed at the same time with his mind. Tis not a 
 soul, 'tis not a body we are training, but a man, and we must not divide him." 
 
 In certain directions the importance of simple physical health and strength 
 cannot well be exaggerated. The part these have played in the history of the 
 British race has been magnificent enough. The gl ! English enterprise, 
 
 the daring and hardihood of the British seaman, the unconquerable pluck of 
 the English soldier, have taken no little share in forming the greatness of the 
 British nation. The love of sport among ! uglish, the delight in manly 
 
 games and outdoor exercises, the contempt for what is effeminate and fei 
 are outcomes of a vigorous health and a sturdy growth. 
 
 re is no need to modify the fact that the position of (Ire. it Britain 
 among European nations is due in no small extent to qualifications which 
 have been the gl tplorer may have profound 
 
 knowledge and a preternatural judgment, but they avail but little if he be not 
 
 possessed of men- rude health and strength. The main pride of the early 
 
 navigator was his reck nd his sturdy endurance. The 
 
 commander would have proved a man of straw had he not at his call men who 
 shirked no h irdship and who felt no fear. 
 
 It may doI 1" .1 ai knowledgment, but it is none th< true that 
 
 the ; I nglish p< 1 in no lit e upon tb 
 
 very humble qualities whii h □ good animal." 
 
 m instinct which impels the human being to seek health in mua- 
 cul.n and pleasure in physical exertion. Tin • the 
 
12 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 child is an expression of this. It is often said of a child that he or she is 
 never still. It is an excellent feature. It is as unreasonable to expect a young 
 lad to keep quiet as to expect him not to cough when he has a cold. The 
 infant jumps and kicks and crows ; the child shows its natural promptings by 
 incessant restlessness. The schoolboy, if he be vigorous and healthy, appears 
 to have acquired the art of perpetual movement. The mad rush of a crowd 
 of schoolboys from the schoolroom the moment they are free is characteristic 
 enough and pleasant to witness. The limbs and muscles which have been so 
 long still feel the need of movement as a half-suffocated man feels the need of 
 air. The boy who is the first to reach the open air beyond the school-house 
 door has probably not an evil future before him ; he has at least made a good 
 beginning. He, on the other hand, who crawls out last, who feels no irresist- 
 ible impulse to jump and shout, is in some way abnormal ; he is ill in health 
 or imperfect in construction. He may prove an excellent scholar, but the 
 terrible earnestness of the race of life is not best met by mere scholarship. 
 
 Throughout life there exists in all healthly bodies this natural craving for 
 exercise, and a man may consider that he has reached an unfortunate period 
 in his career when he has ceased to feel that impulse. 
 
 Muscles can grow only by exercise and by the simple expedient of using 
 them. The disused muscle wastes, and becomes fatty and anaemic. Mus- 
 cular tissue occupies nearly every part of the body, from so delicate a piece 
 of mechanism as the eye to so simple a structure as the biceps humeri. Ex- 
 ercise implies not merely the development of the muscles of the limbs, it im- 
 plies also the healthy use of the muscle of the heart, of the muscles of respi- 
 ration, of the muscular tissue of the arteries, and of the muscular elements of 
 all parts capable of movement. Such movement carries with it of necessity 
 an activity in the nervous system, an activity in the secreting organs and in 
 the organs of excretion. 
 
 Movement, indeed, within proper bounds, is essential to the full develop- 
 ment and perfect maintenance of the health of the body. The body is a 
 machine with the peculiar attribute that the more it is used, within reasonable 
 limits, the stronger and more capable it becomes. It gathers strength by 
 movement, and that strength is to be gauged, not by mere muscular force, 
 but by the perfect functional condition of every part and of every organ. 
 
 Physical Education involves exercise and movement. We know of no 
 other means of developing any portion of the organism, provided that the 
 supply of food and of air be sufficient. Exercise means growth, functional 
 
INTRODUCTOi 13 
 
 r, and the maintenance of a high standard of organic life. Undue 1 
 implies decay, feebleness, and a debased standard of functional value. Abso- 
 lute rest is found only in death. 
 
 Of artificial means of attaining physical perfection there are none. Every 
 structure and tissue must be duly and accurately exercised and kept in proper 
 movement ; and this applies as well to the ciliary muscle of the eye as it does 
 to the great flexors of the leg, as well to the peptic glands of the stomach as 
 to the cells of the cortex of the brain. The body is like a busy town ; so 
 long as there is activity within its walls, and so long as every nook and corner 
 is alive with the best energies of those who dwell therein, things fare well ; but 
 when one section flags, when inactivity falls upon this quarter or upon that, 
 there comes some retrogression, some halting in a progress which had hitherto 
 been even and energetic. If the intellect is to be cultivated, the brain must 
 be exercised. He who wishes to acquire the far vision of the seaman must 
 use his eyes like a seaman, and he who would develop the hunter's keenness 
 of hearing and powers of endurance must lead the hunter's life. 
 
 To learn how to rightly exercise every part and organ of the body, and 
 how to effect this without undue effort or injurious strain, is to discover the 
 elixir of life and such a philosopher's stone as will render the short tenure of 
 human life as free from bodily troubles as the art of man can make it. 
 
 It is no longer possible to say, as Herbert Spencer did some twenty 
 . that the inhabitants of this country take an interest in the rearing of the 
 offspring of all creatures except themselves. Civilization has nol yel greatly 
 impaired tin- unconquerable love of sport and the passion for movement and 
 \ich appear to be the heritage of the British race. There 
 is some evidence to show tint, taking averages, we have a 't dimini 
 either in height or in girth. There is evidence of deterioration among the 
 rer inhabitants of gr it cities, but among the n red <lass,.> ii 
 
 would a] it no change has taken place which in 1 distinct 
 
 1 award tendency. Within 1 there has been a remarkable 
 
 revival of interest in sports, games and athletii exercises of all kinds. It 
 not until 1 7; that tin- English Channel was crossed by 1 swimmer. 
 
 far as it is known, it w is not until the year 1^77 that a human being had 
 leapt from the ground, without BTtifil i il aid, to the height ^\ '• feet 2 inches. 
 A man can now jump feet in width, a mile has been run in 
 
 than l 1 ■ minute . and 600 miles hue been walked ill one w 
 
 It is quite obvious that the term Physical Education must includ< 
 
i4 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 regulation of the functions and movements of the entire body. With such as 
 concern the supply cf suitable food and wholesome air, and the observation 
 of what are known as simple hygienic conditions, the present paper has no 
 concern. 
 
 It is necessary here to deal only with that most conspicuous factor in 
 physical culture which concerns the due and proportionate exercise of the 
 muscles of the body. 
 
 In the following article we shall first consider the general effects of exercise, 
 including the subjects of fatigue, overwork, and want of exercise, and 
 secondly the effects of specific exercises. 
 
 THE GENERAL EFFECTS OF EXERCISE. 
 
 r. The Effect of Exercise upon the Development and 
 Proportions of the Body. 
 
 Exercise, as here understood, may be represented by such natural, sys- 
 tematic, and well-regulated exercises as enter into the life of every healthy 
 public schoolboy, together with such special gymnastics which may be con- 
 sidered to be necessary in particular cases. It must be understood that the 
 object of exercise — as here intended — is not to develop athletes, acrobats, and 
 phenomenally strong men, but to encourage and maintain the highest and 
 most equable development of the body. 
 
 The secret of the size and proportions of the future man lies buried in the 
 ovum from which the individual is developed. It may be said, indeed, that 
 there are two proportions possible in every human body — first, that which is 
 congenital, inherited, and predetermined ; and, secondly, such an increase or 
 modification of these proportions as may be effected by proper exercise. 
 
 The child of short and stunted parents will probably also be short and 
 stunted, and may remain so in spite of an elaborate physical training. An 
 infant Bushman, transported suddenly to a cotter's home in Scotland, could 
 never be expected to attain the proportions of the young Highlanders with 
 whom his lot had been cast. In estimating the effect of exercise and in 
 speculating upon its possible powers in this direction, a constant reference 
 must be made to those inherited factors which are quite beyond control. 
 Exercise cannot make a man a giant, nor can it with any certainty develop a 
 modern Hercules. It can, however, influence the growth and structural per- 
 fection of the body in a manner which is definite and to some extent re- 
 markable. 
 
GENERAL EFFECTS OF EXERCISE. 15 
 
 Exercise increases the size of a muscle, the proportions of its tendon, and 
 the power it can command. After undue rest, a muscle becomes thin, soft, 
 wasted, and feeble. The stronger the muscles, the finer and denser are the 
 aponeuroses with which they are connected, and the stouter are the fasciae 
 which hold them in position. Muscles act upon articulations. The duly ex- 
 ercised joint has a good covering of cartilage, powerful ligaments, and well- 
 developed bony parts. The joint which has long been kept at rest has wasted 
 ligaments, a thinned cartilage, and bones of smaller proportions. It becomes, 
 moreover, hyperaesthetic from disuse, and the tissues around are found to be 
 flabby and anaemic. Within certain somewhat narrow limits, the mechanical 
 possibilities of a joint can be much extended by exercise. 
 
 Muscular strength, moreover, influences the size of the bones upon which 
 the muscles act. The skeleton of a feeble individual compares in a very 
 marked manner with the skeleton of a muscular person of the same height 
 and the same age. The bone of the muscular individual is stronger, firmer, 
 and denser ; it is actually larger, and the so-called muscular surfaces and 
 ridges are more conspicuously marked. 
 
 '■- ise induces a more vigorous respiration, and under increased breath- 
 ing efforts the lung capacity is increased and the size of the thorax is aug- 
 mented. Exercise, moreover, accelerates the blood circulation, and it is 
 needless to point out the effect an increased blood supply has upon the size 
 and development of the tissues concerned. 
 
 1. The Development of the Body. — Before considering the special effects of 
 exercise upon the growth of the body, it is necessary to take Dote of what 
 may be termed the average measurements of the human organism. 
 
 The principal facts with regard t.> the growth of the body, its weight and 
 height at various periods of life, its comparative proportions in males and 
 females, and other features concerned in anthropometry, are briefly .set forth 
 in the following t ibles. 
 
 principal tables are derived from Mr. Charles Roberts' " Manual of 
 Anthropometry," and to this admirable and classical work the reader 1 
 ferred for more extensive del tils. Much use h is been made also of the report 
 of the Anthropometrii Committee of the British Association, 1 rhis 
 
 report was drawn up by Mr. Roberts and sir R. \v. Rawson, and has been 
 publi in appendix to Mr. Roberts' "Manual." Th< 
 
 vide the most precise data upon anthropomet] • is 
 
 ( "m .rued, which W 
 
PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 It may in the first place be well to tabulate the periods at which the various 
 parts of the skeleton are completed, so far as the facts of osteology guide us. 
 
 The Spine ~\ 
 
 The Pelvis > The 25th year. 
 
 The Shoulder Girdle J 
 
 The Upper Limb The 20th year. 
 
 {The Femur the 20th year. 
 The Tibia the 2 2d year. 
 The Fibula the 24th year. 
 
 Table I. — Showing the average stature {without shoes) and the average weight {including 
 clothes) at all ages of the general population of Great Britain. {All classes. Town 
 and country?) Number of observations on which the averages are founded. Stature : 
 Males, 37,574. Females, 4,616. Weight: Males, 33,043. Females, 4,685. (From the 
 Report of the Anthropometric Committee, 1883.) 
 
 Males. 
 
 Fem 
 
 ALES. 
 
 
 
 Age last 
 birthday. 
 
 Average 1 
 
 In- 
 
 Average 
 
 In- 
 
 Age last 
 birthday. 
 
 Average 
 
 In- 
 
 Average 
 
 In- 
 
 height, 
 
 crease in 
 
 weight, 
 
 crease in 
 
 height, 
 
 crease in 
 
 weight, 
 
 crease in 
 
 inches. 
 
 inches. 
 
 pounds. 
 
 pounds. 
 
 inches. 
 
 inches. 
 
 pounds. 
 
 pounds. 
 
 Birth 
 
 19.52 
 
 
 
 7-i 
 
 
 
 Birth 
 
 19-31 
 
 
 
 6.9 
 
 
 
 0-1 
 
 27.OO 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 O-I 
 
 24.83 
 
 5-52 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 33-5° 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 27.50 
 
 2.67 
 
 20.I 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 33-70 
 
 — 
 
 32-5 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 32-33 
 
 4-83 
 
 25-3 
 
 5.2 
 
 3 
 
 36.82 
 
 — 
 
 34-o 
 
 i-5 
 
 3 
 
 36.23 
 
 3-90 
 
 3I.6 
 
 6-3 
 
 4 
 
 3846 
 
 I.64 
 
 37-3 
 
 3-3 
 
 4 
 
 38.26 
 
 2.03 
 
 36.I 
 
 4-5 
 
 5 
 
 41.03 
 
 2-57 
 
 39-9 
 
 2.6 
 
 5 
 
 40.55 
 
 2.29 
 
 39-2 
 
 3-1 
 
 6 
 
 44.00 
 
 2.97 
 
 44-4 
 
 4-5 
 
 6 
 
 42.88 
 
 2-33 
 
 41.7 
 
 2-5 
 
 7 
 
 45-97 
 
 I.97 
 
 49-7 
 
 5-3 
 
 7 
 
 44-45 
 
 i-57 
 
 47-5 
 
 5.8 
 
 8 
 
 47-°5 
 
 I.08 
 
 54-9 
 
 5-2 
 
 8 
 
 46.60 
 
 2.15 
 
 52-1 
 
 4.6 
 
 9 
 
 49.70 
 
 2.65 
 
 60.4 
 
 5-5 
 
 9 
 
 48.73 
 
 2.13 
 
 55-5 
 
 3-4 
 
 10 
 
 51.84 
 
 2.14 
 
 67-5 
 
 7- 1 
 
 10 
 
 5^5 
 
 2.32 
 
 62.0 
 
 6.5 
 
 11 
 
 53-5° 
 
 1.66 
 
 72.0 
 
 4-5 
 
 11 
 
 53-io 
 
 2.05 
 
 68.1 
 
 6.1 
 
 12 
 
 54-99 
 
 1.49 
 
 76.7 
 
 4-7 
 
 12 
 
 55.66 
 
 2.56 
 
 76.4 
 
 8-3 
 
 13 
 
 56.91 
 
 1.92 
 
 82.6 
 
 5-9 
 
 13 
 
 57-77 
 
 2. 11 
 
 87.2 
 
 10.8 
 
 H 
 
 59-33 
 
 2.42 
 
 92.0 
 
 9-4 
 
 h ; 
 
 59.80 
 
 2.03 
 
 96.7 
 
 9-5 
 
 15 
 
 62.24 
 
 2.91 
 
 102.7 
 
 10.7 
 
 *5 
 
 60.93 
 
 I-!3 
 
 106.3 
 
 9.6 
 
 16 
 
 64.31 
 
 2.07 
 
 1 19.0 
 
 16.3 
 
 16 
 
 6i-75 
 
 .82 
 
 113.1 
 
 6.8 
 
 17 
 
 66.24 
 
 1-93 
 
 130.9 
 
 11.9 
 
 17 
 
 62.52 
 
 •77 
 
 "5-5 
 
 2.4 
 
 18 
 
 66.96 
 
 .72 
 
 137-4 
 
 6-5 
 
 18 
 
 62.44 
 
 
 121. 1 
 
 5-6 
 
 19 
 
 67.29 
 
 •33 
 
 139.6 
 
 2.2 
 
 19 
 
 62.75 
 
 •23 
 
 123.8 
 
 2-7 
 
 20 
 
 67-52 
 
 •23 
 
 143-3 
 
 3-7 
 
 20 
 
 62.98 
 
 •23 
 
 123.4 
 
 .6 
 
 21 
 
 67.63 
 
 .11 
 
 145-2 
 
 i-9 
 
 21 
 
 63-03 
 
 •°5 
 
 121.8 
 
 — 
 
 22 
 
 67.68 
 
 •°5 
 
 146.9 
 
 i-7 
 
 22 
 
 62.87 
 
 — 
 
 123.4 
 
 — 
 
 23 
 
 67.48 
 
 
 147-8 
 
 •9 
 
 23 
 
 63.01 
 
 — 
 
 124. 1 
 
 •7 
 
 24 
 
 67-73 
 
 •°5 
 
 148.0 
 
 .2 
 
 24 
 
 62.70 
 
 — 
 
 120.8 
 
 — 
 
 25-30 
 
 67.80 
 
 .07 
 
 I52-3 
 
 4-3 
 
 25-30 
 
 62.02 
 
 — 
 
 120.0 
 
 — 
 
 30-35 
 
 68.00 
 
 .20 
 
 159-8 
 
 7-5 
 
 30-35 
 
 
 — 
 
 120.8 
 
 — 
 
 35-40 
 
 68.00 
 
 — 
 
 164.3 
 
 4-5 
 
 35-40 
 
 
 — 
 
 120.8 
 
 — 
 
 40-50 
 
 67.96 
 
 — 
 
 163-3 
 
 — 
 
 j 40-50 
 
 ■ 61.15 
 
 — 
 
 1 1 8.0 
 
 — 
 
 50-60 
 
 67.92 
 
 — 
 
 1 66. 1 
 
 1.8 
 
 5O-60 
 
 — 
 
 104.0 
 
 — 
 
 60-70 
 
 67.41 
 
 — 
 
 158.1 
 
 2.0 
 
 60-7O 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 70 
 
 69.22 
 
 1.22 
 
 182.1 
 
 ~ 
 
 7° 
 
 - 
 
 
 106.0 
 
 
GENERAL EFFECTS OF EXERCISE. 17 
 
 The following comments upon the series of tables of which the above is an 
 abstract are furnished by the Anthropometric Committee : — 
 
 1. Growth is most rapid during the first five years of life. 
 
 2. From birth to the age of five years the rate of growth is the same in both 
 sexes, girls being a little shorter in stature and lighter in weight than boys. 
 
 3. From five to ten years boys grow a little more rapidly than girls, the 
 difference being apparently due to a check in the growth of girls at these ages. 
 
 4. From ten to fifteen years girls grow more rapidly than boys, and at the 
 ages of eleven and a half to fourteen and a half are actually taller, and from 
 twelve and a half to fifteen and a half years actually heavier than boys. This 
 difference appears to be due to a check in the growth of boys as well as an 
 acceleration in the growth of girls incident on the accession of puberty. 
 
 5. From fifteen to twenty years boys again take the lead, and grow at first 
 rapidly, then gradually slower, and complete their growth at about twenty- 
 three years. After fifteen, girls grow very slowly, and attain their full stature 
 about the twentieth year. 
 
 6. The tables show a slow but steady increase in stature up to the fiftieth 
 year, and a more rapid increase in weight up to the sixtieth year in males, but 
 the statistics of females are too few after the age of twenty-three to determine 
 the stature and weight of that sex at the more advanced periods of life. 
 
 "It is probably due to the greater or less development of the body at 
 the time of the accession of puberty," writes Mr. Roberts, " that the final dif- 
 ference in the height of individuals is chiefly to be attributed ; hence the in- 
 fluences which promote or retard growth at this period are most deserving of 
 study. In boys puberty occurs later, and is less regular and decided, than in 
 girls. The transition from boyhood to manhood extends over a period of 
 
 three to four years, and i-- a apanied by increased physical development 
 
 of the body ; but girls develop into women in a tew months, and witli the 
 complete establishment of puberty, growth in height is much diminished, and 
 
 often < >• ises altogetl 
 
 further contribution to the Bubjecl of the growth of boys, the following 
 
 tables, compiled by M.i< l.ircn, may he added : — 
 
PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 Table II. — Showing the State of Growth and Development between the ages of 10 and 18 
 years, being the averages of the actual ??ieasureme?its of ioo boys at each age. (Maclaren.) 
 
 Table III. — Abstract of precedi7ig Table showing average Annual Rate of Growth and 
 Development from year to year. {/Maclaren.) 
 
 Upper 
 Arm. 
 
 From 10 years to II years 
 
 "II ' 
 
 ' 12 
 
 "12 ' 
 
 13 
 
 " 13 
 
 14 
 
 " 14 
 
 15 
 
 " 15 
 
 16 
 
 " 16 
 
 17 
 
 « 1? 
 
 18 
 
 Height. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Girth of 
 Chest. 
 
 Forearm. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 ii 
 
 5 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 •1 
 
 2 
 
 8J 
 
 li- 
 
 1 
 4 
 
 n 
 
 6 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 4 
 
 A 
 
 8| 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
 *k 
 
 10} 
 
 It 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 13 
 
 If 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 l i 
 
 1 
 
 7»" 
 
 1 
 
 8} 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Some children appear to grow by fits and starts. Children who have re- 
 mained for many successive years under the average height may suddenly 
 shoot up and attain more than the normal stature when they reach adult age. 
 (See in connection with this matter Case 4, Table VII.) 
 
 The extremes in development are well illustrated by the following observa- 
 tions made by Maclaren. They give the result of the examination of 100 
 University men (freshmen) who were not especially selected. 
 
 The greatest The smallest 
 
 developments. developments. 
 
 Height 6 ft. 6 in. 5 ft. 2 in. 
 
 Weight 12 st. 2 lb. 7 st. 
 
 Chest girth 39 in. 27] in. 
 
 Forearm 1 1 j in. Sh in. 
 
 Upper arm 1 2% in. 8| in. 
 
 The effect of occupation and social and physical condition upon develop- 
 ment is well demonstrated by the statistics prepared by Mr. Roberts and the 
 Anthropometric Committee. 
 
GENERAL EFFECTS OF EXERCISE. 19 
 
 The following tables are derived (in abstract) from the report of the com- 
 mittee : — 
 
 TABLE IV. — Relative Height of Boys at the age of 11 to 12 years wider different social 
 
 and physical conditions of life. 
 
 Average height. 
 
 Public schools (country) 54-9^ inches. 
 
 Middle-class schools : 
 
 Upper (towns) 53.85 " 
 
 Lower (towns) 53-7° " 
 
 Elementary schools : 
 
 Agricultural laborers 53- ox " 
 
 Artisans ( town | 52.60 " 
 
 Factory hands (country) 52.1 7 " 
 
 Factory hands (towns) 5 1 .56 " 
 
 Military asylums 51.20 " 
 
 Industrial schools 50.02 " 
 
 TABLE V. — Relative Height of Adults of the ages from 25 to jo years under different social 
 
 and physical conditions of life. 
 
 Average height. 
 
 Upper classes, professional classes 69.14 inches. 
 
 < ommercia] classes, clerks, shopkeepers, &c 67.95 '• 
 
 Agricultural laborers, miners, sailors, &c 67.5 1 " 
 
 Artisan classes (towns) 66. 61 " 
 
 la. tory hands, workers at sedentary trades — e. g. tailors 65.92 " 
 
 The question of the relation of weight to height will be found considered in 
 Table I. 
 
 Table VI. gives the average chest-girth in males at different periods of life 
 (see also Tables II. and III.) The chest-girth in males shows an increase at 
 a rate similar to that of the weight up to the age of fifty years, but it appears 
 to have no definite relation to stature. 
 
 TAB] i VI.— Average Chest-girth (empty) 111 inches in .1/tiles of till classes at different ages 
 (Report of Anthropometric Committee'). 
 
 ■ \\. Cheat-girth Age next t-girth Arc next f*brii giith 
 
 intnebe*. birthday. in inches, birthday. in"in 
 
 1° 26.10 16 31.53 35.33 
 
 " 26.53 17 I 
 
 I -' Z-J.2Q IS 34.19 I \ 
 
 1 ; *fco3 "> 
 
 1 1 20 30-3S 17 
 
 ■5 *9-74 21 35.35 i 36-50 37.5S 
 
 effect of [zed exercise upon the growth and development of 
 
 and men may now be considered. In the Report of the- Anthropometric 
 
 ie measurements of eighty-nine i i 1 and amateur athletes 
 
 i with the following result "Their average stature exceeds thai of 
 
 the genera] population from which they are drawn by 0.68 inch, while their 
 
 ■ ige weight falls short of thai standard by 14.5 lb. The ratio of weight to 
 
 ad in the general population 8.383 lb. for 
 each ini h of stature. Thus s trained athlete whose stature is 5 feet 7 inches 
 
PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 should weigh 10 stone, while an untrained man of the same height should 
 weigh ii stone." 
 
 Table VII. — To show the Effects of Systematized Exercise upon growth and development, 
 
 (Alaclaren.) 
 
 - 
 
 Measurements, etc. 
 
 Increase. 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 . 1 
 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i) 6 
 
 e 
 
 £ 
 
 .a 
 
 w : i 6 
 
 « S 
 
 
 Case, j Date. 
 
 3 
 
 Height. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 J3 
 
 rt 
 
 a. s 
 
 _M 
 
 .£P 
 
 -c j n 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 fn 
 
 £> 
 
 In. 
 
 1 
 Lb. 
 
 In. In. 
 
 In. 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 Ft 
 
 in. ! St 
 
 lb. 
 
 In. 
 
 In. 
 
 In. 
 
 
 i i 1861, June. 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 6% 4 
 
 10 
 
 26 
 
 7% 
 
 7% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 j 1862, Sept. 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 9% 5 
 
 5 
 
 28% 8% 
 
 8 l % 
 
 2% 
 
 9 
 
 2 %, 1% 
 
 1 
 
 Height above average. 
 
 1803, Sept. 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 10% 6 
 
 
 
 30% s l A 
 
 8ji 
 
 1% 9 
 
 2 
 
 % 
 
 Other measurements 
 
 1 1864, June. 
 
 13 
 
 S 
 
 2*4 7 
 
 2 
 
 3 2 % 9'% 
 
 9% 
 
 3% 16 
 
 2 
 
 % 
 
 1 
 
 average. 
 
 ! 1865, May. 
 
 14 
 
 S 
 
 3 
 
 35% 9%ji°% 
 
 3%|IS 
 
 3 
 
 % 
 
 % From commencement, 
 
 I 1866, May. 
 
 is 
 
 S 
 
 9 10 
 
 2 
 
 37>£ 11 12 I 
 
 3% 27 
 
 2 
 
 1% 
 
 t U 
 
 growth rapid and 
 
 1867, Sept. 
 
 16 
 
 5 
 
 9% 10 
 
 13 
 
 38% uli 12% 
 39% 1 i/V 13% 
 
 %n 
 
 1 
 
 % 
 
 sustained, with reg- 
 
 1 18&8, Sept. 
 
 17 
 
 5 
 
 10% 11 
 
 2 
 
 1% 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 Vs 
 
 1 
 
 ular and uniform de- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 velopment. 
 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 i%l 3 
 
 Total increase . . 
 
 16 
 
 1 x 
 9° ,13% 
 
 4% 
 
 sVb 
 
 
 2 [ i860, Jan. 
 
 13 ! 2 3% 
 
 6% 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 Height and all other 
 
 
 i860, July. 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 3 f§4 
 
 4% 4 
 
 ,24 
 
 7 
 
 6%' 
 
 ^ T 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 *4 
 
 measurements great- 
 
 
 i860, Dec. 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 1 24% 
 
 7 
 
 7 1 
 
 %! 1 
 
 % 
 
 
 % 
 
 ly below average. 
 
 
 i85i, Dec. 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 4% 4 
 
 7 
 
 25 
 
 7% 
 
 $ 
 
 — | 6 
 
 % 
 
 1 
 
 Whole frame stunted 
 
 
 1862, July. 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 sVs 4 
 
 8 
 
 26 
 
 7% 
 
 %l 1 
 
 1 
 
 % 
 
 and dwarfish. Ad- 
 
 1863, Mar. 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 7% 4 
 
 12 
 
 26% 
 
 7f& 7% 
 
 8% 8V 
 
 1% 4 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 vancement at first 
 
 1 1864, July. 
 
 16 
 
 4 
 
 ii%l 6 
 
 6 
 
 29% 
 
 4 ; 22 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1% 
 
 slight and very ir- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 regular, afterwards 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 rapid and compara- 
 tively regular. 
 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 
 Total increase . . 
 
 9% 35 1 6 2 % 
 
 2% 
 
 
 3 1 1859, Dec. 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 26^! 8 
 
 7$ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Height greatly below 
 
 i860, Sept. 
 
 14 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 29 1 9 
 
 9% 
 
 11 1 3 
 
 2 % 
 
 1 
 
 1% 
 
 average ; other mea- 
 
 1861, July. 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 4% 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 3° | 9 
 
 9% 
 
 2 % 17 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 
 surements also con- 
 
 1 1862, Sept. 
 
 IS 
 
 5 
 
 7% 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 34% 1° 
 
 11% 
 
 2/4 19 
 
 4% 
 
 1 
 
 1% 
 
 s i d e r a b 1 y below 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 average. Instant 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 and extreme acceler- 
 ation of growth with 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total increase . . 
 
 i°% 39 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 3% 
 
 moderate increase in 
 
 
 19 
 
 s 
 
 5 
 
 3M 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 development. 
 
 4 
 
 1859, Oct. 
 1859, Dec. 
 
 |3°% 
 
 1 33 
 
 9% i°% 
 
 %\ 1 
 
 2% 
 
 % 
 
 S A 
 
 Well proportioned. A 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 3% 
 
 8 
 
 1 33 
 
 9% log 
 
 % - 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 remarkable feature 
 
 
 i860, Jan. 
 
 20 
 
 
 4% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lost 
 
 
 is the renewal and 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 1 33% 
 
 9%' 10% 
 9 gio>| 
 9%. 10% 
 
 Ys 
 
 — 
 
 x 6 
 
 % 
 
 — 
 
 steady continuation 
 
 
 — June. 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 4% 
 
 8 
 
 3 34 
 
 % 
 
 2 
 
 ?i 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 of the upward 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 4%l 8 
 
 5 134% 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 growth which had 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 been prematurely ar- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 rested. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total increase . . 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 3 3 4' % 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 5 1 1859, Oct. 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 4 |3°% 
 
 8M! 9% 
 
 
 
 
 
 Of delicate frame: 
 
 | i860, Jan. 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 9 (32% 
 
 off 10 
 
 9/4 10% 
 
 — 5 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 Y% 
 
 chest flat and nar- 
 
 i860, June. 
 1 i860, June. 
 
 18 
 
 6 
 
 °%! 9 
 
 "%:34 
 
 % *% 
 — 1% 
 
 1% 
 
 A 
 
 row, with sternum 
 
 18 
 
 6 
 
 °%! 9 
 
 13 134% 
 
 % 
 
 
 k 
 
 much depressed. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total increase . . 
 
 % 9 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 1% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
GENERAL EFFECTS OF EXERCISE. 
 
 21 
 
 This question of the effect of systematic exercise upon development has 
 been fully dealt with by Mr. Maclaren. 
 
 His tables dealing with the subject are of great value, and should be con- 
 sulted by all those who are interested in the matter. In the appended tables 
 a selection from these statistics is given. The normal increase in height and 
 weight, as given in Table I., must be taken into consideration. 
 
 Table VIII. — Measurements of twelve Non-commissioned Officers (selected to be qualified as 
 Military Gymnastic Instructors after eight months' training?) (Maclaren.) 
 
 Increase noted at end of period. 
 
 Age. 
 
 Height. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Girth of Chest. 
 
 Forearm. 
 
 Upper Ann. 
 
 Years. 
 
 In. 
 
 Lb. 
 
 In. 
 
 In. 
 
 In. 
 
 19 
 
 
 13 
 
 4i 
 
 I 
 
 ' 
 
 21 
 
 \ 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 M 
 
 23 
 
 
 9 
 
 34 
 
 I 
 
 If 
 
 23 
 
 
 9 
 
 ij 
 
 l\ 
 
 I 
 
 23 
 
 \ 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 I 
 
 23 
 
 \ 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 ) 
 
 I 
 
 23 
 
 \ 
 
 5 
 
 2h 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 24 
 
 .'. 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 I 
 
 ir 
 
 26 
 
 1 
 
 6', 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 J 
 
 
 J 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 28 
 
 \ 
 
 '3 
 
 3 
 
 1} 
 
 
 28 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 3 
 
 M 
 
 1 
 
 In an examination of Tables VII. and VIII. the increase in weight under 
 systematized 1 , after allowing for normal increase, is noteworthy. 
 
 In the matter of increase in growth, Case 4, Table VII., is interesting as 
 showing the renewal of growth after pr< mature arrest, the young man growing 
 2 inches after nineteen. Mr. Maclaren gives several other instances v( 
 
 sudden growth after premature arrest. In Table VII. the increase in height 
 
 of the older men in the list is of interest ha the majority it may be ih\c to ■ 
 of the figure, to the lessening, therefore, of some of the 
 
 curvature of the spine, and perhaps to some in< rease in the intr.ivcrtehral 
 
 In tl I the soldiers in Table Vlll. the question of the improvement 
 
 of the carriage can s< ircelj come into consideration, and the increase in 
 
 th to = ths of an inch in the last tour men must be ascribed to 
 
 changes in thi in case 3, rable VII., the immediate effecl of 
 
 tematized ex 1 pparentl) mown by a remarkable increase in height of 
 
 DO lc>-. than 1 1 inches in a period of nine mon 
 
22 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 A further point in these tables must be noticed, and that is the remarkable 
 increase in the circumference of the chest, which, it would appear, may be 
 obtained by systematic exercise. 
 
 An increase of 3 to 4 inches in the girth of the thorax may no doubt be in 
 great part ascribed to muscular development in the pectoral and scapular 
 regions. It involves, however, an increased respiratory power, and a greater 
 breathing capacity. 
 
 In a country where lung diseases are so common as they are in England, it 
 is difficult to speak too strongly of the importance of obtaining a full develop- 
 ment of the chest. 
 
 Physicians recognize the part played by a narrow thorax and a feeble 
 breathing power in aiding the evolution of chronic lung disease and in pro- 
 moting the progress of such processes as are acute. 
 
 Considering the definite and apparently assured results of physical training 
 in this direction, it appears culpable to allow a child to grow up surrounded 
 by the undoubted dangers which attend the possession of a constricted chest. 
 
 It will be observed from the above tables that a great increase in the cir- 
 cumference of the chest can take place as an almost solitary feature of 
 development. Mr. Maclaren gives the case of a lad of nineteen whose height 
 was not increased by systematic exercise, but who increased the girth of his 
 chest by 4 ) /% inches in nine months. 
 
 It is well also to note that an improvement in the measurements of the 
 chest can be effected many years after the period of youth has passed. Thus 
 Maclaren cites the case of a gentleman aged thirty-five who at the end of two 
 months' exercise at the Oxford Gymnasium had increased the circumference 
 of his thorax by no less than 4^2 inches. His height was diminished by an 
 eighth of an inch, due probably to an increase in the curvature of the thoracic 
 part of the spine. 
 
 In considering the general question of increase in chest girth care must be 
 taken not to ascribe this increase — as some appear inclined to do — entirely 
 to an increase in the capacity of the thoracic cavity. This is probably in all 
 cases of much less effect than muscular development. Those who practice 
 excessively with gymnastic apparatus acquire a peculiar conformation of the 
 chest, the main factor in which is certainly not an increase in the capacity of 
 the thorax. 
 
 2. The Proportions of the Body. — A proper physical training does some- 
 thing more than merely increase the size of the limbs and possibly the height 
 
GENERAL EFFECTS OF EXERCISE. 23 
 
 of the body. It tends to render all parts of the body symmetrical and more 
 perfectly proportioned. 
 
 A well-proportioned body has a grace which is independent of mere size, 
 height, and strength. It is in women especially that the great lack of a per- 
 fect proportion is so often conspicuous. In one the hips are out of propor- 
 tion to the shoulders ; in another the width of the chest is totally out of 
 keeping with the height of the body ; in a third the length of the upper limbs 
 is not in proportion to the dimensions of the trunk. 
 
 Those who have taken properly arranged exercise from their earliest youth 
 may still need many graces, but they will probably possess the peculiar grace 
 which belongs to a symmetrical body. 
 
 Of all animals man is the most subject to variations in proportion anil in 
 symmetry. It is certain that in some children the body develops unevenly : 
 one side appears to be larger than the other ; one limb may be longer than 
 its fellow ; one side of the thorax may be of greater circumference than the 
 other. Such deviations — which in no sense constitute deformity — a well- 
 directed system of physical training may correct. 
 
 It is common to meet a long, lanky lad with spider-like arms and legs, a 
 meagre neck, and a narrow chest. It is probably said that he has "outgrown 
 his strength." In reality his growth in height has been out of proportion to 
 his growth in muscular power. With proper training such a lad ceases to be 
 lanky ; he becomes merely tall, his chest fills out, his arms acquire a greater 
 girth, his neck becomes sinewy, and the " scarecrow " of the schooln 
 becon !>ly a lithe, well-proportioned youth. 
 
 Another lad maybe squaf and "stumpy " and heavy looking. lie has a 
 big bead and a wide chest and limbs which appear to be ridiculously out of 
 proportion to his burly trunk, lie begins to pursue every available form of 
 ind outdoor recreation, and in a few y< 1 > sprung up. Ilis 
 
 wide chest has stood him in good stead, and his liiul.^ arc now no longer out 
 of keeping with his body. 
 
 following account of ; I proportions of tl is founded 
 
 upon that given by Mr. Robert - in his " Manual of Anthropometrj ." 
 
 //,;/./.- ( If .ill part ■ of the body, the heal v.:nc . 1c . >t in it^ piopor- 
 
 tions during growth. In the average adult it is considered to form the 
 nth part ot the whole height. From birth to the period of full develop- 
 ed only doubl( ht, while the whole body elongates three 
 or four times it- original dimensions. T wth of the head is 
 
24 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 during the first two years of life. The lower parts of the face grow at a 
 greater rate than the upper, and all the horizontal measurements of the head 
 develop less than those of height. 
 
 The Trunk. — The height of the neck increases irregularly. The most 
 rapid growth is at puberty. The neck ultimately attains to double its original 
 dimensions. The other parts of the body increase with greater energy, and 
 growth is greater the further the parts are situated from the summit of the 
 head. Thus, while the measurements of the head and neck are only doubled, 
 those of the trunk are tripled, and those of the lower extremities are more 
 than quadrupled. The transverse diameters of the trunk increase nearly in 
 the same ratio as the height. They triple from birth to the period of full 
 development. At the age of six or seven, this diameter is already doubled. 
 The antero-posterior diameter of the thorax increases less rapidly and is not 
 doubled until about puberty. 
 
 At the time of birth, when the child is about the sixth of the height it will 
 ultimately attain to, the point which divides the total height into two equal 
 parts is a little above the navel ; at two years of age it is at the navel ; at 
 three years, when the child has attained half its total height, the central point 
 is on a line with the upper borders of the iliac bones ; at ten years of age, 
 when the child has attained three-fourths of its total height, the central point 
 is on a line with the trochanters ; at thirteen years it is at the pubes, and in 
 the adult man it is nearly half an inch lower. In the adult woman the cen- 
 tral point is a little above the pubes. 
 
 The Upper Limbs. — The space covered by the arms extended horizontally 
 is equal to the total height of the body from birth to puberty. 
 
 In the adult man the ratio of the height to the measurement of the ex- 
 tended arms is as i to 1.045 '> an( l m tne adult woman as 1 to 1.015. The 
 length of the arm — excluding the hand — is doubled at the age between four 
 and five years, tripled between thirteen and fourteen, and quadrupled at the 
 period of full development. The hand develops less rapidly. After the age 
 of seven or eight the length of the hand has the ratio to the total height of 
 one to nine, This applies to adults both male and female. 
 
 The Lower Limb. — The lower extremities in adults are five times the 
 length they were at birth. They double their length before the third year, 
 and at twelve they are four times their original length. The length of the 
 thigh varies considerably, and has much to do with the differences in' the total 
 height of individuals. The foot at all ages of life and in both sexes forms 
 
GENERAL EFFECTS OF EXERCISE. 25 
 
 from the 0.15 to 0.16 of the total height of the individual. It is only about 
 the age of ten that the length of the foot is equal to the height of the head. 
 Before that period the head is the longer, and after it the shorter. 
 
 The pe7-fect Female Form. — The relative proportions of a perfect female 
 form as deduced by modern sculptors from Greek statues have been given as 
 1" illows. Her height will be five feet five inches. With the arms extended 
 the measurement from finger-tip to finger-tip should be equal to her own 
 ht. The hand should be r' u th of this, the foot 'th, and the chest 
 diameter th. From her perineum to the ground she should measure just 
 t she measures from the perineum to the top of the head. The knee 
 should be midway between the perineum and the heel. 
 
 The distance from the elbow to the middle finger should be the same as 
 from the elbow to the middle of the chest. The head should be about the 
 length of the foot. A woman of this height should measure 24 inches about 
 the waist, 34 inches around the chest if measured under the arms, and 43 if 
 measured over them. The upper arm should measure 13 inches and the 
 wrist 6. The circumference of the thigh should be 25 inches, of the calf of 
 the leg 14JJ inches, and of the ankle 8 inches. 
 
 In determining the rate of growth and development of the body the fol- 
 lowing system of measurements, advised by Mr. Maclaren and given in his 
 well-known work, may be followed out : 
 
 System of Measurements. 
 Height (without boots). — The position >>f attention, the I her, the knees ! -i. 
 
 . the chin raise!, the bead held Steady, the sboalden square to the front, the heels, 
 1 touching the pillar of the standard. 
 X. B, This 1.. p it..!, shoul 1 always he taken at the same ti:n 
 
 the day, and after imount ol bodily exertion. 
 
 :/ — In working costume, i. c, in li^!a shoes, flannel trousers, flannel shirt 01 
 \. 1'.. rhis measurement, when repeated, should alws n at the same time of 
 
 the day, and with reference to any circumstance win. h woul 
 
 Chest. — Over the jersey Or naked breast. The position ,.f attention, but with the arms 
 horizontally extes . I palms of the bai ds held npwai - <. straight. 
 
 boul 1 1"' passe 1 aroun i the 1 best in the line of the nipple. 
 X. l'. Care must taken that the chest is not inflated nsion dur- 
 
 rdinary breathing. Where a single m i- taken the above line is the 
 
 raging appn muscular and respiratory apadty; but when the lat- 
 
 ter quality Is of primary importance (as in rowis .ken 
 
 ■ the ninth rib. 
 In n recruits in army, the - ere t, with the arms banging 
 
26 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 loosely by the side. The lower edge of the tape should touch the nipple. The man is re- 
 quired to count ten slowly during the operation, to prevent him from keeping his lungs 
 over-inflated. 
 
 Forearm (skin measurement). — The arm extended as in the preceding measurement, but 
 with the hand tightly closed, the tape to be passed around the thickest part of the arm, and 
 its girth at that point reckoned. 
 
 N. B. — With men who have taken little exercise this line will always be found near the 
 elbow joint, but as the limb becomes developed, and the numerous muscles of trie forearm 
 acquire bulk and power from exercise, the greatest girth will be found from to 2 to 3 inches 
 below it. Unless this circumstance be kept in view the actual increase will not be per- 
 ceived. 
 
 Upper arm (skin measurement). — The hand closed, the arm bent at the elbow, and the 
 hand brought clown towards the shoulder. This should be slowly and gradually done, bend- 
 ing the joints of the fingers, clenching the fist, and bringing the forearm down upon the 
 upper arm, the tape to be passed in a straight line around the thickest part of the arm. 
 
 N. B. — When the whole arm is fully developed, the difference in size between the fore 
 and upper arm in an adult of medium stature will be about 2 inches, and it will almost in- 
 variably be found that when the upper arm is feeble the upper region of the chest will be 
 feeble also. With a chest of 40 inches the arm would probably be 12 inches and 14 inches. 
 
 Calf (skin measurement). — The limb to be held stiff and straight, the heel raised from 
 the ground, the toes pressed strongly down, and the knee braced back. The tape is to be 
 passed around the thickest part of the calf; and as the position of this line will somewhat 
 vary with different men, and with the same limb in different stages of development, one or 
 two points should be tried, and that which shows the greatest girth selected. 
 
 Thigh (skin measurement). — The limb placed as in preceding measurement, the tape to 
 be passed in a horizontal line around the thickest part of the limb, which will be at the 
 highest point of the thigh admitting of horizontal measurement. 
 
 2. The Effect of Exercise upon the Muscular and Nervous Systems. 
 
 Of the exact changes which take place in active muscle, and of the circum- 
 stances attending muscular contraction, it is needless to deal at any length. 
 The matter is fully considered in every text-book of physiology. 
 
 The following brief account of the metabolism in muscle may be given : In 
 an active muscle the blood-vessels are dilated. The neutral or feebly alka- 
 line reaction of the passive structure becomes an acid reaction when the mus- 
 cle is contracting, owing, it is supposed, to the formation of paralactic acid. 
 A considerable quantity of carbon dioxide is excreted from the active muscle, 
 while a large proportion of oxygen is consumed. The amount of glycogen 
 and grape sugar is diminished in an active muscle, the tissue of which contains 
 less extractives soluble in water, but more extractives soluble in alcohol. 
 During exercise the amount of water in muscular tissue increases, while that 
 
GENERAL EFFECTS OF EXERCISE. 27 
 
 of the blood is diminished in proportion. Heat is formed in a muscle in a 
 state of activity. 
 
 Turning to more general matters concerning the muscular system, it has 
 been well said that " function makes structure," and it is certain that muscular 
 exercise makes muscular tissue. Not only is the exercised muscle increased 
 in size, both as a whole and as far as its individual parts are concerned, but 
 there is eliminated from it such tissue as is other than muscular. The fat 
 contained among its meshes is reduced to a minimum, the connective tissue 
 is lessened in amount, the aponeurotic parts are strengthened, and the struc- 
 ture of the muscle is so amended that it is hampered by no material other 
 than that concerned in actual movement. It is freed, moreover, of such 
 nitrogenous substances as are capable of giving rise to superabundant waste 
 product-, cf combustion. 
 
 There is a limit, of course, to the growth of muscles, and muscles exercised 
 to too great an extent will, after attaining a certain size, commence to waste. 
 The contractile force of the muscle is increased, and an improvement takes 
 place in those conditions which insure the speedy and complete contraction 
 of its fibres. It has been pointed out that the muscles of an athlete when in 
 training contract with extraordinary force under the electric current ; the 
 muscular sense is developed to its utmost, and the circumstances involved in 
 the performance of a reflex act are placed under improved conditions ; the 
 
 ver of co-ordination possessed by the individual is augmented ; he acquires 
 the art of causing muscles, which may be said to have been hitherto estranged, 
 to act in concert, so that movements which were complex and effected with 
 difficulty are ultimately carried out with ease. In this way the nervous sys- 
 ia Baved a great expenditure of force. Acts which were performed with 
 effort and by conscious will become automatic, and there is a saving in the 
 enditure of active force in the spinal cord and in the cerebral cortex. 
 Complicated movements become " organically registered in the brain" and 
 cease to be difficult. One conspicuous feature in muscular training is the 
 increase in the possibilities of automatism. As time goes on, and the indi- 
 vidual 1 1 md more, he find- the work becomes easier an 
 'I his depends, not only upon an increase in the actual strength of the p 
 but upon tin- greater e 1 e with which the muscles concerned act in coordina- 
 tion and upon tin- muscular experience of the individual, which prevents him 
 
 from mispUu in- Ins strength, and enables him to attain a desired end with 
 
 the minimum amount of force. 
 
aS PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 He who is beginning to practice any muscular exercise, such as fencing, 
 bicycling, or rowing, will feel that he moves stiffly. The constant comment 
 of the instructor in physical exercises is, "Don't keep so stiff!" "Let your 
 arms go loose ! " The beginner has not yet learnt how to balance one set of 
 muscles against their antagonists. His movements are at first very delibe- 
 rately planned, but in time the will ceases to concern itself. A memory is 
 developed in the spinal cord and in the muscular centres, and one great 
 element of fatigue is removed. 
 
 Nothing in physical training is more remarkable than the economy of force 
 which results from muscular education. The well-trained athlete, moreover, 
 acquires the art of using his respiratory muscles with the greatest economy. 
 He does not exhaust himself with needlessly vigorous breathing ; he learns to 
 precisely regulate his respiratory movements to his immediate needs, and he 
 brings the muscles of his thorax into co-ordination with the other muscles 
 which he employs. 
 
 Just as muscles increase with use and waste with disuse, so the whole nerve 
 apparatus concerned in movement is structurally improved by systematic ex- 
 ercise. The athletic man has better developed nerves, a more elaborate or- 
 ganization of his spinal cord and of certain parts of his brain, than has the 
 individual whose muscular system is imperfectly formed. Just as a certain 
 segment of the spinal cord and of the cerebral cortex wastes after the removal 
 of a limb, so it may be inferred that those parts become hypertrophied and 
 elaborated when the limb in question is unusually employed. 
 
 "The differences," writes Sir Crichton Browne, "which we notice between 
 man and man in deportment, gait and expression, are but the outward and 
 visible signs of individual variations in the development of the motor centres 
 of the brain, and the stammerings, grimacings, twitchings, and antics which 
 are so common and annoying, alike to those who suffer and who witness them, 
 are probably in many instances the effects of neglected education of some of 
 those centres, and might have been abolished by timely drill and discipline." 
 
 He who has been well trained physically possesses not only a complete but 
 an intelligent use of his muscles. His movements are powerful, are under 
 absolute control, are precise, and capable of the finest and most elaborate 
 adjustment. 
 
 The art of the athlete consists, not in employing the greatest amount of 
 power in effecting a movement, but in carrying out that movement with the 
 least possible expenditure of force. The tyro at cycling will use an amount 
 
GENERAL EFFECTS OF EXERCISE. 29 
 
 of muscular force in riding a mile which would probably carry an experienced 
 rider some twenty miles. 
 
 3. The Effect of Exercise Upon the Tissues and Organs Generally. 
 
 It is needless in this place to deal with the subject of bodily heat, with the 
 manner in which it is developed and employed, with the conditions which 
 regulate it and attend its disposal. It is necessary only to say that in the 
 body work and heat are always associated, and it is believed that the heat is 
 the cause, and not the effect of the work. No muscular contraction can occur 
 without the production of heat, but of the precise manner in which heat acts 
 upon muscle and makes it contract, little is known. 
 
 Commenting upon this matter, Dr. Lagrange, in his work on "The Physi- 
 ology of Bodily Exercise" (page 3 7 ), observes : "Heat causes in muscular 
 fibres the first stage of contraction, or at least an aptitude for coming into 
 action more quickly under the influence of the will. A heated muscle seems 
 to have stored, in a sense, a latent force. It has been ascertained that the 
 maximum aptitude for contraction is exhibited by human muscles at about 
 40 C. It follows that a man whose muscles are at this temperature is able 
 to act more quickly, and at once can make use of all his force. 
 
 " A bodily exercise is performed with more vigor and ease when heat has 
 raised the temperature of the muscles. This fact is so well known that there 
 are characteristic phrases to express it in common speech. We say of a man 
 beginning an exercise of strength or skill whose movements have not yet ac- 
 quired all their force and precision, that he has not yet warmed to his work." 
 author compares the preliminary canter before a race, the preliminary 
 fight, and the strange movements of an angry animal before 
 an attack, to the he iting up of a locomotive. It may be pointed out also that 
 there is a greater aptitude fur bodily exercises in summer than in winter, and 
 that muscular action b< I smporarily paralyzed b) Id. 
 
 The heat produced in the body depends upon certain chemical changes in 
 
 the tissues, certain < ora which are mostly, but not exclusively, oxida- 
 
 products of combustion, or of dissimilation, examples of which 
 
 ifforded b) 1 irbon dio\idc, urea, uric acid, etc., are noxious to life ami 
 must be i-je. ted from the body in one wiv or another through 1 y of 
 
 produced by an ej retention of these 
 
 with in di ubje< t of Eatig 
 
 Mu* iver, to remove any accumulation of fat 
 
 which n, 1 the tissues. Fat is the type of what are known as the 
 
So PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 reserve tissues. It serves the part of fuel for combustion ; it undergoes dis- 
 similation with remarkable ease, and may therefore be regarded as fuel of a 
 most combustible character. As fat forms no permanent structural part of the 
 organism, its removal is, within limits, effected with no inconvenience. The 
 fat man who takes exercise finds that he soon becomes breathless and fatigued. 
 His unwonted muscular exertion involves a great series of combustion pro- 
 cesses. Fat would appear to be of all substances the one which most readily 
 lends itself as material for such changes. The result is that in the corpulent 
 individual the products of dissimilation are produced in excess, and he be- 
 comes, in a certain sense, poisoned by the accumulation of these products (see 
 chapter on Fatigue) . He is hampered also by the unnecessary weight of his 
 body, by his feeble muscles, and possibly, to some extent, by the mechanical 
 obstacles offered by collections of fat. A corpulent man in rowing finds that 
 his large abdomen is an actual mechanical obstacle in the way of his movements. 
 
 A fat man when in training loses his fat. As he becomes thinner he be- 
 comes stronger, his muscles act better, he is less breathless on exertion, less 
 fatigued after long-continued effort, and may in time reach that excellent state 
 of health known as "good condition." 
 
 The fat disappears first from the limbs, especially from the limbs which are 
 particularly employed. Last of all the internal accumulations disappear, and 
 the last feature to go will probably be the large abdomen, which is so terrible 
 a trial to would-be athletes of middle age. 
 
 It may here be said that the deposit of a certain amount of fat within the 
 abdomen is a common accompaniment of advancing age, and that its forma- 
 tion can best be prevented by exercise, and especially by such exercise as in- 
 volves the contraction of the abdominal muscles. It is exceedingly rare to see 
 a waterman who keeps up a good style of rowing present an unduly promi- 
 nent abdomen. 
 
 Exercise, moreover, tends to improve the condition of the tissues generally. 
 The soft parts become firmer, more resistant, less easily bruised when dam- 
 aged, and in all respects sounder. A man in training is said to be "hard," 
 and it is well known that no moderate blow will raise a bruise upon the person 
 of a prize-fighter when he is in perfect "condition." The general standard 
 of the nutritive activity of the body is improved. The stout and flabby man 
 becomes thinner, harder and firmer under training. 
 
 The thin and spare man, on the other hand, often becomes stouter under 
 training. He feels better, eats better, and his powers of nutrition are so im- 
 proved that he gains flesh and weight. 
 
GENERAL EFFECTS OF EXERCISE. 
 
 3* 
 
 Thus training may cause one man to lose weight and another to gain it, 
 and both to look healthier and better for the change. 
 
 >r. Lagrange well expresses it, " Exercise produces in the system two 
 absolutely different effects : it increases the process of assimilation, thanks to 
 which the body gains new tissues, and it accelerates the process of dissimila- 
 tion, which leads to the destruction of certain materials." Its action in the 
 former direction depends upon the increased amount of oxygen introduced 
 into the system by the improved circulation and respiration, and by the 
 healthy stimulation of the various active organs of the body. 
 
 The need for exercise is felt as much by thin people, who assimilate too 
 little, as by fat people, who do not dissimulate enough. Exercise may there- 
 fore be regarded as a great regulator of nutrition. 
 
 As the action of the heart rapidly increases in force and frequency during 
 exercise, the flow of blood through all parts of the body is increased. The 
 amount of increase is from ten to thirty beats, but it may be more. The skin 
 becomes red with the blood contained in the full capillaries, and perspiration 
 is much increased. The amount of fluid which \s lost by the skin is very 
 considerable. 
 
 The digestive apparatus is stimulated and strengthened by exercise. The 
 appetite improves, digestion is more complete, absorption more rapid, and 
 the circulation through the liver is more vigorous and even. 
 
 Muscular exercises, especially such as employ the muscles of the abdomen, 
 have a very beneficial effect upon the bowels, promoting peristaltic move- 
 ments and relieving such constipation as depends upon the torpidity of the 
 intestine. 
 
 One other conspicuous effect of exercise is the increased elimination of 
 carbon. This is eliroin tted mainly by the lungs. The observations of l'et- 
 tenkofer and Voit give the following results : — 
 
 
 1 via 1 IX. 
 
 
 
 
 Absorpli "' Of 
 oxygen in 
 grammes. 
 
 1 liminarioa in grammei of 
 
 
 954-5 
 
 
 w 
 828.0 
 
 [21 |.i 
 
 37-o 
 
 
 
 work day ( with ex 
 
 246.6 
 
 - 0.2 
 
 
 
32 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 It is demonstrated that a considerable formation of carbonic acid takes 
 place in the muscles. As, moreover, exercise is clearly necessary for a suf- 
 ficient elimination of carbon from the body, it is needful, in a condition of 
 prolonged rest, that the amount of carbon in the food be lessened to avoid an 
 accumulation of that element in the tissues. 
 
 With regard to the vexed question of the elimination of nitrogen from the 
 body during exercise, Parkes concludes his careful examination of the subject 
 in these words : — 
 
 " On the whole, if I have stated the facts correctly, the effect of exercise is 
 certainly to influence the elimination of nitrogen by the kidneys, but within 
 various limits, and the time of increase is in the period of rest succeeding the 
 exercise ; while during the exercise period the evidence, though not certain, 
 points rather to a lessening of the elimination of nitrogen. 
 
 "It would appear from these facts that well-fed persons taking exercise 
 would require a little more nitrogen in the food, and it is certain, as a matter 
 of experience, that persons undergoing laborious work do take more nitro- 
 genous food. This is the case also with animals." 
 
 Dr. Parkes thus sums up the action of exercise upon the kidneys : "The 
 water of the urine and the chloride of sodium often lessens in consequence of 
 the increased passage from the skin. The urea is not much changed. The 
 uric acid increases after great exertion, so also apparently the pigment ; the 
 phosphoric acid is not augmented ; the sulphuric acid is moderately increased ; 
 the free carbonic acid of the urine is increased ; the chlorides are lessened on 
 account of the outflow by the skin ; the exact amount of the bases has not 
 been determined, but a greater excess of soda and potash is eliminated than 
 of lime or magnesia. Nothing certain is known as to hippuric acid, sugar, or 
 other substances." 
 
 4. The Effect of Exercise upon Personal Comeliness and Comfort. 
 
 We have already noted the effect a systematic training may have upon the 
 growth and development of the body, upon the size of the chest, and the pro- 
 portions of the limbs. Such training, moreover, can give an upright and 
 symmetrical figure and an easy and graceful carriage. There is a swing about 
 the body and a bearing of the head and shoulders which mark those whose 
 muscular system has been fully developed. 
 
 Under proper training the shuffling and shambling gait disappears, the 
 loutish boy ceases to look loutish, and the gawky girl no longer excites com- 
 
GENERAL EFFECTS OF EXERCISE. 33 
 
 ment ; rounded shoulders become square, and bending backs are made 
 straight. 
 
 The athlete, so far as his body and his personal equation are concerned, 
 has reached the full and perfect stature of a man, and the girl whose physical 
 education has been complete reaches her point of physical perfection as a 
 woman. The beauty of the body depends upon a fully formed skeleton and 
 perfectly developed muscles, and not upon deposits of fat. The arm of a 
 plump but ill-developed woman is rounded and free from conspicuous promi- 
 nences about the elbow, but the outline is as meaningless and as unnatural as 
 the part is flabby and lifeless. The arm of a woman in perfect physical con- 
 dition has, on the other hand, an exquisite outline. It presents the contour 
 given it by the muscles that move the limb. The graceful configuration of 
 these muscles has not been hidden beneath a monotonous layer of fat. The 
 arm has an individuality, and has reached the perfection of its growth. The 
 beauty of the right arm of many female violinists is a matter of common 
 comment. 
 
 Unfortunately there is comparatively little fat about joints, and the most 
 trying feature in the feebly developed woman is a bony elbow. There are 
 masses of muscle about the elbow, and if these are wasted the details of the 
 skeleton become unpleasantly conspicuous. If they are, on the contrary, 
 well-developed, the contour of the elbow becomes even and graceful. The 
 arm of an individual who is not only thin, but is also ill-developed, is an un- 
 pleasant spectacle — it is a burlesque of a human limb. 
 
 In the neck and the upper part of the chest the effects of a sound phj 
 training are very conspicuous. The long turkey-like neck of the ill-developed 
 lad and the scraggy neck of the ill-nurtured woman are familiar enough. 
 They are both unnecessary disfigurements. 
 
 A perfectly-shaped thorax gives to the human figure its most striking feat- 
 ure, and such a chest cannot be met with among those whose physical edu- 
 cation has been quite neglected. There is little excuse for an ill-formed 
 thorax, and yet at the present day it \- mel with on all sides and in all classes 
 of the community. 
 
 back of the ill-developed is characteristic. The spinous processes of 
 
 the instead of being sunk in a median groove formed by the two 
 
 rtebral mi tnd out in the form of an irregular 
 
 nodulated ridge. Tin- back looks feeble, lifeless, wasted, and there is an air 
 
 muscular] 1 about it. It look-, poor, and yet it must be owned 
 
34 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 that it is the type of back very commonly met with among the favored classes, 
 and especially among the women. 
 
 The tissues of the ill-developed are flabby, doughy, baggy. They lack 
 elasticity and consistence. The cheek of the overworked shop assistant who 
 gets no real exercise can be seen to shake as he walks along the street. 
 
 The purposeless- looking extremities of those who are physically uneducated 
 are well known. They have the appearance of the limbs of individuals who 
 are recovering from serious illness. They are, as a matter of fact, the ex- 
 tremities of persons who have never been well. 
 
 The tissues of the well-developed are firm, elastic, resisting, active, and full 
 of evidence of living. There is given to every part of the surface of the 
 body that rapid change in contour and that indescribable aspect of vigor and 
 soundness which are features of a healthy and well-knit frame. 
 
 In the above comments I am alluding merely to the results of a systematic 
 physical training, and not to such exceptional results of muscular exercise as 
 produce professional gymnasts and acrobats. 
 
 Undue and unsymmetrical muscular development may deform the body ; 
 a circumstance well illustrated by some acrobats, whose lower limbs are of 
 normal or sub-normal development, while their arms are enormous, their 
 shoulders mountainous and uncouth, their necks coarse and bullock-like, and 
 the upper part of the back arched or bowed. This is especially noticeable in 
 gymnasts who practice upon the trapeze, horizontal bar, and other apparatus, 
 and who have exclusively developed the muscles of the upper half of the 
 trunk. 
 
 The skin of those who have taken pains to bring their bodies to perfection 
 often compares in a marked manner with the integument of the neglected 
 and uneducated. It is firm, clear, and wholesome. It is not to be argued 
 that exercise will keep the integument free from marks and blotches, and ren- 
 der a naturally coarse skin fine, but it will bring about such differences in ap- 
 pearance as serve to distinguish what is healthy from what is unsound. The 
 delicate and sensitive complexion of a young woman whose physical training 
 has been efficient is in conspicuous contrast with the dull, loose, lustreless in- 
 tegument of the abstainer from muscular pursuits. The skin of the recluse 
 is grey, greasy, and unpleasant-looking. The complexion of the young man 
 about town is almost distinctive. It is aggressively unwholesome, and forms 
 a contrast with that of his companion who has just returned from a shooting 
 expedition or a long boating tour. Exercise, of course, involves more living 
 
GENERAL EFFECTS OF EXERCISE. 35 
 
 in the open, a freer and deeper respiration, and the coursing of a more vig- 
 orous flow of blood through the integuments ; it leads actually to a sounder 
 state of the general health, and such improvement is at once evident upon 
 the skin. There is a certain brightness and vivacity of the look, and a cer- 
 tain degree of self-assertion in the carriage, of those who are in sound phys- 
 ical condition. They contrast with the wan, hopeless-looking creatures who 
 never "stir out of the house," and who crawl through life in a semi-apologetic 
 manner. 
 
 In the matter of personal comfort no greater sense of pure pleasure can 
 influence the human mind than that which results from perfect health. There 
 is the glorious delight of movement and of vigorous activity, quite apart from 
 the excitement and mental enjoyment which attend so many recreations and 
 outdoor sports. The lad who is in perfect physical condition wakes up in the 
 morning, fresh and rampant ; and if it be the summer time he probably feels 
 an irresistible impulse to dash out into the open air and fill his lungs and 
 quicken his pulse and move his muscles. Even the fatigue that comes over a 
 man who is in good condition, and who has taken a long spell at exercise, is 
 pleasurable. Such a one eats well and digests well ; the functions of his 
 body are carried on normally, and he experiences to its full the delight of 
 living. 
 
 The youth who takes no exercise, who is always poring over his books, 
 misses at least one-half of the enjoyments which are available to man during 
 a comparatively short life. He is a dull creature, dyspeptic probably, the 
 subject of headaches, constipation, and many minor ills. To him joy cometh 
 not in the morning, and in the place of an honest fatigue he has the "fidgets" 
 and his weariness is painful. His appetite is feeble possibly, his circulation 
 is poor, and very often he sleeps badly, and can envy the easy and profound 
 sleep of a companion who has come home after a long run across country. 
 The simplest, the purest, and the pleasantest recollections in life usually go 
 ba< k to certain ph) ri< J enjoyments in the open air, to some walking tour or 
 cricket match, to some river expedition, or to some great day upon the 
 moors. 
 
 When sudden exercise is forced upon the undeveloped individual, he is 
 more 01 l< w unable to meet it ; he becomes breathless, perspires violently, is 
 un< ertain of himself, Is 1 lumsy and the subsequenl victim of a painful degree 
 
 tig :e. 1 )f such a person it cannot be said — 
 
 1. tlii-. in bim was the peculiar gn 
 I hat before living be learned bow to Bve. 
 
36 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 5. The Mental and Moral Effects of Exercise. 
 
 Moderate, regular, and systematic exercise by stimulating the circulation 
 of the body improves also the circulation of the brain, and is therefore an 
 aid to cerebral movements. It improves the health and the physical strength, 
 and so increases the capability of the individual for mental work and for the 
 physical strain incident upon mental concentration. 
 
 By organizing in the brain a series of muscular movements, by elaborating 
 the powers of co-ordination, and by establishing automatism in a large and 
 varied series of actions, it saves actual brain-work and renders a considerable 
 number of movements independent of the direct action of the will. 
 
 It offers, too, an admirable change of employment. There is no better 
 rest from severe mental work than well-selected bodily exercise. With many 
 men to lie upon a beach and throw stones into the water is no rest. They 
 would find a more complete repose in the pleasurable use of their muscles, 
 in the pursuit of some congenial outdoor sport, and in rendering dormant 
 the energies of one part of the nervous system by an engrossing employment 
 of another part. 
 
 Such exercises as are indulged in when seeking rest from mental work must 
 be simple, and so far as possible, such as are automatically performed. 
 
 "Prescribe fencing, gymnastics with apparatus, and lessons in a riding 
 school," writes Dr. Lagrange, "to all those idle persons whose brain languishes 
 for want of work. The effort of will and the work of co-ordination which 
 these exercises demand will give a salutary stimulus to the torpid cerebral cells. 
 But for a child overworked at school, for a person whose nerve-centres are con- 
 gested owing to persistent mental effort in preparing for an examination, for 
 such we must prescribe long walks, the easily learnt exercise of rowing, and 
 failing, better the old game of leap-frog and prisoners' base, running games — 
 anything, in fact, rather than difficult exercises and acrobatic gymnastics." 
 
 "Mr. Charles Paget, at one time M. P. for Nottingham, tried in the village 
 school on his estate at Ruddington a very interesting experiment. He was 
 not satisfied with the general progress made by the boys, and he provided for 
 them a large garden. The school was then divided into two sections, one of 
 which was kept to the ordinary school work for the ordinary hours, the other 
 for half of these hours only, the rest of the school time being devoted to work 
 in the garden. At the end of the term the half-time, or gardening boys, had 
 excelled the others in every respect — in conduct, in diligence, and in the 
 results of study." ("Health Exhibition Manuals," vol. xi., p. 327.) 
 
GENERAL EFEECTS OF EXERCISE. 37 
 
 There must be a proper distribution of mental and physical work. Just as 
 "all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy," so all play and no work makes 
 Jack a still duller boy. 
 
 An excessive and absorbing indulgence in physical exercises is undoubtedly 
 bad. It tends to make the individual too much of an animal, and to afford 
 neither time, opportunity, nor suitable conditions for the development of his 
 brain. Under such circumstances even the body tends to become stunted if 
 the practice be commenced early, and the lad develops not only an animal 
 look, but some of the intellectual and emotional attributes of the animal. 
 
 Still, on the other hand, in these days of cramming and intense competition 
 many a successful man has to thank Providence for the late recognized bless- 
 ings of an idle youth. 
 
 The systematic and properly arranged pursuit of physical exercise tends to 
 develop certain admirable qualities, and notably those which are so much 
 prized among Englishmen, and which are well designated as "manly." 
 
 These qualities are brought out in those who are enthusiasts in outdoor 
 sports and games. The football player has done more than merely develop, 
 his muscles, the man who has rowed in his college eight has learnt something 
 beyond the mysteries of the sliding seat, and the experienced ''player" at al- 
 most any outdoor game has been improved by other means than those which 
 the actual manoeuvres of the game demand. Such lads and men have learnt 
 in a school where the principles of pluck, courage, endurance, and self- 
 nce arc acquired. They have probably learnt to be ready, to be quick of 
 eye and hand, and prompt in judgment. They may have appreciated the 
 value of discipline and of self-control. They may have felt the inspiration of 
 the chivalry of days gone by, and have experienced the influences of good 
 fellowship and lo) ideship. They may have learnt what it is to be 
 
 ent, to be fair, to be unselfish, and to be true. 
 
 Many a man who in later life finds himself in >us strut would wish 
 
 for no one better by his side than the lad who pulled behind him in a racing 
 
 • . 'I he < ries and die cheers of the football field must have given heart to 
 
 man}' a desperate toldier when hard pressed in the turmoil of actual war, and 
 
 racioUS thing of his mate than that lie is "a man to 
 stand by you in a g lie." 
 
 a ( i rt ii:i moral effect also which I 1 a sound p! 
 
 training, li remost in athletic exercises will probably 
 
 I to be more open, more straightforward, more simple, and n 
 
38 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 wholesome-minded than the lad who spends his time loafing at the pastry- 
 cook's. Mr. Cathcart in his "Health Lectures" (Edinburgh, 1884,) brings 
 this point well forward in the evidence he quotes from certain head- masters 
 of large public schools in England. One head-master writes : "The worst 
 boys intellectually, physically and morally, are the loafers," and another : 
 "The boys who work hard and play hard do not ape the vices of men, and 
 are free from the insidious evils that often fasten on unoccupied boyhood." 
 
 I think it may be safely said that that miserable creature, the juvenile 
 sexual hypochondriac, is never to be found among those who are foremost at 
 athletics and outdoor games. 
 
 FATIGUE. 
 
 This subject will be considered under the following heads: 1. Breathless- 
 ness; 2. Muscular Fatigue ; 3. Muscular Stiffness ; 4. General Fatigue. 
 
 1. Breathlessness. 
 The breathlessness which is a familiar attendant upon exercises of a certain 
 character has received but little notice at the hands of physiologists. Dr. La- 
 grange has in his recent work, to which allusion has been already made, 
 dealt very fully with the subject, and explains it by a theory which appears to 
 be both sound and satisfactory. The phenomena of breathlessness are familiar 
 enough. One has but to picture a man of middle age, who is out of training, 
 and who has set himself the task of running a certain distance. He soon feels 
 embarrassed in his breathing ; he pants, his respiratory movements become 
 jerky and irregular ; he is aware of a terrible sense of oppression in his chest, 
 a sense which increases with each step. LTis head throbs ; he begins to find 
 that his strength is failing him ; he feels that he could run many more yards, 
 so far as his legs are concerned, but the sense of suffocation arrests him. He 
 staggers along, his steps become uncertain, his face haggard, his movements 
 irregular, and he stops at last dead beat. As he rests he continues for many 
 minutes to breathe in the same troubled way. The man is said to be "blown," 
 to have "lost his wind." He has used his legs, but his legs have not given 
 way. It is his chest which has failed him. This constitutes the remarkable 
 feature of the phenomenon. The same man can exercise his arms with dumb- 
 bells for three times the time occupied by the run, yet he is not "out of 
 breath." He can row for ten miles without being inconvenienced, but he 
 cannot run up two flights of steep stairs without being rendered quite breath- 
 less. The more athletic the man, the better condition of training he is in, the 
 
FATIGUE. 39 
 
 more practice he has had, the less breathless he becomes ; but the most per- 
 fect athlete, even when in his prime, can soon "pump himself out " if he tries. 
 
 Dr. Lagrange offers the following explanation of the phenomenon : 
 
 Breathlessness is a form of dyspnoea due to an excess of carbon dioxide in 
 the blood. The excess of this gas leads to an increase of the respiratory 
 need. The condition may be spoken of as auto-intoxication of the body by 
 one of its own products of dissimilation — carbon dioxide. 
 
 This excess of carbonic acid is produced by muscular work. It is a con- 
 spicuous product of such work, and it must be remembered that the muscles 
 form at least half the weight of the entire body. The larger the muscles 
 employed, and the more vigorous their action, the greater is the amount of 
 the gas produced. The intensity of breathlessness during exercise is in 
 direct proportion to the expenditure of force demanded in a given time. 
 Running involves rapid contractions of the great mass of muscles forming the 
 lower extremities. It induces breathlessness quicker than does moderate 
 rowing, where the muscular expenditure in a given time is much less. "The 
 quantity of carbonic acid," writes Dr. Lagrange, "produced by a group of 
 muscles in a given time is in proportion to the amount of work they do. 
 Further, the work which a group of muscles is able to do without fatigue is in 
 direct ratio to the power, that is, to the number and size of the muscles 
 forming this group. If, then, an exercise is localized in a very small group 
 of muscles, fatigue will ensue before a large quantity of work has been done, 
 and before a large dose of carbonic acid has been poured into the blood. 
 The eliminating power of the lungs will exceed the power for work of the 
 active muscles ; muscular fatigue will precede breathlessness. If, on the 
 other band, the i t in action are very numerous and very powerful, 
 
 they will be able before being fatigued to perform a large quantity of work, 
 and consequently to produce a very large dose of carbonic acid. Their power 
 for work will exceed the eliminating power of the lungB. Breatl will 
 
 this time precede fatigue." 
 
 It is said thai " trots with its 1 g illops with its lungs." The 
 
 opofa b( he slowed down until the animal falls behind another 
 
 horse which is trotting. Nevertheless, however slow the gallop ma) be, it 
 will more quickly " pump" a horse than an equally rapid trot. Swiftness of 
 movement does not suffice to produce breathlessness unless combined with 
 intensity of mi ort. 
 
 In breathl i i-. QOt inspiration which i^ difficult, but expiration. In 
 
4o PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 running, inspiration is free, easy, deep, three times as long as expiration. The 
 latter, on the other hand, is short, insufficient, and painful. 
 
 It is stated that in man there is discharged in a given time by respiration : 
 0.35 gramme of carbonic acid during sleep. 
 1.60 " " " while sitting. 
 
 1.65 " " " while running. 
 
 As accessory causes of breathlessness are certain disturbances in the circu- 
 lation of the blood and some engorgement of the lungs resulting therefrom. 
 These changes are discussed by Dr. Lagrange in the following words : — 
 
 " The first result of violent exercise is the quickening of the blood current 
 and a consequent active congestion of the lungs. In these exercises the 
 lungs are very quickly engorged with blood, and there is great need for their 
 disembarrasment by increasing the activity of the blood current. The 
 movement of inspiration increases the velocity of the current by a force of 
 aspiration which tends to empty the over-filled capillaries. This aspiration 
 lasts as long as the enlargement of the thorax continues ; hence this move- 
 ment is an assistance to the breathless man ; on the other hand, as the 
 thorax is diminishing in size during the expiratory movement, the blood 
 current becomes slower and the lungs more engorged. Hence the discom- 
 fort and the irresistible impulse to a prompt repetition of the inspiratory 
 movement." 
 
 " We may say that the lungs of the breathless man are placed between two 
 different needs. On the one hand, they have to drive out carbonic acid and 
 the other products of dissimilation, and for this a long expiration would be 
 necessary ; but, on the other hand, they have to free themselves from vascular 
 engorgement, and therefore expiration is cut short to return to inspiration, 
 which helps the circulation through the lungs." 
 
 Dr. Lagrange divides breathlessness into three stages, and as he is the only 
 writer who has fully dealt with this subject, the matter cannot be better dis- 
 cussed than in his own words : — 
 
 " In the first stage the respiratory movements are increased in frequency 
 and in extent. The production of carbonic acid is increased, but the respira- 
 tory energy being greater, there is an equilibrium between the needs of the 
 organism, which demands a more active elimination of this gas, and the 
 working of the lungs, which is powerful enough to satisfy these needs. Dur- 
 ing a time which varies much with the individual, with his constitution, with 
 his resistance to fatigue, and, above all, with his power of directing his respir- 
 
FATIGUE. 41 
 
 ation, gained from his respiratory education, these are only symptoms of 
 greater vital activity, and there are as yet no signs of functional disturbance, 
 no sensation which rises to the degree of discomfort. The man has a general 
 sensation of warmth, some throbbing of the temples, and has an animated 
 appearance, flushed, his eyes sparkling, and a general aspect of cheerfulness, 
 due to the greater activity of the circulation and the resulting active conges- 
 tions. In a word, it is the stage in which exercise causes a greater intensity 
 of life without reaching the degree of discomfort or of danger. 
 
 " Here we have the really salutary dose of exercise, the limits within which 
 we must keep in order that work may cause us no inconvenience. But no- 
 thing varies more with the individual than the duration of this inoffensive 
 period, which is, in a sense, the preface of breathlessness. In some persons 
 it is as long as an hour, in others the stage in which discomfort begins is 
 reached in a few seconds. 
 
 " If violent exercise be prolonged, the equilibrium is soon broken between 
 the production of carbonic acid, which becomes more and more abundant, 
 and the eliminating power of the lungs, which is insufficient to free the or- 
 ganism from it. Respiratory distress occurs. 
 
 " In the second period the effects of insufficient respiration begin to show 
 themselves, a vague discomfort is experienced, which is most accentuated in 
 the precordial region, but which is rapidly generalized throughout the body, 
 and notably affects the head. In the chest there is a feeling as if it were 
 oppressed by a weight, or bound down by a girdle of insufficient air. In the 
 head there ire clouds obscuring sight, sparks before the eyes, then murmurs 
 and ringing in the ears, and finally a certain bluntness of sensation, a certain 
 confusion in impressions and in ideas. All these disturbances are due to the 
 on up hi t res of an excess of carbonic acid. They indicate 
 
 the beginning of intoxii ation. 
 
 " In the 1 ;< <■ remarkable ch re to be noticed, which arc the conse- 
 
 nts of the respiratory distress, and of the efforts made to draw a greater 
 quantity of air into the chest. The nostrils ire dilated, the mouth and 1 
 widely opened. ! hej all seem to be widely opened to favor the entrance of 
 >r which the lungs so greatly need. 
 
 "The color of a breai less man shows very striking modifications. At the 
 nning of exercise we have laid that there i don, more color in the 
 
 .due to active congestion. But in the second period the picture 
 l.\ el) red color ha • ind wan tint. 1 1 
 
 4 
 
42 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 is something peculiar about this pallor — it is not uniform. Certain parts of 
 the face, such as the lips and the cheeks, have a violet blackish appearance ; 
 the rest of the face is white and colorless. 
 
 " From the two colors, one darker and the other lighter, there results a 
 gray, leaden, livid appearance. The violet tint is due to the retention of 
 blood in the capillaries, which are losing their elasticity, and in which the cir- 
 culation is failing. This blood, overcharged with carbonic acid, has lost its 
 bright red color, hence in the lips and other more transparent parts of the 
 face we see no longer the ordinary red color ; they have the blackish color 
 characteristic of venous blood. 
 
 " As for the pallor, this is due to a transient anaemia, to the emptying of 
 the arterioles. The heart, the energy of which diminishes in proportion to 
 the increase of the breathlessness, does not send forward a sufficient quantity 
 of blood, and it is easy to understand that a part receiving less blood is less 
 deeply colored than usual. 
 
 " The leaden hue of the face in a breathless man indicates an already pro- 
 found disturbance of the system. In no case should exercise be continued 
 after it comes on, for it indicates the beginning of asphyxia. 
 
 " It is at this stage of breathlessness that we observe the very characteristic 
 change in the rhythm of respiration which has been already described. The 
 ordinary rhythm is lost, and the two periods of respiration become unequal. 
 The first period increases and the second diminishes ; inspiration becomes 
 three times as long as expiration. This change in the rhythm of respiration 
 is an indication of blood stasis in the capillaries of the lungs. As soon as it 
 occurs we can see that the organism, its force exhausted, can no longer fight 
 to good purpose against the poisonous substance which permeates it. The 
 congested lungs eliminate less carbonic acid than is formed by the muscles at 
 work. Intoxication is imminent. 
 
 " If exercise be continued, the gravity of the condition rapidly increases. 
 We may call the asphyxial stage the third phase of breathlessness into which 
 the organism passes under the influence of forced exercise. 
 
 "This third stage is as follows: To the respiratory distress succeeds a 
 sensation of anguish generalized throughout the organism. The head feels as 
 if bound by an iron band. Vertigo is very distressing. All sensations be- 
 come more vague ; the brain is overcome by a kind of drunkenness. The 
 subject begins to become unconscious of what is passing, his muscles continue 
 to work mechanically for a time, then they stop, and the man falls in a faint. 
 
FATIGUE. 43 
 
 " At this time respiration is of a different type to that of the last stage ; the 
 two periods are both short, jerky, occasionally interrupted : with them are 
 mingled swallowing movements and hiccough. The heart-beat is feeble and 
 intermittent. The pulse is small, irregular, and imperceptible. When exer- 
 cise is continued to these extreme limits it is almost always stopped by grave 
 syncope, and unless prompt help be given the syncope may be fatal." 
 
 An athletic man soon develops the art of regulating his breathing so as to 
 reduce the degree of breathlessness as far as is possible. He is aware that it 
 is at first that the trouble is intense, and that in time he can adjust the diffi- 
 culty a little. The runner speaks of getting " his second wind." He has 
 passed through a period of breathlessness in which excitement, sudden move- 
 ment, and unnecessary extreme muscular contractions possibly have played 
 some part ; he then settles down to his work, he uses his forces more 
 economically and breathes more easily ; and it is common to hear a man out 
 of condition explain the loss of a race by the fact that he never got his 
 "second wind." 
 
 In sprint running the art of controlling breathlessness reaches its highest 
 point, and to some extent sprint running is a test of the respiratory capacity 
 in this direction. 
 
 2. Muscular Fatigue. 
 
 If a m;in in sound health hold out his arm at right angles to his body he 
 experiences, in a time which varies according to his physical condition, so 
 much inconvenience in the muscles involved that he is at hist compelled t>> 
 drop the limb. If he exercise his will to the utmost he may prolong the 
 >f extension, but a time soon comes when by no possible effort can 
 he continue to hold out the extremity. 
 
 The muscles in question are said to be fatigued. 
 
 The fatigue is termed relative because, if a proper electric current be 
 applied to the muscles as soon as the limb is dropped as helpless, the muscles 
 again contract, and the hand is once more lifted. 
 
 If the muscles of an animal be subjected to an elc< tri< current, they con- 
 ■ iting tii-- application they i ontt id again and ag tin. The con* 
 . however, become feebler, and are in time ultimately abolished. 
 The parts are in the condition of relative fatigue. 
 
 Il now a sir irnt be employed, tin- muscles again contract, and 
 
 again in time lose their power. The experiment can be continued with a 
 current until finally the must lea < annot be made to contract by any 
 
 current or any stimulus of any kind. 
 
44 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 They have reached the state of absolute fatigue. 
 
 Local fatigue of muscle is explained by the following conditions : 
 
 i. The actual power or function of the muscle is exhausted. This con- 
 dition has been termed " dynamic exhaustion," and is parallel to the exhaus- 
 tion which is noticed in certain reflex acts when they are indefinitely excited, 
 and to the exhaustion of the retina to certain rays when one color is contem- 
 plated for too long a time. 
 
 The functional power of a muscle is placed within definite limits, and in 
 fatigue that limit is reached. This exhaustion is modified by the strength of 
 the muscle, by its local condition, by the practice it has been subjected to, 
 and by the nerve condition of the individual. 
 
 2. In fatigue, nerve exhaustion is largely concerned. This especially 
 applies to complicated acts, the repetition of which involves a special and 
 definite effort of the will. 
 
 The comparative absence of exhaustion in the incessant movements in 
 chorea is explained by the circumstance that in these movements a voluntary 
 nerve mechanism is not concerned. Dr. Lagrange lays down the axiom that, 
 " the muscular work being equal, the sensation of fatigue is the more intense 
 the more active the intervention of the cerebral faculties demanded by the 
 exercise." 
 
 3. Some local effect may be exercised upon the muscle by the products of 
 combustion or dissimilation which are developed within its tissues, and 
 which, not being got rid of in time enough, accumulate in excess. 
 
 " If," writes Dr. Langrange, " we submit the muscles of a frog to the action 
 of a powerful electric stimulus, and prolong this action until fatigue is com- 
 plete, that is, till the limbs of the animal remain motionless under the most 
 powerful stimulation, we shall have in the fatigued muscles the elements 
 necessary for a most curious experiment. Their substance rubbed in a mor- 
 tar and made into a fine soup contains a principle capable of producing in 
 healthy muscle at rest the fatigue which had exhausted the first muscles. If 
 we inject into a second frog this extract of fatigued muscles, we bring about 
 in this animal all the phenomena of fatigue, and its limbs will fail to respond 
 to electric stimuli." 
 
 The possible character of this local effect is thus dealt with by Landois in 
 his well known " Text-book of Physiology" (translated by Stirling). The 
 cause of local muscular fatigue " is probably partly due to the accumulation 
 of decomposition products — ' fatigue stuffs ' — in the muscular tissues, these 
 
FATIGUE. 45 
 
 products being formed within the muscle itself during its activity. They are 
 phosphoric acid, either free or in the form of acid phosphates, acid potassium 
 phosphate, glycerin-phosphoric acid(?), and carbonic acid. If these sub- 
 stances be removed from a muscle by passing through its blood-vessels an 
 indifferent solution of common salt . . . the muscle again becomes capable 
 of energizing." 
 
 Dr. Lagrange gives a more detailed account of these tissue changes, and in 
 adding his account it is necessary to say that his statements are not entirely 
 in accord with the teaching of most physiologists. 
 
 " Muscles which have worked to excess have undergone a change in their 
 chemical composition. Alkaline in a state of repose, they have become acid ; 
 they contain lactic acid, which was not present before work ; they contain 
 less oxygen and more carbonic acid than when at rest. Numerous nitrogen- 
 ous materials resulting from the combustion of muscular tissues are consider- 
 ably increased. These substances, of which the last stage of combustion is 
 urea, form a series of bodies only differing in containing more or less oxygen, 
 and being consequently at a different degree of oxidation or combustion. All 
 authors enumerate amongst them kreatin, hypoxanthin, inosite, etc., and 
 finally the best known one, and the most interesting because of the part it 
 plays in the production of gout, uric acid." 
 
 4. It is possible also that some actual lesion, such as that attending the 
 compression of nerves, may occur in a fatigued muscle, and may serve to 
 partly explain the tenderness of the over-used structure and to establish a 
 condition akin to that produced by the violent and irregular contractions of 
 cramp. 
 
 3. Muscular Stiffness. 
 
 1 iciated with local fatigue, with the over-use of muscle, is 
 stiffness. This is a common but not a necessary accompaniment of the over- 
 work. 
 
 \ rowing man who is entirely out of condition, and who has taken no 
 n ise for months, is asked to fill up a place in a racing four for a short 
 "practice." He funis the exertion a terrible strain; he soon becomes 
 bre ithless, his limbs a< he, his head throbs, every limb seems out ^ condition, 
 and he is scon exhausted. Eie does his best through tl tpin, but next 
 
 day he .11 hes all over ; he is stiff ; he reels as if he had been beaten : he can- 
 not move without some pain, nor < m he grasp any part of his body without 
 ering some tendero 
 
46 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 In a day or so the unpleasant condition passes off. This very man may 
 have rowed many races without experiencing a trace of stiffness. He may 
 have gone through three times the amount of exertion without any but 
 momentary inconvenience. The difference has been simply this : at one 
 time he was in practice and in condition, at the other time he was both out 
 of practice and out of condition. 
 
 The intensity of the stiffness is not always proportionate to the immediate 
 fatigue, nor is the extent of the exercise a measure of the stiffness which may 
 result. 
 
 Stiffness depends rather upon the condition of the individual than upon 
 the character or amount of the muscular work done. Muscles may be 
 fatigued without afterwards becoming stiff. 
 
 The local symptoms of stiffness probably depend upon an exaggeration of 
 those conditions in the muscles which are supposed to underlie local fatigue, 
 and notably to the retention in the tissues of the products of combustion. 
 
 These local changes have already been described. 
 
 4. General Fatigue. 
 
 The general disturbances which may accompany muscular exhaustion and 
 which are present in some degree in such fatigue as is attended by stiffness 
 are of very varying character. 
 
 The individual may be left simply exhausted, " tired out," listless, and to 
 some extent prostrate. 
 
 In more advanced degrees he complains of heaviness in the head, of utter 
 feebleness, of inability to take food, and of painful weariness and restlessness, 
 followed by want of sleep. 
 
 In other and still more pronounced cases he may exhibit febrile phenomena, 
 and present the condition described as the " fever of over-exertion." This 
 fever may be attended with such malaise and with such nerve disturbances as 
 to be mistaken for the early period of an infective fever. 
 
 This condition has been elaborately considered by Dr. Knott, of Dublin, in 
 his excellent monograph on "The Fever of Over-exertion" (Dublin, 18S8). 
 He takes the case of a greatly overworked farm laborer. The symptoms may 
 or may not commence with a rigor. The patient's temperature runs up 
 rapidly, even to 103 F. or 104 F. within a few hours, and this change is 
 accompanied by the general symptoms of malaise, congested face, thirst, loss 
 of appetite, etc. He sometimes takes a day or two of rest, when, feeling a 
 
FATIGUE. 47 
 
 little better, he makes a desperate effort to go back to work, although still 
 suffering from the same symptoms in a slighter degree. His efforts are now 
 necessarily less vigorous, but he does enough to feed the slow fire of febrile 
 combustion which has been already kindled in his muscles. 
 
 The temperature maintains a standard of about ioi°or so; the pulse is 
 permanently quickened ; thirst, constipation, loss of appetite, and loaded urine 
 continue. 
 
 In such cases, when the pernicious attempts at manual exertion are con- 
 tinued for a number of days, the unhappy individual afterwards fails to re- 
 cover. Gradual wasting goes on ; the pulse maintains its frequency and 
 becomes weaker, the strength by degrees fails, the patient is obliged to take 
 to bed ; the fever tends, after some months, to assume a hectic type. In- 
 creasing emaciation is marked, and the patient not very rarely falls a victim 
 to some intercurrent disease. 
 
 1 >r. Knott ascribes the phenomena to the throwing into the circulation of 
 a greatly disproportionate quantity of the products of muscular waste. These, 
 he maintains, lead to an overthrow of the governing powers of the thermo- 
 toxic nerve centre, or, in other words, are the substantial cause of the fever. 
 He considers that urea and uric acid represent the most important of these 
 products. 
 
 I >r. Lagrange supports the same view, and contends that the marked con- 
 stitutional disturbances which may follow upon severe muscular exercise are 
 all due to the accumulation in the circulation of a large excess of the chemical 
 products of muscular waste, to a species of self-infection by the excess of 
 combustion products developed in the muscles. He also considers that these 
 products ly represented by urea and allied compounds. 
 
 It is noteworthy that a degree of fatigue Leading to muscular stiffness, 
 but not necessarily to the constitutional symptoms named, will be attended 
 
 by a deposit of urates in the urine. This may be quite independent ol any 
 fever. 
 
 e who pursue athl ■■■ II ..ware of I ition "I a 
 
 deposit in the urine with the appearance of stiffness. In a man out of con- 
 dition the tissue waste induced during unwonted ex • iderable. 
 (Tord abundanl material for the n >".>tions. 
 'I be nutritive i ondition of his muscles is comparatively low. In an athlete in 
 training, on the other hand, the don is not in 
 ! f all superfluous matter. Thenutri- 
 
48 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 tive state of the muscles is in the best possible condition, and the circum- 
 stances which favor the development of a great deposit of urates is not forth- 
 coming. 
 
 EFFECTS OF EXCESSIVE OR UNSUITABLE EXERCISE. 
 
 It is unnecessary to deal in a separate section with the ill-effects of an 
 absence of physical exercise upon the body. The matter has been considered 
 in such of the foregoing paragraphs as are concerned in the general effect of 
 muscular exercise. 
 
 In estimating the actual value of the work done in any physical pursuit, or 
 in attempting to express what is meant by " excessive " or " unsuitable " in 
 relation with muscular labor, I have been unable to make any use of the phy- 
 siological method of measuring work by "foot-tons." This mode of measure- 
 ment is no doubt of value to the physiologist, but to those concerned in 
 physical education it is practically useless. Many of the results do not 
 accord with what would be inferred from practical experience, nor can they 
 be put to any practical use. The amount of muscular expenditure incurred 
 in rowing one mile at racing speed is said to be represented by 18.56 foot- 
 tons. But walking a mile at an ordinary pace causes an expenditure of 17.67 
 foot-tons, from which it must be inferred that there is very little difference 
 between these two forms of exercise, so far as the use of the muscles is con- 
 cerned. Those who are interested in athletic matters would not be able to 
 recognize the correctness nor the value of these estimates, especially when 
 they are compared with one another. Even when every allowance is made 
 for the quickness of the stroke and the breathlessness induced by rowing at a 
 racing pace, yet still it would be urged that the actual output of muscular 
 force would be represented by a different figure when such exercise is com- 
 pared with the walking of one mile. 
 
 Rowing six miles at racing speed would, upon the same estimate, be re- 
 presented by 1 1 1.36 foot-tons, while walking the same distance would be 
 expressed by 106.02 foot-tons — a result which makes the comparison still 
 more marked. 
 
 So far as the present purpose of this paper is concerned, the terms " ex- 
 cessive exercise " and " unsuitable exercise " must be considered relatively, 
 and with reference rather to the individual than to the actual physiological 
 amount of muscular work expended. 
 
 What may be excessive or unsuitable exercise to one man may be moderate 
 and quite excellent exercise to another. 
 
EFFECTS OF EXCESSIVE EXERCISE. 49 
 
 In considering the phenomena of fatigue and the effects of any given 
 exertion, the estimate must be based upon the condition of the individual 
 rather than upon the actual character of the work carried out. In this matter 
 the age and bodily development of the man, the state of his general health, 
 and the scope and extent of his muscular education, play prominent and 
 essential parts. 
 
 The effects which may follow upon excessive or unsuitable exercise, or upon 
 exercise which, from the point of view of him who practices it, may be termed 
 violent on the one hand and rash on the other, are very varied. 
 
 We have seen in the sections on breathlessness and on general fatigue what 
 results may follow after severe exertion, so far especially as the respiratory 
 functions and the general state of the body are concerned. 
 
 A sprint runner may fall senseless upon the path, succumbing to the results 
 of his breathlessness. 
 
 A boy may remain completely "knocked up" for several days after a 
 paper-chase, and may be really ill and exhibit the febrile phenomena which 
 have been already described. 
 
 There is no doubt that in not a few instances the pursuit of violent and ex- 
 treme exercise has led to results which have had a permanent effect upon the 
 health of the individual. In some cases an actual organic lesion has been 
 produced; in others the body has been placed in a condition favorable for 
 the development of disease ; in a third series of instances there supervenes 
 merely a feebler state of health. 
 
 The children of tubercular parents have acquired a spinal caries, or a 
 I joint, as a result of injuries received through improper gymnastic 
 exen i 
 
 Children with a weak muscular system have acquired a lateral curvature of 
 the spine through the pursuit of unsuitable exercises, which, so fir as their 
 spinal mua les are concerned, h tve been excessive and unequal. 
 
 It may l>e true, as i- often asserted, that phthsis has appeared in those who 
 
 an- phthisic illy in< line. ull of the strain and the exposure incident to 
 
 ■ exen i ses of endurance in the open air. 
 Many Berious troubles may certain!) be ascribed to acts of indiscretion and 
 to exposure to < old and wet under trying 1 ircumstances during the pursuit of 
 pl>\ ise ; but such ills 1 m sc ircely be laid at the door of muscular 
 
 training. The att cute rheumatism, which may have followed a long 
 
 ting tour in the 1 ite autumn, may more justly be as< ribed to camping out 
 in the wet than to the cMo t of mere rowing. 
 
50 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 Quite apart from any obvious lesion or disease, not a few individuals 
 appear to suffer permanently in health as the result of some specific excess 
 in the matter of exercise. A lad may " knock up" after winning a three-mile 
 race, and never be fit for much in the matter of athletics after that. A man 
 of about middle age may, with probable reason, date a distinct and persistent 
 decline in health to some one holiday in Switzerland, when he did more than 
 his age and his condition justified. 
 
 Many inferences of this character may be unsound, but a few appear to be 
 undoubted. 
 
 On the whole ; however, it must be allowed that the injury which may fol- 
 low, and no doubt has now and then followed, upon severe physical exertion 
 represents but a small fraction when compared with the undoubted benefits 
 which accrue from moderate and reasonable exercise. 
 
 Dr. John E. Morgan, of Manchester, in a work entitled " University Oars : 
 a Critical Inquiry into the Health of the Men who Rowed in the Oxford and 
 Cambridge Boatrace, from 1829 to 1869," has dealt with the effect of violent 
 exercise, as illustrated by racing in boats, upon the general health. 
 
 His evidence shows that such exercise is, in the great majority of instances, 
 no other than beneficial ; that it is not a cause of disease or of premature 
 death ; and that, out of the large number of individuals dealt with, in only 
 the insignificant proportion of 6 per cent, could any permanent ill effect 
 be claimed to have followed the pursuits of earlier years. In most of these 
 cases even the evidence that rowing was to blame was indefinite or doubtful. 
 
 Mr. Walter Rye, the well-known authority on cross-country running, writes 
 thus : "We can speak from an experience now covering nearly twenty years, 
 and can positively say that we know of no man of the hundreds with whom 
 we have been acquainted who has been injured by distance-running, and the 
 rate of mortality among running men is singularly small." 
 
 Similar evidence has been given by others with regard to forms of athletic 
 exercise which may be considered to be violent. 
 
 Certain specific effects which may follow upon excessive or unsuitable exer- 
 cise will now be considered. 
 
 The Heart and Blood-vessels. 
 
 The heart has been ruptured during very violent exertion, as in attempting 
 to lift or support an immense weight. This has happened to men of great 
 muscular strength, but more often to the feeble, the ill-conditioned or the aged. 
 
EFFECTS OF EXCESSIVE EXERCISE. 51 
 
 Excessive exercise may lead also to hypertrophy of the heart, to dilatation 
 of its cavities, and to valvular disease. The cases of hypertrophy appear to 
 be most usual in the athletic, and in those whose employments involve constant 
 severe labor — e. g., blacksmiths, miners, etc. In the matter of dilatation of 
 the heart, Dr. \V. Osier writes (Pepper's "Medicine," vol. iii. p. 631) : "Over- 
 training and heart-strain are closely connected with the question of excessive 
 dilatation during severe muscular effort. Both mean the same thing in many 
 cases. A man, perhaps not in very good condition, calls upon his heart for 
 much extra work during a race or the ascent of a very steep mountain, and is 
 seized with cardiac pain and a feeling of distension in the epigastrium, and 
 the rapid breathing continues an unusual time, but the symptoms pass off 
 after a night's quiet. An attempt to repeat the exercise is followed by 
 another attack, and, indeed, an attack of cardiac dyspnoea may come on 
 while he is at rest. For months such a man may be unfitted for severe ex- 
 ertion or may be permanently incapacitated. He has overstrained his heart 
 and has become broken-winded." 
 
 Haemorrhages of various kinds have resulted from, or have been ascribed 
 to, violent exertion, and have been met with in almost all parts of the body. 
 Cases of cerebral and of spinal apoplexy have occurred during extreme ex- 
 ertion, and Lagrange mentions an instance in which the spinal veins under- 
 went rupture and led to paraplegia. 
 
 Aneurysm. 
 
 The part played by exercise in the production of aneurysm is definite, but 
 
 at the same time not necessarily predominating. In addition to violent 
 
 movement come the factors of actual injury to the vessel, constitutional dis- 
 
 ily syphilis, and the conditions which lead to chronic arteritis. 
 
 The author once saw a popliteal aneurysm in an acrobat of twenty-eight, who 
 I health, and who considered it had been developed by the 
 ti< v of hanging by the knee, & »m one trapeze while he caught his com- 
 panion, who \. ing from another. In thiscase greal and well localized 
 
 pre .-.1 up. .n the ham. The form of exercise which a] 
 
 be mosl effe< tive in the production of aneurysm is violent intermittent exer- 
 
 . or sudden e\ei< ise when out of I Ondition, OX such actions as involve 
 movemi Main artic ul.it 1 
 
 , is much more common in men than in women, and in the 
 ring than in the favored dasse . It 1. noteworthy that in the etiol 
 
52 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 of aneurysm age plays a conspicuous part. Aneurysm is not most common 
 at the age when violent physical exercises are most usually indulged in, but it 
 is most frequent in individuals who have reached or have passed middle life. 
 The occurrence of aneurysm under these circumstances affords another argu- 
 ment against the folly of violent and extreme exertion in men who are over 
 thirty, especially when they are out of condition. 
 
 Varicose Veins. 
 
 The frequently repeated statement that varicose veins in the lower limbs 
 are produced and maintained by exercise is based upon very questionable 
 foundations. It is said upon equally questionable grounds that those who 
 indulge in running, bicycling, riding or exercise involving long standing, are 
 in great risk of developing varicose veins. It is quite true that dilated veins 
 are met with among athletes, runners and bicyclists ; but it has not been 
 shown that the condition is more common among them than it is with other 
 individuals, and on the other hand, it is easy to produce any number of pro- 
 fessional runners, athletes, gymnasts, and others who are constantly practicing 
 the very exercises which are said to produce varicose veins, and yet have not 
 an enlarged vein in either of their lower limbs. 
 
 It is remarkable, moreover, that varicose veins are so much more common 
 among women than among men, and that they are very often met with in 
 women who take little or no exercise. There is, in fact, evidence to show 
 that exercise has little if anything to do with the production of the disease ; 
 that the trouble is due to certain congenital defects in the vessels them- 
 selves, and that when such defect does exist, muscular exertion may tend to 
 increase the abnormal condition. This view is very strongly insisted upon 
 by Mr. Bennett in his elaborate monograph upon "Varicose Veins" (London, 
 1889). He shows that there is a distinct hereditary history in more than 
 50 per cent, of the cases. His cases prove that the trouble occurs in the 
 active and the sedentary, in the weak and the strong, in the short and the 
 tall. In females pregnancy and constipation play a conspicuous part in the 
 etiology. Bennett is unable to connect the occupation of the patient in any 
 definite degree with the actual production of the disease. While exercise 
 probably has nothing to do with originating varices, it certainly tends to 
 increase the trouble when it exists. Running, walking, jumping, cycling, 
 and forms of exercise and recreation involving long standing, are noteworthy 
 in their ill effects upon varicose veins. Indulgence in these exercises would 
 
EFFECTS OF EXCESSIVE EXERCISE. 53 
 
 be unwise for those who are the actual subjects of the disease, but the fear 
 of enlarged veins should never be an obstacle in the way of a free pursuit of 
 the sports mentioned, nor can the possibility of varicose veins be legitimately 
 urged as an argument against these sports. 
 
 The Lungs. 
 
 Haemoptysis and emphysema are stated to have been produced by violent 
 exertion, and many chronic lung troubles have no doubt followed upon ex- 
 posure and neglect during and after such exertion. Ur. Parkes states that 
 congestion of the lungs may follow upon excessive or badly arranged exercise. 
 
 Bones and Muscli 3. 
 
 Bones have been fractured by pure muscular violence, notably the clavicle 
 and humerus, but in the majority of such instances the bone has proved to 
 have been diseased at the seat of fracture. 
 
 Violent exercise may lead to all kinds of lesions of the muscles. Muscles 
 
 . be ruptured in whole or in part, tendons may be rent across or torn away 
 
 from the bone, or may be displaced from the grooves in which they lie. In 
 
 many instances the subject of these lesions is out of condition, or is in feeble 
 
 health or aged, or is suffering from definite disease. 
 
 The Hon. E. I.vttleton well says ("Health Exhibition Manuals," vol. x, 
 ]>. 1 3 1 ) : "To an athlete the first premonition of coming old age is to sprain 
 himself somewhere. "' 
 
 l< 9 which arc over-exercised for a considerable time waste and become 
 soft. Ti onal runners are occasionally quite atrophied from 
 
 over-use of the muscles of the parts. 
 
 The abuse of < en tin movements and the excessive repetition of the same 
 in.iv lead to some pern atraction of the muscles concerned. Thus in 
 
 professional gymnasts who use the fl< ie arm to excess, the ell 
 
 be lound to be a little flexed and roll extension of the j»<int to !><-• impossible. 
 Sailors on sailing vessels who are constantly holding or hauling ropes not in- 
 frequently develop a conditioo of the hand which prevents lull extension of 
 the in 
 
 'I in- fin< r 11.11 1 ■!. - when unreasonably employed may become the subject of 
 1 illustrated bj m \< and other forms of 
 
 in incident to > erl tin employments. 
 
 Joints may be injured by violent exertion. Synovitis may follow upon 
 
54 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 over-use of an articulation, and one very common accident among the athletic 
 is a displaced semi-lunar cartilage in the knee-joint. 
 
 Certain deformities of the body may follow restricted and often repeated 
 exercises and the excessive employment of certain muscles. Gymnasts who 
 have developed to an extreme degree the muscles of the upper limbs and 
 upper half of the trunk have a rounded back in addition to their unwieldy 
 shoulders. 
 
 Fencing tends to produce a lateral curvature of the spine, with (in right- 
 handed fencers) the concavity of the curve to the right. The author has 
 observed a permanent degree of lordosis in an acrobat who produced extra- 
 ordinary results by his power of bending the body backwards at the lumbar 
 region. 
 
 Hernia. 
 
 The influence of muscular exertion in the etiology of hernia is so fully dealt 
 with in the ordinary text-books of surgery that it need not be considered at 
 length in this place. 
 
 In cases of congenital hernia and in such other forms as depend upon de- 
 fects in the vaginal process of the peritoneum, and in those instances of hernia 
 generally which are met with in young children, the rupture is made manifest 
 by some expulsive effort as a rule, and not by any movements that can be 
 considered as constituting exercise. 
 
 Acquired hernise are beyond doubt produced by forces tending to cause 
 the intestines to protrude. 
 
 Violent effort is a recognized factor in the production of these ruptures. It 
 is very rarely indeed, however, the sole factor. Certain anatomical conditions 
 are present which render a hernia possible in one man and almost impossible 
 in another. 
 
 It is noteworthy that the main safeguard against hernia is a perfect and 
 vigorous muscular development. The greater number of examples of acquired 
 hernia are met with, not only in men of imperfect muscular development, 
 but in individuals who are out of condition. Such hernise are commoner in 
 those who return to laborious work after an illness or when in feebler health, 
 in men who undertake heavy work without any preliminary training, in per- 
 sons who by reason of their age or their habits are losing muscular tone, are 
 becoming coarse, soft and flabby, are developing fat within the abdomen, and 
 who exhibit the phenomena of relaxed tissue. Gymnasts and acrobats, in 
 spite of the immense muscular effort they put forth, are seldom the subjects 
 
TRAINING. 55 
 
 of hernia. If they become ruptured, the hernia will appear late in their 
 career, at a time when they are falling off and losing tone, or at any period 
 when they are out of condition and out of training. 
 
 Carefully selected, systematic and well-graduated exercise is the best pro- 
 tection against hernia, and the objections against athletics founded upon the 
 production of hernia are unjust and unsound. An acquired umbilical hernia 
 is unknown in muscular men with firm abdominal walls. It is common in 
 those who have large, flabby and pendulous bellies and who take no exercise 
 at all. So far as acquired hernia is concerned, it would be more accurate to 
 state that rupture is due to want of excercise rather than to excessive indul- 
 gence in the same. 
 
 TRAINING. 
 
 With " training " in the sense of preparing the body for athletic competi- 
 tions and great feats of endurance the present article has no concern. The 
 subject may be considered only in so far as it throws light upon the mode of 
 living which may be observed by those who are anxious to get themselves into 
 condition and to take a considerable amount of moderate exercise. 
 
 Upon this subject a number of books, pamphlets, and articles have been 
 written, and, it must be confessed, a great deal of nonsense promulgated. 
 
 •ige elements of superstition and gross ignorance have entered into the 
 older methods of training, and there are still professional athletes who keep 
 the details of their tr lining secret, or who ascribe their success to some article 
 >d or some particular rite or observance. 
 
 The old system of training was quite remarkable. The unfortunate man 
 had his weight reduced by profuse sweating, especially by walking and run- 
 ning in thick and heavy clothes. He was purged every d - almost 
 
 rved in the matter of water, and took sparingly of old ale, spirits, and | 
 1 [e lived m tinly upon half-cooked b< ind bre id, and was encour. 
 
 to gorge himself upon this monotonous diet. 
 
 . >w entirely chang imateur athlett 
 
 concerned, and without entering into detail as to tl methods practii ed 
 
 by one modern system or another, ti I features of 
 
 of training may be briefly discussed. 
 
 In the first place time musl be considered. "A man of twenty fiv< 
 upwards," writes Mr. Woodgate, " who has been lying by for months, or it 
 maybe fora year or two, can < i ■ > w i t : i three month of training. Hie 
 
56 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 half should be less severe than the last. He can get into ' hunting ' condition 
 in the first six weeks, and progress to ' racing ' condition in the succeeding 
 six. University crews train from five to six weeks. College crews cannot 
 give much more than three weeks to train for the summer bumping races." 
 
 During training a man's life must be as regular as a clock ; his meals 
 must be taken to the minute ; his exercises must be systematized and so ad- 
 justed as to be progressive and well-timed. He should retire to bed early 
 and rise early, should sleep in a well-ventilated room, should bathe night 
 and morning, should be particular as to the kind of clothing worn, and take 
 every precaution to avoid cold. In all things he should be moderate and 
 methodical. His meals are best represented by a substantial breakfast, a light 
 lunch, a still lighter tea, and a substantial dinner in the evening when his day's 
 work is over. He should take plenty of sleep. He should rest after each 
 meal. Smoking should be absolutely forbidden, and no form of alcohol 
 should be allowed. There is overwhelming evidence to support the practice 
 of training upon water. In the matter of diet a man should be moderate, 
 should not gorge himself, and should, within certain limits, consult his own 
 taste in the selection of food. 
 
 He will do best with the most easily digested foods, and may take beef, 
 mutton, chicken, fish, and game, while he should avoid pork and veal and 
 lobster, and other well-accredited producers of dyspepsia. He should under 
 no circumstances be debarred from eating fat and butter. A man in training 
 needs a good supply of carbon in his food. 
 
 It is well to avoid much sloppy food, such as soups and broths, to be very 
 moderate in the consumption of starchy foods and of sugar, to avoid coarse 
 vegetables and large quantities of potatoes. Some green vegetables and some 
 fruit should be taken every day. It is needless to say that he should avoid 
 pastry and sweets, and the confused and uncertain forms of food known as 
 entrees. Cheese may well be omitted from his dietary, and salad take a con- 
 stant place. Meat will be eaten at breakfast, lunch, and dinner. 
 
 In the matter of liquids, he should not drink for the sake of drinking. 
 He should take as much only as is needed to quench his thirst, and he 
 should not consider the time of his drinking. The custom of allowing men 
 to drink only a certain quantity of water at certain fixed times of the day is 
 obviously silly. A man should drink when he is thirsty, and should not be 
 compelled to suffer with a parched mouth simply because the drinking hour 
 has not come. Men differ immensely in the quantity of fluid they need. 
 
SPECIFIC EXERCISES. 57 
 
 The matter cannot be settled by rule. It may be taken as certain that the 
 least quantity is consumed when taken in small amounts and often, and not 
 when the individual has been tortured with thirst and swallows a quart or 
 more when his time for drinking comes. 
 
 Under a reasonable and liberal system of training, no man should break 
 down or become, as the expression goes, " stale." 
 
 The old system of training was rather a test of strength than a means of 
 developing it, and those who train in modern times should make themselves 
 familiar with the follies of those who trained in days gone by. 
 
 SPECIFIC EXERCISES. 
 
 Walking 
 
 Is the most usual, the most simple, the most easy, and one of the most valu- 
 able modes of taking exercise. It is suited for individuals of all ages and of 
 all states of development. It is the main exercise of the quite young child, 
 a prominent feature in the training of the athlete, and usually the only form 
 of exercise indulged in by the aged. 
 
 It is a mode of exercise which requires neither apparatus nor special 
 locality, and there can be few so engaged in the pursuit of living as to find a 
 legitimate excuse for not indulging in this simple means of keeping the body 
 in health. 
 
 While walking exercises mainly the muscles of the legs, it brings into 
 
 play also the muscles of the loin and of the back and abdomen. Not only 
 
 has the individual to move, he has also to keep erect. The circulation and 
 
 respiratory movements an- increased, and the general beneficial effects of 
 
 ire brought about. 
 
 I In- .i< "ill mechanii s of walking ami the precise nature and extent of the 
 movements involved are admirably Illustrated by the photographs published 
 by Mr. Eadweard Muybridge, of Philadelphia. Certain of these are re 
 duced with a very lucid explanation in beating's "Cyclopedia of the Dis- 
 ildren" ( Vol. iv., 1 [91). 
 
 Walking is distinct from marching, in which a less easy attitude of the 
 
 oaintained. <m!i<t things being equal, slow walking is more tiring 
 
 talking at a moder it'- pa< e. 
 
 It i, import. int that tl t" walking be cultivated, tint the spine be 
 
 kept ] b u k. \m e 1 \ and ; 
 
58 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 fleetly graceful mode of walking is not common among civilized people. The 
 countryman rolls along walking from his hips, the over-dressed lady steps 
 stiffly and gingerly like an automaton, the untrained lad slouches in a manner 
 well termed slovenly. 
 
 A purposeless walk, such as is the common exercise and often the only 
 exercise in ladies' schools, where the pupils walk in procession, side by side, 
 over a stated distance, is somewhat depressing and does not develop the 
 exercise to its fullest. Walking with an object represents the best and most 
 pleasant form of this element in physical training. Shooting involves, not 
 only the delights and excitement of sport, and the use of the hands and 
 arms, but also a long walk over often irregular and difficult ground. The ad- 
 mirable game of golf, which is said to date from the time of Edward III., 
 represents one of the very best forms of walking with an object. This game 
 has a fascination both for the young and the old, and is one of the most per- 
 fect, and in every way the most admirable form of exercise for men who are 
 past middle life or have reached old age. 
 
 Walking races are contests more or less of endurance, and test rather the 
 staying powers than the skill or the muscular strength of the competitor. 
 Many professional walkers walk vilely. In walking for a race, " it is abso- 
 lutely necessary," writes a great authority (Mr. Shearman), "to have the 
 muscles so hard all over the body that ' knocking off' for any space of time 
 becomes fatal to all chances of success." 
 
 In walking competitions the mile has been covered in 6 minutes 23 sec- 
 onds, three miles in 20 minutes 21^4 seconds, twenty miles in less than 3 
 hours, and fifty miles in less than 8 hours. 
 
 Running 
 Is the exercise for children and young people. It employs the muscles of 
 nearly the whole of the body, and, by increasing the rate and depth of the 
 respirations, is an admirable element in developing the chest. Children ap- 
 pear to be the subjects of an irresistible impulse to run, an impulse that should 
 never be checked. 
 
 Running has been described as a succession of leaps. It undoubtedly has 
 a most beneficial effect upon the circulation of the viscera, strengthens the 
 heart, when indulged in in moderation brings out the individual's powers of 
 endurance as well as his strength and his capacity for rapid movement. 
 
 Muybridge's photographs show the mechanical details of the act of running 
 
SPECIFIC EXERCISES. 59 
 
 very clearly. A reproduction of two of these photographs in Keating's " Cy- 
 clopaedia " {Joe. cif.) may be advantageously consulted. 
 
 Running, to any extent, as an exercise, is not advisable after the age 
 of thirty, nor in those who have not kept themselves in practice and in 
 sound condition. In the aged it may be ranked often as actually danger- 
 ous. The best ages for running are between eighteen and twenty five, and 
 upon few forms of athletic exercise does age teil more certainly and accu- 
 rately than in this. 
 
 So far as athletic excellence is concerned, it may be said that a runner is 
 born, not made. There are many who would never attain a first position as 
 runners, in spite of unlimited practice. Sprint running or sprinting is the 
 term applied to running a short distance at top speed without a break. 
 Three hundred yards is considered to represent the limit of sprinting dis- 
 tance. "In sprinting," writes Mr. Shearman, "the front muscles of the thigh 
 which bring the leg forward are the most important factors for speed, as it is 
 on the rapid repetition of the stride that the main result depends ; in the 
 running of longer distances the back muscles of the thigh, which effect the 
 ulsion, bear the chief strain. Both sets of muscles are, of course, used 
 in every race, but the longer the distance the less important the front mus- 
 cles become." The sprinter, however, runs rather with his lungs and heart 
 than with his legs. Hreathlessness is the difficulty with which he has to con- 
 tend. Thus it happens that the sprinter may be tall or short, may be a 
 feather weight or scale at 13 stone, may have limbs like a deer or calves 
 whirl] would i ause the envy of a footman. 
 
 Long dis] m< e running is a matter, not only of strength, but also of endur- 
 ance and lung power. Some of the best long-distance runners have been 
 short men, very >tr. mg, light of weight, and with large and deep chesN. 
 
 Hare and hounds and the pap< form most exciting and admirable 
 
 forms of running. The sport, however, is 1 ory open to those who are young, 
 who are in perfect condition, and who have increased the distances thej I 
 run from time to time by gradual steps. 
 
 For children a hoop forms one of the most popular mens of giving ■ 
 purpose to running and of infusing interest into what in the abstract is a 
 somewhat monotonous form of exercise. 
 
 On the 1 rds have been covered in 10 sec., and 300 yards 
 
 in 30 o . \ 11 ile h i . been completed in .1 min.. i : : KC . three mile, in 
 
 i t min.. twenty miles in a few minute, short of two hours, and fifty 
 
 miles m a little short of six hour,. 
 
60 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 Jumping, 
 Like running, has certain very definite age limits. Jumping in competitions is 
 limited to individuals under thirty or more usually under twenty-five. Twenty 
 may be taken as the best age. In jumping, the muscles of the lower limb are 
 of course mainly employed, but in addition to these it will be noticed that 
 nearly every muscle in the body is in action as the leap is taken. The de- 
 tails of the movement are well shown in Muybridge's photographs (see Keat- 
 ings "Cyclopedia," vol. iv., photo, v.). 
 
 A jumper of any excellence is, like a runner, born, not made. Celebrated 
 jumpers, especially long jumpers, have been of almost any size and weight. 
 W. B. Page, who cleared a height of 6 ft. 3^ in., was only 5 ft. 6 in. in height. 
 Jumping as an element of physical education has some especial points of 
 value. It encourages very vigorous, instantaneous and well co-ordinated 
 muscular contractions, and cultivates that form of muscle intelligence which 
 is called spring. 
 
 I am of opinion that jumping is not quite the exercise for women, or for 
 young girls who have passed the period of puberty. Certain uterine troubles 
 have with some show of reason been ascribed to an indulgence in this exer- 
 cise. For flabby people and young subjects who are disposed to be stout, 
 and for any who are not in very sound condition, the exercise is not with- 
 out risk. It may well be left to lads and to youths in the prime of athletic 
 life. 
 
 In the high jump 6 ft. 3^ in. have been cleared, and in the long jump the 
 remarkable distance of 23 ft. 2 in. 
 
 Allied to jumping must be considered the exercise of skipping. A more 
 admirable and more perfect form of exercise, considering its simplicity, could 
 not be practiced. It employs the muscles, not only of the legs and loins, 
 but also of the back, abdomen, and neck, and even the muscles of the arms ; 
 it especially tends to strengthen the ankles and knees and the arches of the 
 foot ; it is admirable for children with weak backs ; it increases the respira- 
 tory movements to a marked extent ; and if practiced upon grass and in the 
 open air it is one of the most perfect forms of exercise for young girls that 
 could be devised. 
 
 Those who consider skipping too simple and too trivial to form a serious 
 element in a physical education may be surprised to know that many athletes 
 and gymnasts, and notably, it must be owned, prize fighters, take a very 
 large part of the exercise prescribed during training by means of the skip- 
 ping-rcpe. 
 
SPECIFIC EXERCISES. 61 
 
 It would be well if those parents who consider that nothing in the v. 
 physical training can be done without a gymnasium or a drill-sergeant would 
 invest in a hoop and a skipping-rope and take note of the effect produced by 
 these simple means. 
 
 A skipping competition upon a lawn or in a field is, when kept within 
 limits, one of the most perfect forms of recreation a girl can indulge in. It 
 should be carried out in slippers or light shoes, and if it were a little more 
 popular, the feeble ankles and flat feet which are so common among girls and 
 women would certainly be less often met with. 
 
 Skating 
 Is another admirable exercise, especially valuable from the fact that it can be 
 practiced at a time when few forms of outdoor recreation are possible, and 
 when girls and women are apt to sit at home and huddle over a fire or weary 
 themselves by dancing, until the small hours of the morning, in a heated 
 ball-room. 
 
 Skating is a form of modified walking, but it calls into play a greater variety 
 of muscles. The balance has to be maintained and the muscles of the ab- 
 domen, back and loins have much to do. It is exhilarating, it is admirably 
 adapted for persons of almost all ages, and is as well suited for females as for 
 males ; it comes at a time when the want of exercise in the open air is 
 probably telling upon the health and spirits; it tends to give an easy and 
 eral carriage to the body ; it strengthens the ankles, and is a tine antidote 
 for the flimsier form of nervousness. No mode of progression upon the feet 
 is more delightful, easy or invigorating. In a country house, when every form 
 of indoor amusement has been exhausted, when the roads are too dirty tor 
 walking and tin- ground too heavy tor pleasant riding, a hard black frost 
 nd the manner in which the young and the old, the strong 
 ami the frail, turn out and hurry to the ice, gives the impression that the in- 
 stinct for exercise in human beirj ig as the impulse which leads the 
 duckling to the w iter. 
 
 In rai tag, the following dist inces have been covered in the times named : 
 ioo yard-, in [0 sec, one mile in 3 niin., zu sec ; three miles in 10 min., 33 
 sec; twenty mile-, in 1 In., 1 | min, ; fifty miles in 4 hrs., 13 min. 
 
 RlDl 
 
 I • mode of taking exercise ami fresh air which i- oof open to all, and is 
 1 certain narrow limits denied to the inhabitants of citi 
 
62 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 The muscles exercised in riding are those mainly of the adductor segment 
 of the thigh and of the back. The movement undoubtedly improves the 
 visceral circulation and affords a remedy for hepatic congestion and constipa- 
 tion ; it promotes a deeper respiration and a more active pulse ; it combines 
 in a remarkable maimer both active and passive movement and is a specific 
 for the dyspepsia and other ills which attend a sedentary life ; it provides a 
 means of strengthening the spine, and it should be remembered that a good 
 "seat" implies rather the power of keeping the trunk well balanced than the 
 power of gripping the saddle with strong adductor musles. 
 
 It is a pursuit that can be indulged in from childhood to old age, and it is 
 one of the most popular forms of exercise among Englishwomen. 
 
 Children should learn young and should be well taught. The exercise is 
 not good for girls with commencing lateral curvature, nor should it be taken 
 up by children who have " outgrown their strength," and are tall, weedy, and 
 of feeble muscular development, until the muscles have been strengthened 
 by other methods. Overgrown girls who indulge in no other exercise but 
 riding are apt to become round-shouldered and round-backed and to acquire 
 a very ungraceful seat. Lateral curvature of the spine is certainly often in- 
 duced and fostered by riding. 
 
 In any instance a young girl should be taught to ride upon either side of 
 the saddle, and this precaution should be especially observed in the case of 
 those who are supposed to have weak backs. After a very long ride a man 
 feels most tired in the lower part of his spine, and is very disposed to loll in 
 the saddle. In a young girl the most important muscular strain comes upon 
 the back, and is concerned in keeping the body ertct. 
 
 It is not uncommon to see girls, who have been badly taught, riding with 
 the body much bent to one side, or with the spine " all in a heap," and in the 
 attitude of cyphosis. Riding is not the best kind of exercise for the round- 
 shouldered and for such girls as have unequally developed chests. 
 
 Horse exercise, so far as ladies ar^ concerned, is a little hampered by the 
 fashion which demands that a riding habit should fit like a glove, and that, as 
 a consequence, the waist should be compressed so as to reach fashionable 
 proportions. The long skirt of the riding habit adds not a little to the danger 
 of horse exercise for women. 
 
 Riding forms an admirable exercise for men who have reached or have 
 passed middle life, and the saddle is very often the last thing that an old 
 sporting man relinquishes as infirmity creeps on. 
 
SPECIFIC EXERCISES. 63 
 
 Professional horsemen (grooms, postilions, jockeys, etc.) are apt to develop 
 a certain deformity of the lower limbs and back. The legs tend to become 
 concave or bowed, and seem often to have been stunted in growth. The 
 back — especially in jockeys — tends to become arched and rounded, and the 
 shoulders high. An old ostler and an old jockey have often a quite charac- 
 teristic figure and attitude. 
 
 The deformity, such as it is, is evidently the result of style in riding, as it is 
 not observed in artillerymen and other cavalry soldiers. 
 
 Swimming 
 
 Should be taught as a matter of routine to every child, and it is a disgrace to 
 this country that this very simple accomplishment is so rare. Swimming 
 U easily learned at any age, and when once mastered is never forgotten. It 
 is acquired nearly as quickly by girls as by boys, and the first lessons may be 
 given between the ages of eight and ten. 
 
 Swimming calls into use a new set of muscles, or rather a new combination 
 of muscles. In the early struggles of the learner an immense amount of 
 force is expended in carrying out the unaccustomed movements. As pro- 
 ficiency is attained the movement becomes easier and easier, until it is as 
 simple as walking, and the limits of the swimmer's powers are restrained 
 rather by the temperature of the water than by his muscles. 
 
 Few modes of exercise are more enjoyable, especially when practiced in a 
 broad river or the open sea. 
 
 The muscles of both the upper and lower extremities are concerned, and 
 to a lesser degree the muscles of the back and abdomen. The scapular 
 must deltoid, the pectorals, and, above all, the latissimus dorsi, 
 
 especially employed in swimming. The arms tire before the legs, and the 
 sense of exhaustion is always experienced most about the shoulder. 
 
 Work in a llent means of developing the swimming 
 
 . and, so far as long di ire concerned, the chief factors are 
 
 strong arms and a good chi 
 Swimming increases the respirator] movements and straightens the back, 
 cements of the liml d afford a striking contrast to 
 
 ■ 1 t' the other forms "f exen ise whi< i the lower lin 
 
 Swimming should be well taught Considering the facilitii rded in 
 
 quiring the art, it is astounding thai among those who do 
 Bwim a fine an naming is so r ire, 
 
64 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 Probably some 70 per cent, of those who can swim can just "swim a lit- 
 tle," and can not do more than keep themselves afloat by extravagant move- 
 ments for fifty or a hundred yards. 
 
 I do not think that the practicing of the swimming movements on land is 
 of much value, although it forms a great feature in the gymnastic course in 
 France. 
 
 The most remarkable swimming feat was that of Matthew Webb, who swam 
 from Dover to Calais in 21 hours 45 minutes. In a race 100 yards has been 
 covered in 1 minute 6 seconds. 
 
 Fencing 
 
 In the Badminton Library volume on fencing, the history of this art is de- 
 tailed, together with the circumstances and manner of its development, and to 
 the account is appended a quite remarkable bibliography of the subject. 
 
 Fencing, as it is at present practiced, is an extremely scientific, precise, 
 and highly elaborated art. It is no mere slashing with a protected foil. 
 Every move has been systematized ; every method of attack and defence has 
 its individual name. The movements are as complex, and yet as well defined, 
 as the movements of the men upon a chess-board. No mode of exercise has 
 reached a more elaborate degree of finish. Fencing is pre-eminently an ex- 
 ercise of skill. Considerable employment is given to all the muscles of the 
 body, to the lower limbs, and to the back, but principally, it is needless to 
 say, to the right or sword arm. The beginner will, after his first few lessons, 
 ache from head to foot. He will believe that he has been fencing with every 
 muscle he possessed, a belief which will be well founded. As, however, he 
 becomes more proficient, he will feel that the strain falls to a great extent 
 upon the right upper extremity. 
 
 Fencing is as much an exercise of the brain as of the muscles. He who 
 has acquired some proficiency in the art will find that he becomes tired in 
 his brain and cord rather than in his limbs. The bout induces rather a nerve 
 than a muscle fatigue. 
 
 Fencing develops certain faculties in an admirable manner. It requires 
 quickness of eye, extreme readiness of action, accurate muscular sense, great 
 precision and fineness of movement, and perfect powers of ready co-ordina- 
 tion. It involves the practice of a quick decision, a rapid judgment, and a 
 good memory. A fool could never become a good fencer, even if he were 
 endowed with the most excellent physical qualifications. 
 
SPECIFIC EXERCISES. 65 
 
 Fencing has become more popular of late years, and is an excellent exer- 
 cise for busy men. It is to be regretted that the practice often takes place in 
 somewhat ill-ventilated rooms. Fencing for elder children and for ladies 
 forms, as it is usually practised, but a somewhat imperfect development of the 
 proper art. It is not the exercise which would be recommended to excitable, 
 nervous, or overworked children. It is better adapted for those who appear 
 to be apathetic or dull. A dull boy will find a fencing lesson an infinitely 
 greater " fag " than whole pages of irregular verbs. 
 
 It should never form for children, or indeed for adults, an exclusive or 
 even predominant form of exercise, on account of the unequal muscular de- 
 velopment it encourages. It is well suited to encourage in lads and in elder 
 girls a good carriage, free movements, a lissom and graceful attitude of the 
 body, great agility, and both muscular and mental quickness. If it is possible 
 to make an individual " sharp," fencing may be considered as capable of 
 doing it. 
 
 The exercise must be recommended with great care. It would be injurious 
 to those who have a disposition to lateral curvature, and to any who are the 
 subjects of unequal muscular development. 
 
 In the physical education of the young it can occupy but a small space. 
 a perfect exercise for adults, especially for men who lead sedentary and 
 monotonous lives. Dr. Lagrange asserts that "every one who has fenced 
 much shows, in a more or less pronounced degree, a lateral curvature of the 
 spine." In right-handed fencers the concavity of the curvature is to the 
 right, in the left-handed to the left. The shoulder of the arm which holds 
 the foil is lowered. Dr. I grange founds his conclusions upon the examina- 
 tion of twenty experienced fencers. The tendencies to deformity arc very 
 unequally marked. In some tin. deviations are quite trivial, in others they 
 are pronounced. This evidence is of considerable importance in forming an 
 oate of the value of fencing as a muscular exert ise, especially to those 
 who arc under twenty or twenty-five years ofaj 
 
 Boxing, 
 
 It' carried out under proper conditions, and espei iatty if practiced in the open 
 is an admirable 1 n lads and young men. Unfortunately, the 
 
 surroundings of a boxing saloon .ire uot always the best adapted for the edu- 
 m of youth, and the so-called "• " of the art are not usually the 
 
 plasti< minded lads. 
 
66 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 The exercise itself, however, is admirable. It brings into play prac- 
 tically all the muscles of the body. A vigorous blow is struck as much from 
 the leg and trunk as from the arm. It has been well said that a good and 
 powerful blow starts from the foot. Mitchell, in the monograph upon boxing, 
 in the Badminton Library series, says: "It may seem paradoxical and pro- 
 voke a smile to say that the first necessity for using the fists properly 
 is to understand the use of the feet." The boxer needs to be agile, 
 to be able to use his legs, to be quick with the movements of his head and 
 his trunk. Boxing, moreover, gives excellent use to the left arm, which is 
 apt to be neglected in many other forms of exercise. It calls for rapidity of 
 movement, ready decision, good judgment, and a control of the temper. It 
 promotes the circulation, and in a vigorous round the boxer is very soon 
 rendered breathless. 
 
 The atmosphere in a boxing saloon is not always so well supplied with fresh 
 air as it might be. 
 
 Boating. 
 
 It may perhaps be said, without fear of contradiction, that boating presents 
 one of the most complete, uniform and delectable forms of exercise. It is an 
 exercise which is especially associated with the English, and it is in England 
 that the sport is the most highly elaborated and the most widely practised. 
 Boats of one form or another appear among the environment of such primi- 
 tive peoples as have lived by the sea or about the banks of navigable rivers ; 
 but the development of boating as a fine art, the perfecting of this pictur- 
 esque and enjoyable mode of locomotion, rests with the sturdy and water- 
 loving sons of England. Surrounded on all sides by the sea, and living in a 
 land permeated by many rivers, it is not unnatural that an English lad should 
 take to the water like a duck, and should feel that enthusiastic love for the sea 
 which appears to be almost an hereditary taste, and which is possibly not a 
 little influenced by the great naval records of the country. 
 
 For every professional rowing man in our midst there will be hundreds 
 of amateurs who are by no means a discredit to the sport. At all public 
 schools situated within reach of water, rowing is a prominent feature of school 
 life. At the two great universities of Oxford and Cambridge, boating occu- 
 pies a position which the less robust section of the public are apt to consider 
 a little too conspicuous. The whole length of the Thames, from Oxford to 
 London, during the few months of the English summer, is alive with boats, 
 and is animated by rowers of all classes and all ages. Among this busy, sun- 
 
SPECIFIC EXERCISES. 67 
 
 browned, and vvhite-flanneled community, may be seen old men and maidens, 
 as well as young men and children. 
 
 The sheer delight given by the mere circumstances of boating requires 
 little comment. It needs merely the conception of a stretch of fair water, the 
 early morning of a day in the English summer, a light outrigger and a pair 
 of sculls, to every point of which the sculler has fitted his muscles. There is 
 the crisp grasp of the water, the swish of the blades, the shooting of the tiny 
 craft across the polished river, the whistling of the wind about the rower's 
 head, and the rippling of the water as the prow runs through the magic lights 
 and shadows which are thrown from the bank. 
 
 Boating offers, moreover, one of the most charming forms of touring. A 
 man may spend many summer holidays in a boat or in a canoe before he has 
 exhausted the beauties of the rivers of Great Britain. 
 
 Across the Channel, the system of canals on the continent offers an unpar- 
 alleled opportunity for a journey such as has been described — as no other 
 pen could have described it — by R. Louis Stevenson in his " Inland Voyage." 
 
 It is greatly to the credit of England that her watenvays are more densely 
 peopled with boating folk than are the waters of any other country of like 
 population. 
 
 With regard to boats, it is only necessary to say that for racing the keelless 
 boat is employed. Its bottom is round and smooth. Such a boat is 
 extremely unsteady, and requires all the skill of a novice to "sit it." The 
 beginner may find no difficulty in propelling such a boat, but he will experi- 
 ence considerable difficulty in keeping in it. The sculler in a racing boat 
 has, like the bicyclist, first to balance himself and then to move. 
 
 The outrigger was introduced in 1S42 by Clasper. 
 
 This very simple improvement enables a greatly increased length and 
 
 lvantage in leverage to be given to the oars, while at the same time 
 
 it allows the dimensions of the racing craft, and especially of the beam, to be 
 
 h reduced. The ordinary length of an inrigged pair-oared pleasure boat 
 
 or gig is 22 ft., and the beam 3 ft. 9 in. The length of a racing sculling boat 
 
 will be about 31 ft., and the beam about 1 1 int lies. 
 
 Another noteworthy improvement— the invention of an American— was the 
 
 sliding seat, which was first used in England in a race in 1.S71. The general 
 
 l' the sliding seat will be sufficiently familiar. Its precise mechani- 
 cal . been very ably described by the Rev. E. Warre, o\ Eton, in the 
 
 following words : — 
 
68 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 "Mechanically speaking, in rowing the water is the fulcrum, the boat is 
 the weight to be moved, the oar is the lever, and the man applies the power. 
 The leverage is most powerful when applied at right angles to the weight ; 
 but in the problem to be solved, owing to the motion of the oar itself 
 through the water and the motion of the boat through the water, the moment 
 at which this can be the case is extremely transient. Could any satisfactory 
 mechanism be devised by which the weight — that is, the thowl against which 
 he rows — could be moved forward during the stroke, while the oarsman was 
 still in the position to exert his full power against it, we might expect a great 
 increase of speed. This, however, is a structural problem not yet solved. 
 But the sliding seat in some measure answers the purpose by enabling the 
 oarsman or sculler to continue his physical effort by the straightening of his 
 legs in such a way that his power and his weight, which are most available at 
 the beginning of the stroke, are operating in the water for a longer period 
 during each stroke than could be if he were on a fixed seat. The gain is 
 much less than that of a moving rowlock would be, because, owing to the 
 rising of the knees when the slider is forward, a man cannot obtain a much 
 greater reach forward than he could on a fixed seat. It is when the body 
 has moved up towards the perpendicular, and the water has already been got 
 hold of, that the advantage of the sliding seat begins. As the slider moves 
 back, the uncoiling of the human spring, which is imbedded in the stretcher, 
 can go on with undiminished force for the distance of the slide, when the 
 pressure of the legs ceases and the weight of the body is again entirely thrown 
 on the seat. The mechanical advantage is here mostly after the rowlock, and 
 that is the least valuable part of the stroke, especially in a light boat. Still 
 the gain is considerable, as it enables more weight and more strength to be 
 applied to the oar for a longer portion of the stroke. 
 
 " Further, there has been for grown men a physical gain in that the in- 
 creased length of stroke enables the same pace to be attained with fewer 
 strokes per minute. The pace of the inferior or mediocre crews accordingly 
 has been improved. Moreover, the effort of springing the body forward to 
 its fullest reach, which on the fixed seat was necessary, is now greatly reduced 
 by the mechanism of the slide, and consequently the exertion to heart and 
 lungs is much less. This is a gain to those who, by reason of age and figure, 
 are not so lithe and active as in boyhood, but it has been a loss to public 
 school crews, who could make up formerly by pace of stroke and agility for 
 their inferiority in strength to men."* 
 
 * Health Exhibition Handbooks, vol. x. 
 
SPECIFIC EXERCISES. 69 
 
 The sliding seat is estimated to give a gain of about 18 in. in the length of 
 the stroke upon a 9 in. slide. 
 
 "The sliding seat," writes Mr. Woodgate, in the Badminton Library volume 
 on Boating, " decidedly relieves the abdominal muscles and respiratory organs 
 during the recovery. The point wherein a tiring oarsman first gives way is 
 in his recovery, because of the relative weakness of the muscles which con- 
 duct that portion of the action of the stroke. It therefore is obvious that any 
 contrivance which can enable a man to recover with less exertion to himself 
 will enable him to do more work in the stroke over the whole course, and 
 still more so if the very contrivance which aids recovery also gives extra 
 power to the stroke." 
 
 The increase in speed has not been so great as might have been imagined. 
 
 Roiving and Sculling. 
 
 Rowing, it is needless to say, involves the pulling of one oar with both 
 hands, and sculling the pulling of a pair of sculls, employing, of course, one 
 bond to each. 
 
 The details of the stroke in rowing should be well understood in order 
 that the muscular features of the act might be recognized and the qualities 
 of a good stroke appreciated. The following description of the rowing 
 stroke by the Rev. E. Warre is precise and lucid, and can hardly be improved 
 upon : — 
 
 iment the oar touches the body, drop the hands smartly stJ 
 
 down, then turn the wrists sharply and at once shoot out the bands in a 
 
 ght line to the front, inclining the body forward from the thigh joints 
 
 and simultaneously bring up tin- slider, regulating the time by the swing for- 
 
 ! of the body according to the stroke. Let the chest and stomach come 
 
 well f< iw t.i, the shoulihr^ be kept hack, the inside arm be straightened, the 
 
 le wrist a little raised, the ■! in the ham!,, hut not | pon 
 
 more than i-, 1 ■ to maintain the blade in its proper straight line as it 
 
 goes back, the head kept up, the eye- fixed OH the OUtside shoulder of the 
 m. 11, ml anih oil I to theil full extent, 
 
 the wrists having been quickly turned, the hands must he raised sharply, and 
 the blade of the oar brought to its full depth at once. At that moment, 
 without the loss of a thousandth pari of a second, the whole weight of the 
 
 body must he thrown on to the oar and the Stretcher by the body Springing 
 back, so that b hold of th( h arply and be driven 
 
70 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 through it by a force unwavering and uniform. As soon as the oar has got 
 hold of the water, and the beginning of the stroke has been effected as de- 
 scribed, flatten the knees, and so, using the muscles of the legs, keep up the 
 pressure of the beginning uniform through the backward motion of the body. 
 Let the arms be rigid at the beginning of the stroke. When the body 
 reaches the perpendicular, let the elbows be bent and dropped close past the 
 sides to the rear — the shoulders dropping and disclosing the chest to the 
 front, the back, if anything, curved inwards rather than outwards, but not 
 strained in any way. The body, in fact, should assume a natural upright sit- 
 ting posture, with the shoulders well thrown back. In this position the oar 
 should come to it and the feather commence." 
 
 Among the particulars to be noted in the stroke are the following. The 
 back should be set stiff and must not yield as the stroke is pulled. It 
 should be straight while the chest comes well forward. The whole trunk 
 should swing as a rigid column from the hips, moving forwards and back- 
 wards. The main pull of the arms is from the shoulders. The biceps 
 should not do the work and the elbows must be kept well to the side. If 
 this latter point be insisted upon the stroke can scarcely be rowed home by 
 the arm muscles. When an oarsman is becoming " pumped," it is in the 
 recovery that he feels the strain. He fails to shoot the hands forward from 
 the chest the moment after they touch that point, and he becomes sluggish 
 in reaching forward to take a fresh hold of the water. 
 
 Sculling is in all essential particulars identical with rowing, so far as the 
 muscular movements are concerned. It involves, however, more precision, 
 more skill, more practice. The sculler has to acquire the art of balancing 
 himself, and a failure to ever do this well leads often to a fixed bad style, 
 which no practice appears to remove. 
 
 The remarks already made apply to rowing and to sculling in its highest 
 developments, but in all essentials they apply to the ordinary pleasure boat. 
 In such a boat there is no need of great speed, there is no sliding seat to em- 
 barrass an already complex movement. The boat is steady enough, and the 
 oarsman can devote all his energies to the pulling. 
 
 It is much to be regretted that many boating men and women are content 
 simply to pull the boat along. They care nothing about the order of their 
 going, they are perfectly indifferent as to style, and are content for the rest 
 of their days to row badly. To row correctly is to row with ease. The better 
 the style, the easier the movement and the better the pace. The better the 
 
SPECIFIC EXERCISES. 71 
 
 style, moreover, the more complete and perfect is the exercise. Bad rowing 
 is often bad exercise, and to row in the atrocious manner with which some 
 holiday-makers have made us familiar is to indulge in a pursuit of very 
 doubtful utility. 
 
 As an exercise, sculling may be considered to be better than rowing. To 
 all ordinary individuals boating should imply a knowledge of sculling, and 
 no person should be content with the capacity to pull one oar. 
 
 Sculling involves a more even employment of all the muscles of the body ; 
 one side of the body is not more extensively employed than is the other ; 
 there is no disposition to rotate or "screw " the back, or to pull, as it were, 
 from one side. In sculling, the muscles of the two sides of the body are 
 equally employed, and the exercise has the great merit of being perfectly 
 symmetrical. 
 
 The Muscles Involved. 
 
 Let us imagine a man sculling in an ordinary gig with a fixed seat. He 
 takes a good grasp of the sculls, using fully the muscles of the hand and of 
 the fiexor side of the forearm. He throws the hands forwards to take the 
 stroke, using the extensor muscles of the arm, the pectorals, the serratus 
 magnus and such scapular muscles as draw the upper limb forwards. The 
 body is at the same time thrown forwards by the contraction of the abdominal 
 muscles, the psoas and iliacus, and some of the anterior femoral muscles. 
 The whole back is kept stiff, and the trunk swings forwards from the hip 
 joints only. The sculls are now drawn through the water, the muscles of the 
 upper arm contract, together with the posterior scapular muscles and the 
 imus dorsi. I he main agent, however, in effecting the stroke i-> provided 
 by the great mass of the extensor muscles of the back and by the powerful 
 glutei muscles. The man rows with his back, not with his arms. In pulling, 
 he presses the feet against the stretcher, contracting Dearly all the muscles of 
 the lower limb. In feathering, he calls into action the exl I die 
 
 rm. 
 
 Inasmuch as the head is kepi erect and the chest well thrown forward, it 
 will !»• seen that sculling and rowing do actually engage all the main mu 
 of the body. 
 
 Aiding scat In- employed, then the 1 \crcise is still more complete and 
 uniform, for the muscles of the lower limb .ne used to a -'ill greater extent 
 in drawing the body forward and in shooting it back. Still the main strain in 
 rowing and culling tall.-, upon the mUSClefl of the back and hip. 
 
72 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 The mechanics of sculling can be readily studied in Muybridge's ingenious 
 photographs, and reference may be made to the description in Keating's 
 "Cyclopaedia" (vol. iv., photo, iv.). 
 
 The idea, often expressed, that boating involves the use of the arms only, 
 is even more ridiculous than the equally common assertion that bicycling in- 
 volves the use of the legs only. A muscular man going into hard training for 
 rowing will find that his biceps muscles will actually diminish in size. 
 
 The bad oarsman rows or sculls with his biceps. Such an individual is 
 often to be seen in the London parks. He sits with his back limp and 
 arched, and very probably with his legs tucked away under the thwart. He 
 leans forwards to take the stroke, grasps the water, and pulls the sculls 
 through simply by the action of the muscles of the upper limb and mainly by 
 the biceps. He does not extend the trunk beyond the perpendicular, and 
 the manner in which he projects his elbows has been caricatured often enough. 
 The movements he executes are not those of the oarsman, and, although the 
 half-hour's pull may be better than no exercise at all, it tends to make the 
 individual round-shouldered and clumsy, and to develop the muscles of his 
 arms to the sacrifice of all the others. 
 
 The Adaptabilities of Boating. 
 
 Boating properly carried out must remain one of the most perfect forms of 
 muscular exercise we possess. The degree of muscular effort involved can 
 be regulated to any degree, and a girl of eleven may scull with as much style 
 as an athlete of twenty. 
 
 Boating is an exercise which does not cause breathlessness. An elderly 
 man can pull a boat day after day on a long river tour without difficulty, 
 provided the pace be moderate, when he would be utterly out of breath on 
 ascending a hill or even a great flight of stairs. It can be indulged in by 
 individuals with weak hearts and weak lungs, provided, of course, that the 
 pace is strictly moderate. 
 
 Boating is not suited for the subjects of hernia nor for those with a dispo- 
 sition to hernia. The posture assumed in leaning forwards to take the stroke 
 and the contraction of the abdominal muscles at the same time favor a her- 
 nial protrusion. 
 
 Boating, however, tends to develop and to strengthen the abdominal mus- 
 cles, and to lessen the size and improve the tone of the pendulous abdomen 
 not uncommon after middle life. 
 
SPECIFIC EXERCISES. 73 
 
 Rowing and sculling are admirable exercises for girls and women. Ladies 
 should row without corsets, or with corsets of the slenderest possible make. 
 Perhaps no exercise is better suited to remedy the muscular defects which 
 are conspicuous in the gentler sex. It expands the chest, strengthens the 
 back, and gives tone to the muscles of the abdomen. 
 
 Boating should be recommended with certain precautions, and of course 
 in properly selected cases to the subjects of lateral curvature of the spine, 
 especially to those who exhibit the deformity in its early condition. 
 
 Such individuals should scull, not row. All those who take to boating 
 should first learn to swim. Boys may begin to learn to row at six, and girls 
 at eight. It is a matter of the utmost importance that the learner be well 
 taught. 
 
 It is well to begin in a light half-outrigged boat which will seat two, the 
 teacher and the pupil. The water should be smooth. The pupil should be- 
 gin by pulling one scull only, rowing for equal periods upon the right and the 
 left side. He will in this way learn the rough details of the stroke and the 
 rhythm of the movement. He should from the first be made to keep time. 
 
 The exercise with one scull should be brief, and the sooner the pupil 
 takes to both sculls the better. There is usually much difficulty with the left 
 hand. 
 
 As soon as the pupil can scull moderately well he should row behind a good 
 oarsman, and in this way he will pick up the swing of the movement and the 
 proper points of the stroke. 
 
 Sea / i - inferior to river rowing as an exercise : the boat is heavy, 
 
 the gunwale is high out of the water, the stroke is short, and the movement 
 i-, not susceptible of the finish possible in a river boat. 
 
 e who have rowed much on the sea will probably never row well on 
 the river. The exercise involves more muscular exertion, which is, however, 
 Of . more clumsy and unfinished kind. To row a sea boat the in- 
 
 dividual must be strong. Sim rowing is not well adapted for children <>r for 
 those who are muscularly feeble ; and, while as an exen i c it has admirable 
 points, it should be borne in mind thai on fresh water alone fa the pursuit of 
 
 boating capable of assuming its most perfect form. 
 
 inoeing. 
 
 For the purpose of the present paper canoes may be considered I 1 belong 
 to two 1 1 ■ -'■- the Rob Roy < inoe and the Canadian. 
 
 6 
 
74 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 In the former the canoeist sits amidships with his lower limbs extended ■ 
 straight upon the floor of the craft. The paddle is of considerable length, 
 and has a blade at either end. The canoeist holds it about breast high, and 
 drives first one blade through the water and then the other. His back is 
 supported by a rest. 
 
 In this form of canoeing the muscular exertion involved is limited to the 
 muscles of the arms and shoulders, including the pectorals, trapezius, ser- 
 ratus magnus, and latissimus dorsi. The muscles of the neck and upper 
 part of the back are concerned, but the body below the thorax is prac- 
 tically motionless. The exercise, therefore, is one of limited muscular ap- 
 plicability. 
 
 The exercise is good for those who wish to develop the arms or who from 
 some deformity or defect are unable to use the lower limbs. It is not an ex- 
 ercise to be recommended to those who aim at developing the whole muscu- 
 lar system, or who are the subjects of any spinal weakness. 
 
 In the Canadian canoe as adopted for use in England the canoeist sits 
 at the extreme stern, either on the floor or upon a seat nearly flush with the 
 gunwale, and with his feet on a stretcher. He has a short paddle with a 
 single blade. He paddles upon one side of the craft only, and steers by 
 manipulating the blade at the completion of each stroke. In all but the 
 smallest form of Canadian canoe a second seat is provided close to the prow 
 for a second paddle. The fore paddle may be shorter, and is worked at a 
 diminished advantage, and the steering of the craft must still remain with 
 the paddle in the stern. 
 
 The Canadian canoe involves a much more complete form of exercise 
 than does the Rob Roy canoe. The canoeist has no support for his back. 
 He must keep himself erect by muscular effort. In effecting the stroke he 
 employs, not only the muscles of the upper limb, but also the muscles of the 
 trunk. The whole body undergoes some rotation in the vertical axis at each 
 stroke. After long paddling, a sense of exhaustion is felt in the back and 
 about the loins, but not in the arms. The canoeist has also to balance him- 
 self, and as the Canadian canoe is carvel-built and keelless, this involves 
 some extra muscular expenditure. The after-paddler can make considerable 
 use of his legs, moreover ; a help which is, to a great extent, denied to the 
 paddler in the bow of the canoe. The canoeist should change his side from 
 time to time — in other words, should not paddle for too long a time at a 
 stretch upon one side. Paddling upon one side tends to produce much lat- 
 eral bending of the vertebral column. 
 
SPECIFIC EXERCISES. 75 
 
 This exercise is not well adapted for the weakly, nor for those who have 
 weak backs and a disposition to lateral curvature. For the robust it is ad- 
 mirable, and forms a very pleasant variation to rowing or sculling. 
 
 A voyage in a canoe usually involves exercise of the most varied kind : 
 there are hard paddling against a stream, nervous steering down a rapid, the 
 dragging of the craft over shallows and past milldams, and the very arduous 
 task of making a way through thick rushes and weeds. 
 
 Cycling. 
 
 The history of athletic sports provides probably no more remarkable feat- 
 ure than is afforded by the introduction and development of cycling. Twenty 
 years ago the bicycle was unknown in this country. Even fifteen years ago 
 riders upon bicycles were regarded as little other than acrobats and mounte- 
 banks. Within so short a period this form of athletic exercise has developed 
 with almost incredible rapidity and with phenomenal vigor. Cyclists are now 
 to be counted in tens of thousands ; the sport has been taken up by individ- 
 uals of all ages and in all stations of life, and has been enthusiastically patron- 
 ized by women as well as by men. 
 
 The history of cycling is very admirably given by Mr. G. Lacy Hillier — 
 himself a well-known rider — in the Badminton volume on "Cycling." 
 
 The general features of the cycles now in use must be familiar enough. 
 There are two forms of bicycle, the "Ordinary " and the " Safety." The 
 Ordinary represents the earlier pattern. In this machine the wheel is driven 
 by the direct action of the pedals. The size of the wheel depends upon the 
 height or " the reach" of the individual rider. A diameter of 50 inches will 
 represent an average si/e. With this wheel the rider steers, and upon it he 
 balances himself. In propelling this machine there is no waste of muscular 
 
 force. The rider is placed directly "over his work," or, as it would be 
 pressed with reference to other exercises, "close to his work." No power is 
 
 lost upon COg-wheels and chains, and the weight of the body ( in he admir- 
 ably utilized in aiding progression. 
 
 The Safety bicycle represents the machine of the immediate future. The 
 varieties of this cycle ate legion, hut the form mOSl Commonly used is founded 
 
 upon what is known as " the Rover " pattern. 
 
 ented by a machine with the following charac 
 
 The two wheels are c .ni| ur itivelv small, and an- either of equal 
 or are nearly so. The diameter of e u h will be about 28 or 30 inches. The 
 
76 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 front wheel is the steering-wheel, and with it the handles are connected : its 
 movement, so far as the act of steering is concerned, is effected through a 
 nearly horizontal joint, " the head." The hinder wheel is the driving wheel. 
 It is not propelled by the direct action of the pedals. The pedals act upon 
 a small cogged or toothed wheel carrying a chain, and through this chain the 
 movement is communicated to the rear wheel. The rider sits directly over 
 the chain-wheel to which the pedals and their cranks are attached, and is 
 therefore placed between the two running wheels of the bicycle. The ma- 
 chine is said to be "geared." If the two pulley-wheels with which the chain 
 is connected are of equal size the machine is said to be " level-geared." In 
 such case one complete revolution of the pedal involves one complete revo- 
 lution of the driving-wheel. If the pulley wheels with which the chain is 
 connected are of unequal size, and if the wheel connected with the pedal is 
 the larger, the machine is said to be " geared-up." In such case the pedal 
 revolutions are fewer than the revolutions of the driving-wheel. The Safety 
 bicycle is usually " geared up to 54 ; " that is to say, the relation between the 
 wheel moving the chain and the wheel moved by it is such that the driving- 
 wheel, which has an actual diameter of 28 inches, revolves at each complete 
 turn of the pedal through a range of movement equal to that made by one 
 complete revolution of a wheel with a diameter of 54 inches. 
 
 Some tricycles are " geared down," by which term is implied the fact that 
 the hinder of the two pulley-wheels is the smaller, and therefore more than 
 one revolution of the pedal is required to produce one revolution of the 
 driving-wheel. 
 
 In this question of gearing it must be remembered that one factor of the 
 equation, viz., the strength of the rider, is a fixed quantity, and that either 
 speed or power must be sacrificed when the other conditions of the problem 
 are varied. If the machine be geared up, the rider can make fewer revolu- 
 tions of the pedal than would be required if the gearing were level, but he 
 must employ more force. On the other hand, if the machine be geared 
 down, an increased number of movements of the foot is required ; but the 
 amount of force involved is much less. A young man of light weight or an 
 individual of feeble muscular power may prefer to use his legs with greater 
 activity, provided he can employ a lesser degree of muscular effort. Such an 
 individual may prefer a cycle geared low. A man of more advanced years, 
 of more than average weight, and of considerable muscular strength, would 
 probably be glad to expend an undue am Hint of force on each stroke of the 
 
SPECIFIC EXERCISES. 77 
 
 rather than to feel the necessity of moving his pedals rapidly. Such a 
 rider would select a machine with a higher gearing. 
 
 While a roadster Safety will usually be geared to 54, a racer Safety of the 
 same type may be geared to 63. 
 
 The Humber Roadster tricycle (" gents' light cripper ") is geared to 57 in 
 the maker's catalogue, the ladies' tricycle of the same pattern to 54, the cor- 
 responding racer cripper to 63. 
 
 The weight of a racing Safety may be reduced to 20 lb. complete. The 
 weight of a racing tricycle (Humber Cripper) is given as 30 lb. A roadster 
 Safety weighs from about 36 to 42 lb. A Roadster tricycle may scale from 
 
 45 t0 5 6 ,b - 
 
 The tricycle is well represented by the excellent machine known as the 
 Humber Cripper. In this tricycle the front or steering wheel has a diameter 
 of 24 in., the two driving wheels of 30 in. A single chain is employed. The 
 saddle is placed well over the pedals, and the machine in all general features 
 is based upon the mechanical lines of a Safety bicycle. The introduction of 
 the ingenious ball-bearing joint to cycles of all kinds has reduced the amount 
 of friction in running to a minimum. 
 
 The Safety bicycle if taken against any obstacle sufficient to stop the front 
 wheel merely falls over on its side. The rider's feet are so close to the 
 ground that it needs no very great inclination of the machine to enable him 
 to bring one foot to the ground, and so prevent a fall. 
 
 The term " S ilety " is well merited. An accident, when it occurs, is prob- 
 ably the fault of the rider alone, and is inexcusable. There are m my who 
 have ridden these machines for years over some thousands of miles of r 1. 
 and who have yet never met with what may be termed an accident, or even 
 a n isty fall. 
 
 One disadvanl ige which has been urged against all cycles is that of vibra- 
 tion. There is do doubt that long-continued vibration communicated to the 
 
 body i-> injurious. It is unpleasant, it induces fatigue, and leads to earlier 
 
 ustion of the must les. 
 
 vibration ire le - fell in thi ind upon the bodies of 
 
 under eighteen, who still po less many epiphyseal cartilages, a long- 
 continued vibration may tell but little. But in older individuals, in th 
 
 whoM- l»idie> h ive heroine more ii-id in the process of development, and 
 
 especially in persons with a sensitive nervous B) item, vibration has certainly 
 an unfavorabli They return from a long ride over rough roads with 
 
78 
 
 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 an undue sense of fatigue — they feel "shaken," the back aches, the. arm 
 muscles are a little tremulous, and there often follow a headache and a sleep- 
 less night. 
 
 Vibration has been to a large extent overcome by the use of " cushion " 
 or " pneumatic " tires, or by means of a suspending spring, such as has 
 been introduced, with the greatest success, in what is known as the " Whip- 
 pet " bicycle. The Whippet machine may be said to bear the same rela- 
 tion to the usual Safety bicycle which a cart with springs bears to one with- 
 out springs. 
 
 The following records will give an idea of the possible speed which can be 
 attained on a cycle : — 
 
 Half-mile , 
 
 One mile 
 
 Three miles. . . , 
 
 Ten miles 
 
 Twenty miles . 
 Fifty miles .... 
 Hundred miles 
 
 Bicycle. 
 
 Tricycle. 
 
 h. m. 
 
 s. 
 
 h. 
 
 m. 
 
 s. 
 
 i 
 
 8 
 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 
 2 
 
 37 
 
 7 
 
 40 
 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 26 
 
 40 
 
 
 28 
 
 13 
 
 55 
 
 
 
 
 5<> 
 
 40 
 
 2 25 
 
 26 
 
 2 
 
 3* 
 
 44 
 
 5 5° 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 26 
 
 Cycling as an Exercise. 
 
 Bicycling. — A ride upon a bicycle involves not only an admirable muscular 
 exercise, but it involves of necessity exertion in the open air. The exercise 
 is continuous and not intermittent ; it can be regulated to any degree, and 
 can be indulged in equally by the athlete and the weakling. 
 
 He who owns a bicycle has at his command one of the most admirable 
 and certainly one of the least expensive means of traveling. He is de- 
 pendent solely upon himself, and can without difficulty travel fifty miles a 
 day. No horse could compete in endurance and in long distances with the 
 bicycle rider. 
 
 Cycling has undoubtedly done more than has any other form of physical 
 exercise to improve the bodily condition of the city clerk and the shop as- 
 sistant. The lad who is pent up in a close office all day has now no diffi- 
 culty in finding a means for well occupying the summer evening or the few 
 hours at his disposal before the work of the day begins. He has merely 
 to mount his bicycle, and in an hour he is ten miles away from the din of 
 city life, and is breathing a clearer and brisker air. He who is an early 
 
SPECIFIC EXERCISES. 79 
 
 riser can in the summer months well manage a twenty-mile ride before 
 breakfast. 
 
 Unlike the player of cricket or football or the rowing man, the cyclist is 
 dependent upon no one but himself. His means of exercise is always at hand, 
 and he can occupy a spare half-hour or the entire afternoon with the same 
 amount of preparation. 
 
 The specific features of the exercise of bicycling may best be reviewed by 
 discussing the objections which have been urged against the sport. 
 
 1. It is said to be dangerous. This objection without doubt applied to the 
 high-wheel bicycle, but it can scarcely be said to be just as regards the more 
 modern machine — the Safety. The rider rides with his feet but a few inches 
 from the ground. If he is falling he has simply to step off. The machine 
 cannot turn "head over heels ;" it can merely fall upon its side. The brakes 
 now applied to these machines are so strong that they can bring the bicycle 
 to a standstill in a moment. 
 
 The most serious accidents have occurred in riding through crowded 
 streets ; and unless a rider is perfect at his work, and is as quick as a hare, he 
 is merely foolhardy if he attemps to ride through a very busy thoroughfare. 
 
 Bicycling may be said to be less dangerous than riding on horseback, 
 especially when the distances travelled are taken into account, and to be cer- 
 tainly less ri^ky than skating. 
 
 2. A second objection to the bicycle is that it is a very partial exercise, 
 and that it involves the use of the muscles of the legs only. It may be said 
 at once that the first difficulty of bicycle riding is not the propelling of the 
 machine, but the maintenance of a proper balance. The learner after his 
 half-hour exercise will not complain of aching in his legs, but of aching in his 
 arms, and to .1 lessei degree, in his hack. 'I he beginner is apt to believe that 
 
 the whole strain of the exer< ise comes upon the forearms. In other words, 
 the grip of the steering wind and the easy, immediate, and complete control 
 of th a pari of the machine are the first principles in bicycle riding. I ■ 
 the upright p tany muscular n its are required, and in 
 
 ■ d( illy all the mu ■< lea of die trunk are concerned. 
 In com e of time balancing becomes not onlj easy bu( quite automatic ; 
 ami while it is true thai the upright pasture is finally retained with a 
 modified amounl of mu 1 ul d, still an exti 
 
 involved even if the power exert d be slight 
 
 • for some hours without . rt f>r the back i 
 
80 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 quite insignificant exercise, and after a long ride the bicyclist finds that he 
 has been doing more with his back than he thought. 
 
 So far as the movements of the legs are concerned, an opinion of bicycling 
 as a muscular exercise should not be formed by observing the riders one 
 often sees in the streets of a great city on Sunday or on the suburban roads 
 on a bank holiday. 
 
 The ill-taught or inexperienced rider rides from his hips ; he moves his 
 lower limbs like pistons ; his action is extreme ; his ankle is fixed ; his foot 
 and leg move as one. 
 
 Pedalling is, to a great extent, a matter of the ankle-joint. The more the 
 ankle-joint is employed the more is muscular power economized, and the 
 more graceful is the rider's movement. 
 
 While bicycling does certainly involve in the main the muscles of the 
 lower extremities, it at the same time gives excellent employment to the mus- 
 cles of the upper limb (especially of the forearm) and to the muscles of 
 the trunk. 
 
 Cycling does not tend to develop the chest or exercise the great muscles 
 passing from the trunk to the upper limb, and herein lies the defect of the 
 sport as an exercise. It cannot be recommended as a predominating mode 
 of exercise to a tall, lanky lad with a narrow chest and a stooping back. 
 Such an individual should take to rowing and leave the wheel alone. 
 
 3. In the third place it is said that bicycle riding induces a very pernicious 
 posture of the body — a posture which has been well caricatured by Du Maurier 
 in the pages of " Punch." The posture complained of can be seen any day 
 among those who hire a bicycle now and then for an hour and tear wildly 
 through the streets thereon. The rider is leaning so far forwards as to have ' 
 his body nearly horizontal. His back is bowed and arched, his elbows stick 
 out like the limbs of a startled cat, his chest is almost upon the handle bar, 
 and his chin is thrust well ahead. 
 
 This attitude is, to some extent, a necessity upon the racing track, and 
 there is no doubt that it is practically essential in riding at the highest pos- 
 sible speed. 
 
 For riding upon the road it is ridiculous, and as out of place as the posture 
 of a jockey at the finish of a horserace would be in an individual taking a 
 canter in Rotten Row. 
 
 This absurd attitude when assumed by riders on the road may be put 
 down in part to sheer ignorance, in part to bad teaching, and in part to a 
 
SPECIFIC EXERCISES. Si 
 
 foolish imitation of the racing man. It is unnecessary, inelegant, and dis- 
 tinctly injurious. 
 
 The rider should sit quite upright, with his back straight and with the 
 upper part of the body as still as possible. The head should be erect, the 
 shoulders well thrown back, and the elbows at the sides. He should sit, 
 moreover, well to the back of his saddle, and, as one writer expresses it, 
 " push cut in front, using the saddle to push from." The handles of the 
 machines are now made so as to render a perfectly erect position possible ; 
 and in ordering a machine it is important that this matter of the handles 
 should be attended to. 
 
 There is no doubt that some riders who have been utterly careless of their 
 attitude have to thank the bicycle for rounded shoulders and a stooping back. 
 
 4. It is said that in cycling injurious pressure is brought to bear upon the 
 perinreum, and that perinatal abscess, urinary fistula, and other troubles have 
 resulted therefrom. The writer has not been able to find any evidence to 
 support this assertion. 
 
 It is possible that cycling may lead to mishief if practiced by a patient 
 with an inflamed urethra ; it is conceivable that it may act injuriously in the 
 subjects of urethral stricture and enlarged prostate. For even this last- 
 named possibility there is very little scientific support. Among tricycle 
 riders the writer is acquainted with more than one subject of prostatic, 
 hypertrophy, and by such individuals he has been assured that cycling causes 
 
 nation of such symptoms as they present. In the advanced sta 
 of prostatic trouble in elderly men, when vesical symptoms are present, 
 cycling could scarcely be practiced. 
 
 In perfectly healthy individuals it may be stated that cycling does not 
 produce an injurious degree of pressure upon the perinseum. 
 
 In the modern saddle a suspended siip of leather is the only part which 
 comes in actual contact with the perina'Uin. No metal-work can cause dire t 
 re upon that part. 
 Any discomfort about the perinseum in riding is probably due either to a 
 
 form Of saddle ill-adapted to the individual rider, or to a had attitude 
 sinned in riding. 
 
 habit of stooping forwards, which has been already condemned, brings 
 the perinseum unduly upon the saddle, and tor this reason, if for no other, 
 ttitude is to he strongly opp< 
 In riding, the weight of the body rests upon the tuberosities of the ischia. 
 
 These points alone should hear the pressure. 
 
82 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 Many bicyclists wear suspensory bandages, on the ground that the testes are 
 occasionally pressed between the body and the saddle. Such a precaution is 
 unnecessary if the rider will make up his mind to sit his machine properly. 
 
 It is needless to say that long-continued pressure upon the tuber ischii may 
 lead to some pain along the long scrotal nerve, and may induce an enlarge- 
 ment of the bursa over that process of bone. 
 
 The circumstance is, however, very rare, and is no more likely to occur 
 after cycling than it is after daily riding in a third-class railway carriage. 
 
 5. Cycling is accused of producing varicose veins in the leg, and hernia. 
 The case of the first-named affection is considered elsewhere, and need not 
 be again dealt with. 
 
 With regard to hernia there is little to add to what has been already said, 
 except to point out one fact. It is true that in easy riding the abdominal 
 muscles are but little used, and that, therefore, little pressure is brought to 
 bear upon the abdominal viscera. 
 
 Indeed, in ordinary riding the abdominal muscles have singularly little to 
 do. This circumstance may appear to render bicycling a suitable exercise 
 for those who are disposed to hernia. It must, however, be noted on the 
 other side, that the attitude of the rider tends to so relax the tissues about 
 the hernial orifices as to render the circumstances favourable for the descent 
 of a hernia. When the rider "puts on pace " in racing or in avoiding an ob- 
 stacle, he leans forwards, throws his abdominal muscles into action, and places 
 himself in a condition certainly favourable for the formation of a rupture. In 
 " mounting " also a sudden and pronounced contraction of the belly muscles 
 is called for, and that, too, while the individual's body is flexed. 
 
 It may be said, therefore, that bicycle riding should be avoided by those 
 who have weak inguinal regions or a disposition to hernia, and that it should 
 not be practised by the actually ruptured. 
 
 Bicycling is well suited for the young, nimble, and active ; it is, however, 
 not ill-adapted to the middle-aged and to those who have lost the elasticity of 
 youth. A man of forty, weighing 13 or even 14 stone, may take to bicycling 
 as an exercise, may attain considerable proficiency as a rider, and may 
 derive unmixed benefit from the pursuit. He needs be nimble enough to 
 mount and to dismount quickly, but this involves little more agility than is 
 required to enter or to leave an omnibus while in motion. Bicycling is not 
 adapted for men past middle life, and there are very few riders who may be 
 classed as old men. 
 
SPECIFIC EXERCISES. S3 
 
 The exercise is admirable for all who require development in the lower 
 extremities and who complain of being " weak in the loins." Those who 
 are disposed to phthisis, or who desire to develop their lung capacity, should 
 take up some other exercise than bicycling. It is not perhaps quite the 
 exercise for the timid and nervous, and it should not be adopted by the 
 subjects of urethral or prostatic disease, of hernia, of varicose veins, or of 
 varicocele. 
 
 The exercise appears to have a very beneficial effect in relieving chronic 
 constipation, and is adopted with advantage by those who are the subjects of 
 dyspepsia, haemorrhoids, and functional disorders of the liver. 
 
 As in other forms of exercise, racing and the breaking of records should 
 be left to the young, well-trained, strong, and athletic, and the acquiring of 
 tricks in riding to the acrobat, who has to live by his eccentricities. The 
 ordinary rider when touring should satisfy himself with a pace of not more 
 than ten miles an hour, and a distance not exceeding fifty miles in the day. 
 The bicyclist should be well equipped, should wear well-cut, or better still, 
 well-woven breeches, should be clad entirely in wool, and should burden 
 himself with as little luggage as possible. He should avoid tight-fitting shoes, 
 stiff collars, braided uniforms, gauntlets, rubber-soled shoes, and waterproof 
 suits. The only waterproof worn should take the form of a loose cape. The 
 best shoes are thin leather walking shoes. 
 
 vcling. — In tricycling the muscles of the lower extremities are almost 
 the only ones involved. No balance has to be maintained, and the steering 
 ■ complished with a very small amount of muscular exertion. The rider 
 has to maintain the body erect, and must thus employ the muscles of the 
 trunk. As an exercise, tricycling is undoubtedly inferior to bicycling. The 
 'line is, moreover, comparatively large and cumbrous, and in a small 
 London house is perhaps with difficulty disposed of. It cannot be so well 
 
 conveyed from pi u e l<> place, and when on a tOUT the ridei must always seek 
 a shelter fur In. m.i< hine. The small si/e of the bicycle and the convenient 
 manner in which it can be disposed of ate among it-, greatest adv. mt 
 The trii \( le rider must keep to main or principal roads. The bicycll 
 
 idvanl ige of a footpath. The machine makes three tracks, and upon an 
 uneven or frozen road with sharp ruts the tricycle has very decided disad- 
 van! iges ovei the bi< y< le. 
 While in touring the bicyclist can make ten miles an hour, the tri< ycle 
 
 rider will have to content himself with eight. < »n the Other hand, the advan 
 
84 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 tages of the tricycle are the following : The machine is very easy to ride, 
 and can be ridden at once and without any teaching. No balancing is re- 
 quired. The machine can be driven with less muscular exertion, and by 
 altering the gearing a machine can be adapted to almost every grade of 
 muscular capacity. The tricycle can be ridden by the old, the nervous, the 
 moderately feeble, the lame. It can be ridden by ladies and young girls. 
 At the same time, with an athletic rider a great speed can be attained on the 
 machine and enormous distances covered. 
 
 Three great and very decided advantages of the tricycle are these : the 
 rider can stop the machine, and can rest and enjoy the scenery without dis- 
 mounting ; he can ride without taking very minute note of the road ; he can 
 carry a considerable quantity of luggage. 
 
 Tricycling is a most admirable exercise for those past middle life. They 
 can take their exercise without fear and without trouble, and can moderate 
 their exertions to any degree. It can be made a violent exercise or a very 
 gentle one. It throws no great strain upon the heart or lungs. It appears 
 to have a good effect upon dyspeptics and the subjects of chronic constipa- 
 tion. It can be indulged in within limits by the subjects of hernia. It in- 
 volves all the advantages attending exercise in the open. 
 
 Cycling for Ladies and Girls. 
 
 Tricycling is extensively and enthusiastically adopted by many ladies and 
 young girls. Many have attained considerable proficiency at the sport. The 
 luxury of a tandem ride appears to be keenly appreciated : the freedom the 
 lady tricyclist enjoys, and the wide tracks of country she can cover in com- 
 pany with her brother, husband, or other friend, are strong attractions for the 
 vigorously inclined. 
 
 It is doubtful if tricycling can be declared to be a good or suitable exer- 
 cise for young women and young girls. 
 
 It is not a severe exercise, it is true ; and, indeed, the amount of muscular 
 exertion demanded can be very precisely regulated. Many ladies are em- 
 phatic in their advocacy of the claims of tricycling to be considered a very 
 suitable, very beneficial, and quite harmless exercise for females. 
 
 It must be remembered, however, that what applies to one woman may not 
 apply to another, and that arguments applicable to the middle-aged may not 
 be equally suited to the young. 
 
 The precise evidence which is required to decide the question of the value 
 
SPECIFIC EXERCISES. 85 
 
 of tricycling for women and girls is a little difficult to obtain and to formu- 
 late. 
 
 These points may be drawn attention to. 
 
 It is a question whether an exercise involving extensive use of the lower 
 limbs and of the muscles about the pelvis is an unmixed good during the 
 years of active uterine life. 
 
 Imring the menstrual period it may be assumed that the exercise would, 
 for many reasons, be regarded as most undesirable ; and there may possibly 
 be some truth in the loose assertion that menstrual irregularities have been 
 developed by tricycling. There is a real difficulty in the matter of the 
 saddle. The modern ladies' saddle is a great improvement upon the older 
 pattern, but the writer knows of no saddle which can be assumed to entirely 
 do away with the possibility of pressure upon the pudendum. 
 
 Individuals have complained of much chafing in the pudendal region as a 
 result of riding, and, without entering into further details, the question may 
 be asked whether in young girls or in young women an exercise is good 
 which may involve considerable pressure and friction in the pudendal region. 
 The very detailed objections which have been allowed to apply to the use of 
 treadle sewing machines by factory girls would appear to apply to the riding 
 of a tricycle. 
 
 My personal opinion would take the form of suggesting that there are bet- 
 ter exercises for the gentler sex than tricycling provides, that the exercise 
 should not be undertaken by young girls and young women, but that it may 
 be open to those who are married 01 middle-aged. I am aware of one or 
 two instances in which ladies have abandoned tricycling after a few months' 
 tic pursuit of the exen ise, without affording a more definite excuse 
 than that "it did not agree with them." That tricycling is not the ex< n 
 best suited for a girl aboul puberty or a young unmarried woman, I am con- 
 vinced ; and one < innot help noticing that the most enthusiastic, most success- 
 ful, and in 'lit lady riders ait- no long( I 
 
 Bi< y< le riding for ladies and girls may be ' ondemned tor the same r 
 which have been mentioned In connection with tricycling. Very ingen 
 Safety I'.ii w been designed, but it is evident that — with the 
 
 hape of saddle it least — they cannot be ridden without producing 
 ind friction in the pudenda] region. The mounting and dismount- 
 Ing is difficult : although it 1 rformed with peril the learn- 
 
 to ride involves greater pains, and the dress distinctly adds to what 
 1 1 11. iy attend the machine. 
 
86 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 There are many very admirable, harmless, and delightful exercises open to 
 the tender sex, but among these cycling, and more especially bicycling, need 
 not be included. 
 
 Gymnastics and Calisthenics. 
 
 These terms have been, and are, employed in so many senses that they 
 scarcely admit of any precise definition, and certainly of no definition which 
 would meet with general acceptance. 
 
 The term " gymnastics " is usually considered to apply to a series of exer- 
 cises of a somewhat severe or advanced character, and especially to such as 
 involve the use of apparatus. The term "calisthenics " is usually associated 
 with a milder form of systematic exercises, with " free movements," with 
 exercises which involve no apparatus, with the simpler forms of drilling, and 
 the like. The definitions of the words given in the "Century Dictionary" 
 are convenient ones. " Calisthenics : The art or practice of exercising the 
 muscles for the purpose of gaining health, strength, or grace of form and 
 movement; a kind of light gymnastics." "Gymnastics : The art of per- 
 forming athletic exercises." 
 
 The first expression which presents itself in the consideration of gymnastic 
 exercises or the teaching of calisthenics is the unfortunate term "system." 
 The question asked of any instructor is "what system does he teach?" and of 
 any scheme of exercises, "what system does it follow?" Considerable dis- 
 cussions have ensued upon the question as to which system of gymnastics is 
 the best : and while at one centre of physical education faith is fixed upon 
 one system, an opposition belief holds sway at another. 
 
 When the details of opposed systems are considered, and the claims of 
 rival schools are weighed, no little confusion arises. The impartial observer 
 feels that he must seek for some great fundamental characteristics whereby 
 to separate one method from another. He finds that original systems have 
 been modified, reconstructed, added to, and even blended with methods 
 from other sources. He observes that the conception one instructor of 
 gymnastics has formed of a system of training differs materially from the 
 interpretation another teacher has adopted of the very same system. Several 
 of the more modern works upon gymnastics form a mere olla podrida, a mix- 
 ture of this system and of that, with modifications introduced by the author 
 and such emendations as obscure all means of classification. 
 
 I have myself witnessed a " display " advertised as a demonstration of the 
 
SPECIFIC EXERCISES. 87 
 
 Swedish system of gymnastics, in which musical drill, the use of bar-bells and 
 dumb-bells, were the main features, and in which none of the familiar charac- 
 teristics of the Swedish system were notable. 
 
 As a matter of fact, the terms " Swedish system," " Swedish gymnastics," 
 and " Ling's method " are used in so indiscriminate a manner, that the ex- 
 pressions have in the mouths of many come to be synonymous with any 
 form of free movements or any species of gymnastic training which is not 
 violent or which does not involve fixed apparatus. 
 
 One soon has to conclude that no system is per se complete and all-suffi- 
 cient, that no one can lay claim to international adoption, that evil may result 
 from a blind adhesion to one particular method, and that considerable allow- 
 ance has to be made for nationality, physical condition, and physical tastes. 
 
 While this is true, it must also be allowed that if a certain system be advo- 
 cated and professed it should be maintained in its entirety so long as its dis- 
 tinctive title is adhered to and employed. 
 
 So far as the present purpose of this article is concerned, it may be said 
 that there are three methods of gymnastic exercise which for purposes of 
 convenience may be here set forth. It must not for a moment be supposed 
 that such a classification is in any way complete, nor is it historically precise, 
 nor perhaps even just. The systems alluded to are — 1, the English ; 2, the 
 German ; and 3, the Swedish. 
 
 1. By the English system is understood a method of physical training by 
 means of athletic exercises and outdoor sports. This system is considered to 
 inc hide marching, running, both long distance running and sprint running, 
 leaping, swimming, etc., trials of strength and endurance, and the usual out- 
 door sports, such as cricket, football, and rowing. 
 
 This is the sense in which most foreign writers describe the English 
 tern. The definition is not very liberal, but it is very convenient It is true 
 of physical training in England many years ago, but of course does nut pro- 
 fess to represent such training as is at present carried out. 
 
 It i^ needless to criticize what is termed the English system. The value 
 of athlei ml outdoor games is recognized and is appreciated in no 
 
 country so keenly as in England. 
 
 method of training, it is obviously (rude, unscientific, incomplete, 
 and of restricted application. It is a pleasant training for lusty boys and 
 ions men, but it is perfet tly cleat that it can lav no claim to be consid- 
 ered as a preci e and orthodox system. 
 
SS PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 2. The German system may be spoken of as being assimilative. The 
 German writers and teachers have adopted and embodied whatever they 
 found good in the practices of other peoples in the matter of physical edu- 
 cation. No system is more liberal, more extensive, more catholic. As Mr. 
 Metzner well says in his account of the German system of gymnastics 
 (Physical Training Conference, Boston, 1889), "the German system does 
 not claim to have any special exercise of its own, or to be the sole proprietor 
 of any that no other system may also produce." The system has been slowly 
 built up during nearly a century, and has shown as a main characteristic 
 the power of intelligent assimilation and the ready appreciation and develop- 
 ment of what has appeared good in physical training. 
 
 The German system embraces all the different branches of gymnastics, 
 free movements, mass exercises in every form, with wands, dumb-bells, flags, 
 bar-bells, etc., figure marching, trot marching, the use of a most varied and 
 extensive series of fixed apparatus, the use of clubs and all forms of hand 
 apparatus, and the encouragement of such exercises as come under the head- 
 ing of outdoor sports. 
 
 It aims at general physical culture and does not encourage the develop- 
 ment of especial powers or especial abilities ; it encourages exercises in 
 classes (mass exercises) and endeavours to infuse interest and amusement in 
 its instructions ; it aims at being complete and at being capable of adaptation 
 by individuals of all ages and of very varied physical ability ; it encourages 
 a gradual and progressive form of instruction, the pupil commencing with the 
 simplest exercises and proceeding with the more difficult and arduous only 
 when the more rudimentary have been fully mastered. 
 
 A description of the exercises carried out under the German system would 
 require a treatise of considerable length. 
 
 (a) The free exercises imply various movements of the limbs and trunk 
 carried out without apparatus. They include manifold movements of the 
 arms and legs, bending and rotating of the body in various directions, and 
 the assuming of a number of attitudes and postures. 
 
 By these free movements it is considered that every muscle is exercised ; 
 the exercises are simple, gentle, and are especially adapted for children, 
 although they should form the preliminary course in any scheme of physical 
 training. They are repeated a great number of times, and are effected 
 symmetrically so that each side of the body may be equally developed. They 
 are so arranged as to be progressive, and every attempt should be made to 
 
SPECIFIC EXERCISES. S 9 
 
 render them complete. These exercises are obviously best conducted in classes, 
 and many are very conveniently carried out to music, as the German system 
 allows. They are popular and interesting. They tend not only to develop 
 the muscles but also" to quicken attention, to encourage rapid, precise, and 
 well co-ordinated movements, and to bring about the mental alertness and 
 the physical smartness which are elicited by any well-conducted drill. They 
 tend to give grace and ease and freedom to the movements and to favor a 
 good carriage. 
 
 No system of physical education is complete which is not founded upon a 
 sound grounding in free exercises. 
 
 It is only fair to state that some of the best of the free movements carried 
 out in the German system have been derived from the Swedish schools. 
 The exercises are perhaps, on the whole, more interesting and more pictur- 
 
 ae than those adopted by the Swedish system. They are, however, less 
 precise and less complete, and less elaborately systematized as a part of a 
 progressive system of education. Not a few of these German free exercises 
 have little educational purpose, and appear to be adopted more for effect and 
 to meet the requirements of a public display. Some recent modifications and 
 additions have little claim to serious attention, and do not elicit the best 
 possible employment of the pupil's time. Compared with the Swedish exer- 
 cises, however, they are, on the whole, more popular with children, and arc 
 certainly more picturesque. 
 
 (/>) Another scries of exercises involve the use of very light hand apparatus, 
 
 such as bar-bells, wooden dumb-bells, Hags, hoops, etc. These exercises, 
 
 although they concern to a great extent the upper part of the trunk and the 
 
 upper limbs, involve also the development of the other dsus< les of the body. 
 
 apparatus used is hut a slight element in the exercises, 
 
 which are nearly of the same charact< r as those just described. The appa- 
 ratus gives prei ision to the movements, makes tl 
 
 ing and more easily carried out, mid renders the instructor's work some- 
 what les, difficult. The e exen i es are adapted f* »r elder children, and i 
 a peculiarly valuable element in education. They represent an advancement 
 upon tin- free mover : in a systematic and progressive plan of 
 
 ■ icti< n would naturally follow upon those exercises. These <■• ■ 
 with apparatus m ed out to music. 
 
 drilling does not form a \ element in the 
 
 introduced here, espa ially 
 7 
 
90 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 as the modern gymnastic drill is largely a German production. A certain 
 amount of drilling is of value, and forms an efficient means of cultivating a 
 good carriage and an easy and free mode of walking and marching. Military 
 drill is a little tedious and formal, and to a considerable extent purposeless, 
 so far as a full physical education is concerned. It tends to sharpen the wits 
 of dull lads and to encourage precise and active movements. It is, however, 
 uninteresting to the pupil, and does not afford in any way a complete or satis- 
 factory method of employing the muscles. In the physical training of chil- 
 dren it may well be replaced by more valuable exercises. 
 
 The musical drill of more modern times is very different from the drill- 
 sergeant's work. Musical drill appears to have been introduced from America, 
 and it now forms a conspicuous feature in most training schools. It consists 
 of marching or running in a such a manner as to describe a variety of figures, 
 and always to music. 
 
 Under this heading come the many forms of the musical running or 
 marching maze, which include marching in two or four circles, or in reverse 
 circles, or in parallel lines, or in what is known as the serpentine course. 
 This drill is only possible with a comparatively large class. It is very popu- 
 lar with children and with lads and elder girls. It forms an excellent relaxa- 
 tion from the more formal exercises, and represents running with a purpose. 
 Many admirable books have appeared on the subject. The three forms of 
 exercise just described are especially well adapted for children and for 
 instruction in schools. They serve to form the basis of a very sound and 
 perfect physical drill. 
 
 If the work of a school could be inLerrupted for thirty minutes in the 
 middle of the morning in order that the children might go through some few 
 dumb-bell or bar-bell exercises in fresher air, and then finish up with the 
 running maze to music, something would be done towards securing a reason- 
 able development of the body. All that is required is a competent teacher, 
 plenty of floor or ground space, some very simple apparatus, and equally 
 simple music. 
 
 (d) The use of gymnastic apparatus is considered in a subsequent section. 
 In the employment of apparatus and in the invention and elaboration of 
 gymnastic appliances of various kinds the German schools have been very 
 active. Indeed, the use of apparatus is so prominent in the system that it 
 has been often improperly considered to represent its principal feature. 
 
 3. The Swedish system, or the system introduced by Ling, has attracted 
 
SPECIFIC EXERCISES. 91 
 
 very considerable attention, and has certainly been the means of effecting not 
 only a remarkable improvement in physical education, but a change which 
 may be spoken of as little less than a revolution. It may be that the whole 
 method is not original, and that some of its features have been anticipated, 
 but as a system it has been enthusiastically accepted, and certainly met a 
 want which had been felt in physical education. 
 
 There was a time in this country when in the matter of physical education 
 there was little between somewhat violent outdoor sports and certain acro- 
 batic feats in the gymnasium on the one hand, and the dreary instruction of 
 the drill-sergeant on the other. The young girls of that period had also, it 
 must be allowed, the services of the so-called professor of deportment, but of 
 the value of his instruction it is difficult to speak. Physical training in those 
 days was for the strong. It encouraged specialization ; it did not concern it- 
 self with a systematic and progressive development of the human body. 
 
 The Swedish system of physical training includes a very extensive series 
 of free movements, a series of exercises involving marching, leaping, running 
 and climbing, and certain carefully graduated exercises on the boom, rib- 
 stool, and window ladder. The free movements are admirable, and for them 
 these advantages can be claimed : They have been carefully worked out : 
 each series of movements are definite and precise, and are intended to 
 develop a special series of muscles ; the exercises are systematic and pro- 
 gressive, and form in their entirety a complete and simple system of phj 
 mining. 
 
 The movements are not designed with a view to effect or display, but 
 simply to 'Try out the scheme of muscular training. They are desigl 
 with care, and each accomplishes a specific object. '1 'he exercises begin 
 with the very simplest and gradually become stronger and more compli- 
 cated. 
 
 The use Of hand apparatus i-. only sanctioned after a complete mastery of 
 the free movements has been ait lined, and then only to add some intensity 
 to those movements. 
 
 The fixed apparatu employed l>y teachers of the Swedish 53 item 
 
 are the boom, the rib-stool, and the window ladder. The Inter forms an 
 eel lent exercise for children and affords them no little amusement The 
 method prepares the way for kh Jled eesthetical gymnastics, tor fencing, 
 military drill, and other forma of applied gymnastics. 
 
 All the movements of the drill are applied to words of command, and the 
 
92 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 pupil gains all those advantages, mental and otherwise, which attend the 
 teaching of exercises by the drill method, i. e., by word of command rather 
 than by imitation or by committing the movements to memory. 
 
 The Swedish system disapproves utterly of the use of music, and it is 
 contended that the exercises cannot be adapted to one set rhythm. 
 
 Against the Swedish method it may be urged that the exercises are a little 
 uninteresting to the pupils, that many of them appear ungainly and purpose- 
 less, and that the great advantage of a musical accompaniment is lost. 
 
 The chief movements may be classed under the following divisions : 
 
 (a) Fundamental positions. — These are intended to secure general atten- 
 tion and muscular control, and to establish the equilibrium and base of sup- 
 port before more difficult exercises are undertaken. 
 
 (b) Arch flexions comprise various forms of backward flexions of the 
 trunk, and are intended to develop the dorsal muscles and those of the 
 abdomen, and to expand the lower part of the chest. 
 
 (c) Heaving movements. — These comprise forms of self-suspension by 
 means of the arms on a horizontal bar or other apparatus, and serve to ex- 
 pand the chest and to strengthen the muscles of the upper limb. 
 
 (d) Balance jnovements. — The positions are taken from a smaller area 
 than that included within the feet in standing ; the difficulty is increased by 
 diminution of the area of support. The exercises develop the equipoise of 
 the body and give grace to the carriage. 
 
 (e) Shoulder-blade movements are concerned mainly with the scapular 
 muscles. 
 
 (f) Abdominal movements call into special action the muscles of the ab- 
 domen. 
 
 (g) Lateral trunk movements. — These include various forms of lateral 
 flexion of the body, and of rotary movements, and concern generally the 
 muscles of the trunk. 
 
 (h) Slow leg movevients. — They are to specially develop the individual 
 muscles of the leg. 
 
 (i) Jutnping and vaulting, and (j) respiratory exercises call for no expla- 
 nation. 
 
 In the article on " Physical Development," in Keating's " Cyclopaedia of 
 the Diseases of Children" (vol. iv., p. 303), will be found a brief but lucid 
 exposition of the actual details of the Swedish drill, illustrated by numerous 
 figures of the various positions. 
 
SPECIFIC EXERCISES. 93 
 
 An excellent "Manual of Swedish Drill" has been produced by George 
 Melio (London, 1SS9). The reader may also consult a "Manual of Free- 
 standing Movements," by Captain Haasum, of the Royal Gymnastic Insti- 
 tute, Stockholm (London, 18S5). Both books are admirable. Mr. Melio's 
 various contributions to our knowledge of Swedish gymnastics have been very 
 valuable, inasmuch as his early training was not carried out under the Swed- 
 ish method. 
 
 The Swedish system of physical training originated with Ling, and has 
 been considerably developed and extended by his pupils and followers. 
 
 Petter Henrik Ling was born at Ljunga, in Smaland, in 1 766. His early 
 life appears to have been absorbed by a struggle against poverty, and he 
 passed through many vicissitudes. He seems to have been engaged in many 
 pursuits and to have traveled in many countries. In 1S00 he was studying 
 gymnastics at Copenhagen, and in 1804 he was engaged as a fencing master 
 at Lund. His system of physical training was elaborated after this date. 
 The Royal Gymnastic Institute was founded at Stockholm in 1815 at his in- 
 stigation, and remained under his supervision until his death in 1S39. 
 
 Ling figured as a poet and a dramatist ; he dabbled with the flimsier forms 
 of metaphysics and held some crude conceptions of physiology. His educa- 
 tion was scarcely such as to fit him for the position he ultimately held. 
 
 Ling held that life consisted of the blending together of three elements — 
 the dynamic, the chemical, and the mechanical — and upon this belief his 
 item " was founded. Many of his exercises were only suited to invalids, 
 and he professed to have discovered the means of curing most diseases by 
 physical movements. His exercises were indeed divided into scholastic, mil- 
 itary, medical, and aesthetic gymnastics. He considered thai every muscular 
 
 movement had a spe< ial effect upon the general health, and held that passive 
 
 movements had a definite value in promoting I : >pment of the body. 
 
 It must 1„- , onfes ed th it his system (excellent as sonv of it un- 
 
 doubtedly are) was founded upon no1 a few extravagant theories and u] 
 which wen- not always scientific 
 
 The medi< tl 3ide of the the means of fostering a form of 
 
 quai I has led to the introduction of the " remedial ea md 
 
 "movem " which have done so much to bring Sn 
 
 into discredit in this country. Out of the complex, h 
 
 ionary material which makes up Ling 1 1, much that i> really good and 
 
 ■ n extracted. This is represented by the excelli 1 of 
 
94 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 free movements already described, and by many of the methods of treating 
 disease by exercise which have been heartily accepted and developed by the 
 medical men of this and other countries. In Anna Arnin's " Health Maps " 
 (London, 18S7), and in Schrieber's "Manual of Treatment by Massage" 
 (Edinburgh, 1887), will be found good accounts of the application of move- 
 ments to the treatment of abnormal and diseased conditions. 
 
 In proposing a course of " Swedish gymnastics " or in advocating " Ling's 
 system," it is desirable that a clear knowledge should be possessed of what is 
 implied by these terms, and that encouragement be not offered to the " reme- 
 dial measures," the " movement cures," and the quackery with which this 
 otherwise excellent system is attended. Any instructor who describes himself 
 as a " medical gymnast " will probably not be sought for as a teacher. 
 
 Ling's system in its entirety could hardly be accepted at the present day. 
 Such portion of the Swedish system as deals with the practical part of 
 physical education pure and simple must, however, be accepted as of con- 
 siderable worth. 
 
 Gymnastic Apparatus. 
 
 Under this title will be considered the use of such apparatus as will be 
 found in a well-equipped gymnasium. A good gymnasium should have 
 ample space, good light, very free ventilation, the best possible apparatus, 
 and a fully qualified instructor. 
 
 The fresher the air and (within limits) the cooler the room the better. A 
 properly ventilated gymnasium has an unlimited supply of fresh air without 
 draughts. If there be a time when plenty of oxygen is required, it is when 
 young persons are taking violent exercise. Many gymnasia are ill-lit, 
 cramped, and a very badly ventilated. 
 
 The majority of the exercises involved in the use of gymnastic apparatus 
 involve considerable strength and much practice. 
 
 It is madness for a man out of training and unaccustomed to exercise to 
 commence in a gymnasium the use of such apparatus as the horizontal bar 
 or the vaulting horse. Many children, especially girls, have been seriously 
 damaged by the violent exertions undertaken in improperly conducted 
 gymnasia. 
 
 Such gymnasia have done a very great deal to bring physical training into 
 discredit. A boy of about ten has joined a " gymnastic class ;" his physical 
 condition has never been examined and his physical capacities never in- 
 quired into. He enters the gymnasium, and without any preliminary training 
 
SPECIFIC EXERCISES. 95 
 
 attempts the feats he sees other pupils performing, without perhaps having 
 received any definite instruction. The boy goes home dead-beat, feeble, and 
 sick at heart at his ill-success, and aching with his unwonted exertions. Next 
 day he presents all the phenomena of extreme fatigue, and perhaps the symp- 
 toms of muscular strain. I have known more than one instance in which a 
 hernia made its appearance after a first attendance at a gymnasium. 
 
 The very greatest care should be exercised in the management of all child- 
 ren and young people sent to a gymnasium. Parents who take infinite pains 
 to supervise the mental education of their children, often take not the least 
 trouble to ascertain the conditions under which their bodies are being trained. 
 A lad comes home with a headache and with all the symptoms of exhaustion 
 from the hour's drill, and is not allowed to attend again on the grounds that 
 he is not "strong enough for rough exercise." A visit to the gymnasium may 
 have shown that the headache was due to an ill-ventilated and over-heated 
 room, and the exhaustion to totally unsuitable exercises. 
 
 It must be remembered that physical training requires discretion ; that a 
 great mass of pupils, even when of the same age and sex, cannot be all dealt 
 with en masse by fixed rules. The exercises selected and the apparatus to be 
 used must be determined, not by rule of thumb, but by the precise needs of 
 each individual case. This observation will not apply to drilling and to simple 
 mass exercises, but it applies in a very emphatic manner to apparatus. 
 
 A gymnasium is worse than useless without an efficient and careful in- 
 structor. Gymnastics cannot be self-taught. The process of training must 
 be gradual, and so graduated as to meet the pupil's particular needs and 
 particular si ite of development. 
 
 in a gymnasium without a teacher usually means pur- 
 
 'ess romping. It may safely be said that the great majority of the 
 
 accidents which occur in gymnasia occur during forbidden hours, or when 
 
 the pupil i-> attempting exercises by himself of which he has no precise 
 
 knowled 
 
 Put an .'live boy in a gymnasium and pay no attention to bis training, 
 and lie will assuredl) begin to "play the fool," to " skylark," to develop 
 uncouth modi g his limbs, and in the cud very probably do him- 
 
 self more "i I je. 
 
 The pupil in a gymnasium mu tent to I the beginning, 
 
 • learn to be patient and to over* >me failures, must be ready to believe 
 that there many <• he can never pt rform, and that he is end 
 
9 6 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 to acquire health and strength, and not to qualify himself for the profession 
 of an acrobat. Above all things, work in a gymnasium must be gradual, 
 regular and systematic. 
 
 A very lamentable spectacle is that afforded by a middle-aged man who 
 feels he is becoming stout and who thinks he will " take to gymnastics." He 
 attempts at once the exercises he sees his younger colleagues perform with 
 such complete ease. If such a man escapes with no greater injury than is 
 represented by being rendered breathless, by having several muscles sprained, 
 and by being laughed at, he may consider himself fortunate. 
 
 In general terms it may be said that the gymnasium is not well suited for 
 children, is best suited for lads and young men between the ages of seven- 
 teen and twenty-five, and is but indifferently adapted for men over thirty, 
 unless they have kept up the physical acquirements of their youth by constant 
 practice. 
 
 It is important also to bear in mind that gymnastic exercises with apparatus 
 all tend to develop the upper limbs and the upper half of the trunk. 
 
 The gymnasium cannot provide the means for a complete physical edu- 
 cation, and work in it should never so far absorb the time devoted to 
 physical training as to exclude recreation in the open air and outdoor games 
 and exercises. Exercises with apparatus come at the end, and not at the be- 
 ginning, of a course of physical training. 
 
 A very brief description of the commoner apparatus will now be given. 
 
 Dumb-bells. — These should be light and should be made of sycamore wood. 
 The weight for boys should be i lb. each bell, 2 lb. for lads, and 3 lb. for 
 adults. Heavy dumb-bells are to be condemned. The chief feature of proper 
 dumb-bell exercises is the great frequency with which they are repeated 
 and the length of time the movements are kept up. The weight of the bell 
 is not a factor of any moment in the exercise, but the apparatus serves to give 
 interest and precision to the movements carried out. Heavy dumb-bells in- 
 volve considerable effort compressed into an inconsiderable time. Such bells 
 are only of use to athletes who wish to specially develop their arms. 
 
 Dumb-bell exercises are admirable. They can be adapted for individuals 
 of all ages and of all conditions of physical strength ; they are well suited 
 for class exercises ; and a musical drill with light dumb-bells forms a pleasant 
 feature in the training of boys and girls. Both bells should be used at the 
 same time. 
 
 The exercises encourage a good carriage, rapid and precise movements, 
 
SPECIFIC EXERCISES. 97 
 
 and the equal, symmetrical, and simultaneous use of the muscles upon both 
 sides of the body. 
 
 These exercises tend to develop the chest and to exercise the muscles of 
 the abdomen and back. 
 
 It is true the arms are conspicuously employed in dumb-bell movements, 
 but if the drilling is efficient nearly all the muscles of the body are well, 
 although not equally exercised, and especial employment can be given to the 
 muscles of the back. 
 
 Bar-bells. — These are of ash. The shaft is five feet long (for adults) and 
 three-quarters of an inch in diameter. The knob at each end is three inches 
 in diameter. 
 
 The exercises carried out with bar-bells resemble those performed with 
 dumb-bells. They have especial value in developing the muscles of the 
 chest and of the abdomen. The muscles of the upper limbs are somewhat 
 unduly exercised, and considerable work can be thrown upon the muscles of 
 the back. This apparatus is excellent for the narrow-chested. It encourages 
 symmetrical movements, a graceful carriage, and general lissomeness of the 
 body. Bar-bells are extensively used in the training of young girls. 
 
 By the use of double bar-bells a still more extensive use of the general 
 muscular system is involved. In these exercises two bar-bells are held at 
 either end by two pupils ; in all movements the two pupils must act in con- 
 cert. The exercises concern the whole of the muscles and afford excellent 
 training in symmetrical, rapid, and precise movements. 
 
 Indian Clubs arc made of pine wood, and are about 24 in. in length and 
 some y/ 2 in. in diameter at the thick end. The exercises are only suited for 
 adults and for muscular persons. They encourage a firm and upright attitude, 
 and develop principally the upper part of the trunk and the upper limbs. 
 
 M my of the movements are very elaborate and require great nicety of 
 Hun. 
 
 .'//<••/ Bars should be about 9 ft. long, 20 in. apart, and about 4 ft. from 
 the ground. I '.very instructor in gymnastics recognises that the parallel 
 form one of the most useful apparatus in die gymnasium. "The exerci- 
 
 writes Ma< larrn, "are not only numerous hut varied, interesting, and in them- 
 selves pleasurable, capable of much artistic effect, and requiring equally 
 muscular power and dexterity of .-.. tion in the upper limb." 
 
 The usual cm I ;ve, and none arc violent The apparatus 
 
 is suited for pn>peil\ trained pupils Of any Bge after twelve or fourteen, and 
 
93 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 within limits for both sexes, provided that the muscular development of the 
 learner is efficient. The exercises improve the grasp, develop the muscles of 
 the upper limb, and especially the muscles passing between the upper limb 
 and the trunk. They are well adapted for individuals with slight arms, with 
 narrow and sloping shoulders, and with contracted chests. Excessive use of 
 the bars tends, however, to develop to excess the posterior scapular muscles. 
 The muscles of the abdomen are employed, but comparatively little use is 
 made of the lower extremities. 
 
 The Horizontal Bar is about six feet long, has a diameter of i^ in., and 
 is raised from three to seven feet from the ground. This valuable apparatus 
 is adapted for pupils of almost any age above ten or twelve. The exercises 
 are varied and progressive, and can be made to suit various degress of mus- 
 cular development. 
 
 The simpler exercises develop the muscles of the upper limbs and of the 
 upper part of the trunk ; the more advanced call into play the muscles of the 
 back and of the abdomen, and to a less extent the muscles of the lower limbs. 
 The apparatus if used to too great an extent tends to develop the upper limb 
 muscles to a disproportionate extent. 
 
 The simpler exercises are adapted under careful restriction for girls with 
 weak spines, and for those with small scapular muscles and slender shoulders. 
 
 The more elaborate exercises require considerable strength and agility, and 
 are only suited for the athletic and very muscular. 
 
 In certain of the primary exercises the abdominal muscles are especially 
 employed. 
 
 The Trapeze is made of hickory or ash, is about 20 in. in length and 
 some Y^ in. in diameter. The height at which it is suspended from the 
 ground, and the length of the ropes, must depend upon the capacity and age 
 of the learner. 
 
 The exercises are very similar to those of the horizontal bar, but as the 
 pupil can swing at the time of practising, this apparatus is very popular. 
 
 It mainly brings into play the muscles of the upper limb and those pass- 
 ing between the trunk and that member. It is of service in cases of feeble 
 back and commencing lateral curvature, and can be made admirable use of 
 in developing especially the muscles of the abdomen. 
 
 A mattress must always be placed beneath the low trapeze, and a net 
 beneath the higher apparatus. Great care must be taken in carrying out 
 the movements, and this apparatus has been the cause of not a few accidents. 
 
SPECIFIC EXERCISES. 99 
 
 The more elaborate movements are only adapted for the practised athlete, 
 and some of the finest displays of gymnastic skill are made with the trapeze. 
 
 The Hand Rings have a diameter of from 5 to 9 in., are placed about 18 
 in. apart when used by adults, and at the distance of 3 to 6 ft. from the floor. 
 This apparatus is also very popular. The exercises closely resemble those 
 carried out upon the trapeze. The same sets of muscles are concerned. The 
 apparatus, if properly employed, is excellent for cases of lateral curvature ; 
 the lateral muscles of the trunk can be very fully and efficiently exercised, 
 and one side can be especially developed if required. 
 
 The more elaborate exercises concern the muscles of the back and ab- 
 domen and indeed the whole muscular system, with the exception that the 
 lower limbs are but little involved. 
 
 Unless care be exercised it is easy for young pupils to produce an unsym- 
 metrical development of the back muscles by an improper use of this 
 appliance. 
 
 The Vaulting Horse is a valuable apparatus. The body should be from 5 
 to 6 ft. in length, and should be capable of being adjusted at any height. 
 Mattresses must be placed around it, and a sloping board is generally placed 
 in front of it for leaping exercises. 
 
 The vaulting horse is well suited for children and the young and fax 
 athletic adults. It is scarcely the apparatus for the middle-aged. It may be 
 used by girls under puberty, but its use in older females is open to some 
 question (see page 85). 
 
 The exeri isea are varied, are pleasurable, and are popular with young 
 
 people. It is well suited for class instruction. The simpler exercises consist 
 
 of vaulting over the horse in different ways. The exercises develop all the 
 
 1 les of the body, the lower limbs as well as the upper, the spine as well 
 
 as the abdomen. Its use brings about a good grasp, a certain amount of 
 
 agility and pre< ision of movement, and cultivates a good swing of the body. 
 
 Ii forms an excellent means of cultivating the respiratory apparatus, and 
 
 brings OUt the muscle, about the pelvis. 
 
 of the most popular les ons in a gymnasium is represented by a class 
 
 Of pupils who form in line and vaull over the horse one after the other, k 
 up a < ontinued round and run. 
 The mor only suited for athletes, and are elal 
 
 and difficult No gymnasium can be considered to be complete without some 
 tulting h< 
 
ioo PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 The Inclined Ladder as usually employed exercises mainly the muscles 
 of the upper limb and upper part of the trunk. The exercises, like all other 
 suspension exercises, are excellent for cases of weak back with tendency to 
 curvature of the spine, provided that they are carefully planned and super- 
 vised. 
 
 The apparatus affords good practice in balancing the body in the exercise 
 of mounting the ladder with the feet only, and is useful for developing the 
 abdominal muscles. It is suited for pupils of various ages and of both sexes, 
 with certain limits. 
 
 The Ladder Plank is another useful and popular apparatus. The machine 
 is made in many different ways. For adults the plank is about 18 in. wide, 
 and from either side of it project spars which are 6 in. in length and 9 in. 
 apart. 
 
 The exercises on this machine can be adapted to individuals of all ages, of 
 both sexes, and of all degrees of muscular development. 
 
 The muscles of the entire body are exercised, although those of the upper 
 limbs and of the upper part of the trunk receive most employment. Maclaren 
 thinks that no machine in the gymnasium so rapidly and powerfully aids in 
 the expansion and development of the upper part of the trunk as does the 
 ladder plank. 
 
 This is a good form of apparatus for cases of lateral curvature of the spine ; 
 especially good are the exercises which involve the descending of the plank 
 backwards, i. e. with the back to the plank. These exercises also throw the 
 chest out to its utmost, and the apparatus is useful for the narrow-chested 
 or pigeon-breasted. It is a valuable apparatus for growing girls, and is safe. 
 
 77/i? Horizontal Ladder gives opportunity for a good series of suspension 
 exercises, which concern mainly the muscles of the upper limb, but which 
 also develop, to a lesser degree, the muscles of the back and of the abdomen. 
 This is an another apparatus of service in cases of weak or distorted back. 
 
 Apparatus for Climbing. — Climbing affords excellent exercise, is very 
 popular among children, is suited for pupils of both sexes and for individuals 
 of almost any age. It is not suited for those who have not had special mus- 
 cular training, nor for the corpulent, nor for those who are past middle life. 
 All climbing exercises may be considered as advanced exercises. 
 
 Climbing may be effected in different ways, and children are very apt to 
 acquire tricks in climbing which tend to distort the body and to develop it 
 unequally. The movements of climbing must be carried out very precisely 
 
SPECIFIC EXERCISES. 101 
 
 and methodically, and must be carefully superintended by the instructor. 
 Girls and young women often make excellent climbers. The exercise con- 
 cerns all the muscles, but especially those of the upper limbs. It also tends 
 to develop the muscles of the thighs, back, and abdomen. It is not a good 
 exercise for the subjects of spinal curvature. 
 
 The apparatus used comprises (i) the vertical pole, a smooth pole of any 
 height, and with a diameter varying from two to three inches; (2) the 
 slanting pole, which involves a combination of exercises represented by the 
 vertical pole and the slanting ladder. This apparatus is of value in develop- 
 ing the muscles of the abdomen as well as those of the upper limb. (3) The 
 turning pole is hardly suited for any but active youths and trained athletes. 
 The exercises are difficult, involve much muscular power, and, above all, great 
 dexterity, precision, and accuracy of movement. The apparatus consists of a 
 slanting pole so adjusted as to revolve on its longitudinal axis. The great 
 difficulty of the exercises consists in the maintenance of the balance on a pole 
 which is not fixed. (4) The pair of vertical poles (two parallel poles placed 
 eighteen inches apart) is an apparatus only suited for advanced gymnasts. 
 The exercises are very arduous, and demand great strength and much prac- 
 tice. They concern mainly the upper part of the trunk and upper limbs. 
 (5) The vertical rope varies in length and has a diameter of from i*^ to 2 
 inches. The exercises resemble those of the vertical pole, but are a little 
 more varied and make more use of the lower limbs. (6) llie Rosary con- 
 sists of a vertical rope suspended from the ceiling, but not fixed at the foot, 
 upon which are strung at intervals of from ten to eighteen inches elm beads, 
 in diameter and Hat on the top. This affords good exercise in 
 climbing fur children — boys and girls — and for beginners. It employs all 
 the muscles- those of the abdomen and back as well as those of the limbs 
 — it most particularly the muscles of the upper limbs. It gives 
 
 exercise to the muscles about the hips and loins, e pecially if it be under- 
 
 d that the rope must always be kept in the vertical line. (7) The: 
 (which has a diameter <>f ten to twelve Inches) i> only suited tor accom- 
 plished athletes. 
 
 The Giant's Stride. — This apparatus is more often found in the play- 
 ground than in a gymnasium, and i- seldom among tin- machines contained 
 
 in the room. It affords good • fol the mi the body, for the 
 
 arms, the legs, th< a, and the back, l !:<• exercise Interests children 
 
 and the apparatus i^ always popular. It is useless, however, if the e\eicise 
 
102 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 be not regulated, and if children be not individually instructed in the simple 
 but necessary movements. The children, moreover, should be about of the 
 same size and if possible of the same state of physical development. 
 
 It is common to see children on the giant's stride whose movements are 
 aimless and useless, who swing loosely about, and who either hamper the 
 movements of the children behind them or are hampered by the struggles of 
 the performer immediately in front of them. An undisciplined crowd of 
 children who without instruction, selection or arrangement try to gain enjoy- 
 ment and strength from the giant's stride, had better devote their energies to 
 simpler pursuits. 
 
 Home Gymnasia. 
 
 The so-called home gymnasium is usually more or less of a delusion and 
 a snare. It is, as a rule, too elaborate to be of practical value, and too com- 
 plicated for children's use. It often pretends more than it can accomplish. 
 A swing, parallel bars, a knotted rope, and an inclined ladder, form excellent 
 elements in a home gymnasium, provided the children have been already well 
 trained by means of simpler exercises. 
 
 A good machine for home use is an American invention, the so-called 
 "Excelsior" gymnasium. Here the power of the performer is exercised 
 against weights attached to ropes passed through pulleys. The apparatus is 
 capable of exercising all the muscles of the body, admits of almost endless 
 combinations, and can be graduated to meet the needs of a child or an 
 athlete. The rowing exercises on a sliding seat and the contrivance for 
 developing the muscles of the back are in every way admirable. The 
 machine is, moreover, strong, simple, and portable, and occupies but little 
 space in a room. 
 
 The appliances which owe their main features to the elastic bands are of 
 limited use, are restricted chiefly to the development of the upper extremities, 
 and involve a very monotonous form of exercise. A home gymnasium is a 
 useful apparatus in a bathroom or bedroom, where it can be used every 
 morning before or after the morning bath. 
 
 In concluding this part of the subject, attention must once more be 
 directed to the circumstance that a proper and complete physical education 
 cannot be carried out by means of apparatus. Apparatus come last in a 
 progressive system of physical training, and must always be used with great 
 care and very sparingly. A large proportion of the exercises are totally 
 unsuited for young subjects, and are only open to athletes or professed gym- 
 
SPECIFIC EXERCISES. 103 
 
 nasts. The tendency of the usual apparatus is to produce an unequal 
 development of the body, to develop the muscles of the arms and shoulders 
 and pectoral regions, and to neglect the muscles of the lower part of the 
 trunk and of the lower limbs. In a subsequent section attention is drawn to 
 the deformity produced by an excessive or exclusive use of the usual gym- 
 nastic appliances. 
 
 Outdoor Games. 
 
 It is quite impossible to attempt to give any account of the particular 
 value each of the many outdoor games may possess in relation to physical 
 education. 
 
 In general terms it may be said that when played in moderation and under 
 suitable conditions they are most excellent. They involve movement in the 
 open air, very varied muscular exercise, a considerable amount of healthy 
 interest and excitement, and the cultivation of a certain degree of skill and 
 special adroitness. The parts that the great games of cricket and football 
 have played in the development of the English people can scarcely be over- 
 rated. 
 
 These games not only involve healthy exercise and demand skill, but they 
 require readiness of action, determination, foresight, sound judgment, and 
 good temper. They tend to develop personal courage, self-reliance, the spirit 
 of honor, and the impulses of loyalty. They cultivate all those qualities 
 which make a man manly and wholesome in mind. If one wants to i:eek for 
 the sneaks and cowards in a school, for the poor-hearted and unwholesome- 
 minded, search must be made, not among the cricket and football teams, but 
 among the loaf 
 
 Cri< ket can be played at almost any age, and is as well adapted for young 
 women as for young men. It i ry only that the play< rs should be as 
 
 nearly equal in strength as is possible. 
 
 With regard to the game of football, I cannot do better than give two 
 quo' in Mr. shearman's admirable article in tin- Badminton Lil 
 
 volume. r.< fore doing so it is needless to say that football as now played la 
 
 ime which involves great skill and considerable intelligence. The h< 
 
 man who played "forward" in days gone by, and who could stand 1 good 
 
 . and could hack in turn, is now no 1 in a football 
 
 team. Other things being equal, the more intelligent the man, the better 
 
 the play< r. in my opinion tl r lads and young 
 
104 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 men equal to football, whether it be the Rugby Union or the Association 
 game. 
 
 Thus writes Mr. Shearman: "For at least six centuries the people have 
 loved the work and struggle of the rude and manly game, and kings with their 
 edicts, divines with their sermons, scholars with their cultured scorn, and 
 wits with their ridicule, have failed to keep the people away from the pastime 
 they enjoyed. Cricket may at times have excited greater interest amongst 
 the leisured classes ; boat races may have drawn larger crowds of spectators 
 from distant places ; but football, which flourished for centuries before the 
 arts of boating and cricketing were known, may fairly claim to be, not only 
 the oldest and the most characteristic, but the most essentially popular sport 
 of England. 
 
 "Football may be rough, may be at times dangerous; so is riding across 
 country ; so is boxing ; so is wrestling. The very function and final cause of 
 rough sports is to work off the superfluous animal energy for which there is 
 little vent in the piping times of peace. Since football became popular with 
 all classes, there have been less wrenching off of knockers and ' boxing of 
 the watch,' and fewer ' free fights ' in the streets. Football has its national 
 uses quite apart from the cheap enjoyment it has given to thousands. It may 
 be rough, but it is not brutal. 
 
 " Next as to the danger. Doubtless there are accidents, and doubtless men 
 have been killed upon the football field. But during a quarter of a century 
 how many thousands of men have played, and have a score of these many 
 thousands lost their lives ? Fewer than those who have been drowned on the 
 river, not a tithe of those who have fallen in the hunting field, are the victims 
 of football. If the outcry against football because of its danger could be just- 
 ified, not a single outdoor sport could survive. 
 
 " For every one who may have been harmed by football a thousand have 
 benefited by it. Health, endurance, courage, judgment, and, above all, a 
 sense of fair play, are gained upon the football field. A footballer must 
 learn, and does learn, to play fairly in the thick and heat of a struggle. 
 Such qualities are those which make a nation brave and great. The game is 
 manly and fit for Englishmen: 'it puts a courage into their hearts to meet 
 an enemy in the face.' " 
 
ELEMENTS OF PHYSICAL ED UC ATI OX. 105 
 
 THE ELEMENTS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 1 . The exercises should be adapted to meet the needs of each individual case. 
 
 It is to be borne in mind that the object of a proper physical education is 
 to develop health and not strength, to bring the body to its highest degree 
 of perfection, and not to convert children and youths into gymnasts and 
 acrobats, and that its main object is to best fit the individual for the duties 
 and work of life, and not to elicit proficiency in mere feats of skill and 
 adroitness. 
 
 It must not be forgotten, moreover, that individuals vary greatly in the 
 quality of their physical powers and in their capacity for muscular exercise. 
 It is just as impossible to form a great mass of children into one gymnastic 
 class as it is to place those children in one school standard under one teacher. 
 Neither age, height, size, nor sex affords sure means of classifying children, 
 so far as the needs of a proper physical education are concerned. Each indi- 
 vidual must be considered upon his or her own especial merits, and there is 
 no method of physical training which is universal or all-sufficing and adapted 
 for all sorts and conditions of human beings. 
 
 The sending of a child to a gymnasium, or the placing of it under the care 
 of a drill-sergeant, is as crude a procedure as the conducting of a child within 
 the walls of the first school met with, and leaving it there with the impression 
 that it will somehow be educated. Physical education requires as much care 
 as does mental education, and if there be ten "forms," or " standards," or 
 isses " in a school which is concerned in mental training, there would 
 probaby be at least as many forms and standards in any institution which 
 deals with the training of die body. 
 
 Instructors in gymnastics and so-called calisthenics arc for the most part 
 somewhat irresponsible beings; their training has often been narrow and 
 incomplete, and their methods are fixed and inelastic. They regard their 
 
 pupil, in the aggreg ite, and not as individu J t. There are .it' course numerous 
 striking e* epti 
 
 to be hoped that a time will come when those who prol in the 
 
 body will be required to produce as definite evidences of fitn de- 
 
 manded .it tho c who aim a1 training the mind. 
 
 1 England— the National Health Society— has prepared a 
 imination of instructors in gymnastics and for the granting 
 of diplomas and certifii ites to such as attain to the pre tandard. 
 
 8 
 
106 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 Such a scheme has been carried out in America, and serves not only to 
 do justice to competent teachers on the one hand, but to protect the public 
 on the other. The National Health Society requires, among other things, that 
 the candidate shall possess a certain knowledge of elementary anatomy, of the 
 physiology of bodily exercise, of the various methods of physical training, 
 and of the details of the various exercises and the uses of all gymnastic 
 apparatus and appliances. The candidate is required, moreover, to produce 
 evidence of physical fitness and of a proper training in some recognised gym- 
 nasium or training school. 
 
 The casual, perfunctory, and unmethodical manner in which physical train- 
 ing in many schools is carried out at the present day is very lamentable. 
 
 The need of a proper training is especially felt in girls' schools, in schools 
 which are patronised by the lower middle class, and in the elementary schools 
 controlled by the Education Act. 
 
 In the great public schools, and at the two great English universities, 
 physical education is in a very flourishing and exuberant condition, and only 
 in need perhaps of a little more method, a little more science, and a little 
 more regard for the individual and the development of the feeble as well as 
 of the strong. 
 
 The first necessity in physical education is a knowledge of the condition, 
 the wants, and the possibilities of the individuals to be educated. This can 
 only be obtained by an individual inspection. It would be well if in the 
 elementary schools a plan such as the following could be carried out. Each 
 child on entering the school should have a book in which the following details 
 should be entered : — 
 
 i. Name; 2. Age; 3. Height; 4. Weight; 5. General aspect and phy- 
 sique (the entries under this heading could be greatly extended and be made 
 of much service if a competent medical man made the inspection) ; 6. Chest 
 girth; 7. Breathing capacity ; 8. Span of arms; 9. Girth of arms ; 10. Draw- 
 ing or pulling power as tested ; 11. Girth of legs ; 12. The existence of any 
 evident deformity, defect, or disease. (This section could only be properly 
 developed by a medical man. The conditions dealt with would be such as 
 the following : spinal curvature, hernia, rickets, deformed thorax, stiff joints, 
 infantile paralysis, enlarged tonsils, glandular disease, lung disease, condition 
 of abdominal viscera, evidence of convulsions, etc.) 
 
 In this last section much could be done by a properly trained teacher, 
 but a medical inspector would render the evidence in every way of greater 
 value. 
 
ELEMENTS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATIOX. 107 
 
 The child's physical condition should be inquired into with as much care as 
 is exercised in examining an adult for life insurance. The urine should be 
 tested if possible, and if the parents can be seen the child's family history 
 should be inquired into. 
 
 Still, apart from an examination by a medical man, the twelve points pre- 
 scribed would form the basis of a valuable record, and place the physical 
 education of the child upon a rational footing. Such a record should be kept 
 also of all individuals attending gymnasia and undergoing any form of physi- 
 cal training. Upon the evidence afforded the precise exercises which 
 were desirable and the precise methods of training to-be carried out could be 
 determined. 
 
 The record may well be extended, and could with great advantage record 
 a test of the child's vision, and add evidence on the questions of astigmatism 
 and colour-blindness. This record, kept in the form of a book, should be 
 filled up every three months. If properly kept, the value of such a book 
 would be enormous. To the individual it would possess more than mere in- 
 terest. It would show the history of his early life, the record of his develop- 
 ment, and would afford an admirable guide to any medical man, should the 
 individual in the future become the subject of disease. 
 
 Mental training is exceedingly important without doubt, but it may be 
 that the time will come when the Government of this country will recognise 
 the importance of physical training, and will realise that among the children 
 in elementary schools a strong body is almost as important as, and often more 
 useful than, a well-stored mind. Many of those children arc turned out into 
 the world pale, sickly, ill-developed, and feeble. That at present many un- 
 remediable causes may conspire to prudence this is evident enough, but the 
 state of 1 tusceptible of improvement The health and Btrength and 
 
 physique of the poorer classes may l>e placed upon a better basis, and a 
 
 number of Sturdy and Strong men and women produced in the place of the 
 
 multitude of poor creatures who after a more doleful and useless life 
 
 become prematurely a burden upon tl 
 
 The tic examination of the individual and the conducting of a 
 
 physical education upon precise and scientific grounds have already been 
 
 carried out in some 1 ities in \m< • 
 
 An excellent account of lome of these institutions will be found in the 
 
 rd of the Physical Training Conference held a1 boston in t8 
 1. The exercise* should be carefully dew 'malicalt) '. <///</ 
 
 suitably graduated. 
 
10S PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 The course of education should be planned upon a definite system and 
 the classes formed, and when occasion demands remodelled, according to the 
 physical status of the individual members. 
 
 The exercises must be graduated, and no attempt made to pass from one 
 series until the more elementary stages have been mastered. 
 
 It is of especial importance that none of the more complicated, difficult, 
 and arduous exercises should be forced upon those who are physically unfit. 
 They must be always — from the learner's standpoint — moderate and pro- 
 gressive. 
 
 It is desirable also that the lessons should be as varied and as interesting 
 as possible, and that reasonable opportunity be given for competition and the 
 encouragement of those who are specially fitted to excel. 
 
 The exercises should aim at the equal employment of all the muscles, and 
 not at the development of a few. The work in an ordinary gymnasium tends 
 to throw strain mainly upon the upper extremities, while most of the out- 
 door games tend to develop the lower limbs. No great good can be ob- 
 tained from tedious drilling and purposeless marching, and the time devoted 
 to physical training should never be so fully absorbed as to allow no leisure 
 for games and other pleasant forms of recreation. 
 
 In any instance violent intermittent exercises should be forbidden, and the 
 performance of feats of strength should never come within the scope of the 
 educational scheme. 
 
 3. The exercises should be carried out under proper guidance, and with 
 suitable and efficierit apparatus. 
 
 The teacher should be capable of instructing a large class — a qualification 
 which is not commonly possessed. 
 
 4. The time for the exercises should be carefully selected. 
 
 Violent exercise after a full meal is obviously bad, and a course of 
 physical instruction should not be carried out in the case of children who are 
 tired from a long day's attendance in school, or who are feeble for want of 
 food. 
 
 In the matter of schools it is well that the period for physical training 
 should be interpolated among the hours devoted to ordinary school work. If 
 between the hours of nine and twelve or nine and one the children could be 
 allowed to take systematic exercise for thirty minutes, either in the open air 
 or in some suitable building other than the schoolroom, they would be found 
 to be actually refreshed by the change of occupation, to enjoy a period of 
 mental rest, and to return to their work with vigour. 
 
FORMS OF EXERCISE. 109 
 
 Another half-hour could be introduced during the progress of the afternoon 
 lessons. The Rev. E. Warre, one of the masters at Eton, advises that a 
 schoolboy's day should be disposed of as follows : Rest ten hours, work seven 
 hours, meals and play seven hours. 
 
 So far as adults are concerned, the taking of violent exercise in the eve- 
 ning after a long and arduous day's work is often injurious in its result. 
 
 There is no time better than the early morning, before the labours of the 
 day are commenced. 
 
 Adults who have been accustomed to exercises of strength and endurance 
 should return but cautiously to such pursuits if they have passed through a 
 long period of rest from exercise and are out of condition. A man may ride 
 fifty miles a day on a bicycle very easily in the autumn, but he would be very 
 unwise to attempt such a distance in the following spring, provided that he 
 had taken no exercise during the winter. 
 
 5 . Exercises, so far as is possible, should be taken in the open air or in a 
 large and very well-ventilated room. 
 
 6. Those who are taking systematic exercise should be properly clad. 
 
 The garments should be light, loose, and made of wool. It is desirable 
 that care be taken not to catch cold by standing about in clothes which are 
 damp with perspiration. 
 
 This question of clothing is more fully dealt with in another section of this 
 work. 
 
 FORMS OF EXERCISE. 
 
 So far as any classification can be made — and it must of necessity be 
 rough — exercises may be divided into the following classes: 
 
 1 . Exercises of Strength. 
 
 These involve actual and considerable muscular power, and arc illustrated 
 by advanced exercises in the gymnasium, with apparatus such as the 
 horizontal bar, the trapeze, the rings. In a special category may be placed 
 what maybe termed feats of strength, such as lifting great weights, putting 
 the shot, throwing the hammer, and the like. 
 
 These exercises involve " effort," *'. e. the muscular position in which the 
 
 man takes a deep breath, and then, when his chest is full, closes his glottis, 
 
 so that he may make the thorax a fixed base from which the upper limbs c in 
 
no N PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 act. During the performance of the movement he does not breathe, his face 
 becomes engorged, and the veins which stand out upon his forehead demon- 
 strate the distended condition of the right side of the heart. It is during 
 " effort " that some sudden and fatal accidents have occurred, such as 
 rupture of the heart and the giving way of blood-vessels. 
 
 2. Exercises of Speed or of Rapid Movement. 
 
 These include running in all its forms and such exercises as involve 
 very rapid and continued movements. The individual muscular contrac- 
 tions are not extreme, but they are very quickly repeated. The amount of 
 work performed is distributed over a considerable period, and is not, as in 
 exercises of strength, concentrated into a few moments. 
 
 These exercises are susceptible of considerable modification, and range 
 from the extreme effort of the sprint runner to the easier movements of the 
 paper-chaser or of the devotee of the skipping-rope. 
 
 Certain forms of gymnastic exercise rank in this class. The movements 
 tend to develop the respiratory capacity, and are the exercises which soon 
 bring about the state of breathlessness. 
 
 3. Exercises of Endurance. 
 
 In these the muscular effort is inconsiderable at any given moment, and is 
 distributed over a still longer period of time. 
 
 Neither breathlessness nor rapid muscular exhaustion arrests the subject of 
 the exercise. The continuance of his movements becomes a matter merely 
 of endurance. Walking is a type of this variety. And in the same class 
 must be placed many outdoor games, skating, rowing and cycling, drilling, 
 and such exercises as are generally included under the term Swedish gym- 
 nastics. 
 
 In the training of the body the exercises of endurance must occupy the 
 first, the most prominent, and the most important place. 
 
 4. Exercises of Skill 
 
 Are illustrated by the more complex gymnastic exercises, such as those which 
 involve balancing, etc., by fencing and any other movements which imply, 
 not necessarily severe or continued muscular exertion, but great activity of 
 the brain and spinal cord. 
 
 The fencer in his earlier days becomes weary in his body, but as he be- 
 
FORMS OF EXERCISE. in 
 
 comes more experienced he "feels" the exercise, not in his muscles, but in 
 his nervous system. 
 
 5. Exercises which Develop the Chest 
 
 May on account of their importance be especially classified. The exercises 
 which come under this class are such as tend to develop the muscles of the 
 chest — namely, the pectorals, the serratus magnus, the latissimus dorsi, the 
 anterior abdominal muscles, and some others of lesser importance. 
 
 This, however, is not all. As Dr. Lagrange has pointed out, the size of the 
 thoracic cavity can only be increased by increasing the volume of its contents, 
 the lungs. " It is from within outwards," writes that author, " that the force 
 capable of expanding the chest acts, and it is in reality to the lungs, and not 
 to the muscles, that the chief share in the changes in form and size of the 
 chest belongs. The most powerful inspiratory muscles cannot raise the ribs, 
 unless the lungs participate in the movement of expansion, and on the other 
 hand the lungs can raise the ribs without the aid of the muscles, for the chests, 
 of emphysematous patients remain vaulted in spite of their efforts to lower 
 the ribs and complete the respiratory movement. . . . Mountaineers all have 
 large chests, and the Indians who live on the high plateaux of the Cordillera 
 in the Andes have been noted for the extraordinary size of their chests. . . . 
 Singers with no exercise but singing acquire great respiratory power and a 
 remarkable increase in the dimensions of their chests." 
 
 The exercises needed, therefore, should not only be such as develop 
 the muscles of the upper part of the trunk, but such also as increase the 
 volume of the respiratory movements. Among the latter would be placed, 
 so far as children are especially concerned, running, skipping, rapid limb 
 movements, and active is in the open air. 
 
 Many children are born with deformed mid Darrow chests which they in- 
 herit from their parents ; in others the thorax his been distorted by rickets, 
 by lung affei tions, or by spinal disea <•. < me potenl factor in the production 
 of a narrow chest, outside these 1 the hypertrophied tonsil. 
 
 [t is anomalous to child to take ea requiring vigorous respir- 
 
 atory movements when enlarged tonsils so block up the opening into the air- 
 I prevent the free entrance of air. 
 
ii2 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 THE SELECTION OF EXERCISES ACCORDING TO INDIVIDUAL 
 
 NEEDS. 
 
 Children. 
 
 The physical training of children should be commenced early, should be 
 made as interesting as possible, and be represented in the main by what may 
 be termed scientific romping. 
 
 The exercises should be given whenever possible in classes. To set a child 
 to execute formal movements with dumb-bell or bar-bell when alone, and to 
 march with no one for company, is a little dismal. 
 
 The set exercises should not be too formal, and never be too long, and in 
 no instance should they be allowed to take the place of the ordinary outdoor 
 games of children. 
 
 Games which involve shouting should be encouraged, and a very prominent 
 position given to running, skipping, games with balls, and jumping. The 
 most rudimentary of all games, " touch," is one of the most excellent. The 
 upper limbs may be encouraged by such amusements as battledore and 
 shuttlecock, and the lower by such a game as hop-scotch. 
 
 The set exercises should take the form of what are known as Swedish 
 gymnastics, the vocal march, musical drill, and the class exercises with 
 dumb-bell and bar-bell. 
 
 Children should avoid exercises of strength, and in the main, exercises of 
 speed. They are best suited for exercises which involve moderate endurance, 
 and such as require no great mental effort to follow. 
 
 In the matter of gymnastic appliances there is little need of especial work. 
 The subject is considered in the description of gymnastic apparatus. The 
 principal of these, from the children's standpoint, are the climbing rope, the 
 inclined ladder, the vaulting horse, the parallel bars. 
 
 Girls and Women. 
 The physical condition of a large proportion of the girls and women in 
 this country is quite deplorable, especially among the middle and upper 
 classes. A well- developed, perfectly proportioned girl who is possessed of 
 normal muscular strength, who can walk naturally, and can carry herself with 
 grace, attracts attention. The wretched physical state of a large proportion 
 of modern girls — especially of those who inhabit the large towns — is apt to be 
 ascribed, not to a totally neglected education, but to the belief that growing 
 
SELECTION OE EXERCISES. 113 
 
 girls are always awkward, uncouth, and weedy. This belief is not well 
 founded. 
 
 The unfortunate girl is encouraged to be dull, to be prim, to be subdued, 
 to suppress the outbursts of pure animal spirits. She is more or less under 
 the curse of that detestable adjective " lady-like." She spends hours in an ill- 
 ventilated schoolroom and upon a piano-stool, and the rest of her time is 
 occupied in eating and sleeping, in preparing lessons, in stooping over needle- 
 work, and in taking formal walks with the governess. Her clothes are prob- 
 ably a collection of hygienic errors. 
 
 It is not to be wondered that a girl so fostered is often a melancholy speci- 
 men of her species. She may be highly educated and the mistress of many 
 accomplishments, she may be cultured and "refined" according to the 
 boarding-school standard, but she will at the same time be probably more or 
 less unfitted for the struggle of life and the mere circumstances which attend 
 living. 
 
 There is something about the " higher education " of the modern girl which 
 is comparable to the manufacture of the finest Sevres china. The result is 
 beautiful from the designer's standpoint, but the cup is delicate ; it cannot be 
 used in daily life, and it must be kept in a cabinet. 
 
 A good digestion and an active liver are more useful in the battle of life 
 than a knowledge of advanced mathematics, and sturdy limbs and strong 
 hands are of more value to the mother of children than even decimal ■■ 
 tions and a familiarity with irregular verbs. 
 
 The lady-like girl is encouraged to keep her hands " fine," to have them 
 compressed by gloves and protected from light, and to use them as littl 
 possible in order that she might produce the wan, feeble appendage which 
 constitutes the lady-like hand, and which is put to little more use than to set 
 . The face must be protected from the sun by sunshades and 
 veils, the pink and white complexion of the invalid must be imitated. It 
 would appear that the lady-like are always delicate, and a certain unobstrui 
 feebleness and flabbiness are signs of refinement and influence in 
 
 the world, for 1 ( ipatity to enjoy the purest pleasures of life, and as an e\ 
 
 ample of all the finest qualities "t womanhood, no one among the "higher 
 educated " can compare with such an one as the •• Nut Brown Maid." The 
 ballad of the " Nut Brown Maid "might well be upon the wall oi 
 
 every " finishing " school for young ladies. 
 A negta ted physical edu( ation produces a sorry obje< t pale child with. 
 
ii 4 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 a poking head, a narrow chest, an unshapely back, a shuffling or mincing gait, 
 and an ungainly carriage. She is without grace and without the capacity for 
 vigorous physical enjoyment. Her ankles and wrists are clumsy, her com- 
 plexion is dull, and if her circulation be bad — as is not unusual — her sodden- 
 looking purplish arms are covered with a fine down. When she grows up to 
 womanhood she finds herself unfitted for the duties and responsibilities of a 
 wife and mother. She has little strength to withstand the hardships of life, 
 and less capacity to enjoy its pleasures. She is nervous, querulous, frail, and 
 in more respects than one a poor creature. Walking makes her tired, the sea 
 makes her sick, the sun makes her head ache, the wind makes her chilly, 
 effort of any unusual kind reduces her to a general wreck. The number of 
 women who can travel without fussing and knocking up, and who can climb a 
 ship's side and make their way across a heavy moor, and can, indeed, become 
 companions to their husbands and brothers in the milder of these outdoor 
 sports, is not considerable. 
 
 Younger girls may pursue the exercises named in dealing with the edu- 
 cation of children. Those who are a little older have an infinite variety of 
 healthy pursuits at their service — running, skipping, outdoor games of all 
 kinds, riding, skating, swimming, cricket, games with balls, archery, tennis, 
 climbing (in a moderate form), and certain exercises in the gymnasium. 
 They should practice also such movements as develop the abdominal muscles, 
 and should never neglect rowing. 
 
 Fencing in moderation is admirable ; a tendency to fiat feet and weak 
 ankles may be met with by such simple games as hop-scotch, by dancing (in 
 the open air), by learning Scotch dances and the hornpipe. Cycling may, I 
 think, be avoided, and I am under the impression that jumping may well be 
 dispensed with in girls who have passed the period of puberty. 
 
 For women such exercises as have been just detailed are open, with the 
 obvious modifications which their age and dispositions suggest. 
 
 Rowing is an admirable exercise for women up to almost any age. 
 
 The matter of clothing need only be briefly alluded to. It is of little use 
 to expect great good from walking exercises if tight boots are worn, with 
 high ankles and high heels. Corsets are an abomination, and rowing in 
 corsets forms a means of developing a pendulous abdomen and the condi- 
 tions which lead to hernia. 
 
SELECTION OF EXERCISES. 115 
 
 Lads 
 
 Between fourteen and eighteen have almost every form of exercise and physi- 
 cal recreation open to them. They should avoid exercises of strength and 
 feats of strength, and exercises of extreme speed such as sprint running. 
 
 Adults 
 Between eighteen and twenty-five have the whole of the joys of the athletic 
 world open to them, and if a man keep in training and in practice his period 
 of athletic life may be extended to thirty. 
 
 The Middle-aged and Elderly 
 Must anticipate a progressive curtailment of their more active pursuits. 
 There remain, however, walking and all the milder forms of outdoor exercise 
 — riding, skating, cycling, and the use of the simpler gymnastic apparatus. 
 After thirty very few individuals, indeed, are capable of undertaking exen 
 of speed without actual risk. 
 
CATALOGUE 
 No. 1. 
 
 FEBRUARY, 1892. 
 
 CATALOGUE 
 
 MEDICAL, DENTAL, 
 
 PHARMACEUTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS, 
 WITH A SUBJECT INDEX, 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 P. BLAKISTON, SON & CO., 
 
 (Successors to Lindsay & Blakiston) 
 
 PUBLISHERS, IMPORTERS AND BOOKSELLERS, 
 IOI2 WALNUT ST., PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 THE FOLLOWING CATALOGUES WILL BE SENT FREE TO ANY ADDRESS, 
 UPON APPLICATION. 
 
 This Catalogue, No. I, including all of our own publications. 
 
 A Catalogue of Books for Dental Students and Practitioners. 
 
 A Catalogue of Books on Chemistry, Technology, Pharmacy, Microscopy, Hygiene, 
 Sanitary Science, etc. 
 
 Students' Catalogue, including the " Quiz-Compends " and the most prominent Text- 
 books and Manuals for medical students. 
 
 A Complete Classified Catalogue (68 pages) of all Books on Medicine, Dentistry, 
 Pharmacy and Collateral Branches. English and American. 
 
 A Monthly Bulletin containing lists of all new Medical Books issued by various 
 publishers. 
 
 P. Blakiston, Son & Co.'s publications may be had through Booksellers in all 
 the principal cities of the United States and Canada, or any book will be sent by 
 them, postpaid, upon receipt of the price. They will forward parcels by e\; 
 C. O. D., upon receiving a remittance of 25 per cent, of the amount ordered, to cover 
 express charges. Money should be remitted by Express, money order, registered 
 letter, or bank draft. 
 
 JSJT All new books received as soon as published. Special facilities for import- 
 ing books from England, Germany and France. 
 
 Gould's New Medical Dictionary now ready. See page 4. 
 
CLASSIFIED LIST, WITH PRICES, 
 
 OF ALL BOOKS PUBLISHED BY 
 P. BLAKISTON, SON & CO., PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 When the price is not given below, the book is out of print or about to be published. 
 Cloth binding, unless otherwise specified. For full descriptions, see following Catalogue. 
 
 AN/ESTHETICS. 
 
 Buxton. Anaesthetics. - $ 
 
 Sansom. Chlorotorm. - 1.25 
 
 Turnbull. 3d Ed. - 3.00 
 
 ANATOMY. 
 
 Ballou. Veterinary Anat. 1.00 
 
 Heath. Practical. 7th Ed. 5.00 
 Holden. Dissector. Oil-cloth, 4.50 
 
 Osteology. - - 6.00 
 
 Landmarks. 4th Ed. 1.25 
 
 Macalister's Text-Book. 
 
 816 Illus. Clo. 7.50; Sh. 8.50 
 
 Potter. Compend of. 5th 
 
 Ed. 133 Illustrations. - 1.00 
 
 Sutton. Ligaments. - 1.25 
 
 ATLASES AND DIAGRAMS. 
 Flower. Of Nerves. - 3.50 
 
 Marshall's Phys. and Anat. 
 Diagrams. #40.00 and 60.00 
 
 BRAIN AND INSANITY. 
 Blackburn. Autopsies. - 1.25 
 Bucknill and Tuke. Psycho- 
 logical Medicine. - - 8.00 
 Gowers. Diagnosis of Dis- 
 eases of the Brain. New Ed. 2.00 
 Lewis, (Bevan). Mental 
 
 Diseases. ... 6.00 
 
 Mann's Psychological Med. 5.00 
 Wood. Brain and Overwork. .50 
 
 CHEMISTRY. 
 See Technological Books. 
 Allen. Commercial Organic 
 Analysis. 2d Ed. Volume I. 
 
 Volume II. - - 
 
 Volume III. Part I. 4.50 
 
 Bartley. Medical. 2d Ed. 2.50 
 Bloxam's Text-Book. 7th Ed. 4.50 
 Bowman's Practical. - 2.00 
 
 Groves and Thorp. Chemi- 
 cal Technology. Vol. I. Fuels 7.50 
 
 Holland's Urine, Poisons and 
 
 Milk. 4th Ed. - - 1. 00 
 
 Leffmann's New Compend. 1.00 
 
 , Progressive Exercises. 1.00 
 
 Muter. Pract. and Anal. 2.00 
 
 Ramsay. Inorganic. Illus. 4.50 
 Richter's Inorganic. 3d Ed. 2.00 
 
 Organic. 2d Ed. 4.50 
 
 Smith. Llectro-Chem. Anal. 1.00 
 Smith and Keller. Experi- 
 ments. 2d Ed. Illus. Net, .60 
 
 Stammer. Problems. - .75 
 Sutton. Volumetric Anal. 5.00 
 
 Symonds. Manual of. 2.00 
 
 Trimble. Analytical. - 1.50 
 
 Watts. (Fowne's) Inorg. 2.25 
 
 (Fowne's) Organ. 2.25 
 
 Wolff. Applied Medical. 1.00 
 Woody. Essentials of. 3d Ed. 1.25 
 
 CHILDREN. 
 
 Goodhart and Starr. 3.00; Sh. 3.50 
 Hale. Care of. - .75 
 
 Hatfield. Compend of. 1.00 
 
 Meigs. Infant Feeding and 
 
 Milk. Analysis. - 1.00 
 Meigs and Pepper's Treatise. 5. 00 
 Money. Treatment of. - 3.00 
 Muskett. Treatment of. 1.75 
 Osier. Cerebral Palsies of. 2.00 
 Smith. Wasting Diseases of. 3.00 
 Starr. Digestive Organs ot. 2.25 
 Hygiene of the Nursery. 1.00 
 
 CLINICAL CHARTS. 
 Davis. Obstetrical. Pads, $ .50 
 Griffiths. Graphic. " .50 
 
 Temperature Charts. " .50 
 
 COM P ENDS 
 And The Quiz- Commends. 
 Ballou. Veterinary Anat. 1.00 
 Brubaker's Physiol. 6th Ed, 1.00 
 Fox and Gould. The Eye. 1.00 
 Hatfield. Children. - 1.00 
 
 Horwitz. Surgery. 4th Ed. 1.00 
 Hughes. Practice. 2 Pts. Ea. 1.00 
 Landis. Obstetrics. 4th Ed. 1.00 
 Leffmann's Chemistry. 3d Ed. 1 .00 
 Mason. Electricity. - 1.00 
 
 Morris. Gynaecology. - 1.00 
 
 Potter's Anatomy, 5th Ed. 1.00 
 
 Materia Medica. 5th Ed. 1. 00 
 
 Stewart, Pharmacy. 3d Ed. 1.00 
 Warren. Dentistry. - 1.00 
 
 DEFORMITIES. 
 Reeves. Bodily Deformities 
 
 5.00 
 4.00 
 1. 00 
 
 •5° 
 
 and their Treatment. Illus. 2.25 
 
 DENTISTRY. 
 Barrett. Dental Surg. - 1.25 
 
 Blodgett. Dental Pathology. 1.75 
 Flagg. Plastic Filling. - 4.00 
 
 Fillebrown. Op. Dent. Illus. 2.50 
 Gorgas. Dental Medicine. 3.50 
 Harris. Principles and Prac. 7.00 
 
 Dictionary of. 5th Ed. 5.00 
 
 Heath. Dis. of Jaws. - 4.50 
 
 Lectures on Jaws. Bds. 1.00 
 
 Leber and Rottenstein. 
 
 Caries. Paper 75 
 
 Richardson. Mech. Dent. 4.50 
 Sewell. Dental Surg. - 3.00 
 Stocken. Materia Medica. 2.50 
 Taft. Operative Dentistry. 4.2; 
 
 , Index of Dental Lit. 2.00 
 
 Talbot. Irregularity of Teeth. 3.00 
 Tomes. Dental Surgery. 
 
 Dental Anatomy. 
 
 Warren's Compend of. - 
 White. Mouth and Teeth. 
 
 DICTIONARIES. 
 Cleveland's Pocket Medical. .75 
 Gould's New Medical Diction- 
 ary. l / 2 Lea., 3.25; % Mor. 
 Thumb index. - 4.25 
 
 Harris' Dental. Clo. 5.00; Shp. 6.00 
 Longley's Pronouncing - 1.00 
 
 Maxwell. Terminologia Med- 
 ica Polyglotta. - - 4.00 
 Treves. German English. 3.75 
 
 DIRECTORY. 
 Medical, of Philadelphia, 2.50 
 
 EAR. 
 Burnett. Hearing, etc. .50 
 
 Pritchard. Diseases of. 1.50 
 
 ELECTRICITY. 
 
 Bigelow. Plain Talks on Medi- 
 cal Electricity. 43 Illus. 1.00 
 
 Mason's Compend of Electric- 
 ity and its Medical and Sur- 
 gical Uses. ... 1. 00 
 
 EYE. 
 Arlt. Diseases of. - - 2.50 
 Fox and Gould. Compend. 1.00 
 Gower's Ophthalmoscopy. 5.50 
 Harlan. Eyesight. - .50 
 Hartridge. Retraction. 5thEd. 1.75 
 Ophthalmoscope. - 1.50 
 
 Higgins. Practical Manual. #1.75 
 Liebreich. Atlas of Ophth. 15.00 
 Macnamara. Diseases of. 4x0 
 Meyer and Fergus. Com- 
 plete Text-Book, with Colored 
 Plates. 270 Illus. Clo. 4.50: Sh.5.50 
 Morton. Refraction. 4th Ed. 1.00 
 Ophthalmic Review. 
 
 Monthly. - 3.00 
 
 Swanzy's Handbook. 3d Ed. 3.00 
 
 FEVERS. 
 Collie, On Fevers. - 2.50 
 
 Day. 
 
 HEADACHES. 
 Their Treatment, etc. 
 
 1.25 
 
 HEALTH AND DOMESTIC 
 MEDICINE. 
 Bulkley. The Skin. - .50 
 
 Burnett. Hearing. - .50 
 
 Cohen. Throat and Voice. .50 
 Dulles. Emergencies. 3d Ed. .75 
 Harlan. Eyesight. 
 Hartshorne. Our Homes. 
 Hufeiand. Long Life. - 
 Lincoln. Hygiene. 
 Osgood. Dangers of Winter. 
 Packard. Sea Air, etc. 
 Richardson's Long Life. 
 Tanner. On Poisons. 6th Ed. 
 White. Mouth and Teeth. 
 Wilson. Summer and its Dis, 
 ■Wood. Brain Work. 
 
 •5° 
 .50 
 1. 00 
 •5° 
 •5° 
 •So 
 •50 
 75 
 •5° 
 .50 
 .50 
 
 HISTOLOGY. 
 See Microscope and Pathology. 
 
 HYGIENE. 
 
 See Water. 
 
 Fox. Water, Air, Food. 4.00 
 
 Lincoln. School Hygiene. .50 
 
 Parke's (E.) Hygiene. 8th Ed. 5.C0 
 
 (L. C.), Manual. 2.50 
 
 Starr. Hygiene of the Nursery. 1.00 
 Wilson's Handbook of. - 
 
 JOURNALS, .Etc. 
 Archives of Surgery. 4 Nos. 3.00 
 Jl. of Dermatology. " " 3.00 
 Ophthalmic Review. " " 3.00 
 New Sydenham Society's 
 
 Publications - - - 8.00 
 
 i-75 
 2-75 
 
 KIDNEY DISEASES 
 Beale. Renal and Urin. 
 Ralfe. Dis. of Kidney, etc. 
 Thornton. Surg, of Kidney. 1.75 
 Tyson. Bright's Disease 
 
 and Diabetes, Illus. - 3-5° 
 
 LUNGS AND CHEST. 
 
 See Phy. Diagnosis and Throat. 
 
 Hare. Mediastinal Disease. 2.00 
 
 MASSAGE. 
 Murrell. Massage. 5th Ed. 
 Ostrom. Massage. 87 Illus. 
 
 1.50 
 1. 00 
 
 MATERIA MEDICA. 
 Biddle. nth Ed. Clo. 4.25 
 
 Gorgas. Dental. 4th Ed 3.50 
 Merrell's Digest. - 4.00 
 
 Potter's Compend of. 5th Ed. i.co 
 
 * 
 
 -X- 
 
 FOR SELF EXAMINATION, "3000 Questions on Medical Subjects. 
 Just Ready. Price, 10 cents net. 
 
CLASSIFIED LIST OF P. BLAKISTON, SON &* CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 Potter's Handbook of. Third 
 Ed. Clo. 4.00; Sheep, - $5.00 
 
 MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE. 
 Reese Medical Jurisprudence 
 & Toxicology, 3d Ed 3.00; Sh 3.50 
 
 MICROSCOPE. 
 Beale. How 10 Work with. 7.50 
 
 In Medicine. - 7.50 
 
 Carpenter. The Microscope. 
 
 7th Ed. 780 Illus. CI. 6.50 Lea. 7.50 
 Lee Vade Mecum of. 2. 1 Ed. 4.00 
 MacDonald. Examination of 
 
 Water by. - - - 2.75 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 Beale. Slight Ailments. 1.25 
 
 Black. Micro-organisms. 1.50 
 
 Burnet. Kood and Dietaries. 1.75 
 Davis. Textbook of Biology. 4.00 
 Duckworth. On Gout. - 7.00 
 
 Garrod. Rheumatism, etc. 6.00 I 
 Gross. Life of J. Hunter. Pa. .75 
 Haddon. Kmbryology. - 6.00 
 
 Haig. Uric Acid. - - 
 
 Henry. Anaemia. - .75 
 
 NERVOUS DISEASES, Etc. 
 Flower. Atlas of Nerves. 3.50 
 Bowlby. Injuries of. - 4.50 
 Gowers. Manual of. 2d Ed. 
 
 350 Illustrations. Vol. 1. 3.50 I 
 Vol. 2 Nearly Ready. 
 
 Di.s. ol Spinal Lord j 
 
 — — — Diseases of Brain. 2.00 
 
 Syphilis and the Ner- 
 vous System. - - 
 
 Obcrstemer. Central Nervous 
 
 System. .... 6.00 ; 
 
 Omerod. Manual of. 
 Osier. Cerebral Palsies. 
 Page. Injuries ol Spine. 
 
 Railway injuries. 
 
 Thorburn. surgery of the 
 
 Spinal Cord - 4.50 ; 
 
 Watson. Concussions. 1.00 
 
 NURSING. 
 Cullingworth. Manual oi. .75 
 
 Monthly Nursing. .50 
 
 Domvillc's Manual. 7th Ed 
 Fullerton. Obst. Nursing. 
 
 Nursing in Abdominal 
 
 Surg, and Dis. of Women, 
 
 Humphrey. Manual of 1.25 
 
 Luckes. Hospital Sisters'. 1.00 | 
 
 Parvin. Obstetrii Nursing. .75 
 Starr. Hygiem of the Nursery. 1. 00 
 Temperature Charts. - .50 
 
 : 1 1 fK 5, 
 Bar. Antiseptic < Ibstet. 1.75 
 
 Cazcaux and Tarnier. Stu- 
 dents d Plates. 5.00 1 
 Davis. Obstetrical Chart .50 
 Davis. Obstetrics. Illus 
 Galabin's Mantis 3.00 
 Landis. Compend 1 h !■■! 1.00 
 Rigby. Obstetrii Mem .50 1 
 Schult/c • ' 6 co 
 Strahan. T.xtr 1 I tei in 
 Winckel'h Text-book. 6.00 
 
 r.\ 1 hoi.. IGV •• HISTOLOGY 
 Blackburn Auti p 
 iJlodgett. Dental Pathology 
 Bowlby. Surgical Path 
 Qibbes. Prai tu al. - 1.75 
 
 Gilliam. a.oo 
 
 Stirling's T. . tii al. - 4.00 
 
 vlrcbow, r 1 -mortems, 
 
 Cellulai Pathology. 4.00 
 
 Wynter & Wethcrcd. Path. 4.00 
 
 ill "> 
 Beaslcy's Druggi is" Kec'ts, 1 ■•; 
 
 Formulary. a. as 
 
 . 
 Mackenzie. Phar. of Throat 
 
 Merrell's Digest. - - $».c© 
 Proctor. Practical Pharm. 4.50 
 Robinson. Latin Grammarof. 2.00 
 Stewart's Compend. 3d Ed. 1.00 
 Tuson. Veterinary Pharm. 2.50 
 
 PHYSICAL DIAGNOSIS. 
 Fenwick's Student's Guide. 2.25 
 Tyson's Manual. - - 1.25 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY. 
 Brubaker's Compend. Illus- 
 trated. 6th Ed. - - 1. 00 
 Kirkes' 12th Ed. (Author's 
 
 Ed.1 Cloth, 4.00; Sheep, 5.00 
 
 Landois' Text-book. 345 Illus- 
 trations. 41I1 Ed. CI. 7.00; Sh. 8.00 
 Sanderson's Laboratory B'k. 5.00 
 Sterling. Practical Phys. 2.25 
 Tyson's Cell Doctrine. - 2.00 
 Yeo's Manual. 321 Illustrations 
 5th Ed Cloth, 3.00; Sheep, 3.50 
 POISONS. 
 Aitken. The Ptomaines, etc. 1.25 
 Black. Formation of. - 1 50 
 Reese. Toxicology. 3d Ed. 3.00 
 Tanner. Memoranda of. .75 
 
 PRACTICE. 
 Beale. Slight Ailments. 1.25 
 
 Charteris, Guide to. - 3.00 
 
 Fagge's Practice. 2 Vols. 8.00 
 Fowler's 1'ictionary of. - 5.00 
 Hughes. Compend of. 2 Pts. 2.00 
 
 Physicians' Edition. 
 
 1 Vol. Morocco, Gilt edge. 2.50 
 Roberts. Text-book, bth Ed. 5.50 
 Taylor's Manual of. - 4 00 
 
 PRESCRIPTION BOOKS. 
 Beasley's 3000 Prescriptions. 2.25 
 
 THERAPEUTICS. 
 Allen, Harlan, Harte, Van 
 
 Harlingen. Local Thera. 
 
 Biddle. nth Ed. CI. 4.25; Sb £5.00 
 Burnet. Food and Dietaries. 1.75 
 - Field. Cathartics and Emetics. 1.75 
 Headland. Action of Med. 3.00 
 Jaworski. Carlsbad Salts. a.oo 
 Mays. Therap. Forces. 1.25 
 
 — — — Theine 50 
 
 Napheys' Medical. - 
 
 Surgical. - - 
 
 Ott. Action of Medicines. 2.00 
 Potter's Compend. 5th Ed. 1.00 
 
 .Handbook of. 4.00 ; Sh. 5.00 
 
 Waring's Practical. 4th Ed. 3.00 
 
 THROAT AND NOSE. 
 Cohen. Throat and Voice. .50 
 Greenhow. Bronchitis. 1.25 
 
 Hutchinson. Nose & Throat 
 McBiide. Clinical Manual, 
 
 Colored Plates, - - 7.00 
 Mackenzie. Throat and Nose. 
 
 2 vols. - 
 
 Pharmacopoeia. - 1.25 
 
 Murrell. Bronchitis. - 3 50 
 Potter. Stammering, etc 
 Woakes. Post-Nasal Catarrh. 1.50 
 Deafness, Giddiness, etc. 
 
 TRANSACTIONS AND 
 REPORTS. 
 
 Penna. Hospital Reports. 
 Power and Holmes' Reports 
 Trans. College of Physicians 
 
 Ainer. Surg. Assoc. 
 
 Assoc. Amer. Phys, 
 
 Receipt Book. 
 Formulary. 
 
 2.25 
 2.25 
 1. 00 
 
 Pereira's Pocket-book. 
 Wythe's Dose and Symptom 
 
 Book. 17th Ed, - - 1. 00 
 SKIN AND HAIR. 
 Anderson's 'Text-Book. 4.50 
 
 Bulkley. The Skin. - .50 
 
 Crocker. Dis. of Skin. Illus. 
 
 Van Harlingen. Diagnosis 
 
 and Tre.iii. enl of Skin 1 >is. 
 
 1 latcs .n Engravings. 2.50 
 
 si [MULANTS & NARCOTICS. 
 
 Lizars. ( In 'Tobacco. - .50 
 
 Miller. On AK obol .50 
 
 Parrish. Inebriety. - 1.25 
 
 SURGERY AND SURGICAL 
 
 D1SEAS1 S. 
 Caird and Cathcart. Surgi- 
 
 l| Handbook, Leather, 2.50 
 
 Dulles Ol ics. 
 
 Heath's Minor. < ( ili Ed. 
 
 1 s .M inor. t)tn r.u. 
 I '1 ue* of Jaws. 
 
 • s mi Jaws. 
 
 •75 
 
 2. OO 
 4-50 
 I. OO 
 
 I I 
 5.00 
 
 Horwitz. t ompend, 4th Ed 
 Jacobson. » rperatl 
 Mouliin. Complete Text- 
 
 1 k,497 Illus 
 
 Subscription only. Colored 
 
 /, ( I. 7 00; Sh. 8.00 
 kus. - - 9. co 
 
 Porter's Surgeon's 1'ocket- 
 
 book. - - Leathei 2.25 
 
 Sun tii . Abdominal Surg. 7.00 
 Swam. Surg 
 
 Wiilsliam. Practical Surg. 300 
 Watson's Amputations. 5 50 
 
 11 HNOLOGK \i 1 • 
 Cktmittty. 
 Camei' 
 
 &oap a. 25 
 
 Gardner. Brewing, etc, 1.7s 
 
 Oardnr' Id, etc. 1.75 
 
 . 1 Ig, 1 7S 
 
 Groves and ml- 
 
 I 
 Mills 011 Fu< 
 Overman. M 
 
 I »5 
 
 I.2J 
 
 3 5° 
 3.00 
 3-5° 
 
 U K 1 N E & U R I N A R Y ORGANS. 
 Acton. Repro. Organs. 2.00 
 
 Beale. Urin. & Renal Dis. 1.75 
 
 Urin. Deposits. Plates. 2.00 
 
 Holland. The Urine, Mill 
 
 Common H is ins. 4th Ed. 1.00 
 Legg. On Urine. - .75 
 
 Marshall and Smith. Urine. 1.00 
 Ralfe. Kidney and Uri. Org. 2.75 
 Schnee. Diabetes. - 2.00 
 
 Thompson. Urinary Organs. 3.50 
 
 Surg, of Urin 
 
 Calculous Dis. 3d. Ed. 1 .00 
 
 Lithotomy. - - 3.50 
 
 Prostate. 6th Fd. 2.00 
 
 Thornton. Surg, of Kidney. 1.75 
 Tyson. Exam. of Urine. 1.50 
 Van Niiys. Urine Analyst! 
 
 VI Ml REAL DIS1 n 
 
 Hill and Cooper's Manual. 1 00 
 
 VI IT RINARY. 
 
 Armatage. Vet. Rem. 1.25 
 
 Ballon. An.it. and Phys. 1.0 
 
 Tuson. V. 1 I'll. urn. 2.50 
 
 VIS1 1 ING LISTS 
 
 Lindsay and Blakiston's 
 lai Edition 
 
 1 • 
 
 Perpetual Ed. 1.25 to 1.50 
 
 Monthly Ed. 
 
 Plain, .7 . . in' I 
 
 W \ I I k 
 Blair. Potable W si 
 Fox. W ater. Air, I too 
 
 Frankland. 
 
 an A Beam, 
 
 MacDonald. I 
 
 worn n. Disi isi - "i . 
 
 Byford's Text hook. 4th I ■ 
 
 Uterus. - • 
 
 Edis. Sterility. 1 7s 
 
 Lewcrs. Dis. of Women «, 
 
 Morris. 
 
 Tilt. < 
 
 Wmckcl, bj Pan ' I 
 
 Q 
 
From PROF. J. M. PaCOsTA. 
 
 " I find it an excellent ivork, doing credit to the learning and discrimination of the author.' 
 
 A New Medical Dictionary. 
 
 Small 8vo, Half Morocco, as above, with 
 
 Thumb Index, $4.25 
 
 Plain Dark Leather, without Thumb Index, 3.25 
 
 A compact, concise Vocabulary, including 
 all the Words and Phrases used in medicine, 
 with their proper Pronunciation and Defini- 
 tions. 
 
 BASED ON RECENT MEDICAL 
 LITERATURE. 
 
 ItY 
 
 GEORGE M. GOULD, A.B., M.D., 
 
 Ophthalmic Surgeon to the Philadelphia Hospital, Clinical 
 Chit/ Ophthalmological Dept. German Hos- 
 pital, Philadelphia. 
 
 It is not a mere compilation from other 
 dictionaries. The definitions have been 
 made by the aid of the most recent stan- 
 dard text-books in the various branches of 
 medicine. It includes 
 
 SEVERAL THOUSAND NEW WORDS NOT CONTAINED IN 
 ANY SIMILAR WORK. 
 
 IT CONTAINS TABLES of the ABBREVIATIONS used in Medicine, of the 
 ARTERIES, of the BACILLI, giving the Name, Habitat, Characteristics, etc.; of GAN- 
 GLIA, LEUCOMAINES, MICROCOCCI, MUSCLES, NERVES, PLEXUSES, 
 PTOMAINES, with the Name, Formula, Physiological Action, etc. ; and the COMPARI- 
 SON OF THERMOMETERS, of all the most used WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 
 of the world, of the MINERAL SPRINGS OF THE U. S., VITAL STATISTICS, 
 etc. Much of the material thus classified is not obtainable by English readers in any other work. 
 
 OPINIONS OF PROMINENT MEDICAL PAPERS. 
 
 " One pleasing feature of the book is that the reader can almost invariably 
 find the definition under the word he looks for, without being referred from 
 one place to another, as is too commonly the case in medical dictionaries. 
 The tables of the bacilli, micrococci, leucomaines and ptomaines are excellent, 
 and contain a large amount of information in a limited space. The anatomical 
 tables are also concise and clear. . . . We should unhesitatingly recom- 
 mend this dictionary to our readers, feeling sure that it will prove of much 
 value to them." — A?nerican Journal of Medical Science, Sept. i8po. 
 
 " As a handy, concise and accurate, and complete medical dictionary it 
 decidedly claims a very high place among works of this description. In fact, 
 taking handiness and cheapness into account, we certainly think this is the 
 general practitioner's model dictionary, and we cordially recommend it to our 
 readers. The definitions are for the most part terse and accurate, and the 
 derivations up to modern lights." — British Medical Journal, London, Sept. i8po. 
 May be obtained through all Booksellers. Sample pages free. 
 
P. BLAKISTON, SON & CO.'S 
 JYIedical and Scientific publications, 
 
 No. 1012 Walnut St., Philadelphia. 
 
 ACTON. The Functions and Disorders of the Reproductive Organs in Childhood, 
 Youth, Adult Age and Advanced Life, considered in their Physiological, Social 
 and Moral Relations. By Wm. Acton, m.d., m.r.c.s. 7th Edition. Cloth, $2.00 
 
 AITKEN. Animal Alkaloids, the Ptomaines, Leucomaines and Extractives in 
 their Pathological Relations. By William Aitken, m.d., f.r.s., Prof, of Path, 
 in the Army Medical School, Netley, England. 2d Ed. Enlarged. Cloth, 51.25 
 
 ALLEN, HARLAN. HARTE, VAN HARLINGEN. Local Therapeutics. 
 A Handbook of Local Therapeutics, being a practical description of all those 
 agents used in the local treatment of disease, such as Ointments, Plasters, 
 Powders, Lotions, Inhalations, Suppositories, Bougies, Tampons, etc., and the 
 proper methods of preparing and applying them. By Harrison Allen, m.d.. 
 Emeritus Professor of Physiology in the University of Penna. ; Laryngologist to 
 the Rush Hospital for Consumption ; late Surgeon to the Philadelphia and St. 
 Joseph's Hospitals. George C. Harlan, m.d., late Professor of Diseases of the 
 Eye in the Philadelphia Polyclinic and College for Graduates in Medicine ; 
 Surgeon to the Wills Eye Hospital, and Eye and Ear Department of the Penn- 
 sylvania Hospital. Richard H. Harte, m.d., Demonstrator of Osteology, 
 University of Pennsylvania ; Assistant Surgeon, University Hospital, and Arthur 
 Van Harlingen, m.d., Professor of Diseases of the Skin in the Philadelphia 
 Polyclinic and College for Graduates in Medicine ; late Clinical Lecturer on 
 Dermatology in Jefferson Medical College; Dermatologist to the Howard Hos- 
 pital. In One Handsome Compact Volume. Nearly Ready. 
 
 ALLEN. Commercial Organic Analysis. A Treatise on the Modes of Assaying 
 the Various Organic Chemicals and Products employed in the Arts, Manufactures, 
 Medicine, etc., with Concise Methods for the Detection of Impurities, Adultera- 
 tions, etc. Second Edition. Revised and Enlarged. By Alfred Allen, f.c.s. 
 Vol. I. Alcohols, Ethers, Vegetable Acids. Starch, etc. Out of Print. 
 
 Vol. II. Fixed Oils and Fats, Hydrocarbons and Mineral Oils, Phenols and 
 their Derivatives, Coloring Matters, etc. Out of Print. 
 
 Vol. [II.— Part I. Acid Derivatives of Phenols, Aromatic Acids, Tannins, 
 Dyes, and Coloring Matters. 8vo. Cloth, 54.50 
 
 ANDERSON. A Treatise on 8kin Diseases. With special reference to Diagnosis 
 and Treatment, and including an Analysis of ii.ooo consecutive cases. By T. 
 McCall ANDERSON, M.D., Professor of Clinical Medicine, University of Glasgow. 
 With several Full-page Plates, two of which are Colored Lithographs, and nu- 
 merous Wood Engravings. Octavo. 650 pages. Cloth, $4.50; Leather, #5.50 
 
 ARCHIVES OF SURGERY. Edited by Jonathan Hutchinson, F.R.S. Colored 
 Illustrations. Published Quarterly. 75 cents a number. Per Vol. 53.00 
 
 ARLT. Diseases of the Eye. Clinical Studiei on I diseases of the Eye. Including the 
 
 injunctiva, ( !ornea and S< ierotic, Iris and Ciliary Body. B) 1 )x. Fbrd. Ki 1 n k 
 
 von Aklt. University of Vienna. Authorised Translation by Lyman Ware, 
 
 M i> , Surgeon to the Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirm. u v. Chicago. 
 
 Illustrated. Svo. (loth. 52.50 
 
 ARMATAGE. The Veterinarian's Pocket Remembrancer: being Concise 
 Directions for the Treatment of Urgent or Rare Cases, embracing Semeiol 
 Diagnosis, Prognosis, Surgery, Therapeutics, Toxicology, Detection o( Poisona 
 in their appropriate tests, Hygiene, etc, By George Armatagr, m.r.c.v.s. 
 ond Edition, 321110. 
 
 B 
 
6 P. BLAKISTON, SON 6- CO.'S 
 
 BALLOU. Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology. By Wm. R. Ballou, m.d.. 
 Prof, of Equine Anatomy, New York College of Veterinary Surgeons, Physician 
 to Bellevue Dispensary, and Lecturer on Genito-Urinary Surgery, New York 
 Polyclinic, etc. With 29 Graphic Illustrations. i2mo. A 7 o. 12 ? Quiz- Compend 
 Series.? Cloth, $1.00. Interleaved, for the addition of Notes, $1.25 
 
 BAR. Antiseptic Midwifery. The Principles of Antiseptic Methods Applied to 
 Obstetric Practice. By Dr. Paul Bar, Obstetrician to, formerly Interne in, the 
 Maternity Hospital, Paris. Authorized Translation by Henry D. Fry, m.d., 
 with an Appendix by the author. Octavo. Cloth, $1.75 
 
 BARRETT. Dental Surgery for General Practitioners and Students of Medicine 
 and Dentistry. Extraction of Teeth, etc. By A. W. Barrett, m.d. Second 
 Edition. Illustrated Practical Series. [See page 19.] Cloth, $1.25 
 
 BARTLEY. Medical Chemistry. Second Edition. A Text-book for Medical and 
 Pharmaceutical Students. By E. H. Bartley, m.d., Professor of Chemistry and 
 Toxicology at the Long Island College Hospital ; President of the American 
 Society of Public Analysts ; Chief Chemist, Board of Health, of Brooklyn, N.Y. 
 Revised and enlarged. With 62 Illustrations. Glossary and Complete Index. 
 423 pages. i2mo. Cloth, $2.50 
 
 BEALE. On Slight Ailments ; their Nature and Treatment. By Lionel S. Beale, 
 m.d., f.r.s., Professor of Practice, King's Medical College, London. Second 
 Edition. Enlarged and Illustrated. 8vo. Cloth, $1.25 
 
 Urinary and Renal Diseases and Calculous Disorders. Hints on Diagnosis 
 and Treatment. Demi-8vo. 356 pages. Cloth, $1.75 
 
 The Use of the Microscope in Practical Medicine. For Students and 
 Practitioners, with full directions for examining the various secretions, etc., 
 in the Microscope. Fourth Edition. 500 Illustrations. 8vo. Cloth, $7.50 
 How to Work with the Microscope. A Complete Manual of Microscopical 
 Manipulation, containing a full description of many new processes of 
 investigation, with directions for examining objects under the highest 
 powers, and for taking photographs of microscopic objects. Fifth Edition. 
 Containing over 400 Illustrations, many of them colored. 8vo. Cloth, $7.50 
 One Hundred Urinary Deposits, on eight sheets, for the Hospital, Labora- 
 tory, or Surgery. New Edition. 4to. Paper, $2.00 
 BEASLEY'S Book of Prescriptions. Containing over 3100 Prescriptions, collected 
 from the Practice of the most Eminent Physicians and Surgeons — English, 
 French and American ; a Compendious History of the Materia Medica, Lists of 
 the Doses of all Officinal and Established Preparations, and an Index of Diseases 
 and their Remedies. By Henry Beasley. Seventh Edition. Cloth, $2.25 
 Druggists' General Receipt Book. Comprising a copious Veterinary Formu- 
 lary ; Recipes in Patent and Proprietary Medicines, Druggists' Nostrums, 
 etc.; Perfumery and Cosmetics ; Beverages, Dietetic Articles and Condi- 
 ments ; Trade Chemicals, Scientific Processes, and an Appendix of Useful 
 Tables. Ninth Edition. Revised. Cloth, $2.25 
 Pocket Formulary and Synopsis of the British and Foreign Pharmacopoeias. 
 Comprising Standard and Approved Formulae for the Preparations and 
 Compounds Employed in Medical Practice. Eleventh Edition. Cloth, $2.25 
 BIDDLE'S Materia Medica and Therapeutics. Eleventh Edition. For the Use of 
 Students and Physicians.. By Prof. John B. Biddle, m.d., Professor of Materia 
 Medica in Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia. The Eleventh Edition, thor- 
 oughly revised, and in many parts rewritten, by his son, Clement Biddle, m.d., 
 Assistant Surgeon, U. S. Navy, and Henry Morris, m.d., Fellow of the College 
 of Physicians, of Philadelphia, etc. Cloth, $4.25; Sheep, $5.00 
 BIGELOW. Plain Talks on Medical Electricity and Batteries, with a Thera- 
 peutic Index and a Glossary. Prepared for Practitioners and Students of Medi- 
 cine. By Horatio R. Bigelow, m.d., Fellow of the British Gynaecological 
 Society ; of the American Electro-Therapeutic Association ; Member American 
 Medical Association, etc. 43 Illustrations, and a Glossary. i2mo. Cloth, $1.00 
 BLACK. Micro-Organisms. The Formation of Poisons. A Biological study of 
 the Germ Theory of Disease. By G. V. Black, m.d., d.d.s. Cloth, $1.50 
 
MEDICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PUBLICA T/ONS. 7 
 
 BLACKBURN. Autopsies. A Manual of Autopsies, Designed for the use of Hos- 
 pitals for the Insane and other Public Institutions. By I. W. BLACKBURN, m.d., 
 Pathologist to the Government Hospital for the Insane, Washington, D. C. With 
 ten Full-page Plates and four other Illustrations. i2mo. • Cloth, 51 .25 
 
 BLAIR. Potable Waters. The Organic Analysis of. By J. A. Blair, m. 1. . 
 c. M., D. sc. Edin., etc. i2mo. Cloth, $1.00 
 
 BLODGETT'S Dental Pathology. By Albert N. Blodgett, m.d., Late Prof, of 
 Pathology and Therapeutics, Boston Dental Coll. 33 lllus. i2mo. Cloth, 51.75 
 
 BLOXAM. Chemistry, Inorganic and Organic. With Experiments. By 
 Charles L. Bloxam. Edited by J. M. Thompson, Professor of Chemistry in 
 King's College, London, and A. G. Bloxam, Dem. of Chem., Royal Agricultural 
 College, Cirencester. Seventh Edition. Revised and Enlarged. With 281 
 Engravings. 8vo. Cloth, $4.50; Leather, 55.50 
 
 BOWLBY. Injuries and Diseases of the Nerves, and their surgical treatment. 
 By Anthony A. Bowlby, f.r.c.s., Dem. of Practical Surgery at St. Bartholo- 
 mew's Hospital. Illus. by 4 Colored and 20 Full-page Plates. 8vo. Cloth, 54.50 
 Surgical Pathology and Morbid Anatomy. 135 Illustrations. Cloth, 52.00 
 
 BOWMAN. Practical Chemistry, including analysis, with about 100 Illustrations. 
 By Prof. John E. Bowman. Eighth English Edition. Revised by Prof. Bloxam, 
 Professor of Chemistry, King's College, London. Cloth, 52.00 
 
 BRUBAKER. Physiology. A Compend of Physiology, specially adapted for the 
 use of Students and Physicians. By A. P. Brubaker, m.d., Demonstrator of 
 Physiology at Jefferson Medical College, Prof, of Physiology, Penn'a College of 
 Dental Surgery, Philadelphia. Sixth Edition. Revised, Enlarged and Illus- 
 trated. No. 4,? Quiz- Compend Series ? l2ino. Cloth, 51.00; Interleaved, 51 .25 
 
 BUCKNILL AND TUKE'S Manual of Psychological Medicine : containing 
 the Lunacy Laws, the Nosology, yEtiology, Statistics, Description, Diagnosis, 
 Pathology (including morbid Histology) and Treatment of Insanity. By John 
 Charles Bucknill, m.d., f.r.s., and Daniel Hack Turk, m.d., p.r.cf. 
 Fourth Edition. Numerous illustrations. 8vo. Cloth, 58.00 
 
 BULKLEY. The Skin in Health and Disease. By L. Duncan IUi.ki.ky, m.d., 
 Attending Physician at the New York Hospital. Illustrated. Cloth, .50 
 
 BUXTON. On Anaesthetics. A Manual. By Dudley Wilmot Buxton, m.r.c.s., 
 M.R.C.P., Ass't to Prof, of Med., and Administrator of Anaesthetics, University 
 College Hospital, London. Practical Series. [See page /p.] >th, 5 1.25 
 
 BURNET. Foods and Dietaries. A Manual of Clinical Dirt. tics. By R. W, 
 BURNET, M.D., M.R.C.P., Physician to the Great Northern Central Hospital. 
 General Contents — Diet in Derangements of the Digestive, Nervous and Res- 
 piratory Organs; in Gout, Rheumatism, Anaemia, Kevers, Obesity, etc. ; in Dis- 
 eases of Children, Alcoholism, etc. With Appendix on Predigi sted Foods and 
 Invalid Cookery. Full directions as to hours of taking nourishment, quantity, 
 etc., are given. i2mo. Cloth, %\ 75 
 
 BURNETT. Hearing, and How to Keep It. By Chas. H. Burnett, m.d.. Prof. 
 of Diseases of the Ear at the Philadelphia Polyclinic. Illustrated. Cloth. .50 
 
 BYFORD. Diseases of Women. The Practice of Medicine and Surgery, as 
 applied to the Diseases and Accidents Incident to Women. ByW. II. Bytord, 
 a.m., m.d., Professor of ( lynaecology in Rush Medii al < lollege and of ( ibstetj i< a 
 in the Woman's Medical College; Surgeon to the Woman's Hospital; Ex-Presi- 
 dent American Gynaecological E tc, and Henry T. Byford, m.d., Sur- 
 in to the Woman's Hospital of Chicago; Gynaecologist to St. Luke's Hos- 
 pital; President Chicago Gynaecological Society, etc. Fourth Edition. Revised. 
 Rewritten and Enlarged. With 306 Illustrations, over ICO of which aie original. 
 OCTAVO. 8 ("loth, 55-00 ; Leather, 56.OO 
 
 On the Uterus. Chronic Inflammation and Displacement. Cloth, |i 
 
 CAIRD and CATHCART. Surgical Handbook for the use of Practitioner! and 
 student s, By F. Mitchell ( ajrd, mi... p.r.cs., and C. W ilkbb Ca wcar r, 
 M.B., f.r.c.s., Ass'i Surgeons Royal infirmary. With over 200 Illustrations, 
 321110. 400 pages. Po( ket size. Leathei 1 
 
8 P. BLAKISTON, SON S- CO.'S 
 
 CAMERON. Oils and Varnishes. A Practical Handbook, by James Cameron, 
 F.i.c. With Illustrations, Formulae, Tables, etc. i2mo. Cloth, $2.50 
 
 Soap and Candles. A New Handbook for Manufacturers, Chemists, Ana- 
 lysts, etc. Compiled from all reliable and recent sources. 54 Illustrations. 
 i2mo. Cloth, $2.25 
 
 CARPENTER. The Microscope and Its Revelations. By W. B. Carpenter. 
 M.D., f.r.s. Seventh Edition. By Rev. Dr. Dollinger, f. r. s. Revised and 
 Enlarged, with 800 Illustrations and many Lithographs. Octavo. 1 100 Pages. 
 
 Cloth, $6.50; Sheep, $7.50 
 
 CAZEATJX and TARNIER'S Midwifery. With Appendix, by Munde. Eighth 
 Revised and Enlarged Edition. With Colored Plates and numerous other 
 Illustrations. The Theory and Practice of Obstetrics, including the Diseases 
 of Pregnancy and Parturition, Obstetrical Operations, etc. By P. Cazeaux, 
 Member of the Imperial Academy of Medicine, Adjunct Professor in the Faculty 
 of Medicine in Paris. Remodeled and rearranged, with revisions and additions, 
 by S. Tarnier, m.d., Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and 
 Children in the Faculty of Medicine of Paris. Eighth American, from the 
 Eighth French and First Italian Edition. Edited and Enlarged by Robert 
 J. Hess, m.d., Physician to the Northern Dispensary, Phila., etc., with an Ap- 
 pendix by Paul F. Munde, m.d., Professor of Gynaecology at the New York 
 Polyclinic, and at Dartmouth College ; Vice-President American Gynaecological 
 Society, etc. Illustrated by Chromo-Lithographs, Lithographs, and other Full- 
 page Plates, seven of which are beautifully colored, and numerous Wood En- 
 gravings. Students' Edition. One Vol., 8vo. Cloth, $5.00 ; Full Leather, $6.00 
 
 CHARTERIS. Practice of Medicine. The Student's Guide. By M. Charteris, 
 m.d., Professor of Therapeutics and Materia Medica, Glasgow University, etc. 
 Sixth Edition, with Therapeutical Index and many Illustrations. Cloth, $3.00 
 
 CLEVELAND'S Pocket Dictionary. A Pronouncing Medical Lexicon, containing 
 correct Pronunciation and Definition of terms used in medicine and the col- 
 lateral sciences, abbreviations used in prescriptions, list of poisons, their anti- 
 dotes, etc. By C. H. Cleveland, m.d. Thirty-third Edition. Very small 
 pocket size. Cloth, .75; Tucks with Pocket, $1.00 
 
 COHEN. The Throat and Voice. By J. Solis-Cohen, m.d. Illus. nmo. Cloth, .50 
 
 COLLIE, On Fevers. A Practical Treatise on Fevers, Their History, Etiology, 
 Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment. By Alexander Collie, m.d., m.r.c.p., 
 Lond. With Colored Plates. Practical Series. See Page ig. Cloth, $2.50 
 
 CROCKER. Diseases of the Skin. Their Description, Pathology, Diagnosis and 
 Treatment. By H. Radcliffe Crocker, m.d., Physician to the Dept. of Skin 
 Dis. University College Hospital, London. With Illustrations. Second Edition. 
 Enlarged. In Press. 
 
 CTJLLINGWORTH. A Manual of Nursing, Medical and Surgical. By Charles 
 
 J. Cullingworth, m.d., Physician to St. Thomas' Hospital, London. Third 
 
 Revised Edition. With 18 Illustrations. i2mo. Cloth, .75 
 
 A Manual for Monthly Nurses. Third Edition. 321110. Cloth, .50 
 
 DAVTS. Biology. An Elementary Treatise. By J. R. Ainsworth Davis, of 
 University College, Aberystwyth, Wales. Thoroughly Illustrated. i2mo. #4.00 
 
 DAVIS. A Manual of Obstetrics. Being a complete manual for Physicians and 
 
 Students. By Edward P. Davis, m.d., Demonstrator of Obstetrics, Jefferson 
 
 Medical College ; Physician to the Philadelphia Hospital ; Editor American 
 
 Journal Medical Sciences ; etc. With 1 1 Colored and other Lithograph Plates 
 
 and 128 other Illustrations. i2mo. • Cloth, $2.00 
 
 Clinical Obstetrical Chart. Designed by Ed. P. Davis, m.d., and J. P. Crozer 
 
 Griffith, m.d. Sample copies free. Put up in loose packages of 50, .50 
 
 Price to Hospitals, 500 copies, $4.00; 1000 copies, $7.50. With name of 
 
 Hospital printed on, 50 cents extra. 
 
 DAY. On Headaches. The Nature, Causes and Treatment of Headaches. By 
 Wm. H. Day, m.d. Fourth Edition. Illustrated. 8vo. Paper, .75; Cloth, #1.25 
 
 DERMATOLOGY, Journal of. Edited by Malcolm Morris, m.r.c.s. London, 
 and D. G. Brooke, m.r.c.s. Manchester, Eng. Monthly. Per Annum, $3.00 
 
MEDICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PUBLIC A TIONS. 9 
 
 DOMVILLE. Manual for Nurses and others e; igaged in attending to the sick. By 
 Ed. J. DOMVILLE, M.D. 7th Edition. Revised. With Recipes for S^ck-room 
 Cookery, etc. 121110. Cloth, .75 
 
 DUCKWORTH. On Gout. Illustrated. A treatise on Gout. By Sir Uvce 
 DUCKWORTH, m.d. (Edin.), P.R.C.P., Physician to, and Lecturer on Clinical 
 Medicine at, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London. With Chromo-liihographs 
 and Engravings. Octavo. Cloth, $7.00 
 
 DULLES. What to Do First, In Accidents and Poisoning. By C. W. Dulles, m!d. 
 Third Edition, Enlarged, with new Illustrations. Cloth. .75 
 
 EDIS. Sterility in Women. By A. W. Edis, m.d., f.k.C.P., late President British 
 ( gynaecological Society; Senior Physician, Chelsea Hospital for Women; Physician 
 to' British Lying-in Hospital, etc. ' Illustrated. 8vo. Cloth, $1.75 
 
 FAGGE. The Principles and Practice of Medicine. By C. Hilton Fagge, m.d., 
 
 f.r.c.p., f k.m.c.s., Examiner in Medicine, University of London; Physician to, 
 and Lecturer on Pathology in, Guy's Hospital ; Senior Physician to Evelina Hos- 
 pital for Sick* Children, etc. Arranged for the press by Philip H. I've Smith, 
 m.d., Lect. on Medicine in Guy's Hospital. Including a section on Cutaneous 
 Affections, by the Editor; Chapter on Cardiac Diseases, by Samuel Wilkes, m.d., 
 F.R.s.,and Complete Indexes by Robert Edmund Carrington. 2 vols. Royal 
 8vo. Cloth, $8.00; Leather, $10.00; Half Russia, $12.00. 
 
 FENWICK. Student's Guide to Physical Diagnosis. By Saul. Fenwick, m.d .. 
 M.R.C.P., Physician to the London Hospital. Seventh Edition. 117 Illustrations. 
 1 21110. Cloth, $2.25 
 
 FIELD. Evacuant Medication— Cathartics and Emetics. By Henry M. Field, 
 m.d., Professor of Therapeutics, Dartmouth Medical College, Corporate Mem- 
 ber Gynaecological Society of Boston, etc. i2mo. 288 pp. Cloth, $1.75 
 
 FILLEBROWN. A Text-Book of Operative Dentistry. Written by invitation 
 of the National Association of Dental Faculties. By THOMAS FlLLEBROWN, M.D., 
 D.M.D., Professor of Operative Dentistry in the Dental School of Harvard Uni- 
 versity; Member of the American Dental Assoc, etc. Illus. 8vo. Clo., $2.50 
 
 FLAGG. Plastics and Plastic Fillings, as pertaining to the filling of all Cavities 
 '.1 Decay in Teeth below medium in structure, and to difficult and inaccessible 
 cavities m teeth of all grades of structure. By J. Foster Flagg, d.o.S., Profj 
 of Dental Pathology in Philadelphia Dental College. Fourth Revised Edition. 
 With many Illustrations. 8vo. Cloth, $4. 00 
 
 FLOWER'S Diagrams of the Nerves of the Human Body. Exhibiting thtir 
 igin, Divisions and Connections, with their Distribution to the various Regions 
 of the Cutaneous Surface and to .ill the Muscles. By William H. Flower, 
 k.k.c.s., p.r.s., Hunterian Professor of Comparative Anatomy, and atoi 
 
 of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. Third Edition! thoroughl) 
 revised. With si* Large Folio Maps or Diagrams. 4to. Cloth, 53.50 
 
 FLUCKIGER. The Cinchona Barks Pharm tically Considered. Bj 
 
 Profes 01 Friedri h Fi 1 k.igi k, of Strasburg. Translated by Frederick d. 
 Power, ph.d. With 8 Lithographic Plates, Royal octavo. Cloth, 51. 5c 
 
 FOWLER'S Dictionary of Practical Medicine. By Vm 
 
 < lopedia of Medi< ine. Edited by Jambs Kingston Fowli r, u.a., m 0., p.h 
 Senior Asst. Physi< ian to, and I in Pathological Anatomy at, the Mid- 
 
 dlesex Hospital and the Hospital for Consumption and 
 Brompton, London. Svo. Cloth, 55.00; Mali M 
 
 FOX. Water, Air and Food. Sanitary Examinations ol Water, Ail and Food. 
 By Cornelius B. Fox, m.d. ■ i" Engravings, id Ed., Revised. ( loth, | . 
 
10 P. BLAK1STON, SON &• CO.'S 
 
 FOX AND GOULD. Compend on Diseases of the Eye and Refraction, 
 
 including Treatment and Surgery. By L.Webster Fox, m.d., Chief Clinical 
 Assistant, Ophthalmological Department, Jefferson Medical College Hospital ; 
 Ophthalmic Surgeon, Germantown Hospital, Philadelphia ; late Clinical Assistant 
 at Moorfields, London, England, etc., and Geo. M. Gould, m.d. Second Edition. 
 Enlarged. 71 Illustrations and 39 Formulae. Being No. 8, ? Quiz- Compend ? 
 Series. Cloth, $1.00. Interleaved for the addition of notes, #1.25 
 
 FRANKLAND'S Water Analysis. For Sanitary' Purposes, with Hints for the In- 
 terpretation of Results. By E. Frankland, m.d., f.r.s. Illustrated. 121110. 
 
 Cloth, $1.00 
 
 FULLERTON. Obstetrical Nursing. A Handbook for Nurses, Students and 
 
 Mothers. By Anna M. Fullerton, m.d., Demonstrator of Obstetrics in the 
 
 Woman's Medical College; Physician in charge of, and Obstetrician and 
 
 Gynaecologist to, the Woman's Hospital, Philadelphia, etc. 34 Illustrations. 
 
 Second Edition. Revised and Enlarged. i2mo. Cloth, $1.25 
 
 Nursing in Abdominal Surgery and Diseases of Women. Comprising the 
 
 Regular Course of Instruction at the Training School, of the Woman's 
 
 Hospital, Philadelphia. 70 Illustrations, nmo. Cloth, $1.50 
 
 GALABIN'S Midwifery. A Manual for Students and Practitioners. By A. Lewis 
 Galabin, m.d., f.r.c.p., Professor of Midwifery at, and Obstetric Physician to, 
 Guy's Hospital, London. 227 Illustrations. Cloth, $3.00; Leather, $3.50 
 
 GARDNER. The Brewer, Distiller and Wine Manufacturer. A Handbook for 
 
 all Interested in the Manufacture and Trade of Alcohol and Its Compounds. 
 
 Edited by John Gardner, f.c.s. Illustrated. Cloth, $1.75 
 
 Bleaching, Dyeing, and Calico Printing. With Formulae. Illustrated. $1.75 
 
 Acetic Acid, Vinegar, Ammonia and Alum. Illustrated. Cloth, $1.75 
 
 GARROD. On Rheumatism. A Treatise on Rheumatism and Rheumatic Arthritis. 
 By Archibald Edward Garrod, m.a. Oxon., m.d., m.r.c.s. Eng., Asst. Phy- 
 sician, West London Hospital. Illustrated. Octavo. Cloth, $6 00 
 
 GIBBES'S Practical Histology and Pathology. By HeneageGibbes.m.b. i2mo. 
 
 Third Edition. Cloth, $1.75 
 
 GILLIAM'S Pathology. The Essentials of Pathology; a Handbook for Students. 
 By D. Tod Gilliam, m.d., Professor of Physiology, Starling Medical College, 
 Columbus, O. With 47 Illustrations. i2mo. ' Cloth, $2.00 
 
 G00DHART and STARR'S Diseases of Children. The Student's Guide to the 
 Diseases of Children. By J. F. Goodhart, m.d., F.R.C.p., Physician to Evelina 
 Hospital for Children; Demonstrator of Morbid Anatomy at Guy's Hospital. 
 Second American from the Third English Edition. Rearranged and 
 Edited, with notes and additions, by Louis Starr, m.d., Clinical Professor of Dis- 
 eases of Children in the University of Pennsylvania ; Physician to the Children's 
 Hospital. With many new prescriptions. Cloth, $3.00; Leather, $3.50 
 
 GORGAS'S Dental Medicine. A Manual of Materia Medica and Therapeutics. 
 By Ferdinand J. S. Gorgas, m.d., d.d.s., Professor of the Principles of Dental 
 Science, Dental Surgery and Dental Mechanism in the Dental Dep. of the Univ. 
 of Maryland. 4th Edition. Revised and Enlarged. 8vo. Cloth, $3.50 
 
 GOULD'S New Medical Dictionary. Including all the Words and Phrases used 
 in Medicine, with their proper Pronunciation and Definitions, based on Recent 
 Medical Literature. By George M. Gould, b.a., m.d., Ophthalmic Surgeon to 
 the Philadelphia Hospital, etc., With Tables of the Bacilli, Micrococci, Leuco- 
 maines, Ptomaines, etc., of the Arteries, Muscles, Nerves, Ganglia and Plexuses; 
 Mineral Springs of U. S., Vital Statistics, etc. Small octavo, 520 pages. 
 
 Half Dark Leather, $3.25; Half Morocco, Thumb Index, $4.25 
 *- ^ Sample pages and descriptive circular of Gould's Dictionary sent free upon 
 application. 
 
MEDICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 11 
 
 GOWERS, Manual of Diseases of the Nervous System. A Complete Text-book. 
 By William R. Cowers, m.d., Prof. Clinical Medicine, University College 
 London. Physician to National Hospital for the Paralyzed and Epileptic. Sei ond 
 Edition. Revised, Enlarged and in many parts rewritten. With many new 
 Illustrations. Two Volumes. Octavo. 
 
 Vol. I. Diseases of the Nerves and Spinal Cord. 616 pages. Cloth, $5 50 
 
 Vol. II. Diseases of the Brain and Cranial Nerves: General and 
 
 Functional Diseases. />' Ready 
 
 Diagnosis of Diseases of the Brain. 8vo. Second Ed. Illus. Cloth, 52.00 
 Diagnosis of Diseases of the Spinal Cord. 4 tn Edition. Preparing. 
 
 Medical Ophthalmoscopy. A Manual and Atlas, with Colored Autotype and 
 Lithographic Plates and Wood cuts, comprising Original Illustrations of the 
 changes of the Eye in Diseases of the Brain, Kidney, etc. Third Edition. 
 Revised, with the assistance of R. Marcus GUNN, k.r.c.s., Surgeon, Royal 
 London Ophthalmic Hospital, Moorfields. Octavo. Cloth, 55.50 
 
 Syphilis and the Nervous System. Being the Lettsomian Lectures for 1889. 
 8vo. In I 
 
 GROSS'S Biography of John Hunter. John Hunter and His Pupils. By Profes- 
 sor S. D. Gross, m.d. With a Portrait. 8vo. Paper, .75 
 
 GREENHOW. Chronic Bronchitis, as connected with Gout, Emphysema, ai d 
 Diseases of the Heart. By E. H. Greenhow, m.d. Taper, .75 ; Cloth, 
 
 GRIFFITHS Graphic Clinical Chart. Designed by J. P. Crozer Griffith, 
 
 m.d., Instructor in Clinical Medicine in the University of Pennsylvania. Printed 
 in three colors. Sample copies free. Put up in loose pa< kages oi 50, .50 
 
 Price to Hospitals, 500 copies, 54.00; 1 000 copies, 57.50. With name uf Hos- 
 pital printed on, 50 cents extra. 
 
 GROVES AND THORP. Chemical Technology. A new and Complete Work. 
 e Application of Chemistry to the Arts and Manufactures. Edited by 
 Charles E. i f.r.s., and Wm. Thorp, b.sc, f.i.c. In about eight vol- 
 
 umes, with numerous illustrations. Each volume sold separately. 
 
 Vol. I. Fuel. By Dr. E.J. Mills, k.r.s., Professor of Chemistry, Anderson 
 College, Glasgow; and Mr. F. J. Rowan, assisted by an American expert 007 
 Illustrations and 4 plates. Octavo. Cloth, 7.50; Half Morocco, - 
 
 HADDON'S Embryology. An Introduction to the Study of Embryology. 
 the Use of Students. By A. C. H addon, m.a., Prof, of Zodlogy, Royal * ol 
 
 of Science, Dublin, k/j Illustrations. Cloth, 56.00 
 
 HA1G. Causation of Disease by Uric Acid. A Contribution to the Pathol 
 H1-I1 Arterial Tension, Headache, Epilepsy, Gout, Rheumatism, D 
 Bri • ug, m.a., m.d. Otfon., p.r.c p., Physician to 
 
 Metropolitan Hospital, London. Illustrated. Octavo. /// 
 
 HALE On the Management of Children in Health and Disease. A Book for 
 Mothers. l'-> AmieM. Hale, m.d. New Enlarged Edition, tamo. Cloth, .75 
 
 HARE. Mediastinal Disease. The Pathology, Clinical History and Diagm 
 
 An ; the Mediastinum othei than those ol the Heart .^\<\ Aorta, with 
 
 iving the Clinical Historj ly to which was 
 
 tie I il of the Medi< al >1 London 
 
 1 Iarb, .m.d. ( l 'niv, of Pa.), Pro! ieuti( 9 in 
 
 1 Medical rhila. Bvo. Illustrated by Six Plai 
 
 HARLAN. Eyesight, and How for it. By Gi 
 
 Prof, ol Diseas< ol the Eye, Philadelphia Polyclinic. Illustrated. Cloth, .50 
 
12 P. BLAKISTON, SON &* CO.'S 
 
 HARRIS'S Principles and Practice of Dentistry. Including Anatomy, Physi- 
 ology, Pathology, Therapeutics, Dental Surgery and Mechanism. By Chapin A. 
 Harris, m.d., d.d.s., late President of the Baltimore Dental College, author of 
 " Dictionary of Medical Terminology and Dental Surgery." Twelfth Edition. 
 Revised and Edited by Ferdinand J. S. Gorgas, a.m., m.d., d.d.s., author of 
 "Dental Medicine;" Professor of the Principles of Dental Science, Dental 
 Surgery and Dental Mechanism in the University of Maryland. Two Full-page 
 Plates and 1086 Illustrations. 1225 pages. 8vo. Cloth, $7.00; Leather, $8.00 
 
 Dictionary of Dentistry. Fifth Edition, Revised. Including Definitions of 
 such Words and Phrases of the Collateral Sciences as Pertain to the Art and 
 Practice of Dentistry. Fifth Edition. Rewritten, Revised and Enlarged. 
 By Ferdinand J. S. Gorgas, m.d., d.d.s., Author of "Dental Medicine ; " 
 Editor of Harris's "Principles and Practice of Dentistry;" Professor of 
 Principles of Dental Science, Dental Surgery, and Prosthetic Dentistry in the 
 University of Maryland. Octavo. Cloth, $5.00; Leather, $6.00 
 
 HARTRIDGE. Refraction. The Refraction of the Eye. A Manual for Students. 
 By Gustavus Hartridge, f.r.c.s., Consulting Ophthalmic Surgeon to St. Bar- 
 tholomew's Hospital ; Ass't Surgeon to the Royal Westminster Ophthalmic Hos- 
 pital, etc. 96 Illustrations and Test Types. Fifth Edition. Cloth, $1.75 
 
 On The Ophthalmoscope. A Manual for Physicians and Students. With 
 Colored Plates and many Woodcuts. i2mo. Cloth, $1.50 
 
 HARTSHORNE. Our Homes. Their Situation, Construction, Drainage, etc. By 
 Henry Hartshorne, m.d. Illustrated. Cloth, .50 
 
 HATFIELD. Diseases of Children. By Marcus P. Hatfield, Professor of 
 Diseases of Children, Chicago Medical College. With a Colored Plate. Being 
 N0.14,? Quiz- Compend? Series. i2mo. Cloth, $1.00 
 
 Interleaved for the addition of notes, $1.25 
 
 HEADLAND'S Action of Medicines. On the Action of Medicines in the System. 
 By F. W. Headland, m.d. Ninth American Edition. 8vo. Cloth, $3.00 
 
 HEATH'S Minor Surgery and Bandaging. By Christopher Heath, f.r.c.s., 
 Holme Professor of Clinical Surgery in University College, London. Ninth 
 Edition. Revised and Enlarged. With 142 Illustrations. i2mo. Cloth, $2.00 
 
 Practical Anatomy. A Manual of Dissections. Seventh London Edition. 
 24 Colored Plates, and nearly 300 other Illustrations. Cloth, $5.00 
 
 Injuries and Diseases of the Jaws. Third Edition. Revised, with over 
 150 Illustrations. 8vo. Cloth, $4.50 
 
 Lectures on Certain Diseases of the Jaws, delivered at the Royal College of 
 Surgeons of England, 1887. 64 Illustrations. 8vo. Boards, $1. 00 
 
 HENRY. Anaemia. A Practical Treatise. By Fred'k P. Henry, m.d., Prof. 
 Clinical Med. Phila. Polyclinic, Physician to Episcopal and Phila. Hospitals, to 
 Home for Consumptives, etc. i2mo. Half Cloth, .75 
 
 HIGGENS' Ophthalmic Practice. A Manual for Students and Practitioners. By 
 Charles Higgens, f.r.c.s. Ophthalmic Surgeon at Guy's Hospital. Practical 
 Series. See Page ig. Cloth, $1.75 
 
 HILL AND COOPER. Venereal Diseases. The Student's Manual of Venereal 
 Diseases, being a concise description of those Affections and their Treatment. 
 By Berkeley Hill, m.d., Professor of Clinical Surgery, University College, and 
 Arthur Cooper, m.d., Late House Surgeon to the Lock Hospital, London. 
 4th Edition. i2mo. Cloth, $1.00 
 
MEDICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PUBLICA TIONS. 13 
 
 HOLDEN'S Anatomy. A Manual of the Dissections of the Human Body. By 
 Luther Holuen, f.r.c.S. Fifth Edition. Carefully Revised and Enlarged. 
 Specially concerning the Anatomy of the Nervous System, Organs of Special 
 Sense, etc. By John LANGTON, F.R.C.S., Surgeon to, and Lecturer on Anatomy 
 at, St. Bartholomews Hospital. 208 Illustrations. 8vo. 
 
 Oilcloth Covers, for the Dissecting Room, $4.50 
 Human Osteology. Comprising a Description of the Bones, with Colored 
 Delineations of the Attachments of the Muscles. The General and Micro- 
 scopical Structure of Bone and its Development. Carefully Revised. By 
 the Author and Prof. Stewart, of the Royal College of Surgeons' Museum. 
 With Lithographic Plates and Numerous Illustrations. 7th Ed. Cloth, 56.00 
 Landmarks. Medical and Surgical. 4th Edition. 8vo. Cloth, $1.25 
 
 HOLLAND. The Urine, the Common Poisons and the Milk. Memoranda, Chem- 
 ical and Microscopical, for Laboratory Use. By J. W. Holland, m.d., Professor 
 of Medical Chemistry and Toxicology in Jefferson Medical College, of Philadel- 
 phia. Fourth Edition. Revised and Enlarged. Illustrated and Interleaved. 
 i2mo. Cloth, 51.00 
 
 HORWITZ'S Compend of Surgery, including Minor Surgery, Amputations, Frac- 
 tures, Dislocations, Surgical Diseases, and the Latest Antiseptic Rules, etc., with 
 Differential Diagnosis and Treatment. By Orville Horwitz, b.s., m.d., Dem- 
 onstrator of Anatomy, Jefferson Medical College; Chief, Out-Patient Surgical 
 Department, Jefferson Medical College Hospital. Third Edition. Very much 
 Enlarged and Rearranged. 91 Illustrations and 77 Formulae. i2mo. No.g fQui~- 
 Compendt Series. Cloth, 51.00. Interleaved for the addition of notes, 51.25 
 
 HTJFELAND. Long Life. Art of Prolonging Life. By C. W. Hufeland. 
 Edited by Erasmus Wilson, m.d. i2mo. Cloth, 51.00 
 
 HUGHES. Compend of the Practice of Medicine. Fourth Edition. Revised and 
 Enlarged. By DANIEL E. HUGHES, m.d., Demonstrator of Clinical Medicine at 
 Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia. In two parts. Being Xos. 2 ami j, 
 ? Quiz- Compend ? Series. 
 
 PART I. — Continued, Eruptive and Periodical Fevers, Diseases of the Stomach, 
 Intestines, Peritoneum, Biliary Passages, Liver, Kidneys, etc., and General 
 Diseases, etc. 
 
 Part II. — Diseases of the Respiratory System, Circulatory System and Ner- 
 vous System ; Diseases of the Blood, etc. 
 
 I'i i< e of eat li Part, in Cloth, £1.00 ; interleaved for the addition of Notes, >i .?.$ 
 Physicians' Edition. — In one volume, including the above two parts, 
 tion on Skin Diseases, and an index. Fourth revised, enlarged Edition. 
 ./(>.■ Full Morocco, (iilt Edge, 5-. 50 
 
 HUMPHREY. A Manual for Nurses. Including general Anatomy and Physiology, 
 management ol the sick-i I'.'. Laurence Humphrey, ma., m.b., 
 m.r.C.s., Assistant Physician to, and Lecturet at, Addeol k's Hospital, Cam- 
 bridge, England. 4th Edition, tamo. Illustrated. Cloth, $1.25 
 
 HUTCHINSON. The Nose and Throat. A Manual of the Diseases of the 
 
 and Throat, including the Nose, Naso Pharynx, Pharynx and Larynx. By 
 Procter s. Hutchinson, u.r.c.s., Ass't Surgeon to the London Hospital foi 
 Di eases ol the rhroat. Illustrated bj everal Lithograph Plates and 40 othei 
 plates, many of whii h have been made from original drawings, tamo. Cloth, f 1.25 
 
 JACOBSON. Operations of Surgery. By W. II. A. JACOBSON, b \. OXON., 
 
 p.ri ••.. Eng. ; \-s'i Surgeon, Guy's Hospital; Surgeon at Royal Hospital fdi 
 
 Mien and Women, etc. With ovei 200 Illust Clotl leather, $6.00 
 
 JAWORSKI. Carlsbad Sprudel Salt. Its Action, Therapeutic Value and 
 and its relation 10 the Carlsbad 1 bermal Water. By Dr. W. J iworski, Un ■ 
 sK.u> D izenten in Krakau, with a Dietary b) the rranslator, A. L A. 1'oboi dt 
 t Demonstratoi ol Pharmacy, university ol Pennsylvania. 
 
 I I la\ O. Cloth, $2.<io 
 
14 P. B LA K IS TON, SON 6- CO.'S 
 
 KIRKES' Physiology. (Authorized Edition. i2mo. Dark Red Cloth.) A Hand- 
 book of Physiology. Twelfth London Edition, Revised and Enlarged. By W. 
 Morrant Baker, m.d., and Vincent Dormer Harris, m d. 502 Illustrations. 
 i2mo. 880 Pages. Cloth, $4.00; Leather, #5 00 
 
 LANDIS' Compend of Obstetrics ; especially adapted to the Use of Students and 
 Physicians. By Henry G. Landis, m.d., Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases 
 of Women, in Starling Medical College, Columbus, Ohio. Fourth Edition. 
 Enlarged. With Many Illustrations. No. j ? Quiz- Compend? Series. 
 
 Cloth, $1.00; interleaved for the addition of Notes, $1.25 
 
 LANDOIS. A Text-Book of Human Physiology ; including Histology and Micro- 
 scopical Anatomy, with special reference to the requirements of Practical Medi- 
 cine. By Dr. L. Landois, Professor of Physiology and Director of the Physio- 
 logical Institute in the University of Greifswald. Fourth American, translated 
 from the Seventh German Edition, with additions, by Wm. Stirling, m.d., d.Sc, 
 Brackenbury Professor of Physiology and Histology in Owen's College, and Pro- 
 fessor in Victoria University, Manchester ; Examiner in Physiology in University 
 of Oxford, England. With 845 Illustrations, many of which are printed in 
 Colors. 8vo. Cloth, $7.00; Leather, #8.00 
 
 LEBER AND ROTTENSTEIN. Dental Caries and Its Causes. An Investigation 
 into the Influence of Fungi in the Destruction of the Teeth. By Drs. Leber 
 and Rottenstein. Illustrated. Paper, .75 
 
 LEE. The Microtomist's Vade Mecum. Second Edition. A Handbook of 
 Methods of Microscopical Anatomy. By Arthur Bolles Lee, Ass't in the Rus- 
 sian Laboratory of Zoology, at Villefranche-sur-Mer (Nice). 660 Formulae, etc. 
 Enlarged and Revised. " Cloth, $4.00 
 
 LEFFMANN'S Compend of Chemistry, Inorganic and Organic. Including Urine 
 Analysis. By Henry Leffmann, m.d., Prof, of Chemistry and Metallurgy in 
 the Penna. College of Dental Surgery and in the Wagner Free Institute of 
 Science, Philadelphia. No. 10 ? Quiz- Compend ? Series. Third Edition. Re- 
 written and Adapted for Students of Medicine and Dentistry. i2mo. 
 
 Cloth, $1.00. Interleaved for the addition of Notes, $1.25 
 LEFFMANN & BEAM. Examination of Water for Sanitary and Technical Pur- 
 poses. By Henry Leffmann, m.d., Professor of Chemistry and Metallurgy, 
 Penna. College of Dental Surgery, Hygienist and Food Inspector Penna. State 
 Board of Agriculture, etc.; and William Beam, a.m., formerly Chief Chemist 
 B. & O. R. R. Second Edition. Enlarged. Illustrated. i2mo. Cloth, $1.25 
 Progressive Exercises in Practical Chemistry. A Laboratory Handbook. 
 Illustrated. i2mo. Cloth, $1.00 
 
 LEGG on the Urine. Practical Guide to the Examination of the Urine, for 
 Practitioner and Student. By J. Wickham Legg, m.d. Sixth Edition, Enlarged. 
 Illustrated. i2mo. Cloth, .75 
 
 LEWERS. On the Diseases of Women. Second Edition. With 146 Engravings. 
 Practical Series. See Page ig. i2mo. Cloth, $2.50 
 
 LEWIS, (BEVAN). Mental Diseases. A text-book having special reference to the 
 Pathological aspects of Insanity. By Bevan Lewis, l.r.c.p., m.r.C.s., Medi- 
 cal Director, West Riding Asylum, Wakefield, England. 18 Lithographic Plates 
 and other Illustrations. 8vo. Cloth, $6.00 
 
 LIEBREICH'S Atlas of Ophthalmoscopy, composed of 12 Chromo-Lithographic 
 Plates (containing 59 Figures), with Text. Translated by H. R. Swanzy, m.d. 
 Third Edition. 4to. Boards, $15.00 
 
 LINCOLN. School and Industrial Hygiene. By D. F. Lincoln, m.d. Cloth, .50 
 LIZARS, (JOHN). On Tobacco. The Use and Abuse of Tobacco. Cloth, .50 
 
 LONGLEY'S Pocket Medical Dictionary for Students and Physicians. Giving 
 the Correct Definition and Pronunciation of all Words and Terms in General 
 Use in Medicine and the Collateral Sciences, with an Appendix, containing 
 Poisons and their Antidotes, Abbreviations Used in Prescriptions, and a Metric 
 Scale of Doses. By Elias Longley. Cloth, $1.00; Tucks and Pocket, $1.25 
 LUCKES. Hospital Sisters and their Duties. By Eva C. E. Lucres, Matron to 
 the London Hospital ; Author of " Lectures on Nursing." i2mo. Cloth, $1.00 
 
MEDICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PUBLIC A TIONS. 15 
 
 MACNAMARA. On the Eye. A Manual of the Diseases of the Eye. By C. 
 MACNAMARA, m.d. Fifth Edition, Carefully Revised; with Additions and 
 Numerous Colored Plates, Diagrams of Eye, Wood-cuts, and Test Types. 
 Demi 8vo. Cloth, 54.00 
 
 MACALISTER'S H»man Anatomy. 800 Illustrations. A New Text-book for 
 Students and Practitioners. Systematic and Topographical, including the 
 Embryology, Histology and Morphology of Man. With special reference to the 
 requirements of Practical Surgery and Medicine. By Alex. MACALISTER, .m.d., 
 f.k.s., Professor of Anatomy in the University of Cambridge, England; Examiner 
 in Zoology and Comparative Anatomy, University of London ; formerly Professor 
 of Anatomy and Surgery, University of Dublin. With 816 Illustrations, 400 of 
 which are original. Octavo. Cloth, $7.50; Leather, 58.50 
 
 MACDONALD'S Microscopical Examinations of Water and Air. A Guide to the 
 Microscopical Examination of Drinking Water, with an Appendix on the Micro- 
 scopical Examination of Air. By J. D. Macdoxald, m.d. With 25 Litho- 
 graphic Plates, Reference Tables, etc. Second Ed., Revised. 8vo. Cloth, $2.75 
 
 MACKENZIE. Diseases of the Throat and Nose. By Sir Morell Mackenzie, 
 
 m.d., Senior Physician to the Hospital for Diseases of the Chest and Throat, 
 
 London. Illustrated. 2 Volumes. Octavo. 
 
 The Pharmacopoeia of the Hospital for Diseases of the Throat and Nose. 
 
 Fourth Edition, Enlarged, Containing 250 Formula?, with Directions for their 
 
 Preparation and Use. i6mo. Cloth, $1.25 
 
 MANN'S Manual of Psychological Medicine and Allied Nervous Diseases. Their 
 Diagnosis, Pathology, Prognosis and Treatment, including their Medico-Legal 
 Aspects ; with chapter on Expert Testimony, and an abstract of the laws relating 
 to the Insane in all the States of the Union. By Edward C. Manx, m.d., 
 member of the New York County Medical Society. With Illustrations of Typical 
 Faces of the Insane, Handwriting of the Insane, and Micro-photographic Sec- 
 tions of the Brain and Spinal Cord. Octavo. Cloth, 55.00 
 
 MARSHALL'S Physiological Diagrams, Life Size, Colored. Eleven I. fi 
 
 Diagrams (each 7 feet by 3 feet 7 inches). Designed for Demonstration before 
 the Class. By John Marshall, f.k.s., f.k.c.s., Professor of Anatomy to the 
 Royal Academy; Professor of Surgery, University College, London, etc. 
 
 In Sheets Unmounted, net, $40.00 
 Backed with Muslin and Mounted on Rollers, net, 560.00 
 Ditto, Spring Rollers, in Handsome Walnut Wall Map Case (Send for 
 
 Special Circular) Net, 5100.00 
 
 Single Plates, Sheets, net, 55.00; Mounted, 57-5°; Explanatory Key, 50 cents. 
 
 No. 1 — The Skeleton and Ligaments. No. 2 — The Muscles and Joints, with 
 Animal Mechanics. No. 3 — The Viscera in Position. The Structure of the Lungs. 
 No. 4 — The Heart and Principal Blood-vessel-. No. :; — The Lymphatics or Absorb- 
 ents. No. 6 — The Digestive Organs. No. 7 — The Brain and Nerves. Nos. 8ando. — 
 The Organs of the Senses. Nos. 10 and 11 — The Microscopic Structure of the 
 Textures and < Organs. (Send f of Special ( 'ircu/ar.) 
 
 MARSHALL & SMITH. On the Urine. The Chemical Analysis of the Urine. 
 By John Marshai l, m.d., and Trot'. Edgar F. Smith, of the Chemical Labora- 
 tories, University of Pennsylvania. Phototype Plates, tamo. Cloth, $1.00 
 
 MASON'S Compend of Electricity, and its Medical and Surgical Uses. By 
 < HAKi.Ks 1- . Mason, m.d., Assistant Surgeon l'. S. Army. With an Intro- 
 duction by Charles 11. May, m.d., Instructor in the New York Polyclinic. 
 Numerous Illustrations. 121110. Cloth, $ 1.00 
 
 McBRIDE. Diseases of the Throat, Nose and Ear. A Clinical Manual for Stu- 
 dents and Practitioners. Bj P. Mi Bride, m. d., p. r. c. p. Edin., Surgeon to the 
 
 and Throat Department of the Royal Infirmary; Lecturer on l 1 
 Throat and Ear, Edinburgh School of Medicine, etc. With Colored Illustrations 
 from Original Drawings. Octavo. Handsome Cloth, Gill fop, 57.00 
 
16 P. BLAKISTON, SON 6- CO.'S 
 
 MAXWELL. Terminologia Medica Polyglotta. By Dr. Theodore Maxwell, 
 assisted by others in various countries. 8vo. Cloth, $4.00 
 
 The object of this work is to assist the medical men of any nationality in reading medical literature written 
 in a language not their own. Each term is usually given in seven languages, viz. : English, French, German, 
 Italian, Spanish, Russian and Latin. 
 
 MAYS' Therapeutic Forces ; or, The Action of Medicine in the Light of the Doc- 
 trine of Conservation of Force. By Thomas J. Mays, m.d. Cloth, $1.25 
 Theine in the Treatment of .Neuralgia. Being a Contribution to the Thera- 
 peutics of Pain. i6mo. y 2 bound, .50 
 
 MEDICAL Directory of Philadelphia and Camden, 1889. Containing lists of 
 Physicians of all Schools of Practice, Dentists, Veterinarians, Druggists and 
 Chemists, with information concerning Medical Societ.e , Colleges and Associa- 
 tions, Hospitals, Asylums, Charities, etc. Vorocco, Gilt edges, $2.50 
 
 MEIGS. Milk Analysis and Infant Feeding. A Practical Treatise on the Ex- 
 amination of Human and Cows' Milk, Cream, Condensed Milk, etc., and 
 Directions as to the Diet of Young Infants. By Arthur V. Meigs, m.d., Physi- 
 cian to the Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia. i2mo. Cloth, $1.00 
 
 MEIGS and PEPPER on Children. • A Practical Treatise on the Diseases of 
 Children. By J. Forsyth Meigs, m.d., Fellow of the College of Physicians of 
 Philadelphia, etc., etc., and William Pepper, m.d., Professor of the Principles 
 and Practice of Medicine in the Medical Department, University of Pennsyl- 
 vania. Seventh Edition. Cloth, $5.00; Leather, $6.00 
 
 MERRELL'S Digest of Materia Medica. Forming a Complete Pharmacopoeia for 
 the use of Physicians, Pharmacists and Students. By Albert Merrell, m.d. 
 Octavo. Half dark Calf, $4.00 
 
 MEYER. Ophthalmology. A Manual of Diseases of the Eye. By Dr. Edouard 
 Meyer, Prof, a L'Ecole de la Faculte de Medecine de Paris, Chev. of the Legion 
 of Honor, etc. Translated from the Third French Edition, with the assistance 
 of the author, by A. Freedland Fergus, m.b., Assistant Surgeon Glasgow 
 Eye Infirmary. With 270 Illustrations, • and two Colored Plates prepared 
 under the direction of Dr. Richard Liebreich, m.r.cs., Author of the "Atlas 
 of Ophthalmoscopy." 8vo. Cloth, $4.50; Leather, $5.50 
 
 MILLS. Fuel and Its Applications. By E. J. Mills, d.sc, f.r.s., and E. J. 
 Rowan, c.e. (See Groves and Thorp Technology.) 8vo. Go., $7.50; Half Mor. #9.00 
 
 MONEY. On Children. Treatment of Disease in Children, including the Outlines 
 of Diagnosis and the Chief Pathological Differences between Children and 
 Adults. By Angel Money, m.d., m.r.c.p., Ass't Physician to the Hospital for 
 Sick Children, Great Ormond St., and to the Victoria Park Chest Hospital, Lon- 
 don. Practical Series. See Page ig. i2mo. 560 pages. Cloth, $3.00 
 
 MORRIS. Compend of Gynaecology. By Henry Morris, m.d., Demonstrator of 
 Obstetrics, Jefferson Medical College, Phila., etc. With Forty-five illustrations. 
 Being ? Quiz-Compend f No. 7. Cloth, $1.00; Interleaved for Notes, $1.25 
 
 MOULLIN. Surgery. A Complete Text-book. By C. W. Mansell Moullin, 
 M.A., m.d. OXON., F.R.C.S., Surgeon and Lecturer on Physiology to the London 
 Hospital; formerly Radcliffe Travelling Fellow and Fellow of Pembroke Col- 
 lege, Oxford. With colored Frontispiece. 497 Illustrations, 200 of which aie 
 original, and many of which are printed in Colors. By Subscription only. Royal 
 Octavo. 1 190 pages. Handsomely Bound in Cloth, Net, $7.00 ; Leather, Net, $8.00 
 Half Russia Crushed, Marbled edges and linings, Net, 9.00 
 
 MTJRRELL. Massotherapeutics. Massage as a Mode of Treatment. By Wm. 
 Murrell, m.d., f.r.c.p., Lecturer on Pharmacology and Therapeutics at West- 
 minster Hospital. 5th Edition. Revised. i2mo. Cloth, $1.50 
 Chronic Bronchitis and its Treatment. {Authorized Edition.) A Clinical 
 Study. i2mo. 176 pages. Cloth, $1 50 
 
 MUSKETT. Prescribing and Treatment in the Diseases of Infants and Child- 
 ren. By Philip E. Muskett, Late Surgeon to the Sydney Hospital, Formerly 
 Senior Resident Medical Officer, Sydney Hospital. 321110. Cloth, $1.75 
 
 MORTON on Refraction of the Eye. Its Diagnosis and the Correction of its Errors. 
 With Chapter on Keratoscopy, and Test Types. By A. Morton, m.b. Fourth 
 Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Cloth, $1.00 
 
MEDICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PUBLIC A TIONS. 17 
 
 MUTER. Practical and Analytical Chemistry. By John Muter, f.r.s.. f.c.s.. 
 etc. Fourth Edition. Revised, to meet the requirements of American Medical 
 Colleges, by Claude C. Hamilton, m.d., Professor of Analytical Chemistry 
 in University Med. Col. and Kansas City Col. of Pharmacy. 51 Illus. Cloth, 52.00 
 
 NAPHEYS' Modern Therapeutics. New Revised Edition, Enlarged and Im- 
 proved. In Two Handsome Volumes. Edited by ALLEN J. Smith, m.d., Ass't 
 Demonstrator of Morbid Anatomy and Pathological Histology, Lecturer on 
 Urinology, University of Pennsylvania ; Physician in the Dispensary for Diseases 
 of Children, University Hospital, etc.; and J. Aubrey Davis, m.d., Assistant 
 Demonstrator of Obstetrics, University of Pennsylvania. Nearly Ready. 
 
 Vol. I.— Medical Therapeutics. Therapeutics of Diseases of Children. 
 Vol. II.— Surgical Therapeutics. Therapeutics of Gynaecology and 
 Obstetrics. 
 
 NEW SYDENHAM SOCIETY Publications. Three to Six Volumes published 
 each year. List of Volumes upon application. Per annum, 58.00 
 
 OBERSTEINER. The Anatomy of the Central Nervous Organs. A Guide to the 
 study of their structure in Health and Disease. By Professor H. Obersteiner, 
 of the University of Vienna. Translated, with annotations and additions, by 
 Alex. Hill, m.a., m.d., Master of Downing College, Cambridge. 198 Illustrations. 
 Sq. Octavo. Cloth, 56.00 
 
 OPHTHALMIC REVIEW. A Monthly Record of Ophthalmic Science. Published 
 in London. Sample Numbers, 25 cents. Per annum, $3.00 
 
 OSGOOD. The Winter and Its Dangers. By Hamilton Osgood, m.d. Cloth, .50 
 
 OSLER. Cerebral Palsies of Children. A Clinical Study from the Infirmary for 
 Nervous Diseases, Philadelphia. By William Osler, m.d., f.r.c.p., London, 
 etc. 8vo. Cloth, 52. co 
 
 OSTROM. Massage and the Original Swedish Movements. Their Application 
 to Various Diseases of the Body. A Manual for Students, Nurses and Physicians. 
 By KURRE W. Ostkom, from the Royal University of Upsala, Sweden ; Instructor 
 in Massage and Swedish Movements in the Hospital of the University ot 
 Pennsylvania, and in the Philadelphia Polyclinic and College for Graduates in 
 Medicine, etc. Second Edition. Enlarged. Illustrated by 87 Wood Engrav- 
 ings, many of which were drawn especially for this purpose*. l2mo. Cloth, $1 00 
 
 OVERMAN'S Practical Mineralogy, Assaying and Mining, with a Description of 
 the Useful Minerals, etc. By Frederick Overman, Mining Engineer. Elev- 
 enth Edition. 121110. Cloth, 51.00 
 
 PACKARD'S Sea Air and Sea Bathing. By John H. Packard, one of the Phy- 
 sicians to the Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia. Cloth, .50 
 
 PAGE. Railroad Injuries. With Special Reference to those of the Back and 
 Nervous System. By Herbert Page, m.\.. m.c, cantab., p.r.c.s., Eng. Sur- 
 geon to St. Mary's Hospital, and Lecturer on Surgery at its Medical School. 
 Square Octavo. Cloth, 52.25 
 
 Injuries of the Spine and Spinal Cord, without apparent Lesion and Nervous 
 Shock. In their Surgical and Medico-Legal Aspects. Third Edition, 
 Revised. < >< tavo. Prep 1 
 
 PARKES' Practical Hygiene. By Edward A. Parx.es, m.d. The Eighth Re- 
 vised and Enlarged Edition. Edited by J. Laki Notter, m.a., u.d 
 Professor of Hygiene, Army Medical School, Netley, I ngland. With to Litho- 
 ihic Plates, and over 100 other Illustrations. Cloth, 55x0 
 
 PARKES. Hygiene and Public Health. A Practical Manual. Bj L01 
 
 Parkes, .m.!>., d.p.h. London Hospital; Assistant Professor of Hygiene and 
 Public Health at University College, etc. i2mo. Second Edition. Cloth, f 
 
 PARRISH'S Alcoholic Inebriety. From) a Medical Standpoint, with Illustrative 
 
 from the Clinical Records of the Author. Bj [oseph Parrish, m.d., 
 
 President of the Amer. Asso< . foi l !ure ol Inebriates. Paper, .75 ; Cloth, 51.25 
 
 OMEROD. Diseases of Nervous System, Student's Guide to. B) [. A. Om 
 mil. Oxon., f.r.c.p. ( I nini. 1, Mem. Pith., Clin., Ophth., and Neurol. 
 Physician t<> National Hospital for Paralyzed and Epileptic and to ' don 
 
 Hospital for Diseases of the I best, Denv of Morbid Anatomy, St. Bartholo- 
 mew's Hospital, etc. With 75 wood engravings. In IVess. 
 
18 P. BLAKJSTON, SON 6- CO.'S PUBLICA TIONS. 
 
 PARVIN'S Winckel's Diseases of Women. (See Winckel, page 25.) 
 
 PARVIN. Lectures on Obstetric Nursing 1 . Delivered at the Training School for 
 
 Nurses of the Philadelphia Hospital. By Theophilus Parvin, m.d., Professor 
 
 of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children at Jefferson Medical College; 
 
 Obstetrician to Philadelphia Hospital. i2ino. Cloth, .75 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA Hospital Reports. Edited by a Committee of the Hospital 
 Staff: J. M. DaCosta, m.d., and William Hunt. Containing Original Articles 
 by the Staff. With many other Illustrations. Paper, .75; Cloth, $1.25 
 
 PHYSICIAN'S VISITING LIST. Published Annually. Forty-First Year of its 
 Publication. 
 
 REGULAR EDITION". 
 For 25 Patients weekly. Tucks, pocket and pencil, Gilt Edges, . . $1.00 
 
 50 " " " " '* " 1.25 
 
 75 « <• .< « „ „ x so 
 
 100 " " " " " " . 2.00 
 
 50 " " 2 vols. {>?• ;° J une 1 « » » H . 2.50 
 
 3 J July to Dec. j ' ° 
 
 ,~~ << .. „ 1 f Tan. to Tune 1 „ ,, ,, 
 
 "2 vols. {j ulyt0 J DeC- | . . 3-oo 
 
 INTERLEAVED EDITION. 
 For 25 Patients weekly, interleaved, tucks, pocket, etc., " " . 1.25 
 
 50 " " " " " " " 1.50 
 
 „_ ,, «< „ 1 f Jan. to Tune) ,« ,, ,, ,, 
 
 50 2vols - { July to Dec.} " " . . 3-oo 
 
 Perpetual Edition, without Dates and with Special Memorandum Pages. 
 
 For 25 Patients, interleaved, tucks, pocket and pencil, .... $1.25 
 
 50 " " " ...... .... 1.50 
 
 Monthly Edition, without Dates. Can be commenced at any time and used 
 until full. Requires only one writing of patient's name for the whole month. 
 
 Plain binding, without Flap or Pencil, .75 
 Leather cover, Pocket and Pencil, $1.00 
 
 EXTRA Pencils will be sent, postpaid, for 25 cents per half dozen. 
 
 BSf* This List combines the several essential qualities of strength, compactness, 
 durability and convenience. It is made in all sizes and styles to meet the wants of all 
 physicians. It is not an elaborate, complicated system of keeping accounts, but a 
 plain, simple record, that may be kept with the least expenditure of time and trouble — 
 hence its popularity. A special circular, descriptive of contents and improvements, 
 will be sent upon application. 
 
 PEREIRA'S Prescription Book. Containing Lists of Terms, Phrases, Contrac- 
 tions and Abbreviations used in Prescriptions, Explanatory Notes, Grammatical 
 Construction of Prescriptions, Rules for the Pronunciation of Pharmaceutical 
 Terms. By Jonathan Pereira, m.d. Sixteenth Edition. Cloth, $1.00; Tucks $1.25 
 
 PORTER'S Surgeon's Pocket-Book. By Surgeon-Major J. H. Porter, late Pro- 
 fessor of Military Surgery in the Army Medical School, Netley, England. Revised, 
 and partly Rewritten. Third Edition. Small i2mo. Leather Covers, $2.25 
 
 POWER, HOLMES, ANSTIE and BARNES (Drs.). Reports on the Progress of 
 Medicine, Surgery, Physiology, Midwifery, Diseases of W om en and Children, 
 Materia Medica, Medical Jurisprudence, Ophthalmology, etc. Reported for the 
 New Sydenham Society. 8vo. Paper, .75 ; Cloth, $1.25 
 
 POTTER. A Handbook of Materia Medica, Pharmacy and Therapeutics, in- 
 cluding the Action of Medicines, Special Therapeutics, Pharmacology, etc. In- 
 cluding over 600 Prescriptions and Formulae. By Samuel O. L. Potter, m.a., 
 m.d., m.r.c.p. (Lond.), Professor of the Practice of Medicine, Cooper Medical Col- 
 lege, San Francisco ; late A. A. Surgeon U. S. Army. Third Edition, Revised and 
 Enlarged. 8vo. With Thumb bidex in each copy. Cloth, $4.00; Leather, $5.00 
 
JHE P RACTICAL S ERIES. 
 
 THREE NEW VOLUMES. 
 
 PARKES. Hygiene and Public Health. A Practical Manual. By Louis C. 
 PARKES, m.d., d.p.h., London Hospital; Fellow of the Sanitary Institute; 
 Assistant Professor of Hygiene and Public Health at University College, etc. 
 i2mo. Second Edition. Cloth, 52.50 
 
 LEWERS. On the Diseases of Women. A Practical Treatise. By Dr. A. II. 
 X. Lewf.ks, Assistant Obstetric Physician to the London Hospital ; and Phy- 
 sician to Out-patients, Queen Charlotte's Lying-in Hospital; Examiner in Mid- 
 wifery and Diseases of Women to the Society of Apothecaries of London. With 
 146 Engravings. Second Edition, Revised. Cloth, $2.50 
 
 BUXTON. On Anaesthetics. A Manual of their Uses and Administration. By 
 Dudley Wil.mot Buxton, m.d., b.s., Ass't to Prof, of Med., and Administrator 
 of Anaesthetics, University College Hospital, London. Illustrated. 
 
 Second Edition in Press. 
 
 MONEY. On Children. Treatment of 
 Disease in Children, including theOut- 
 lines of Diagnosis and the Chief 
 Pathological Differences between Chil- 
 dren and Adults. By Angel Money, 
 m.d., M.R.C.P., Ass't Physician to the 
 Hospital fur Sick Children, Great 
 Ormond St., and to the Victoria Park 
 Chest Hospital, London. 121110. 560 
 pages. Cloth, $3.00 
 
 PPvITCHAPvD. On the Ear. Handbook 
 of Diseases of the Ear. By Urban 
 PrITCHARD, m.d., f.r.c.s., Professor 
 of Aural Surgery, King's College, 
 London, Aural Surgeon to King's 
 College Hospital, Senior Surgeon to 
 the Royal Ear Hospital, etc. 1 21110. 
 2d Edition. Illustrated. Cloth, 51.50 
 
 BARRETT. Dental Surgery for Gen- 
 eral Practitioners and Student 
 M cli' ine and Dentistry. Extraction 
 of Teeth, etc. By A. W. Mauri 11, 
 .m.d. 2d Edition, Revised and En- 
 larged. 80 Illustrations. Cloth, 51.25 
 
 COLLIE On Fevers. A Practical Treat- 
 ise on Fevers, Their History, Etiology. 
 Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment. 
 By Alexander Collie, m.d., m.r. 
 c.p., Lond. Medical Officer of the Ho- 
 merton, and of the London Fever Hos- 
 pitals. Colored Plates. Cloth, 52.50 
 RALFE. Diseases of the Kidney and 
 
 Urinary Derangements. By C. II. 
 
 Ralfe, m.d., f.r.c.p., Ass't Physician 
 
 to the London Hospital. Illustrated. 
 
 i2mo. Clotn, 52.75 
 
 REEVES. Bodily Deformities and 
 their Treatment. A Handbook of 
 Practical Orthopaedics. By H. A. 
 REEVES, m.d., Senior Ass't Surgeon to 
 the London Hospital, Surgeon to the 
 Royal Orthopaedic Hospital. 22S Illus. 
 
 ith, ^2.25 
 HIGGENS. Ophthalmic Practice. A 
 Manual for Students ami Practitioners, 
 By Charles Higgins, p.r.c.p., Oph- 
 thalmic Surgeon to Guy's Hospital. 
 Illustrated. 274 pages. Cloth. 
 
 le volumes of this tenet, written l>y well-known physicians and mrgeona of large 
 private ami hospital experience, embrace the various bram hes <>t medicine an 1 bey 
 
 are "i ■ thoroughly practical < b trader, call nlated t<> meet the requirements of the practitioner, 
 and present the most re© nl methods and information in ■ compsv t shape and at ■ low price. 
 
 Bound Uniformly, in a Handsome and Distinctive Cloth Binding, and 
 mailed to any address, on receipt of the price. 
 
20 P. BLAKISTON, SON &° CO.'S 
 
 POTTER. Compend of Anatomy, including Visceral Anatomy. Based upon 
 Gray. Fifth Edition. Revised, and greatly Enlarged. With 16 Lithographed 
 Plates and 117 other Illustrations. Being No. 1 ? Quiz- Compend ? Series. 
 
 Cloth, $1.00; Interleaved for taking Notes, $1.25 
 
 Compend of Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Prescription Writing. 
 
 with special reference to the Physiological Action of Drugs. Fifth Revised 
 
 and Improved Edition, with Index. Being No. 6 ? Quiz- Compend ? Series. 
 
 Cloth, $1.00. Interleaved for taking Notes, $1.25 
 
 Speech and Its Defects. Considered Physiologically, Pathologically and 
 
 Remedially ; being the Lea Prize Thesis of Jefferson Medical College, 1882. 
 
 Revised and Corrected. 121110. Cloth, $1.00 
 
 PRITCHARD on the Ear. Handbook of Diseases of the Ear. By Urban 
 Pritchard, m.d., f.r.c.s. .Professor of Aural Surgery, King's College, London, 
 Aural Surgeon to King's College Hospital, Senior Surgeon to the Royal Ear 
 Hospital, etc. Second Edition. Many Illustrations and Formulae. i2mo. Prac- 
 tical Series. See Page iq. Cloth, $1.50 
 
 PROCTER'S Practical Pharmacy. Lectures on Practical Pharmacy. With 43 
 Engravings and 32 Lithographic Fac -simile Prescriptions. By Barnard S. 
 Procter. Second Edition. Cloth, $4.50 
 
 RALFE. Diseases of the Kidney and Urinary Derangements. By C. H. Ralfe. 
 Illustrated. i2mo. Practical Series. See Page iq. Cloth, #2.75 
 
 RAMSAY. A System of Inorganic Chemistry. By William Ramsay, ph.d., 
 f.r.s., Professor of Chemistry in University College, London. Illustrated. 8vo. 
 
 Cloth, $4.50 
 
 REESE'S Medical Jurisprudence and Toxicology. A Text-book for Medical and 
 Legal Practitioners and Students. By John J. Reese, m.d., Editor of Taylor's 
 Jurisprudence, Professor of the Principles and Practice of Medical Jurisprudence, 
 including Toxicology, in the University of Pennsylvania Medical Department. 
 Third Edition. Enlarged. Crown Octavo. 666 pages. Cloth, $3.00; Leather, $3.50 
 
 REEVES. Bodily Deformities and their Treatment. A Handbook of Practical 
 Orthopaedics. By H. A. Reeves, m.d. Practical Series. See Page iq. CI., $2.25 
 
 RICHARDSON. Long Life, and How to Reach It. By J. G. Richardson, Prof, 
 of Hygiene, University of Penna. Cloth, .50 
 
 RICHARDSON'S Mechanical Dentistry. A Practical Treatise on Mechanical 
 Dentistry. By Joseph Richardson, d.d.s. Fifth Edition. Thoroughly Revised. 
 With 569 Illustrations. 8vo. Cloth, $4.50 ; Leather, $5.50 
 
 RIGBY'S Obstetric Memoranda. 4th Ed. By Meadows. 321110. Cloth, .50 
 
 RICHTER'S Inorganic Chemistry. A Text-book for Students. By Prof. Victor 
 
 von Richter, University of Breslau. Third American, from Fifth German 
 
 Edition. Authorized Translation by Edgar F. Smith, m.a., ph.d., Prof, of 
 
 Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Member of the Chemical Societies of 
 
 Berlin and Paris. 89 Illustrations and a Colored Plate. i2mo. Cloth, $2.00 
 
 Organic Chemistry. The Chemistry of the Carbon Compounds. Second 
 
 American Edition, translated from the Sixth German by Edgar F. Smith, 
 
 M. A., PH. D., Professor of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania. Illustrated. 
 
 1040 pages. i2mo. Cloth, $4. 50 
 
 ROBERTS. Practice of Medicine. The Theory and Practice of Medicine. By 
 Frederick Roberts, m.d., Professor of Therapeutics at University College, 
 London. Eighth Edition, with Illustrations. 8vo. Cloth, $5.50; Leather, $6.50 
 
 ROBINSON. Latin Grammar of Pharmacy and Medicine. By D. H. Robinson, 
 PH.D., Professor of Latin Language and Literature, University of Kansas, Law- 
 rence. With an Introduction by L. E. Sayre, ph.g., Professor of Pharmacy in, 
 and Dean of the Dept. of Pharmacy, University of Kansas. 1 2mo. Cloth, $2.00 
 
MEDICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PUBLICA TIONS. 21 
 
 SANDERSON'S Physiological Laboratory. A Handbook of the Physiological 
 Laboratory. Being Practical Exercises for Students in Physiology and Histology. 
 By J. Burdom Sanderson, m.d., E. Klein, m.d., Michael Foster, m.d.,f.r.s., 
 and T. Lauder BRUNTON, m.d. With over 350 Illustrations and Appropriate 
 Letter-press Explanations and References. One Volume. Cloth, $5.00 
 
 SANSOM. On Chloroform. Its Action and Administration. By Arthur Ernest 
 SANSOM, M.D. Illustrated. i:mo. Paper, .75 ; Cloth, 51 .25 
 
 SCHNEE. Diabetes, its Cause and Permanent Cure. From the standpoint of ex- 
 perience and Scientific Investigation. By Emil Schnee, Consulting Physician 
 at Carlsbad. Translated from the German by K. L. Tafel, a.m., PH.D. Re- 
 vised and Enlarged by the author. Octavo. Cloth, 52.00 
 
 SCHULTZE. Obstetrical Diagrams. Being a Series of 20 Colored Lithograph 
 Charts, imperial map size, of Pregnancy and Midwifery, with accompanying 
 explanatory (German) text, illustrated by wood-cuts. By Or. B. S. SCHULTZE, 
 Professor of Obstetrics, University of Jena. Second Revised Edition. 
 
 Price, in Sheets, $26.00; Mounted on Rollers, Muslin Backs, $36.00 
 
 SELF-EXAMINATION, being 3000 Questions on Medical Subjects, Anatomy, 
 Physiology, Materia Medica, Therapeutics, Chemistry, Surgery, Practice, Ob- 
 stetrics, Gynaecology, Diseases of Children, etc. 641110. Cloth, Net, 10 cents. 
 
 SEWELL. Dental Surgery, including Special Anatomy and Surgery. By Henry 
 SEWELL, H.R.C.S., L.D.S., President Odontological Society of Great Britain. 3d 
 Edition, greatly enlarged, with about 200 Illustrations. Cloth, $3.00 
 
 SMITH'S Wasting Diseases of Infants and Children. By Eustace Smith, m.d., 
 P.R.C.P., Physician to the East London Children's Hospital. Fifth London 
 Edition, Enlarged. 8vo. Cloth, $3.00 
 
 SMITH. Abdominal Surgery. Being a Systematic Description of all the Princi- 
 pal Operations. By J. GREIG SMITH, M.A., f.r.s.e.. Surg, to British Royal In- 
 lumary ; Lecturer on Surgery, Bristol Medical School ; Late Examiner in Surgery, 
 University of Aberdeen, etc. Over 80 Illustrations. Fourth Edition. In Press. 
 
 SMITH. Electro-Chemical Analysis. By Edgar F. Smith, Professor of Chem- 
 istry, University of Penna. 26 illustrations. 1:1110. Cloth, $1.00 
 
 SMITH AND KELLER. Experiments. Arranged for Students in General Chem- 
 istry. Bj Edgar F.Smith, Professor of Chemistry, University ol Penna and 
 I )i. II. F. Keller, Professoi of ( Chemistry, Michigan School of Mines, Houghton, 
 Second Edition. 12010. Illustrated. Cloth, //<•/, .60 
 
 STAMMER. Chemical Problems, with Explanations and Answers. By Karl 
 Stammer. Translated from the 2. 1 German Edition, by Prof. W. S. Hoskinson, 
 a.m., Wittenb field, Ohio. 121110. Cloth. .75 
 
 STARR. The Digestive Organs in Childhood. Second Edition. Thi 
 
 ,,1 the Ui e tive Oi ;ans in Infancy and Childhood. With Chapters on the 
 Investigation ol I nd the Management oi Children. By Louis Starr, 
 
 mi... late C linii al Prof, ol I >isea Idren in the Hospital ol the Universit) 
 
 of Penna; Physician to me Children's Hospital, Phita. Second Edition, 
 and Enlarged. Illustrated by two Colored Lithograph Plates and 
 numerous wood engravings. < rown Octavo. Cloth, $2.25 
 
 The Hygiene of the Nursery, including the General Regimen and Feed 
 ol Infants and' hildren, and the Domestii Management ol the Ordinary 
 1. 11,. ol Early Life, Ma Third Edition, Enlai 
 
 Illustrations. 12m. C loth, ^1.00 
 
 See also Goodhart and Starr. Pag* /,K 
 
22 P. BLAKISTON, SON &■> CO.'S 
 
 STEWART'S Compend of Pharmacy. Based upon " Remington's Text-Book of 
 Pharmacy." By F. E. Stewart, m.d., ph.g., Quiz Master in Chem. and Theoreti- 
 cal Pharmacy, Phila. College of Pharmacy; Demonstrator and Lect. in Pharma- 
 cology, Medico-Chirurgical College, and in Woman's Medical College. 3d. Ed. 
 With complete tables of Metric and English Systems of Weights and Measures 
 and an elaborate Index. ? Quiz- Compend? Series. Cloth, $1.00 
 
 Interleaved for the addition of notes, $1.25 
 
 STIRLING. Outlines of Practical Physiology. Including Chemical and Experi- 
 mental Physiology, with Special Reference to Practical Medicine. By W. Stir- 
 ling, m.d., scd., Prof, of Phys., Owens College, Victoria University, Manchester. 
 Examiner in Honors School of Science, Oxford, England. 142 Illustrations. 
 309 pages. Cloth, $2.25 
 
 Outlines of Practical Histology. A Manual for Students. With 344 Illus- 
 trations. i2mo. Cloth, $4.00 
 
 STOCKEN'S Dental Materia Medica. Dental Materia Medica and Therapeutics, 
 with Pharmacopoeia. By James Stocken, d.d.s. Third Edition. Cloth, $2.50 
 
 STRAHAN. Extra-Uterine Pregnancy. The Diagnosis and Treatment of Extra- 
 Uterine Pregnancy. Being the Jenks Prize Essay of the College of Physicians 
 of Philadelphia. By John Strahan, m.d. (Univ. of Ireland), late Res. Surgeon 
 Belfast Union Infirmary and Fever Hospital. Octavo. Cloth, #1.50 
 
 SUTTON'S Volumetric Analysis. A Systematic Handbook for the Quantitative 
 Estimation of Chemical Substances by Measure, Applied to Liquids, Solids and 
 Gases. By Francis Sutton, f.c.S. Sixth Edition, Revised and Enlarged, 
 with Illustrations. 8vo. Cloth, $5.00 
 
 SUTTON. Ligaments. Their Nature and Morphology. By John Bland Sutton, 
 f.r.c.s., Lecturer on Pathology, Royal College of Surgeons ; Ass't Surg, and 
 Dem. of Anatomy, Middlesex Hospital, London. Illustrated. i2mo. Cloth, $1.25 
 
 SWAIN. Surgical Emergencies, together with the Emergencies Attendant on 
 Parturition and the Treatment of Poisoning. A Manual for the Use of General 
 Practitioners. By W\ F. Swain, f.r.c.s. Fourth Edition. Illustrated. $1.50 
 
 SWANZY. Diseases of the Eye and their Treatment. A Handbook for Physi- 
 cians and Students. By Henry R. Swanzy, a.m., m.b., f.r.c.s. i., Surgeon to 
 the National Eye and Ear Infirmary ; Ophthalmic Surgeon to the Adelaide Hos- 
 pital, Dublin ; Examiner in Ophthalmic Surgery in the Royal University of 
 Ireland. Third Edition. Thoroughly Revised. 158 Illustrations. 508 pages. 
 i2mo. Cloth, $3.00 
 
 SYMONDS. Manual of Chemistry, for the special use of Medical Students. By 
 Brandreth Symonds, a.m., m.d., Ass't Physician Roosevelt Hospital, Out- 
 Patient Department ; Attending Physician Northwestern Dispensary, New York. 
 i2mo. Cloth, $2.00 
 
 TAFT'S Operative Dentistry. A Practical Treatise on Operative Dentistry. By 
 Jonathan Taft, d.d.s. Fourth Revised and Enlarged Edition. Over 100 Il- 
 lustrations. 8vo. Cloth, $4.25 ; Leather, #5.00 
 Index of Dental Periodical Literature. 8vo. Cloth, #2.00 
 
 TALBOT. Irregularities of the Teeth, and Their Treatment. By Eugene S. 
 Talbot, m.d., Professor of Dental Surgery Woman's Medical College, and 
 Lecturer on Dental Pathology in Rush Medical College, Chicago. Second Edi- 
 tion, Revised and Enlarged by about 100 pages. Octavo. 234 Illustrations 
 (169 of which are original). 261 pages. Cloth, $3.00 
 
 TANNER'S Memoranda of Poisons and their Antidotes and Tests. By Thos. 
 Hawk.es Tanner, m.d., f.r.c.p. Sixth American, from the Last London Edition. 
 Revised by Henry Leffmann, m.d., Professor of Chemistry in Pennsylvania 
 College of Dental Surgery and in the Philadelphia Polyclinic. i2mo. Cloth, .75 
 
 TAYLOR. Practice of Medicine. A Manual. By Frederick Taylor, m.d., 
 Physician to, and Lecturer on Medicine at, Guy's Hospital, London ; Physician to 
 Evelina Hospital for Sick Children, and Examiner in Materia Medica and Phar- 
 maceutical Chemistry, University of London. Cloth, $4.00 ; Sheep, $5.00 
 
MEDICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PUBLICA TIONS. 23 
 
 TEMPERATURE Charts for Recording Temperature, Respiration, Pulse, Day of 
 Disease, Date, Age, Sex, Occupation, Name, etc. Put up in pads; each .50 
 
 HOMPSON. Lithotomy and Lithotrity. Practical Lithotomy and Lithotrity ; or 
 an Inquiry into the best Modes of Removing Stone from the Bladder. By Sir 
 Henry THOMPSON, f.r.c.s., Emeritus Professor of Clinical Surgery in Univer- 
 sity College. Third Edition. With 87 Engravings. 8vo. Cloth, 53.50 
 Urinary Organs. Diseases of the Urinary Organs. Containing 32 Lectures. 
 Eighth London Ed. Octavo. 470 pages. Cloth, £3.50 
 
 On the Prostate. Diseases of the Prostate. Their Pathology and Treatment. 
 Sixth London Edition. 8vo. Illustrated. Cloth, $2.00 
 
 Calculous Diseases. The Preventive Treatment of Calculous Disease, and 
 the Use of Solvent Remedies. Third Edition. i6mo. Cloth, $1.00 
 
 Surgery of the Urinary Organs. Some Important Points connected with the 
 Surgery of the Urinary Organs. Illus. Paper, .75 ; Cloth, 51.25 
 
 THORBURN. Surgery of the Spinal Cord. A Contribution to the study of. By 
 WILLIAM THORBURN, e.s., b.Sc, m.d., Lond., f.r.c.s., Eng. With Illustrations. 
 Octavo. Cloth, 54.50 
 
 THORNTON. The Surgery of the Kidney. By John Knowsley Thornton, 
 M.B. Edin. With 19 Illustrations. Cloth, 51.75 
 
 TILT'S Change of Life in Women, in Health and Disease. A Practical Treatise 
 on the Diseases incidental to Women at the Decline of Life. By Edward John 
 Tilt, m.d. Fourth London Edition. 8vo. Cloth, 51.25 
 
 TOMES' Dental Anatomy. A Manual of Dental Anatomy, Human and Compara- 
 tive. By C. S. Tomes, d.d.s. 212 Illustrations. 3d Ed. i2mo. Cloth, 54.00 
 
 Dental Surgery. A System of Dental Surgery. By John Tomes, f.r.s. 
 Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged. By C. S. Tomes, d.d.s. With 
 292 Illustrations. i2mo. 772 pages. Cloth, 55.00 
 
 TRANSACTIONS of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia. Third Series. 
 Vols. 1, II, III, IV, V, Cloth, each, 52.50. VI, VII, Cloth, each, 53.50. Vol. 
 VIII, 1886, Cloth, 53.75. Vol. IX, Cloth, 52.50. 
 
 TRANSACTIONS American Surgical Association. Illustrated. Royal 8vo. 
 Price ol Vol. 1, II, 111, IV, V, each, Cloth, 53.00. Vol. VI, Cloth, £4.50. Vol. 
 VII, VIII, ea< h, Cloth, 53.00. 
 
 TRANSACTIONS of the Association of American Physicians. Vols. I and [I, 
 Cloth, $2.50 each. Vol. Ill, Cloth, 53.50. Vol. IV, Cloth, 53.00. Vol. V, Cloth, $2.50. 
 Vol. VI, 53.00. 
 
 TREVES. German-English Medical Dictionary. By Frederick Treves, i.k.c.s., 
 assisted by Dr. Hugo Lang, b.a. (Munich). 12010. '.- Russia, 
 
 TRIMBLE. Practical and Analytical Chemistry. Being a complete com 
 
 Chemical Analysis. B\ Henry Trimble, ph.m., Professor of Analytical Chem- 
 istry in the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy. Fourth Edition. Enlai 
 Illustrated. 8vo. Cloth, $1.50 
 
 TURNBULL'S Artificial Anaesthesia. The Advantages and Accidents oi 
 
 cial Anaesthesia ; Its Employment in the [reatmenl ol Disease; Modes ol Ad- 
 ministration; theii Relative Ri 1 »1 Purity; rreatmentol 
 phyxia ; Spasms of the Glottis; Syncope, etc, B) Lauren* b H rnbi ll, m.d., 
 ph. (,., Aural Surgeon to Jefferson College Hospital, etc Third Edition, Re- 
 ed and Enlarged. 40 Illustrations, 1211m. I loth, 53.00 
 
 TUSON. Veterinary Pharmacopoeia. Including the Outline* of Materia Medics 
 .mil Therapeutics. F01 the Use of Students and Practitioners ol Veterinary 
 Medicine. By Richard V. Tuson, F.cs. Third Edition, tamo. Cloth, 52.50 
 
24 p. BLAKISTON, SON 6- CO.'S 
 
 TYSON. Bright's Disease and Diabetes. With Especial Reference to Pathology 
 and Therapeutics. By James Tyson, m.d., Professor of Clinical Medicine in 
 the University of Pennsylvania. Including a Section on Retinitis in Bright's 
 Disease. By Wm. F. Norris, m.d., Clin. Prof, of Ophthalmology in Univ. of 
 Penna. With Colored Plates and many Wood Engravings. 8vo. Cloth, $3.50 
 
 Guide to the Examination of Urine. Seventh Edition. For the Use of 
 Physicians and Students. With Colored Plates and Numerous Illustrations 
 Engraved on Wood. Seventh Edition. Revised. i2mo. 255pages. Cloth,$i.5o 
 
 Cell Doctrine. Its History and Present State. With a Copious Bibliography 
 of the subject. Illustrated. Second Edition. 8vo. Cloth, $2.00 
 
 Handbook of Physical Diagnosis. Illustrated, nrao. Cloth, $1.25 
 
 VAN HARLINGEN on Skin Diseases. A Practical Manual of Diagnosis and 
 Treatment. By Arthur Van Harlingen, m.d., Professor of Diseases of the 
 Skin in the Philadelphia Polyclinic ; Clinical Lecturer on Dermatology at Jef- 
 ferson Medical College. Second Edition. Revised and Enlarged. With Formulas. 
 Eight Colored and other full-page plates, and New Illustrations. Cloth, $2.50 
 
 VAN NUYS on The Urine. Chemical Analysis of Healthy and Diseased Urine, 
 Qualitative and Quantitative. By T. C. Van Nuys, Professor of Chemistry 
 Indiana University. 39 Illustrations. Octavo. Cloth, $2.00 
 
 VIRCHOWS Post-mortem Examinations. A Description and Explanation of the 
 Method of Performing them in the Dead House of the Berlin Charite Hospital, 
 with especial reference to Medico-legal Practice. By Prof. Virchow. Trans- 
 lated by Dr. T. P. Smith. Third Edition, with Additions. Cloth, jjji.co 
 Cellular Pathology, as based upon Physiological and Pathological Histology. 
 20 Lectures delivered at the Pathological Institute of Berlin. Translated 
 from the 2d Ed. by F. Chance, m.d. 134 Illus. 8th Am. Ed. Cloth, $4.00 
 
 WALSHAM. Manual of Practical Surgery. For Students and Physicians. By 
 Wm. J. Walsham, m.d., f.r.c.S., Ass't Surg, to, and Dem. of Practical Surg, in, 
 St. Bartholomew's Hospital, Surg, to Metropolitan Free Hospital, London. 
 Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged. With 318 Engravings. New Series of 
 Manuals. Cloth, $3.00 ; Leather, $3.50 
 
 WARING. Practical Therapeutics. A Manual for Physicians and Students. By 
 Edward J. Waring, m.d. Fourth Edition. Revised, Rewritten and Rearranged 
 by Dudley W. Buxton, m.d., Assistant to the Professor of Medicine, University 
 College, London. Crown Octavo. Cloth, $3.00; Leather, $3.50 
 
 WARREN. Compend Dental Pathology and Dental Medicine. Containing all 
 the most noteworthy points of interest to the Dental student. By Geo. W. 
 Warren, d.d.s., Clinical Chief, Penn'a College of Dental Surgery, Phila. Illus. 
 Being No. 13 ? Quiz- Compend? Series. i2mo. Cloth, $1.00 
 
 Interleaved for the addition of Notes, $1.25 
 
 WATSON on Amputations of the Extremities and Their Complications. By 
 B. A. Watson, a.m., m.d., Surgeon to the Jersey City Charity Hospital and to 
 Christ's Hospital, Jersey City, N. J. ; Member of the American Surgical Associ- 
 ation. 250 Wood Engravings and two Full-page Colored Plates. Cloth, $5.50 
 Concussions. An Experimental Study of Lesions arising from Severe Con- 
 cussions. 8vo. Paper cover, $1.00 
 
 WATTS' Inorganic Chemistry. A Manual of Chemistry, Physical and Inorganic. 
 
 (Being the 14th Edition of Fowne's Physical and Inorganic Chemistry.) 
 
 By Henry Watts, b.a., f.r.s., Editor of the Journal of the Chemical Society; 
 
 Author of "A Dictionary of Chemistry," etc. With Colored Plate of Spectra 
 
 and other Illustrations. i2mo. 595 pages. Cloth, $2.25 
 
 Organic Chemistry. Second Edition. By Wm. A. Tilden, d.sc, f.r.s. 
 
 (Being the 13th Edition of Fowne's Organic Chemistry.) Illustrated. 
 
 i2mo. Cloth, $2.25 
 
MEDICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PUBLIC A TIONS. 25 
 
 WHITE. The Mouth and Teeth. By J. W. White, m.d., d.d.s. Editor of the 
 Dental Cosmos. Illustrated. Cloth, .50 
 
 WILSON. Handbook of Hygiene and Sanitary Science. With Illustrations. Seventh 
 Edition, Revised and Enlarged. 8vo. hi Press. 
 
 WILSON. The Summer and its Diseases. By James C. Wilson, m.d., Professor 
 of the Practice of Medicine and Clinical Medicine, Jefferson Medical College, 
 Philadelphia. Cloth, .50 
 
 WINCKEL. Diseases of Women. Second Edition. Including the Dis- 
 eases of the Bladder and Urethra. By Dr. F. Winxkel, Professor of 
 Gynaecology, and Director of the Royal University Clinic for Women, in Munich. 
 Translated by special authority of Author and Publisher, under the supervision 
 of. and with an Introduction by, Theophilus Parvin, m.d., Professor of 
 Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children in Jefferson Medical Col- 
 lege, Philadelphia. With 150 Engravings on Wood, most of which are original. 
 2d Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Cloth, $3.00; Leather, 53.50 
 
 Text-Book of Obstetrics; Including the Pathology and Therapeutics of the 
 Puerperal State. Authorized Translation by J. Clifton Edgar, a.m., m.d., 
 Adjunct Professor to the Chair of Obstetrics, Medical Department, University, 
 City of New York. With nearly 200 Handsome Illus., the majority of which 
 are original with this work. Octavo. Cloth, 56.00; Leather, $7.00 
 
 WOAKES. Post-Nasal Catarrh and Diseases of the Nose, causing Deafness. By 
 EDWARD WOAKES, m.d., Senior Aural Surgeon to the London Hospital for 
 Diseases of the Throat and Chest. 26 Illustrations. Cloth, 51.50 
 
 WOLFF. Manual of Applied Medical Chemistry for Students and Practitioners of 
 Medicine. By Lawrence Wolff, m.d., Demonstrator of Chemistry in Jeffer- 
 son Medical College, Philadelphia. Cloth, $1.00 
 
 WOOD. Brain Work and Overwork. By Prof. H. C. Wood, Clinical Professor 
 of Nervous Diseases, University of Pennsylvania. i2mo. Cloth, .50 
 
 WOODY. Essentials of Chemistry and Urinalysis. By Sam E. Woody, a.m., 
 m.d., Professor of Chemistry and Public Hygiene, and Clinical Lecturer on 
 Diseases of Children, in the Kentucky School of Medicine. Third Edition. 
 
 Illustrated. i2mo. Cloth, 51.25 
 
 WYNTER and WETHERED. Clinical and Practical Pathology. A Manual 
 of Clinical and Practical Pathology. By W. ESSBX WYNTER, m.i>.. Medical Reg- 
 istrar and late Dem. of Anat. and Chem. at the Middlesex Hospital, and 
 
 FRANK I. WETHERED, m.d.. Ass't Phys. to the City of London Hospital for Dis. 
 of the Chest. 4 Colored Plates and 67 other Illustrations. 8vo. Cloth, 54.00 
 
 WYTHE. Dose and Symptom Book. The Physician's Pocket Dose and Symptom 
 Book. Containing the Doses and Uses of all the Principal Articles of the 
 Materia Medica, and Officinal Preparations. By Joseph II. Wythe, a.m., m.d. 
 17th Edition, Revised and Rewritten. 
 
 Cloth, 51.00; Leather, with Tucks and Pocket, 51.25 
 
 YEO'S Manual of Physiology. Fifth" Edition. A Textbook f..r Students of 
 Medicine. By GERALD I". YBO., M.D, k.k.c.s., Professor of Physiology in King's 
 College, London. Fifth Edition; revised and enlarged b) the author. With 
 321 Wood Engravings and ■ Glossary. Crown Octavo. Brimjf No. /. 
 
 <S of Manuals. Cloth. 53.00; Leather, 5350. 
 
THERAPEUTICS AND MATERIA MEDICA. 
 
 Allen, Harlan, Penrose, Van Harlingen. Local 
 Therapeutics. 1892. 
 
 a handbook of local therapeutics, being a practical description of all those agents 
 used in the local treatment of disease, such as Ointments, Plasters, Powders, Lotions, 
 Inhalations, Suppositories, Bougies, Tampons, etc., and the proper methods of pre- 
 paring and applying them. By Harrison Allen, m.d., Emeritus Professor of Phy- 
 siology in the University of Penna. ; Laryngologist to the Rush Hospital for 
 Consumption ; late Surgeon to the Philadelphia and St. Joseph's Hospitals. George 
 C. Harlan, m.d., late Professor of Diseases of the Eye in the Philadelphia Polyclinic 
 and College for Graduates in Medicine; Surgeon to the Wills Eye Hospital, and 
 Eye and Ear Department of the Pennsylvania Hospital. Charles B. Penrose, 
 m.d., Surgeon to the German Hospital; Instructor in Clinical Surgery, University 
 of Pennsylvania, and Arthur Van Harlingen, m.d., Professor of Diseases of the 
 Skin in the Philadelphia Polyclinic and College for Graduates in Medicine; late 
 Clinical Lecturer on Dermatology in Jefferson Medical College ; Dermatologist to 
 the Howard Hospital. 
 
 In One Handsome Compact Volume, about 400 pages. Nearly Ready. 
 
 Announcement. — The importance of the local application of simple remedies in 
 slight ailments of special organs, is not always realized by the general practitioner, and 
 the average text-book omits altogether any mention of many agents that in the hands 
 of the specialist become valuable aids to cure. The diseases which chiefly require local 
 treatment are those of the Respiratory Passages, Ear, Eye, Skin, together with certain 
 general Surgical affections, including the Diseases of Women. In order, therefore, that 
 the various uses of each remedy should be thoroughly set forth, it was necessary to have a 
 combination of authors who have had a large practical experience in these various 
 branches of Medicine and Surgery. 
 
 Each remedy will be taken up in alphabetical order, and after a succinct description 
 of their pharmaceutical properties, by Dr. George I. McKelway, will be considered 
 with reference to the local treatment of the affections above outlined. The publishers 
 believe that the information contained in this work will not be found elsewhere, as much 
 of it is the results obtained in private and hospital practice, by eminent professors 
 and specialists. The activity in the various lines of special medicine is one of the most 
 striking phases of the times, and has materially changed many of the older methods of 
 treating disease by local means. The greater part of the literature which has appeared is 
 not accessible to most physicians. The Handbook, it is believed, will be of value to 
 general practitioners as well as to those who, like the authors, are especially interested in 
 subdivisions of the clinical field. 
 
 The work will form a compact volume of about 400 pages, arranged in a manner to 
 facilitate reference and containing, besides the usual index, a complete index of diseases, 
 that will greatly enhance its usefulness. 
 
 This book is being pushed forward as fast as possible. Advance orders may be sent 
 in at once, and copies will be promptly delivered upon publication. 
 
 Biddle's Materia Medica and Therapeutics. Eleventh 
 Edition. 1889. 
 
 with many additions and new illustrations. For the Use of Students and Phy- 
 sicians. By Prof. John B. Biddle, m.d., Late Professor of Materia Medica in Jeffer- 
 son Medical College, Philadelphia, nth Edition. Revised by his son, Clement 
 Biddle, m.d., Assistant Surgeon, U. S. N., and Henry Morris, m.d., Fellow of the 
 College of Physicians of Philadelphia, etc. Cloth, $4.25 ; Leather, $5.00 
 
THERAPEUTICS AND MATERIA MEDICA. 
 
 Potter's Materia Medica, Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 
 Third Edition. Revised and Enlarged. 189 1. 
 
 a handbook of materia medica, pharmacv and therapeutics — including the Phy- 
 siological Action of Drugs, Special Therapeutics of Diseases, Official and Extempo- 
 raneous Pharmacy, etc. By Sam'l O. L. Potter, m.a., m.d., Professor of the 
 Practice of Medicine in Cooper Medical College, San Francisco; Late A. A. Sur- 
 geon, U. S. Army ; Author of "Speech and its Defects," and the " Quiz-Compends " 
 of Anatomy and Materia Medica, etc. Revised, Enlarged and Improved. Octavo. 
 With Thumb Index. Leather, $5.00 
 
 "The author has aimed to embrace in a single volume the essentials of practical materia medica and 
 therapeutics, and has produced a l>ook small enough for easy carriage and easy reference, large enough to 
 contain a carefully digested, lmt full, clear and well-arranged mass of information. He has not adhered to 
 any pharmacopoeia, as is the case of certain recent manuals, thereby limiting his work, and in this day of new 
 remedies causing constant disappointment, but has brought it up to date in the most satisfactory way. No 
 new remedy of any acknowledged value is omitted from this list. Under each the section on physiological 
 action and therapeutics has been mitten with cire. ... In the enumeration of drugs suited to different 
 disorders a very successful effort at discriminatk.n lias been made, both in the stage of disease and in the cases 
 peculiarly suited to the remedy. It is no mere list of diseases followed by a catalogue of drugs, but is a digest 
 of modern therapeutics, and as such will prove of immense use to its possessor." — The Therapititic Geaetti. 
 
 A Unique Book. — The plan of this work, is new and original with Dr. Potter, and its 
 contents have been combined and arranged in such a way that it offers a compact statement 
 of the subjects in hand, containing more correct information in a practical, concise form 
 than any other publication of the kind. 
 
 The work commences with a section on the classification of medicines, as follows: — 
 
 V.f.nts acting on the Nervous System, Organs of Sense, Respiration, Circulation, 
 Digestive System, on Metabolism (including Restoratives, Alteratives, Astringents, Anti- 
 pyretics, Antiphlogistics and Antiperiodics, etc.) Agents acting upon Excretion, the 
 Generative System, the Cutaneous Surfaces, Microbes and Ferments, and upon each other. 
 
 Part I. — Materia Medica and Therapeutics (351 pages), the drugs being 
 arranged in alphabetical order, with the synonym of each first; then the description of 
 the plant, its preparations, physiological action, and lastly its Therapeutic*. 
 
 Part II. — Pharmacy and Prescription Writing (56 pages). This is written for 
 the use of physicians who desire or of necessity must put up their own prescriptions, and 
 includes — Weights and Measures, English and the Metric Systems; Specific Gravity and 
 Volume; Prescriptions, their principles and combinations; proper methods of writing 
 them; Abbreviations; Stock solutions and preparations, and Incompatibility, etc. 
 
 Part III. — Special Therapeutics (211 pages) is an alphabetical List of Diseases — 
 a real Index of Diseases — giving the drugs that have been found serviceable in each 
 disease, and the authority recommending the use of each, a very important 
 feature, as it gives an authoritative character to the book that is unusual in works on 
 Therapeutics, and displays an immense amount of research <>n the part of the author. 
 
 600 Prescriptions are given in this part, many being over the names of eminent men. 
 
 The Appendix (36 pages) contains lists of Latin words, phrases and abbreviations, 
 with their English equivalents, Genitivi 1 Endings, e formulae for Hypodermic 
 
 injections; 10 of Chlorodyne; Formula of prominent patent medicines; Poisons and 
 their Antidote,; Differential Diagnosis; Temperature Notes; Cfostetrical Memoranda; 
 Clinical Examination of Urine; Table of Specific Gravities and Volumes; Table showing 
 the Dumber of drops in a fluidrai hro of various liquids, the weight of one fluidnu hm in 
 grains, and a table for < inverting apot weights and n Qto grams, etc., etc. 
 
 Tin Imh x covers thirty-five pages, and will be found very elaborate. 
 
 'I'm. wnoi b woi itement of known \.u ts in terse language; it is, in fact, the 
 
 ials of Prai t< il Matei ia Medica and Therapeutics. Although it is to a -teat extent a 
 
 compilation, as an) su< h bonk must be, from the works of prominent writers and teachers, 
 
 yet it will be found to contain much original matter and many useful suggestions not 
 
 mi luded in any other book. 
 
PRACTICE OF MEDICINE. 
 
 Roberts' Practice of Medicine. Eighth Edition. Re- 
 vised, Enlarged and Illustrated. 1890. 
 
 A HANDBOOK OF THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF MEDICINE. By FREDERICK T. 
 
 Roberts, m.d., b.Sc, f.r c.P., Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, and 
 
 of Clinical Medicine, at University College Hospital, London; Physician to Bromp- 
 ton Hospital for Consumption and Diseases of the Chest, etc. Eighth Edition. 
 Revised and Enlarged. 51 Illustrations. 1059 pages. Octavo. 
 
 Handsome Cloth, $5.50; Full Sheep, Raised Bands, #6.50 
 
 " The various subjects have been treated in a complete and masterly manner. . . . We heartily 
 commend this handbook, not only to gentlemen preparing for the medical profession, but to those who may 
 have finished their professional education; as this work contains, in a brief and concise shape, all that the 
 busy general practitioner needs to know to enable him to carry on his practice with comfort to himself and 
 with advantage to his patients." — British Medical Journal. 
 
 " It is unsurpassed by any work that has fallen into our hands as a compendium for students." — The Clinic. 
 
 "We particularly recommend it to students about to enter upon the practice of their profession." — St. 
 Louis Medical and Surgical Journal. 
 
 " If there is a book in the whole of medical literature in which so much is said in so few words, it has 
 never come within our reach." — Chicago Medical Journal. 
 
 " The regularity with which fresh editions of this admirable text-book make their appearance, serves to 
 show that it continues to maintain its favored position with the student, who finds it a safe and reliable guide. 
 Apart from the clearness of style and its thoroughly practical character, a great feature of Dr. Roberts' work 
 is the systematic method with which each subject is treated. The value of this kind of instruction is high, as 
 it enables the student to marshal his ideas in an orderly manner, and to assign to each part its special 
 importance. The author has not been unmindful of the necessity of keeping his book ' up to date,' and he 
 has evidently bestowed much pains on its revision. It is enough to say that it fully merits its popularity." — 
 The Lancet, London, February 7th, 1891. 
 
 " The arrangement of the subject is admirable, each disease is very fully considered in elegant phraseology 
 without any undue verbosity, and the matter is presented in a manner which is easily grasped and retained in 
 the memory. It is quite unnecessary to refer further to the pages of this valuable and reliable text-book. It 
 will be found a trustworthy guide both by students and practitioners, and the latter will find much more infor- 
 mation as to treatment, than is usually recorded in such works." — Liverpool Medico- Chir. Journal, Jan., 1891. 
 
 Hughes' Compend of the Practice of Medicine. 4th 
 Enlarged Edition. 1890. 
 
 A COMPEND OF THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE. By DANIEL E. HUGHES, M.D., late 
 
 Demonstrator of Clinical Medicine at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia; now 
 Physician-in-Chief, Philadelphia Hospital In two parts. 
 
 Part I. — Continued, Eruptive and Periodical Fevers, Diseases of the Stomach, Intes- 
 tines, Peritoneum, Biliary Passages, Liver, Kidneys, etc., and General Diseases, etc. 
 
 Part II. — Diseases of the Respiratory System, Circulatory System and Nervous 
 System; Diseases of the Blood, etc. Price of each Part, strongly bound in cloth, $1.00 
 
 Interleaved for the addition of notes, 1.25 
 
 *%* These books area complete set of notes upon the practice of medicine. The 
 synonyms, definition, causes, symptoms, pathology, prognosis, diagnosis, treatment, etc., 
 of each disease being given. The treatment is especially full and a number of valuable 
 prescriptions have been incorporated. Reference has been made to the latest writings 
 and teachings of Drs. Flint, Roberts, Loomis, Bartholow, DaCosta, etc. Dr. Hughes' 
 long experience as demonstrator of clinical medicine under the last named famous pro- 
 fessors gave him unrivaled opportunities for the preparation of a book of this character. 
 
 Physicians' Edition. Fourth Edition. Same as above, but in one volume, 
 and including a section on Skin Diseases and a very complete index. 
 
 Full Morocco, Gilt Edges, $2.50 
 
 " The best condensation of the essentials of Practice I have yet seen. ... It will be an admirable 
 review book for students after a solid course of study, and it will be scarcely less useful to the busy practi- 
 tioner as a ready means of refreshing his memory." — ('. A. Lindsley, M.D., Professor of Theory and Prac- 
 tice of Medicine, Yale College, New Haven. 
 
NEW AND REVISED EDITIONS. 
 
 PQUIZ-COMPENDS.P 
 
 A SERIES OF PRACTICAL MANUALS FOR THE PHYSICIAN AND STUDENT. 
 
 Compiled in accordance with the latest teachings of prominent lecturers 
 and the most popular Text-books. 
 
 Bound in Cloth, each $1.00. Interleaved, for the Addition of Notes, $1.25. 
 
 They form a most complete, practical and exhaustive set of manuals, containing information nowhere else 
 collected in such a practical shape. Thoroughly up to the times in every respect, containing many new pre- 
 scriptions and formulae, and over 300 illustrations, many of which have been drawn and engraved specially for 
 this series. The authors have had large experience as quiz-masters and attaches of colleges, with exceptional 
 opportunities for noting the most recent advances and methods. The arrangement of the subjects, illustrations, 
 types, etc., are all of the most approved form. They are constantly being revised, so as to include the latest 
 and best teachings, and can be used by students of any college of medicine, dentistry and pharmacy. 
 
 No. 1. Human Anatomy. Fifth Edition (1891), including Visceral Anatomy, formerly pub- 
 lished separately. 16 Lithograph Plates, Tables, and 117 Illustrations. By Samuel C). L. 
 Pottkr. m.a., m.d., late A. A. Surgeon, U. S. Army. Professor of Practice, Cooper Med. College, 
 San Francisco. 
 
 Nos. 2 and 3. Practice of Medicine. Fourth Edition, Enlarged (1890). By Daniel E. Hughes, 
 mil, late Demonstrator of Clinical Medicine in Jefferson Med. College, Phila. ; Physician-in Chief, Phila- 
 delphia Hospital. In two parts. 
 
 Part I. — Continued, Eruptive and Periodical Fevers, Diseases of the Stomach, Intestines, Peritoneum, Biliary Passages, 
 Liver, Kidneys, etc. (including Tests for Urine), General Diseases, etc. 
 
 Part U. — Diseases of the Respiratory System (including Physical Diagnosis), Circulatory System and Nervous System; 
 Diseases of the Blood, etc. 
 
 *,* These little books can be regarded as a full set of notes upon the Practice of Medicine, containing the Synonyms, 
 Definitions, Causes, Symptoms, Prognosis, Diagnosis, Treatment, etc., of each disease, and including a number of prescrip- 
 tions hitherto unpublished. 
 
 No. 4. Physiology, including Embryology. Sixth Edition ( 1 89 1 ) . By Albert P. Brubaker, m.d., 
 Prof, of Physiology, Penn'a College of Dental Surgery; Demonstrator of Physiology in Jefferson lied. 
 College, Phila. Revised, Enlarged and Illustrated. In Press. 
 
 No. 5. Obstetrics. Illustrated. Fourth Edition (1889). For Physicians and Students. By Henry 
 0. Landis, m.d., Piof. of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women, in Starling Medical College, Columbus. 
 Revised Edition. New Illustrations. 
 
 No. 6. Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Prescription Writing. Fifth Revised Edition (1S91). 
 With especial Reference to the Physiological Action of Drugs, and a complete article on Prescription 
 Writing. Based on the Last Revision (Sixth) of the U. S. Pharmacopoeia, and including many unofficinal 
 remedies. By Samuel O. L. Potter, m.a., m.d., late A. A. Surg. U. S. Army; Prof, of Practice, 
 Cooper Med. College, San Francisco. 5th Edition. Improved and Enlarged. 
 
 No. 7. Gynaecology. (1891.) A Compend of Diseases of Women. By Henry Morris, m.d., Demon- 
 strator of Obstetrics, Jeflerson Medical College, Philadelphia. Many Illustrations. 
 
 No. 8. Diseases of the Eye and Refraction. Second Edition (1888). Including Treatment and 
 Surgery. By L. Webster Fox, m.d., Chief Clinical Assistant Opthalmological Dept., Jefferson Medical 
 College, etc., and Geo. M. GOULD, m D. 71 Illustrations, 39 Formula'. 
 
 No. 9. Surgery, Minor Surgery and Bandaging. Illustrated. Fourth Edition (1890) . Including 
 Fracture^, Wounds, Dislocations, Sprains, Amputations and other operations ; Inflammation. Suppuration, 
 Ulcers, Syphilis, Tumors, Shock, etc. Diseases of the Spine, Ear, Bladder, Testicles, Anus, and other 
 Surgic.i! Diseases. By Orvili.e HORWITZ, a.m., m.d., Demonstrator of Surgery, Jeffeison Medical 
 College. 84 Formul.x and 136 Illustrations. 
 
 No. 10. Medical Chemistry. Third Edition (1890). Inorganic and Organic, including Urine Analysis 
 Medical and Dental Students. By Henry Lf.efmann, m d.. Prof, of Chemistry in I'cinfa College 
 of Dental Surgery, Phila. Third Edition. Revised and Enlarged. 
 
 No. n. Pharmacy. Third Edition (iXqo). Baaed upon M Remington's Text-Book of Pharmacy." By 
 1 E STEWART, m d ., PH.O., Professor of Pharmacy, Powers College of Pharmacy; late Quit-Master at 
 Philadelphia College of Pharmacy. Third Edition. Revised. 
 
 No. 12. Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology. Illustrated. (1S90.) By Wm. R. I'.ai 1 ■ 
 of Equine Anatomy, New York College of Veterinary Surgeons, etc. 29 Illustrations. 
 
 No. 13. Dental Pathology and Dental Medicine. (1N00 ) Containing all the moat no te wo rt hy points 
 o| int. ti • t to the Dental Student. By GlO, W WaMUKH, dps, Clinical Chief, Penn'a CoUtj 
 Dental Surgery, Philadelphia, Illns. 
 
 No. 14. Diseases of Children. (18QO.) By Martin I' H\mni\ PlofMOT of Diseases of Children, 
 Chi. J College. With Colored Plate. 
 
 gtif" These books aie constantly revised to keep up with the latest teachings and discoveries. 
 
 From The SOUTHERN Clinic. — " //'• kno:c of no scries of books issued by any house M 
 fully meets OUT approval as these t Quij Compcnds f They arc wc,'.' .:■ excise, 
 
 and are really the best line of text-books that could be found for either stud U titioner." 
 
Potter. A Compend of Anatomy. Fifth Edition. 
 16 Lithograph Plates. 117 other Illus. 1891. 
 
 including the viscera. {Based on Gray.) By Saml. 0. L. Potter, m.a,, m.d., 
 late A. A. Surg. U. S. Army; Professor of the Practice of Medicine, Cooper Medical 
 College, San Francisco. Revised and Enlarged. i2mo. Being No. I ? Quiz- 
 Compend ? Series. Seepage 29. Strongly bound in cloth, $1.00 
 
 Interleaved, for the addition of notes, 1.25 
 
 \* An Appendix has been added to this edition, containing 16 Lithographic Plates of the Arterial and 
 Nervous Systems, with explanatory tables that will be found exceedingly useful and practical. We would 
 call special attention to these tables, as being entirely original in design and arrangement, giving graphic 
 views of the most difficult part of Human Anatomy, and including anastomoses (the arteries) and distri- 
 bution (the arteries and nerves) ; a thing never before shown completely in tabular form. The different types 
 are so arranged as to grade the branches according to relative importance, and by the systematic and ingenious 
 use of brackets with various types, the tables are veritable pictures themselves of their objects. 
 
 Dr. Potter's power of condensation and arrangement, have never been displayed to such advantage as in 
 these tables, which must take their proper place as the best of all attempts of the kind, even in the restricted 
 space of pages the size of which was previously determined, and to which the tables had to conform. 
 
 The plates are equally original, having been made from new drawings by Dr. Potter's own hand ; they 
 are graphic delineations, and being diagrammatic, do not represent the exact forms or proportions of the parts 
 thus shown. If colored by hand, by the student, as may be done with very little trouble, their value will be 
 greatly increased. 
 
 " In the particular line to which it belongs, and as one of the pioneers, this work of the indefatigable Dr. 
 Potter stands in the list of the very best. This is particularly conspicuous in view of the many failures to 
 render the subject of anatomy attractive when presented in compends." — American Practitioner and News, 
 January, 1 89 1. 
 
 "This is ? Quiz-Compend No. 1, based on Gray principally, and is a book that to a student is almost a 
 necessity, and to the practicing physician a great aid as a ready reference work, enabling him, at almost a 
 glance, to keep in mind a great many valuable points in anatomy that otherwise he would forget." — The Cin- 
 cinnati Medical Journal, Febiitary ijth, i8qi. 
 
 " Of all the studies in a medical course, anatomy is the most important. To wade through a ' Gray,' for 
 review, is very irksome, and by having an Anatomy in an epitomized form and thoroughly reliable, both time 
 and labor will be saved. Dr. Potter has thus conferred a boon on both the student and practitioner alike, by 
 publishing his Compend of Anatomy. The tables and plates of the nerves and arteries are excellent ; these 
 constitute the Appendix, and by their aid one can review this important part of the work in a short space of 
 time." — Canada Lancet, Toronto, February, i8qi. 
 
 
 I89O. 
 
 Robinson. The Latin Grammar of Pharmacy and 
 Medicine. 
 
 By H. D. Robinson, ph.d., Professor of Latin Language and Literature, University 
 of Kansas, Lawrence. With an Introduction by L. E. Sayre, ph.g., Professor of 
 Pharmacy, and Dean of the Dept. of Pharmacy, in the University of Kansas. i2mo. 
 275 Pages. Cloth, $2.00 
 
 "It is a work that meets with my hearty approval. There is great need of just such a book in our 
 American schools of pharmacy and medicine." — E. S. Bastin, Professor of Botany, Dept. of Pharmacy, 
 Northwestern University, Chicago. 
 
 " The object of this useful book is a very laudable one, namely, to improve, if possible, the Latin used by 
 both physicians and druggists, chiefly in the prescribing of drugs. While it is true that many of the profession 
 find it unnecessary to remember the genitive endings of words used in medicine, because of the customary 
 abbreviations in prescribing-writing, there are lathers who frequently desire .to write their directions to the 
 druggist in Latin, in order that the patient may not learn of facts about which it is often necessary for him to 
 remain in ignorance. We hope that the book will prove a success, and by its general employment in both 
 pharmaceutical and medical schools, improve the knowledge of Latin in both professions." — Ike Medical 
 News, Philadelphia, January loth, 1891. 
 
 " The plan of the book is excellent, the field new, as it fills a long-felt want. All medical students 
 should have it, both the collegian, as it will give a practical turn to his knowledge of Latin, and the non- 
 graduate, as it will give him a direct and useful acquaintance with that language. The country doctor who 
 has not had the advantages of the younger men will find it a great help in overcoming this defect, and may 
 speedily acquire a familiarity with this language that will surprise his classical confrere.'''' — Southern Cal. 
 Practitioner, December, 1890. 
 
NURSING, MASSAGE, ETC. 
 
 Ostrom. Massage and the Original Swedish Move- 
 ments. Illustrated. Second Edition. 1891. 
 
 AND THEIR APPLICATION TO VARIOUS 
 
 diseases of the body. A Manual for 
 Students, Nurses, and Physicians. By 
 KuRRE VY. Ostrom, from the Royal 
 University of Upsala, Sweden ; In- 
 structor in Massage and Swedish Move- 
 ments in the Hospital of the University 
 of Pennsylvania and in the Philadel- 
 phia Polyclinic and College for Gradu- 
 ates in Medicine, etc. Illustrated by 87 
 explanatory Wood Engravings, drawn 
 specially for this purpose. i2mo. Sec- 
 ond Edition. Cloth, $1.00 
 
 "This l>ook, which is well written and carefully illustrated, will be of service both to physicians and 
 nurses as well as to manipulators. Mr. Ostrom, who came to this country from Sweden, lias proven b 
 a capable teacher as well as a good masseur, his instructions being careful, accurate, and complete." — 
 L'niverAty Medical Magazine, Philadelphia^ March, iSqo. 
 
 Parvin. Obstetric Nursing. 1889. 
 
 LECTURES DELIVERED AT THE TRAINING SCHOOL FOR NURSES OF THE PHILADELPHIA 
 
 HOSPITAL. By Theophilus Parvin, m.d., Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of 
 Women and Children in the Jefferson Medical College ; Obstetrician to the Phila- 
 delphia Hospital. Revised and Enlarged, izrao. th, % .7^ 
 
 Humphrey. A Manual for Nurses. 4th Edition 1891. 
 
 iM luding ceneral anatomy and physiology, Management of the Sick-Room, 
 
 By ; Humphrey, m.d.,m.r.c.s., Ass't Physician to, and Lecturer at, 
 
 bro >k's Hospital, Cambridge, England, i :mo. 79 Illustrations. 
 
 " 'lint .1 work <>f such a character should 1 at all is in itself :i significant indication 
 
 of the high standard to which the art of nursing has risen in recent years, and i I "t" the 
 
 estimation in which really goo 1 nursing is held alike by the public and by m dical n ie intelligent 
 
 and often well educated women who now take up tmr-iiiL; either as an occupation or a> a prof ssion, some 
 ining in the elements of anatomy and physiology is very generally lary by 
 
 all hospital authorities. . . ." — The Practition il, i8go. 
 
 Fullerton. Obstetrical Nursing. Illustrated. 1891. 
 
 A HANDBOOK FOR NURSES, STUD OTHERS. By A*NNA M. FULLERTON, M.D., 
 
 Demonstrator of Obstetrics in the Women's Medical College j Physician in ch 
 df, and Obstetrician and Gynaecologist to, the Woman's Hospital, Philadelphia, etc. 
 34 Illustratii ral of which are original. Second Edition, Revised and I'.nla; 
 
 tamo. es. 
 
 wir AUTHOR. 
 
 Nursing in Abdominal Surgery and Diseases of 
 Women. 1891. 
 
 I \K COURSE Of IN I'HK TRAIN N till 
 
 woman' ll, Philadelphia. 70 Illustrations, tamo. a< I th, $1.50 
 
OBSTETRICS— GYNECOLOGY. 
 
 Winckel's Text-Book of Obstetrics. With many 
 Original Illustrations. 
 
 INCLUDING THE PATHOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS OF THE PUERPERAL STATE. By 
 
 Dr. F. Winckel, Professor of Gynecology and Director of the Royal Hospital for 
 Women in Munich. Authorized Translation, by J. Clifton Edgar, m.d., Adjunct 
 Prof, of Obstetrics, Medical Depart., University of the City of New York. 192 hand- 
 some illustrations, the majority of which are original with this work. 927 pages. 8vo. 
 
 Cloth, $6.00; Sheep, $7.00 
 
 " His practical experience and laborious researches in the literature of the subject have qualified him to 
 place before the profession a book which is certainly of great value, and we desire to compliment Dr. Edgar 
 upon his foresight and admirable work in the preparation of the American translation. One of the useful 
 things about the work is that bibliographies accompany the articles upon each special subject, while the illus- 
 trations seem to us to be almost entirely original, which is but natural when we consider the enormous amount 
 of material from which the author may obtain figures. The work of the American publisher has been well 
 carried out, as it is usual under the circumstances, and we venture to say the translation is put before the pro- 
 fession of this country in much better form than the German publishers placed the original before the physi- 
 cians of the Fatherland." — Medical News, Philadelphia. 
 
 " These additions make the perusal of the work a labor of pleasure, besides adding greatly to its value. 
 One lays down the book with a heightened admiration for the author's learning, as well as a deep respect for 
 his careful and conservative teaching." — American Journal of Obstetrics, Nezv York. 
 
 " In this hasty manner we have only sought to call attention to the salient points of this admirable work, 
 which, though intended and especially adapted to the student, nevertheless will well repay a careful perusal by 
 all who aspire to practice obstetrics according to the most improved modern methods. We would like to see 
 this text-book used in this country, for the reason that it is clear and concise, that it gives special prominence 
 to pathology, and that every page bears evidence of that thoroughness and sound conservatism which makes 
 its distinguished author unequaled as a teacher of obstetrics." — Medical Record. 
 
 Winckel. Diseases of Women. By Parvin. Second 
 Edition, Enlarged. 
 
 including diseases of the bladder and urethra. By Dr. F. Winckel, Professor 
 of Gynaecology and Director of the Royal University Clinic for Women in Munich. 
 Authorized Translation. Edited by Theophilus Parvin, m.d., Professor of Obstet- 
 rics and Diseases of Women and Children in Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia. 
 Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. 152 Engravings on Wood. i2mo. No. 2, 
 New Series of Manuals. 766 pages. Cloth, $3.00; Leather, $3.50 
 
 " The popularity of the work is shown by the rapidity with which the first edition was exhausted. There 
 is, perhaps, no more scholarly or influential authority on gynaecological subjects among our German confreres 
 than Winckel, and this fact, added to the respect and esteem in which his American editor is universally held, 
 may serve to explain the early demand for a second edition in advance of a second German edition. 
 A novel feature is furnished by the chapters on diseases of the mammary gland. They are not generally dis- 
 cussed in works of this character, but we have always been of the opinion that their consideration was quite 
 as appropriate as that of any other portion of the genital apparatus, of which they form an essential element." 
 — The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, Philadelphia. 
 
 " It is nearly three years since we had the pleasure of reviewing the English translation of Professor 
 Winckel's ' Diseases of Women.' The favorable comments we then made we have now but to endorse in 
 connection with the second edition of this excellent, lucidly written gynaecological work. Dr. Theophilus 
 Parvin has most thoroughly revised the former issue, so that the reader meets with only the latest and most, 
 matured opinions on the various debatable topics. We should like again to direct the attention of those inter- 
 ested in gynaecological literature to the subjects on pelvic neoplasms and diseases of the female urethra and 
 bladder. The work is profusely illustrated, and we feel confident that those of our readers who accord it 
 careful study will derive much pleasure and instruction from its pages." — The Practitioner, London.