COLUMBIA LIBRARIES OFFSrrE HEALTH SCIENCES STANDARD HX64088251 QP905 .L85 Pharmacologic diagra RECAP QP^OS US CoUege of Sj^if^iiciani anb ^urseonsf %ihvaty Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2010 witii funding from Open Knowledge Commons http://www.archive.org/details/pharmacologicdiaOOIong HARMACOLOGIC DIAGRAMS. ILLUSTRATING THE PHYSIOLOGIC ACTION OF THE MOST IMPORTANT DRUGS, WITH BLANK DIAGRAMS FOR PHYSIOLOGIC OR PHARMACOLOGIC LABORATORY NOTES. BY ELI H. LONG, M. D., PROFESSOR OF THERAPEUTICS, UNIVERSITY OF BUFFALO. miKKALo: C. K. JAME80N, 1 •'» 5 K A H T 1 1 T I r A S I- K F, K T I!M)1. u?-^ .^ PREFACE. CD ■^ The purpose of this puhlicatioii is to aid tlie student in a very needful direction — tliat of fixinji in liis mind the essential, distinctive action of the "*" most important internal drugs. Tlie use of diagrams necessitates the dis- ^ regard of pure tlieory. Tlierefore the summary of physiologic ett'ects of ^ each drug is intended to include only demonstrated facts or generally accepted beliefs. No attempt is made to explain tlie methods of drug action, but ratlier to illustrate and briefly state tlie fticts. As every drug cannot be illustrated in this way, some substances of importance are necessarily omitted. The blank pages and diagrams in the latter part are intended for notes in either physiologic or pharmacologic laboratory study. INDEX. Pagk Aconite 3 Alcoliol 4-0 Amyl Nitrite 21 Atropine (i-7 Belladonna (>-7 Bromides H Butyl-Chloral 15 Caffeine 11 Cathartics 12-13 Chloral lo Chloralamide 15 Chloroform 27 Convallaria 19 Coca 16-17 Cocaine 16-17 CJodeine 25 Digitalis 19 Ether 2(i Ergot 20 Olonoin 21 Page Heroine 25 Homatropine 6 Hyoscine 6 Hyoscyamine 6 Morphine 25 Nitrites 21 Nitroglycerin . . . 21 Nux Vomica 23 Opiun) 25 Paraldehyd 15 Scilla 19 Sodium Nitrite 21 Strophaiithus 19 Strychnine 23 Sulphonal 15 Theobromine Trional Tetronal Veratrine Veratrum Viride. 11 15 15 3 3 General Explanation of Diagrams. RED {ilwavs iiMlicMtfs stiiimlMfioii, or inei-HHse of activity. BLUE iihvavH indicMtf'K (lopi-H.s.sjoii, or (liiniiiiition of aotivity. STK.\n;irT FiF.VKH or Lau(;k Dot.s indifnt*' nerve irritahilitv or jictivity. Cn{VKi> liiM'.s iii(|i<-;i1«' niiisclc ii-iil nliility or jic(i\i1 y. S.MArj. Doth iiidicjitc o|;iii(|ii|;ip oi- sccictoi-v activitv. ACONITE— Yeratrum Yiride. [For genoral explanation of diagrams see page one.] Vi:KA'I"li(:M VIRFDE and VERATRINE have an action wliicli n^HemblcH closfily tliat of Aconite. ACONITE. The tuber of A. Xnpellus. riassified as: Arterial depressant. Cardiac dei)re.ssant. XeiA'e depressant. Antipyretic. •Sensory nerve enclin ■lepressecl Pliysiolog-ic action : Nervoua Si/sfrni. Brain. No influence upon cerebrnni. Medulla. Stimulates vagus centre. Prob- ably depresses respiratory centre. Spinal cord. Tntlnence uncertain. Sensory nerve endings are depressed after a period of slight stimulation. Muxc-nlar Sifstem. Causes general muscular weakness. Circulation. Lessens force, rapidity and pressure of tlje arterial current. Heart. A direct influence upon tlie heart is uncertain, but by stimulation of inhibition the heart is siowed and its force weakened— the result being cardiac de- pression. (According to some authorities the drug depresses the heart nuiscle and its motor ganglia.) Capillary area. The vaso-motor influence of the drug is uncertain. Temperature is reduced. OFFK'IAIv PItKPAUATIOXH. Extractum Aconili Gm. .000— .015 I'Jxtracturn Aeoniti Fluidi.. Xim. .0.'5 — .12 '/•inrfiira Ar.nnUi Gm. .08 — ..".O -.^ / -5 V — .30 ^ -,i , / TincJnni Vfratri ViridiH Gi'i. .12 —.00 7- -^ " "^ \Wntrina <'"'• .002-.(X)6 4 ALCOHOL. [For general explanation of diagrams see page one. ALCOHOL. Used eomnionly in the form of Whisli.v, Brandy or Wine. Classified as : Irritant. Astringent. Antiseptic. Stimulant. Narcotic. Anpesthetic. PhysiolQgic action : To summarize the phj'siologic ef- fects of alcohol is very diflicult, owing to the contradictory opinions held by good authori- ties. While most writers agree that the full effect of a large dose of the drug is that of a general depressant, there is no . agreement as to the influence of a small dose. Two diagrtiin.s are liere presented : No. 1 represents the action of a small dose as taught by those who hold that its primary influence includes stimulation of tlie eere- / brum and of the heart. No. 2 shows tlie depressant action of a jarg'e dose upon tlie nervous system, cir- culation and digestion. Many observers deny the primary'stimulant at-tion, holding that the drug is a depressant from the first, or even a small dose. The excitement of intoxication is not due to stimulation, but to depression of tlie higii^T controlling centres. Local action. Irritant, by reason of its affinity for water. When applied to the mucous membrane of the digestive tract the irritation probably induces reflex stimulation, which may account in part for the pri- mary stim^ilaut effect attributed to the drug. Digestion. In small doses, well diluted, alcohol seems to increase gastric secretion and motility, while stronger solutions. (5% or more) retard the digestive process. As a food the position of alcohol has not been very definitely determined. A small part only can he recovered as alcohol from the fluids of excretion. The greater part therefore is changed into other iiroducts and is believed thereby to contribute some energy to the body. The economy to the system of its use may be open to question, as it does not seem to economize nitrogenous waste. Metabolism. Its influence upon nutritive changes and upon elimination is uncertain. V«W»cP(exH3. No. I. ALCOHOL. [Foi-Konrial explanation of diagrams see page one Mi/»CP/«XH3, No. 2. 6 BELLADONNA— Atropine. BELLADONNA. Leaves and root of Atropa B. The alkaloid Ati'opine repi'esents the drug fully. Classified as : Cerebral stimulant. Deliriant narcotic. Mydriatic, Cardiac stimulant. Antispasmodic. Antihidrotic. Physiologic action : In general '' atropine acts as a stimulant to tlie central nervous system and paralyzes the terminations of a number of the nerves, more especially of those that supply involuntary nuiscle, secretory glands and the lieart." [CusHNY.] It paralyzes peripheral inhibition. It decreases the secre- tions generally, except tlie urine, and increases the body temperature producing a condition simulating fever. Nervous Si/stem. Brain. Stimulates cerebrum, especially in its motor areas. Medulla. Stimulates respiratory and vaso-motor centres. Spinal cord. Depresses inliibitory centres. Nerves. Sensory. Depresses sensory nerve endings. Motor. Depresses motor nerves. Secretory. Paralyzes the endings of man^- of the secretory nerves, causing a diminution or arrest of the secretion, hence tliere result dryness of tlie mouth, lessened secretion of gastric and pancreatic juices aiid of milk. Tlie sweat glands are rendered less active. Vagus. Paralyzes the inhibitory terminations of the vagus within the heart and the secretory terminations within the digestive system. Muscular System. Depresses unstriped muscle, but has no influence upon voluntary muscle. Lessens the movements of stomach, intestines, blad- der, uterus, and in general tlie organs containing unstriped muscle, except the arterial walls. [Cushny.] Eye. Pupils are dilated by paral3'sis of terminals of the motor oculi nerve in tiie iris, with possible stimulation of the sympathetic terminals. It paralyzes accommodation. Most authorities state tliat it increases intra- ocular pressure. Circulation. Arterial pressure is hicreased, chiefly by central vaso-motor stimulation. Heart. Increases pulse rate by paralyzing inhiliition (peripheral ends of vagus.) The heart muscle or its accelerator nerves may be feebly stimulated. Capillary area. Arterioles are contracted. Resinration. Stimulated by action upon respiratory centre. Excretion. Perspiration is lessened. The drug is excreted rapidly by the kidneys, but its influence upon their activity is uncertain. CHIEF OFFICIAL PKEPAEATIONS. Extractum Belladonnce Folioimm Alcoholicum. . . . .Gm. .0075 — .03 Tinctura Belladonnce Foliorum Gm. .80 — 2. Extractum Belladonnce Radicis Fluidum Gm. .06 — .20 Atropince Sulphas Gm. .0005 — .001 Alkaloids having similar action : HYOSCYAMINE and HYOSCINE— From Hyoscyamus. Less stimulating to central nervous system. More hypnotic and sedative. Hyoscyamince Suljjhas Gm. .001 — .002 Hyoscince Hydrobromas, HyosoyamincB Ilyclrobromas. .Qm. .001 — .002 Gm. .0004 — .001 HOMATROPINE, as a mydriatic, produces a more rapid and more tran- sient dilation of the pupil than does atropine. Used locally. BELLADONNA- Atropine. [K..r geiioral explanation of dia-ranis soo page one. li'ss aotivp — Motor nervfs :iiul sonsory MtTve enrtinti .t^'prpssfrt. VcUiePUxMS. \ BROMIDES. [For sceneral explanation of diagrams see page one.] POTASSIUM BROMIDE. Classified as: Cerebral depressant. Nerve depressant. Anti.^pasniodiac. Anaphrodisiac. Sensory nerve cudin di'pressed Pliysiolog'ic action : The depressant effect is due in jiart to the potassium base wliicli is especially de- pressant to the heart. Nervous syntem. Brain. Depresses tlie cerebral cortex, and especially tlie motor areas. Medulla. Depresses the respiratory centre slightly, .slowing the respiration. Spinal cord. Lessens reflex irritability, probably mainly through a depression of the sensory portion of the cord and the peripheral terminals of the sensory nerves. Sensory nerve endings are depressed, causing a slight de- gree of anjesthesia in some regions. Sexual function is depressed. Ch'onJnt'Km. Arterial pressure lowered somewhat. Heart. l)('|»re.«ses the heart sliglitly. Capillary area. Full do>es cause vaso-motor relaxation. Eliminfidoii. The drug is rajiidly absorbed from tlie stomach, but is eliminatedslowly. It may be found in the several excretions but chiefly in the urine. PotftHHii. liromidum (Jm. ..'')0 — 4. S'odii lironiiduni (Jm. .30 — 4. Lfss irritating and rather leKS depressing. Ammoriii liroinUliim (jin. ..'SO — 2. [,<'asi di-presKing owing to tiio arnmonlnni base. LUhii lirmnUhnn Om. ..SO— 2. Stnmtii liromiihiiii (Jm. .I'O— 2. CAFFEINE— Theobromine. [For general expliination of diagrams see page one.] CAFFEINE. An Alkaloid existing in coffee, tea, guarana and cola nut. Classified as : Cerebral stimulant. Cardiac stimulant. Diuretic. Physiologic action : Nervous System. Cerebrum. Stimulates cor- tex, increasing the ac- tivity of psycliic func- tions. Medulla. Stimulates respi- ratory centre and vaso- motor centre. Vasus centre may be stimu- lated but tlie effect con- cealed by the direct ef- fect upon the heart. Muanular Sijstem. Irritability mu.scle tissue increased. Circulation. Arterial pressure increased by vaso-motor activity. Heart. Stimulates heart nuiscle, producin<< accelera- tion of pulse. Capillary area. Contracts arterioles by stinuilation of vaso-motor centre in the medulla and probably also by direct action upon the constrictor fibres in the vessel walls. Ernrefion. Kidneys. Stimulates excretory function, botli of the glomeruli and the renal epithelium, causing increase of water and of solids, the increase of water being- more marked. The diuretic effect may be prevented by the vaso-motor action. 11 OFFICIAL PRRPAIIATIONR : daffeinfi Gm. .00— ..SO (UijffAmi ditrata Gm. .12 — .r>0 (Uijfe'nia difrfita EfferveHceriH Gm. 4. — 15. and working power of Wv JC PfcXHS. Throttromint: (from Theobroma cacao and from (Juarana) has an action upon the circulation Kimllar to that of ('afTeine, but is superior as a diuretic and lesH stimulating to the cerebrum. 12 CATHARTICS. [For genei'al explanation of diagrams see page one.] These diagrams are intended to show tlie different ways in which cathartics may act. •It is not possible to classify strictly, as the action of some is too extensive to be limited to one group or illustrated by a single diagram. The numbers indicate the diagrams that represent what is believed to be the most prominent action in case of each drug, with- out intending to show the complete action in every instance. Group A. LAXATIVES. Fruits. (1) Sugar. / '} Sulphur. Purges in small doses. Glycerin (by enema.) (2) Group B. PURGES. Aloe. (1) Mercurials. (4) Oleum liicini. (4) miamnnsFrangula. (Ij Ri)amnus Pursliiana. (1) Rheum. (1) Magnesia. Senna. (1) (4) Group C. HYDRAGOGUES. iSalinea. Magnesii Citras. Magnesii Sulphas. Potassii Bitartras. Potassii et Sodii Tartras.(3 Sodii Phosphas. (3) Sodii Sulphas. (3) (3) Elaterinum. (4 (3) Jalapa. (4) (3) Senna. (1)(4) Group D. DRASTICS . Coloc3Mithis. (5) Oleum Tiglii. (5) Elaterinum. (4) Podophyllum. (5) Jalapa. (4) Scammonium. {^) Caml)ogia. (5) CATHARTICS. 13 [For general expliiiiation of diasranis see page one.J The luitunil provision for intestinal evacua- tion includes three factors : First. A certain amount of indigestible matter in tlie food. Second. Peristaltic motion from the stonuicii downward. Third. A certain degree of fluiditj' of con- tents, ^z^:^,^^.^^^ , A deerefise of any one factor tends to consti- pation, while an increase tends to diarrhoea. Cathartics act by intluencing these several factors. Laxative foods act by reason of their in- digestible residue. Almost anj' cathartic may have simply a laxative efTect when used in small doses. Purges, by their irritating action, stimulate peristalsis, the milder ones acting mainly upon the large intestine (1). Some, in large doses, approach drastics in severity of action (5). The absence of bile diminishes the activity of podophyllum, jalapa, rheum, senna and scam- monium. Ilijdragogues act in two ways : The less irritating salines cause a marked increase of fluid by determining a flow of serum from the l)lood into the intestine (3). A low blood pressure diminishes their activity. The more irritating hydragogues stimulate very promptly peristalsis of the small intes- tine, witii the result that the fluid contents is hurried onward and absorption lessened (4). Secretion also may be increased. Copious licpiid stools result. . /.(/•as/ics stimulate powerfully the peristaltic movement of tlie wliole tract (5) causing prompt, frecjuent stools witii severe griping. In large doses tiiey act as irritant poisons and may cause contractions in the gravid uterus. (Jliolfigogurs favor the flow of bile into the duodenum, proltably Ihrough the increased Ix-ristalsiH. The influence of cathartics upon the function of the liver seems uncertain and indin-ct. CHLORAL. 15 IKor gonoial explanation of diaj^i'anis see page one.] CHLORAL. (Ch'.oral Hydrate.) Giii. .30—1.30 Classified ns: Hypnotic. Narcotic. 8piiml depressant. Cardiac depressant. Physiologic action : Locally applied it is some- what irritant. Internally it resembles chloroform in action except tliat it is not anaesthetic in safe doses. Nervous Sjfstem. Brain. Depresses cerebrnm. Induces sleep, but does not relieve pain. Medulla. Depresses respi- latory and vaso-motor centres. Spinal cord. Depre.sses re- flex centres. Mnncular System. Causes general muscular weakness. Probal)Iy depresses muscular coats of the arterioles by direct action. Cirrnfafioii. Reduces arterial pressure in marked degree. Heart. Depresses the cardiac muscle, causing slower and weaker action. Capillary area. Dilates arterioles by depressing vaso- motor centre, and probably also by direct depressant action upon the muscular coats of the vessels. Henpiration. Depresses respiratory center. Tfrnpcffiture. Reduced by full doses. MtidhoVixm. Destruction of proteids is increased with less perfect oxidation. With prolonged administration fatty degeneration of various organs may occur. ?16%VIS. I>ni, 'i'llIONAL and TETHONAL. Safer than chloral, but slower in action. Trional is n)ore soluble than sulpiional, therefore usually i)referred. Dose of each (Jm. I .—2. 16 COCA— Cocaine. [For general explanation of diagrams see page one. COCA. The leaves of Erythroxylon Coca. The alkaloid Cocaine fully represents the drug. Classified as : Cerebral stimulant. Mydriatic. Local ansesthetic. General j^rotoplasmic poison. Physiologic action : The drug produces flrst.a descend- ing stimulation of the central nerv- ous system, followed by a sensory descending depression if a h";!"T.^,'.^"'^i''"^ o i aepressou large dose has been taken. The succession may be ir- regular, so that a case of cocaine poisoning may sliow mixed symp- toms of stimulation and depression. The two diagrams presentedshow the stimulant and depressant ef- fects respectively. when l()caU\ I M. lied- Diagram I. "^-^^^^^ Stomach. The local eflfect is to benumb the sensory nerve endings in the stomach. Nervous Si/stem. Brain. Stimulates the cerebral cortex. Medulla. Stimulates respiratory and vaso-motor centres. Spinal cord. Stimulates reflex centres. Sensory nerve endings are always depressed when drug is applied locally. Muscular System. Increases irritability and working power of voluntary muscles. Eye. Dilates pupil by stimulating dilator nerves. Circulation. Arterial pressure is increased. Heart. Action accelerated either by direct stimulation of heart muscle or of the accelerator nerves. Capillary area. Contracts arterioles by stimulation of vaso-motor centre in the medulla. Respiration. Rate increased by stimulation of respiratory centre. Elimination. Cocaine has been detected in the urine, but its influence upon the kidneys is variable and uncertain, there- fore probablj' indirect. WvieP(exH3. COCA— Cocaine. [For trencral exi)lanation of diaurramsscc pago one.] 17 Diagram 2. Tlie poisonous effects of Coca, or the secondary elfects of a large dose, are de- pressant, following quite definitely the lines of previous stimulation. / .i- NervouH Sfjstern. Brain. Cerebral functions are de- ^ pressed, frequently with the pro-''^ duction of narcosis or convul- sions. Medulla. Depresses respiratory cen- tre and prohaltly vaso-motor cen- tre. Depresses reflex cen-Ji>t». Arterial pressure is Spinal cord. tres. -" — Circulation. lessened. Heart. Depressed by direct action %^^ of the drug. . , . ^•.•'*-*^ Capillary area. Arteriol es relaxe d, j,^ probably through paralysis oTpf^ vasomotor centre. Reapiration. Depresses tlie respira-,^ tory functions by lessening thcj irritability of the centre in thf^ " medulla. In general, the depressant action is that of a general protoi>lasniic poison, the commonest instance of wliich is its paralyzant influence upon nerve tissue when locally applied. h'^^f-^ OFFICIAL PUEPAltATIONS: Ext7-achim CnccR Fluubtm, Gm. 1. —8 ('nr.nirKf Jfi/ih-ocfiloran. . Aim. .01 — .0.'{ |Kor local ana'sthetic purposes the alkaloid Cocaine is employed in from I % to i'/, solution 1 DIGITALIS— Strophanthus. [For general explanation of diagrams see page one.] DIBITALIS. The leaves of D. Purpurea of the second year's growth. Note.— The description below is of the action of the drug or of pre- parations fully representing it. Classified as: Cardiac stiuiulant. Cardiac tonic. Vaso-co 11 stricter. Diuretic. Pliysioloo'ic action : Stomach. Absorbed slowly. Irritant in large doses or when long continued. Nervous st/sfon. Brain. Xo influence upon the cereltruni. Medulla. Stimulates vaso- motor and vaguscentres. Afuscular system. Stimulates .^irectly the constrictor fibres of the arterioles. Circulation. Gives greater force and rapidity to arterial current, witli higher blood pressure. Heart. Stimulates the inhibitory influence (vagus, center and ])eriphery), which slows the heart and tends toward relaxation. Stimulates the cardiac muscle and contained ganglia, giving greater force to tlie contractions. Capillary area. Arterioles contracted botii by direct local action and by stimniiition of vaso-motor centre in medulla. /'J.ifrrfion. Kidneys. Direct action upon renal epithelium is uncer- tain. The urine is increased, but mainly thiougii in- fluence of higher arterial pressure. 19 OFFICIAL I»REPARATIO\8 [Hf/italiH (Jin. Hitracfum Difjilalis (im. I-'jlra.fliini Dif/ilaliH Fliiidiirn. . . .(>m. I II I'll. ■ill III hiijilaliH (Jm. 'riiu-tiira I)i(jilAl{ATFo.v: Tinctura Slrophanthi. Alim. .12— .00. CONVALI>AIUA and SCILL.\ mIso have an action in general similar to that of Dit^ilaiis. 20 ERGOT. [For general explanation of diagrams see page one. ERBOT. A fungus replacing the grain of rye. Note.— The description helow i.s of the action of the whole drug or of preparations fully representing it. Classified as : Oxytocic. Vaso-coiist victor. Haemostatic. Physioloo'ic action : Digestive tract. It is believed to stimulate gastric motility and in- testinal peristalsis. NervouH .si/stem. Brain. Not affected. Medulla. Stimnlates vaso- motor centre. Spinal cord. Stimulates centre for uterine con- traction in lower part of cord. Muscular sijstem. Stimulates uustriped mus- cle, — noted especially in the arterioles and gravid uterus. May cause spasm of s])hincter vesi- cae. Circulation. Arterial pres- sure is increased. Heart. May be slowed, but influence not definite. Capillary area. Arterioles contracted, cliiefly by central vaso- motor stimulation. Uterus. Stimulates uter- ine contractions, mainly by Influencing centre in lower part of si)inal cord. On-^KIAL PREPARATIONS : Extractum Ergotce Gm. .30— 1. Ectractum Ergotre Fluidum Gm. 2. — 4. Vinnm Ergotre Gm. 4. —15. ty vie P(exn3. NITRITES. fFor giMieral oxplaiiation of diagrams see page one.] 21 Amyl Nitkitf. Gm. .0() —.30 Glonoix ( Nitroglyeerin), Gill. .0005— .001 Spiritus Gloxoini, Gm. .O:] —.10 Sodium Nitrite, . Gm. .06 —.20 Classified as : Vaso-dilator.s. Circulatory .stimulants. Physiologic action : While the action of the several drug.s of this group is very similar, Amyl Ni- trite (by inhalation) has the most rapid and transient effect, Glonoin is most powerful and Sodium Nitrite has the most permanent effect. NervouH Sj/stern. Brain. No direct influence upon cerebrum. Medulla. Depresses vagus centre. Muscular SijHtein. Paralyzes the muscular coats of arterioles and probably of veins. Circulation. Causes a decided fall in arterial pressure with acceleration of pulse. Heart. Any direct action upon the heart js doubtful. The acceleration is mainly due to depression of vagus centre. Capillary area. Dilates arterioles, thereby increasing the volume and efficiency of the capillary ciniulation. The influence upon arterial pressure and pulse rate is shown by tlie following sphygmographic pulse tracings: Normal pulse tracing. Rate 84. AJWUUUUUl TJie same after taking Nitroglycerin. Rate 90. ^/^. I'upils contracted by central nerve influence. Ar*'*^-»^/<'^^—^ hif/f ntirc Si/xtriil. Stomach. Secretion and motility lessened. intestines. I^eristalsis is greatly diminished. ELbaiiiutUni. Secretions generally are din)inisiied (except the perspiration. The drug is partly changed in tiie system, but the greater j)art is eliminated by the gastro-intestiruil tract. CODKF.N'K. licss powerful ;in(l cjepre.ssiiig tlian morphiiH IMlftleim.'uil. HKIIOINK. Has a more; depressant r-(I'iM!t up')ri II rii'Tphine or (todcine. ?16%VAS. ^^ times as depressant to the central nervous system, and 36 to 48 times as depressant to the heart, as is ether. It usually causes d eath by paralysis of respiration, the heart continuing to bea t, though so <^reatly de pressed as to pre - veut tecovery in man y case s. Locally apj>lied the drug is an irritant. Nervous S'l/stcm. Brain. Depresses cerebrum, abolishing all of its functions. Medulla. Of tlie whole central nervous system the medulla is attected last. In dangerous narcosis the respiratory and vaso-motor centres are paralyzed. Spinal cord. Abolishes all functions, the sensory side being paralyzed before the motor. Circulation. Much more depressed ))y chloroform than by ether. Arte- rial pressure decidedly diminished, probably by both cardiac and vaso-motor depression. Heart. Depresses the heart muscle or its ganglia. By prolonged action may cause fatty degeneration. Capillary area, sion. Arterioles relaxed by vaso-motor depres- Si/e. E'lrly the pupils arc; dilated. During complete an- aistheHJa they are (!ontracted. With dangerous i)aritlysis they tlilate. lieMpirafion. During partial aujcsthesia it is lessdistnrbed in a reflf!X way than with etlnsr. During full anu'stliesia it is regular and normal as during sleep. In dangerous narcosis it fails through paralysis of the resi)iratory centre. Tcrnprrniurc is reduced during aniesthesia. MeffiholiHm. Destruction of proteids is increased with less perfect oxidation. Fatty df^generation of heart, liver and kidneys irniy occur. The drug is eliminated chielly by tin- Iniig.s, i)Mt it has l)e«;n found in (he urine. ficlviePfcxHS. 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 4G COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES This book is due on the date indicated below, or at the expiration of a definite period after the date of borrowing, as provided by the rules of the Library or by special arrange- ment with the Librarian in charge. DATE BORROWED DATE DUE DATE BORROWED DATE DUE i i C2a(l14l)M100 QP905 L85 Long Pharmac o 1 a)gi c diagrams. ^'ji9-/4 c^. dc...^