O.P915 , At3 mtl)f(£itpofllrtt!fdrk College of ^ijpsliciansi anb ^nxQtoni ILibrarp C((( Presented hy DR. WILLIAA^ J- ^^^-|S to enrich the liBrary resources ave^iLble to holders Ml GlES FELLOWSHIP ^ '^^ ■ Biologicd Chemistry ^,. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from Open Knowledge Commons (for the Medical Heritage Library project) http://www.archive.org/details/experimentalinquOOatwa XATIO>;rAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Volume VIII. SIXTH MEMOIR. AX EXPERIMENTAL INQUIRY REGARDING THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF ALCOHOL. W. O. ATWATER and F. G. BENEDICT. Presented to the A-caaemy by J0H:N" S. BILLIJJ'G-S. CONTENTS Page. Introduction 235 Purpose of the experiments 235 Questions actually studied 236 Apparatus and methods of inquiry 236 Accuracy of apparatus and methods 237 The experiments 238 General plan 238 The men who served as subjects of the experiments 239 Symptoms observed in experiments with alcohol 240 General description of individual metabolism experiments 240 List of metabolism experiments with and without alcohol and grouping for comparison 240 Group A. Rest experiments Xos. 9 and 10. Experiments with ordinary diet and with alcohol diet.. 242 Group B. Rest experiments Nos. 22 and 24. Experiments with ordinary diet and with alcohol diet. . 244 Group C. Rest experiments Nos. 26 to 28. Experiments with ordinary diet and with alcohol diet.. 245 Group D. Work experiments Nos. 11 and 12. Experiments with ordinary diet and with alcohol diet 246 Group E. Work experiments Nos. 29 to 31. Experiments with ordinary diet and with alcohol diet.. 247 Group F. Work experiments Nos. 32 to 34. Experiments with ordinary diet and with alcohol diet. . 249 Group G. Rest experiments Nos. 7, 13, and 14. Experiments with ordinary diet and with alcohol diet : 250 Group H. Rest experiments Nos. 5 and 15 to 17. Experiments with ordinary diet and with alcohol diet 251 Group I. Rest experiments Nos. 18 to 21. Experiments with ordinary diet and with alcohol diet.. 253 Digestion experiments 255 Discussion of the results of the experiments 256 Effect of alcohol upon the digestion of food 256 Proportions of alcohol oxidized and unoxidized 2.58 Metabolism of the energy of alcohol 259 The protection of body material by alcohol 261 Protection of body fat 263 Protection of liody protein 264 Effect of alcohol upon the radiation of heat from the body 272 Rapidity of combustion of alcohol in the body - 276 Alcohol as a source of heat in the body 277 Alcohol as a source of muscular energy 277 Summary of plan and results of the experiments 285 APPENDIX. Data — Experimental methods 289 Metabolism experiments 289 Statistical details i.if metabolism experiments 291 Experiment No. 12. Work with alcohol diet 291 Experiments Nos. 1.5-17. Rest with alcohol diet 305 Experiments Nos. 18-21. Rest. Nos. 18-20 with alcohol diet 317 Experiments Nos. 22-24. Rest. No. 22 with alcohol diet 330 Experiments Nos. 26-28. Rest. No. 27 with alcohol diet 342 Experiments Nos. 29-31. Work. No. 30 with alcohol diet 354 Experiments Nos. 32-34. Work. No. 33 with alcohol diet 366 233 234 CONTENTS. Page. Statistical details of dige=tion experimenrts 379 Details of digestion experiment — No. 41 379 Xo. 42 379 No. 47 380 Xo. 48 380 No. 51 381 No. 52 381 No. 80 382 No. 81 382 No. 82 383 No. 83 384 No. 84 384 No. 151 : 385 No. 155 385 No. 159 386 Tabular summaries of results of experiments 387 Income and outgo of nitrogen, and gain or loss of protein and fat 387 Income and outgo of material arid energy 390 Proportions of alcohol oxidized and unoxidized 392 Variations in daily excretions of nitrogen 393 Availability of nutrients and energy 395 AN EXPERIMENTAL INQUIRY REGARDING THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF ALCOHOL BY W. O. ATWATER AND F. G. BENKDICT. INTRODUCTION. The present report gives the details of a number of metabolism experiments with men, in which the effects of diet with and without alcohol have been compared.* The details of a number of digestion experiments, which form part of the same investigations, have also been included. PURPOSE OF THE EXPERIMENTS. The main purpo.se of the experiments has been to get light upon the effects of alcohol in the diet, with especial reference to the question of its nuti'itive value. Food is used in the bod_y to build and repair tissue and to furnish energy. Only the nitrogenous compounds (protein) of the food serve the first purpo.se; they also serve as a source of energy, but the main supply of energj' is obtained from the fats and carbohydrates. The fuel ingredients may be burned at once or may be stored for future use. Alcohol contains no nitrogen ^nd therefore can not build or repair tissue; it is rather to be classed with the fats and carbohydrates, and if it has any food value, this must be as a fuel. It does not appear to be stored for any considerable time, but is disposed of soon after it is taken into the body. Alcohol, however, differs from the protein, fats, and carbohydrates of food materials in that it may exert, and when taken in large enough doses does exert, an indirect aetion upon the brain and nerves and through them upon the nutritive and other processes to which the general term metabolism is applied. In this way its actual value may be either increased or diminished according as it aids or hinders digestion, or either accelerates or retards metabolism. We have then to consider not only its direct action as nutriment for the supply of energy, but also its indirect action upon the metabolism and utilization of other food. In the experiments here "The inquiry was undertaken at tlie instance of the Committee of Fifty for the Investigation of the Drink Problem. The experimental work was done in the chemical laboratory of Wesleyan University. A large share of the expense was borne by the committee of fifty although contributions were also received from the Elizabeth Thompson and Bache funds and from private individuals. The experiments were parallel with others of similar character, which are conducted under the auspices of the United States Department of Agriculture. These latter experiments form a part of a general inquiry regarding the food and nutrition of man, which is authorized by Congress and prosecuted in different parts of the United States. The special inquiry into the nutritive action of alcohol was made possible by the generosity of Wesleyan University, which offered to the committee of fifty the use of laboratory and other facilities that have been made available to the Department of Agriculture and the Storrs Experiment Station for nutrition inquiries. The investigation has been pursued with the active cooperation of a number of gentlemen, including especially Mr. A. P. Bryant, under whose direction the computations of the results have been made, and Mr. A. W. Smith, Dr. O. F. Tower, and Dr. J. F. Snell, all of whom have been intimately associated with the elaboration of the apparatus and methods. Mr. SMiTir and Dr. Snell served as subjects in- several of the experiments reported beyond, though the subject of the larger number was Mr. E. Osterberg. The details of the experiments without alcohol and of two of those with alcohol, Nos. 7 and 10, have been published in. bulletins of the United States Department of Agriculture as stated beyond. 235 236 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. described the indirect iiction of alcohol has been studied onh" in so far as (1) through its influence upon the secretion of digestive juices or otherwise it has tended to increase or diminish the proportion of the other food digested, or (2) it has increased or decreased the metabolism of other food or liody material. The ulterior efl'ects of alcohol do not come within the scope of this particular inquiry, which is limited to its use by the body as nutriment. THE QUESTIONS ACTUALLY STUDIED. It appears then that whatever value alcohol ma}' have for nutriment must depend upon its ablity to serve as fuel for furnishing energy to the bodj'. Accordingly the main question l^roposed for stud}' is this: What is the value of alcohol for fuel and how does it compare in this respect with sugar, starch, fats, and other nutrients of ordinary food materials? A collateral question is the effect of alcohol upon the proportions of nutrients digested from the food with which it was taken. Experimental research has shown several waj's in which the ingredients of ordlnar}' food and body material serve as fuel. Thej' are oxidized in the body; in the oxidation, their potential energ}' becomes kinetic and is thus made useful to the bodj'; part of this kinetic energy appears as heat; another part appears as muscular work; in yielding energy by its own oxidation, food protects the material of the body and of other food from consumption. We have then to consider how alcohol compares with the ordinarj' fuel ingredients of the food in these ways. It is clear that the main problem is that of the metabolism of energy in the body. Accord- ingly, while the experiments here described bear upon the use of alcohol in each of the waj's just mentioned and upon collateral topics also, the fundamental question studied has been this: To what extent is the energy of alcohol transformed and utilized in the body like the energj' of the nutrients, especially the fats and carbohj'drates, of ordinar\' food materials? In studying these questions we go down to one of the fundamental principles of material science. The plan of the whole inquirj' is based upon the principle that the chemical and phj'sical changes which take place in the bod}', and to which the general term metabolism is applied, occur in obedience to the laws of the conservation of matter and energy. That the law of the conservation of matter applies within the living organism, no one would question. It might seem equally certain that the metabolism of energj' within the bod}' takes place in accordance with the law of the conservation of energy. In experiments with men in the respiration calorimeter described beyond, the close agreement between the income and the outgo of energy in the body, under various conditions of work and rest, may be regarded as practically demonstrating that the law holds in the living organism. Such demonstration had, indeed, been approximated by earlier investi- gations, notably those of Rubner with dogs. APPARATUS AND METHODS OF INQUIRY. The experiments here described were made with a respiration calorimeter especially devised for research of this kind. The apparatus serves to measure the materials received and given off by the body, including the products of respiration, and is thus a "respiration apparatus." It also .serves to measure the heat given off by the body and hence is a form of calorimeter. To indicate this twofold purpose it is called a "respiration calorimeter." The apparatus and methods of its use have been described elsewhere;" a brief description will suffice here. *In the following Vjulletins of the Office of Experiment Stations of the United States Department of Agriculture: No. 44, Report of Preliminary Investigations on the Metabolism of Nitrogen and Carbon in the Human Organism with a Re.spiration Calorimeter of Special Construction, by W. 0. Atwater, Ph. D., C. D. Woods, B. S., and F. G. Benedict Ph. I).; No. 63, De.scription of a New Respiration Calorimeter and Experiments on the Conservation of Energy in the Human Body, by W. O. Atwater, Ph. D., and E. B. Ro.sa, Ph. D., pp. 94; No. 69, Experiments on the Metabolism of Matter and Energy in the Human Body, by W. O. Atwatek, Ph. D., and F. G. Benedict, Ph. D., with the cooperation of A. W. Smith, M. S., and A. P. Bhyaxt, M. S., pp. 112; No. 109, Further Exi^eriments on the Metab- olism of Matter and Energy in the Human Bod)', by W. O. Atwater, Ph. D., and F. G. Benedict, Ph. D., with the cooperation of A. P. Bryant, M. S., A. W. Smith, M. S., and J. F. Snell, Ph. D. MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 237 The ohainher of the apparatus i.s .so arranged that a man may spend a number of da^vs in comparative comfort within it. It is lighted hv a window, and is furnished with a folding chair, talile. and bed, and. when the experiment involves mu.scular work, with a stationary bicycle also. The chamber is ventilated by a measured current of air. samples of which are taken for analysis before it enters and after it leaves the chamber. In this way the products of respiration are determined. Provision is also made for weighing, sampling, and analyzing all the food and drink, and the solid and liciuid excreta as well. By comparing the chemical elements and compounds received by the body in food, drink, and inhaled air with tho.se given otl" in the solid, liquid, and gaseous forms by the intestines, kidneys, lungs, and skin, it is possible to strike a balance between the total income and the total outgo of matter in the man's body. This serves as the measure of the metabolism of matter in the body. In addition to this the metabolism of energy is also studied. To this end it is necessary to determine the potential energy of the food and drink taken into the body and of the solid and liquid excreta given off by the body, as well as the amounts of energy given off' in the form of heat, external mu.scular work, and otherwi.se. The measurements of the potential energy of the food and excreta are made with the bomb calorimeter." The determination of the heat given oft" froui the bodv is made by certain arrangements in connection with the respiration calorimeter. A current of water passing through a special coil of pipes suspended in the chamber atisorbs the heat that is generated within it, and by measuring the quantity of water that passes through the coil and its ri.se in temperature the amount of heat absorbed may be determined. To this is added the latent heat of the water vaporized within the chamber. So delici^te are the measurements of temperature that the observer sitting outside and recording the changes every two or four minutes immediately detects a rise or fall of even one one-hundredth of a degree in the temperature of the inner copper wall or of the air inside the chamber. If the man inside rises to move about, the increase in the heat given off' from his body with this muscular work show"s itself in a rise of temperature which is iuunediately detected. In the work experiments the subject spends a certain portion of each day in muscular exercise upon an apparatus arranged as an ergometer, by which the amount of muscular work done may be measured. The ergometer consists of a stationary bicycle connected with a dynamo by which the power which the rider applies to the pedals, and which is not changed to heat by the friction of the machine, is converted into an electric current, which is passed through an electric lamp and is in turn changed to heat. The ergometer is ai-rauged to measure the amount of muscular work done, in terms of heat, by determinations of the amount of energy converted into heat by friction and the amounts of electric current generated and changed to heat. From the energy of food, drink, solid and liquid excretory products, and body material stored or lost the net income of energy may be computed. The net outgo is measured by the apparatus. By comparing these the balance of income and outgo of energy is found. The data obtained as explained above, taken in connection with what is known of the physiological processes that go on in the body, give more accurate information than can be otherwise obtained regarding the ways in which the food is used in the body and the quantities of food ingredients that are needed to supply the demands of the body for the various purposes of work and rest and the comparative nutritive value of different food materials. ACCURACY OF APPARATUS AND METHODS. Two methods of te>tiug the accuracy of the apparatus are employed. By one method known amounts of heat are generated electrically within the chamber, and the heat is measured by the apparatus. In this way its accuracy as a calorimeter only is tested. By the second method known amounts of ethyl alcohol of known purity and composition are burned completely within the chamber, and the amounts of water, cai'bon dioxide, and heat resulting from the combustion of alcohol are determined by the apparatus. In this wav its accuracy both as a respiration appa- ratus and as a calorimeter is tested. In the average of tive electrical tests the amount of heat ' For description of the Iximb calorimeter see V. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stations, Bui. 21, pp. 120-126, and Storrs Conn. Experiment Station Report, 1897, p. 199. 238 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. measured bv the calorimeter was 100.01 per cent of the amount generated b}- the electric current. The averages of the results obtained in seventeen alcohol tests are summarized in the following- table: Summan/ of results of tests in irhich alcohol was burned in the calorimeter. Grams. ■. Grams. Amount lequired 19, 239. 8 | 12, 264. 4 Amount found 19, 206. 9 , 12, 379. 1 Per cent. ^ Per cent. Ratio of amount found to amount required : 99. 8 \ " 100. 9 Calories. 64, 554. 1 64,513.3 Per ce7it. 99.9 ■After the completion of the later experiments a slight leak was found in the "valve box" through which the outgoing air current passed on its way to and from the "freezers," and by which water, condensed on the outside, may have entered. There is every reason to believe that the quantity of water actually found was thus made too large by a fraction of 1 per cent. In the average of the first nine experiments the amount of water found was 100.6 per cent of that required. As an alcohol check test was generally made between each two metabolism experiments or series of experiments we have a means of knowing when the leak began to effect the results and the amount of the error introduced. .See Bulletin 109 of the Office of Experiment Stations, above referred to. The results thus indicate that the respiration calorimeter is an instrument of precision and that the determinations of carbon dioxide, water, and heat produced within the chamber of the respiration calorimeter are sufficiently accurate for experiments with the living subject. THE EXPERIMENTS. GENERAL PLAN. For the subjects of the experiments men were .selected who were in good health, had appar- entlj' normal dige.stion, and did not tiud the confinement in the chamber uncomfortable. A diet was chosen which provided materials as palatable and in as much varietj" as was consistent with convenient preparation, and with accurate sampling and analj'sis. The quantitj' and composi- tion of the diet were generall}' such as to maintain the bodj^ nearl}' in nitrogen and carbon equilibrium under the conditions of the experiment, whether rf work or of i-est. In 13 of the experiments the diet included alcohol. The alcohol amounted in general to about 72 grams (2^ ounces) a day, or as much as would be contained in a bottle of claret or 3 or i glasses of whisk3\ In most cases pure (ethj' 1) alcohol, but in some whisky or brandj^ was used. It was mixed with either water or coffee, and was given in 6 small doses, 3 with meals and the re.st at regular intervals between, in order to avoid as far as possible any effect upon the nerves. The alcohol supplied not far from 500 calories of energj'. In the experiments without external muscular work, the total energj- of the diet was about 2,500 calories, .so that the alcohol furnished one-fifth of the total energ}-. In the experiments in which the man was engaged in more or less active muscular work, the total energj- of the food was larger, averaging about 3,900 calories, so that the alcohol furnished between one-seventh and one-eighth of the total energ\' of the diet. In order that the subject might become accustomed to the diet and reach approximate nitrogen equilibrium with it before the experiment proper began, a preliminary digestion experiment of at Ica.st 3 daj's immediately preceded the metabolism experiment. Any change of diet found desirable or neces.sary was made during this period, and the preliminary experi- ment was continued until nitrogen equilibrium was suppo.sed to be more or less nearly reached. In most cases the preliminary experiment continued 4 days. During this period the subject w'as, in general, engaged in his customary occupation, but conformed his muscular activity more or less to that of the coming experiment. Thus if it was to be a work experiment, he rode a bicycle or walked a con.siderable distance each da}'. If it was to be a i-est experiment, he avoided all "unnecessary exercise. For supper on the last day of this preliminary dige.stion experiment MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 239 aViout .3 of a gram of lampblack wa.-; taken in a gelatin cap:«ule with the food, in order to mark the separation of the feces of the preliminary experiment from those of the metabolism experiment proper. The sul>jeft entered the chamber about 7 o'clock on the evening of the last day of the preliminary digestion period and retired about 11 o'clock. At about 1 o'clock in the morning the heat measurements were begun. The night sojourn in the chamber sufficed to get the temperature of the apparatus and its contents of carbonic acid and water into equilibrium, so that accurate measurements might begin at 7 o'clock on the tirst morning of the experiment proper. In some cases the experiment con- tinued only 4 days: in other cases the experimental periotl consisted of ti or 9 successive days spent within the apparatus, the entire period being divided into 3 experiments of 2 or 3 days eath with changes in the diet as hereafter explained. The determinations of carbon dioxide, water vapor, and heat were made in (j-hour periods, so that complete data for an experiment showed the total amounts of these compounds given oil from the body during the periods ending at 1 p. m., 7 p. m., 1 a. m., and 7 a. m. of each day of the experiment. As noted beyond, the urine was also collected and its nitrogen content determined for corres|X)ndiug periods. The daily routine of the subject within the chamber was indicated by a programme made up before the beginning of the experiment. A copy of the programme was furnished to the subject, who followed it with reasonable closeness, and other copies were posted in convenient places out- side the apparatus for the benetit of those who had the expei-iments in charge. Much care was necessarih" taken in preparing the fot>d materials selected for the diet and in taking samples for analysis. With the exception of milk and alcohol, the proper quantity of each kind of food, either for each meal or for the whole day, was put up in glass jars before the exj^eriment began: and materials which might spoil during the course of the experiment, such as bread and meat, were thoi'oughly sterilized. Special arrangements were made by which the mixed milk from a detinite number of select cows was supplied for each experiment. But even with this precaution, the milk was not entirely uniform in composition from day to day. The handling of the alcohol was much simpler. A quantity sufficient for several experi- ments was procured and analyzed, and the proper amounts were drawn each day as needed. As stated above, the separations of the feces for each experiment were made by means of lampblack. The total feces for each experiment were analyzed, and the average per day used in the computations of results. It was assumed that when the food and exercise were so nearly uniform the undigested residues and metabolic products would not vary greatly from day to day. and such irregularities as might occur would hardly atfect the average for an experiment. The urine was collected in 6-hour periods, and the amount, specitic gravity, and nitrogen determined for each period. Aliquot portions of the urine of the 6-hour periods were taken for preparation of a composite sample for the day. and in like manner aliquot portions of the com- posite sample of urine for each day were taken for the preparation of a .-ample for the whole experiment or series of experiments. The nitrogen and heat of combustion were determined in the urine for each day and in the composite for the whole expei'iment. The carbon and hydrogen were determined in the composite sample of urine for the whole experiment or series of experi- ments, and were divided among the different days in proportion to the amount of nitrogen." THE MEN WHO SERVED AS SUBJECTS OF THE EXPERIMENTS. Three different men, E. O., A. W. S., and J. F. S., have served as subjects in the.se experi- ments. Each of these, when not sojourning in the apparatus, was engaged in work connected with the investigations. E. O. was a genenil assistant in the chemical laboratory, a Swede by birth, who had been a number of years in. this country; he wjis 32-33 years old. and weighed about 155 pounds. Since boyhood he had been accustomed to the moderate use of alcoholic beverages. A. W. S. was a physicist, a native of New England. 25 years old, and weighed ■For further explanation, see U. S. Dept, Agr., Office Exp. Stations, Bui. 69, pp. 21 and 35. 240 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. about 155 pounds. J. F. S. was a chemist, a Canadian by birth, 29 years old, and weighed about 150 pounds. The last two had always been total abstainers. The subjects were weighed with- out clothing. SYMPTOMS OBSERVED IN EXPERIMENTS WITH ALCOHOL. In deciding upon the daily amount of alcohol and its division into doses, the purpose was to o-ive the subjects as much as they could well take without apparent nervous disturbance. As above stated, the quantity of absolute alcohol, about 72 grams per day. was divided into 6 nearly equal doses, of which 3 were taken with the meals and 3 between meals. It supplied about one- tifth of the total energy of the diet in the rest experiments and about one-seventh in the work experiments. On one or two occasions J. F. S. experienced a slight tingling in the ears immedi- ately after drinking the alcohol. On one occasion E. O. complained of a slight feeling of dullness. On one occasion A. "\V. S. thought he experienced a very slight dizziness. Otherwise neither one was at any time aware of any especial effect of the alcohol upon the sensations in any way. With the exception of the tingling in the ears noticed by J. F. S. , it is not certain that any of the symptoms referred to were due to the alcohol. As regards the effect of alcohol upon the body temperature and pulse rate in these experi- ment« there is little to be said. The only observations made were those by the subjects them- selves, and the difficulty of accurately determining one's own normal pulse rate is well known. The observations of temperature were made with a clinical thermometer in the mouth or axilla b\- the usual method, which of course does not show the exact average internal temperature of the bodj-. The data obtained with E. O. and A. W. S. were not sufficiently accurate and numerous to be decisive. The observations bv J. F. S. were made at frequent intervals and with consider- able care. The results imply a slightly decreased body temperature and increased pulse rate ir the experiments with alcohol diet as compared with those with ordinary diet, but the differences are not large. The data as observed are recorded in the tables in the appendix. GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIVIDUAL METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. The data of the experiments with alcohol are given in detail in the ajipeudix beyond. The results are summarized, and brief descriptions of the experiments are given on the following pages. The results of these experiments are here compared with those of similar experiments without alcohol, the details of which are published elsewhere, as indicated in Table 1, which follows. LIST OF METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS WITH AND WITHOUT ALCOHOL, AND GROUPING FOR COMPARISON. Of the metabolism experiments with men in the respiration calorimeter, 13 had for one of their objects the study of the nutritive value of alcohol. The details of 11 of these are given in the present report; those of 2 others have been published elsewhere. These 13 experiments are compared with a like number made with the same men. but without alcohol in the diet. Table 1 gives a list of these 2*'> experiments, with grouping for comparison and refei'ences to publications in which the details mav be found. MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 241 Table 1. — List of the experimc7its, and (jrouping for comparison of results with and without alcohol. Group. No. A 9 10 B 24 S 22 2 ?fi a 28 27 !>. D 11 o 12 [-J E 29 o 31 30 F 32 34 33 G 13 CD 14 ^ 7 ca H 5 " 15 IH .^ 17 u ? I 21 18 hS 19 20 Jan. 10-14, 1898. Feb. 15-19, 1898. Mar. 19-22, 1899 Mar. 13-16, 1899 Feb. 14-17, 1900. Feb. 20-23, 1900. Feb. 17-20, 1900. Mar. 22-26, 1898 Apr. 12-16, 1898. Mar. 16-19, 1900 Mar. 22-25, 1900 Mar. 19-22, 1900 Apr. 20-23, 1900. Apr. 26-29, 1900. Apr. 23-26, 1900. Nov. 8-11, 1898 . Dec. 20-24, 1898. June 8-12, 1897 . May 4-8, 1897... Jan. 16-18, 1899. Jan. 18-20, 1899. Jan. 20-22, 1899. Feb. 12-15, 1899. Feb. 6-8,1899... Feb. 8-10,1899.. Feb. 10-12,1899. Daijg. 4 4 3 3 3 .3 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 Subject. E.G.... ....do .. ...do .. ...do .. J. F. S . . ...do .. ...do .. E.G.... ...do .. J. F.S.. ....do .. ....do .. ....do .. ....do .. ....do .. E.G.... ...do .. ....do .. ...do .. ...do .. ...do .. ....do .. A.W.S. ....do .. ....do .. ....do .. Rest.. Rest. . Rest.. Rest.. Rest.. Rest. . Rest.. Work Work Work Work Work Work Work Work Rest.. Rest.. Rest.. Rest. . Rest.. Rest.. Rest. . Rest. . Rest.. Rest.. Rest.. Grdinary . Alcohol .. Grdinary . Alcohol .. Ordinary . ...do .:.. Alcohol . . Ordinary . Alcohol .. Grdinary . ....do.... Alcohol . . Grdinary ...do ... Alcohol . Grdinary . do Alcohol . . Ordinary . Alcohol .. ....do .... ....do .... Grdinary . Alcohol .. ....do .... ....do .... Grams. 119 123 124 124 124 121 100 100 99 101 100 100 117 94 104 119 109 109 109 Calories. 2,717 2,709 3,061 3,044 2, 490 2,489 2,491 3,862 3,891 3,487 3,495 3, 458 3,487 3,493 3,486 2,596 2,513 2,462 2,655 2,653 2, 653 2,653 2,264 2,776 2,776 2,776 publica- tion of de- tails. ('■) (•■) (=) C) n (") »U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stations, Bui. 69, on "Experiments on the Metabolism of Matter and Energy in the Human Body," by W. G. Atwater, F. G. Benedict, and Associates. ''U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stations, Bui. 109, on "Further Experiments on Metabolism of Matter and Energy, 1898-1900," by Atwatek, Benedict, and Associates. " The present memoir. The experiment.s are divided into group.s, each group including experiments with and without alcohol, but made with the same subject. In some groups there are only two exiaeriments, one with alcohol and one with -ordinary diet; in others there are more than one experiment either with or without alcohol. More and less strictly comjjarahle expeTiments. — In the first 6 groups, A to F, inclusive, the experiments with and without alcohol were practically duplicates in duration, muscular activity, and amounts of protein and energy in the diet, the main difference being that a part of the fats and carliohydrates of the ordinary diet, enough to supply in general about 500 calories of energy, was replaced by the isodynamic amount of alcohol. In the 3 groups, G to I, which include a number of the earlier experiments, those with and without alcohol were not so nearly duplicates. In some instances the difference was unintentional, and was due to a difficulty in obtaining food materials of like composition at different times. In these cases it was not found practicable to complete the analyses long enough in advance of the experiments to insure uniformity of diet as regards amounts of protein and energy. Later, means were devised for putting up food materials in considerable quantities and preserving them by canning or cold .storage, so that the amounts of protein and energj^ in the diet were made more nearly the same in experiments separated by longer or shorter intervals of time. Accordingly the experiments of groups A to F are designated as more directly comparable and those of Groups G to I as less directly comparable. 242 MEMOIRS OF THE ^'ATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Order of arrangement of expeinraenU with and loithmit alcofwl. — In these experiments two different orders of arrangement have been observed. B_v one plan the experiments with and without alcohol are separated by a longer or shorter interval, and in each case the experiment proper, during which the subject is in the respiration calorimeter, is preceded by a preliminary period during which he is outside the chamber but has the same or nearly the same diet and exercise. The experiments of Groups A. B, D, G, and No. 5 of Group H belong to this class. Each of these experiments has continued in the majority of cases for 8 days, the first half being devoted to the preliminai-y and the other half to the actual experimental period. In some instances, however, the preliminary period was only 3 days. One object of the preliminary period has been to bring the body as nearly into nitrogen equilibrium as practicable. The attempts to secure nitrogen equilibrium 1iy this means have not, on the whole, been successful, a circumstance to which more especial attention is called beyond. By the other plan the experiments with and without alcohol follow one another without interruption, thus making really successive periods of a single experiment, or successive experiments of a series. Each such series is preceded by a preliminar}' experiment, during which the man is not in the chamber, but receives, at least during the latter part of the period, the same diet as in the experiment proper. At the end of the preliminarj' period the man enters the chamber and remains there during the several periods of the experiments proper. The transitions from one diet to another are thus immediate. The experiments of Groups C, E, F, and I and Nos. 15, 16, and 17 of Group H were of this sort. Since, however. No. 15 was preceded by a preliminary period, and the only differences between Nos. 15, 16, and IT were in the kind of alcoholic beverage — commercial alcohol, whisky, and brandv — these might be considered one experiment of the first kind. Each plan has its advantages and disadvantages. A reason for this is found in the fact that alcohol in moderate quantities appears to have, with some persons, especially with those unac- customed to its use, a special effect upon nitrogen metabolism. It seems probable that this is exercised through the nervous system, that it mav for a short time tend to increase the excretion of nitrogen, but that it is, in some cases at any rate, only temporary, and disappears after a few days when the permanent effect manifests itself. Accordingly, there is a disadvantage in the second plan, in which the alcohol experiment proper is not preceded by a preliminary period with alcohol diet, in that the persistent effect of the alcohol may not become manifest during the first daj's of its use in the experiment. AVhether. when, or how much this factor may influence a given experiment it is difficult to saj'. On the other hand, there is a disadvantage in the first plan in that, as the experiments with and without alcohol ai-e not consecutive, the body may, during the interval between them, become changed in its capacity or tendenc}' to respond to the different diets. The second plan has the corresponding advantage that differences in the observed results in two consecutive periods might be more clearh' due to the diet and less influenced Tiy changes in bodih' condition; but here, again, we are dealing with uncertainties. To some it might seem that the best test of the effect of alcohol upon nitrogen metabolism would be found in experiments on the first plan, while others would consider those on the second plan more trustworthy. To the writers it seems that experiments on both plans are desirable. Of course the most desirable plan of all would be to continue the experiments through periods long enough to make sure that the normal action of the alcohol appears, and to alternate the alcohol periods with periods without alcohol. This plan has been followed successfully in experiments upon the special question of the protection of protein by alcohol, as explained in the discussion of this subject beyond. GROtJP A. EXPERIMENTS NOS. 9 AND 10. REST EXPERIMENTS WITH ORDINARY DIET AND WITH ALCOHOL DIET. The 2 experiments in this group were planned to compare the effects of ordinary diet with those of alcohol diet when the subject did as little mental and muscular work as practicable. The subject, E. O., was the same as in a number of other experiments. The amounts of nutrients MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 243 iind energy per day in the diet in botii experiments were such as previous observation and experi- ment with the same suhjeet had indicated to bo sufficient but not excessive. Experiment No. 10 was as exact a duplicate as possible of experiment No. it, except that part of the fats and carbo- hydrates of the ordinary diet of No. 9 were taken out and were replaced in No. 10 by an amount of alcohol that was practically isodynamic with the fats and carbohydrates for which it was sub- stituted, as explained below. The preliminary digestion experiment preceding metabolism experiment No. 9 began with breakfast January ti, 1898, and continued ■! days. During this preliminary period the subject was engaged in his usual occupation as laboratory janitor, save that he had as little muscular exercise as practicable. His diet was essentially the same as during the period of actual experi- ment in the calorimeter. The subject entered the respiration chamber on the evening of January 9, and experiment No. 9 began at 7 a. m. on January 10 and continued until 7 a. m. January 14. During this period within the chamber his occupation consisted of reading, writing, etc., but with very little muscular or mental activity. The diet furnished 120 grams of protein and 2,717 calories of energ}' per day. Between the close of experiment No. 9 and the begintiing of No. 10 there was an interval of about i weeks, in which the subject was engaged in his usual occupation as laboratory assistant. The preliminary digestion period of No. 10 began with breakfast February 11, 1898, and continued 4 days. The subject had as little muscular exercise as practicable aside from his regular occupation. The diet during the preliminarv period was practically the same as during the experiment proper. The subject entered the respiration chamber in the evening of Februaiy 14, and the experi- ment proper began at 7 a. m. February 15 and continued 4 days. The diet of the experiment, which furnished 123 grams of protein and 2,709 calories of energy per day, differed from the diet of experiment No. 9 in that about 37 grams of fat and 4.5 grams of carbohydrates, supplying 520 calories of energy, were taken out of the ordinary diet and were replaced by 80 grams of commercial alcohol with 90.6 per cent or 72.5 grams of absolute alcohol, having a heat of combus- tion of 512 calories. Thus, the amount of alcohol was very nearly isodynamic with the amounts of fats and carbohydrates which it replaced, and the total amounts of protein and energy were practically the same in the diets of both experiments. The following table summarizes the results of these two experiments. Detailed data of the experiments will be found in Bulletin 69 of the Office of Experiment Stations of the United States Department of Agriculture. Table 2. — Summary of resulln of metabolism experiments IVos. 9 and 10. [Quantities per day.] Protein. Fat. Carbohy- drates. Alcoliol. Nitrogen. Carbon. Energy. Experiment No. 9. Grams. 119.6 111.7 115.3 Grama. 69.0 64.9 46.7 Grams. 341.8 329.7 (329. 7) Grams. Qrams. 19.1 17.8 18.4 Grams. 261.6 235.6 223.6 Calories. 2,717 In available food 2,426 2,277 2,309 +149 Gain ( + ) or loea ( — ) to body -3.6 123.5 114.9 121.8 +18.2 31.6 27.9 6.7 -0.6 19.8 18.4 19.5 + 12.0 253. 3 227.5 214.9 E.i:pe)'iment Xo. 10. 297.4 288.4 (288. 4) 72.5 71.4 71.4 2,709 2,427 2,268 2,283 Gain (+) or loss ( — ) to body -6.9 +21.2 ( -1.1 + 12.6 +159 244 MExMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. GROUr H. KXPERIMEXTS NOS. 24 AND 22, WITH NO. 23 FOR COMPARISON. REST EXPERIMENTS WITH ORDINARY DIET AND WITH ALCOHOL. The experiment.s of this group are a series of 3 carried out with E. O. in March, 1S99. The purpose was to compare the efi'ects of alcohol with those of sugar upon the metabolism of nitrogen and especially of carbon and energy, when the subject had little muscular or mental activity. During this series the subject remained in the calorimeter 9 days and 10 nights without inter- mission, and each experiment continued 3 days and nights. The plan of the experiments was to give the subject a diet consisting of a so-called basal ration which was the same in all 3 experi- ments, and a supplemental ration which was different in each experiment. The basal ration given was as large as the average of the rations that had been used in the previous experiments with the same subject. It furnished 123 grams of protein and 2,535 calories of energy per day. The supplemental ration consisted of alcohol in experiment No. 22 and sugar in experiment No. 2-i, each in quantity sufficient to furnish a little over 500 calories per day, as explained below. In experiment No. 23 the basal ration alone was given. The preliminary digestion experiment continued i daj^s, beginning with breakfast on March 9, the lampblack for the separation of the feces having been taken with the supper the night before. During this preliminaiy period the subject was engaged in his usual occupation as laboratory assistant, but had as little muscular exercise as practicable. For 3 days of this preliminary experiment the subject lived on the basal ration alone. On the fourth day 79.2 grams of commercial ethyl alcohol, with 90.9 per cent or 72 grams of absolute alcohol, were added to the diet. The alcohol was taken b}- the subject in coffee infusion, the total amount for the day being divided into 6 portions, one being taken at each meal and the other 3 portions between meals. The subject entered the respiration chamber on the evening of March 12, and experiment No. 22 began at 7 o'clock in the morning of March 13 and continued until 7 a. m. March 16. During this experiment the diet consisted of the basal ration, supplemented each day by 72 grams of alcohol, as stated above. This amount of alcohol added 509 calories per day to the energy of the basal ration. Experiment No. 23 began at 7 a. m. on March 16 and continued until 7 a. ni. March 19. The diet in this experiment consisted of the basal ration alone without the alcohol, but at the request of the subject with the addition of a small amount of horseradish to add flavor to the diet. Experiment No. 21 began at 7 a. m. March 19 and continued until 7 a. m. March 21. The diet in this experiment consisted of the basal ration and the horseradish, supplemented each day by 130 grams of cane sugar in the form of rock candy. The daily ration of candy was given to the subject each morning with breakfast, and he ate it as he felt disposed during the day. This amount of sugar added 515 calories per day to the energy of the basal ration, a similar amount to that added by the alcohol in experiment No. 22. The following table summarizes the results of experiments Nos. 22 and 2'±. The results of No. 23 are also included, although they are not strictly comparable with either 22 or 2-1, because removal of the alcohol without replacement by any other material reduced the energy of the diet by about 500 calories. Detailed data of No. 22 will be found in the Appendix, pp. 330 to 3i2, and those of Nos. 23 and 2-4 will be found in Bulletin 109 of the Office of Experiment Stations. ME:\1()IK.S of TlIK NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCiENCES. Taiii.io 3. — Suiiiiiiiir;i uf riKii/lx af mel'.iljolisxi (;.vjM'riiiti'Ht!i J\'o.<. :^4, ~~, mul J-i. [Quantities per day.] 245 Protein. Fat. Carbohy- drates. .\leoliol. Nitrogen. Carbon. Energy. K.rpcr'nneyit Xo. ■24- Gravis. 123. (5 115.4 113.7 Grams. 68.8 64.4 4.7 Grams. 408. ti 403.7 (403.7) Grams. Grams. 19.8 18.5 18.2 Gram». 299.7 277.4 230.9 Calories. 3,061 2,809 Actually uit- tai)olize.'. _ In total food 68.8 65.1 2.4 276.1 270.1 (270.1) 72.0 69.8 69.8 3,044 2,777 2,180 2, 258 ^1.4 +62.7 +0.2 -^48. 7 ^597 GROUP C. EXPERIMENTS NOS. 26, 28, AND 27. REST EXPERIMENTS WITH ORDINARY DIET AND WITH ALCOHOL DIET. The fierios of experiments forming thi.s group was carried out with J. F. S. in February, 190ti. The purpose of the experiments was to obtain data concerning the relative power of isodynamic quantities of alcohol, sugar, and butter to replace one another in the diet, when the subject was at rest. During this series the subject remained in the calorimeter 9 days and 10 nights, and each experiment contiiuied 3 days and nights. The diet consisted of a ba.sal ration furnishing approximately Idt' grams of protein and 1.982 calories of energy per day, which was uniform in all 3 experiments, and a supplemental ration which was differed in the several experi- ments, being butter in No. 26, alcohol in No. 27, and sugar in No. 28, the amount of each used being sufficient to furnish about 500 calories of energy. The preliminary digestion experiment began with breakfast on February 10, and continued ■i days. During this preliminaiy period the diet consisted of the basal ration supplemented by 63.5 grams of liutter, furnishing 0.1 of a gram of nitrogen and 508 calories of energy; thus making a total of 100 grams of protein and 2,-190 calories of energy in the daily diet. The subject entered the respiration chamber on the evening of February' 13, and experiment No. 26 began at 7 a. m. February 11, and continued 3 days. During this experiment the diet consisted of the basal ration supplemented by fat in the form of butter, as in the preliminary digestion experiment. Experiment No. 27 began at 7 a. m. February 17. and contiiuied 3 days. During this experi- ment the diet consisted of the basal ration supplemented by 79.5 grams of commercial ethyl alcohol with 90.6 per cent or 72 grams of absolute alcohol supplying 509 calories of energy per day. so that during this experiment the daily diet furnished 99 grams of protein and 2,491 calories of energy. The alcohol was administered in sweetened water, and the mixture was consumed in 6 portions during the day, 3 with meals and 3 between meals. Experiment No. 28 began at 7 a. m. February 20, and continued 3 days. The diet during this experiment consisted of the basal ration supplemented 1)\' 28 grams of sugar daily in the form of rock candy. The daily ration during this experiment thus furnished 99 gi-ams of protein and 2,889 calories of energy. The total amount of rock candy for the day was supplied to the subject with his breakfast, and he ate it from time to time during the day according to his ta.ste. Vol. s— No. 6 2 24b .^ie:moiks of the national academy of sciences. The major portion of it wa.s consumed at about the hours at which the aleoliol had been taken in the previous experiment. The following table summarizes the results of these 3 experiments. Detailed data of experi- ment No. 27 will be found in the Appendix, jjages 31:2 to 353, and those of experiments Nos. 26 and 28 in Bulletin 109 of the Office of Experiment Stations. Table 4. — f!ummari/ of results of metabolism experiments Nos. 26, 2S, and 27. [Quantities per day,] E.rperiment No. 36. In total food In available food , Actually metabolized Heat measured Gain ( — ) or loss ( — ) to body E.rperimenl No. 28. In total food In a vailaljle food Actually metabolized Heat measured Gain ( — ) or loss ( — ) to body Arerage Nos. 26, 28. In total food In available food ^ Actually metabolized Heat measured Gain ( — ) or loss ( — ) to body E.rprriment No. 27. In total fond In available food Actually metaljolized Heat measured . . Gain (- ) or loss (— ) to body Grams. 99.6 92.7 96.2 Grams, 94.8 92.0 67.6 Grams. 247.2 240.5 (240.5) 15.9 14.8 15.4 -3.5 98.6 90.8 95.3 -i-24.4 40.3 36.3 14.5 375.2 369.9 (369.9) 15.8 14.6 1.5.3 99.1 91.8 9.5.8 67.6 64.2 41.1 311.2 305.2 (305.2) 15.9 14.7 15.3 98.6 91.6 97.6 40.3 38.2 20.0 247.2 240.1 (240. 1 ) 72.0 71.1 71.1 15.8 14.7 15.7 Grams. 233.2 212.8 196.1 -16.7 245.8 224.9 210.7 239.5 218.8 203.4 -1-15. 4 229.5 208.9 198. 3 -i-10.6 Calories. 2,490 2,256 2,043 2,085 -1-213 2,489 2,249 2,067 2,079 --182 2,490 2,253 2,055 2,082 + 198 2,491 2,264 2, 125 2, 123 + 139 GRDIP D. EXPERIMENTS NOS. 11 AND 12. WORK EXPERIMENTS WITH OKUINAKY DIET AND WITH ALCOHOL DIET. The two experiments in this group were similar to those in Group A, except that those in Group A were re.st experiments, while those in Group D were work experiments; that is, they were planned to compare the effects of ordinaiy diet and of alcohol diet when the subject was engaged in active muscular work. The sul)ject, E. O., was the same in both groups. The work in these experiments was performed on the bicycle crgoineter described on page 237. The ordinary diet in experiment No. 11 furnished 12'4 grams of protein and 3,862 calories of energy per day. The amount of protein was nearly the .same as in No. 9, but in order to supply energy for nm.scular work the amount of energy in No. 11 was made to exceed considerably that in No. !• by an increase in the amount of fats and car})ohydrates in the diet. The preliminary period of this experiment began with breakfast, March 18, lSi)8, and continued 4 days. During this time the subject was engaged in his usual occupation, and took a considerable amount of exercise each day walking or riding a bicycle. On the evening of March 21 ho entered the respiration chaml)er, and the experiment proper began at 7 a. m. March 22, and continued until 7 a. m. March 2H. Experiment No. 12 was intended to be as exact a duplicate as possible of experiment No. 11, except that some of the sugar, starch, and fat was taken out of the diet and replaced by an i.-^odynamic amount of alcohol. The alcohol diet of this experiment furnished 121 grams of protein and 3,891 calories of energy per day, as compared with 124 grams of protein and ?,.x()-2 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADE.MY OF SC1EXCE6. 247 calories of eneiofv per day in the ordinary diet of experiment No. 11. In con.sideration of tlie ditficultic.s in planninjf and regulating- the diet so a.s to furnish exactly a definite (juantity of protein or energy, the agreement of the two diets in regard to amount of protein per day is very satisfactory. In order to obtain a palatable diet in experiment No. 1-2. considerably more fat was furnished than in experiment No. 11. consecjuently the carboh\-drates (sugars and starches) had to be reduced more than would be recjuired for their replacement by the amount of alcohol u.sed. The fat was increased b}- 30 grams, corresponding to about 285 calories of energy, and the carbohydrates were decreased by 189 grams, corresponding to about 77o calories. In the place of the materials left out of the diet SO grams of commercial alcohol, with 'MKb per cent or 72.4r grams of pure ethyl alcohol, furnishing 512 calories of energy, were given each day. In this way the energy of the alcohol diet of experiment 12 was made to agree very satisfactorily with that of the ordinary diet of experiment No. 11. The preliminary period of this experiment began with breakfa.st on April 8. 1898. and continued 4 days, during which the subject took considerable exercise in addition to his regular occupation. The diet during the preliminary period was the same as during the metabolism experiment proper. The subject entered the chamber on the evening of April 11: metabolism experiment No. 12 began at 7 a. m. April 12. and continued until 7 a. m. April Hi. The following table summarizes the results of these 2 experiments. Detailed data of experiment No. 12 will be found in the Appendi.x. pages 291 to 305: those of No. 11 in Bulletin 109 of the Office of Experiment Stations: T.\BLE rt. — .'Nummary of results of metabolism experiments Xos. 11 mid 12. [Quantities per day.] Protein. Fat. Carbohy- drates. .\lcohol. Nitrogen. Carbon. Energy. E.vperimenl Xo. 11. Grams. 124.1 110.0 113.0 Grams. 129.1 120.1 159. 8 Grams. 484.6 472.2 (472.2) Grains. Grams. 19.8 17.6 18.1 Grams. 373.5 340.6 372.6 Calories. 3,862 3,510 3.901 3,932 -3.0 120.6 112.8 113.8 -39.7 1.58. .5 152. 184.2 -0.5 19.3 18.0 18.2 -32.0 344.8 319.6 344.7 —.391 E.rperiment Xo. 12. 296.1 290.4 (290.4) 72.4 70.9 70.9 3,891 3, 614 3,922 3,927 -1.0 -32. 2 -0.2 -25. 1 -308 GROUP E. EXPERIMENTS XOS. 29. 31. .AND 30. WORK EXPERIMENTS A^TH ORDIXART DIET .AXD WITH ALCOHOL DIET. The series of experiments forming this group was carried out in March, 1900. They were made with the same subject. J. F. S.. as in Group C. and for the same purpose, namely, to study the relative replacing power of isodynamic quantities of alcohol, sugar, and fat. During this sei'ies the subject remained in the calorimeter !♦ days and in nights without intermission, and each experiment in the series continued 3 days and nights. The experiments in Group E differ from those in Group C, however, in that the subject worked for 8 hours each day upon the bicycle ergometer. described on page 237. As in the previous series of experiments referred to. there was a basal ration which was the same and a supplemental ration which was different in each of the 3 experiments. The basal ration was planned to furnish appi-oximately the .same amount of protein a.s in the series in Group C. with the addition of about 1.000 calories of energy per day in order to furnish the extra energy required for the performance of the external muscular work and the general increase of bodily activity. It furnished about 100 grams of protein and from 2.949 to 2, 984 calories of energy per day in the different experiments. 248 :\IEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. The preliminaiy dige.stion experiiuent began with breakfast March 12, 1900, and continued i daj'is. The diet during- thi.s period consisted of the basal ration supplemented bj^ cane sugar, as in experiment No. 29. The subject entei'ed the respiration chamber on the evening of March 16, and experiment No. 29 began at 7 a. m. March 16, and continued 3 days. During this expei'iment the diet consisted of the basal ration supplemented by 128 grams of cane sugar furnishing 507 calories of energy per da,y, as in the preliminary digestion period; the whole diet furnishing daily 100 grams of pi'otein and 3,4:87 calories of energy. The daily amount of sugar in the form of rock candj' was supplied to the subject each morning at breakfast, and he ate it at intervals during the day accoi'ding to his taste. Experiment No. 30 began at 7 a. m. March 19, immediately at the close of experiment 29. The diet in this experiment consi.sted of the basal ration supplemented by 79.5 grams of com- mercial alcohol containing 90.6 per cent or 72 grams of pure ethj'l alcohol in place of the sugar of experiment No. 29. The alcohol supplied 509 calories of energy, and the whole ration in this experiment furnished 99 grams of protein and 3,458 calories of energj^ per day. The commer- cial alcohol used in this experiment was added each day to 795.5 grams of water sweetened with 25 grams of sugar from the basal ration. The total mixture, 900 grams, was divided into 6 portions which were taken with meals and between meals, as in other alcohol experiments. Experiment No. 31 began at 7 a. m. on the morning of March 22, and continued 3 days. The diet in this experiment consisted of the basal ration supplemented by 63.5 grams of butter in place of the alcohol in the previous experiment. The butter furnished nearly 1 gram of protein and 511 calories of energy, so that the whole ration furnished 101 grams of protein and 3, -495 calories of energy per day. The butter was consumed at meals with the rest of the diet. The following table summarizes the results of these 3 experiments. Detailed data of experi- ment No. 30 will be found in the Appendix, pages 354 to 366, and those of experiments Nos. 29 and 31 will be found in Bulletin 109 of the Office of Experiment Stations. Table 6. — Summary of results of metabolism eivperiments Nos. 39, 31, and 30. [Quantities per day.] Protein. Fat. Carbohy- drates. Alcohol. Nitrogen. Carbon. Energy. E.cperimeiil Xo. 29. In total I'oofl Grams. 100.1 94.8 99.8 Grams. 106.0 103.0 126.8 Grams. ' Grams. 470.7 : 464.fi Grams. 16.0 15.2 16.0 Grams. 333.6 314.1 334.9 Calories. 3,487 3,260 (464.6) 3,515 Heat measured 3,589 -5.0 100. 9 95.8 98.1 -23. 8 160.8 158.1 174.0 -0.8 16.1 15.3 15.6 -20.8 321.5 302.5 315.8 —255 Experiment No. 31. Tn tntal fnnfl 342.7 336. 7 (336. 7) 3,495 3,275 3, 439 Heat nieasuieil 3,420 Gain (-h) or loss ( — ) to body Aeeraije .:H and 31. In total food -2.3 100.5 95.3 99.0 -15.9 1.33. 4 130.6 1.50. 5 -0.3 16.0 15.2 15.8 —13.3 ,327. 6 308.3 325.4 -164 406.7 400.7 3,491 3,268 Actually inetaVK)lized (400.7)' 3,477 3,505 Gain (-f ) or loss (— ) to body -3.7 99.2 94.9 108.0 -19.9 104.2 102.1 119.1 -0.-6 15.9 15.2 17.3 -17.1 315.5 296.6 316.5 —209 E.rperriaeiil No. 30. In total food 340. 9 72. 3,458 In availaV>le food 336. 2 (336.2) 71.2 3,242 Actually metabolized 3,479 3,470 Gain (-r) or los.s ( — ) to body -13. i -17.0 -2.1 -19.9 -237 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 249 GROUr F. EXPERIMENTS X08. 3'2. 34. AND 33. WORK EXPERIMENTS WITH ORDINARY AND WITH ALCOHOL DIET. The series of experiments forming this group was made in April. 1900. The plan of the experiments in this series was as nearly as possible a duplieate of that t)f the experiments forming (xroup E. the chief ditlerence lieing that in the series in Group E the basal ration was supple- mented in the first experiment by sugar, in the second by alcohol, and in the third by butter, whereas in the series in Group F the butter was used in the first experiment, alcohol in the second, and sugar in the third. Both series were work experiments in which the same subject. eT. F. S., spent 8 hours each day working on the bicycle ergometer. In each series the subject remained 9 successive days within the calorimeter, and the whole investigation was divided into 3 experiments of 3 days each, the diflerent experiments lieing distinguished from each other by changes in the supplemental ration. The basal ration in this series furnished 100 grams of pro- tein and about 2,977 calories of energy per day. The amount of energy in the basal ration varied slightly in the successive experiments of the series, because of slight differences in the composition of the milk. The preliminary digestion experiment began with Itreakfast April 16 and continued 4 days. The diet consisted of the basal ration supplemented with fat in the form of butter, as in experi- ment No. 32. The subject entered the respiration chamber on the evening of April 19 and experiment No. 32 began at 7 a. m. April 20 and continued 3 days. The diet consisted of the basal ration sup- plemented by 63. 5 grams of butter, furnishing 1 gram of protein and 510 calories of energy. The butter was consumed at meals with the rest of the diet. The total diet in this experiment supplied 101 grams of protein and 3, -187 calories of energv per day. Experiment No. 33 began at 7 a. m. April 23 and continued 3 days. The diet in this experi- ment consisted of the basal ration, supplemented by 79.5 grams of commercial alcohol with iKK6 per cent, or 72 grams, of absolute alcohol, furnishing 509 calories of energy. The commercial alcohol was added each day to 795.5 grams of water sweetened with 25 grams of sugar, making 900 grams of a mixture which was divided into six portions (see p. 292), the larger of which were taken at meals and the smaller between meals and before retiring. The total diet in this experiment furnished 100 grams of protein and 3.486 calories of energy per day. Experiment No. 34 began at 7 a. m. April 26 and continued 3 days. The diet consisted of the basal ration supplemented by 128 grams of cane sugar, furnishing 507 calories of energy. The daily amount of sugar was supplied to the subject each morning in the form of rock candy, which he ate at intervals during the day according to his taste. The total diet in this experiment furnished 100 grams of protein and 3.493 calories of energy per day. The following table summarizes the results of these 3 experiments. Detailed data of experi- ment No. 33 will be found in the Appendix, pages 366 to 378. and those of experiments Nos. 32 and 34 in Bulletin 109 of the OtEce of Experiment Stations: T.\BLE 7. — Summarij of remits of metabolism experiments Xos. SI, S4, end 33. [Quantities per day.] Nitrogen. Carbon. Experiment Xo. SJ. GraT) In total food 100.5 In available food 93. 1 Actually metabolized f 98. 1 Heat measured Gain (— ) or loss ( — ) to body —.5. Expjeriment Xo. 34. In total mod In available food Actually metabolized Heat measured Gain (-f ) or loss ( — ) to body Grains. 151.6 147.2 182.1 Orams. \ 353.9 : 344.5 (344.5) 99.7 92.4 104. 3 -34.9 99.3 94.4 129.4 477.9 , 470.1 , (470.1). Grami. 16.1 14.9 15.7 -0.8 16.0 14.8 16.7 Grams. 320.0 296.4 325.6 -29.2 3a5. 7 312. 5 345.4 Oitoriee. 3,487 3,226 3,573 3,565 -347 3,493 3,241 3,629 3,587 -388 2bi) AIEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIElsCES. Table 7. — Suinmari/ of result.i of metabolism experimenlf! No.t. 32, 34, and S3 — Continued. Nitrogen. All rage Xos. 32 and 34- In total food In availal ile fooil Ac-tnally metabolized Heat ineas'ured Gain ( + ) or loss (— ) to body. Experiment So. 33. In total food In available food Actually metabolized Heat measured Gain ( + ) or loss ( — ) to body Grams. 100.1 92.8 101.3 Ch'ams. 125. 5 120.8 155.8 -8.5 99.7 92.4 108.2 -35.0 99.3 95.0 133. 4 -15.8 Grams. 415.9 407.3 (407.3) Grams. 16.0 14.8 16.2 355.0 346.9 (346. 9) 72.0 71.3 71.3 -1.4 16.0 14.8 17.3 327. 8 304.4 335.5 319.6 295.7 333.3 -37.6 Calories. 3,490 3,234 3,601 3,576 -367 3,486 3,227 3,669 3,632 -442 GROUP G. EXPEKIMENTS NOS. 13, 14, AND 7. REST EXPERIMENTS WITH ORDINARY AND WITH ALCOHOL DIET. While the 3 experiments in this group are all rest experiments and all with the same subject, E. O., the ordinary experiments and the alcohol experiments were not planned to be exact dupli- cates of each other, and are therefore less exactly comparable than those in preceding groups. For the sake of comparison with the alcohol experiment, No. 7, however, 2 ordinary experi- ments, Nos. 13 and 14, were chosen in which the average of the amoitnts of protein and energy in the daily diet in the 3 experiments was practically the same as in the alcohol expeiiment. Since these experiments were made with the same subject and under conditions somewhat similar, the results may be compared in studying the effect of alcohol on metabolism. Experiment No. 13 was intended to be as nearly as po.ssible a duplicate of experiment No. 9. The ordinary' diet in experiment No. 13 furnished 117 grams of protein and 2,596 calories of energ}' per da}', which was 2 grams of protein and 121 calories of energy less than in No. 9. The preliminary period of No. 13 began with breakfast November 8, 1898, and continued 4 days, during which the subject had as little muscular exercise as practicable outside of his regular occupation as laborator}^ assistant. He entered the chamber on the evening of November 7, and the experiment proper began at 7 a. m. November 8. It was intended that the experiment should continue i davs, but on the fourth day a leak occurred in the ventilating air pipe at such a point that the results for that day were destroyed; consequently the experiment is recorded as a 3-day experiment. While this was a rest experiment in general character, the subject was not so quiet throughout the experimental period as he had been in earlier and was in later similar experiments. Experiment No. 14 was carried out under much the same conditions as No. 13, with the exception that in No. 14 the amount of protein in the diet was reduced from 117 to 94 grams per day. and the energy from 2,596 to 2,513 calories per day. The preliminary digestion experiment began with breakfa.st December 17, 1898, and continued 3 days. The subject entered the appa- ratus on the evening of December 19, and the experiment proper began at 7. a. m. December 20 and continued 4 days. The average of the amounts of protein and Energy in the daily diet of the 2 ordinary experi- ments, 13 and 14, was 105 grams of protein and 2,555 calories of energy. The alcohol diet in experiment No. 7 fui'nished 104 grams of protein and ^,462 calories of energy per day. The diet in this experiment included SO grams of commercial alcohol, with 90.6 per cent, or 72.5 grams, of pure ethyl alcohol, which furnished 512 calorics of energy per day. The pi'eliminary digestion experiment began with breakfast June 4, 1897, and continued 4 days.* The subject entered the chamber on the evening of June 7, and the experiment proper began at 7 p. ni. June 8 and continued 4 days. MEMOms OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 251 The followiug table summarizes the results of the.?e experiment-*. Detailed data of e.vperi- ment No. 7 will be found in Bidletin 60. and those of Nos. IH and 14 in Bulletin 100 of the Office of Experiment Station.s: Table S. — Summartf of renuUx of metabolism experimetUi) Xof. 13, 14- and 7. [Quantities per day.] Protein. Fat. CarbobT- ilnite& Alcohol. Nitrogen. Carbon. Enetsy. EtperimerU Xo. IS. Gramg. 117.1 110.2 121.9 Gram^. 87.8 81.6 54.7 Gramt. 270.2 2^.0 (265.0) Gnm*. Gmmt. 18.7 17.6 19.5 Gramt. 245.8 219.6 205.2 CkUoria. 2,596 2,298 Actually metabolized 2,112 2,151 -11.7 94.4 89.0 101.4 -^26.9 82.5 78.8 54.4 -1.9 15.1 14.2 16.2 -14.4 239.0 219.4 207.3 -^186 Ei-perimenl Xo. 14. 289.8 286.6 (286. 6) 2, 513 2,289 Actually metabolized 2,131 2,193 -12.4 105.8 99.6 111.7 -24.4 85.2 80.2 54.5 280.0 275.8 (275. S) -2.0 16.9 15.9 17.8 -12.1 242.4 219.5 206.3 +158 Artrage, experiments! Xoa. 13-14- 2,555 2,294 •7 l-» 2,172 -12.0 104.4 98.8 110.8 -25.7 68.2 65.8 80.1 -1.9 16.7 15.8 17.7 +13.2 218.6 197.1 214.5 +172 Experiment JNo. ~. 190.4 186.6 (186.6) 72.5 69.5 69.5 2,462 2,230 2,434 2,394 -12.0 ^14.3 -1.9 — 17.4 —204 GROUP H. EXPERIMENTS NOS. 15-i; REST EXPERIMENTS ^VITH ORDINARY DIET AND ^^^TH ALCOHOL DIET. The experiments in Group H were all rest experiments with the same subject. E. O. One purpose of the 3 experiments with alcohol diet (Nos. 15-17) was to compare the effect of alcohol when taken in different forms, as commercial alcohol, whisky, or brandy. The experi- ment with ordinary diet (No. 5) has been chosen for comparison with the 3 experiments with alcohol diet for the rea.son that, while the amount of protein was somewhat larger in the former thau in the latter, the amount of energy was practically the same in l)oth diets. The experiments in this group are less comparaVile than those in Groups G and I because of differences in the circumstances under which the exjjeriments were made. Experiment No. 5 was the first of the series of metabolism experiments in which the determinations of income and outgo of both iiiMter and energy were made. The diet in this experiment was more varied than I that in .some of the later experiments, and the methods of sampling were not satisfactory, which will account in part for the unusually wide discrepancies between the theoretical values for income and those actually found for outgo of energy. On the other hand, experiments Nos. 15-17 wei'e made at a later period when the apparatus and the methods of experimenting were much improved. The preliminary period of experiment No. 5 beg;in April -2'. 1S97. and continued 8 days, instead of 4 da\s as usual, because unexpected circumstances delayed the starting of the experiment proper. The subject entered the calorimeter at about o'clock on the eveiiing of May 3 and the experiment proper began at 7 a. m. May 4. and continued 4 days. The diet in this experiment furnished 119 grams of protein and 2. (355 calories of energy per day. Eadi of the 3 experiment.?. Nos. 15-17. was of 2 days* duration, and one "followed the other without intermission and without the subject leaving the respiration chamber, so that in a way 252 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. thi'V ooii.'stitute one long experiment. No attempt was made to obtain a separation of tlie feces for the diti'erent experiments. The usual separations, however, were made, the tirst between the preliminary digestion experiment and the beginning of metabolism experiment No. 1.5. and the second at the close of experiment No. 17. The diet in these experiments consisted of a basal ration which was the .same in all 3 experiments, supplemented by alcohol in the form of pure ethyl alcohol in experiment No. 15, by alcohol in the form of whisky in experiment No. 16. and bv alcohol in the form of l)randy in experiment No. 17. The total diet including the alcohol furnished 109 grams of protein and 2.(353 calories of energy per day. The preliminary digestion experiment began January 12. 1899, and continued 4 days as usual. During this preliminary experiment the subject received the basal ration, and in addition to this 72.5 grams of absolute ethyl alcohol, which was administered daily in coffee infusion sweetened with 45 grams of sugar. The subject entered the respiration chamber on the evening of January 15 and exiDeriment 15 began at 7 a. m. January 16. During this experiment he received the basal ration supple- mented by 79.8 grams of 90.9 per cent commercial alcohol, or 72.5 grams of absolute ethyl alcohol, in 775.2 grams of coffee infusion, the whole of which was sweetened with 45 grams of cane sugar. There was 900 grams of the mixture which sufficed for the whole day. This was taken at 6 intervals, the larger portions being consumed with the meals and the smaller portions between meals and just before retiring. Experiment No. 16 began at 7 a. in. January IS. and continued 2 days. The diet in this experiment consisted of the basal ration supplemented by 158.3 grams of whisky, with 45. S per cent, or 72.5 grams, of absolute alcohol. This was mixed with 696.7 grams of water sweetened with 54 grams of sugar, and the whole divided into 6 doses and taken as before. The mixture was made with water rather than with coffee infusion, because it was thought the objection might be raised that the coffee might perhaps, to some extent, counteract the effect of the alcohol. The whisky, sugar, and water were furnished to the subject, who mixed them at the usual hours within the apparatus. The amount of alcohol found in the air current was larger during this experiment than during the one preceding it, suggesting that some alcohol may have been volatilized as the whisky was poured into the drinking cup and mixed with the water. The mixing was therefore done outside the apparatus in the next expei-iment. and the alcohol in the air current was again less than in No. 16. Experiment No. 17 began at 7 a. m. January 20, and continued 2 days, during which the subject received the basal ration supplemented by 143.8 grams of brandy, with 50.4 per cent, or 72.5 grams, of absolute alcohol, per dav. This amount was added to 711.2 grams of water and 45 grams of sugar, making a total of 900 grams of the mixture, which was administered in 6 portions, as in the previous experiments. The following table summarizes the results of these 4 experiments. Detailed data of experiments Nos. 15-17 will be found in the Appendix, pages 305 to 317; those of No. 5 will Ije found in Bulletin 69 of the Office of Experiment Stations: Table fi. — Siuiimary ofremdls of metabolism e.rperimenln Nos. 5 and 1,5-17. [Quantities per day.) Protein. Fat. Carbohy- drates. Alcohol. Nitrogen. Carbon. Energy-. K.rjierime.nt No. .5. Grams. 119.1 108.8 11.3. Grams. 94.7 89.0 96.8 Grams. 275.5 269.1 (269.1) Grams. Grams. 19.1 17.4 18.1 Grams. 248.9 223.5 231.7 Calories. 2,655 2,384 2,482 2,379 -4.2 10S.9 103.8 97.8 -7.8 39. 9 .36.9 33.1 -0.7 17.4 16.6 1.^.6 -8.2 245.7 226.1 220.0 -98 K.rj)(:r'nii to hoilv + 6.0 -3.8 1 +1.0 +6.1 +69 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF .SCIENCES. Table 9. — Saniiiiarii af rt:tn/ls of inetaliuliini e.rper'unenlf Xo.i. 5 iiiul 16-17 — Coiitiiuii'd. [Quantities per day.] 253 Protein. Fat. Carbohy- drates. Alcohol. Nitrogen. Carbon. Energy. Krprriment No. 16, Grams. 108.9 103.8 96.6 (rramf. 39.9 36.9 31.9 Grams. 276.9 272.4 (272.4) Grams. T2.b 70.4 70.4 Grams. 17.4 16.6 15.5 Grain*. 245. 7 225. 9 218.3 Calorics. 2,653 2,424 2,336 2,332 +7.2 lO.S. 9 ICS. 8 97.8 +5.0 39.9 36.9 25.9 + 1.1 17.4 16.6 15.6 +7.6 245.7 226.1 214.5 +88 Experlmml X<>. 11. 276.9 272.4 (272.4) 72.5 71.0 71.0 2, 653 2,427 2,289 2,276 +6.0 108.9 103.8 97.4 + 11.0 39.9 36.9 30.3 + 1.0 17.4 16.6 15.6 +11.6 245.7 226.0 217.6 +138 Arerape, Xos. IS, IG, and 17. 276.9 272.4 (272.4) 72.5 70.8 70.8 2, 653 2,426 2,327 2,323 +6.4 +6.6 + 1.0 +8.4 +99 GROUP I. EXPERIMENTS XOS. 21 AND 18-20. RE.ST EXPERIMENT.S MITH ORDINARY AND WITH ALCOHOL DIET. The serie.s of experiments comprising this group was carried out in February, 1899. The purpose of the experiments witii alcohol diet in this scries was the same as that of experiments 15-17, namel}', to determine whether there is any difference in the effect of alcohol when taken in different forms. Experiments Nos. 18-20 were somewhat similar in plan to Nos. 15-17, but were made with a different sul)]"ect, A. W. S. The subject remained in the calorimeter 9 day.s without intermission. During the ffrst 6 days of this period the 3 alcohol experiments, Nos. 18-20, were made, each of 2 days' duration, as in experiments 15-17. These were followed l)y one experiment. No. 21, of 3 days, in which the diet contained no alcohol. As in the preceding .series, the diet in experiments 18-21 consisted of a ba.sal ration which was the same in all the experiments, and a supplemental ration which was different in each. This ba.sal ration furnished 97 grams of protein and 2,264 calories of energy per day. In experi- ments Nos. 18-20 the basal ration was supplemented by commercial alcohol, whisky, and brandy, respectiveh', the quantity of each used being sufficient to furnish 72.5 grams of absolute alcohol per day, with a heat of combustion of 512 calories. The total diet in the alcohol experiments furnished 97 grams of protein and 2,776 calories of energy per day. In experiment No. 21 the alcohol was omitted, and the diet consisted of the basal ration alone. The preliminary digestion experiment began with breakfast February 2, and continued 4 days. During this period the diet was the s:i.me as in experiment No. 18, and consisted of the basal ration and the alcohol in the form of commercial spirits, which was administered in coffee infusion, sweetened with sugar. The subject entered the respiration chamber on the evening of February 5, and experiment No. 18 began at 7 a. m. Fel)ruary 6, and continued 2 daj's. In this experiment the diet consisted of the basal ration, supplemented by 79.8 grams of commercial alcohol, with 90.9 per cent, or 72.5 grams, of absolute alcohol. The commercial spirits was mixed with 7'i'5.2 grams of coffee infusion, sweetened with -45 grams of cane sugar. The whole mixture made 900 grams, which was divided into 6 portions, the larger of which were taken with meals, and the smaller between meals and just before retiring. Experiment No. 19 began at 7 a. m. February 8, and continued 2 days. The diet in this experiment consisted of the basal ration, supplemented by 158.3 grams of whisky, with -45.8 per cent, or 72.5 grams, of absolute alcohol. The whisky was mixed with 696.7 grams of water, 254 ME^^IOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. sweetened with 45 g-raiiis of cane !su<;-:ir, the whole mixture forming !X)U oram.s. which was administered as in experiment No. 18. Experiment No. 20 began at 7 a. m. Februar}' 10, and continued 2 days, during which the diet consisted of the basal ration, supplemented by 113.8 grams of brandy, with 50.1 per cent, or 72.5 grams, of absolute alcohol. The brandy was mixed with 711.2 grams of water, sweetened with 15 grams of cane sugar. The whole mixture amounted to 900 grams, which was admin- istered in 6 portions as in the previous experiments. Experiment No. 21 began at 7 a. m. February 12, and continued 3 days. The diet in this experiment consisted of the basal ration alone, without alcohol. The results of this experiment are here given in comparison with 3 alcohol experiments because it was a part of the same series and followed the alcohol experiments without intermission and without the subject leaving the respiration chamber. The results are hardh' comparable with those of the alcohol experi- ments, however, since by the omission of the alcohol from the diet the amount of energy per day was reduced nearly one-fifth, while the amounts of protein, fats, and carbohydrates remained the same. The following table summarizes the results of these 4 experiments. Detailed data of experi- ments Nos. 18-20 may be found on pages 317 to 330 in the Appendix. Those of No. 21 may be found in Bulletin 109 of the Office of Experiment Stations. Table 10. — Suiiimari/ of results of metabolism experiments Nos. 18, 19, and SO. [Quantities per day.] Protein. Fat. Carbohy- drates. Alcoiiol. Nitrogen. Carbon. Energj'. Experiment No. 31. Grams. 96.9 90.4 96.0 Grams. 72.4 68.4 93.3 Grams. 250. 1 246.1 (246. 1) Grams. ........ Gravis. 1.5.5 14.5 15.4 Grams. 215.2 195.4 217.4 Calories. 2, 264 2,038 Actually metabolized 2,304 2,279 Gain (4-) or loss (— ) to body Experiment No. IS. -5.6 96.9 90.4 102.6 -24.9 72.4 68.4 43.3 ! -0.9 15.5 14.4 16.4 -22.0 253.0 232.0 219.3 —266 250.1 246.1 (246.1) 72.5 69.5 69.5 2,776 2,532 2,367 2,485 Gain ( ^ ) or loss ( — ) to body Experiment No. 19. In total food In available food Actually metabolized -12.2 96.9 90.4 90.4 -F25. 1 72.4 68.4 33.3 -2.0 15.5 14.5 14.5 +12.7 253.0 233. 5 206.6 +168 250.1 246.1 (246.1) 72.5 69.9 69. 9 2,776 2,550 2,220 2,279 -1-35. 1 72.4 68.4 ^.3 +26.9 253. 233. 5 216.2 +330 E.eperimenl No. 20. 96.9 90.4 88.2 250.1 246.1 (246.1) 72.5 69.7 69.7 15. 5 14.5 14.1 2,776 2,549 2,339 2,303 Gain (-f ) or lo.ss (— ) to body Arenuje (,f IS, 19, nndJO. In total food —2. 2 96.9 90.4 93.7 +21.1 72.4 68.4 41.3 +0.4 15.5 14.5 15.0 +17. 3 253.0 233.0 214.1 +210 250.1 246.1 (246.1) 72.5 ■ 69.7 69.7 2,776 2,544 Actually metabolized 2,308 2, 357 -3.3 * -1-27.1 -0.5 +18.9 +236 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 2bi) DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS. The data of the metabolism experiments above described include statistics of the amounts of nutrients consumed in the food and excreted in the feces. The difference between these amounts represents the so-called digestible or avaihible nutrients." The amount of each nutrient thus made available divided by the amount in the corresponding food is here taken as the coeffi- cient of availability. Each metabolism experiment, therefore, includes a digestion experiment: furthermore, each metabolism experiment or series of experiments was preceded by a digestion ex]5eriment. gener- ally of 4 days" dui'ation, during which the subject was outside the respiration calorimeter, but had the same diet, and as nearly as convenient the same amount of muscular exercise, as in the metab- olism experiment. We thus have for each metabolism experiment or series of metabolism experiments two corresponding digestion experiments. While the chief object of the preliminary- experiment was to bring the body into approximate nitrogen equilibrium, the results, as bearing upon the availability of the food, are of importance. The portions of protein, fat. carbohydrates, and ash not made available are eliminated in the feces. The unavailable alcohol is eliminated through the kidneys, lungs, and skin, and was determined in these experiments according to the method described beyond (p. 25.S). In what has been said about the availability of the different nutrients in food no reference has been made to the availability of the energy. While it is commonly believed that all of the energy of the available fats and carbohydrates is capable of use by the liody. all of the energy of the protein can not be so utilized. The nitrogen of the available protein is eliminated from the body in the form of urea, uric acid, and similar compounds, carrying with them a certain amount of energy. From the results of a considerable number of determinations of the ratio of the heat of combustion of urine to the available protein it has been found that for each gram of the lattei* there is lost in the urine an average of 1.25 calories of energy. This amount must therefore be deducted from the energy of the available food in order to obtain the available energy of the available protein. This is done by multiplying the numl>er of grams of the latter by 1.25. and deducting the product from the difference between the total energy in the food and that in the feces. The difference gives the amount of available energy, which, divided by the total energy in the food consumed, gives the coefficient of availability of the energy.'' The proportions of the different nutrients digested and made available in any given case depend upon the diet and the individual. So far as concerns the diet, the availability may vary with (1) the kinds. (2) the amounts of food materials. (3) the method of preparation, and (i) the accessories, including condiments, beverages, etc.. and with the rest, alcoholic beverages. The same diet may be differently digested by different individuals or by the same individual under different conditions of health, ph^'sical activity, and nervous strain. The details of the digestion experiments with alcohol diet are given in Tables CV to CXVIII of the Appendix. Talile 11 compares the availability of food in diets with and without alcohol and the availal)ility of the same diet with the same persons outside and inside the respiration chamber. In the tirst case the principal difference is that of diet, the alcohol being the chief factor: in the second case the differences are those of the physical and mental condition of the individual. The discussion of the effect of alcohol upon availability of the nutrients of the diet is given on pages 256 to 258. beyond. "For further discussion see page 256 beyond, and Repts. Ston-s (Conn.) Agr. Exp. Sta., 1896, p. 163, and 1897, p. 154. Tor further discussion of this subject see Atwater and Bryant, Rept. Storrs (Conn.) Agr. Exp. Sta., 1899, p. 96. See also discussion by \V. O. Atwater in Bui. 99 of the U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations, Pro- ceedings of the Association of American Agricultural Collies and Experiment Stations, 1900, p. 112. 256 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Table ll.—Summani of coe_(licienls of amilability of nutrients and energy in preliminary and calorimeter perio ordinary and alcohol diet. E.rperimentit v:itli E. 0. Ordinary diet, average 6 experiments Alcohol diet, average 5 experiments Preliminary period, average 12 experiments . . . Calorimeter period, average 12 experiments Experiments with J. F. S Ordinary diet, average 6 experiments Alcohol diet, average 3 experiments Preliminary period, average 4 experiments Calorimeter period, average 4 experiments Average 12 experiments -with ordinary food Average M ex]>eriments Avitli alcohol Average 10 preliminary periods Average IG calorimeter periods • cent. 92.4 94.2 92.5 93.2 93.4 93.8 92.1 93.8 92.9 94.0 92.4 93.3 Per cent. 93.8 93.5 93.7 94.1 95.8 96.2 95.8 97.2 Per cent. 97.9 97.9 97.7 97.9 98.1 97.9 97.2 97.7 94.7 94.5 94.2 94.9 98.0 97.9 97.6 97.8 Per cent. 90.6 91.1 92.7 93.0 91.4 92.4 91.7 91.8 90.9 91.3 DISCUSSIOlSr OF THE RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENTS. The special purpose of the experiments summarized on the preceding pages, in so far as thej^ have had to do with the nutritive action of alcohol, has been the study of the metabolism of the energy of alcohol and its consequent value for fuel as compared with i.sod_ynamic amounts of carbohydrates and fats. Incidentally, its effects upon digestion, the completeness of its oxida- tion, and its action in protecting body fat and protein from oxidation have also been observed. The more important results may be discussed under the following topics: 1. EU'ect of alcohol upon the digestion of food. •2. Proportions of alcohol oxidized and unoxidized. 3. ]Metabolisra of the energy of alcohol. 4. Protection of body material by alcohol. a, Protection of bodj' fat. b, Protection of body protein. 5. Effect of alcohol upon the radiation of heat from the Isody. t). Alcohol as a source of heat in the body. 7. Alcohol as a source of muscular energy. EFFECT OF ALCOHOL UPON THE DIGESTION OF FOOD.— DIGESTIBILITY VERSUS AVAIL- ABILITY OF NUTRIENTS. The term digestibility as applied to food has several meanings, which are not clearly distin- guished in popular u.sage. It commonly refers to either the ease with which a given food material is digested, or the time required for the process, or the extent to which the material '"agrees" or "disagrees" with different persons, or its effects upon bodily comfort and health. These factors depend largely upon individual peculiarities, vary widely with different persons and with the character of the food, and are difficult to measure. The term digestibility is also used to designate the quantity or proportion of the food or of each of its different ingredients— protein, fats, carbohydrates, and mineral matters — actually digested and absorbed in the passage of the food through the digestive tract. Only this lattei factor of digestibility is considered in these experiments. To determine what amount of each nutrient is actually digested it is necessary to know the quantity that is taken into the Ijody in food and the quantity that has escaped digestion and is excreted in the feces. The latter quantity is not easily determini'd. however, because the feces contain, besides those portions of the food that have MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 257 resisted the action of the digestive juii-es. other materials, the so-called metalx)lic products, which are mainly the residues of the dic^estive juices, and which are not easily separated from the undigested jx)rtion of the food. For this rea.son it is difficult to determine the actual digesti- bility of food or of its several ingredients. The availability of the food or of the several ingredients, however, may be more accurately determined. By availability is here meant the quantity or proportion that can )>e used for the building and reptiir of tissue and the yielding of energy. The metabolic products, although derived originally from the digested food, are not used for either liuilding material or fuel, and hence are not available in the sense in which the word is here employed. They may. therefore, be included with the undigested residue of the food and the small quantities of intestinal epitheliiuu and other materials which make up the rest of the feces, and the amounts of available nutrients may be found by subtracting from the total ingredients of the food the total corresponding ingredients in the feces. These have often V>een called the digestible rather than the available nutrients, but the distinction here made is quite important. The avaihibility of the ingredients as thus determined is usually expressed by the percentage of the total amount of each in the food. This percentage is called the coetiicient of availability". In the following table, which is a summary of a more detailed table given in the Appendix, the coefficients of availability of the protein, fat?, and airbohydi-ates of the oi-diuaiy diet are compared with those of the alcohol diet, as actually found in the experiments. The average coefficients of availability of the nutrients of food as found in i^S experiments * with healthy men with ordinary diet under various conditions of work and rest are appended in the table for comparison. Table 12. — CoetKcients of acailability of food in the averages of ejcperipier4ti witfi and without aicohol. Coefficients ot'aTaUability. Kind and number o£ expeiimenis. Erperimenti more / comparahU. \ ] !■■ r .fHi. Per catt I FtT teal. I Per cent. Without alcohol, >'os. 9, 11, 26 and 28. 29 and 31. 32 and 34 92.6 W.9 ; 97.9 i 91.8 With alcohol. Xos. 10, 12.27,31,33 93.7 9i.6 , 97.S' 92.1 Krptriment.* few dirtilly comparable. Without alcohol, Xos. 5. and 13 and 14 92.6 94. 1 ' 98.1 90.3 With alcohol. Xos. 7 and 1.5 to 17 9.5.0 94.4! 97.3 91.3 Average of other observations 93.0 9-5.0 98. *92. 3 * Availability of energy base^l upon average proportions and amounts of nutrients found in dietaries of 38 families of fanners, mechanics, and professional men and 15 college boarding cIuIjs in different parts of the Tniteii States. See article bv A. P. Brtaxt on •■Some Results of Dielarv Studies."' Yearbook T. S. Dept. Asriculture, 1S9S, p. 439. It thus appears that the alcohol had little appreciable effect upon the availability of the other ingredients of the diet: the coefficients of availability of the nutrients of the ordinary food were practically the same with and %vithoiit alcohol as part of the diet. The protein appears to have been slightly more available when the diet contained alcohol. The differences, especially in the more comparable experiments, are less than might be found with different subjects using the .sjime ordinary food, or with the same subject using the same food at different times and under different conditions. The conclusion from the results of these experiments would be to the effect that alcohol in moderate amounts tended to increase very slightly the availability of the nutrients of the diet, esi)ecially of the protein. In view, however, of the fact that there are often marked differences in the availability of the same diet with different persons and with the same person at different *See Atwateb and Bryant, Availability and Fuel Value of Food Materials, Kept. Storrs (Conn.) Expt, Sta., 1899, p. 73. 258 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. times, even this conclusion should he held with a degree of reserve. While it is statistically valid for these experiments, the extent to which it would be true in general experience is by no means certain. PROPORTIONS OF ALCOHOL OXIDIZED AND UNOXIDIZED. The ditference between the amount of alcohol taken into the bodj' in food and the amount given oil' unoxidized bj'the kidneys, lungs, and skin is taken as the amount oxidized in the body. For the determination of the amounts not oxidized in the bodj- quantitative examination was made of the several excretory products for the presence of alcohol. No similar examination of the feces for alcohol was practicable; but. as it has been found in other experiments'' that no alcohol was excreted through this channel, even when considerable quantities were ingested, it was here assumed that the feces would contain no appreciable amount of the alcohol taken with the food. The alcohol eliminated by the kidneys would, of course, be found in the urine; that given ofl' by the lungs and skin in the "'drip" water collected from the surface of the sj'stem of cool- ing tubes, or it might pass out of the chamber as vapor in the air current and be condensed in the •• freezers." in which a large part of the water is collected from the outgoing air, or it might even pass through the freezers as vapor and be ultimately absorbed in concentrated sulphuric acid in an apparatus arranged for the purpose. The determinations of the amounts of alcohol given off from the body unoxidized in experi- ment No. 7 were made according to the method described bj' Bodlander." This method, how- ever, does not give results sufficientlj' accurate when the amounts of alcohol are as small as were found in these experiments. In the latter experiments a modification " of this method was used, which has been shown to give very satisfactory results in the determination of extremely small quantities of alcohol. The urine, drip water, and freezer water were distilled several times in order to separate the alcohol and other volatile and readily oxidizable organic matters and to obtain them in a more concentrated form. The amount of organic matter (here designated as reducing material) in the distillates was then determined by the method mentioned above. The amount of reducing material in the air current was estimated by passing the outgoing air through bulbs containing concentrated sulphuric acid, and determining the amount of reducing material in the acid. The total amount of reducing material thus determined in the various excretory products was calculated as alcohol. Other investigators" have found evidence that such reducing materials are excreted by the body when no alcohol was ingested. In several experiments in which alcohol did not form part of the diet, examinations of respiratory and excretory products were made the same as when alcohol was given, and reducing materials were found to be present." The average amount found in these experiments without alcohol was, therefore, deducted from the total amount determined in the experiments with alcohol and the ditference taken as alcohol excreted, as shown below: Alcohol iiif/e.ilfd and excreted uitoxklized. Alcohol iiifre^ted, average 13 experiments grams. . 72. 3 Reducing material in excretory products: When alcohol was ingested, average 13 experiments grams. . 1. 6 When no alcohol was ingested, average 6 experiments do 3 Alcohol excreted grams.. 1. 3 Total alcohol metal lolized do 71 Do per cent . . 98. 2 •See BoDLAXDER in Arch. Physiol., Pfluger, 32 (1883), p. 424. •"Loc. cit. , 'See Benedict and Xohris on "The Determination of Small Quantities of Alcohol," Jour. Am. Chem. Soc, 20 (1898), p. 299. 'iHipre, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), 20 (1871-72), 268. See also Billings, Mitchell, and Bergey on "The comiiosition of expired air and its effect upon animal life." Suiithsoniau Contributions to Knowledge, XXIX (189.5), Xo. 989. 'See Table CXXI in the .\ppcndix. MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 259 From Tiihle CXXII in the Appendix it will he observed that the quantities of alcohol eliminated l)v the lunle 13, which epitomizes the more detailed statistics given in Tatile CXX in the Appendix, and compares the averages of the results of the rest and the work experiments in which alcohol formed part of the diet with those of similar experiments without alcohol. Both those experiments that are strictly comjjarable and those less comparable, as explained on a pre- ceding page, are here included. Table 13. — M'tabolism of cricrtjij. Averar/ex of irsiijts of e.rjieriments iiAth orrlbiary am! n'itli a/cohol dift. Expfrimems with and without alcohol. Energy of net income." Energy of outgo measured as— MORE DIRECTLY COMPARABLE. Rest e-cperburiits. Without alcohol: Xos. 9, 24, 26, ami 28. With ak-uliol; Xos. 10. 22, 27 Ciilories. 2,190 2,191 Work exijeruiieiits. Without alcohol: Xoi?. 11, 29 and 31, 32 ami 34 AVith ak'ohol : Nos. 12, 30, 33 2,221 2 221 I 3,690 Estimated energy of material actually oxidized in the body. 3,451 3,461 220 215 Vatmies. 2, 221 2, 221 3,671 3,676 260 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Table 13. — Mttuholi.im nf energi/. Ari'ra(/cii of rc.fults of experiments with ordiiuirii and with alcohol diet — Continued. Experiments with and witliout alcohol. Energy of outgo measure*! as — MOKE DIRECTLY coMP.\KABLE — Continued Average of rest and ivork experiments. Without alcohol ■With alcohol LESS DIRECTLY COMP.VKABLE. Rest experi^nenis. TVithout alcohol: jSTos. 13 and 14, 5, 21 , ^yith alcohol: Nos. 7, 15 to 17, 18 to 20 Average of all above experiments. Without alcohol With alcohol Calories. 2,925 2,941 2,302 2,356 2,717 2,746 Calories. 2,836 2,841 2 277 2^358 2,650 2,680 Calories. "(110) 0(108) "(73) "(72) Calories. 2,946 2,949 2 277 2^358 2,723 2,752 " Estimated energy of material actually oxidized in the body. •■In this average the muscular work of the work experiments is distributed over both the work and the rest experiments, which is of course not strictly logical. The energy of net income given in the table above represents the energy of the material actually oxidized in the bod}', as determined from the energy of the food, of the excretorj^ products, and of the body material stored or lost. The energy of outgo is that given off from the hodj in the form of heat and external muscular work, as measured by the apparatus. According to the law of the conservation of energy, the income and the outgo must lie equal. From the comparisons given in the table above it will be seen that, whether the diet did or did not contain alcohol, the outgo was sometimes greater and sometimes less than the income, l>ut the difference in everj' case was far within the range of variation to be expected in phj'siological experiments of such nature as these, so that the re.sults may be considered as showing practical agreement. If we counter- balance the variations by averaging the experiments in which alcohol formed part of the diet and those without alcohol, we get the following results : Daily income and outgo of energy loith and without alcohol. Average 13 experiments, without alcohol. Average 13 experiments, with alcohol Energy of ma- terial oxidized in the body. ,717 ,746 Energv given off by the body. Calories. 2,723 2,752 When the diet contained no alcohol, the energy of the proteids, fats, and carbohydrates burned in the body, averaging 2,717 calories per day, was practically identical with the energy given off' by the body in the form of heat, or heat and (the heat equivalent of) external muscular work, averaging 2,723 calories per day. When alcohol formed part of the diet the total energy of the proteids, fats, and carbohydrates burned in the body, added to the energy of the alcohol, averaged 2,740 calories per day, and the enei'gy given off as heat, or heat and external muscular work, averaged 2,752 calories per day. The total kinetic energy of outgo is equal to the total potential energy of income, whether it be with ordinary diet alone, or with ordinary food and alcohol. To these results there can be Ijut one interpretation. The energy which was latent or poten- tial in the alcohol was wholly transformed in the body, was actually given off' from the body, and was exactly recovered as heat or heat and muscular work. Otherwise, how did the body :memoiks of the national academy of sciences. 2(51 dispose of the eneri;y of the alcohol, and from what other souive did it oot an exactly eiiual amount to I'eplaee iti The conclusions, therefore, are: 1. The law of the conservation of enero-y obtained with the alcohol diet as w ith the ordinary diet. 2. The potential enero-y of the alcohol o.xidized in the l)ody was ti'ansformed completely into kinetic energy, and appeared either as heat, or as muscular work, or l)oth. To this extent, at any rate, it was used like the energy of the protein, fats, and carbohydrates of the food. THE PROTECTION OF BODY MATERIAL BY ALCOHOL. General coHslderationx. PrtivouJi experiments and their explanation. — The belief was for- merly quite general that alcohol has a specific pharmacodynamic action in retarding the metabolism of body material, both fat and proteid. As much of the earlier experimenting implied that alcohol in moderate quantities tends to " prevent waste" or "conserve the tissues," and its oxidation in the body was not understood, this eti'ect was naturally attributed to its action as a drug. Later,, as the functions of the nonnitrogenous nutrients of food came to be better understood, and the fact that alcohol is oxidized as thej- are in the body became fully established, the view has become common that its effect in retarding or protecting metabolism is to be explained by a luitritive rather than a pharmacodynamic action — that, in other words, it tends, b}' its own oxida- tion, to prevent the o.xidation of otlier materials. This latter function of alcohol, however, has been denied on two grounds: 1. The increased circulation of the blood through the peripheral capillaries and the fall of bodv temperature which follows the ingestion of alcohol have led to the theoretical inference that the energy supplied to the l)ody by the oxidation of the alcohol is lost by the extra I'adiation of heat it causes, so that it can not do the work of the fats and carbohydrates in protecting food or bodj' material from consumption. This ground, however, is hardly tenable since, as shown beyond, the fall of body temperature with ordinary doses is very small, and the amount of extra heat radiated is only a fraction of that supplied by the alcohol. 2. The other ground for doubting the power of alcohol to protect bod\- material from con- sumption is that of direct experiment. That it may protect fat is generally conceded, but there are a number of reliable experiments on record in which the replacement of the carbohydrates and fats of a ration by alcohol has been followed by an increased elimination of nitrogen. This has been explained by the assumption that alcohol tends to increase rather than diminish the cataboli.sm of protein in the body. On the other hand there is a considerable amount of exper- imental evidence to the efl'ect that alcohol may and at times does serve as a protector of protein. As explained in a review of the ex)^:.erimenting upon this subject" it seems to us that the contiicting results may be explained by the hypothesis of two opposing tendencies of alcohol, the one pharmacodynamic and the other nutritive. This view makes the former a specific, and some- times, if not alwa3's, temporary action of alcohol, by which it increases the catabolism of protein, while the latter action is that resulting from its oxidation. According as the latter or the former action predominates the alcohol may protect protein or fail to do so. In favor of this theory is the fact that it explains and harmonizes the results of previous experimenting and those of our own experiments also. In considering the ethciency of alcohol for the protection of body fat and protein it is impor- tant to distinguish between two questions. Does alcohol protect these materials at all I Is it equal in protecting power to the isodynainic amount of fats or of carbohydrates, or of a mixture of the two '. The comparisons in these experiments are between nearly isodynamic amounts of alcohol and the other ingredients. " Report of Physiological Subcommittee of Committee of Fifty for the Investigation of the Liquor Problem, Boston, Houghton, MifHin & Co. (In press at the time of this writing. ) See also a more detailed review of the sub- ject by Roseniann. Der Einfluss des Alkohols auf den Eiweissstoffwechsel; Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., Bd. 86, 1901, pp. :i07-.503. Vol. S— No. e 3 262 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEINIY OF SCIENCES. The evidence of the exj)eriments here reported. — Although the present expei'iments were not planned for the stud}' of these particular questions, they throw some light upon them. The details, in their hearing upon the protection or nonprotection of hoAj protein and fat. are brought together in Table CXX in the appendix, and the average results are summarized in Table 14 here- with, which shows the amounts of available protein and energy of the diet and the amounts of protein and fat gained or lost by the body in the experiments with and without alcohol. Table 14. — Comparison of gains and losses of protein and fat in e.rperimentf: villi and vAthout alcohol. Experiments compared. Total Serial numbers of num- experiments. | ber of days. Average per day. .\vailable food. Gain ( + ) orloss ( - Protein. Energy, i Protein. , Fat. MORE DIRECTLY COMP.IRABLE. A and B: E.O., rest- Average, 2 experiments without alco- hol. Average, 2 experiments with alcohol .. D: E. O. , work — 1 experiment without alcohol 1 experiment with alcohol A, B, and D; E. 0., rest and work — Average, -3 experiments without alco- hol. Average, 3 experiments with alcohol.. C: J. F.S., rest- Average, 2 experiments without alco- hol.' 1 experiment with alcohol E and F: J. F.S., work- Average, 4 experiments without alco- hol. Average, 2 experiments ^\-ith alcohol.. C, E, and F: J. F. S., rest and work — Average, 6 experiments without alco- hol. Average, 3 experiments with alcohol.. A to F { Group I ) : E. 0. and J. F. S., rest and work — Average, 9 experiments without alco- hol. Average, 6 experiments with alcohol.. LESS DIRECTLY COMPARABLE. G,H, andl (Group II): E.O.and A.-W.S.,re.st— Average, 4 "experiments without alco- hol. Average, 7" experiments with alcohol . AVERAGE OF ALL THE ABOVE E.XPERIJIEST.S. A to I (Group III): E. 0. , J. F. S. , and .■V. \V. S. , rest and work — Average, 13 experiments (3 with work ) without alcohol . Average, 13 experiments (3with work) with alcohol. 9,24. 10,22 9,24,11.. 10,22,12. : (26,28).. 1 27 (29,31), (32,34) 30,33 (26, 28), (29,31), (32, 34). j 27,30,33 ' 9,24, 11,(26, 28), (29,31), (32,34). 10,22,12,27,30,33 (13,14), 5, 21 7,(1.5, 16, 17), (18. 19,20) (1.3, 14), (26, 28), (29, 31), (32, 34),. 5, 9, 11,21,24. 7,(1.5, 16, 17), (18, 19,20), 10, 12, 22, 27, 30, 33. 114 116 Calories. I Grartis. 2, 618 - 1. 2,602 Grams. +39.0 110 113 3, 510 3,614 — 3.0 - 1.0 112 2, 915 - 1.6 115 2,939 - 2.2 92 2,253 - 4.0 92 2,264 - 6.0 95 3, 251 - 6. 1 94 3,235 -14.5 94 2,918 - 5.4 93 2,911 -11.6 103 2,917 - 3.5 104 2,925 - 6.9 100 2,239 -7.3i 98 2,400 - 3.0 102 2,691 - 4.8 102 2, 750 - 5.6 2.8 +42.0 -39. -32. —12.7 +17.2 +23.1 + 18.2 —10. 6 -12.4 - 1. 1 ^2.4 - 2.3 -^ 6.5 - 0.1 + 3. 8 •When two or more similar experiments are grouped together, the group is counted as 1 experiment in diaw iiig the average. Experiments thus treated are put in parenthesis in the second column; thus, (15 to 17). The grouping in Table 14 is on the same basis as in the corresponding tables in the preceding pages and in the Appendix. MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 2(5:3 When the fuel value of the diet is in excess of the needs of the body, the latter often, though not always, increases its store of material. Sometimes this increase is in the form of protein, sometimes fat, and sometimes both protein and fat. When the body requires energy in excess of that supplied by the food, it will draw upon its previously accumulated store of fat or protein, or both, for fuel. Along with the gains and losses of protein and fat arc changes in the carbohydrates (glycogen), but the total quantity of these substances in the tissues is relatively small. The present methods of experimenting do not suffice for accurate measurement of the changes of glycogen, and it is commonly left out of account in discussions such as that in which we are now engaged. PROTECTION OF BODY FAT. The figures for the individual experiments in Table CXX of the Appendix show in some cases a larger gain or smaller loss of fat without alcohol than with it: in other eases the results are reversed. When, however, the experiments are grouped together and the averages with and without alcohol are compared, it is clear that, except where the differences in fuel value of the diet were considerable, the differences of fat balance are hardly large enough to be of consequence. Taking the experiments altogether, the figures of the tables, and especially those of Table li, show slight gains in fat both with and without alcohol, but the gain is slightlj' larger with the alcohol. Thus in Group I. in which the experiments are more directly comparable, the average gain in 9 experiments without alcohol is 1.1 grams, in 6 with alcohol 2.4 grams, making a difference in favor of the alcohol of 1.3 grams. In the less directly comparable experiments there is an average difference of 8.8 grams, and in Group III with all the experiments there is an average of 3.9 grams in favor of the alcohol. It is also to be noted that in general the total energy of the rations with the alcohol average somewhat larger than in those without alcohol. The figures for differences just cited are brought out more clearly in Table 17, beyond, in the discussion of the utilization of energy in the experiments with and without alcohol. The comparison as there made in detail shows on the whole an advantage of the ordinary diet over that with alcohol, though the difference is very small, indeed. A direct indication of the fat-protecting power of alcohol is found in the series of experi- ments with E. O. , Nos. 22, 23, 24. These were practically three successive periods of 3 days each. In all there was a basal ration with 116 grams available protein and 2.290 calories of available energy. To this ration was added — in the first experiment, alcohol; in the second, nothing; in the third, sugar. The alcohol and sugar each furnished about .500 calories of energy. With the alcohol there was a daily gain of 03 grams of fat; with the basal ration this was reduced to 9 grams; with the sugar it rose again to 60 grams per dav. With the sugar there was a gain of 1.7 and with the alcohol a gain of 1.4 grams, while with the basal ration alone there was a loss of 1.6 grams of protein. Leaving this slight gain or loss of protein out of account, the net gain of fat with the alcohol above that in the liasal ration was 54 grams, which would make very nearly 500 calories. The net gain of fat with sugar was 51 grams. In this particular case, therefore, with isodynamic quantities of sugar and alcohol, the gain of fat was practically the same with both. An even more striking illustration of the fat-protecting power of alcohol is found in experi- ments Nos. 18-21. with A. W. S. as summarized on page 329 beyond. When alcohol was added to a basal ration of ordinary food, the body gained fat at the rate of 21-r35 grams per dav; but when the giving of alcohol was stopped and the Ijody had only the l)asal ration, it lost 25 grams of fat per day. A clearer demonstration of the power of alcohol to protect fat from consumption would be hardly possible than that given in the experiments with E. O. and A. AV, S., just cited. We thus have two kinds of tests of the power of.alcohol as compared with that of isodynamic amounts of carbohydrates and fats of the food for the protection of body fat. In ever}- indi- vidual case the protecting power of the alcohol is manifest. In some instances it is slightly inferior and in others it is slightly superior in this respect, and on the average it is just about equal to the nutrients which it replaced. 264 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. So far as we are aware these are tlie only experiments in which the power of alcohol to pro- tect fats has been determined by direct quantitative tests. While there are numerou.s experi- ments on record which have seemed to indicate that alcohol has this power, we have found none which seem to us to imply the opposite.'' Fortunately this question, which is one of no little importance, thus seems to be so clearly settled as to require no further discussion. Such is not the case with the similar question regarding the power of alcohol to protect protein from consumption. PROTECTION OF BODY PROTEIN. As regards the protection of body protein by alcohol, the results of the experiments are variable, but on the whole the cataljolism of protein, as measured by the amount of nitrogen excreted bv the kiduevs. was slightly larger in the ex])eriments with than in those without alcohol. In discussing the effect of alcohol upon protein metabolism, we must consider the A-ariations from day to day in the amount of nitrogen excreted in the urine when alcohol forms a part of the diet, and compare them with the variations in similar experiments in which alcohol is not included in the diet. The data of the daily eliminations of nitrogen by the different subjects in experiments with and without alcohol are summarized in Table CXXIII in the Appendix. What especially concerns us here is the influence of the substitution of alcohol for a portion of the ordinary food upon the gain or loss of body protein. As this seems to depend largely upon the individual, it will be well to discuss the experiments with the three subjects separately. Erperhnenis with E. 0. — With this subject there was a marked tendency to excrete more nitrogen in the urine on either the day before or the day after he entered the respiration chamber. This tendency was as noticeable in the experiments without as in those with alcohol. This varia- tion in nitrogen excretion is independent of either the character of the food or the activity of the subject, and appears to be due to a psychic cause that is little understood. Since this variation was often much larger than any which could be attributed to the alcohol, we hesitate to assign to the latter any deflnite and uniform effect upon the metabolism of nitrogen. It is to be noted that there is no experiment with E. O. in which an alcohol diet immediately preceded or followed a diet furnishing the same amount of energy from ordinary food materials without alcohol. There are. however, a number of separate experiments which may be compared, as is done in Table 1.5. T.A13I.H; 15. — Exfifi-'initnla iritli E. 0. — Gaina and losses of bodi/ protein and fat wilh and without alcohol. MiiltK DIRECThV y Pemishky (Scliaefer's Physiolo};y, I, 820) in the following statements: ' ' Various observers have found that alcohol taken in ordinary quantities as a beverage causes a slight ilepression, generally less than half a degree, in the temperature of healthy men. On the other hand, poisonous doses may cause a fall of 5° or 6°— in fact, many of the lowest temperatures recorded in man have been observed in drunken persons exposed to cold. See Daw, Pliil. Tninf., London, 1850, p. 444; Lichtexfels and Fkohlich, I>ei>l;.^chr!j'(en d. k: Akad. d. Wissemch., Wien, 1852, Bd. iii, Abth. 2, S. 131; Lalle.mand, Perri.v, and Duroy, 'Du role de I'alcool et des anesthesiques dans I'organisme,' Paris, 1860; Ogle, St. Geoi-r/c's Hasp. Hep., London, 1866, vol. i, p. 23.3; RiXGER and RiCKARDS, Lancet, Loudon, 1866, vol. ii, p. 208; Cd,\y Bouvier, .Irch. f. d. ges. Phi/siol, Bonn, 1869, Bd. ii, S. 370; Goderin, 'Del'alcool, son action physiologique, ses applications therapeutiques,' 1869; Weckeri.i.ng, Deutsches Arch. f. kliii. Med., Leipzig, 1877, Bd. xix, S. 317; Zuntz, Fwtschr. d. Med., Berlin, 1887; (:;e!'PERT, Arch, f. exper. Path. u. PharmakoL, Leipzig, Bd. xxii, 36; Parkes and Wollowicz, Pror: Po;/. Soc. London, 1870, vol. xviii, p. 362, found that alcohol in ordinary quantities had no effect on the temperature of a healthy man." "Therapeutic Gazette, February, 1S90. 274 me:^ioirs of the national academy of sciences. The experiments with meu in the respiration calorimeter here described give extended data regarding- both the consumption of fuel and the radiation of heat. The details are summarized iu Table CXX in the appendix. The final outcome is simple and maj' be illustrated by two cases, Groups A and D. In each there were two exiseriments, practicallj^ alike, save that one was with ordinary diet and the other with a diet in which part of the fats and carbohydrates were replaced by alcohol as above described. In Group A the subject was at rest, i. e., doing no external muscular work. The potential energy of the material burned in the body and the amounts of heat given off in calories were practically the same, as is shown by the figures herewith. The differences In the results without and with alcohol are entirely within the limits of ordinary variation : Comparison of energy of material metabolized and heat given off per day in rest experiments with and without alcohol. TTnpTe-v of mn Energy giTen Sit'fhnr.'^rt. Off by the body as neat. Without alcohol, experiment No. 9. With alcohol, experiment No. 10... Calories. 2,277 2,268 Calories. 2,309 2,283 If the alcohol had caused increased radiation of heat, more heat would have been given off from the body and more fuel would have been required, and naturally more would have been burned in the alcohol experiment than in the other. Such, however, was not the case. In the experiments of Group B the man was engaged for eight hours a day in active muscular work, driving a stationary bic3'cle. The amount of work was such that he burned enough fuel to yield iu all 3,900 calories, and, as the food did not supply enough, he used up some of his store of body fat. The results of such experimenting imply that when the body has not enough food for its support and is forced to draw upon its reserve capital, it uses the materials economically. The energy given off from the bodj' was in two forms — heat and external work. This work was practically the same in both experiments and is reckoned with the heat in the energy given off. Comparison of energy of material metabolized and heat given off per day in work experiments with and without alcohol. Without alcohol, experiment No. 11 Witli alcohol, experiment No. 12 . .. Energy of material burned. 3,901 3,932 Energy given off by the body as heat and muscular work. Calories. 3,922 3,927 Here again there was slightly more fuel burned per day with alcohol than without, though the difference was small, while the amount of heat given off' was practically the same in the one case as the other. So far as the disposal of the energy is concerned, the figures imply that alcohol was used as economically as the fat, sugar, and starch which it replaced, and that it caused no increased radiation of heat. We have, all told, 13 experiments with alcohol, covering 36 days. For purposes of com- parison these have Ijccn grouped, as already explained (p. 241), with 13 experiments without alcohol, covering 43 days. The subject in o of these groups, E. O., was a man who had been long accustomed to the moderate use of alcoholic beverages. The subjects in the other four groups, A. W. S. and J. F. S., were two men who had always been total abstainers. The results are summarized in the table herewith, which is condensed from Table CXX of the appendix. The first column gives the figures for energy for material actually oxidized. The figures in the second colunui show the relation between the averages of experiments with alcohol MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEIMY OF SCIENCES. 275 and those without alcohol, the latter })eiii.^ taken an a basis (KK) per cent). The corresponding values for total and proportional energy measured as heat in the two classes of experiments are shown in the last two colunms of the table. Thus, in the average of all the experiments without alcohol the energy of the material actually oxidized was ^,717 calories. In the average of all the experiments with alcohol it was 2,7I:t) calories. The latter was 101.1 per cent of the former." T.VBLE 111. — C'omiiariMw nf fiirrijii of miilirial n.ridizeil ami Jiciit ijiivii off in experiments villi and vilhont alcohol. (Averages per day.] Heat given off.i» EXPEUIMEN'TS MORE DIRECTLY COMP.IRABLE Avercuje of work (Did rest e.qierimenls. Without alcohol (9 experiments) With alcohol (6 experiments ) EXPERIMENTS LESS DIRECTLY COMP.iR.ABLE. Arenuje of rexl e.rperiiiietils. Without alcohol ( 4 experiments ) With alcohol ( 7 experiments ) .WERAGE OF ALL ABOVE EXPERI.MEXTS. Groupx A- 1. Without alcohol ( 13 experiments) With alcohol ( 13 experiments ) Calnrks. 2, 925 2,941 2,302 2, 356 2,717 2,746 There was slightly more fuel burned and more heat given off from the bodies of the men when they had alcohol in their diet than when they had the same amount of protein and energy in a diet without alcohol, but with conditions otherwise similar. The differences, however, were very small; in the more directly comparable experiments the excess of fuel burned with the alcohol diet, as measured in calories, was only five parts and that of heat given off' only one part in 1,000. In the less directly comparable experiments the differences were larger, but still small. The quantities of total food were generally below rather than above the requirements of the body, especially in the work experiments, as may be seen from Table CXX of the Appendix. The general results of experiment imply that under .such circumstances the body makes economical use of its food and its reserve supply of material. The fact, therefore, that under these conditi9ns the oxidation of material and radiation of heat were so nearly the same with the rations with and without alcohol add still greater force to the comparison. The conclusion is that in these experiments, with three different men at rest and at work, when 72 grams of alcohol per day taken in six doses and furnishing 500 calories of energ}- replaced the isodynamic amounts of fats and carbohydrates, the alcohol caused no considerable increase in the amount of heat radiated from the body. If the alcohol in these experiments had all been taken at one dose, it might have caused the cutaneous vessels to dilate, stinuilatcd the sweat glands (0, and increa.sed the circulation, and thus increased the heat radiation. If there had been enough to cause the ordinary symptoms of intoxication, and especially if it had sufficed to induce the comatose condition for which the expression "dead drunk" is used, and if the men had at the same time been exposed to .severe "A difference so small as this is well inside the range of unavoidable error in single experiments. It is only where a large number of such exiwriments are averaged that differences of one or two parts in one hundred could probably be regaixled as significaut. ''Including heat equivalent of external muscular work in the work experiments. °0f amount oxidized without alcohol. 276 ME3I0IES OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. cold, the production oi heut in the Ijody might have been retarded, and the radiation increased so as to lower the body temperature by several deg-rees. RAPIDITY OF COMBUSTION OF ALCOHOL IN THE BODY. There is a popular impression that alcohol is burned in the body much more rapidly than ordinary food, and that in consequence not only is the energy resulting from its oxidation wasted, but derangements of bodih- functions may result from the rapid combustion of the alcohol. The exact grounds for the belief or nature of the supposed disturbances we have not seen distinctly stated. Nevertheless, as the impression prevails to some extent, at least among physicians and physiologists, it seems to demand consideration. Leaving out of account the unsettled cjuestion as to how soon after the ingestion of the alcohol its oxidation begins, the main problem is the rate of oxidation. If it is especially rapid, either one of two results may follow. The oxidation of other materials may go on as usual, in which case the total production of carbon dioxid and heat will be abnormalh* large: or the oxidation of other substances may be diminished so as to compensate for more or less of the oxidation of the alcohol, in which case the rate of production of carbon dioxid and heat may be little, if any, larger than without the alcohol. The natural test will be found in the measurement of these rates of production. So far as we are aware no adequate tests of this character have thus far been made. In examining the literature of the subject we have not succeeded in finding any experimental proof that the rate of elimination of carbon dioxid or heat from the body is materially increased or decreased by moderate quantities of alcohol. Satisfactory tests would involve the measurement by short periods, as, for instance, hour Ijy hour. Our own experiments were not planned for this purpose, and the measurements were made generalh' in six-hour periods. There was noth- ing in the observations to imph' that the rate of production of either carbon dioxid or heat was materiall}' increased either immediatelj' after the ingestion of the alcohol or later. Part of the heat given off from the body is carried awa}' in water vapor given off from the lungs and skin, but the larger portion finds its way to the water current, b}^ which it is carried out of the chamber. The rate of flow of this current and its rise of temperature in passing through the chamber thus measure the rate of evolution of heat from the body other than that carried away by water vapor. The observations of rate of flow and rise in temperature are made every few minutes, and thus show the rate of evolution of the larger portion of the heat. We have taken the pains to calculate the evolution of heat for hourly periods for three series of experiments, in which the alcohol diet and ordinary diet were compared, viz, Nos. 22-24, 26-28, 29-31. The calculations, however, have been limited to the night periods between 7 p. m. and 7 a. m., because the evolution of both carbon dioxid and heat is much more regular by night than l>y day, and an}' disturbance, such as might be caused by the rapid oxidation of alcohol, would be more easily detected in comparing the figures for the experiments with and without alcohol during the night periods. The results of these comparisons are negative. There are practically no more irregularities or indications of disturbance in the alcohol than in the nonalcohol experiments. There is nothing in the figures which seems to us to indicate anA* appreciable tendency toward inci'ease of heat production during the first, second, or third hour after the ingestion of the alcohol. The figures are, indeed, so destitute of such indications as to hardly warrant their printing. We are therefore led to the conclusion that in these experiments either the alcohol was not suddenly or rapidly oxidized, or if there was such rapid oxidation, there was a corresponding decrease in the oxidation of carbohydi'ates, fats, or protein. It is interesting to note that this conclusion accords with the other observations, viz, those of the total heat production and the economy of the use of energ}- in the rations with or without alcohol. All of these imply that the alcohol, carbohydrates, and fats simply replaced one another as sources of energv; that as either was oxidized the othei's were proportionately spared. MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 277 ALCOHOL AS A SOURCE OF HEAT IN THE BODY. In the rest experiments the heat ofiven oti from the l)ody was equivalent to the total potential energy of the materials oxidized. This was as true in the experiments in which aleohol made part of the diet as in those with ordinary food exclusively. The aleohol must therefore have eontrihuted its full quota of heat as truly as did the starch or fat. and all its potential enersfy was converted into heat within the body. In the work experiments the same principle applies, and it follows that unless all the potential energy of the alcohol was converted directly into that of external muscular work part must have been converted into heat within the body. But the total energy of external muscular work was at most the equivalent of 280 calories, while the energy of the alcohol was about 500. Even if all the external work was done at the expense of the alcohol, there would remain '220 calories which must have been transformed into heat within the body. But it is extremely improbable that the alcohol supplied all and the ordinary food none of the energy' of external work. In so far, therefore, as the latter came from the ordinary food, more than 220 of the of iilfuJioI rj-pi'txxtd In pt-ixx'ntagen. — In the work experiments of Group I 3.064 calories wei-e metabolized with the ordinary, and 3.694 with the alcohol ration. The relative costs of maintaining the bodv with the two rations were thus 3.664 : 3.694 = 100 : 100.8 or 99.2 : 100; the difference of 30 calories being 0.8 percent. Assuming the difference to be due wholly to the inferiority of the alcohol ration, its effectiveness, calorie for calorie, would ])e 99.2 per cent of that of the ordinary ration, so far as the energy is concerned. The alcohol supplied .50(i calories of energy, of which the 30 calories would represent 6 per cent. If we charge the deficit wholly to the alcohol, the latter would be, calorie for calorie, 6 per cent less effective than the fats and carbohydrates it replaced. In other words, the effect- iveness of the alcohol as a source of energy in the i-ation for muscular work in this case would be 94 per cent of that of the isodynamic amounts of carbohydrates and fats. Calculated in these ways the effectiveness of the alcohol ration as compared with the ordinary ration, and that of the alcohol as compared with carbohydrates and fats in the experiments of Groups I- III. would be as follows : Percentages of effectiveness of energy. Experiments. ^^ ^,^^ , Energy of a^eo- ~ 1 *>o' ™"o" "■'' Dared within 1 compared «ith! P" v of " rbT energy of ordi- t'?^^.?L';'^™5^ Classification, I '^^rtf.-V^;,':^^"" hydrates and nary ration. Per cent. Per cait. I I More directly comparable 99. 5 i 97. II I Less direotiv comparable i 97.7 ! 89.2 III Avera^'e of I and II i 99.0 94.4 I I Rest experiments i 100.0 99.8 I I Work experiments 99. 2 94. Sin/u/ai/'i/. — The conditions and results of these experiments and the inferences here drawn from them regarding alcohol as a source of muscular energy may be brieffy summarized: 1. AVe have here experiments with ordinary diet compared with other experiments in which the conditions were similar except that carbohydrates and fats sufficient to supply 500 calories of energy of the 2.20ii-3.6(iO calories in the daily ration were replaced by the isodynamic amount (about 72 grauLs) of alcohol, the latter being taken in six doses. The conditions of work and i-est were very nearly the same in the corresponding experiments-, with and without alcohol. 2. The amounts of material and energv transformed in the experiments with alcohol were very nearly the same as in the corresponding ones without alcohol. Where the ration was insufficient to meet the needs of the body, and it had to draw upon its store of fat and proteiii to supply the lacking energy, the drafts were practically the .same with the ordinary as with the alcohol diet, so far as concerns the energy of the body material drawn upon. 3. The utilization of the energy of the whole ration was slightlv less economical with the alcohol than with the ordinary diet, especially when the subjects were at hai-d muscular work. 284 ME]»IOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. but the difl'erenee in favor of the ordintiry food was very small indeed, hardly enough to be of praetical consequence. From thi.s it follows that the energy of the alcohol was utilized very nearly or quite as well as that of the other fuel ingredients which it replaced. i. That the alcohol contributed its share of energy for muscular work is a natural hypoth- esis and very probable, but not absolutely proven. The hypothesis that the energy of the alcohol was not so used, is not called for as an explanation of any fact observed in these experiments. It should not be forgotten that the desirability of alcohol as part of a diet for muscular work is not decided by the narrower questions here discussed. There is a very essential difference between the transformation of the potential energy of alcohol into the mechanical energy of muscular work and the advantage or disadvantage of alcohol in the diet of people engaged in muscular labor. Even with the small doses in these experiments there were indications that the subjects worked to slightly better advantage with the ordinary rations than with the alcohol. The results of practical tests on a large scale elsewhere coincide with those of general observation in implying that the use of any considerable quantity of alcoholic beverages as part of the diet for muscular labor is generally of doubtful value and often positively injurious." Aside from the question of the power of alcohol to protect protein and fat and supply energj^ to the bodj^ for various useful purposes, there are the far weightier considerations of the general effect of alcohol iipon the muscular and especially the nervous sj^stem and upon health and welfare. Upon these most serious hygienic, economical, and ethical problems the experiments here reported throw no special light. " For a summary of results of experiments upon various piiases of thiis subject by different investigators, see article by Prof. J. H. Abel in the Report of the Physiological Subcijmmittee of the Committee of Fifty for the Investigation of the Drink Problem. (See page 261 of this memoir.) Sf^IMARV OF PT.AX AXU RESULTS OF THK P:XP?:RIMKXTS. Piirj'OSf. xxf/jtctx. iiiid lueth'xl. — The purpose of the experimeut.s. ro far a? the physiologk-al action of alcohol is concerned, was primarily to get light upon the ways by which its iwtential energy is transformed and utilized in the body, but attention was al>o given to the effects of alcohol upon the digestion of the food taken with it. the proportions of alcohol that were oxidized and escaped oxidation, and its effect- upon the metabolism of carbon and nitrogen and the gain and loss of fat and protein in the body. The subjects were three young, healthy, active men who were ordinarily engaged in rather light work: one was a laboratory assistant, one a physicist, and one a cheiuist in the chemical lalwratoiT of Wesleyan University, where the experiments were made. The first. E. O.. a Swede b_v birth, had been accustomed from his youth to drink small quantities of alcoholic beverages: the other two. A. W. S. and J. F. .S. . had always been abstainers. The results of experiments with ordinary diet were compared with those of experiments in which part of the fats and carbohydrates of the ordinary food were replaced by the isodynamic amount, about 1-Jt grams (ii ounces) of absolute alcohol, generally in the form of commercial alcohol, though in one experiment brandy and in another whisky was used. The amount of alcohol was about as much as would be supplied in a bottle of claret, or 6 ounces of whisky, or 5 ounces of brandy. The ordinary diet consisted of meat. milk, bread, cereals, butter, sugar, and the like. with, in some cases, coffee. The quantities wei'e such as had been found to be sufficient, or nearly so. for meeting the demands of the body under the conditions of the experiments, whether of rest or muscular work. The methods of preparation were such as to make the food palatable to the subject. During the metabolism experiments proper the subjects were in the chamljer of the respira- tion calorimeter, where they remained during periods varying from i to 9 days. The sojourn was made comfortable and the conditions seemed to be normal. Each metabolism experiment or series of experiments in the respiration chamber was preceded by a period during which the subject had essentially the same diet and nearly the same amount of muscular exercise outside the chamber. In these preliminary experiments the amounts, composition, and heats of combustion of the food, feces, and urine were determined. In the metabolism experiment* the determinations include besides these the water and carbon dioxide of the incoming and outgoing air current by which the chamber was ventilated, the heat given off fi'om the t>ody, and. in the work experiments, the heat equivalent of the muscular work done. In the alcohol experiments the determinations were made of the small amounts of alcohol excreted by the kidneys, lungs, and skin. Accordingly the data of the metabolism experiments show the income and outgo of the body as expressed in terms of (a) nitrogen, carlwn. and hydrogen: (b) water, protein, fats, car- bohydrates, and mineral matters: (c) potential energy of food and unoxldized excreta, and (d) kinetic energy of heat given off' from the bodv and external muscular work performed. The accuracy of the apparatus and method were assured by burning alcohol within the chamber measuring the amounts of cai'bon dioxide, water, and heat produced. Such tests were made generally between each two experiments or experimental series. Taking the theoretical amounts at loo. the average amounts found were carl>on dioxid. 99.6: water. liX).6; heat. 99.9. In the so-called •"rest" experiments the subject had no more muscular exercise than was involved in dressing and undressing, weighing himself, arranging his folding l>ed. chair, and table, 2S.5 286 MEMOIES OF THE NATIONAL ACADE:MY OF SCIENCES. and caving for the- food and solid and liquid excreta. His diversion was found m reading, writing, and occasional conversation by telephone with persons outside. lu the "work" experi- ments the subject engaged in the active muscular exercise of riding a stationary- bicycle for eight hours or thereabouts per day. The wheel of the bicycle was belted to a dynamo connected with an electric lamp, so that the muscular power which was applied to the pedals was converted partlv into heat by friction but mainly into electrical energy and then into heat. The apparatus was calibrated so as to serve as an ergometer for measuring the external muscular work. In interpreting the results in their bearing upon the physiological action of alcohol, it should be particularly noted that the whole amount of alcohol ingested per day was small and that furthermore it was taken in 6 doses, 3 with meals and 3 between meals. The object of the experiments was to studv the action of alcohol under conditions calculated to secure the minimum of influence upon the nervous system. With such small doses, the equivalent of a glass of wine each, and thus distributed, two of the subjects were able to detect practically no sensible effect of the alcohol, while the third, J. F. S., felt nothing more than at times a slight ••tingling" in the ears. There was in some cases an apparent though slight quickening of pulse rate, but practically no lowering of bod}^ temperature was observed. In such freedom from nervous disturljance it was believed that the normal nutritive action would be best observed. There is the more reason for emphasizing this last point, because in the majority of the published experiments with men and animals for the studj- of the effects of alcohol the quantities of the latter have been much larger. Doses of 1 to 1^ grams per kilogram of body have commonl}^ been considered small, and those of 2 to 3 grams per kilogram have been common and generally taken on an empty stomach. Often the amounts have been such as to cause the symptoms of drunkenness. In our experiments, on the other hand, the whole amount per day was only about 1 gram per kilogram bodv weight; the individual doses were only about one-sixth of a "•ram per kilogram, and half of them were taken with meals. This fact doubtless accounts for a not inconsiderable share of the difference between the results of our experiments and those found by a number of other investigators. While the quantities of alcohol were small, the energj- sufficed to make about one-fifth of the total energy of the diet in the "rest," and one-seventh of the total energy of the diet in the "woi'k" experiments. It is to be especially noted that these experiments were not made to test the effects of alcohol upon muscular or nervous activitj- or power, nor do they lead to anj- conclusions regarding the effects of alcohol when taken habitually or in large quantities. I7ie ohxervc'd results. — The results, as shown by the statistics of the experiments, mav be briefly stated as follows: 1. The quantities of alcohol eliminated by the lungs, skin, and kidneys varied from 0.7 to 2.7 grams, and averaged 1.3 grams per day (see p. 258). This corresponds to an average of 1.9 per cent of the whole alcohol ingested. Accordingly over 98 per cent of the ingested alcohol was oxidized in the body. There is, however, reason to believe that 99 per cent would more nearly represent the proportion actually oxidized. 2. The experiments give data for comparing the availability and fuel value of alcohol with those of the nutrients of ordinary food. The word "availability "' as here applied to the ordinary nutrients, expresses the proportion which is digested and made available for the building and repair of tissue and the j'ielding of energy. This proportion is the difference between the total amount and that excreted b\' the intestine. In like manner the available alcohol would be the difference between the total amount ingested and the amount excreted by the lungs, skin, and kidncA's, practically none being excreted by the intestine. The available energy of the ordinary nutrients is the total energy (heat of oxidation) less that of the material unoxidized. For fats, carliohydrates. and alcohol it is the heat of oxidation of the total available material. For the protein it is the same, less the heat of oxidation of the unoxidized residue excreted l>y the kidneys. The available enoi-gy is taken as the measure of the fuel value. The following table compares the coefficients of availability and the fuel values of the protein, fats, and carbohydrates of ordinary MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 287 diet, as found by a considerable niiml)er of experiments." with those of the aleohol as shown l)y the experiments here reported. Table IS. — Comparison of aiailabUUy (digeitibility) and fad values of nutrients of food in ordinary diet with those of tdcohol. Heat 01 combustion per gram. Coefficients of availabil- ity- Fuel values. Of material. Of energy. ReferrerU4. 1,820 4,010 1,820 Alcohol" S,140 The isodynamie values of alcohol, carbohydi-ates, and fats are thus in the ratios of ^.9 : 4 : S.9. and 1 gram of alcohol would be isodynamie with 1.73 grams carbohydrate or U.7S gram of fats of ordinary food materials. 3. The proportions of food and of the several kinds of nutrients digested and made available for use in the body were practically the same in the experiments with and those without alcohol in the diet. The only difference worthy of mention was in the proportions of protein made available. These were very slightly larger with the alcohol, but the difference was too small to be of practical consequence. In all the experiments, both those with and those without alcohol, the i-esults agree very closely with those commonly found in digestion of food in ordinary mixed diet by healthy men. i. The potential energy of the alcohol was transformed into kinetic energy in the body as coinpletch" a^ that of the ordinary nutiieuts. The income and oiatgo of energy were equal in the experiments without alcohol: the same was true in the experiments with alcohol. In all the experiments the body obeyed the law of conservation of energy. 5. With the exception of the energy of the external muscular work in the work experiments, all of the energy of the food, including that of the alcohol, left the body as heat, and must therefore have been transformed into heat within the body. Part of this total energy must have been used for the internal mechanical (mu.scular) work: the energy thus used was therefore trans- formed into heat before leaving the body. 6. The radiation of heat from the body was very slightly greater with the alcohol diet than with the ordinary diet, but the difference was extremeh" small — enough to make only about 1 per cent of the whole energy metabolized and not over 6 per cent of the energy of the alcohol. 7. The efficiency of alcohol in the protection of hod}' fat from consumption was very evident. The losses of fat were no larger and the gains no smaller with the alcohol diet than with the corresponding diet without alcohol. In this respect there was; no indication of any considerable difference between the alcohol and the nearly isodynamie amounts of fats and carbohydrates which it replaced. This was the case in all the experiments. S. The efficiency of the alcohol in protecting body protein was evident, but it was not fully equal in this respect to the isodynamie amounts of the ordinary nutrients. The results, however, were not the same with the different subjects. With E. O.. who had been accustomed to use alcoholic beveiuges. the differences between the alcohol diet and the ordinarv diet in their apparent effects upon nitrogen metabolism were small. The tigures showed a slightly larger output of nitrogen with the alcohol, but the differences were not large enough to be of especial significance. With A. W. S.. who was unaccustomed to alcohol, its use in the place of other ' See JiscQssion of this subject by W. O. Atwatek and A. P. Bry.vxt in the Rejxirt ot the Storrs (Conn. ) Experiment Station for 1899. from which the tifiures for ordinary nutrients iu the table are taken. 288 MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. nutrients resulted, at tirst. in an increased excretion of nitrogen in tlie urine and infereutiallj- a greater catabolisni of protein, but after 5 or 6 days the output of nitrogen fell to what seemed to be the amount with ordinary- diet, and when the alcohol was removed and diet thus reduced there was an increase in the output. These residts implied that the alcohol at iirst failed to protect protein but was afterwards able to do so. There was, however, but one series of experiments with this subject. AVith J. F. S.. also an abstainer, the alcohol periods covered only 3 days, duriHg which there was in each case an increased nitrogen catabolism. On the whole these experiments accord with the belief that with some persons, especially those who are not accustomed to the use of alcohol, it may fail to protect protein: but this action is temporary and the more permanent influence is to protect protein. 9. That a part of the potential energy of the alcohol was transformed into the kinetic energy of muscular work these experiments do not prove, though they make it highh' probable. They imply that, so far as the utilization of the total energy of the diet was concerned, there was a slight advantage in eeonom}- in favor of the ordinary as compared with the alcohol diet, especiallj' when the subjects were at hard muscular work, but the difference was inside the limits of experi- mental error and too small to be of practical consequence. On the average it was less than 1 per cent of the total energy and hardly reached 5 per cent of the energy of the alcohol. From this it follows that the energy of the alcohol was utilized nearly if not quite as well as that of the fats, sugar, and starch which it replaced. 10. We repeat that there is a very essential difference between the transformation of the potential energy of alcohol into the kinetic energy of heat, or of either internal or external muscular work, and the usefulness or harmfulness of alcohol as a part of ordinarj- diet. Eegarding this latter question the experiments bring no moi'e evidence than thej' do regarding the influence of alcohol upon the nervous system or its general effect upon health and welfare. APPENDIX. The details of the experiments described above are set forth in the following pages, and include: 1. Kinds of experimental data and methods for obtaining them. 2. Statistical details of metabolism experiments with alcohol. 3. Statistical details of digestion experiments with alcohol. i. Tabular summaries. A list of the experiments, with groupings for comparison, may lie found in Table 1. on page 241 of the lirst part of this report. As there explained, the metabolism experiments here described in detail were made with alcohol as a part of the diet. They are compared with similar experiments without alcohol, which have lieen described in detail elsewhere. Each metabolism experiment or series of metabolism experiments with or without alcohol not only included a digestion experiment, but was also preceded by such an experiment. The data of these digestion experiments are also given beyond. The experiments without alcohol and two of those with alcohol have been described in detail elsewhere. In several instances the results are here summarized with the details of the alcohol experiments. DATA.— F.XPF.KIMKXTAIi METHODS. METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. The larger part of the statistics of the metabolism experiments have to do with the income and outgo of material and energ}-. E-rp'-riiiiintol datii. also collected durino^ the preliminary period of 4 days and durinor 12 hours following the experiment. Aliquot portions (from one-half to two- thirds) in these ti-hour periods were taken for the preparation of a composite sample of the urine for the day. and in like manner aliquot jxirtions (about one-eighth of the total weight of urine) of the composite sample of the urine for 24 hours were taken for the preparation of a comix)site sample for the whole period of the experiment. The nitrogen was determined in the urine for each day and in the composite for 4 days of the experiment. The quantities of nitrogen eliminated each day. as determined from the 6-hour periods and from the composite sample for the day. do not always agree exactly. Such discrepancies may be due in part to small errors in the sampling of the comix)sites. in part to errors in the amount of urine measured out for analysis, and in part to erroi-s in the anal_vses. Samples were measured out for analyses in a calibrated 5-c. c. pipette, and it is jwssible that differences in the amount delivered from time to time might introduce slight errors in the results. It is assumed, where discrepancies exist, that the values obtained from the 6-hour periods are the more accurate, and these latter are consequently used in the esti- mation of the nitrogen balance. It is difficult to evaporate urine to dryness without more or less decomposition of urea to ammonium carbonate, and consequent loss of energy. Accordingly, no attempt was made to determine the solid matter in the urine of individual days, but a portion of the composite sample for the experiment was dried according to the manner described on page 2-39 and the residue used for the detennination of carbon, hydrogen, and heat of combustion. The heat of combustion is also detennined in the composite samples of the fresh urine each day, as explained above. The precautions taken to avoid error through loss of nitrogen, carbon, and energy during the process of drying of the urine have been described in the publication referred to on page 239. The nitrogen is determined in the fresh urine from day to day, but in order to obtain an approximate measure of the amount of carbon and hydrogen in the urine on the successive days of the experiment some computations are necessary. In making these computations it is assumed that the ratio of nitrogen to carbon, hydrogen or water-free substance will be the same for each individual day as for the 4 days. Thus, the amount of nitrogen in the urine of the first day of the experiment was 17.62 grams, and that for the whole experiment 71. S6 grams. The csirbon for the whole experiment was found by actual determinations to be 49.15 grams. The com- putations for the amount of carbon in the urine for the first day would then be as follows: 71.86 : 49.15 :: 17.62 : w (= 12.05). This method of estimating the carbon and hydrogen in the urine on the different days is manifestly more accurate than would be the case if the total quantity of carbon and hydrogen in the urine for the experiment were divided by the number of days, as is done in estimating the daily excretion through the feces. We know that the quan- tities of nitrogen and carlwn in the urine vary from day to day. and have an accurate measure of the variation of the nitrogen, and. since the variation in the nitrogen must involve variations in the amount of carbon united with this nitrogen in the form of urea and allied comix)unds. it does not seem inappropriate to take the variations in the nitrogen as a measure of the correspond- ing variations in the carbon. Of course, there may be varying quantities of non-nitrogenous compounds in the urine from day to day. which would render the above method of estimation more or less inaccurate. It is probable, however, that the variations in nitrogen give the fairest measure of the variations in carbon and hydrogen. As a matter of fact, it has been found that the heat of combustion varies in close relation to the nitrogen. Of course, the results for the experiment as a whole are not affected by the subdivisions of the amounts for the individual days. 296 MEMOIES OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Table VIII. — Amount, specijic gravlly, and nitrogen of urine by 6-liout periods — Metabolism e.rperiment Xo. 12. Date. Period. Amount. Specific gravity. Xitrogen. 1898. Apr. 12-13 Grams. 309.4 349.0 247.6 187.0 1.026 1.030 1.027 1. 030 Per cent. 1.18 1.51 1.90 2.14 Grams. 3.64 5 28 7 !>. m. to 1 a. m 4.70 4.00 Total . . 1, 093. 1, 093. 17 62 Total Viv coinposite 1.028 1.64 13-14 316.7 455.4 276.4 286.0 1.025 1.029 ■ 1.027 1.028 1.40 1.29 1.84 2.00 4 42 5 07 la. m. to 7 a. in 5 73 Total 1,334.5 1,334.5 21.11 1.028 1..59 14-15 243.6 386.3 285. 4 154.3 1.024 1.024 1.025 1.030 1.14 1.24 1.72 2.06 '^ 78 4 78 4 91 3 18 Total 1, 069. 6 1,069.6 15 65 Total bv composite 1.025 1.48 15-16 320.5 326.0 333.3 160.3 1.024 1.026 1.028 1.028 1.39 1.32 1. 65 2.02 4 45 4.30 5.49 3 24 Total 1, 140. 1 1, 140. 1 17.48 1.026 1.51 Total for 4 davs, bv periods 4, 637. 2 325.8 71.86 16 .73 •^ 38 T.\BLE IX. — Daily elimination of carbon, hydrogen, water, and energy in urine — Metabolism experiment Xo. 12. Date. Amount. Carbon. Heat of combustion. Per gram. Total. Apr. 12 to 13. 1898. Grams. 1. 093. 1,334.5 1, 069. 6 1. 140. 1 Per ct. Grams. 12.05 14.44 10.70 11.96 Per ct. Grams. 3.30 3.95 2.93 3.27 Per ct. Grams. 1,025.9 1, 254. 1 1,010.0 1,073.6 Calories. 0.112 .108 .115 .114 Calories. 123 13 to 14 145 14 to 15 15 to 16 123 130 Total.. 4, 637. 2 1.06 49.15 29 13.45 94.1 4, 363. 6 (.112) "521 " The heat of combustion of the urine was determined in the composite sample for each day and in the total com- posite for four days. The total heat of combustion of the urine for the experiment, as determined in the latter sam- ple, was 0.112 calorie per gram, or a total of 519 calories. C'arlr/n dioxid and vjater of respiration and ^^^i^sj/iration. — The determination.s of carbon dioxid and water in the ventilating air current in thi.s experiment are shown in Tables XI and XII, which follow. Table X give.s the total amounts of carbon dioxid and of water in the air of the chamber at the close of each period and the gain or loss during the period. Differences in the amounts in the chamVjcr at the beginning and end of a given period — "residual" amounts, as they are here termed — indicate whether the ventilating air current has removed more or less cai-l)0n dioxid and water than was actually exhaled b.y the subject during the corresponding pci-iod. For instance, if a change from rest to work is made during a given period, the quantities of carbon dioxid and water given off will be increased, and the air remaining in the chamV;er at the end of the period will contain a larger amount of these products than was present in the air of the ihaniber at tlic beginning. This increase must ))0 added to the amount actually MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 297 found in the ventilating' aii' ciinvnt in order to (jhtain the actual amount exhaled during the interval. On the other hand when the transition is made from a period of consideraV)le aetivitj- to one of rest, there is a gradual diminution of the (|uantityof residual carbon dio.xid and water in the air of the chamber. This residual carbon dioxid is carried out in the ventilating air current during the period, but was actually given off during some preceding period. The total amount measured must, therefore, be diminished by the ditierencc in the quantities of residual carbon dioxid at the beginning and end of the period. Furthermore, with the increased water content of the air consequent upon increased muscular work, the amount of water accumulated by condensation upon the water system or "absorbers" may be gradually increased. Indeed, the amount of water thus condensed in periods of active work is apt to be so large that a portion gradually drips from the troughs or shields beneath the water system into the "'drip flasks'' suspended at the end of the shields. This water is called "drip." The weight of the water system or absorbers also increases through the condensation of moisture which does not run off into the drip. On the other hand, with the change from work to rest, the weight of the absorbers diminishes because of evaporation of some of the moisture condensed thereon during the previous period. In order to determine the actual amount of carl)on dioxid and water vapor in the air of the chamber at the close of each period, samples of the air are drawn and the quantities of carbon dioxid and water determined. At the same time the absorbers are weighed and the drip collected. The data thus obtained, shown in Talile X. serve for correcting the amounts of carbon dioxid and water found in the ventilating air current, as shown in Tables XI and XII beyond. In experiment No. 1-2 drip was not weighed at the end of each period, but was poured into a bottle and the total amount for each 24 hours passed out at the close of the day and weighed. AVe have, therefore, no measure of the amount of drip in the different periods. It is altogether improbable that the amount was uniform from period to period, but in lack of any indication as to how it should be subdivided, the amounts have been apportioned equally among the four periods of the day. While this mav introduce some error in individual periods, it does not affect the accuracy of the figures for the whole day. Table X. — Comjjarigon of re-fidnal amounii of carbon diorid and water in the chamber at the beginning and end of each jieriod and the correx/yyndittti gain or tos* — Metabolism ejrj)eriment Xo. 11. 1898. Apr. 12-13. Carbon dioxid. End of periiMl. ro,,, / \ Total ^„i„ , ,1 Change : T^f.i , ^. ii-I * lamount of | "l"'",!; * weight ( Total or loss vanor re- or loss ,,i,™h„, amount in (-) over '^P?';!! i -) over ^'X( + chamber, precedmg j^^^Sf- Preceding, Gam K """" ber. period. (_, period. Grams. | Grams. 7 a. m 29.3 Ip. m 93.6 ^64.3 7 p. in ' 71. 5 ! -22. 1 1 a. Ill 31.4 : -40.1 7 a. m 30. .5 - .9 Total - 1.2 Ip.m 99..5 —69.0 7p. m 79.0 —20.5 1 a. in 31.4 -47.3 7 a. m 26.9 I — 4.8 Total I j — 3.6 Ip.m 88.2 ^61.3 7p.ni 74.4 —13.8 1 a. m 2.5.1 -49.3 7 a. m 27.1 ; -f 2.0 Total -J- .2 Grams. 40.7 .58.4 .57.6 .56.6 .51.2 Total amount gained ,(+) or lost (-) during period. Grams, Grams. —17. 7 +286 i 191.5 495. 2 - .8 —166 1 191.6 24.8 - 1.0 - 34 191.6 156.6 - 5.4 - 34 191.6 152.2 53 ;1,191.8 1,24.5.4 60. 2 I + 8. 4 ' - 77 ' 251. 3 ' 336. 7 63.8—3.6 — 11 I 2.51.3 I 265.9 56.0 t — 7.S , — SI I 251.2 162.4 50. 7 — 5. 3 — 81 I 251. 2 i 164. 9 1.1 74 jl, 005.0 929.9 298 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Table X. — Co))tp((rhoii of rtsidiial amoitnls of carbon dio.vid . Ml ( J), m.-l a. in 1 a. 111. -7 a. Ill Total Total, 4 days. Liters. 25, 653 25, 653 25, 653 26, 430 Mg. 0. 750 .578 ..502 .617 Grams. 19.2 14.8 12.9 16.3 Grams. 434.0 477.7 261.3 168.0 Grams. 414.8 462.9 248.4 151.7 Grams. +64.3 —22.1 -40.1 - .9 Grams. 479.1 440.8 208.3 150.8 Grains. 130.7 120.2 56.8 41.1 103,389 1 63.2 1,341.0 1,277.8 + 1.2 1,279.0 348.8 13 13-14.. 14 24, 875 26,4.30 26, 430 26, 430 .569 .608 .651 .690 14.2 16.1 17.2 18.2 434.3 497.8 289.2 160.4 420.1 481.7 272.0 142.2 +69.0 -20.5 -47. 3 — 4.8 489.1 461. 2 224.7 137.4 133.4 125.8 61.3 37.5 104,165 ' 65.7 1, .381. 7 1,316.0 - 3.6 1,312.4 358.0 14 14-15.. 15 26, 430 25, 653 27, 208 26, 430 .572 .651 .644 .612 15.1 14.1 14.8 13.5 408.0 462.4 270.5 159.6 392. 9 448.3 255. 7 146.1 +61.3 -13.8 -49.3 + 2.0 454.2 434. 5 206.4 148.1 123.9 118.5 56.3 40.4 105,721 ' 57.5 1, 300. 5 1, 243. + .2 1, 243. 2 339.1 15 15-16.. 16 27, 208 26, 430 27, 208 2G, 430 . 565 .596 ..560 . 545 15.4 15.8 15.2 14.4 400.2 447.2 275. 3 158.0 384. 8 431.4 260.1 143. 6 +54. 4 -49.4 - 1.9 - 2.8 439.2 382.0 258.2 140.8 119.8 104.2 70.4 38.4 107,276 i 60.8 1,280.7 1,219.9 + .3 1,220.2 332.8 420, 551 247. 2 1, 378. 7 MEM0IK8 OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 299 The ([uantity of water exhaliHl by the suhjtH-t in the diti'ereiit periods of the cxperiiiu'iit are shown ill Tabic XII. Unlilce the carbon dioxid, the major portion of the water exhaled is con- densed either within the chanilier as drip, upon the surface of the absorljcrs, or in the "■freezer" cans, which are immersed in a brine tank cooled to about — 20 C, and through which tlie vi'uti- lating air current passes. Table XII shows the amount of water in the ingoincj air, the amount in the outgoing air not condensed in the freezers, and the correction for water remaining in tlie chamber. The final column of the table shows the total water of respiration and perspiration during the diti'erent periods of this experiment. Tahlk XII. — Record of water in ventilating air current — MelaboliKin e.rjieriinent Xtt. 12. Period. (a) Water in incoming air. Wntc in uutgiii ig air. (!7) z^ 1 CO 1^1 (i) Date. (6) 1 M X ill m ill + 1 1 + III 1898. Apr. 12-13.. 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 1 p. 111. to 7 p. m 7 p. 111. to 1 a. m 1 a. 111. to 7 a. Ill Total 7 a. 111. to 1 p. m 1 p. 111. to 7 p. Ill 7 p. 111. to 1 a. Ill 1 a. m. to 7 a. Ill Total 7 a. m. to 1 p. Ill 1 p. 111. to 7 p. Ill 7 p. m. to 1 a. Ill 1 a. ni. to 7 a. Ill Total 7 a. 111. to 1 p. Ill 1 p. 111. to 7 p. m 7 p. 111. to 1 a. Ill 1 a. 111. to 7 a. Ill Total Total 4 (lays. Liters. 25, 653 25, 653 25, 653 26, 430 Mgs. 1.025 .884 .807 .821 Grams. 26.3 22.7 20.7 21.7 Grams. 250.6 290.8 279.0 254.5 "ell's 45.7 42.6 .36.2 Grams. 314. 9 336. 5 321.6 290.7 Grams. 288.6 313.8 300.9 269.0 Grams. 495.2 24.8 156.6 152.2 Grams. 783.8 338.6 457.5 421.2 103, 389 91.4 1,074.9 188.8 1, 263. 7 1,172.3 828.8 2,001.1 13-14.. 24, 875 26, 430 26, 430 26, 430 .973 .844 .867 .829 24.2 22.3 22.9 21.9 281.1 319. 1 295.0 265.3 41.3 39.0 42.4 34.7 322.4 358.1 337.4 300.0 298.2 335. 8 314.5 278.1 420.7 292.0 265. 6 267. 1 718.9 627.8 580.1 545.2 104, 165 91.3 1,160.5 157. 4 1,317.9 1, 226. 6 1,245.4 2, 472. 14-15 . . 26, 4.30 25, 653 27, 208 26, 430 .974 .864 .788 .811 25.7 22.2 21.4 21.4 283.3 301.0 284.1 262.6 43.8 40.6 39.1 35.8 327.1 341.6 323.2 298.4 301.4 319.4 301.8 277.0 336.7 265. 9 162.4 164. 9 638. 1 585. 3 464.2 441.9 105, 721 90.7 1,131.0 1.59. 3 1,290.3 1, 199. 6 929.9 2, 129. 5 15-16.. 27, 208 26, 430 27, 208 26, 430 .953 .905 .803 .767 25.9 23.9 21.8 20.3 290.2 306.5 289.2 261.1 43.3 43.9 59.1 35.1 333.5 350.4 348.3 296.2 307.6 326. 5 326.5 275. 9 353.4 339.3 189.8 193.2 661.0 66c. 8 516.3 469.1 107,276 91.9 1,147.0 181.4 1, 328. 4 1,236.5 1, 075. 7 2, 312. 2 420, 551 365.3 4,513.4 686.9 5, 200. 3 4, 835. 4, 079. 8 8, 914. 8 Heat me'asurements. — The details of the measurements of heat given oil by the subject during the experiment are too extensive to be given here. Those for each hour of the day and night, as recorded, till a page of a notebook sheet '22 by 2i) cm. For a detailed description of the appliances for determining the amount of heat carried out by the water current and for avoiding gain or loss of heat from the apparatus except where it can be determined, reference may be made to an earlier publication on this subject.'^ As has already Vieen explained (.see p. 237), the larger part of the heat given off by the subject is carried away in the water current, whose temperature as it enters and leaves the apparatus is determined at intervals of from 2 to -t minutes, and who.se quantity is measured in cj'linders holding 10 liters each. The average difference in temperature lietween the incoming and outgoing water multiplied by the number of kilograms of water which has pas.sed through the chamber gives the number of calories of heat removed during the time. Since, however, the specitic heat of water varies at different temperatures, it • Bulletin 63 of Office of Experiment Stations, above referred to. 300 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. is our custom to reduce all these measurements of heat to the calorie at 20° C. To this end it is necessary to multiply the number of calories of heat removed in the water current at the mean difference of temperature between the incoming and outgoing current bj' the mean specitic heat of water for that range. The product gives the corrected heat measured in terms of calories at 20° C. or C°.,o- These corrected values appear in the first column of Table XIII. For a more detailed discussion of this subject see page 55 of Bulletin 63. above referred to. The heat measured in terms of C-.,„ does not represent all of the heat given off' by the subject during a given period, but must be corrected for changes in temperature of the calorimeter and for the heat introduced or removed by articles of food and drink taken into or removed from the chamber, and for the heat required to vaporize the excess of water given off' in the outgoing as compared with the incoming air current; i. e., latent heat of vaporization of water given off' from the lungs and skin. The temperatures of the inner walls of the calorimeter are observed at the beginning and end of each period. If these walls are warmer at the end than at the beginning of the period, some heat has been absorbed. If they are cooler, some heat has been added to the air of the chamber. For a ri.se in temperature of 1° C. it has been found that the walls absorb 60 calories of heat, and vice versa, in cooling 1° thej^ give up 60 calories of heat. The changes of temperature are, however, kept so nearly constant as to varj- rareh' more than a tenth of a degree between the beginning and end of any period. The temperature of the drink is taken immediate!}' before it is passed into the chamber, and corrections are made for heat introduced bj' the hot coffee, or required to bring the cold water to the temperature of the chamber. The temperature of the food is brought as nearh' as possible to that of the chamber before being sent in to the subject, so that little or no heat is added to or removed from the apparatus in this way. The corrections for temperature of food and drink and the dishes containing them ai'e shown in column d of Table XIII. From the best data available it appears that 0.592 calorie of heat is required for the vapor- ization of one gram of water at the temperature of C°2o. Water which condenses on the absorbers and is removed as drip gives up this latent heat of vaporization within the chamber and it is measured by the water current. The water which passes out from the chamber in the foi-m of vapor in the ventilating air current carries out, however, a considerable quantitj' of latent heat. The amount of water vaporized is found by taking the algebraic difference between the total excess of water in the outgoing air, as shown in column (/ of Table XII, and the gain or loss of water vapor in the air of the chamber, as shown in the fourth column of Table X. The amount of water thus vaporized multiplied bj' 0.592, the heat of vaporization of 1 gram, gives the total heat removed bj- the vaporization of water within the chamber. The heat carried awa}' in the water current, as measured in terms of C-'.,,,, corrected for change in temperatui'e of calorimeter and for temperature of food and drink introduced into the chamber, added to the amount removed in the water vapor, gives the total heat determined, as shown in column g of Table XIII. T.\BLE XIII. — Saimivtry of calorimetric measurements — Metabolism experiment No. 12. Date. Periori. (a) Heat measured in terms of C°ffi. (6) Change of tempera- ture of calorimeter. (c) Capacity correction of calorim- eter 6x60. (d) Correction due to tempera- ture of food and dishes. (f) Water va- porized equals to- tal amount exhaled less amount condensed in chamber. (/) Heat used in vapor- ization of water exO.592. (a) Total heat deter- mined a+c+d+f. 1898. Apr. 12-13. 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 1 p. 111. to 7 p. Ill 7 p. 111. to 1 a. Ill 1 a. in. to 7 a, 111 Total Calories. 1, 204. 6 1,236.9 496. 3 314. 5 Degrees. +05 +05 —05 —10 Calories. +.3.0 +3.0 —3. —6.0 Calorics. —3.3 +8.0 Grams. 306. 3 313. 299.9 263. 6 Calories. 181.3 185. 3 177.6 156. Calories. 1, 385. 6 1,433.2 670.9 464.5 3,2.52.3 1 —05 — .3.0 : +4. 7 1 1,182.8 700.2 3, 954. 2 MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 301 Table XIII. — Siimwai-;/ of ralorimetric medmremmls — Metaholkm exjinimenl Xo. 7,^— Continued. Date. Period. (a) Heat mea.sured in terms of C%. (6) Cliange of tempera- ture of ealorimeter. Capacity correction of calorim- eter i)x60. (rf) Correction due to tempera- ture of food and dishes. (c) Water va- porized equals to- tal amount e.xlialed less amount condensed in chamber. (/) Heat used in vapor- ization of water fX 0.592. (») Total heat deter- mined a+c+d+f. 1898. Apr. 13-14. 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 1 p. m. to 7 p. ni 7 p.m. to 1 a. ni 1 a. m. to 7 a. m Total Calories. 1,254.3 1, 265. 3 555. 3 279.6 Degrees. + 15 —10 00 Calorics. + 9.0 — 6.0 .0 Calorics. + .4 + 9.8 Grams. 308.9 338.8 307.2 272.3 Calories. 182.9 200.6 181.8 161.2 Calorics. 1,446.6 1,469.7 737.1 440.8 3, 354. 5 +05 + 3.0 + 10.2 1,227.2 726. 5 4, 094. 2 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 1 p. m. to 7 p. ni 7 p. m. to 1 a. m 1 a. m. to 7 a. m Total 14-15. 1,163.6 1, 159. 510.4 302.2 -08 —05 +08 +05 — 4.8 — 3.0 + 4.8 -+- 3.0 — 1.9 + 9.2 309.8 323.0 294.0 271.7 183.4 191.2 174.0 160.9 1,340.3 1,356.4 689.2 466.1 3, 135. 2 + 7.3 1,198.5 709.5 3, 8.52. 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 7 p. m. to 1 a. m 1 a. m. to 7 a. ni Total 15-16. 1,124.9 1,104.2 536. 5 296. 5 +20 —10 -fl2.0 — 6.0 — .4 + 13.2 318.0 226.8 419.4 272.2 188.2 134.3 248.3 1, 324. 7 1, 245. 7 784. 8 —05 — 3.0 161. 1 454. 6 3, 062. 1 +05 + 3.0 +12.8 1, 236. 4 731.9 3, 809. 8 Elimination of tinoxidized alcohol. — The urine, freezer water, and air current were tested for alcohol or products of incomplete oxidation of alcohol by the method referred to on page 258 above. The results obtained in this experiment are shown in Table XIV. It will be observed that 98 per cent of the alcohol taken with the food was apparent!}' oxidized in the body. Inas- much, however, as it has since been found * that even when alcohol forms no part of the diet there is a considerable amount of organic material in the urine, drip water, and ventilating air current which is capable of reducing the chromic acid employed, it is probable that the actual elimination of uuoxidized or incompletely oxidized alcohol is considerably smaller than is indicated bv the ligures in the table. T.\BLE XIV. — Akohol ingested and e.rcreted — Metabolism experitnent No. IS. Alcohol ingested. In drip (distil- (distil- late), late). In freezer water In air (distil- current, late). Alcohol metabo- lized in body. 1898. E.rperime)it Xo. 12. April 12-13 . 13-14 . 14-15 . 15-16 . Qramh. 72.4 72.4' 72.4 72. 4 Grams. 0.12 .17 Grams. 0.06 .15 .36 .10 Grams. 0.06 .04 .03 .03 Grams. 1.02 1.07 1.40 1.02 Grams. 1.26 1.43 2.01 1.26 Grams. 71.1 71.0 70.4 71.1 Total 289. 6 Average per ody fat is nearly 9.54 calories per gram. This value was used in the computations of later experiments, beginning with No. 26. (See discussion of this subject by Atwatcr and Bryant in Report of the Storrs (Conn.) Experiment Station for 1899, p. 93.) MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 305 Table XVIII. — Income ami outgo of tiienjij. — MelftbuHi Date and peri(xi. (a) (6) , (0) .S^K.?i Heat of , Heat of ^™ „f combus- eombu.s- elTen. 1 '«<=«- ] "■•--■ (d) Heat of combus- tion of alcohol elimi- nated. (.0 E.slimat- ed heat of com- bustion of pro- tein gained (-I-) or lost(-). (/) I (a) ™i,.,. material tioToVStl "^i^ (A) Heat de- termined. (0 («•■) Heat de- Heat de- termined termined greater greater (-fior ( + )or le9a(-) les.s(-) than esti- than esti- mated mated h-g. i^g. 1898. Apr. 12-13, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 13-14, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 14-15, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 15-16, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m Colorie/. 3,891 3, 891 3,891 3,891 Calorics. 136 136 136 136 Calorics. 123 145 123 130 Calories. 9 10 14 9 Calories. + 4 —115 + 75 + 14 Calories. - 360 - 367 - 309 - 173 Calories. 3,979 4,082 3, 8.52 3,775 Calories. 3,954 4,094 . 3,8.52 3,810 Calories, t Per cent. -25 -0.6 +12 +0. 3 0.0 +35 -0.9 Total 15, .564 .544 i .521 42 1 — 22 -1,209 I 15,688 15, 710 -^22 Average per day 3,891 136 130 n — 6 - 302 3,922 3,927 | - 5 -0.1 KXPERIMENTS NO.S. l.^-17 REST. WITH ALCOHOL DIET. Subject. — E. O.. who wa.s the .subject of No. 12. His weight without clothing was about 71 kilograms (156 pounds). Occupation dt/i'inf/ experiment. — Reading, writing, etc., with as little mental and muscular activity as was compatible with comfort. Duration. — Preliminary period i days, beginning with breakfast January 12, 1899. The .series of experiments Nos. 1.5-17 began at 7 a. m., January IH, and ended at 7 a. m., January 22. The whole period was thus days, of which 2 days were given to each experiment. The subject entered the respiration chamber on the evening of January l.o. The total time spent in the chamber was thus 7 nights and 6 days. Ditt. — Ordinary food furnishing, per day, 109 grams of protein and 2,141 calories of energy, and in addition 72.. 5 grams of absolute alcohol, furnishing 512 calories of energy, niaking the total energv of the diet 2.653 calories. The alcohol was taken in 6 doses, 3 with the meals and the other 3 between meals and just before retiring. In experiment No. 15 commercial ethyl alcohol was added to a sweetened coffee infusion, as in experiment No. 12. To 775.2 grams of coffee infusion were added rl:5 grams of sugar and 79.8 grams of 90.9 per cent commercial ethyl alcohol, making a total of 900 grams of the mixture, containing 782.5 grams of water. In experiment No. 16 whisky containing 45.8 per cent ethyl alcohol by weight was used. Instead of adding the whisky to the coffee infu.sion it was taken with sugar in water. The whi.sky and sugar were added to the water by the subject within the calorimeter, in the proportion of 158.3 grams whisky, 45 grams sugar, and 696.7 grams water, making a total of 900 grams, containing 782.5 grams of water and 72.5 grams absolute alcohol, as in experiment No. 15. An apparent increase in the alcohol found in the ventilating air current during experiment No. 16 led us to believe that some alcohol might be evaporated during the admixture of whisky and water in the apparatus, and in the following experiments the mixture of alcohol with coffee or water was prepared outside, as had been done in all cases previous to No. 16. In experiment No. 17 the alcohol was administered in the form of brandy, containing 50.4 per cent alcohol by weight. To 711.2 grams of water were added 45 grams of sugar and 143.8 grams of brandy, thus furnishing the same amount of water and alcohol as in the previous experiments. The alcohol in the whisky and brandy was determined by the usual method of distillation and determination of the specific gravity of the distillate." •See Methods of Analysis, U. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Chemistry, Bulletin 46 (revised), p. 57. 306 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Diet in metabolism experiments Xos. 15-17. FOOD. Beef Butter Milk, skimmed Bread Parched cereal. Sugar Breakfast. Dinner. Cr7'ams. 55 7 300 55 30 12 Grams, 105 10 260 100 13 390 155 Qrams. 160 30 950 310 30 57 "Used in coffee infusion and alcohol. DRINK. Experiment No. 15. Experiment No. 16. Experiment No. 17. Time. Coffee infu- sion . . 1.1 6.2 3.1 4 + 72.8 + 36.4 - 92.1 — 46.1 —19.3 - 9.7 244.8 40.8 6.6 1.1 18.5 t 1 3.1 3 2 +218.4 + 36.4 -233.0 : - 38.8 -14.6 - 2.4 316 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Table XXXI. — Gain or loss of protein (NXG.io), fat, and water— ildaholism experiments Nos. 15-17 Date and period. 1899. Experiment Xo. 15. Jan. 16-17, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 17-18, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m Total for 2 days . Average per day. Experiment Xo. 16. Jan. 18-19, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m . 19-20, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m . Total for 2 days . Average per day. Experiment Xo. 17. Jan. 20-21, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m . 21-22, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m . Total for 2 days . Average per day. Total for 6 days . Average per day. Nitrogen gained ( + ) or loi^t Gramf. +1.5 + -4 +1.9 +1.0 +1.4 + .9 +2.3 +1.1 + -9 +1.0 +1.9 +1.0 +6.1 +1.0 Protein gained ( + ) or lost (-) ax 6. 25. Gi'ams. + 9.4 + 2.5 +11.9 + 6.0 + 5.6 +14.3 + 7.2 + 5.6 + 6.3 +11.9 + 6.0 +38.1 + 6.3 Total carbon gained or lost Grams. + 5.7 + 6.4 +12.1 + 6.1 + 8.7 + 6.5 +15. 2 + 7.6 +13.2 + 9.9 +23. 1 +11.6 (rf) Carbon in pro- tein gained or lost 6x0.53. Grams. + 5.0 + 1.3 6.3 3.2 + 4.6 + 3.0 + 7.6 + 3.8 + 3.0 + 3.3 + 6.3 + 3.2 gained (+) or lost Grams. + 0.7 + 5.1 + 5.8 + 2.9 + 4.1 + 3.5 Fat gained us- tion of alcoliol elimi- nated. «■) Esti- mated heat of combus- tion of protein gained { + )or lost(-). (/) Esti- mated heat of combus- tion of fat gained (-l-)or lost(-). E.stimated energy of material oxidized in the bodyrt- {b+c+d + (A) Heat de- termined. (0 Heat deter- mined greater (-f)or less(-) than es- timated, h-g. (*) Heat deter- mined greater (-t-)or le.ss(-) than es- timated, i^g. 1899. Experiment No. 15. Jan. 16-17, 7 a. m. to 7 a. in 17-18, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m ■. . . Calories. 2, 653 2,653 Calories. 88 88 Calories. 123 132 Calories. 10 11 Calories. -F 54 + 15 Calories. + 8 + 63 Calories. 2,370 2,344 Calories. 2, 382 2,343 Calories. + 12 — 1 Per cent. +0.5 Total for 2 day.? 5, 306 2, 653 176 88 255 128 21 11 + 69 + 34 + 71 + 35 4,714 2,357 4,725 2,362 +11 + 5 " + ".'2 Experiment No. 16. Jan. 18-19, 7 a. m. to 7 a. ni 19-20, 7 a. m. to 7 a. ni Total for 2 days Average per day 2,653 2, 653 88 88 124 128 16 15 + 50 + 32 + 50 + 43 2,325 2,347 2,308 2,356 -17 + 9 - .7 + .4 5,306 2, 653 176 88 252 126 31 15 + 82 + -11 -f 93 + 47 4,672 2,336 4,664 2,332 — 8 - 4 '-".'2 Experiment No. 17. Jan. 20-21, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 21-22, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 2, 653 2, 653 1 88 128 88 1 128 12 9 + 32 -f 36 +126 + 81 2,267 2,311 2, 248 2,304 -19 - 7 - .8 - .3 Total for 2 days 5,306 2, 653 176 ' 2.56 88 128 21 10 + 68 + 34 +207 + 104 4,578 2,289 4, 552 2,276 -26 -13 Average per day - .6 Total for 6 days 15,918 2,653 528 1 763 88 ! 127 73 12 +219 + 37 +371 + 62 13, 964 2,327 13, 941 2,323 —23 — 4 — .2 EXPERIMENTS NOS. 18-21. — REST. NOS. 18-20 WITH ALCOHOL DIET. Subject. — A. W. S., a physicist, who was associated with these investigations. He was 25 years of age and averaged aljout 70 kilograms (15i pounds) in weight. Occupation during experiment. — Reading, writing, etc., with as little mental and muscular activity as practicable. Duration. — The preliminary period began with breakfast, February 2, 1899, and continued 4 daj's. On the evening of the fourth daj' the subject entered the calorimeter, and experiment No. 18, the first of the .series, commenced at 7 o'clock the following morning, February 6, and continued 2 days. It was followed hy Nos. 19 and 20 of 2 days each. A fourth experiment, elsewhere described," No. 21, in which the alcohol was omitted from the diet, followed No. 20 immediately and continued 3 days. The subject thus spent 10 nights and 9 days in the chamber. Diet. — Ordinary food furnishing 97 grams of protein and 2,264 calories of energy per day, in addition to 72.. 5 grams of absolute alcohol furnishing 512 calories of energy; making the total energy of the diet 2,776 calories per day. In experiment No. 18 the alcohol was furnished in ordinary commercial alcohol, in experiment No. 19 in whisky, and in experiment No. 20 in brandy. The plan of the experiment was thus practically the same as that of the previous series of experi- ments, Nos. 15-17. The alcohol was taken as usual in 6 doses, 3 with the meals and the other 3 between meals and upon retiring. In experiment No. 18, 775.2 grams of coffee infusion were sweetened with 45 grams of sugar, and 79.8 grams of 90.9 per cent commercial alcohol were then added. In experiment No. 19, 158.3 grams of whisky containing 45.8 per cent alcohol by weight was added to 696.7 'U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations. Bui. 109. 318 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. grams of water, sweetened with 45 grams of sugar. In experiment No. 20, 143.8 grams of brandy containing 50.4 per cent alcohol In' weight was added to 711.2 grams of water, sweet- ened with 45 grams of sugar. It will be noticed that the coiiee infusion was used only in the first of the series of experiments. The reason for use of the coffee infusion was to cover up the taste of the commercial ethyl alcohol, which was somewhat obnoxious to the subject. The kinds and quantities of food served at each meal and the quantity of drink at different periods were as follows : Diet in metabolism experiments Nos. 18--21. Breakfast. Dinner. Supper. Total. Beef (Jrams. 55 7 250 55 30 45 Grams. 105 10 175 100 Grams. is" 325 155 Grams. 160 Butter 30 750 Bread . 310 Parched cereal 30 "45 "Used with the coffee infusion or water and alcohol in experiments 18-20. DRINK. Experiment IS. Experiment 19. Experiment 20. Experiment 21. Time. Alcohol and sweetened coffee in- fusion." Water. Whisky and sweetened water." Water. Brandy and sweetened water." Water. Water. Breakfast Grams. 300 Gravis. '""266' "'""266' '"""266' Grams. 300 Grams. ""'260' """'266' ""'"260" """360 Grains. '""206' '""260' '""266" Grams. 300 10 a. m 200 300 300 300 300 3.30 p. ni 200 Supper 300 300 300 300 10.30 p. m 200 "900 600 "900 600 "900 600 1,500 "Contained 72.5 grams alcohol and 45 grams sugar. Daily routine. — The general plan of the experiment was practically the same as in the pre- vious experiments, and is shown in the following schedule: BiuUi iirogramme — Metabolism experiments Nos. 1S--20. 7 a. m Rise, pass urine, weigh self stripped and dressed, weigh absorbers. Breakfast, drink 200 grams water. Pass urine. Dinner. 6 p. m 7 p. m 10,30 p. m Supper. Pass urine. Pass urine, weigh self stripped, take cap- off food aperture; retire, sleep until 7 a. m. 7.45 a. m 1.15 p. m MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 319 The statlstii'S of the diary kept by the .subject are summarized in Table XXXIII. T.vRi.E XXXIII. — Sninmary of diary — Metabolism, experiments Nos. 18-20. Date and time. Feb. 6, ''> 6> 7, 7, 7, 7, / a. m 12.50 p. m . 6.50 p. m . . 8.10 p. m.. 7 a. ni 12m 69.90 69.36 7.10 p. m .. 10.26 p. m . 7 a. m 12.46 p. m . 6.45 p. m . . 10.08 p. m . 7 a. m 12.46 p. m . 6.50 p. m .. 10.08 p. m . 7 a.m 12.45 p. m . 6.53 p. m . . 10.18 p. m. 7 a.m 12.42 p. m . 6.50 p. m . . 10.30 p. m . 7 a. Ill 69. 60 69.10 70.00 69.50 69. 80 69. 55 70. 15 69.70 70. 05 69.48 98. 5 97. 3 96. i 97.8 97.1 97. 97. 4 97.5 97.8 19.60 19.80 19.80 19. 90 19.60 19.80 19.60 20.00 19.80 19.75 19.60 20.00 19.70 19.70 19.70 19.70 19. 65 19.75 19.80 19.80 19.70 19.70 19.70 19.80 14.80 15. 95 15.40 15.60 15.20 15.80 15.60 15.10 15.45 15.20 14.80 15.00 15.00 14.80 15. 40 15.00 14. 95 15. 05 15.30 14.90 15.40 14.85 15.00 15.15 Detailed statistics of income and outgo. — The usual statistics of income and outgo of matter and energy are shown in Tables XXXIV to XLVI, which follow. The diet was the same during the series of experiments Nos. 18-20, except in the form of alcohol taken. It supplied 1*7 gram.g of protein and 2,776 calories of energy per day. In experiment No. 21, which immediately followed, the diet was the same, with the exception that no alcohol was administered, so that the total energy of the food was only 2,264 calories. No separation of the feces was obtained between the beginning of the preliminary period and the end of experiment No. 21, in which the subject had what may be called the basal ration without the alcohol. It was necessary, thei'efore, to assume a uniform amount of feces from the food from day to day. While this may introduce a slight error in the results of the 3 experi- ments with alcohol, Nos. 18-20, such error can hardly be large enough to affect seriously the computed results of the experiments. Table XXXIV. — Weighi, composilioii, nnd heat of comhuslion of food) — Metabolism e.rperiments Nos. 18-31. Labora- tory No. Food material. Weight per day. Water. Protein. Fat. Carbohy- drates. Nitrogen. Carbon. Hydro- gen. Heat of com- bustion. 3022 Beef Orams, 160 30 750 310 30 45 Grams. 106.7 2.6 649.5 129.3 1.8 Grams. 44.6 .4 24.0 24.5 3.4 Grams. 4.2 26.3 33.0 8.7 ^ 2 Grams. ""zY.b 143.5 24.1 4.5.0 Grams. 7.14 .06 .3.83 3.94 .55 Grams. 26.51 19.87 52.72 84.72 12.42 18.95 Grams. 4.06 3.16 7.05 12.74 1.85 2.92 Calories. 292 3020 Butter 245 3024 587 2968 Bread 840 3004 122 Sugar Total Feb. 12 to 14 ... 178 1,.325 7'' 5 8S9. 9 96.9 , 72.4 250. 1 15. 52 215. 19 37.82 31.78 9.46 2,264 512 TotalFeb. 6 tol2 1 i . . _ _ . 15. 52 2.53. 01 41.24 2,776 1 1 1 1 320 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. T.\BLE XXXV. — Weight, composition, and heat of combustion of feces — Metabolism experiments Nos. 18-21. Labora- tory No. Weight. Watei-. Protein. Fat. Carbohy- drates. Nitrogen. Carbon. Hydro- gen. Heat of com- bustion. 3033 Total for 13 days Grams. 831.7 63.9 Grams. 603.8 46.4 Gi'ams. 84.0 6.5 Grams. 52.4 4.0 Grams. 52.4 4.0 Gi-ams. 13.47 1.04 Grams. 116. 69 8.98 Gi-am-t. 16.13 1.24 Calories. 1,307 100 In these investigations the elimination of nitrogen in the urine on the first day inside the apparatus has frequently been larger than that of the preceding and following days. Sometimes this increase occurs 1 or 2 daj's before the subject enters the respiration chamber. On the i days of the preliminary period preceding this series of experiments the nitrogen in the urine amounted to 12.2, 16, 19 and 16.4 grams, respectivel}^ On the first day of experiment No. 18 the nitrogen in the urine amounted to 17.4: grams, but it dropped to 15.4 grams on the second daj', and varied between 13.9 and 14.7 on subsequent days. In experiment No. 21, when the energy of the diet was reduced, the excretion of nitrogen again increased. The elimination of nitrogen with and without alcohol has been alread}- referred to. Table XXXVI gives the detailed statistics of the quantity of urine and its nitx'ogen content in the successive 6-hour periods of this series of expeiiments. The statistics for experiment No. 21, in which no alcohol was given, show the total quantity of urine and nitrogen for the individual days, but not for individual periods. These daily amounts are given for the sake of comparison with those of experiments 18-20. Table XXXVI. — Amount, specific gravity, and nitrogen of urine by 6-liour periods — Metabolism experiments Nos. 18-20. " Date. Period. Amount. Specific gravity. Nitrogen. 1899. Feb. 6-7 Experiment No. IS. G^-ams. 325.4 441.7 265. 5 299.8 1.022 1.018 1.027 1.021 Per cent. 1.47 1.21 1.14 1.41 Gi-ams. 4.78 5.34 3.03 4.23 Total 1, 332. 4 1, 332. 4 17.38 1.019 1.31 17.45 7-8 890.7 690.3 194.4 225. 9 1.009 1.011 1.017 1.024 .54 .71 1.08 1.59 4.81 4.90 2.10 3.59 Total 2, 001. 3 2,001.3 15.40 1.013 .78 15.61 Experiment No. 19. 8-9 609.8 387.6 1.55. 8 337.7 1.012 1.018 1.020 1.017 .70 1.07 1.36 1.23 4.27 4.14 2.12 4.15 Total 1,490.9 1,490.9 14.68 1.015 .97 14.46 - ;ect. e+f. Total weight of carlx)n exhaled, 9XA- Date. Per liter. (c) Total, ax6. 1899. Feb. 6-7 tLrperlment Xo. IS. 7 a. m.-l p. m 1 p. m.-7 p. m 7 p. m.-l a. m 1 a. m.-7 a. m Total 7 a. m.-l p. m 1 p. m.-7 p. m 7 p. m.-l a. m IMen. 26,069 25,745 26,362 27. 24-5 0.569 .511 .566 ".570 Grams. 14.8 13.2 14.9 15.5 Grams. 254.9 232.7 230.8 160.3 Grams. 240.1 219. 5 215.9 144.8 Grams. ^13.6 — 1.3 — 4.1 — 5. 7 Grams. 2.53. 7 218.2 211.8 139.1 Grams. 69.2 59.5 57.7 38.0 ia5. 421 58.4 878.7 820.3 --^2.5 822.8 224.4 7-8 25, 795 25. 908 26. 924 27. 122 .575 ..531 .5-54 .576 14.8 13.7 14.9 15.6 239.6 236.7 216.6 157. 1 224. 8 223.0 201.7 141.5 -{-8.1 - 8.3 - 1.2 - 3.7 232. 9 214.7 200.5 137.8 63.5 58.6 ■ 54.7 37 5 Total Experiment Xo. 19. 7 a. m.-l p. m ia5. 749 .59.0 850.0 791.0 -- 5.1 785. 9 214.3 8-9 26,792 26,010 27,593 27,999 .562 .616 .554 .552 15.1 16.0 15.3 15.5 223.9 224.0 210.7 1.59. 4 208.8 208.0 195. 4 143.9 -;-12.8 - .3 -12.1 — .5 221.6 207.7 183.3 143.4 60.5 56 6 50 1 a. m.-7 a. m Total 39.1 108,394 61.9 818.0 756.1 — .1 756.0 206.2 9-10 26,388 26,150 27,647 28, 015 .5-54 .578 .579 ..5-50 14.6 15.1 16.0 15.4 223.9 211.0 225.7 1.56.1 209.3 195.9 209.7 140.7 —11.2 + 2.6 - 9.8 — .4 220.5 198. 5 199.9 140.3 60 •' 54 1 54 5 1 a. m.-7 a. m Total Experiment Xo. 20. 38.3 108. 200 61.1 816.7 7-55. 6 - 3.6 759.2 207.1 10-11 25, 7.50 26,228 27. 422 28.046 ..561 .60S .575 .562 14.4 16.0 15.8 15.7 223.8 217.6 227.0 173.0 209.4 201.6 211.2 157.3 -h 7.6 ^5.3 —12.4 + 5.1 217.0 206.9 198.8 162.4 59 "> 56 4 54 2 1 a. m.-7 a. m Total 7 a. m.-l p. m 1 p. m.-7 p. m 44.3 107,446 61.9 841.4 779.5 - 5.6 785.1 214.1 11-12 26, 132 26, 157 27.966 28,443 .595 .600 .562 -.573 15.6 15.7 15.7 16.3 240.8 222.3 2a5.4 168.0 225.2 206.6 219.7 151.7 -1-5.3 -f 2.0 -11.9 + 1.8 230.5 208.6 207.8 153.5 62.8 56.9 56.7 41.9 1 a. m.-7 a. m Total Experiment Xo. 21. 108. 69S 63.3 866.5 803.2 - 2.8 800.4 218.3 12-13 109,063 109.164 107.982 62.7 128.3 65.2 8.57.1 913.9 884.2 794.4 785.6 819.0 - 5.3 + 1.3 - 3.0 789.1 786.9 816.0 215.2 214.6 222.5 13-14 14-15 7 a. m.-7 a. m 7 a. m.-7 a. m * Xo. 21 included for comparison. 'Sample lost; carbon dioxid assumef matter and iiuniy: The income and outg'o of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and energy in these experiments are shown in Tables XLIII to XLVI. T.\BLE XLIII. — Income and outgo of nitrogen and carbon — Mtiiibotuni experiments Xos. lS-20.' Nitrogen. Carbon. Date and period. (a) In food. In feces. (c) In urine. Gain or loss a-(6+c). (e) In food. (/) In feces. (.9) In urine. W In respi- ratory products. (0 In alco- hol elimi- nated. it) Gain or loss e-\/+'g+ h+i). 1899. Experiment So. IS. Grams. 15.5 15.5 Grams. 1.0 1.1 Grams. 17.4 15.4 Gramf. -2.9 -1.0 Grams. 253.0 253.0 Grams. 9.0 9.0 Grams. 11.0 9.8 Grams. 224.4 214.3 Grams. 1.7 1.4 Grams. + 6.9 -i-18.5 7-8, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m Total for 2 days 31.0 15. 5 2.1 1.1 32.8 16.4 -3.9 -2.0 506.0 253.0 18.0 9.0 20.8 10.4 438.7 219.3 3.1 1.6 -f25.4 -J-12. 7 Experiment ^o. 19. 15.5 15.5 1.0 1.1 14.7 14.2 i:i 253.0 253.0 9.0 9.0 9.3 9.0 206.2 207.1 1.4 1.3 -F27.1 +26.6 9-10, 7 a. m to 7 a. m Total for 2 days 31.0 15. 5 2.1 1.0 28.9 14.5 506.0 253.0 18.0 9.0 18.3 9.2 413.3 206.6 2.7 1.3 +53. 7 +26.9 E.rperiment ^o. 30. 15.5 15.5 1.0 1.1 13. S 14.4 - .7 253. 253.0 9.0 9.0 8.8 9.2 214.1 218.3 1.3 1.7 +19.8 +14.8 Total for 2 days 31.0 15.5 2.1 1.0 28.2 14.1 + .7 + .4 506.0 253.0 18.0 9.0 18.0 9.0 432.4 216.2 3.0 1.5 +34.6 -!-17.3 Experiments J\o,<. IS-M. 15.5 1.0 15. — .5 253.0 9.0 9.0 214.1 1.5 —IS. 9 Experiment ^o. SI. Feb. 12-13, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 13-14, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 14-15, 7 a. tu. to 7 a. m 15.5 15.5 15.5 1.0 1.1 1.0 14.5 16.2 15.4 "-i.'s' - .9 215.2 215.2 215.2 9.0 9.0 9.0 10.2 11.3 10.9 215.2* 214.6 222. 5 -19.2 -19.7 -27.2 Total for 3 days Average per day 46.5 15.5 3.1 1.0 46.1 15.4 z':l 645.6 215.2 27.0 9.0 32.4 10.8 652.3 217.4 ' -66.1 -22.0 * Xo. 21 included for comparison. T.\BLE XLIV. — Income anrf outgo of water and hydrogen — Metabolism experiments Xos. 18—21.' Date and period. (a) In food. (6) In drink.*" In feces. In urine. In respira- tory prod- ucts. Apparent lossa-l-ft— (c-Ki-t-e). Feb. 6-7, 7-8. 1899. Experiment Xo. IS. ' a. m. to 7 a. m ' a. m. to 7 a. in \s. I Grams. J. 9 ' 1,398.2 3. 9 1, 384. 8 Grams. Grams. 46.4 1,269.3 46.4 1,945.4 Grams. ' Grams. 896.4 , + 76.0 871.3 — 588.4 Total for 2 davs 1, 779. 8 Average per day Experiment Xo. 19. Feb. 8-9, 7 a. in. to ' 9-10, a. m.. m. to 7 a. m . Total for 2 days . Average per day 1, 779. 8 889.9 2, 783. 1 1,391.5 ' 92.8 46.4 3, 214. 7 1,607.3 1 767. 7 - 883.9 - - 512.4 - 256.2 8S9.9 889.9 ' 1,384.3 1,383.8 i 46.4 46.4 1,437.6 1 1,683.3 842.1 - 805.3 , - - 51. 9 - 261.3 1,779.8 889.9 2, 768. 1 1, 384. 1 92.8 46.4 3,120.9 1.560.5 1 617.4 1 - 823.7 1 - - 313.2 - 156.6 •No. 21 included for comparison. '' During the 9 days of these experiments 28.5 grams water was evaporated from the hygrometer, or an average of 3.2 grams per day, which is here added to the driuk. 328 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Table XLI V. —/ncome and outgo of water and hydrogen — Metabolism experiments Nos. IS-Sl"-. — Continued. Date and period. (a) In food. In drink. (c) In feces. In urine. In respira- tory prod- ucts, Apparent lossa-(-6— {c+d+e). 1899. Experiment Xo. 20. Feb. 10-11, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 11-12, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m Total for 2 days Average per day Average per day (experiments 18-20) Experiment Xo. 21. Feb. 12-13, 7 a. ni. to 7 a. m 13-14, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 14-15, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m Total for 3 days Average per day Grams. 889.9 889.9 Grams. 1. 384. 1 1. 385. 2 Grams. 46.4 46.4 Gram^. 1, 646. 4 1, 887. 9 Grams. 836.3 847.6 Grams. - 255. 1 - 506.8 1, 779. 8 889.9 2, 769. 3 1, 384. 7 92. 8 3, 534. 3 46. 4 1, 767. 2 1, 683. 9 - 761. 9 842. - 381. 1, 386. 7 1,385.4 1, 383. 8 1, 384. 9 2, 669. 7 889.9 4, 1.54. 1 1, 384. 7 46.4 ; 1,645.0 46.4 ! 1,628.3 46. 4 1, 689. 5 46. 4 1, 909. 3 139.2 46.4 821.3 858. 4 897.6 5, 227. 1 2, 577. 3 1,742.4 859.1 220.7 320.6 578.5 -1,119.8 - 373.3 Hydrogen. Date and period. (5) In food. (A) In feces. In urine. In alcohol eliminated. (0 Apparent galng-(7i+ (m) Loss from water (n) Total gain (-f) or loss (-) l+m. 1899. Evperiment No. 18. Grams. 41.2 41.3 Grams. 1.2 1.3 Grams. 3.6 3.1 Grams. 0.4 .4 Grams. + 36.0 +36.5 Grams. + 8.5 - 65.4 Grams. +44.5 -28.9 Total for 2 days 82.5 41.3 2. 5 1.3 6.7 3.3 .8 .4 +72. 5 +36.3 - 56.9 - 28.5 +15.6 + 7.8 Experiment Xo. 19. 41.2 41.3 1.2 1.3 3.0 2.9 .4 .3 +36.6 +36.8 — .5.8 - 29.0 +30.8 + 7.8 Total for 2 days 82.5 41.3 2.5 1.3 5.9 3.0 . 7 .3 + 73.4 +36.7 - 34.8 - 17.4 +38.6 +19.3 Expjerirnent Xo. 20. 41.2 41.3 1.2 1.3 2.8 2.9 .3 .4 +36.9 +36.7 - 28.4 - 56.3 + 8.5 11-12, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m —19.6 Total for 2 days 82.5 41.3 2.5 1.2 5.7 2.9 . 7 .4 + 73.6 +36.8 - 84.7 - 42.4 -11.1 — 5.6 Average per day (experiments 18-20) 41.3 1.3 3.0 .4 +36.6 - 29.4 + 7.2 E.rperirncnl Xo. 21. 31.8 31.8 31.8 1.2 1.3 1.2 2.9 3.2 3.1 +27.7 +27.3 +27.5 - 24.5 - 35.6 - 64.3 + 3.2 — 8.3 -36. 8 Total for 3 davs 95.4 31.8 3.7 1.2 9.2 .3.1 +82.5 +27.5 —124. 4 — 41.5 —41.9 Average per Jay -14,0 » No. 21 included for comparison. ''During the 9 days of these experiments 28.5 grams water \vas evaporated from the hygrometer, or an average of 3.2 grams per day, which is here added to the drink. :memoiks of the national acade:\iy of sciences. 329 Table XLV. — ficdn or loxs of protein (XX'j-'j),. /'((/, and irater — MekthoVmn experiments Nos. JS-JO." Date anil |ieri<«fl. 1S99. Experintnit Xo. IS. Feb. (y-~, 7 a. 111. to 7 a. m 7-8, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m Total for 2 clays Average per day E.rperimnit Xo. 19. Feb. S-9, 7 a. m. to 7 a. in 9-10, 7 a. in. to 7 a. in Total for 2 days Average per day Experiment Xo. iO. Feb. 10-11, 7 a. m. to 7 a. in 11-12, 7 a. in. to 7 a. in Total for 2 days Average per day Average per day (experiment.-: 18-20 Experiment Xo. ^1. Feb. 12-1.3, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 13-14, 7 a. m. to 7 a. in 14-15, 7 a. 111. to 7 a. m Total for 3 days Average per day (a) (6) VitroB-pn Protein gained^ ").f,"-^( + ) orlost(-). or"'*M-) -2.9 -1.0 -3.9 -2.0 Total carbon gained ( + ) or lost (— ). Gramg. -18.1 — 6.3 -24.4 -12.2 . 2 + .2 + .7 + .4 - 1.3 + 1.3 -1-4.4 4-4.4 -1-2.2 -1.8 - .9 -11.3 - 5.6 -16.9 - 5.6 Grams. -f- 6.9 -1-18.5 -f25.4 -fl2.7 Carbon in protein Grains. - 9.6 - 3.3 -12.9 - 6.5 (e) Carbon in fat, etc., gained ( + ) Grams. -1-16.5 4-21.8 -f38.3 -1-19.2 -1-27.1 -f26.6 -1-53.7 -1-26.9 4-27.8 4-25. 9 4-53. 7 4-26.9 -19.8 i 4-2.3 -14.8 I 4-17.5 4-14.8 4-34.6 4-17.3 -h 2.3 4- 1.2 4-32.3 4-16.2 4-18.9 ' — 1.8 4-20. 7 -19.2 -19.7 -27.2 -66.1 -22.0 6.0 3.0 —19.2 -13.7 -24.2 9.0 3.0 -57.1 -19.0 Fat gained ( + ) or lost (-) c-^0.765. +21. 6 4-28.5 -h50.1 4-25. 1 4-36.3 4-33.9 -h70.2 4-35.1 4-22.9 4-19.3 4-42.2 -1-21. 1 -25. 1 -17.9 -31.6 -74.6 -24.9 Date and period. Total hydrogen gained (+) or lost (-). Hydrogen in [ Hydrogen in protein gained fat gained ( + ) (+)orlost(-) orlost(-) " 0.07. /xO.12. (*) Hydrogen in water, etc., gained ( + ) or lost (-) g-{li+i). Water gained ( + ) or lost (-) 1899. E.rperiment Xo. IS. Feb. 6-7, 7 a. in. to 7 a. in a. in. to 7 a. m Grams. 4-44.5 -28.9 -1.3 - .4 Grams. 4-2.6 4-3.4 Grams. 4-43.2 -31.9 4-389 -287 Total for 2 days Average per day E.rperiment Xo. 19. Fell. 8-9, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 9-10, 7 a. m. to 7 a. in -6.0 -3.0 4-11.3 4- 5.7 -102 - 51 Total for 2 days Average per day Experiment Xo. M. Feb. 10-1 1 , 7 a. m. to 7 a. in 11-12, 7 a. m. to 7 a. in 4-38.6 -4-19.3 ^ 8.5 -19.6 Total for 2 days . Average per rfay -11.1 - 5.6 Average per day (experiments 18-20) Experiment Xo. .?/. Feb. 12-13, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 13-14, 7 a. in. to 7 a. in 14-15, 7 a. m. to 7 a. in + .3 + .1 -4.3 -4.1 + 26.6 + 3.6 + 240 + 32 +8.4 +4.2 -30.2 -15. 1 +272 -1-1.36 +2.8 +2.3 +5.1 -^2.6 Total for 3 days . Average per day -r 3.2 - 8.3 -36.8 -41.9 -14.0 - .8 — .4 -1.2 - .4 + .3.2 4- 5.4 -21.9 -16.5 -8.3 + 4.2 -3.0 -2. 2 -3^8 T- 6.2 -5.3 —32.6 -9.0 -3.0 -31.7 -10.6 + 48 -197 + 56 — 48 -293 -285 - 95 ' Xo. 21 included for comparison. 330 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Table XLVI. — Income and outgo of energij — Metabolivn experiments Nos. lS-30.°- Date and period. (o) 1 a ■■So f o 1 (6) a 3 il i (c) a IS (rf) 6 i s ° ■s'a ^ a all If) It III II 5f,g + a c-o .§ST (A) 1 1 S cs aT 'Ira |li |i| (ft) ll ii + ■So'g iil w 1899. Experiment No. IS. Feb. 6-7, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m mo- bile, 2,776 Coto- Too 100 Calo- ries. 130 115 Calo- ries. 23 20 Calo- -104 - 36 Calo- ries. +203 +268 Calo- ries. 2,424 2,309 Calo- ries. 2,578 2,397 Calo- ries. + 154 + 88 Per . cent, +6.4 +3.8 Total for 2 days 5,552 2,776 200 100 245 123 43 21 -140 - 70 +471 +235 4,733 2,367 4,975 2,488 +242 + 121 +5.1 Experiment No. 19. Feb. 8-9, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 2,776 2,776 100 100 110 106 19 17 - 7 + 7 +341 +319 2,213 2,227 2,281 2,277 + 68 + 50 +3.1 +2.2 Total for 2 days 5,552 2,776 200 100 216 108 36 18 +660 +330 4,440 2,220 4,558 2,279 +118 + 59 +2.7 Experiment No. SO. Feb. 10-11, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 2,776 2,776 100 100 104 108 18 23 + 25 +215 +181 2,314 2,364 2,298 2,308 - 16 — 56 - .7 11-12, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m —2.4 Total for 2 days 5,552 2,776 200 100 212 106 41 21 + 25 + 12 +396 +198 4,678 2,339 4,606 2,303 - 72 - 36 —1.5 Average per day (experiments 18-20) 2,776 100 112 20 - 19 +255 2,308 2,356 + 48 +2.1 Experiment No. 31. Feb. 12-13, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 2,264 2,264 2,264 100 100 100 119 132 127 - 65 - 32 -236 -168 -297 2,281 2,265 2,366 2,226 2,263 2,348 - 55 _ 2 .- 18 -2.4 — .1 14-15, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m - .7 Total for3 days 6,792 2,264 300 100 378 126 - 97 - 32 —701 -234 6,912 2,304 6,837 2,279 - 75 - 25 -1.1 "No. 21 included for comparison. EXPERIMENTS NOS. 22-24 REST. NO. 22 WITH ALCOHOL DIET. Subject. — E. O., who served as the subject of experiments Nos. 12, 16-17, and 18-20, described above. His weight was about 72.5 kilograms (160 pounds). Occupation durmy exper'unent. — Reading, writing, etc., with as little mental and muscular activity as possible. Duration. — The preliminary period of -t days began with breakfast, March 9, 1899, and the subject entered the respiration chamljer on the evening of March 12; experiment No. 22 beginning at 7 o'clock on the morning of March 13 and continuing 3 days. This experiment was the first of a series of three (Nos. 22-24), each continuing 3 days; the subject, therefore, remained in the respiration chamber 10 nights and 9 days, the .series of experiments ending on the morning of March 22. Diet. — One especial object of the experiments of this series was to study the relative replacing power of alcohol and sugar in the diet. The latter con.sisted of what may be called a basal ration of ordinary food to which was added a supplementary ration of either sugar or alcohol. MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. The basiil ration furnished 123 (jrams of piotoin and 2.533 calories of onerofy per day. To this ration was added, in experiment No. 22. 7'.'. 2 oi-anis of !iO.;i per cent commercial ali'ohol. This contained 72 gi-ams of absolute alcohol and furnished .^09 calories of enerofy. In experiment No. 23 the subject had 30 yrams of horse-radish, furnishing 11 calories of energy per day, and in experiment No. 2-1. 30 grams of horse-radish, furnishing 11 calories of energy, and 130 grams of cane sugar, furnishing olo calories of energy. Leaving the small quantities of horse-radish out of account, the diet of experiment 22 supplied the basal ration plus alcohol. No. 23 the basal ration alone, and No. 2-t the basal ration plus an amount of sugar isodyuamic with the alcohol of No. 22. In experiment No. 22 the alcohol was taken in the usual t> doses. 3 with and 3 between meals and upon retiring. It was prepared by adding 79.2 grams of 90.0 per cent alcohol to 780. S grams of coffee infusion sweetened with 40 grams of sugiir. This mixture thus contained 72 grams of absolute alcohol. 10 grams of sugar, and 788 grams of water. The kinds and quantities of food served at each meal and the quantities of drink at different periods were as follows: Diet hi metaholmi) exjh-n'mint^ S(*g. ii2-;i4- FOOD— BASAL RATION". Breakfast. Dinner. Supper. Total. Beef Grame. 75 15 3.50 55 45 40 Grams, 75 20 390 100 Grams. Grams. 150 Butter.. 20 390 155 55 1,130 Bread 310 45 40 * Used with the coffee infusion and alcohol in experiment No. 22. FtiOD— SUPPLEMENTAL RATION". Last day of preliminary period and ihiring metabolism experiment Xo. 22: Cofiee infusion.... grams.. 7S0. 8 Sugar do 40. Alcohol (90.y per cent ) do 79. 2 Metabolism experiment Xo. 23, horse-radish do 30. Metabolism experiment Xo. 24: Horse-radish do 30. Sugar do 130.0 Experiment No. 22. Coffee infu- sion, su^ar. and alcohol. Grams, Breakfast ! 175 10.30 a. m 125 Dinner 175 2.30 p. m 125 Supper 175 11.00 p. m 125 Grams. 263 »900 200 • Contains 72 grams absolute alcohol and 40 grams sugar. ^ The subject did not always drink the full schedule allowance of coffee and of water. The actual amount ol water consimied each dav is shown in the second column of Table LVIII. 332 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCTE^'CES. Daily routine. — The o-eneral I'outiDe of the experiment is indicated by the following schedule: Dalhj program — Metaholkm experiments Xos. 22-34- 7.00 a. m Rise, pass urine, -weigh self, weigh 3.30 p. m Drink 200 grams water. absorbers. 6.30 p. m Supper. 7.4-1 a. m Breakfast. 7.00 p. m Pass urine. iO.oOa. m iJrink 200 grams Avater. 11.00 p. m Drink 200 grams water, take cap off 1.00 p. m Pass urine. food aperture, retire. 1.30 p. m Dinner. Table XLVII suuimarizes the more important statistics in the diarv kept by the .subject during- the series of experiments. T.\BLE XLVII. — Summarp of diary — Metabolism experiments Xos. 23-24. Date and time. Weight mth- \ Pulse rate per TemDeratiire nut. <>lnthps_ i Tniniitp lemperaiure. 1899. Experiment Xo. 22. Mar. 13, 7.00 a. m . . 13, 3.30 p. m.. 13, 11.30 p. m . 14, 7.00 a. m . . 14, 3.25 p. m.. 14, 11.00 p. m . 15, 7.00 a. m .. 15, 4.15 p. m .. 15, 11.00 p. m . Kilograms. 72.42 Experiment Xo. 23. 7.00 a. m .. .3.30 p. m.. 10.45 p. m . 7.00 a. m . . 3.30 p. m . . 10.50 p. m . 7.00 a. m .. 3.40 p. m.. 10. .50 p. m . E.rj:>eriment Xo. 34. 7.00 a. m . . 3.30 p. m.. 10.50 p. m . 7.00 a.m.. 4.00 p. m.. 10.50 p. m . 7.00 a. m .. 3.50 p. m.. 10.00 p. m . 7.00 a. m . . 72.70 97.6 97.8 97.2 97.0 98.0 98.4 97.2 97.8 97.0 98.9 98.4 97.0 98.0 98.0 96.8 97.6 98.3 96.9 97.0 99.0 99.0 96.6 99.2 99.4 97.8 'C. 20.6 20.2 20.4 20.4 20.0 20.6 20.0 20.0 20.4 20.2 20.0 20.4 20.4 20.0 20.2 20.3 20.2 20.1 20.2 19.8 20.2 20.0 20.2 20.4 20.2 20.2 20.6 20.8 15.8 16.2 16.2 15.1 15.2 15.8 14.8 15.2 16.2 15.3 15.4 16.0 15.1 15.2 1.5.4 14.6 15.0 15.2 14.6 14.6 15.0 14.8 15.4 15.6 15.0 15.2 16.0 16.8 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 333 Di'iaihd Ktatiii of calorimetric measurements — Metabolism experiments Nos. 22-2^. Date. Perioa. (a) Heat measured in terms ofCjo. Change of tem- perature of calo- rimeter. (c) Capacity correction of calo- rimeter &X60. (d) Correction due to tempera- ture of food and dishes. ' (e) Water vapor- ized equals total amount exhaled less amount condensed in cham- ber. (/) Heat used in vapori- zation of water ex 0.692. (g) Total heat deter- mined (a+c+d +/)■ 1899. Blar. 13-14 Experiment No. 23. Calories. 547.4 486.1 413.4 280.6 Degrees. Calories. Calmics. — 1.1 + 3.2 Grams. 237.0 241.8 254.9 250.9 Calories. 140.3 143.2 150.9 148.5 Calories. 686.6 -0.03 + .02 + .07 - 1.80 + 1.20 + 4.20 630.7 565.5 433.3 Total 1,727.5 -f .06 + 3.60 + 2.1 984.6 582.9 2, 316. 1 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 14-15 504.1 488.7 427.7 267.7 - .06 - .03 + .01 + .04 - 3.60 - 1.80 -1- .60 + 2.40 - 0.6 + 4.5 221.8 212.8 224.9 202.6 131.3 126.0 133.1 120.0 631.2 617.4 561.4 390.1 Total 1, 688. 2 - .04 - 2.40 + 3.9 862.1 510.4 2, 200. 1 15-16 475.2 518.3 454.3 310.8 + .03 - .05 - .01 - .15 + 1.80 - 3.00 - .60 - 9.00 - 1.8 + 5.4 199.6 210.0 239.4 209.8 118.2 124.3 141.7 124.2 593.4 645.0 595.4 426.0 Total 1, 758. 6 - .18 -10. 80 + 3.6 858.8 508.4 2, 259. 8 Experiment No. 23. 16-17 1,711.0 + .14 + 8.40 -41.4 884.3 523.5 2, 201. 5 17 18 1, 700. 3 + .01 + .60 -47.3 830.5 491.6 2, 145. 2 18-19 1, 750. 4 - .06 - 3.60 -44.1 807.0 477.8 2, ISO. 5 Experiment No. 24- 19 20 1,737.8 + .09 + 5.40 -48.4 879.4 520.6 2, 215. 4 20-21 1,752.7 — .07 - 4.20 -46.1 879.0 520.3 2, 222. 7 9X 99 1,851.5 + .04 + 2.40 —44.6 962.3 569.7 2, 379. The determinations of alcohol in urine and freezer water, and of reducing material reckoned as alcohol in the ventilating air current, were made in the usual manner. The results are shown in Table LVI. It will be noticed that there was a con.siderable amount of reducing material in the air and urine on days in which alcohol did not form a part of the diet, equivalent on an average to O.ST of a gram of alcohol per day. It is of course po.ssible that this reducing material may have been alcohol that had been retained in the sy.stem and was slowly eliminated. This, however, .seems improbable, especially in view of the fact that the results are no larger than have been found in later experiments in the ventilating air current when alcohol had not formed a part of the diet for a long period. To be strictly accurate, the total amounts of alcohol excreted on the different days of experiment No. 22 should be reduced by a certain amount representing the average excretion of reducing material not alcohol. Inasmuch, however, as this was a matter still under investigation no such correction was made in this experiment, and the results were computed on the supposition that all the reducing material in the air current was alcohol, although from later investigations it seems quite certain that this is wrong. The error, however, would prol>ably not exceed 0.3 or 0.4 of a gram of alcohol, corresponding to 2 or 3 calories of energy per day. IMEMOIRS OP^ THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 339 T.\BLR LXL^Alcohol ingested taid e.rcrelei! — Metabolism e.rperiment Xo. 23. Alcohol in- gested. Alcohol excreted, including other reducing mate- rial calculated as alcohol. In tirine (distillate). In freezer water (distillate). In air cur- rent. Total. body. 1899. 'Experiment Xo. 33. Mar. 13-14 Grams. 72.0 72.0 72.0 Grams. 0.14 .68 Grams. 0.03 .02 Gra7ns. 1.57 1..36 Gravis. 1.74 2.06 2.79 Grams. 70.3 Per cent. <17 fi 14-15 69. 9 97. 1 1,5-16 .03 ' 2.01 69.2 96 1 Total 216.0 1.57 .08 1 4.94 6.59 209.4 72.0 .52 ! .03 1 1.65 2.20 69.8 97.0 Experiment Xn. 33. Mar. 16-17 .01 .30 .38 .37 .27 .36 .37 .31 .41 .42 .31 .41 .37 17-18 .02 .m 18-19 .04 i .01 Experiment Xo. 34- Mar. 19-20 .04 20-21 .04 .01 21-22 Balance of income and outgo of matter and energy. — The usual .summary of the income and outgo of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and energj' may be found in Table LVII. Table LVII. — Income and outgo of nitrogen and carbon — Metabolism e.vperimenis Xos. 33-34- Nitrogen. Carbon. Date and period. ( . .Amount. 1 Specific gravity. Nitrogen. 1900. Feb. 14-15 1.5-16 16-17 Experiment 7 a. ra. to 7 a. m 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 7 a. m. to 7 a. m Experiment 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 7 p. m. to 1 a. m 1 a. m. to 7 a. m Total Total by composite . . 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 7 p. m. to 1 a. m la. m. to 7 a. m Total Total by composite . . 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 7 p. m. to 1 a. m 1 a. m. to 7 a. m Total Total by composite . . Experiment 7 a. m. to 7 a. m Xo. Xo. Xo. 36. 28. 1 1 Grams. 1 1,216.5 1,526.1 1 1,340.4 1.021 1.0175 1.0185 Per cent. 1.38 .99 1.08 Grams. 16.63 15. 08 14.44 17 17 17-18 18 378. 5 1 576. 2 269.0 1 297.0 1.0175 1.0135 1.021 1.018 .94 .71 1.38 1.09 3.56 4.09 3.71 3.24 1,-520.7 14.60 1,-520.7 1.017 .96 14.60 18 18 18-19 19 537.9 444.6 281.3 172.6 1.014 1.016 1.021 1.0245 .79 .97 1.41 1.73 4.25 4.32 3.97 2.99 1,436.4 1.5. 53 1 1,436.4 1.018 1.08 15. 51 19 19 19-20 20 291.0 473.0 310. 9 219. 3 1.0215 1.015 1.019 1.0215 1.47 1.03 1.36 1.55 4.28 4.87 4.23 3.40 1,294.2 16.78 1,294.2 1.018 1.30 16. 82 20-21 1.169.8 1.020 1.017 1.018 1.36 1.18 1.22 15 90 21-22 23-23 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 1,292.2 1,202.5 15.23 14.65 348 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES; Table hX\.—Dailii din ination of carbon, hijdrogen, and water in the urine — Metabolism e.vper ments Nos. f6-S8. Amount. Carbon. Hydrogen. Water. Heat of combustion. Date. Per gram. Total. 1900. Experiment So. 26. Pgh 14-1.5 Grams. 1,216.5 1, 526. 1 1, 340. 4 Per cent. Grams. 11.93 10.82 10.36 Per cent. Grams. 2.87 2.61 2.50 Per cent. Grams. 1,157.3 1,472.4 1, 289. Calories. 0.103 .082 .101 Calories. 125 1.5-16 125 16-17 135 4, 083. 1 33.11 7.98 3, 918. 7 385 Erperiment Ko. 27. Feb. 17-18 18-19 19-20 1, 520. 7 1,436.4 1, 294. 2 10.47 11.14 12.04 2.52 2.69 2.90 1, 468. 7 1,381.1 1, 234. 5 .073 .084 .108 111 121 140 4, 251. 3 33.65 8.11 4, 084. 3 372 Experiment No. 28. Feb. 20-21 1, 169. 8 1, 292. 2 1, 202. 5 11.40 10.92 10. 51 2.75 2.63 2.53 1,113.2 1, 238. 1, 150. 3 .102 .103 .110 119 21-22 183 22-23 132 3, 664. 5 32.83 7.91 3, 501. 5 384 Total, 9 days 11, 998. 8 .83 99.59 .20 24.00 95.88 11, 504. 5 .095 1,141 Tables LXVI-LXVIII show the quantities of carbon dioxid and water found in the ventilating air current in this series of experiments. These statistics are given in detail for the 3 days of experiment No. 37, in which alcohol formed a part of the diet, and are summarized by days for experiments Nos. 26 and 28. Table LXVI. — Comparison of residual amounts of carbon dioxid and water in the chamber at the beginning and end of each j)eriod, and the corresponding gain or loss — Metabolism experiment No. 27. End of period. Carbon dioxid. Water.' Date. Total amount in chamber. Gain ( + ) or loss { — ) over preceding period. Total amount of vapor re- maining in chamber. Gain ( + ) or loss ( — ) over preceding period. Total amount gained ( + ) or lost (-) during the period. 1900 Feb 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 20 20 Grams. 23.0 .33.1 37.8 23.6 27.0 Grujns. Grams. 31.4 37.1 38.6 34.8 33.3 Grams. Grams. +10.1 + 4.7 -14.2 + 3.4 +5.7 + 1.5 -3.8 -1.5 +5.7 +1.5 -3.8 -1.5 + 4.0 +1.9 + 1.9 31.0 36.5 24.1 25. 3 + 4.0 + 5.5 ^12.4 + 1.2 37.2 37.8 35.3 31.0 +3.9 +0.6 -2.5 .-4.3 +3.9 +0.6 -2.5 -4.3 - 1.7 -2. 3 —2.3 31.0 39.1 23.0 26.4 + 5.7 + 8.1 -16.1 + 3.4 37.1 39. 35. 5 .32.9 +6.1 + 1.9 -3.5 -2.6 +6.1 + 1.9 -3.5 -2.6 4- 1.1 +1.9 +1.9 + 3.4 +1.5 'There waa no change in weight of absorbers and no drip in this experiment. MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 349 T.A.BLE LXVII. — liecord of mrhon dioxid in reiililaling air ciirreiit — iletabolism ejcperiments Nos. 26-28. Period. (a) Ventilation. Number of liters of air. Carbon dioxid. W In incoming air. (d) In outgo- ing air. (e) Towl ex- outgoing d-'c. (/) Correc- tion for amount remain- ing in chamber. (ff) Corrected amount exhaled bv sub- ject. Total Date. (6) Per liter. Total, axft. carbon exhaled. .9XA 1900. Feb. 14-15 1.5-lfi 16-17 Experiment Xo. 26. 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 7 a. m. to 7 a. in 7 a. m. to 7 a. m Experiment Xo. 27. 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 1 p. m. to 7 p. ni 7 p. m. to 1 a. Ill 1 a. 111. to 7 a. m Total 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 7 p. ni. to 1 a. ni 1 a. m. to 7 a. m Total 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 1 p. m. to 7 p. Ill 7 p. m. to 1 a. m 1 a. ra. to 7 a. m Total E.rpcriment Xo. 2S. 7 a. m. to 7 a. ni titer*. 116,602 118,158 119,712 ilg. Grami. 64.7 65.7 67.7 Grams. 776.3 795.9 782.0 Grams. 711.6 730.2 714.3 Gram*. + 3.1 - 2.7 + 0.4 Gramt. 714.7 727.5 714.7 Gramt. 194.9 198.4 194.9 17 17 17-18 18 29,540 27, 207 29, 540 28, 762 0.567 .610 ..561 . 5i4 16.8 16.6 16.6 1.5.9 217.6 215.5 206.3 146.2 200.8 198. 9 189.7 130.3 +10.1 + 4.7 -14.2 + 3.4 210.9 203.6 175.5 133.7 57.5 55.5 47.9 36.5 11.5,049 6.5.9 785.6 719.7 ^4.0 723.7 197.4 18 18 18-19 19 28, 762 28, 762 29,540 29,540 ^ .559 .551 .537 .548 16.1 1.5.8 15.9 16.2 220.8 214.5 206.2 147.5 204.7 198. 7 190. 3 131.3 - 4.0 — 5. 5 -12.4 -r 1.2 208. 7 204.2 177. 9 132.5 56.9 55. 7 48.5 36.1 116,604 64.0 789.0 725. - 1.7 723.3 197.2 19 19 19-20 20 27, 208 27, 985 29,540 28, 762 .548 . 575 .573 . 551 14.9 16.1 16.9 15.8 209.5 218.5 220.1 149.2 194.6 202.4 203.2 133.4 — 5. 7 + 8.1 -16.1 + 3.4 200.3 210.5 187.1 136.8 54.6 57.4 51.0 37.3 113, 495 63.7 797. o 733.6 + 1.1 734.7 200. 3 20-21 21-22 112,717 108,830 111,162 134. S 67.6 j 66.4 S40. 3 843.3 830.6 776.0 775.7 764.2 - 2.3 + 4.8 - 0.2 773.7 780.5 764.0 211.0 212.8 22 23 208.3 Table LXVIII. — Record of (inter in ventilating air current — Meiabolimi experiments Xos. 36-28. Period. (a) Ventilation. Number of liters of air. Water in incom- ing air. Watei in outgoing air. (P) Total ex- cess water in out- going air, (A) Correc- tion for water re- maining in cham- ber. (0 - Total water of respira- tion and perspira- tion, g+li. Date. (6) Per liter. (c) Total, ax6. 1 Amount con- densed in freezers. «•) .Amount not con- densed in freezers. Total. rf-f. 1900. Feb. 14-15 1.5-16 16-17 Experiment Xo. 26. 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 7 a. m. to 7 a. ni E.cperiment Xo. 27. 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 1 p. m. to 7 p. Ill 7 p. m. to 1 a. m 1 a. m. to 7 a. m Total 7 a. ra. to 1 p. m 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 7 p. ni. to 1 a. Ill 1 a. m. to 7 a. m Total Lilert. 116, 602 118,158 119,712 itg. Grams. 97.1 101. 8 97.8 Gramt. 749.3 734.3 724.9 Grams. 179.6 175. 4 173.3 Grams. 928.9 909.7 898. 2 Grams. 831.8 807.9 800.4 Gram.':. -2.7 -1.3 -0.9 Grams. 829.1 806.6 799.5 17 17 17-18 18 29,540 27, 207 29,540 28, 762 .820 .821 .829 .828 24.2 22.3 24.5 23.8 183. 9 193.7 184.7 166.4 42.5 38.0 45.2 39.0 226.4 231.7 229.9 205. 4 202. 2 209.4 205.4 181.6 —5. 7 +1.5 -3.8 -1.5 207. 9 210. 9 201.6 180.1 11.5,049 94.8 728.7 164.7 893.4 798. 6 -1.9 8(K1. 5 18 18 18-19 19 28, 762 28, 762 29, 540 29, 540 .817 .800 .818 .800 23.5 23.0 24.2 23.6 194.5 194.5 ia5.5 172.0 43.6 41.0 43.8 39.4 238.1 2a5.5 229.3 211.4 214.6 212.5 205.1 187.8 +3.9 +0.6 -2.5 -4.3 218.5 213.1 202.6 183.5 116. 604 1 94.3 746.5 167.8 914.3 820.0 -2.3 817.7 350 :\IEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Taule LXVIII. — Hecord of water in ventilating air current — Metabolism experiments Nos. 36-28 — Continued. Period. (a) Ventilation. Number ot liters of air. Water in incom- ing air. Water in outgoing air. (ff) Total ex- cess water in ou^ going air. (ft) Correc- tion for water re- maining in cham- ber. (i) Date. (6) Per liter. (c) Total, axb. Amount con- densed freezers. (e) Amount not con- densed in freezers. (/) Total, d+e. Total water ot respira- tion and perspira- tion. g+h. 1900. Feb. 19 19 19-20 20 Experiment No. 37 — Continued. 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 1 p. m. to 7 p. ni 7 p. m. to 1 a. m 1 a. m. to 7 a. m Liters. 27, 208 27, 985 29, .540 28, 762 Mil. .810 .826 .837 .819 Grams. 22.0 23.1 24.7 23.6 Grams. 184.3 191.2 195.2 173.3 Gra7ns. 39.6 38.2 45.9 39.0 Grams. 223.9 229.4 241.1 212.3 Grams. 201.9 206.3 216.4 188.7 Grams. +6.1 + 1.9 -3.5 -2.6 Grams. 208.0 208.2 212.9 186.1 Total 113,495 93.4 744.0 162.7 906.7 813.3 +1.9 815.2 20-21 21-22 22-23 Experiment No. 28. 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 112, 717 108, 830 111,162 94.8 90.2 97.9 769.8 742.4 730.7 163.7 156.9 159.9 933.5 899.3 890.6 838.7 809.1 792.7 -2.1 +4.7 -2.1 836.6 813.8 790.6 The heat carried away by the water current and the latent heat of vaporization of water in this series of experiments are shown in Table LXIX. As in the previous tables, the data are summarized for experiments Nos. 26 and 28 and given in detail for experiment No. 27, in which alcohol formed a part of the diet. Table LXIX. — Summary of calorimetric measurements — Metabolism experiments Nos. 26-28. Date. Period. (a) Heat meas- ured in terms of Coo- Change of temperature of calorime- ter. (c) Capacity cor- rection of calorimeter 6x60. id) Correction due to tem- perature of food and dishes. («) Water vapor- ized equals total amount exhaled less amount con- densed in chamber. (/) Heat used in vaporiza- tion of water e X 0.592. (5) Total heat determined a + c + d+f. 1900. Feb. 14-15 1.5-16 16-17 Experiment No. 26. 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 7 a. m. to 7 a. m Experiment No. 27. 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 7 p. m. to 1 a. m 1 a. m. to 7 a. m Total Calones. 1, 584. 1 1,618.3 1, 592. 3 Degrees. +0.1 + .3 + .1 Calories. +0.60 +1.80 + .60 Calories. + 1.7 + 2.5 +12.0 Grams. 829.1 806.6 799. 5 Calories. 490.8 477. 5 473.3 Calories. 2, 077. 2 2. 100. 1 2. 078. 2 17 17 17-18 18 513.1 477.5 404.6 256. 8 + .1 + .1 + .60 + .60 - 3.1 - 9.3 + 1.0 207.9 210.9 201.6 180.1 123.1 124.8 119.3 106.6 633.7 593. 524.9 364.0 1,652.0 + .2 +1.20 -11.4 800.5 473.8 2, 115. 6 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 7 p. ni. to 1 a. m 1 a.m. to 7 a. m Total 18 18 18-19 19 527.4 481.6 402.2 243. 9 - .1 + .1 - .60 + .60 -8.2 -9.6 + 4.3 218.5 213.1 202.6 183.5 129.3 126.2 119.9 108.6 648.5 598.2 525. 8 353.1 1,6.55.1 -13.5 817.7 484.0 2, 125. 6 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 7 p. m. to 1 a. m 1 a. m. to 7 a. in Total 19 19 19-20 20 515. 5 467.9 403. 7 269.5 + .1 + .60 - 8.4 — 7.1 + 3. 7 208.0 208.2 212. 9 186.1 123. 1 123.2 126.0 110.2 630.2 584.0 533.4 380.3 1, 656. 6 + ■! + .60 -11.8 815. 2 482. 5 2, 127. 9 Experiment No. 28. 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 7 a. ra. to 7 a. m 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 20-21 21-22 22-23 1, 599. 5 1,589.7 1,.594.2 -)- .2 -1- .1 +1.20 + .60 + 2.8 + 2.6 + 2.2 836.6 813.8 790. 6 495.2 481.8 468.0 2, 097. 5 2,075.3 2, 065. MEMOIRS OF THE NATIO^'AL ACADEMY OF SC^IEXCES. 351 The determination.^ of alcohol in urine and freezer water and of reducing- material reckoned a.s alcohol in the air current were made in the u.sual manner, and the results are given in Table LXX. It will he observed that there was an elimination of reducing material equivalent to an average of 0.32 gram of alcohol per day on the (5 days of experiments Nos. 2(i and 28. This amount has been deducted from the values obtained in e.xperiment No. 27, and the difference is taken as a measure of the alcohol excreted unoxidized. It will likewise be ob.served that there is here no indication whatever of an}- lag in the elimination of alcohol from the body as was apparently indicated by the results obtained in experiments Nos. 18-20. T.\BLE LXX. — Alcohol ingested and excreted — Metabolism experiment Xo. 37. Alcohol ingested. .\lcohol excreted, including other reduc- ing material calculated as alcohol. Alcohol excreted unoxi- dized." .\lcohol metabo- lized in body. Date. In urine (distil- late). In freezer water (dis- tillate). In air current. Total. 1900. E.ipe rime lit Xo. 36. Feb. 14-15 Grams. Grams. 0.02 .03 .02 Grams. 0.01 Trace. Trace. Grams. 0.33 Grams. 0..3fi Grams. Grams. Per cent. 1.5-16 .28 ' .31 .45 .47 16-17 Experiment Xo. 37. Feb. 17-18 72 72 72 .13 ■ .11 .09 ooo 1. 23 1. 37 1.04 1.16 .98 ! 1.08 1.05 .84 .76 70.9 71.2 71.2 98.5 18-19 98 9 19-20 98.9 Total Average for day 216 .33 .11 .03 .01 3.25 1.08 3.61 1.20 2.65 213.3 71.1 988 Kcperimenl Xo. 3S. Feb. 20-21 .02 .02 .01 Trace. .01 .01 .29 .19 .21 .31 .22 .23 21-22 22-23 ' Equals total reducing material excrete■■) Hydro- gen in water, etc., gained ( + )or lost(-) II- l,h+i). Water gained ( + )or lost(-) ix9. 1900. Experiment No. JCi. Feb. 14-15, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m. . 15-16, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m.. 16-17, 7 a. 111. to 7 a. iii.. -iTs - .3 + .4 (rram^. -11.2 -1.9 + 2.5 Grams. + 17.0 +14.5 +18.5 Grams. -5.9 -1.0 + 1.3 Grams. +22.9 +15.5 + 17.2 Grants. +30.1 +20.4 +22.6 Grains. + 8.0 -24.4 -2.9 Grains. - .8 - .1 + .2 Grams. + 3.6 +2.4 +2.7 Grams. + 5.2 -26.7 -5.8 Grams. + 46.8 -240. 3 - 52.2 Total Average per day -1.7 - .6 -10.6 - 3.5 +50.0 +16.7 -5.6 -1.8 +55. 6 +73. 1 +18.5 1+24.4 -19.3 -6.4 - .7 - .2 +8.7 +2.9 -27.3 - 9.1 -245.7 - 81.9 Experiment So. i7. Feb. 17-18, 7 a. in. to 7 a. m. . 18-19, 7 a. 111. to 7 a. m. . 19-20, 7 a. m. to 7 a. in.. + .1 — .9 -2.1 + .6 -5.6 -13.1 +12.2 +11.8 + 7.9 + .3 -3.0 —6.9 +11.9 +14.8 +14.8 +15.6 +19.4 +19.5 -19.8 -12.2 + 4.2 '-'.'4' - .9 +1.9 +2.3. +2.3 -21.7 —14.1 + 2.8 -195. 3 -126.9 + 25.2 Total -2.9 -1.0 -18.1 - 6.0 +31.9 +10.6 -9.6 -3.2 +41.5 +13.8 +54.5 +18.2 -27.8 -9.3 -1.3 - .4 +6.5 +2.1 -33.0 -11.0 -297. Average per day - 99.0 E.vperiment Xo. 28. Feb. 20-21, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m. . 21-22, 7a. m. to 7 a.m.. 22-23, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m.. -1.3 - .8 - .1 - 8.1 -5.0 - .6 +13.4 +12.1 +17.0 -4.3 -2.7 - .3 +17.7 +14.8 +17.3 +23.3 + 19.4 +22.7 +13. 8 + 2.5 +15.0 - .6 - .3 +2.7 +2.3 +2.7 +11. 7 + .5 +12. 3 -T-105.3 + 4.5 +110.7 Total -2.2 - .7 -13.7 +42.5 -7.3 —2.4 +49.8 +16.6 +65.4 +21.8 +31.3 +10.4 - .9 - .3 -1-7.7 +2.5 +24.5 1 +220.5 Average per day - 4.5 +14.2 + 8.2 + 73.5 Table LXXIV. — Income and outgo of energi/^-Metabolism experiments Xos. ^'6-^8. (a) Heat of combus- tion of food eaten. (b) Heat of combus- tion of feces. Heat of combus- tion of urine. (m) Heat of combus- tion of alcohol elimi- nated. id) Estimated heat of combus- tion of protein gained ( + )or lost(-). (e) Estimated heat of combus- tion of fat gained ( + )or lost (-). (/) Estimated energy of material oxidized in the body. a-C6-l-c+ m+d+e.) Heat de- termined. Heat determined greater ( -i- ) or less ( — ) than e-stimated. Date and period. W f-g- (0 1900. E.vperiment Xo. 26. Feb. 14-15, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m. 15-16, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m . 16-17, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m. Calories. 2,490 2,490 2,490 Calories. 106 106 106 Calories. 125 125 135 Calorics. Calories. - 64 - 11 + 14 Caloi'ies. +287 + 195 +216 Calories. 2,036 2,075 2,019 Calorics. 2,077 2,100 2,078 Calories. + 41 + 25 + 59 Per cent. +2.0 +1.2 +2.9 Total 7,470 2,490 318 106 385 128 1 - 61 1 - 20 +698 +233 6, 130 2,043 6,255 2,085 +125 + 42 Average per day +2.6 E.rperiment No. 27. Feb. 17-18, 7a. ni. to 7 a. m. 18-19, 7 a. m. to 7 a.m. 19-20, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m . 2,491 2,491 2,491 97 97 97 111 121 140 7 1 + 3 6 - 32 5 - 75 +149 +185 +186 2,124 2,114 2,138 2,116 2,126 2,128 - 8 -r 12 - 10 - .4 4- .6 - .5 Total 7,473 291 2,491 97 372 18 i —104 124 ' 6-35 +520 i 6,376 6,370 +174 2, 125 ! 2, 123 — 6 Average per day •1 - .1 E.rperiment No. 28. Feb. 20-21, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 21-22, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 22-23, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 2, 489 2,489 2, 489 112 112 112 119 j - 47 133 1 1 - 29 132 1 - 3 +222 +185 +217 2,083 i 2,097 2, 088 2, 075 2, 031 2, 065 + 14 - 13 + 34 + .7 - .6 + 1.7 Total 7,467 2,489 336 112 384 1 1 - 79 +624 6,202 i 6,237 + 35 + 12 Average per day i2S 1 - 26 +208 2,067 2,079 - .6 354 aiEMOlRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. EXPERIMENTS NOS. 29-31 — WORK. NO. 30 WITH ALCOHOL DIET. Suijecf. — J. F. S., who served as the subject of the previous series of rest experiments Nos. 26-28. His weight with underclothing was about 6i.5 kilograms (li2 pounds). OccujMtion during ex])erhnent. — Work, 8 hours a daj', upon a stationary bic3^cle arranged as an ergometer, as described on page 237. Duration. — This experiment was the second of a series of 3, each of which continued 3 days. The preliminary period continued 4 days, beginning with breakfast March 12, 1900. On the evening of the fourth day, March 15, the subject entered the calorimeter. The first of the 3 series of experiments, No. 29, began at 7 a. m. March 16, and continued until 7 a. m. March 19, when experiment No. 30 began and continued until 7 a. m. March 22, and in turn was followed bv experiment No. 31, which continued until 7 a. m. March 25. The subject therefore remained in the respiration chamber 9 days and 10 nights. Diet. — The object of this series of experiments was to study the relative replacing power of isodynamic quantities of sugar, alcohol, and fat, when the subject was at active exercise. There was a liasal ration, as in the previous series, which was practically the same in the 3 experiments, the only dilierence being that due to slight variations in the composition of the milk consumed. It furnished, approximately^, 100 grams of protein and from 2,949 to 2,984 calories of energy per day in the different periods. To this ration was added, in experiment No. 29, 128 grams of cane sugar per day, furnishing 607 calories of energy. In experiment No. 30 the supplemental ration consisted of 72 grams of absolute alcohol per day, furnishing 509 calories of energy. In experiment No. 31 the supplemental ration consisted of 6S.5 grams of butter per day, furnishing 1 gram of protein and 511 calories of energy. To 795.5 grams of water sweetened with 25 grams of sugar were added 79.5 grams of 90.6 per cent commercial alcohol containing 72 grams absolute alcohol. This alcohol mixture was taken with and between meals in experiment No. 30 as in previous experiments. The sugar in experiment No. 29 was likewise taken with and between meals, but the butter in experiment No. 31 was consumed with the rest of the food in approximately equal portions at breakfast, dinner, and supper. The same amount of water was given in the diink on each day of the experiment and amounted to 1,250 grams per day. In experiment No. 30, 803 grams of this water was furnished ])y the alcohol mixture. The kinds and quantities of food served at each meal and the quantities of drink at different periods of the day wei'e as follows: I>itt in metabolmn experiments Nos. 39-31. FOOD— BASAL RATION. ' Breakfast. Dinner. Supper. Total. Beef.. . . Grams. Orams. 58 23 300 150 25 Ch'ams. Orams. 58 Butter 12 300 75 25 37.5 12.5 12 300 75 25 37.5 12.5 47 900 300 75 75 25 'Eaten on parched cereal in experiments Nos. 29 and 31; added to water and alcohol in experiment No. 30. FOOD— SUPPLEMENT A.L RATION. Experiment No. 29, March lG-18. — 128 grams of cane sugar daily in the form of loaf sugar, taken with and between meals. This amount also supplemented the ba.sal ration during the preliminary experiment March 12-15. Experiment No. SO, March 19-21.— 72 grams absolute alcohol daily. This required 79.5 grams of 90.57 per cent alcohol, which was made up to 900 grams with tlie addition of 25 grams sugar and the rest water. Experiment No. .31, March 22-24. — The additional energy during this experiment was furnished by 63.5 grams butter. MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 355 Diet in metabolism experiments Nos. 29-31. DRINK. Breakfa.st . . 10.15a. in.. Dinner 4 p. m Supper 9 p. m 10.20 p.m.. Total 150 200 200 200 1.50 200 150 Experiment No. 30. Alcohol and sweetened water. Grams. 175 100 175 100 175 100 75 150 200 200 200 1.50 200 1.50 1,250 "Contained 803 grama water, 25 grams sugar, and 72 grams alcohol. Daily routine. — The general routine of the series of experiments is indicated in the following schedule: Daily programme — Metabolism, experiments Nos. S9-31. 6.50 a m 7 a. m 7.30 a. m 8.15 a. m 10.15 a. m Take pulse and temperature. Pass urine, weigh self dressed, col- lect drip and weigh absorbers. Breakfast. Drink 150 grams water. Begin work. Stop work. Drink 200 grams water. Begin work. Stop work. Take pulse and temperature. Pass urine, collect drip and weigh absorbers. Dinner. Drink 200 grams water. Begin work. 4 p. m 4.15 p. Ill 6.15 p. m 6.20 p. m 6.50 p. m Stop work. Drink 200 grams water. Begin work. Stop work. Change underclothing. Supper. Drink 150 grams water. Take pulse and temperature. 10.30 a. ni 12.30 p. m 12..50p. m 9 p. m 10 p. m 10.10 p. m 10.20 p. m 10.30 p. m lect drip and weigh absorbers. Drink 200 grams water. Take pulse and temperature. Arrange bed. Drink 150 grams water. Retire. 1.25 p. m 2 p. m Table LXXV summarizes the more important statistics in the diary kept by the subject. The pulse rate was observed during periods of both work and rest. The observations of body temperature could not be made as frequently as in the previous series of (rest) experiments, but were frequent enough to afford basis of comparison between the different experiments of this series. Amount of worh done. — The total number of miles registered by the cj'clometer on different da3's of the series of experiments and the heat equivalent of the work done each day are shown in Table LXXVI. As has already been pointed out, the amount of work done could hardlv have been as large as would be required to propel a bicycle the number of miles recorded by the cyclometer. It will be observed that there was l)ut little difference in the average amounts of work done in different days in the different experiments of this series. 356 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Table LXXV. — Summary of the diary — Metabolism experiments Nos. S9-S1. Date and lime. Weight. Pulse rate per minute. Tempera- ture. Date and time. Weight. Pulse rate minute. Tempera- ture. JExperiment No. 'J9. Kilograms. 63.85 71 90 85 87 90 79 101 108 102 88 83 82 66 92 96 94 94 74 93 98 93 94 77 76 °F. 97.6 Experiment No. 30— C't'd. Mar.20, 7 p. m Kilograms. 64.80 72 77 "F. 97.3 8 p. m 8.09 p. m 74 1' m 9.07 p.jn 97.2 98.5 10.10 p.m 73 64 99' 93 88 84 70 101 102 95 89 76 80 69 74 65 96.8 Mar. 21, 6.55 a. m 7 a. m 64.34 97.7 9 a. m 10 a. m 64.78 98.2 97.4 12 m 64.76 1 n. m 98.1 10 a. m 12 m 6 p. m 98.4 6.55 p. m 64.60 97. 8 97.5 97.0 10.15 p.m 1 97.0 E.xperiment No. 31. Mar. 22, 6.55 a. m 64.09 65. 12 97.9 8 08 p m 8 12 p m 97.6 97.4 97.6 75 69 93 87 90 87 67 99 93 97 93 71 10 p m 10 a. m 96.9 97.3 64.76 65 88 93 91 92 69 91 95 95 93 79 74 12 m 97.8 12 m 98.0 6 p. m 7 p. m 64.55 76 70 67 68 97.5 9 p. m 97.0 . 64. 96 97.8 10.12 p.m 96.5 Mar. 23, 6.55 a. m 97.6 8 23 p in 97.4 97.2 7 a. m 64.24 77 66 100 92 89 89 10 20 p m 10 a. m 10 25 p m 96.4 64. 59 66 12 m Experiment iNo. SO. 97 94 89 90 74 75 68 66 65 89 95 86 88 68 97.6 97 91 89 69 88 87 93 93 78 74 75 72 66 10 35 a m 7 p. m 64.68 97.6 98.2 97.5 3 p 111 10.10 p. m Mar. 24, 6.55 p.m 64.38 65. 05 97.7 98.0 97.4 97.3 10 a. m 11 a. Ill 12 m 10 10 p m 12.55 p.m 64.48 97.8 97.8 3 p. m 98 98 91 90 76 73 71 101 91 87 85 68 10 a 111 12 m 7 p. m 64. 90 97.4 12 55 i> II] 97.3 97.4 95 92 92 85 9.04 p. m . . . 96.9 10.05 p.m 66 10.10 p.m 96.7 Mar. 25, 6.55 a. m 64.49 68 97.9 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 357 T.\BLE LXXVI. — Record uf work done — MetaholiKm experiments Nos. jg-Sl. lliite nnd time. Cyclometer reading. Number of miles. AetUfll du- ration of work. Rate. Heat equiv- alent. 1900. Experiment No. S9. 666.0 687.5 708.4 729.8 751. 1 .Minutes. Watts. Catories. 10 15 am 21.. 5 20.9 21.4 21.3 120 120 120 116 42.0 39.7 39.5 37.7 72 12 30 p. m 68 68 6 15 p. m 62 Total 85.1 476 270 Alar 17 10 15 a m 772. 3 795. 9 813.1 837.9 21.2 23.6 17.2 24.8 116 120 83 120 35.5 37.0 42.4 .39.0 59 12 30 ]) in 63 50 67 Total 86.8 439 239 Mar. 18, 10.15 a. m 861.8 885.0 906.9 930.4 23.9 23.2 21.9 23.5 120 120 120 120 36.5 .35.7 37.4 40.0 62 12 30 p m 61 64 69 92.5 480 256 947.9 969.2 986.8 1, 006. 7 17.5 21.3 17.6 19.9 96 128 120 120 40.5 35.5 34.0 37.2 55 65 58 65 76.3 464 243 Mar. 20, 10.15 a. m 12 30 p. in 1,028.8 1,047.8 1,068.3 1,088.3 20.1 21.0 20.5 20.0 120 120 120 120 35.7 36.9 36.2 88.2 61 63 62 66 81.6 480 252 Mar. 21, 10.15 a. m 1,109.6 1,131.4 1,152.8 1,173.2 21.3 21.8 21.4 20.4 120 120 120 120 37.4 36.2 37.0 36.5 64 62 63 6.15 p. m 63 84.9 480 252 Experiment No. 31. 1,194.4 1,218.0 1,240.9 1,262.9 21.2 23.6 22.9 22.0 120 120 120 120 37.4 38.7 39.0 37.0 64 12 30 p m 66 67 6. 15 p. m 63 Total 89.7 480 260 Mar. 23 10 15 a. m 1, 289. 7 1,306.8 1,329.9 1,351.4 26.8 17.1 23.1 21.5 120 120 120 120 37.2 37.0 37.4 34.4 64 12.30 p. m 63 64 59 Total 88. 5 480 250 Mar. 24 10.15 a. m 1, 375. 8 1,400.7 1,423.7 1,447.4 24.4 24.9 23.0 23.7 120 120 104 120 37.0 35.7 35.7 34.9 63 12.30 p. m 61 53 60 96.0 464 237 Vol. S— No. 6- 858 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Dt'faihd sfdtisfics of Income dnd outgo. — The quantities of nutrients in the basal ration which was the same except for the slight differences in the composition of the milk already mentioned, and the ciuantities in the .supplemental rations in the different experiments of this series, are sho^A•n in Table LXXVII. The outgo of matter and energy in the feces during the successive experiments of this series is shown in Table LXXVIII. Table LXXVII. — Weight, composilioa, and heat of combusllon of fuoih — MrtaboUsm experimenl.s Nos. 29-31. Labo- ratory Xo. Food material. Weight per day. Water. Protein. Fat. Carbohy- drates. Nitrogen. Carbon. Hydro- gen. Heat of combus- tion. 31S6 Basal ration . Beef Grams. 58 47 300 75 75 25 Grams. 35.0 4.3 109. 5 3.1 3.1 Grams. 20.7 .6 28.2 4.7 9.0 Grams. 1.7 40.6 6.0 6.2 1.1 Grams. "'i52.'4' 59.9 60.4 25.0 Grams. 3.32 .09 4.50 .75 1.44 Grams. 12.12 30.60 87.42 33.24 32.04 10.52 Grams. 1.73 4.91 12.90 4.96 4.72 1.62 Calories. 135 3187 Butter ■378 3192 3181 Bread 879 333 3193 315 99 Experiment No. 29. 580 155.0 63.2 55.6 297.7 10.10 205. 94 30.84 2,139 3189 900 760.5 36.9 50.4 45.0 5.94 73. 80 11.34 841 Total basal ration. .. Supplemental ration. 1, 180 128 915.5 100.1 106.0 342.7 128.0 16.04 279. 74 53.89 42.18 8.29 2,980 507 Total ration, 1 day.. EXPERI.MENT No. 30. 1,608 915.5 100.1 106.0 470.7 16.04 333.63 50.47 3,487 3190 900 765.0 36.0 48.6 43.2 5.76 72.00 10.80 810 Total basal ration... Supplemental ration. 1,480 920.0 99.2 104. 2 340.9 15.86 277. 94 37. 56 41.64 9.39 2,949 509 Total ration, 1 day.. EXPEEI.MEXT No. 31. Milk, whole 1,552 920.0 99.2 104.2 340.9 15.86 315.60 51.03 3,458 3191 900 760.5 36.9 50.4 45.0 5.85 74.25 11.34 845 Total liasal ration. . . Supplemental ration. Butter 3187 1,480 ' 63. 5 915.5 5.8 100.1 .8 106.0 54.8 342.7 15.95 .13 280. 19 41. 34 42.18 6.63 2,984 511 Total ration, 1 day.. 1,543.5 921.3 100.9 160.8 "342. 7 16.08 321.53 48.81 3,495 T.\BLE LXXVIII. — Weir/lit, cojnposition, and heat of combustion of feces — Metabolism e.rperiment No. 29-31. Labo- rs tor}' .\o. Weight. Water. Protein. Fat. Carbohy- drates. Nitrogen. Carbon. Hydro- gen. Heat of combus- tion. 3195 Experiment No. S9. Grams. 177.0 Grams. 123.7 Grams. 15.9 Grams. 9.0 Grams. 18.2 Grams. 2.55 Grams. 25.01 Gravis. 3.6 Calories. 279 Average per day Experiment No. 30. 59.0 41.2 5.3 3.0 6.1 .85 8.34 1.2 93 3196 142.7 101.6 12.7 6.4 14.0 2.04 19.31 2.7 212 Average per day *4776~ 33.9 4.3 2.1 4.7 .68 6.44 .9 71 Etcperiment No. 31, 160.1 108.1 15.2 8.2 18. 1 2. 43 24.32 3.4 272 Average per day 53.4 36.0 5.1 2.7 6. .81 8.11 1.1 91 MEMOIRS OF THE .NATIOIS'AL ACADEMY OF SClEMCEti. ^od The iiniount and ooniposition of the urine in thi.s experiment is shown in Tables LXXIXand LXXX. The .statistics are shown for 6-hour periods in experiment No. 30, in which alcohol formed a part of the diet, and for day periods in experiments Nos. 29 and and 31 without alcohol. The heat of comljustion of the urine was determined in the composite .sample for each daj', but the carl)on and hydrogen were determined only in a composite for the total '.> days of this scries of experiments. Table LXXIX. — Amount, specific r/raritii, and nitrogen of urine by G-hour periods — Metabolism, e.rperiments Xos. 29-Sl. Dntc. Period. Amount. specific gravity. Nitrogen. 1900. Mar 16-17 Ej-perimerit No. 29. Grams. 694.9 777.2 890.8 1.0.34 1.031 1.030 Per cent. 2.19 2.07 1.79 arams. 15. 24 17 18 16.11 18 19 15.97 Total . . . - 47.32 Experiment No. SO. 19 247.0 358.3 196.8 165.2 1.029 1.026 1.031 1.031 1.71 1.35 2.02 2.18 4.22 19 4.84 19 20 3.98 20 3.60 Total . 967.3 16.64 967.3 1.029 1.74 16.83 20 309. 5 320. 7 254.6 171.9 1.027 1.027 1.025 1.029 1.47 1..55 1.80 2.15 4.55 20 4.97 20-21 4.58 21 3.70 Total 1, 056. 7 17.80 1,056.7 1.027 1.69 17.86 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 7 p. m. to 1 a. m 1 a. 111. to 7 a. m Total 21 21 21-22 22 355.3 409. 5 217.5 154.2 1.021 1.020 1.026 1.028 1.28 1.18 1.89 2.19 4.55 4.83 4.11 3.38 1, 136. 5 16.87 1,136.5 1.023 1.47 16.70 Experiment No. 31. 22-23 812.3 790. 5 1 880. 1.030 1.030 1.030 1.98 1.93 1.71 16. 05 23-24 15.24 24-25 7 a. m. to 7 a. m Totiil 15.02 46.31 1 3(i0 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. T.\Bi.E LXXX. — Daily elimination of carbon, htjdroyen, and water in arluc — ilctaboliiin e.cperimenls Nos. 119-31. Date. Amount. Water. Heat of combustion. Per gram. Total. 1900. Mar. 16-17 17-18 18-19 Grams. 694.9 777.2 890.8 Per cent. Grams. 10.78 11.39 11.29 Per cent. Grams. 2.86 3.03 3.00 Per cent. Grams. 1 641.0 720.3 834.3 Calories. 0. 193 .173 .150 Calories. 134 134 134 Total 2, 362. 9 33.46 8.89 '2,195.6 402 19-20 20-21 21-22 967.3 1, 0.56. 7 1, 136. 1 11.76 12.,59 ! 11.93 3.13 3.34 3.17 908.5 993. 8 1,076.8 .141 .]34 .125 136 142 142 Total.: 3, 160. 5 1 36.28 9.64 2,979.1 420 22-23 23-24 812.3 790. 5 880.0 , 11.35 10.78 10. 62 .3.01 2.86 2.82 755. 6 736.6 826. 9 .162 .163 .145 132 129 24r-''.5 128 Total 2, 482. 8 32.75 |. 8.69 2,319.1 389 Total 9 ilav.s 8, 006. 2 1. 28 ; in?> 49 0.34 27.22 7,493 8 1 211 The quantities of carbon dioxid and water in the ventilating air current are given in Tallies LXXXI to LXXXIII. The.se statistics are given in detail for experiment No. 30 in which alcohol was used, and summarized for the other two experiments of the series. Taei.e LXXXI. — Comparison of residual amounts of carbon dioxid and water in the chamber at the beginning and end of each period, and the corresponding gain or loss — Metabolism experiment No. 30. End of period. Carbon dioxid. Water. Date. Total amount chamber. Gain ( + ) or loss (-) over preceding period. Total amount of vapor remaining in chamber. Gain( + ) or loss (— ) over preceding period. Change in weight of absorbers. Gain ( + ) or loss (— ). Drip" from absorbers. Total amount gained (+) orlost(-) during the period. 1900. Grams. Mar. 19 7 a. m ! 26.8 Grams. Grams. 48.1 .53.4 57.2 52.6 48.8 Grams. Grams. Grams. C) 140.0 367. 4 32.4 24.3 Grains. 19 19 20 20 1 p. Ill 7 p. m 1 a. m 7 a. m Total 1 p. m 7 p. m 79.6 84.4 23.9 31.9 +52.8 + 4.8 -60.5 + 8.0 +5.3 +3.8 -4.6 -3.8 +152 + 11 — 77 — 77 +297. 3 +382.2 — 49.2 - 56.5 1 +5.1 + .7 + 9 564.1 \ +573.8 20 20 21 76. 6 +44. 7 63.5 -13.1 27. 2 —36. 3 2.5.7 — 1.5 55.9 51.3 51.5 47.3 + 7.1 -4.6 + .2 -4.2 +162 - 26 - 78 - 79 170. 1 +.3.39. 1 365.1 +334.5 23 1 1 — 54.7 21 17. ' — 66.2 Total - 6.2 -1.5 - 21 575 2 4.552.7 1 p. m 21 21 71.8 1 +46.1 70.7 - 1.1 25. 7 1 -45.0 26. 4 ; + . 7 53.2 52.3 47.1 45.2 +5.9 - .9 -5.2 -1.9 +188 + 10 —101 -102 155.0 359. 4 34.4 22.0 +348. 9 +368. 5 — 71.8 22 22 — 81.9 Total 'T ■ ~ -2.1 - '^ 570. 8 -•-563. 7 " Includiii); also the peri-piratioii in underclothes. '' The drip was collectea and weighed but once a day. The volume was roughly observed at 1 p. m., 7 p. in. an- m. to 1 a. m.. 27, 208 .939 25.6 256. 5 45. 5 302.0 276.4 - 49.2 227. 2 20 20 1 a. 7 a. m. to 7 a. Total . 1,1. to 1 p in. . 27, 208 .875 23.8 253. 7 38.7 292.4 268.6 - 56.5 212.1 105, 722 99.2 1, 006. 8 168.6 1, 175. 4 1,076.2 +573. 8 1,650.0 111. . 25, 653 .977 25.1 - 250. 6 41.8 292.4 267.3 +3.39. 1 606.4 20 U' 111. in 7 \, 111. . 27, 208 .892 24.3 270. 5 42.6 313.1 288. 8 + 334.5 623.3 20-21 ' l'- in. tw 1 a. 111. . 27, 208 .'814 22.1 256.1 45. 2 301.3 279.2 - .54. 7 224. 5 21 1 a. 111. to 7 a. Total . lu. . 27, 208 .78] 21.2 261.8 37.7 299. 5 278. 3 - 66.2 212.1 107,277 02. 7 1,039.0 167. 3 1,206.3 1, 113. 6 ^.552. 7 1 , 666. 3 362 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. T.-iBLE LXXXIII. — Record of wafer in ventilating air current — Metabolism experiments Nos. 29-31 — Continued. (a) Ventila- tion. Kum- ber of liters of air. Water in incoming air. Water in outgoing air. (ff) Total ex- cess water in out- going air, f-c. (A) Correc- tion for water re- maining chamber. (0 Total water of respira- tion and perspira- tion, g+li. Date. Period. (b) Per liter. (c) Total, axb. (d) Amount condensed freezers. (e) Amount not con- densed in freezers. (/) Total, d+e. 1900. Mar. 21 21 21-22 22 Experiment No. 39 — Continued. 7 a. m. tolp. m.. 1 p. m. to 7 p. m.. 7 p. m. to 1 a. m.. 1 a. m. to 7 a. m.. Liters. 26, 430 26, 430 27, 985 27, 985 Mg. .828 .816 .782 .767 Gya7ns. 21.9 21.6 21.9 21.5 Grams. 250.4 268.1 253.3 249.9 Grains. 39.8 38.8 43.3 37.4 Grams. 290.2 306.9 296.6 287.3 Grams. 268.3 285. 3 274.7 265.8 Grams. +348. 9 +368. 5 - 71.8 - 81.9 Grams. 617.2 653.8 202.9 183.9 Total Experiment Xo. SI. 7 a. m. to 7 a. m.. 7 a. m. to 7 a. m.. 7 a. m. to 7 a. m.. 108, 830 86.9 1,021.7 1 159.3 1,181.0 1, 094. 1 +563. 7 1,657.8 22-23 23-24 24-25 106,497 108, 051 108, 830 87.2 90.3 88.7 994. 4 156. 4 999. 160. 3 1,015.0 162.6 1, 150. 8 1, 159. 3 1,177.6 1,063.6 1,069.0 1,088.9 +573. 8 +521. 1 +566.0 1, 637. 4 1, 590. 1 1, 654. 9 Table LXXXIV .summarizes the calorimetric measurements in experiments Nos. 29 and 31, and gives the details of these measurements in 6-hour periods during e^pei'iment No. 30. T.\BLE LXXXIV. — Summary of calorimetric measurements — Metabolism experiments Nos. 29-31. Heat meas- ured in terms of Change of temperature of calori- meter. Capacity correction •of calori- meter, 6x60, id) Correction {e) Water vaporized d'ueto'tem- equals total W^^^'exStss amount con- densed in chamber. Heat used in vaporiza- tion or water, ex 0.592. (P) Total heat determined, a+c+d+f 1900. Mar. 16-17 17-18 18-19 19 19 19-20 20 Experiment No. 39. 7 a. m. to 7 a. ni 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 7 a. m. to 7 a. m Calories. 2. 997. 4 2, 783. 2. 988. 5 Degrees. +0.13 + .09 + .20 Calories. + 7.80 + 5.40 +12. 00 Calories. Grams. +5. 43 1, 112. 8 +3.52 1,078.4 +6. 00 1, 120. 1 Experiment No. 30. 7 a m. to 1 p.m. 1 p. m. to 7 p.m. 7 p. m. to 1 a. m . 1 a. m. to 7 a. ni . 1,060.4 1,114.7 449.3 241.6 Total 2,866.0 + .03 + .01 + .01 + .02 + 1.80 + .60 + .60 + 1.20 +9.40 —2.23 +1.53 + .07 4.20 ^8.70 20 20 20-21 21 21 21 21-22 21 7 a.m. to 1 p.m i 1,029.1 Ip. m.to7p. m ] 1,089.0 7 p. m. to 1 a. m | 410. 1 a. m. to 7 a. m 245. 7 + .02 + .01 + .01 + .02 + 1.20 + .60 + .60 + 1.20 +6.35 + .81 + .70 Calories. 658.7 638.4 663.0 Calories. 3, 669. 3 3, 430. 3 3, 669. 5 264.2 276.1 271.8 264.8 156.4 163.4 160.9 156.8 274.4 284.2 279.4 274.1 Total . . 773. 8 7a.m.tolp.m , 1,067.1 1 p. m. to V p. ni. 7 p.m. to 1 a. ni. 1 a. m. to 7 a. m. 1,094.9 403. 8 236.6 Total 2,802.4 + .06 I + 3.( +7. 1,112.1 162.4 168.2 165.4 162.3 658.3 - .01 + .01 + .01 + .01 - .60 + .60 + .60 + .60 +7.81 -8.17 +2.44 274.2 284.4 269.5 263. 9 162.3 168.4 1.59. 5 156. 2 + .02 1.20 2.08 1,092.0 646.4 1, 228. 1, 276. 5 612.3 399.6 637.5 1 3,516.4 1,199.0 1, 258. 6 576. 7 409.2 3, 443. 5 1,236.6 1, 2.55. 8 566. 3 393.4 3, 4.52. 1 22-23 23-24 Experiment No. 7 a. m. to 7 a. m . 7 a. in. to 7 a. m . 7 a. m. to 7 a. m . 31. : I 2 797.6 780.9 702.2 '" + " + .'64' .01 '"+ + 2.' 40': .60 -f2. 07 -3. 33 +8.30 1 1 1 063.6, 069.0 091.6 629.6 632.8 646.1 3, 42H. 3 3, 412. 8 24-25 3,417.2 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 363 The alcohol, or reducing material equivalent to alcohol, was determined in the urine and freezer water of eaeh day of experiment No. 30, and ou the 3 days of the preeedino; and following experiment,-;. Nos. liH and 31. respectively. The amount of reducing material in the air current on each day of the !» days of this series of experiments was also determined. Table LXXXV summarizes these determinations. The determinations of the reducing material in the urine on the first day of experiment No. 29 was lost, so that we can only estimate the total reducing material on that day. It was. however, probably not far dift'erent from the second and third days of this experiment. The average elimination of reducing material per da\- from all sources in experiments Nos. -2^ and 31 amounted to the ec[uivalent of 0.32 gram of alcohol. In the third from the last column of Table LXXXV is given the total outgo of alcohol in experiment No. 30. which amounts to (1.76 gram per da.v. This value is obtained In' subtracting from the l.Oy grams of total alcohol and reducing material eijuivalent to alcohol the 0.33 gram of reducing material determined during the experiments in which alcohol did not form a pait of the diet. The total alcohol metabolized in the body was 9S.9 per cent of that ingested. Table LXXXV. — Alcohol ingeMed and excreted — Jlelabolism experiment Xos. 29-Sl. Alcohol ingested. In urine In drip (distil- (distil- late). . late). Alcohol excreted, unoxi- dized.* 1900. Experiment So. 39. 17-lS. . ' 1 18-19 - -1 Experiment Xo. SO. Mar. 19-20 . . . 1 72.0 ' 20-21 72.0 1 21-22 72.0 Total ... 216.0 Gratm. 1.02 \ •02 jj .05 1 .06 \ .06 I Gramt. ' Grame. f Trace. 0.01 \ 0.01 Trace. Grams. 0.35 .33 .35 Gram*. "6."36 Grams. ' Grami. 0.02 1 .95 I 1.06 .01 1 1.00 1 1.11 .01 1.00 1.11 71.3 71.2 71.2 Averse per day E.rperiment -No. SI. 99.0 98.9 98. 9 Mar. 22-23 .02 .01 .02 \ .01 {Trace. 1 Trace. 1 .30 .28 .26 .33 23-24 30 24-25 .28 * Equals total reilucing material excreted less 0.33 gram ot reducing material not alcohol, the average for the days on which no alcohol was consumed. ^ Xot determined. 364 ME]\IOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Balamv of income and outgo of matter and energy.— T\\c income and outgo of nitrogen, ciirbon, liydroo-en, and energy in the different experiments of this series are shown in Tables LXXXVi to LXXXIX. T.vBLE LXXXVI. — Income and outgo of nitrogen and carbon — Metabolism experiments Nos. 29-31. Nitrogen. Carbon. Date and period. (a) In food. (b) In feces. (e) In urine." (d) Gain ( + ) orloss(-), a-lb+c). («) In food. (/) In feces. (g) In urine. W In respira- tory prod- ucts. (■'■) In alcoliol elimina- ted. Gain { + ) orloss(-), e-{f+g +h+i). 1900. Experiment No. 29. Mar. 16-17, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m. 17-18, 7 a. ai.to7a. m. 18-19, 7 a. m.to 7 a. ni. Grams. 16.0 16.1 16.0 Grams. 0.9 .8 .9 Grams. 15.4 16.3 16.2 Grams. -0.3 -1.0 -1.1 Grams. ■ 333. 6 333.7 333.6 Grams. 8.3 8.4 8.3 Grams. 10.8 11.4 11.3 Grams. 338.7 323. 3 342.7 Gi-a))is. Grams. -24.2 - 9.4 -28.7 Total 48.1 2.6 47.9 -2.4 1, 000. 9 25.0 33.5 1,004.7 ' ' -62.3 Average 1 day 16.0 .8 16.0 - .8 333.6 8.3 11.2 334. 9 -20.8 — 1 Experiment No. SO. Mar. 19-20, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m. 20-21, 7 a.m. to 7 a. m. 21-22, 7 a. m.to 7 a.m. 15.9 15.8 1.5.9 .6 .7 16.8 18.0 17.1 -1.6 -2.8 -1.9 315. 5 315. 5 315.5 6.4 6.5 6.4 11.8 12.6 11.9 322.3 312.6 314.6 .4 .4 .4 -25.4 -16.6 -17.8 Total 47.6 2.0 51.9 -6.3 946.5 19.3 36.3 949.5 1.2 -59.8 Average 1 day 15.9 . 7 17.3 -2.1 315.5 6.4 12.1 316.5 .4 -19.9 Experiment No. 31. Mar. 22-23, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m. 23-24, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m. 24-25, 7 a. m.to 7 a.m. 16.1 16.0 16.1 .8 .8 .8 16.3 15.4 15.2 -1.0 - .2 + -1 321.5 321.6 321.5 8.1 8.1 8.1 11.3 10.8 10.6 313.1 316.6 317.8 -11.0 -13.9 -15.0 Total 48.2 2.4 46.9 -1.1 964.6 24.3 32.7 947.5 -39.9 1 Average 1 day 16.1 .8 15.6 - .3 321. 5 8.1 10.9 315.8 -13.3 ° Nitrogen in perspiration, 0.2 gram per day, is included in this column. Table LXXXVII. — Income and outgo of water and hydrogen — Metabolism experiments Nos. 29-Sl. Water. Hydrogen. Date and period. (a) In food. In drinli. In feces. (rf) In urine. (c) In respi- ratory prod- ucts. (/) Appar- ent loss, a+b— {C+(l + e). (9) In food. (A) In feces. (J) In urine. (S) In al- cohol elimi- nated. W Appar- ent gain, i+k). Cm) Loss from water, /•^9. (n) Total gain(-f) or lo.sa 1900. Erperimnit No. 29. Mar. 16-17, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m. 17-18, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m . 18-19, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m. Grams. 915.5 915.5 91.5.5 Grams. 1, 250. 1,250.0 1,2.50.0 Grams. 41.2 41.3 41.2 Grams. 641.0 720. G 834. 3 i.'eeTs I, 439. 4 1, 736. 5 Grams. 184.2 35.5 446.5 Grams. 50.5 50.5 50. 5 Grams. 1.2 1.2 1.2 Grams. 2.9 3.0 3.0 Grams. Grams. 46.4 46.3 46. 3 Qrame. 20.5 3.9 49.6 Grams. +25.9 +42.4 - 3.3 Total Average 1 day.. 2, 740. 5 915. 5 3.750.0 123.7 1.250.01 41.2 2,195.6 731.9 4, 843. 4 1,614.5 666. 2 222.1 151.5 50.5 3.6 1.2 8.9 3.0. 139.0 46.3 74.0 +65.0 24.6; +21.7 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 365 Table LXXX VII. — Inrcme and outgo of water and hydrogen — Mel'iMism erperimentu Son. 3!*-Sl — Continued. Dale and period. Hydrogen. drink, feces, urine. 1 «) I (/) I (9) (h) a, In respi- .\ppar- ' ratoo' ent loss, i In ' In In prod- a-rb — food, feces, urine, ucts. (e-Til— (tl 1.1} (mi (I., I°»l-h?S?'" Loss Total elimi-l^?-. water, "^'f 1900. E.rj^merii Xo. SO. Mar. 19-20. 7 a. m. to 7a. m. 20-21. 7 a. m. to 7 a. in. 21-22. 7 a. m. to 7 a. m . Total Average 1 day.. Erperiment Xo. SI. Mar. 22-23. 7 a. m. to 7a. ni. 23-24, 7 a. m. to 7 a. ni- 24-25, 7 a. m. t>) 7 a. m. Grams. Gramf. Grami. Gramf. Grams. Gramt. Granu. Graims. Gramt. Grams. 920.01,250.0| 33.9 908.51,650.0; 422.4 51.0 0.9 3.1 0.1 920.01.2.50.0! 33.8 993.81,666.3 523.9| 51.0 0.9 3.3 .1 920.01.2.T0.0 33.91.076.S1.&57. S .598. .5 .51.0 0. ft 3.2 .1 2. 760. 3. 7.50. 101 . 6 2. 979. 1 4. 974. 1 1. 544. S 1.53. 920.01.2.50.0 3:3.9 993.01,6.58.0 514.9 51.0 Grams. Grams. Grams. 46.9\ 46.9 46.7 58.2 —11.; 46.8 66.5 —19.; 140.4 171.6 -31.2 46. s r,7.2 —10.4 921. ai, 250.0 36.0 7.5-5.61,637.4; 2.57.7 48.8 1.1, 921. Sjl, 2.50.0! 36.1 736. 61.. 590. 1 191.5 48.8 1.2j 921.31,2.50.0 36.0 826.91,6.54.9 346.5 48.8 1. li 3.0. 2.9. 2.81. 44.7 28.6 -16.1 44.7 21.3 -23.4 44.9 38.5-6.4 Total Average 1 day.. .763.93.750.0 108.12,319.14,882.41 79.5.7 146.4 921.31,250.0, 36. 0; 773.01,627.5 26.5.2, 48.8 3.4 1.1 134.3 88.4 -45.9 44,8 29.5 -15.3 Table LXXXVIII. — Gain or logg of protein {XX6.S5),fat, and leater — iletaboligm erperiments Xos. S9-31. Dale and period. Nitrogen I gained (-Hior ilost(-). Protein gained (Tior lost(-), Total carbon gained (-i-)or carbon in pro- tein gained (-=-)or in fat. Fat etc.. gained gained ( ^ ) or ( + )or llost(-). Total hydro- gen gained Hydro- gen in protein gained .(-!-) or ax6.25. lost (-). lost(-). 6X.53. lost (-). c-tf. <.=-.761. lost(-). lost(-) 6X.07. 1900. Erperiment Xo. 29. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grmas. Grams. Grams. Mar. 16-17. < a. m to 1 a. m.. -0.3 - 1.9 -24.2 ,- 1.0 -23.2 -30.5 .-^25.9 -0.1 17-18. . a. ni to 1 a. m.. -1.0 -6.2 - 9.4 t- 3.3 - 6.1 -8.0 ^42.4 - .4 18-19, I a. m to 1 a. m.. -1.1 - 6.9 -28.7 - 3.7 -25.0 -32.9 -3.3 — ..5 gen water. Water in fat etc.. gained gained gained ( + ) or (-i-)or (-i-)or lost (-), lost(-). lost ty9. /X.U8. (-).g- (*+0- Grams. Grams. Grams. -3.6 -^29. 6 -r26e.4 - .9 -^43. 7 -i-393.3 -3.9 -L 1.1 ^ 9.9 Total -Average 1 day Exj)erinient Xo. -SO. 19-20. 7 a. ni. to 7 a. m . . 20-21, 7 a. 111. to 7 a. in. . 21-22, 7 a. m. to 7 a. in . . Total .\ verage 1 day /•>/xt>;h«i/ Xo. SI. 22-23, 7 a.m. to 7 a. m.. 23-24, 7 a. ui. to 7 a. in.. 24-25, 7 a. m. to 7 a. ni . . Total -\ verage 1 day -2.4 -1.5. - .5.0 -62. 3 -20.8 -8.0 —54.3 -18.1 -71.4 -23.8 -6-5.0 -21.7 —1.0 - .3 -8.4 -2.8 ^74. 4 -24.8 -669.6 -223.2 Mar -1.6 -2.8 -1.9 —10.0 -17. 5 -11.9 —2.5.4 -16.6 -17. S - 5.3 -9.3 - 6.3 -20.1 -7.3 —11. 5 -26.4 -9.6 -1.5.1 -ii.5" -19.7 -l!2 - .8 -3.1 -1.1 -1.8 - 3.8 — 9. 2 —17. 1 - 34.2 — 82. 8 -1.53.9 -6.3 -2.1 -.39.4 -13.1 —59. 8 — 19.9 -20.9 -6.9 -13.0 -51. 1 -17.0 -31.2 -10.4 — .y -6.0 -2.0 — 22.5 — 7. .5 -202.5 67.5 Mar -1.0 - W -6.2 - 1.3 - .6 -11.0 -13.9 -1.5.0 - 3.3 -1.^2 -1.5. 3 -10.1 -17.3 -20. 1 -16.1 -2:i. 4 -6.4 — .4 — .1 -1.2 -2.0 -2.4 — 17.7 .-25. 5 — 8.8 -159.3 -229.5 - 79.2 -1.1 - .3 - 6.9 -2.3 -39.9 -13.3 -3.7 - 1.2 -36. 2 -12.1 -47. 5 -1.5.9 -4.5.9 - 1.5. 3 — . -5 - .1 -5.6 -1.9 —52.0 -17.3 —468. -1-56.0 366 MEMOIES OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Table LXXXIX. — ///cvj»ic and uultjo of energy — Metabolism experiments Nos. 29-31. (a) Heat of combustion of food eaten. W (0 (m) Heat of Estimated ■ heat of («) Estimated heat of combus- tion of fat gained (-f)or lost(-). (/) Estimated energy of material oxidized in the body, a-{b+c+ m+d+e). (s) Heat deter- mined. Heat determined greater ( + ) or less (— ) than estimated. Dntennd period. combus- tion of feces. combus- tion of urine. tion of alcohol elimi- nated. tion of protein gained (-l-)or lost (-). (A) f-g- (i) 1900. Experiment Xo. 29. Mar. 16-17, 7a. m. to 7a.m. 17-18,7a.m.to7a.m. 18-19, 7a. m. to "a.m. Calories. 3,487 3,487 3, 487 Calories. 93 93 93 Calories. 134 134 134 Calories. Calories. - 11 - 35 - 39 Calories. — 291 — 76 — 314 Calories. 3,562 3,371 3,613 Calories. 3,669 3,430 3,669 Calories. + 107 + 59 + 56 Calories. + 3.0 + 1.7 -F 1.5 Total Average 1 day Experiment Xo. 30. Mar. 19-20, 7 a. m. to 7a. m . 20-21, 7a. m.to7a.m. 21-22, 7a. m.to7a. m. Total Average 1 day Experiment Xo. 31. Mar. 22-23, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m . 23-24, "a.m. to 7 a.m. 24-25, 7 a.m. to 7 a.m. Total Average 1 day 10, 461 3,487 279 93 402 134 - 85 - 28 — 681 - 227 10, 546 3,515 10,768 3,589 + 222 + 74 ■+'"2."i 3,458 3,458 3,458 71 70 71 136 142 142 5 5 6 - 57 - 99 - 67 - 252 - 92 - 144 3,555 3,432 3,450 3, 516 3,443 3,452 - 39 + 11 + 2 - 1.1 + .3 + .1 10, 374 3, 458 212 71 420 140 16 5 - 223 - 74 - 488 - 163 10, 437 3,479 10,411 3,470 - 26 - 9 '-"".'3 3, 495 ' 91 3, 495 90 3,495 91 132 129 128 - 35 - 7 + 3 - 96 - 165 - 192 3,403 3,448 3,465 3,429 3,413 3,417 + 26 - 35 - 48 + .8 - 1.0 - 1.4 10, 485 3,495 . 272 91 389 129 - 39 - 13 — 453 - 151 10, 316 3, 439 10, 259 3,420 - 57 - 19 ■-■""."6 EXPEKIMENTS NOS. 32-34 — WORK. NO. 33 WITH ALCOHOL DIET. His Suhject. — J. F. S., the same as in experiments of the two previou.s series, Nos. 26-31. weight with underclothing was about 66.5 kilograms (146i pounds). Occupation during crjjeriment. — Work, 8 hours a day, upon a stationary bicj^cle, as in the previous series of experiments. Duration. — This experiment was the second of a .series of 3, each of which continued 3 days. A preliminary period of -i days preceded the first. The series was intended to be as nearly as possible a repetition of the previous series, Nos. 29-31, with the exception that the order in which the supplemental materials were added to the basal ration was butter, alcohol, sugar, while in the previous series the order was sugar, butter, alcohol. The preliminary period l)egan with breakfast April 16, 1900, and the subject entered the respiration chamber on the evening of April 19. The tir.st experiment of the series. No. 32, began at 7 a. m. April 20; the second, No. 33, at 7 a. m. April 23, and the third. No. 34. at 7 a. m. April 26. The subject thus spent 9 days and 10 nights within the respiration chamber. Diet. — As has already been indicated, this series was a duplicate in reverse order of the previous series. There was a basal ration differing slightly in the different experiments on account of differences in the composition of the milk. This ration furnished approximately 100 grams of protein and 2,980 cak;ries of energ}-, or practically the sauie as in the previous series. To this lia.sal ration were added: In No. 32, 63.5 grams of butter per day, furnishing 1 gram of protein and 509 calories of energy; in No. 33, 79.5 grams of 90.6 per cent alcohol, furnishing 72 grams of absolute alcohol and 509 calories of energy per day, and in No. 34, 128 grams of cane sugar, furnishing 5()7 calories of enorgj-. The total ration therefore in this scries of experiments furnished 100 grams of protein and 3,490 calories of energy per day. The alcohol was taken in 6 doses, as usual, and the sugai- was also taken at fi'Pr|uent intervals, but tlie butter was consumed MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. y67 in iibuut oiiiuil poitioiLS at breakfast, dinner, and supper. The total amount of water in the drink on each da^^ of the .series of experiments amounted to 1,250 grams. The kinds and quantities of food .served at each meal and the (juantities of drink at ditlerent periods of the da}' were as follows: Diet In metaljulimn crjifrlmfiils i^'os. 3i-34. FOOD— BASAL RATION. Beef Butter Bread (linger snaps . . Parched cereal . Sugar" Milk, whole 9.0 75.0 25.0 37.5 17.5 340. 58 17 1.50 9.0 7.5.0 25.0 37.5 17.5 340.0 Grams. 58 35 300 75 75 35 1,020 ■'Eaten on parched cereal in experiments Nos. 32 and 34; mostly added to water and alcohol in experiment No. 33. FOOD— SUPPLEMENTAL RATION. Experiment Xo. SJ, April )i0-22. — Sixty-two grams butter added to basal ration. This amount also supj)leniented the ration during the preliminary period. Experiment JVo. S.S, April 23-35. — Seventy-two grams absolute alcohol daily. This was supplied in 79.5 grams of 90.57 per cent alcohol, which was made up to 900 grams with the addition of 25 grams sugar and the rest water. Experiment No. 34, April J6-2S. — The basal ration was increased by the addition of 128 grams of cane sugar. Experiment No. 32. Experiment No. 33. Experiment No. 34. Water. Alcohol and sweetened water. « Water. Water. Grams. 1.50 200 200 200 150 200 150 "'l75 100 175 Gram/^. 75 75 75 i50 10.15 a. ni 200 200 100 75 175 75 100 79 200 150 200 10.20 p. m 75 150 Total 1,2.50 900 447 1 250 "Contained 803 grams water, 25 grams sugar, and 72 grams alcohol. Daily routine. — The general plan of the series of experiments was identical with that of the previous series, and is shown in the following .schedule: Daily pro(/ramine. — Metaholwm experiments Nvs. 32-S4. 6.50 a. m Take pulse and temperature. 4 p. m Stop work, drink 200 grams water. 7 a. m Pass urine, weigh self dressed, collect i 4.15 p. m Begin work. drip, and weigh absorbers. 1 6.15 p. m Stoji work, change underclothing. 7.30 a. m Breakfast, drink 150 grams water. 6.20 p. m Supjicr, drink 1.50 grams water. 8.15 a. m Begin work. 6..50p. m Take pulse and temperature. 10.15 a. Ill Stop \\'ork, drink 200 grams water. 7 ]). m Pass urine, weigh self dressed, collect 10.30 a. ni Begin wcirk. drip, and weigh absorbers. 12.30 p. m Stop work. 9 p. m Drink 200 grams water. 12..50p. m Take pulse and temperature. 10 p. m Take pulse and temperature. 1 p. m Pass urine, collect drip, and weigh ab- 10.10 p. m Arrange bed. sorbers. 10.20 p. m Drink 1.50 grams water. 1 . 25 p. m Dinnei-, drink 200 grams water. 10.30 p. m Retire. 2 p. m Begin work. 1 a. m Pass urine. 368 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. The more important stati.stks in the diary kept by the subject are .--ummarized iu Table XC Frequent determinations of both pulse rate and body temperature were taken. T.\BLE XC. — Summarii of iliarij — Metuljolism experiments Xos. 32-34. Date and rime. Weight with clothes. Pulse rate per minute. Temper- ature. Date and time. Weight with clothes. Pulse rate per minute. Temper- ature. 1900. Experiment Xo. 33. Apr. 20, 6.55 a. m 7 a. m 9a.m Kilograms. '"""66."i9" 66 87" 83 85 82 65 93" 90 87 83 84 72 69 64 62 64 9i" 88 89 90 67 94 96 97 97 85 74 73 ^F. 1900. Experiment Xo. 3-i— C't'd. Apr. 23, 2.05 p. m 3 p.m 4 p. m 5 p. m 6 p. m 7 p.m 8 p.m 9 p.m 10.10 p.m Apr. 24, 6.55 a.m I 7 a. m 9 a. m 10 a.m 11 a.m 12 m Ip.m 2.07 p.m 3 p.m 4 p.m 5 p.m 6 p.m 7 p. m 8 p. m - 9 p. m 9.04 p.m 10.10 p.m 10.15 p.m -ipr. 25, 6.55 a. m 7 a. m 9 a. m 10 a. m 11 a. m 12 m 1 p. m 2.05 p.m 3 p. m 4 p. m 5 p. m 6 p. m 7 p. m 8 p. m 9 p. Ill 10. 10 p. m E.cpjeriment Xo. 34. Apr. 26,6.55 a.m 7 a. m 9 a. m 10 a. Ill . KUogrami. 65. 74 """'6.5.' 27' """"6.5." 69" """"6.5.'i3" 65. 47 (54.94 97 ' 100 102 102 97 76 74 75 72 67 ""169" 102 96 95 79 98 102 108 104 100 78 75 71" 69' ""169' 102 101 100 74 102 112 107 104 105 76 76 78 75 68 '"'ioe' 102 96 97 66 98 99 97 9S 97 74 69 65 '-F. 97.8 10 a. m 97.'7 11 a. m 12 m 12.55 p. m Ip.m 2.05 p.m 3 p.m 91.1 97.5 97.2 97.0 97.8 6 p. m 97.'8 97.7 97.1 96.6 97.'8 7 p.m 66.95 9 p. m 1 97 9 10 p.m Apr. 21, 6..55 a. m """'66.' 36" 10 a. m 11 a.m 98."6 97.7 12m 97 6 1 p. m 2.15 p. Ill 3 p.m 4 p.m 5 p.m 6 p. m 7 p. m "'""66.'27" 97.1 96.7 97.'9 97.5 97.1 96.'6 97 .'7 97.7 8.08 p.m 9p.m 10.05 p.m 10.12 p. Ill Apr. 22, 6.55 a. m 67 66 6S' """'ioi' 96 92 98 68 100 103 104 102 100 79 74 71 67 «9 "162' 106 95 96 95 70 73 97.'9 65. 83 10a. m 12lTl 97."7 97.'7 97.5 97.3 96.9 97.8 97 6 2.05 p. Ill 97.2 5 p. m 6 p. in '"""6.5.' .59' 97 7 8 p. m 10.10 p. m Ua.ni 12m Ip. m 2.05 p. Ill 3 p. m 4 p. Ill 5 p. Ill Exj>eriment Xo. 33. 97.7 Apr. 23, 6.55 a. in 7 a. Ill 65. 21 97.7 9 a. Ill 9.02 a. in 10 a. m ~ "P-i" 8 p. Ill 9 p. in 10.10 p. in .Vpr. 27, 6.55 a. m 65. 44 97 7 97.6 12 m 98.' 6 97 4 ] p. Ill 97.2 1.57 j).m :me.moiks of the national academy of sciences. 369 T.\BLE XC. — Swiimari/ nf iluinj — MelitbuliiDa cipa-hncids Xos. .i^'-.i.f — Continued. Date imd time. 1900. E.vpci-I)nritt Xo. ;14—C"t'd. Apr. 27, 7 a. ni 9 a. m 10a. ni... Ua. m... 12 ni 1 p. m 2.05 p.m. 3 p. m 4 p. ni 5 p. ni 6 p. m 7 p. m 8 p. m 9 p. m 10 p.m... Apr. 28,6.55 a.m. 7 a. m Weight with clothe.i. Kilograms. 65.09 Pulse rate 103 98 100 96 71 100 99 99 100 97 73 73 71 68 67 97.7 97.5 97.5 97.3 97.9 Date and time. Exjh; nil Xo. .14—C'V<\. Apr. 28, 9 a. m 10 a. m 11 a. m 12m 1 ]i. m 2.05 p. m. . . 3 p. Ill 4p. m 5 p. m (ip. m 7 I'- 1" 8 p. m 9p. m 10.10 p.m.. Apr. 29,6.55 a. m... Weight Pulse rate with I per clothes. ! minute. 90 93 66 96 97 102 99 97 73 75 67 69 69 97.0 97.5 97.4 97.3 37.7 Aitiount of mork doiie. — The total number of miles" registered by the cyclometer and the heat equivalent of the work done each day are shown in Table XCI. T.VBi.E XCI. — Recnril iif work dune — Metal lolisin c.rpcrinnnts Xos. 3.2-34. DiUc unci time. Cyclometer reading. Number of miles. Actual duration of work. Rate. Heat eiiuivalent. Apr. 1901. E.rpcrimenI Xo. 32. 20, 8. 15 a. m 1,510.4 1,.527.2 1,,546.5 1,562.8 1,579.1 Miniitfs. IlnHs. Calories. 16.8 19.3 16.3 16.3 120 120 120 120 18.8 21.0 16.7 17.4 32 12..30p. m 36 29 30 T. ital 68.7 480 127 21, 10.15 a. m Apr. 1,599.2 1,626.0 1,6.54.0 1,681.7 20.1 26.8 28.0 27.7 120 120 120 120 21.0 25.8 .30. 5 29.6 36 12.30 p. Ill 44 4 p. m 52 51 Total 102.-6 480 1 183 22, 10. 15 a. m 12.30 p. Ill Apr. 1,711.6 1,744.6 1,774.5 1, 806. 1 29.9 33.0 29.9 31.6 120 120 120 120 36. 2 47.4 38.1 40.0 62 81 65 6. 15 p. Ill 69 Total 124. 4 480 Experiiiiei}! Xo. 33. 23, 10. 15 a. Ill 12.30 p. Ill Apr. 1, 825. 3 1,8.54.1 1, 880. 8 '1,908.2 19.2 28.8 26.7 27.4 120 120 120 120 20.6 23.9 26.6 27.5 35 41 46 6. 15 p. Ill 47 Total 102.1 4S0 169 370 me:\ioirs of the national academy of sciences. Table XCI. — Uecord of work done — Metaboliam exjMrimenis Xos. S3-34 — Continued. Date and time. Cyclometer reading. Heat equivalent. 1901. Experiment jS'o. 33 — Continued. Apr. 24, 10.15 a. m 12. 30 p. m 4 p. m 6.15 p. m Total Apr. 10.15 a.m. 12.30 p. in. 4 p. ni 6.15 p. m.. Total Experiment No. 34- Apr. 26, 10.15 a.m. 12.30 p.m. 4 p. m 6.15 p.m.. Total Apr. 27, 10.15 a.m. 12..30p. m. 4 p. m 6.15 p. m. . Total Apr. 28, 10.15a.m. 12..30p. m. 4 p. m 6.15 p. m. . Total 1, 935. 9 1, 965. 2 1,993.8 2,021.6 2, 049. 3 2, 079. 2 2, 108. 1 2, 138. 2, 166. 9 2, 196. 7 2, 226. 1 2, 254. 1 2, 283. 8 2, 318. 7 2, 347. 5 2, 379. 2, 409. 6 2,441.5 2, 472. 6 2, 503. 8 •Ai. I 29.3 28.6 27.8 3£imttcs. 120 120 120 120 113.4 27.7 29.9 28.9 29.9 116.4 28.9 29.8 29.4 28.0 116.1 29.7 34.9 28.8 31.5 124.9 30.6 31.9 31.1 31.2 124.8 480 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 Watts. 26.2 31.2 30.5 30.5 29.6 33.3 31.6 33.7 34.3 35.4 34.3 33.7 35.7 36.8 38.1 38.7 37.4 38.1 38.1 38.1 Detailed statistics of income and outgo. — The quantities of nutrients in ti;e basal ration and the quantities in the supplemental rations for the different experiments are shown in Table XCII. The outgo of matter and energv in the feces during the different experiments is shown in Table XCIII. Table XCII. — ]Velr/lil, composition, and heat of combustion of foods — Meiaholism expieriments Kon. 32-34. Labora- tory No. Food material. Weight per day. Hydro- gen. Heat of combus- tion. 3205 3206 3204 3207 3193 Basal ration Beef Butter Bread Ginger wnapw Parched cereal Sugar , Gravis. 58 35 300 75 75 35 578 Grams. 37.4 2.9 113.4 2.8 3.1 Grams. 18.6 .4 25.8 4.1 9.0 1.6 30.7 7.5 5.4 1.1 Grams. Grams. 2.98 .07 149.4 4.14 61.2 .66 60.4 1.44 35.0 Grams. 10. 76 22.95 84.81 32. 90 32. 04 14.74 198. 20 Grams. 1.54 3.63 12.90 5.40 4.73 2.27 30.47 Calories. 120 287 861 333 .315 139 2, 055 MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCE:!?. 371 Table XCII. — ^y'eighl, composilion, and heat of combuglion of food* — Metabollxm experimetUg Xog. Si-34 — C'ontinue1.3 3.53.9 16.02 279. 2*J 42. rtl 2. 97S 12 40. 66 6. 43 Total ration fori day. 1,660 1.035.9 i 100.5 151.6 EXPERIMENT NO. 33. i I .509 353.9 16.14 319.95 49.04 3.487 Milk, whole Total basal ration Supplemental ration. Alcohol Total ration for 1 day. EXPERIMENT NO. 34. i 3202 Milk, whole' 1,020 ! 869.0 41.8 1, 020 I 868. 41. 8 53. 49. 6. 73 .S3. .S4 12. 6.5 1,598 1.027.6 99.7 99.3 3.5.5.0 16.02 2s2. W 43.12 922 .977 37. 56 9. .39 1.670 1.027.6 99.7 99.3 355.0 16.02 319.60 52.51 3,486 Total l>a^l ration I 1, 598 1, 028. 6 99. ; .5.3.0 4.3.9 6.73 1 83.64 12.34 349. 9 16. 02 2S1. S4 42. ^1 2. 986 Supplemental ration. Sugar Total ration for 1 da v. " 1 12S 12S.0 .53. 89 .8.29 .507 1,726 1,028.6 99.7 99.3 477.9 16.02 335.73 51.10 3.493 T.vBLE XCIII. — Weight, compogition, and heat of cumhmtion of feces — Metabolism ejcperimenti Xr,.iL"^ combus- drate>. ' I gen. ,jp„ Experiment Xo. 32. 3209 Feces for 3 days Average per ilay. I Erperiment Xo. SS. 3210 j Feces for 3 days Average per ilay. I Experiment Xo. 34- 3211 I Feces for 3 days Average jier day. Grow*. Grana. Grams. Grams. 293.3 214.7 22.3 13.2 Grams. Grams. Grams. 1 Grams. Cnlories. 28. 2 3. 55 ' 37. 75 5. 46 425 97.8 71.6 7.4 4.4 9.4 I.IS 12. .5S 1.^2 142 2.58. 5 183.5 22.0 12.9 24.3 3. .54 34.17 4.96 375 86.2 61.2 7.3 4.3 .■^.1 I.IS 11.39 l.iw 12-5 2.5.5.9 ' 179.9 ■ 22.0 14.8 23.3. 3. .53 :}4. 70 4.94 377 So. 3 60. 372 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Tublo XCIV .shows the quantity of urine eliminated on different daj's, and the quantity' of urine and nitrogen in the urine for each 6-hour period of experiment No. 33. The heat of combu.stion of the urine was determined in the composite sample for each day and the carbon and hj'drogen in the composite for the total 9 days of the series. Table XCIV. — Amoauts, specific r/ravity, and nitrogen of wine — Metabolism experiments Nos. 33-34- Date. Period. Amount. Specific gravity. Nitrogen. 1900. Apr. 20-21 9] 99 Experiment Ao. 32. Grams. 1,237.6 1,487.9 1, 104. 1 1.021 1.018 1.024 Per cent 1.28 1.01 1.38 Grams. 15.90 14.94 22 23 15.20 Total 46.04 . Experiment No. 33. Apr. 23-24 256. 7 425. 4 239.6 167.4 1.025 1.019 1. 02.J 1.026 1.59 1.10 1.77 1.99 4.08 4.68 4.24 3.33 Total 1, 089. 1 1, 089. 1 16.33 1.024 1.50 16.34 Apr. 24-25 328.1 .347. 6 319.2 151. 1.022 1.023 1.021 1.028 1.28 1.40 1.51 2.17 4.20 4.87 4.82 3.28 Total 1,145.9 1,145.9 17.17 1.024 1.51 17.30 Apr. 25-26 262.5 337.2 242.1 147.8 1. 025 1.024 1.026 1.030 1.66 1.48 1.91 2. 25 4.36 4.99 4.62 3.33 Total 989.6 989.6 17.30 1.026 1.75 17.32 Experiment No. 34- \nr ^iy-^l 851.4 909.0 1, 095. 4 1.030 1.026 1.024 2.00 1.74 1.46 17.02 " 27 28 15.86 28-29 16.04 Total 48.92 Table XCV.—Vaili/ elim'im dion of carl Amount. on, hydrogen, and water in urine — Metabolism e.rperiments Nos. 32- -34. Cai'bon. Hydrogen. Water. Heat of combustion. Per gram. Total. 1900. Apr. 20-21 Grams. 1,237.6 1,487.9 1, 104. 1 Per cent. Grams. 11.35 10.67 10.85 Per cent. Grams. 3.13 2.95 3.00 Per cent. Grams. 1,179.7 1,43.3.4 1,048.7 Calories. 0.104 .076 .105 Calories. 129 o^-O'? 113 22-23 116 Total . 32.87 9.08 358 2.3-24 1, 089. 1 1, 145. 9 989.6 11.66 12.26 12.35 3.22 3.38 3.41 1,029.6 1, 083. 3 926.6 .115 .113 .134 125 24-25 129 25-26 133 Total ... 36.27 10.01 387 26-27 851. 4 909.0 1, 095, 4 12.15 11.32 11.45 3. .36 3.13 3.16 789.4 851.2 1, 036. 9 .154 .137 .112 131 27-28 125 28-29 123 9, 910. 6 '"V.m .34. 92 104.06 .29 9 65 379 Total 9 (lavs 28. 74 94. 64 (.112) 1,124 MEMOlllS OK THE NA'LIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. :373 Tables XCVI to XCVIII show the results of earbon dioxid and water in the ventilating- air current. Those stati.sties are given in detail for experiment No. 83, in which alcohol formed a part of the diet, and summarized for the other ^ e.xperiments of the series. Similar statistics of the heat measurements ar(> given in Table XCIX. Table XCVI. — Compurison of rc!r. 23 23 23 24 24 24 24 25 25 25 25 26 26 "'27.' S2. 8 80.2 29.5 28.5 Grams. 46.7 53. 2 .52.1 48.5 48.1 drams. Grams. Grams. Crmwjj. 1 11.111 + 55.8 - 2.6 -50.7 - 1.0 +6.5 -1.1 -3.6 - .4 + 147 - 9 — 74 171.7 424.9 31.0 31.0 +325. 2 +414. 8 — 46.6 7 a. Ill — 42.4 Total + 1.5 +1.4 — 9 658.6 +651. 84.4 SO. 8 28.9 27. +55.9 - 3.6 -51.9 - 1.9 54.5 52.3 48.8 46.4 +6.4 -2.2 -.3.5 -2.4 + 172 - 28 - 76 - 76 263.4 434.3 19.0 19.0 +441.8 +404. 1 — 60.5 7 a. m — 59 4 Total - 1.5 -1.7 - 8 735. 7 4-726.0 1 p. m 7 p. m . 85. 7 So. 7 27.6 26.0 +58.7 54.7 53.0 49.8 46.0 +8,3 -1.7 -.3.2 -3.8 +166 - 4 - 82 - 82 241.0 471.0 24.0 24.0 +41.5. 3 +465. 3 - 61.2 — 61.8 1 a. m -58. 1 - 1.6 Total - 1.0 - .4 - 2 760.0 +757. 6 T.\BLE XCVII. — Record of carbon dioxid in rentilatiny air cnrrcnt — Metabolism experiments Nos. 32-34. Period. («) Ventilation. Number of liters of air. Carbon dioxid. I'O In incoming air. (<0 In outgoing (e) (/) (») Corrected amount exhaled by subject, e+f. Total weight of car- bon exhaled, (6) Per liter. (c) Total, (1x6. Total excess in outgoing d~c. Correc- tion for amount remain- ing in chamber. 1900. Apr. 20-21 21-22 22-23 Experiment No. 33. 7 a. ra. to 7 a. m 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 7 a. m. to 7 a. m Experiment No. S3. 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 1 p.m. to 7 p. m 7 p. m. to 1 a. m 1 a. m. to 7 a. m Total ... Liters. 107, 275 105, 542 106, 320 Mil. Grams. 66.1 66.2 63.4 Gram.'i. 1, 145. 8 1,273.4 1,3.59.1 Grams. 1,079.7 1,207.2 1,295.7 Grams. + .6 + 2.8 - 3.4 Grams. 1,080.3 1, 210. 1,292.3 Grams. 294.6 329.9 352.4 23-24 25, 952 25, 175 26, 430 26, 430 0.583 .593 .609 .600 15.1 14.9 16.1 1.5.9 383. 8 462.9 258. 9 158. 5 368. 7 448.0 242.8 142.6 +55.8 - 2.6 -50.7 - 1.0 424. 5 445.4 192.1 141.6 11.5.8 121.5 52.3 38.6 103, 987 62.0 1,264.1 :,202. 1 + 1.5 1 1,203.6 328 2 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 7 p. m. to 1 a. m 1 a. m. to 7 a. m Total 24-25 25. 175 26, 730 27, 208 27, 208 .598 .5.58 .581 .642 15.1 14.9 1.5.8 17.'5 406.6 477.6 248.7 1.54. 1 391.5 462.7 232.9 136.6 +.55. 9 - 3.6 -51.9 - 1.9 447.4 459.1 181.0 134.7 122.0 125.2 49.4 36.7 106, 321 63.3 1, 287. 1,223.7 — 1.5 1-922 2 333 3 "Absorbers not weighed between between the two periods. p. m. and 7 a. m. The change in weight during this time is divided equally Vol. 8— No. 6- -10 874 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. T.\BLE XCVII. — Recorf} of carbon dioxkl in rmtilating air current — Melabolistn cvperiments Xos. 5i'-5.^— Contiimeil. «•) Ventilation. Number of liters of air. Carbon dioxid. In incoming air cn (b) (<•> Per liter.! Total, Total excess jn outgoing air. d-c. Correc- tion for amount remain- ing in Corrected amount exhaled by subject, chaihber. . ^"W- (A) Total weight. of car- bon exhaled, 1900. Apr. 25-26 26-27 27-28 28-29 E.rperiment Ko. S3— C't'd 7 a. m. to 1 p. m 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 7 p. m. to 1 a. ill 1 a. m. to 7 a. m Total E.rperiment Xo. 34- 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 7 a.m. to 7 a. m Liters. 25, 952 25, 175 27, 985 27, 985 Mg. 0.587 . 577 .580 .601 107, 097 Grams. 15.2 14.5 16.2 16.8 62 Grams. 410.0 478.7 262.9 153.2 Grams. 394.8 464.2 246.7 136.4 Grams. ^58.7 1, 304. 8 1, 242. 1 -58.1 — 1.6 Grams. 453.5 464.2 188.6 134.8 108, 654 114, 094 114, 272 64.0 66.1 67.0 1, 305. 1,353.1 1, 339. 7 1, 241. 1, 287. 1, 272. 7 1, 241. 2 1, 286. 6 1,272.0 123.7 126. 6 51.4 36.8 1,241.1 I 338.5 338.5 350.9 346.9 T.\BLE XCVIII. — Record of water in rentilating air current — Metaholism e.rperiments Xos. 3i-S4. Period. (o) Ventilation. Number of liters of air. Water in incoming air. ■\A'ater in outgoing air. (g) (A) I^ll^e'v Correction to out iorsvatev ^o|Jair, ---el (0 Date. (6) Per liter. (<■) Total, axil. w Amount con- densed in freezers. ie) Amount not con- densed in freezers. (/) Total, d+c. Total water of respira- tion and perspira- tion, 3-rA. 1900. ' Experiment Xo. 33. Apr. 20-21 1 7 a. m. to 7 a. m. . 21-22 ; 7 a. m. to 7 a.m.. 22-23 7 a. m. to 7 a.m.. Liters. 107, 275 105, 542 106, 320 -Vff. Grams. 100.9 100.1 110.2 Grams. 894.0 917.2 994.8 Grams. 171.0 181.2 176.6 Grams. 1, 065. 1.098.4 1,171.4 i Grams. Grams. 964.1 - 232.8 998.3 -L 612.1 1,061.2 -1,0.33.1 Grams. 1,196.9 1. 610. 4 2, 094. 3 23 23 23-24 24 Experiment Xo. S3. 7 a.m. to 1 p. m.- 1 p. m. to 7 p. m.. 7 p. m. to 1 a. m.. 1 a. m. to 7 a. m.. Total 7 a. m. to 1 p. m.. 1 p. in. to 7 p. 111.. 7 p. 111. to 1 a. m.. 1 a. m. to 7 a. m.. Total 7 a. m. to 1 p. m.. 1 p. m. to 7 p. m.. 7 p. m. to 1 a. m.. 1 a. in. to 7 a. m.. Total Experiment Xo. 34- 7 a. m. 1x) 7 a. m.. 7 a. m. to 7 a. m.. 7 a. 1)1. to 7 a. m.. 25, 952 25, 175 26,430 26, 430 1.040 1.137 1.030 .930 27.0 28.6 27. 2 24^6 235.3 238.6 233. 2 241.3 4.3.5 43.1 42.7 40.3 278. 8 281.7 275.9 281.6 251.8 i+ 325.2 253.1 1+ 414.8 248.7 1- 46.6 257.0 - 42.4 577.0 667.9 202.1 214.6 103, 987 107.4 948.4 169.6 1,118.0 1,010.6 !-- 651.0 1, 661. 6 24 24 24-25 25 2,5, 175 26, 730 27, 208 27, 208 1.088 1.033 .923 .855 27.4 27.6 25.1 23.3 236.1 250.0 243.9 246.8 44.3 43.9 43.1 39.0 280.4 293.9 287.0 285. 8 253.0 ;+ 441.8 266.3 1+ 404.1 261.9 — 60.5 262.5 |- 59.4 694.8 670.4 201.4 203. 1 106, 321 103.4 976.8 170.3 1,147.1 1,043.7 '^ 726.0 1, 769. 7 25 25 25-26 26 25, 952 25, 175 27, 985 27,985 .951 .972 .871 .783 24.7 24.5 ' 24.4 21.9 188. 9 253. 5 243.8 2.53. 1 44.0 41.7 45.9 38.6 232. 9 295.2 289.7 291.7 208.2 -f 415.3 270.7 -^ 465.3 26.5.3 - 61.2 269.8 - 61.8 623.0 736.0 204. 1 208. 107,097 j 95.5 939.3 170.2 1, 109. 5 1,014.0 - 757.6 1,771.6 26-27 27-28 28-29 108,654 ! 114,094 i 114,272 ' 95.6 100.5 105.1 995.9 1,026.2 1,021.8 166.6 173.8 180.5 1,162.5 1, 200. 1, 202. 3 1,066.9 -r 708.9 1,099.5 -f- 724.8 1,097.2 — 710,4 1,775.8 1,824.3 1.807.6 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 375 Table XCIX. — Siiiiiniarn of calorimdric measurements — Metabolism e.vpei'hnenti Noa. SS-34. Date. Period. (a) Heat meas- ured in terms of C.,,,. (6) Change of temperature of calorime- ter. (c) Capacity cor- rection of calorimeter &X60. (<0 (e) (/) Water vap- Correction orizerl eiiuals „ ^ ^ . due totem- total amount "f^^'V^^S'" peratureof exhaled les8™P,°vatef food and iamount con- °Vn =qo ' dishes." den.sed in exu.aa.. chamber. (SI) Total heat determined, a-hc+ri-F/. 1900. Apr. 20-21 21-22 92 23 E.vperiment No. S3. 7 a. m. to 7 a. m 7 a. 111. to 7 a. m 7 a. in. to 7 a. in E.cjierimext Nv. ,33. 7 a.m. to 1 ji. m 1 p. m. to 7 p m 7 p. 111. to 1 a. Ill 1 a. m. to 7 a. m Calories. 2, 666. 3 2, 959. 4 3, 275. 2 Degrees. +0.32 + .07 Calorics. + 19.2 + 4.2 Calories. - 6.0 — 6.8 —12.4 Grams. 968.2 1, 004. 6 1 . 058. 5 Calories. 573.2 594.7 626.7 Calories. 3, 252. 7 3, 551. 5 3, 889. 5 23-24 1, 088. 6 1, 207. 6 455. 7 269.3 + .07 + .01 + 4.2 + 0.6 - 3.3 -14.4 + 1.2 258.3 252. 245.1 256. 6 152.9 149.2 145.1 1, 242. 4 1, 343. 602.0 + .01 + 6.6 151.9 421.8 Total 3,021.2 + .09 + 5.4 -16.5 1,012.0 599. 1 3, 609. 2 24-25 7 a. m. to 1 p. Ill 1 p. 111. to 7 p. in 7 p. in. to 1 a. in 1 a. m. to 7 a. m Total 1, 153. 8 1, 189. 9 437.1 248.4 - .04 - .02 - 2.4 - 1.2 - 5.1 -15.3 + 1.4 259.4 264.1 258.4 260.1 153. 5 156.3 1.53. 154.0 1, 299. 8 1, 329. 7 591.5 + .01 + 0.6 403. 3, 029. 2 - .05 - 3.0 -19.0 1,042.0 616.8 3, 624. 7 a. 111. to 1 p. m 1 p. 111. to 7 p. m 7 p. ni. to 1 a. Ill 1 a. 111. to 7 a. in Total 25-26 1,180.4 1, 226. 8 429.2 239.9 — .04 — 2.4 - 2.5 -10.4 + 2.3 216.5 269.0 262.1 266.0 128.2 1.59. 2 155.2 157.5 1, 303. 7 1,375.6 586.7 + .01 + 0.6 398.0 3,076.3 - .03 - 1.8 -10. 6 1,013.6 600.1 3, 664. Experiment No. 34- 7 a. m. to 7 a. Ill 7 a. 111. to 7 a. in 7 a. m. to 7 a. Ill 26-27 27-28 28-29 2, 948. 7 2, 989. 9 2, 924. 1 - .07 - .11 - .01 - 4.2 - 6.6 - 0.6 - 7.7 — 0.7 -11.4 1, 067. 1 1,098.3 1, 095. 7 631.7 650.2 648.6 3, 568. 5 3, 6.32. 8 3, 560. 7 " Including 4.8 calories during each day period generated b}' the electric current used to magnetize the fields of the dynamo. The alcohol, or reducing material equivalent to alcohol, given off from the body in different ways was determined in the usual manner, and the result appear in Table C. The usual correction is made for the total amount of reducing material in the urine, drip, freezer water, and air current, as found in experiments Nos. 32 and 3i, in which alcohol did not form a part of the diet. It will be observed that about one-third of the total reducing material in experiment No. 33 must be considered as due to other compounds than the unoxidized alcohol. As in the previous series of experiments, there was no indication of a lag in the elimination of unoxidized alcohol. Table C. — Alcohol ingested and excreted — Metaholisni experiments Nos. 32-34- Alcohol ingested. Alcohol excreted, including other reducing material calculated as alcohol. Alcohol excreted unoxi- dized." Date. In urine (dis- tillate). In drip (dis- tillate). In freezer water (dis- tillate). In air current. Total, .\lcoliol metaholized in body. 1900. E.rfieriment No. 33. Apr. 20-21 Grams. Grams. 0.02 .01 .03 Grams. 1 '■'' Grams. \ 0.01 { Trace. [ .01 Grams. 0.41 .30 .20 Grams. 0.44 .32 ,25 Grams. Grams. Per cent. 21-22 22-23 "Equals total reducing material excreted less 0.32 gram of reducint; material not alcohol, the average for the days on which no alcohol was consumed. 376 .AIEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Table C. — Alcohol liKjcslcd and cccnicd — Mdabolism experiments Nos. 33-34 — Continued. Date. Alcohol ingested. Alcohol excreted, including other reducing material calculated as alcohol. Alcohol excreted unoxi- dized." In urine (di.s- tillate). In drip (dis- tillate). In freezer water (dis- tillate). In air current. Total. Alcohol metaooiizea in body. Apr 1900. Experiment No. 33. 23-24 24-25 25-26 Total Average, 1 day Experiment Xo. 34- •'•6 -'7 Grams, 72.0 72.0 72.0 Grams. 0.05 .06 .05 Graaw. i 0.22 Grams. 1 0.01 ] .02 [ .02 Grams. 0.88 .92 .93 Grams. 1.02 1.07 1.07 Gram3. 0.70 .75 .75 Grams. 71.3 71.3 71.2 Pe ecnt. 99.0 99.0 98.9 216.0 72.0 .16 .05 .22 i -05 2.73 .91 3.16 1.05 2.20 .73 213.8 71.3 .07 .01 99.0 Apr .04 .02 .01 i .04 OOO .32 .26 .20 .37 .30 .24 •->- 98 28-29 " Equals total reducing material excreted less 0.32 gram of reducing material not alcohol, the average for the days on which no alcohol was consumed. Balance of income and outgo of matter and energy. — From the preceding statistics are computed the income and outgo of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and energy on the different dav.s of each of this serie.s of experiments. The results of these computations are shown in Tables CI-CIV. Table CI. — Income and outgo of nitrogen and carbon — Metabolism experiments Nos. 32-34- Nitrogen. Carbon. Date and period. (o) In food. ib) In feces. (c) In urine." (d) Gain (+) or loss (e) In food. (/) In feces. iff) In urine. W In respi- ratory products. (»■) In alcohol elimi- nated. (fc) Gain { + ) or loss (-),<;-(/ +a+h+i). 1900. Experiment No. 32. Apr. 20-21,7a. m. to7a. m. 21-22,7a. m. to7a.m. 22-23,7a.m.to7a.m. Grams. 16.1 16.2 16.1 Grams. 1.2 1.2 1.2 Grams. 16.3 15.3 15.6 Gratns. -1.4 - .3 - .7 Grams. 320.0 320.0 320.0 Grams. 12.6 12.6 12.6 Grams, 11.3 10.7 10.9 Gratiis. 294.6 329.9 352.4 Grams, Grams, + 1.5 - 33.2 - 55.9 Total 48.4 16.1 3.6 1.2 47.2 15.7 -2.4 - .8 960.0 320.0 37.8 12.6 32.9 11.0 976.9 325. 6 - 87.6 Average, 1 day - 29.2 Experiment No. .33. Apr. 23-24,7a. m. to 7a. m. 24-25,7a. m. to7a. m. 25-26,7a. m. to7a. m. 16.0 ! 1.2 16.0 1 1.2 16.0 \ 1.2 16.7 17.6 17.7 -1.9 -2.8 -2.9 319. 6 319.6 319.6 11.4 11.4 11.4 11.7 12.3 12.3 328.2 333. 3 338. 5 0.3 .4 .4 - 32.0 - 37.8 - 43.0 Total 48. ! 3. 6 16. 1 1. 2 52.0 17.3 -7.6 -2.5 958.8 319.6 34.2 11.4 36.3 12.1 1,000.0 333. 3 1.1 .4 -112.8 Average, 1 day - 37.6 Experiment No. .34. Apr. 26-27,7a. m. to7a. m. 27-28,7a. m. to7a. m. 28-29,7a.m. to7a.m. 16.0 1.2 ' 17.4 16.0 . 1.2 16.3 16.0 ' 1.2 16.4 -2.6 -1.5 -1.6 335.7 335.8 335.7 11.6 11.5 11.6 12.2 11.3 11.4 338.5 350. 9 346.9 - 26.6 - 37.9 - 34.2 Total 48.0 16.0 3.6 1.2 50.1 16.7 -5.7 -1.9 1,007.2 335.7 34.7 11.6 34.9 11.6 1, 036. 3 345.4 - 98.7 Average, 1 day - 32.9 ' Nitrogen in perspiration, Q. 4 grams per day, is included in this column. .MEM01K6 OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Table CII. — Income and outgo of uxilfr and hydrogen — Metabolism experiments Nos. 32-34. 377 Date' and period. 1900. Experiment Xo. 32. Apr. 20-21, 7 a. m. to 7 a. in , Apr. 21-22, 7 a. m. to 7 a. ui Apr. 22-2.3, 7 a. ni. to 7 a. m Hydrogen. Grams. 1, 035. 9 1,035.9 1,03.5.9 Grams. 1,250 1, 250 71. 5 1,250' 71.6 Grams. 1,179.7 1,433.4 1,048 Total Average, 1 clay Experiment No. S3. Apr. 23-24, 7 a. m. to 7 a. lu Apr. 24-25, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m Apr. 2.5-26, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m .'3,107.7 .,1,035.9 In res- I .\ppar- piratory ent lots, prod- a-i-6 — (c ucts. -^dJre). Grams. Gramf. Grams. I 1,196.9 162.31 i^.O 1,610.4 829. 4j 49.0 2,094.3 928. 7j 49.0 Gms. 1.8 1.8 1.8 (i) (t) (I) 1° «lco-, -^PPf - In hoi : „^?' urine, elimi- „S ,, ; .■ nated. ^-<*:' Loss from water. /4-9. Gms. Grams. 3.1 3.0 -I- 44.1— 1 -I- 44.2;- 92.2 - 44.2-103.2 3,7.50214.7 3,661.84,901.61,920.4 147.0, .5.4 9.1. 1,2.50 71.61.220.61,633.8 640.1 49. 0' 1.8 3.0. Total gain (-l-)or loss(-) l+m. Grams. +26. i -48.0 -59.0 - 132.5-213.4-80.9 - 44.2- 71. 1 -26.9 1,027.6 1.027.6 1,027.6 1.2.50J 61. 2 1,029. 61, 661. 6i 474.8 52.5; 1. 1.2-50 61. ifl, 083. 3 1,769. 7 636.5 52.5, 1. 3.4. I 1,2.50, 61.2 926.61,771.6 481.8; 52.5 1.6 3.4 0. 1 .1 .l' Total Average, 1 day . . Kvperiment No. 34. Apr. 26-27, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m Apr. 27-28, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m Apr. 28-29, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m ;5, 082. 8 1,027.6 Total Average, 1 day 3,750 183.5 3,039.5.5.202.91,593.1' 1.57.5 4.9 10.0 1.2.50 61.2 1,013.21,734.3 .531. 0^ 52.5 1.6 3.4 47.6- 52.8- 5.2 I i 47.3- 70.71-23.4 47.4- 53.5- 6.1 142.3—177.0-34.7 47.4- .59.0-11.6* 1,028.6 1,028.6 1,028.6 3, 085. 8 1,028.6 1, 250 60. 1,250' 59.9 789. 4 1, 775. 8 851. 2 1, 824. 3 1,250 60.01,036.91,) 346.61 51. i; 1.7 3.4' I I 456.8' 51.1 1.6 3.1 ! ! I 62.5.9 51.1 1.7 3.2 3,7.50 179.92,677.5.5,407.71,429.3 153.3 5.0 9. 1,2.50' 60.0 892.51,802.5 476.4 51.1 1.7 3. 46.0- 38.5— 7.5 46. 4 - 50. 8 - 4. 4 46. 2 - 69. 5 -23. 3 138.6-158.8-20.2 46.2- .52.9— 6.7 378 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Table CIII. — Gain or loss of prokin (.Y X6\;?-5), fat, and water — Melaholism experiments Xos. 33-S^. Date and period. (a) Nitro- gen gained ( + )or lost (-)■ (h) Protein gained ( + )or lost a'xlk (c) Total car- bon gained (+)0T lost(-). (rt) Carbon in pro- tein gained (-t-)or lost bxO.53. (c) Carbon in fat, etc., gained (-h)or lost(-), c-d. (/) Fat gained (-1-1 or lost (-), e-i-0.761. (?) Total hydrogen gained (-l-)or lost(-). m Hydro- gen in protein gained (-h)or lost, (-) 6x0.07. Hydro- gen in fat gained (4-) or lost(-) /x 0.118. m Hydrogen in water, etc., gained (-l-)or lost (-), g~{h+i). (0 Water gained (-t-)or lost (-), tx9. 1900. Rrperiment No. 32. Apr. 20-21, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m. 21-22, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m. 22-23, 7 a.m. to 7 a.m. Grams. -1.4 - .3 Grams. -8.7 -1.9 -4.4 Grams. + 1.5 - 33.2 - 55.9 Grams. - 4.6 - 1.0 - 2.3 Grams. + 6.1 -32.2 —53.6 Grams. ■4-8.0 - 42.3 — 70.4 Grams. +26.1 -48.0 -59.0 Grams. -0.6 - .1 — .3 Grams. + 0.9 - 5.0 - 8.3 Grams. +25.8 -42.9 -50.4 Grams. +232. 2 -38a i -453. 6 Total -2.41-15.0 - .8- 5.0 — 87.6 — 29.2 - 7.9 - 2.6 -79.7 -26.6 -104. 7 - 34.9 -80.9; -1.0 -26.9' - .3 -12.4 - 4.1 —67. 5 -22.0 —607. 5 Average, 1 day -202. 5 E.vperiment No. S3. Apr. 23-24, 7 a. m to 7 a. m. 24-25, 7 a. m to 7 a. m. 25-26, 7 a. m to 7 a. m . -1.9 -2.8 -2.9 -11.9 -17.5 -18.1 — 32.0 — 37.8 — 43.0 - 6.3 - 9.3 - 9.6 -25.7 -28.5 -33.4 — 33.8 — 37.5 — 43.9 - 5.2 -23.4 - 6.1 - .8 -1.2 -1.3 - 4.0 - 4.4 - 5.2 - .4 -17.8 + .4 - 3.6 -160.2 + 3.6 Total -7.6 -2.5 -47.5 -15.8 -112.8 - 37.6 —25.5? - 8.4 -87.6 -29.2 -115.2 - 38.4 -34.7 -11.5 -3.3 -1.1 -13.6 - 4.5 —17.8 - .5.9 -160. 2 Average, 1 day - .53. 1 Experiment No. 34. Apr. 26-27, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m. 27-28, 7 a.m. to 7 a.m. 28-29, 7 a. m. to 7a.m. -2.6 -1.5 -1.6 -16.3 -9.4 -10. - 26.6 - 37.9 - 34.2 - 8.6 - 5.0 - 5.3 -18.0 -32.9 —28.9 - 23.7 - 43.2 - 38.0 + 7.5 — 4.4 -23.3 —1.1 — .7 — . 7 - 2.8 - 5.1 - 4.5 +11.4 + 1.4 -18.1 +102. 6 + 12.6 -162. 9 Total —5. 7 —.35. 7 - 98.7 - 32.9 -18.9 - 6.3 -79.8 —26.6 -104. 9 - 35.0 -20.2 - 6.7 -2.5 — .8 -12. 4 — 4.1 - 5.3 — 1.8 — 47.7 Average, 1 day -1.9 -11.9 - 15.9 Table CIV. — Income and outgo of energy — Metabolism e.vperimenis Nos. 32-34- Date and period. (a) Heat of combustion of food eaten. (b) Heat of combus- tion of feces. (c) Heat of combus- tion of urine. Heat of combus- tion of alcohol elimi- nated. (d) Estimated heat of combus- tion of protein gained (-l-)or lost(-). (e) Estimated heat of combus- tion of fat gained (-t-)or lost (-). (/) Estimated energy of material oxidized in the body, a-{b+c+ m+d+e). (ff) Heat deter- mined. Heat determined greater ( + ) or less ( - ) than estimated. m S-g- (0 1900. Experiment No. 32. Apr. 20-21, 7a. m. to 7a.m. 21-22, 7a.m. to 7a.m. 22-2.3, 7a.m. to 7a.m. Calorics. 3, 487 3,487 3,487 Calorics. 142 141 142 Calorics. 129 113 116 Calorics. Calories. - 35 + 3 — 11 Calories. + 77 - 404 - 672 Calorics. 3,174 3,634 3,912 Calones. 3,253 3,551 3,890 Calories. + 79 - 83 - 22 Per cent. ■ +2.5 -2.3 — . 5 Total 10,461 3, 487 425 142 358 119 - 43 — 14 - 999 - 333 10, 720 3,573 10, 694 3,565 - 26 - 8 Average, 1 day — .2 Experiment No. 33. Apr. 23-24, 7 a. m . to 7 a. m . 24-25, 7a. ra. to 7a.m. 25-26,7a.m.to7a.m. 3,486 3,486 3, 486 125 125 125 125 129 133 5 5 5 - .54 - 86 - 90 - 322 - 357 - 419 3,607 3, 670 3,732 3,609 3,624 3,664 + 2 — 46 - 68 .0 -1.3 — l.S Total 10,4.58 375 .3,486 1 125 387 129 15 5 -230 — 76 -1,098 - 366 11,009 3, 669 10, 897 3, 632 -112 ' Average, 1 day - 37 -1.0 Experiment Ao. 34. Apr. 26-27, 7a. m. to 7a.m. 27-28, 7 a. m. to 7a.m. 28-29, 7 a.m. to 7a.m. 3, 493 126 3,493 125 3, 493 126 131 125 . 123 - 79 - 40 - 43 - 226 - 413 - 363 3,541 3,696 3,650 3,568 3, 633 3,561 +27 + . 7 — 63 -1.7 - 89 —2. 4 Total Average, 1 day 10,479 377 3,493 1 126 379 126 , -162 1-1,002 — 54 - 334 10, 887 3,629 10, 762 3, 587 -125 1 — 42 ! -1.1 MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 879 STATISTICAL DETAILS OF DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS. As has already been explained, each metabolism expei'iment or series of experiments was preceded by a dijjestion experiment and each metabolism experiment includes a digestion experiment The result.- of those digestion experiments in which alcohol formed a part of the diet are detailed herewith. Those of the corresponding experiments without alcohol are given in connection with the description of the latter, as elsewhere published." The results of the digestion experiments with and without alcohol are summarized beyond. The weights of the ditlerent food materials, as shown in the first column of Tables CV-CVIII, together with the figures for percentage, composition, and heat of combustion, as shown in Tables I-III above, sufiice for the cominitationsof the nutrients and energy in the food and feces. In computing the protein from the nitrogen, the factor 6.25 has been used for all animal foods and 5.70 for the vegetable foods used in the experiments.*" The total organic matter as shown in the tables is the sum of the organic constituents — protein, fat, carbohydrates, and alcohol. DETAILS OF DIGKSTIOX EXPERIMENT XO. -tl. This was preliminary to metabolism experiment No. 7, began with breakfast June 3, 1897, and continued 5 days. The diet was the same in kind and practically the same in the relative amounts of the diflerent ingredients as in the following metabolism experiment. The subject was E. O., the laboratory assistant who served in a large number of the experiments here recorded. His weight at the beginning of the experiment was not recorded; at the end it was without clothing. 66.7 kilograms (147 pounds). He was occupied in his usual duties about the laboratory, but did as little muscular work as practicable, in order that the conditions of exercise should not differ greatly from those in the following rest experiment in the respiration apparatus. The results of the experiment are shown in Table CV. DETAILS OF DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. i'2. This experiment followed immediately after No. 41 and formed a part of metabolism experi- ment No. 7. It began with breakfast June 8, 189S, and continued 4 days. The subject, E. O., weighed without clothing 66.7 kilograms (147 pounds) at the beginning and iiC) kilograms (145i pounds; at the end of the study. The subject had as little muscular activity as was practicable during the experiment. The details are given in Table CVI. Table CV. — Delails of digestion experiment Xo. 41 (jirelimhumj to metabolism experiment Xo. 7). Labora- tory No. sample. Weight material. Total or- ganic matter. Nitrogen. Protein. Fat. Carbohy- drates. Alcohol. Ash. Heat of combus- tion (deter- mined). 2795 2796 2798 •'801 Beef, fried Beef, dried Eggs, boiled Butter Gramg. 850 125 722 75 2,875 750 225 625 750 363 Gramf. 274 34 138 65 351 420 225 169 145 363 Grami). 34.7 4.8 11.5 .2 16!2 10.1 Grains. 217 30 72 1 101 58 Gratm. 57 4 66 64 138 4 Grame. Grams. Grams. 11 9 5 3 22 12 Calories. 1,709 199 j 1,028 1 595 2800 Milk 112 358 225 124 139 2,133 2804 1,862 ■'786 891 2797 6.2 .3 39 6 4 "362.5" 12 786 577 2,566 Total 7,360 2, 184 84 520 343 958 362. 5 76 12, 346 2809 404 15 7.7 4S 22 26 15 19 632 Alcohol excreted unoxi- dized 106 590 2, 073 76. 3 - 472 321 932 347. 5 57 11,018 Coefficients of availability.. Per cent. 94.9 Per roil. 90.8 Per rail. 90.8 Per cent. 93.6 Per cent. 97.3 Per cent. 95.9 Per cent. 75 Per cent. 89.2 "See page 241. ■"See discussion of nitrogen factor for protein. .Vtwater and Bryant, Rept. Storrs (Conn. ) Exi^t. Sta., 1899, p. 76. 380 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIO^"AL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Table CVI. — Details of digestion e.i-])eriment Xo. 4^' (part of metabolism escperimeni Xo. 7). Labom- tory No. sample. Weight material. Total or- ganic matter. ' Nitrogen. Protein. Fat. Carbohy- drates. Alcohol. Ash. Heat of combus- tion (deter- mined). 2795 Grams. 675 100 564 60 2,300 600 180 500 600 290 Grams. 217 27 108 52 281 336 180 135 116 290 Grams. 27.5 3.8 9.1 .2 13" 8 Grams. 172 24 57 i 81 46 Grams. 45 3 51 51 110 4 Grams. Grams. Grams. 9 7 4 2 18 10 Calories. 1,357 2796 160 2798 Eggs, boiled Butter 803 2801 476 2800 Milk 90 286 180 99 111 1,707 2804 1,490 2786 713 2797 5 .3 31 2 5 3 '"290""" 10 1 628 Pears, canned 461 2,050 Total 5, 869 1,742 66.9 414 272 766 290 61 9,845 2810 198 47 11.9 3.5 22 10 15 11.9 10 303 Alcohol excreted unoxi- 84 i 490 Amount available CoeflScients of availability. . 1, 683. 1 63.4 392 262 751 278.1 51 8,968 Per cent. 96.6 Per cent. 94.8 Per cent. 94.7 Per cent. 96.3 Per cent. 98.1 Per cent. 95.9 Per cent. 83.6 Per cent. 91.1 DETAILS OF DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 4:7. Thi.s experiment began with breakfast February 11, 1898, and continued i daj's. The diet was the .same in kind and practically the same in amount as in metabolism experiment No. 10, which immediately' followed and of which this experiment formed the preliminaiy period. The subject, E. O.. weighed without clothing 67. -4 kilograms (l-±8i^ pounds) at the close of the study. His weight at the beginning was not recorded. He was engaged about the laboratory in his usual occupation, but avoided muscular exertion so far as practicable. Table CVII gives the details. DETAILS OF DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. iS. This experiment, which formed a part of metabolism experiment No. 10. began with break- fast February 1.5, 1898. and continued -i davs. The subject, E. O., weighed without clothing 67.1: kilograms at the beginning and 67.6 kilograms (149 pounds) at the end of the experimental period. Table CVIII gives detailed I'esults. Table CVII. — Details of digestion e.rperirnent Xo. 47 {preliminary to metabolism ccperiment Xo. 10). Lab. No. sample. Weight of material. Total organic matter. Nitrogen. Protein. Fat. Carbohy- drates. Alcohol. Ash. Heat of , ombus- tion (deter- mined). 2839 Beef Grams. 1,080 60 3, 000 500 200 200 240 280 290 Grams. 329.0 .53. 261.0 288.0 187.0 182.0 223. 280.0 290.0 Grams. 46.9 Grams. 293 Grams. 36 53 Grams. Grams. Grams. 21 1 24 3 4 Calories. 1,961 2843 Butter 479 2845 14.9 6.7 .3.8 3.5 2.2 93 38 23 20 13 3 1 16 3 15 165 249 148 1.59 195 280 1,206 2844 Bread 1,277 2842 2840 2841 Maize breakfa.st food Wlieat T)reakfa."t food 887 810 1,019 1,109 290.0 2,050 Total 5, 850 2, 093. 78.0 480 127 1,196 290,0 67 10, 798 2847 267 59.0 4.4 4.0 25 10 24 -■■■-- 12 360 Alcohol excreted unoxidized Urine 31 569 2, 029. 6 74.0 4.55 117 1,172 2s5. 6 55 9,838 Coefficients of availability . . Per cent. 97.0 Per cent. 94.9 Per cent. 94.8 Per cent. 92.1 Per emit. 98.0 Per cent. 98.5 Per cent. 82.1 Per cent. 91.1 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 381 T.\nLE GVIIL— /><'/(//7.s <;/' dif/cili ,.n ,'.,;,n-i HCit Xo. 4S (pari , fweUthi,! '.fin e.i'pt'V iiieiil Xo. 10). Lab. No. sample. Wfight of material. Total organic matter. Nitrogen. Protein. Fat. Carbohv- drates'. Alcohol. Ash. Heat of combus- tion (deter- mined). 2839 Beef Butter Grams. 1,080 60 3, 000 500 200 200 240 280 290 Grams. 329.0 53. 264. 288.0 187.0 182. 223.0 280.0 290.0 Grams. 46.9 Gravis. 293 Grams. 36 53 3 1 16 3 15 Grams. Gi-ams. Grams. 21 1 24 3 4 7 Calories. 1,961 2843 479 2846 15.8 6.7 3.8 3.5 2.2 99 38 23 20 13 162 249 148 1.59 195 280 1 '4'' 2844 Bread 1277 2842 2840 2841 Maize breakfast food Wheat Ijreakfast food 887 810 1,019 1 109 Alcoliol 290.0 2 050 Total 5, 850 2, 096. 78.9 486 127 1, 193 290. 67 10, 834 2848 351 85.0 4.4 5.4 34 15 36 --.:.- 17 507 31 Alcohol excreted uik ixidized Urine 565 Amount available 2, 006. 6 73.5 452 112 1, 157 285. 6 50 9 731 Per cent. 95.7 Per «•«(. 93.1 Per cent. 93.0 Per cent. 88.2 Per cent. 97.0 Per cent. 98.5 Per cent. 74.6 Per cent. 89.8 • DETAILS OF DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 51. This stud}' was preliminary to metabolism experiment No. 12. with the .same kinds and amounts of the different food materials. The subject, E. O., was engaged in his usual laboratory work, but in addition took considerable muscular exercise on the bicycle and otherwise, in order to make the conditions of muscular activity not greatly different from tho.se in the following- metabolism experiment. The study began with breakfast April 8, 1898, and continued i days. The subject weighed, without clothing, 70.5 kilograms (155. -i pounds) at the beginning and 70.1 kilograms (15-±.5 pounds) at the end of the studj'. DETAILS OF DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 52. This experiment, which formed a part of metabolism experiment No. 12, began with breakfast April 12, 1898, and continued 4 days. The subject, E. O., weighed, without clothing, 70.9 kilograms (156.3 pounds) at the beginning and 70.3 kilograms (155 pounds) at the end of the study. He worked 8 hours a day upon a stationary bicycle within the chamber of the calorimeter. Table CIX. — Detalh of digestion e.rperiment No. 51 {jyreliminary to metaholi.^iii e.rperiment Xo. 13). Lab. No. sample. weight material. Total organic matter. Nitrogen. Protein. Fat. Carbohy- drates. Alcohol. Ash. Heat of combus- tion (deter- mined). 2860 Beef Grams. 700 380 3,600 1,200 240 200 280 290 Grams. 231.0 330. 482.0 702.0 224.0 110.0 280.0 290.0 Grams. 30.7 .3 19.0 18.1 4.5 5.9 Grams. 192 2 119 103 27 37 Grams. 39 328 180 12 20 73 Grams. Grams. Grams. 18 8 25 13 4 8 Calories. 1 400 2861 Butter 3, 004 3,114 3,196 1,065 873 2856 Milk 183 587 177 2859 Bread ..... 2842 Maize breakfast food 2858 Deviled ham Sugar 280 1 109 Alcohol 290.0 2,050 Total ... 6,890 2, 649. 78.5 480 652 1,227 290. i 76 15, 811 2862 Feces Alcohol excreted unoxidized 495 1 120.0 6.0 7.2 45 38 j 37 '""o.'o' 27 791 42 Urine L_ 1 544 Amount available Coefficients of availability.. j2, .523.0 71.3 435 614 1,190 284.0 49 14, 434 Per cent. 95.2 Per cent. 90.8 Per cent. 90.6 Per cent. 94.2 Per cent. 97.0 Per rent. 97.9 Per cent. 64.5 Per cent. 91.3 382 ^lEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Tablf. CX.—Ddaih o f (liijestion experim '))( No. 5~ (part of metaholi.wi c.rperin ent No. 12). Lab. Xo. sample. Weight of material. Total organic matter. ■ Nitrogen. Protein. Fat. Carbohy- drates. Alcohol. \ Ash. Heat of combus- tion (deter- mined). 2S66 2861 2857 2,S5H 2842 2858 Beef Grams. 700 380 3, 600 1,200 240 200 280 290 Grams. 231.0 330.0 425. 702.0 224.0 110.0 280.0 290.0 Grains. 30.7 0.3 17.9 18.1 4.5 5.9 Grams. 192 2 112 103 27 37 Grams. 39 328 162 12 20 73 Grams. Grams. Grams. 18 8 25 13 4 8 Calories. 1,400 3,004 Milk 151 587 177 2,873 Bread 3,196 Maize Ijreakfast food 1,065 873 280 1,109 290.0 2,050 Total 6,890 2, 592. 77.4 473 634 1,195 290.0 1 76 15, 570 2863 370 79.0 6.0 5.0 31 26 22 ""h'.Q 16 545 Alcohol excreted unoxidized Urine 42 553 2, 507. 72.4 442 608 1,173 284.0 60 14,430 Per cent. 96.7 Per cent. 93.5 Per cent. 93.4 Per cent. 95.9 Per eait. 98.2 Per cent. 97.9 Per cent. 78.9 Per cent. 92.7 DETAILS OR DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. SO. This experiment formed the preliminary period to the .series of metabolism experiments Nos. 15-17. It began with breakfast January 12, 1899, and continued 4 days. The subject, E. O., as in previous experiments here reported, was engaged in very light work about the laboratory. His weight at the end of the study, without clothing, was 70.9 kilograms (156 pounds). The alcohol during this period was taken in the form of commercial alcohol in sweetened coffee infusion, as in metabolism experiment No. 15. In metabolism experiment No. 16 the alcohol was taken in the form of whisky, and in No. 17 in the form of brandy. DETAILS OF DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 81. This experiment, which formed a part of the series of metabolism experiments Nos. 15, 16, and 17, began with breakfast January 16, 1899, and continued 6 days. The subject, E. O., weighed, without clothing, 70.9 kilograms at the beginning arid 70.1 kilograms (15-1.5 pound,s) at the end of the experiment. T.\BLE CXI.— i»f<«(7.f ofdigenlion experimc.it No. SO (preHminury to nielahoUsm cvperiment No. 1.5). Labora- tory sample. Weight material. Total organic matter. Nitrogen. Protein. Fat. Carbohy- drates. Alcohol. Ash. Heat oJ combu.s- tion (deter- mined). 3009 3003 3005 3004 Grams. 640 120 3, 450 120 1,240 204 290 Grams. 184 104 334 111 707 204 290 Grams. 26.7 .2 22.1 2.2 15.7 Grams. 167 1 138 13 89 Grams. 17 103 3 1 35 Grams. Grams. Grams. 14 3? 2 16 Calories. 1,076 955 Milk, skimmed 193 97 583 204 1,611 487 2968 Bread 3,360 808 \lcohol 290 2,256 Total 6, 064 185 1,9.34 66.9 408 1.59 1,077 290 66 10, 553 55 6.8 .3.2 20 13 22 ""e.'s" 14 383 3007 Alcohol excreted unoxidized 48 485 1 1,872.2 6.3.7 388 146 1,055 283. 2 52 9, (i37 Per cent. 96.8 Per cent. 95.2 Per cent. 95.1 Per cent. 91.8 Per cent. 98 Per cent. 97.6 Per cent. 7S.8 Per cent. 91.4 MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 3b8 Table CXII. — Iklails of diijesiion cxperUnaii Xo. SI (part of mdnholixm fj-pcrhneiils Xos. J.'j, If!, atnl 17). Labora- tory No. sample. Weight of material. Total organic matter. Nitrogen. Protein. Fat. Carboliy- (IratoK. Alcohol. Ash. Heat ui ccimljus- lion (deter- mined). 3009 Beef Grams. 960 180 5,700 180 1,860 342 435 Crams. 275 157 553 166 1,060 342 435 Grams. 40.0 .3 37.5 3.2 23.5 Grams. 250 2 234 18 134 Grams. 25 1.55 6 1 52 Grams. Grams. Grams. 21 5 46 3 24 Calories. 1,615 3003 Butter 1,433 3006 313 147 874 342 2 667 3004 730 2968 5,040 1 354 435 3,075 Total 9,657 2,988 104.5 638 239 1,676 435 99 1.5,914 3008 316 76 10.3 5 31 18 27 "'io.'s' 24 529 Alcohol excreted unoxiclized Urine 73 759 2,901.7 99.5 607 221 1,649 424. 7 75 14, 553 Per cent. 97.1 Per cent. 95.2 Per cent. 95.2 Per cent. 92.5 Per cent. 98.4 Per cent. 97.6 Per cent. 75.8 Per cent 91 5 DETAILS OF DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 83. Thi.s experiment was preliminary to and formed a part of metabolism experiments Nos. 18-21. The subject was A. W. S., a physicist. He was engaged in the investigations of which this experiment forms a part. The study began with breakfast February 2, 1899, and continued 4 days outside the apparatus. During the following 9 daj's, beginning with February G, the subject was inside the respiration chaml)er. It was the intention to subdivide the 13 days covered by this digestion experiment into three separate experiments, comprising the 4 preliminaiy days previous to the time when the subject entered the respiration calorimeter; the 6 days in the calorimeter in which alcohol formed a part of the diet, either as commercial alcohol, whisky, or brandy; and the 3 days of experiment No. 21 in which alcohol was omitted from the diet. Unfortunately no satisfactory separation of the feces was obtained between the preliminary period and the end of the experiment No. 21. The whole time is therefore included in one digestion experiment. The body weight of the subject at the beginning of the period was 72.1: kilograms, and at the end 72.7 kilograms (160.3 pounds). During the preliminary days veiy little muscular work was done, and during the sojourn in the apparatus practically no exercise was taken. The kinds and daily amounts of foods were the .same during the 1 preliminary days, and the 6 daj's of metabolism experiments Nos. 18-20, except that alcohol was taken in the form of commercial ethyl alcohol in the preliminary period and in No. IS, whisky in No. 19, brandy in No. 20. In experiment No. 21 the alcohol was omitted from the diet. 384 ^lEMOIRS OF THE. NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Taule CXlll.—Ikiails of dir/eslion exjjerbnent Xo. S^ {preHminanj to am! port of metabolism e.vperiments Xos. lS-21). Labora- tory j Xo. 1 sample. Weight of material. Total or- ganic matter.- Nitrogen. Protein. F«t- h?drn?es.' Alcohol. Ash. Heat of combus- tion (deter- mined). 3022 3021 3023-i 3004 2968 Grams. Beef : 2,080 Grams. 634 341 1, 232 360 2,297 58,5 Grams. 92.9 49^6 7.2 50.9 Grams. 581 4 310 41 290 Grams. 53 337 430 2 113 Grams. \ Grams- Grams. 43 10 78 6 52 Calories. 3,'800 3,148 Milk Parched cereal Bread 9, 7.50 390 4,030 585 ■""l92 317 1,894 585 7,6.58 1,582 10, 921 2,317 Alcohol Total Feces Alcohol excreted unoxidized Urine 725 i 725 725 5,331 17.9.50 6,174 201.3 1,226 935 3,288 1 725 189 34, 757 3033 832 1 188 ''4 5 13.5 84 52 52 ""24."5' 39 1,307 173 i 1,427 Amount available 17,118 5,961.5 187.8 1,142 883 3,236 1 700.5 150 31,850 Per Cftit. 96.6 Per cent. 93.8 Per cent. 93.2 Per cent. 94.4 Per cent. \ Per cent. : Per rent. 98. 4 ! 96. 6 1 79. 4 Per cent. 91.6 DETAILS OF DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 83. This experiment began witli breakfast March 9, 1899, and continued 4 days. It was preliminary to the series of metabolism experiments Nos. 22-24, and was made with the .same subject. E." O. . who served in the majority of the digestion experiments here described. The diet during the first 3 days contained no alcohol. On the last day 72.5 grams of absolute alcohol were added in the form of commercial ethyl alcohol. The subject was engaged in his usual work about the laboratory and performed very little manual labor. His weight, without clothing, was 72.rl: kilograms (159.6 pound.s) at the close of the experiment. DETAILS OF DICJESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 81. The experiment began with breakfast March 13, 1899, and continued 6 days, forming a part of metabolism experiment Nos. 22 and 23, details of which are given above. Alcohol formed a part of the diet on the first 3 days (metabolism experiment No. 22) while on the last 3 days (metabolism experiment No. 23) only the basal ration was eaten. The subject, E. O., weighed, without clothing, at the beginning of the experiment 72.1 kilograms and at the end 72.7 kilo- grams (160.3 pounds). He had as little muscular activity during the series of experiments as was practicable. Taisi.e CXiy.— Detail.'' rjf digestion experiment Xo. 83 {prelirnhwry to metabolism e.i periment Xo. SS) . Labora- torj- Xo. sample. Weight j material. Total organic matter. Nitrogen. Protein. Fat. Carbohy- drates. Alcohol. Ash. Heat of combus- tion (deter- mined). 3027 3029 .3031 3004 3032 Grann. Beef 600 Butter 220 Milk, skimmed 4, .520 Cereal, parched 180 Bread 1,240 Sugar 160 ■Vlcohol 72 Grams. 246.0 193.0 384. 166.0 723. 160.0 72.0 9.0 Grams. 33.4 .3 26.1 3.2 15.7 Grajns. 209 2 163 18 89 Grams. 37 191 4 1 42 Grams. Grams. Grams. 6 6 36 3 16 Calories. 1,580 1,766 217 147 .592 160 1,849 730 3,483 634 72.0 i' 509 3069 Horse-radij^'h 98 .2 1 8 37 Total 7,090 1 , 953. 78.9 482 275 1,124 72.0 68 10, 588 3034 Face." : 267 Alcohol excreted unoxidized Urine 04.0 2.2 4.6 29 15 20 ""2."2' 19 417 16 566 Atnount available 1,886.8 74.3 453 260 1,104 69.8 49 9,589 Coefficiente of availability . . ' Per cent. 90.6 Per cent. 94.2 Per cent. 94.0 Per cent. 94.5 Per cent. 98.2 Per cent. 97.0 Per cent. 72.1 per rent. 90.5 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 385 T.VBLE CXV. — A/(((7.s-o/ (/;;/(. s^'r,» r.cjifriiiiad .v.. S-i (pint nf iiul'iholl.'^ji} ,:.q„r:ii,ciil. n 3,061 3,044 19.8 19 8 1.3 1 1 18.2 18 5 + -3 + .2 + 1.7 + 1.4 299.7 279.8 10. 511.8 1 *? 230.9 207.8 +46. 5 +48.7 +59. 7 +62.7 No. 22, E. 0., alcohol diet 69' 276 10 3 11 8 GROl'PS A-B. Average, 9, 24, ordinary diet. ". . 7 121 193 69 37.=i 79 s 2,889 2,877 19.4 19 8 1.3 1 3 18.3 19 - .2 5 - 1.0 9 8 280.7 266 6 11.9 11 1 12.2 1" 7 8 227.3 211.4 +29.3 +30.6 +39.0 -1-42.0 Average, 10, 22, alcohol diet; 51 •>m GROUP C. No. 26, J. F.S., ordinary diet 3 3 6 3 100 99 99 99 95 40 68 40 247 375 311 247 72.0 2,490 2,489 2,490 2,491 15.9 15.8 15.9 15.8 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 15.4 15. 3 15.3 15.7 - .6 - .7 - .6 -1.0 - .3.5 - 4.5 -4.0 -6.0 233.2 245. 8 239. 5 229. 5 9.4 10.0 9.7 8.9 11.0 10.9 11.0 11.2 .5 196. 1 ^167 -r24. 4 No. 28, J. F. S., ordinary diet 210.7+14.2 203. 4' +15. 4 198.3+10.6 +21.8 Average, 26, 28 +23.1 No. 27, J. F. S., alcohol diet +18.3 387 388 3IEM0IES OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Table CXIX. — Income and outgo of nitrogen and carbon and gain or loss of protein and fat, etc. — Continued. In daily food. Nitrogen. ie) T I Carbon. (m) (a) (6) (c) ((/) (0 (.9) CO (0 (k) (0 T Clas.«ification, serial numbers, and subjects of experi- ments. g ^ & 1 . 1 5 ; < 1 c c ST ii '3 o ■ll 1 £ 1 c 1 1 1 e OS 1 ~ + St 3 6 Experiments with and inthoiU alcohol more strictly comparable — Continued. Rest Expekimen-t.s — Continued. GROUPS A-C. Average, 9, 24, 26-1-28, ordinary diet -.. Average, iO, 22, 27, alco- hol diet D. 13 10 Gs. 114 11.5 Gms. 69 47 Gms. 354 273 Gms. 72.2 Cats. 2,756 2,748 Gms. 18.3 18.5 Gme. 1.3 1.2 Gms. 17.3 17.9 Gms. -0.3 - .6 Gms. -2.0 - 3.8 Gms. 266.9 254.2 Gms. 11.2 10.3 Gms. 11.8 12.2 Gms. 0.7 Gms. 219.3 207.0 G7ns. 4-24.6 -1-24.0 Gms. -F33.7 +34. 1 Work Experiments. GROUP n. No. 11, E. 0., ordinary diet 4 4 124 121 129 159 485 3,862 3,891 19.8 19.3 2.2 1.3 18.1 18.2 - .5 _ 2 -3.0 -1.0 373. 5 344. 8 20.2 12.1 12.7 12.3 .8 372.6 344.7 -32. -25.1 —39.7 Xo. 12, E. 0., alcohol diet 296 72. 4 —32.2 GROUP E. Xo. 29, J. F. S., ordinary diet 3 3 6 •> 100 101 100 106 161 1,34 104 471 343 3,487 3,495 3,491 3,458 16.0 16.1 16.0 15.9 .8 .8 .8 . 7 16.0 15.6 15.8 17.3 - .8 - .3 - .6 -2.1 -5.0 -2.3 - .3.7 -1.3. 1 333.6 321.5 327.6 31.5. 5 8.3 8.1 8.2 6.4 11.2 10.9 11.1 12.1 .4 334.9 315.8 325.4 316. 5 -20.8 —13.3 —17.1 -19.9 -23.8 Xo. 31, J. F.S., ordinary diet —15. 9 Average, 29, 31 Xo. 30, J. F. S., alcohol 407^.... 341 7'' n -19.9 17.0 GROUP F. Xo. 32, J. F. S., ordinary diet Xo. 34, .1. F. S. , ordinary diet Average, 32, 34 Xo. 33, J. F. S., alcohol diet 3 3 6 3 101 100 100 100 1.52 99 126 99 3.54 478 416 355 72.0 3,487 3,493 3,490 3, 486 16.1 16.0 16.0 16.0 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 15.7 16.7 16.2 17.3 - .8 -1.9 -1.4 -2.5 - .5.0 -11.9 -8.5 -1.5. 8 320.0 335.7 327.8 319. 6 12.6 11.6 12.1 11.4 11.0 11.6 11.3 12.1 .4 325.6 345.4 335.5 333.3 -29.2 -32.9 -31.1 -37.6 -34.9 -35. -35.0 -38.4 GROUPS E-T. Average, 29-f 31, 32-r.34, ordinary diet Average, 30, 33, alcohfil diet: 12 100 100 1.30 102 412 348 72.0 3, 49.0 3, 472 16.0 16.0 1.0 1.0 16.0 17.3 -1.0 -2.3 - 6.1 -14.5 327. 7 317.6 10.2 8.9 11.2 12.1 .4 330.4 324.9 -24.1 -28.7 -27.5 -27.7 GROUI'S D-F. Average, 11, 29-f- 31, 32 -i-34, ordinarv diet ... Average, 12, .30,"33, alco- hol diet 16 10 108 107 130 21 4.36 331 72.2 3,614 3,611 17.3 17.1 1.4 1.1 16.7 17.6 - .8 -1.6 - 5.1 -10.0 343. 326.6 13. 5 10.0 11.7 12.2 .5 .344. 5 331.5 -26.7 -27. 5 -31.5 -29.2 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 389 Table CXIX. — Income and outgo of nitrogen and carbon and gain or logs of protein and /at, tie. — Continueil. In daily food. Classification, serial numbers, and subjects of esperi- ments. Experiments with and icithout alcohol kfi ttrialy comparable. Rest Experiments. GROUP O. (o) (6) ogen. (e) (0 «o 1 ^ 1 X fe4 ?i To .= ,c ^x ' b. r s-^ - ' ""-4 5t; t (/) (ff) Gmtt. Qmt. Gms. Gmt. ] Gmi. Gmi. Gme. Gmt. Gau. 1. 1 19. 5 -1. 9i-ll. 7 245. 8 11. 1 Z>.les.:Cm& GiM. Giii«.| Oalt. Xo. 13, E. 0., ordinarv 1 diet ".. 3117 88 270 2,59618. Xo. 14, E. (»., ordinarv I diet "-- 4 94 83 290 2,51315.1 .916.2—2.0—12.4239.0 7.4 Average, 13, 14 7105 86 280 2,55516.9 1.017.8—1.9—12.0242.4 9.313.6 206.3—13.2—25.7 Xo. 7, E.O., alcohol diet. 4104 68 19172.52,46216.7 .917.7-1.9-12.0218.6 6.713.3 1.5214.5—17.4—14.3 (A) (0 (*) (0 ^ ■s ^ s ^ S ?^ J + " ^i = t 1 5 + 1 Gm».Omt. I 15.1.. 12.2.. (m) Gm». 205.2-1-14.4-26.9 207.3-fl2. 1—24.4 GROUP H. Xo. 5. E. O.. ordinary diet ".. 4119 95 Xo. 15, E. O.. alcohol diet Xo. 16, E. O., alcohol diet Xo. 17, E. O., alcohol diet Average. 15, 16, 17 GROUP I. 276!.... 2,655 19.1 2109 40 277 72.52,653117.4 1.718.1- .7- 4. 2 248. 9 13.811.6 . 8 15. 6 -i-l. -r 6. 245. 7, 7. 811. 109 40 277 72.52,653117.4: .815.5-1-1.1 -I- 7.224o.7| 7.810.9 2 109 40 277 72. 5 2, 653 17. 4 .8 15. 6^1. 0+6. 0245. 7 7. 8 11. 6109 40 277 72.52,6.5317.4 . 8 15. 6 -i-l. 1'-^- 6.4245.7 7.S11.0, .9217.6 ...231 .8220.0 1. 1 218. 3 .8214.5 Xo. 21, A. W. S., ordi- narv diet 3 97 Xo. IS, A. W.S., alcohol diet 2 97 Xo. 19, A. W. S., alcohol diet 2 97 Xo. 20, A. W.S., alcohol diet 2 97 Average, 18, 19, 20 6 97 GROUPS G-I. 72 250 2,26415.5 1.015.4— .9— 5.6215.2 9.010.8 217.4 72 250,72.52,77615.5 1.116.4-2.01-12.2253.0 9.010.4 1.6219.3 250 72. 5 2, 776:15. 5l 1. 0|l4. o, 72, 25072.52,77615.5 1.014.11- 72 25072.52,7761.5.51 1.015.0 — 8.2 + 6.1 -f- 7.6 -i-U.6 -f- 8.4 -f 3.8 4-5.0 -t-n.o -1-6.6 —22.0-24.9 I -12. 7 -r25. 1 0253.0 9.0 9.2 1.3'206.6+26.9i-i-35. 1 .41-!- 2.2253.0 9.0 9.0 1.5 216.2-rl7.3 .5— 3.3253.0 9.0 9.5 1.5214.1+18,9 -Average, 13 — 14, 5, 21, ordinary diet 14 10' -A^verage, 7, 15 to 17, 18 to 20, alcohol diet 16103 60 23972.52,63016.5 84] 269 2,49117.1 1.217.1 916.1 GROUPS A-I. -Average, 9, 24. 26 — 2S, 11,29-31, 32-34,13 — 14, 5, 21, ordinary diet 43110 94 353, 2,95417.5 1.317.0 .Average, 10, 22, 27, 12, 30, 33, 7, 15 to 17, 18 I to 20, alcohol diet 36|108, 76 281 72. 3 2. 997 17. 4 1.1 17. 2 7.3235.5 3.0239.1 10.712.0... 7.811.3 1.3 .5. 6 273. .S; 9.411.9 218. 5 - 215.4- 260.8 2.51. 3 3.3 2.6 .1 —21.1 -27.1 2.3 6.5 Vol. S — No. (3- -11 390 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. INCOME AND OUTGO OF MATERIAL AND ENERGY. Tiilile CXX compares the available protein and energy, the gain or loss of bodA- protein and bodv fat, and the energy of material oxidized in the ]>od}' and that measured as heat and muscular work in the various groups of experiments with and without alcohol. The available protein is the ditierence between the protein in the food and that in the feces, while the available energy represents the energy of the food less the energj" of the feces and (dry matter of) urine. The energy of the material oxidized in the body represents what may be called the net income, while the energy measured as heat and muscular work may be called the net outgo. Table CXX. — Material and energy supplied and metabolized in exyeriments luith and inthout alcohol. [Quantities per day.] Available protein. Gain ( + ) orloss(-) of body material. Energy of material oxidized in the Energy measured as— experiments. energy. Muscular ■work. Protein, Fat. body. Heat. Total. Experiments uith and without alcohol more strictly comparable. Rest Experiments. GROUP A. Grams. Calories. Grams. Grams. Calories. Calories. Calories. Calories. No. 9, E. 0. , ordinary diet 112 2,426 - 3.6 + 18.2 2,277 2,309 2,309 No 10 E alcohol diet 115 2,427 — 6.9 +21.2 2,268 2,283 2,283 GROUP B. 115 2,809 -t- 1.7 +59.7 2,238 2,272 2,272 No. 22 E. 0., alcohol diet 117 2,777 + 1.4 +62.7 2,180 2,258 2,258 GROUPS A AND B. 114 2,618 - 1.0 +39.0 2,258 2,291 2,291 Average 10 22 E. 0., alcohol diet 116 2,602 - 2.8 +42.0 2,224 2,270 2,270 GROUP C. No. 26, J. F.S., ordinary diet 93 2, 256 - 3.5 +24.4 2,043 2,085 2,085 No. 28, J. F. S., ordinary diet 91 2,249 - 4.5 +21.8 2,067 2,079 2,079 Average 26, 28 92 92 2, 253 2,264 - 4.0 - 6.0 +23.1 +18.2 2, 055 2, 125 2,082 2,123 2,082 No. 27, J. F. S. alcohol diet 2,123 GROUPS A, B, AND C. Avera"e 9, 24, 26+28, ordinary diet 106 2,496 — 2.0 +33.7 2,190 2,221 2,221 Average 10, 22, 27, alcohol diet 108 2,489 - 3.8 +34. 1 2,191 2,221 2,221 Work Experiment.s. GROUP D. No. 11, E. 0., ordinary diet 110 .3, 510 - 3.0 -39.7 3,901 3,746 186 3,932 No. 12 E. 0., alcohol diet 113 3,614 — 1.0 -.32. 2 3,922 3,727 200 3,927 (;roui' e. No. 29, ,T. F. S., ordinary diet 95 3,260 - 5.0 -23.8 3,515 3, 334 255 3,589 96 3, 275 - 2.3 -15.9 3,439 3,171 249 3,420 Average 29, 31 96 3,268 - 3.7 -19.9 3,477 3, 253 252 3,505 No. 30, J. F. S., alcohol diet 95 3,242 -13.1 -17.0 3,479 3,321 249 3,470 GROUP F. No. .32, .1. F. S., ordinary diet 93 3,226 - 5.0 -34. 9 3,573 3, 369 196 3,565 92 93 3, 241 3,234 -11.9 - 8.5 -35. -35. 3, 629 3,601 3, 337 3, 353 2.50 223 3, 587 Average 32, 34 3,576 No. 33, J. F. S., alcohol diet 92 3,227 -1.5.8 -38.4 3,669 3, 435 197 3,632 .MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 391 T.\BLE ('XX. — Mnliridl wul energij supplied itnd metabolized in exprrimaits with and wilhoitt alcohol — Coiitinueil. .\vailable protein. Available encrg}-. Gain( + )orlos.s(-) of body material. Energ>-of material oxidized in the body. Energy measured a«^ experiments. Protein. Fat. Heat. Muscular work. Total. . Eri>erliiient.i iiilh and without alcohol more ftriclly comparable — Continued. Rest E.xperime.nts — Continued. GROIPS E .KND F. Average 29-31, 32^34, ordinary diet ■Vverawe 30, 33, alcohol diet Grams. 95 94 Calories. 3,251 3,235 Grams. - 6.1 -14.5 Grams. -27.5 -27.7 Calories. 3,539 3,574 Calories. 3,303 3,328 Calories. 238' 223 Calories. 3,541 3,551 GROrPS D, E, AND F. Average 11, 29^31, 32—34, ordinary diet Averau-e 12, 30, 33, alcohol diet 100 100 3,337 3,361 - 5.1 -10.0 -31.5 —29.2 3,660 3,690 3,451 3,461 220 215 .3, 671 3,676 GROrPS .\ TO F. Average 9, 24, 26-28, 11, 29-31, 32-34, 103 104 2,917 2,925 - 3.5 - 6.9 + 1.1 + 2.4 2,925 2,941 2,836 2,841 110 108 2,946 Average 10, 22, 27, 12, 30, 33, alcohol diet ... . 2,949 Erperiments with and without alcohol less strictly comparable. Rest Experimen-ts. GROUP G. Vo 13 E 0. ordinarv diet - 110 S9 100 99 2,298 2,289 2,294 2,230 -11.7 -12.4 -12.0 -12.0 +26.9 -r24.4 +25. 7 -14.3 2,112 2,131 2,121 2,434 2,151 2,193 2,172 2,394 2,151 2, 193 2,172 Xo 7 E alcohol diet . . . 2, 394 GRorp H. 109 104 104 104 104 2,384 2,426 2,424 2,427 2,426 - 4.2 + 6.0 + 7.2 + 6.0 + 6.4 - 7.8 + 3.8 + 5.0 +11.0 + 6.6 2,482 2,357 2,336 2,289 2,327 2,379 2,362 2,332 2,276 2,323 2, 379 No 15 E alcohol diet 2, 362 Xo 16 E. . alcohol diet 2,332 Xo. 17, E. 0., alcohol diet 2,276 2,323 GROrP I. Xo. 21, X. W. S., ordinary- diet 90 90 90 90 90 2,038 2,532 2,550 2, .549 2,544 - 5.6 -12.2 .0 + 2.2 - 3.3 -24.9 +25.1 +35.1 + 21.1 +27.1 2,304 2,367 2,220 2,339 2,309 2,279 2,488 2,279 2,303 2,357 2,279 Xo. 18, A. W. S., alcohol diet 2,488 Xo. 19 i.W.S., alcohol diet 2,279 Xo. 20, A. W. S. , alcohol diet 2,303 Average 18, 19, 20 2,357 GROUPS G, H, .\N-D I. 100 98 2,239 2,400 - 7.3 - 3.0 - 2.3 + 6.5 2,302 2,356 2, 277 2, 3.58 2,277 .\verage 7, 15 to 17, 18 to 20, a'lcohol diet 2,358 GROUPS .\ TO I. Average 9, 24, 26-28, 11, 29-31, 32^34, 102 102 2,691 2,750 - 4.8 - 7.1 - .1 + 3.8 2,717 2,746 2,650 2,680 73 72 2,723 Average 10, 22. 27, 12, 30. 33. 7, 15 to 17, 18 to 2,752 392 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. PROPORTIONS OF ALCOHOL OXIDIZED AND UNOXIDIZED, In the experiments in which alcohol formed part of the diet the urine, drip, and freezer waters and outgoing air current were examined for the presence of alcohol, or the products of incomplete oxidation of alcohol, according to the method discussed on page 258. The determina- tions were made by the amount of reduction of a standard sulphuric-acid solution of chromic acid. The materials thus found were called reducing materials, and the total amounts were calculated as alcohol. In 6 of the later experiments in which alcohol did not form part of the diet the same tests were made in the excretor}- and respiratorj- products as indicated above, and considerable quantities of reducing material were found. These were likewise calculated as alcohol. The average dailv amount eliminated in each of these experiments and the average of the results of all 6 are shown in Table CXXI. Table CXXI. — Average daily elimination of reducing material by lungs and kidneys in exyeriments in which alcohol did not form apart of the diet. [Quantities expressed in alcohol equivalent.] Reducing material excreted, calcu- lated as alcohol. Experiment No. in In urine. respiratory products. Total. 26 Grams. 0.02 .02 .01 .02 .02 .03 Grams. 0.36 .24 .35 .28 .32 _28 Grams. 38 28 . ... .26 29 .36 31 .80 32 .34 34 .31 .02 .30 .32 In the average of all 6 experiments the reducing material determined was found equivalent to 0.32 of a gram of alcohol per day. Accordingly, from the total amount of reducing material determined in the alcohol experiments, 0.3 gram was subtracted in estimating the amount of alcohol excreted unoxidized. This is shown in Table CXXII, which summarizes the data for the excretion of unoxidized alcohol in the ditierent experiments. The figures in column d show the total amount of reducing material, calculated as alcohol, which was found in the distillates from the urine and the water condensed in the chamber and the freezers, and more especially in the air current. From each of the values in column d 0.3 gram is subtracted, a.s explained above, to obtain the values in column e, which represent the amount of alcohol excreted unoxidized. The difference between the alcohol ingested, column a, and that excreted, column e, represents the amount actually metabolized, column/". The latter amount divided bj' the amount ingested shows the per cent metabolized, column (/. It will be noticed that the values for alcohol metabolized in the body in experiments 7 to 22 are slightlj* larger in Table CXXII than they are in the tables giving the details of the.se experi- ments on preceding pages. This is due to the fact that in the detail tables the total amount of reducing material, as found in the experiments, was taken as the measure of the alcohol excreted in the experiments specilied, whereas in the summary table the average amount of reducing material found has been deducted from the total reducing material in all the experiments alike. MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 393 Table CXXII. — Com})arison of amounts of alcohol consumed and excreted unoxidized in experiments in which it formed a part of the diet. Experiment No. Alcohol, ingested. Alcohol excreted, including other material calculated as alcohol. (6) respira- tory products. (d) Total outgo. b+c. Alcohol excreted unoxidized. Averacre of all Average of Nos. 27-33. Gratm. 72.5 72.5 72.4 72.5 72.5 72.5 72.5 72.5 72.5 72.0 72.0 72.0 72.0 Grams. 0.22 .12 .15 .14 .19 .06 .14 .12 .14 -.53 .11 .06 .05 Grams. 2.76 .98 1.34 1.40 1.90 1.43 1.83 1.42 1.69 1.67 1.09 1.03 1.00 Grami. 2.98 1.10 1.49 1.54 2.09 1.49 1.97 1..54 1.83 2.19 1.20 1.09 1.05 Grams. 69.8 71.7 71.2 71.3 70.7 71.3 70.8 71.3 71.0 70.1 71.1 71.2 71.3 Per cent. 96.3 98.9 98.3 98.3 97.5 98.3 97.7 98.3 97.9 97.4 98.7 98.9 99.0 98.1 98.9 VARIATIONS IX DAILY EXCRETIOX OF XITEOGEX. In the course of these experimeuts it has been found very difficult to obtain a uniform excretion of nitrogen in the urine from day to daw even with uniform condition-s of food. rest. and work. In studying the effect of alcohol upon nitrogen metabolism these variations should be considered. Table CXXIII shows the daily nitrogen content in the urine in experiments with and without alcohol. It also shows the elimination of nitrogen on the days of the preliminary period which always preceded an experiment in the calorimeter, and during which the subject had very nearly the same diet as in the following experimental period. In many cases the amount of nitrogen in the urine varied greatly from day to day. this variation being especially marked in the preliminary period. This may possibly be due in part to differences in amounts of external muscular work performed on different davs. but the general results of experiments on the effects of muscular activity upon nitrogen metabolism imply that when the work is not severe and the supph" of energy is sufficient the output of nitrogen is not greatly increased. It seems more probable that the cause may be in part psychic. We have had occasion to note an increase of nitrogen excretion after mental excitement, and not infrequently such increase has occurred on the day before or the day after the subject entered the respiration chamber for an experiment. This was especially the case with E. O.. with whom there was a notable increase in the excretion of nitrogen on the day before entering the chamber in experiments 5. 6. 7. 12. 13. and 14. and on the day after in experiments 10. 11. 15. and ±2. Something of the same kind appears with A. W. S. in experiment IS. with the exception that the increase was observed on the second day of the preliminary period, continued for a few days. and. with the exception of a slight rise on the day after entering the calorimeter, greatly decreased in amount during experiments 18 to 20. With J. F. S., on the other hand, there was as a rule comparatively little difference in the nitrogen eliminated on different days of the preliminary period, and a very slight, although regular, increase on the day following his entrance into the calorimeter. The figures in the last four columns of 'the tal)le show the average elimination of nitrogen during different periods with and without alcohol as part of the diet. The pronounced difference in .some experiments between the elimination of nitrogen in the preliminaiy period and the calo- rimeter period is of interest as indicating that these unexplained variations are much greater than any which may be brought about by the addition of alcohol to the diet. This is one of the facts which lead us to hesitate to attribute to the alcohol any definite and uniform effect upon the metabolism of nitrotren. 394 :memoirs of the national academy of sciences. One thing has impressed us, not only in these experiments but in others, the results of which we have studied. It is that the daily nitrogen balance is a much less reliable indication of the effects of diet, or of drugs, or of muscular work, or of medical treatment than is commonly supposed." Table CXXIII. — Comparison of daily elimination of nitrogen in the urine when alcohol did and did not form a part of the diet. [Figures in bold face indicate days in wbich alcohol formed a part of the diet.] 1 i 1 Nitrogen in urine, pre- liminary period. Nitrogen in urine, calorimeter period. Nitrogen in urine, average. Experiment and subject. >, ■a S E 1 1 ■a a ■3 S 1 5 S" a 1 t4 1 >> 1 5 •a c > ■5 1 1 p. & c 1 e 11. Calorimeter period. 'ii i E. 0. Gms. Gms. Gms. Gms. Gms. Gms. Gms. Gms. Gms. Gms. Gms. Gms. Gjtw. Gms. Gms. Gms. Gms. Gms. Experiment Nos. 13 and 14 Experiment No. 16.9 16.7 19.1 19 8 15 3 ifi n 17 2 20 2 20.2 17.4 16.9 16.5 17 ? 17 8 17 7 19.1 17.4 22.1 1 7 fi an s 15.9 20.1 12.3 13.6 13.8 14 2 18. S 17.9 14.2 1,3.8 18.3 23 8 19.6 18.7 19.7 17.5 17.9 20 3 17.8 18.8 20.6 17.1 21.3 17 4 16.2 18.3 19.4 18.3 15.9 17 2 17.3 17.9 18.1 19.4 17.7 17 4 17.8 19.4 16.2 12.9 14.4 18.2 17,7 18.4 19.5 18.1 18.2 18.1 18.4 18.1 IS 1 17.7 Experiment No. Experiment No. 10 19.5 Experiment No. 19 9 12. 5 Ti 7 Experiment No. 19.3 10.1 19.1: 17.2 17.4 11.6 16.4 17.6 16.0 18.2 Experiment No. 5 Experiment Nos. 1.5-17 13.9 10.4 15.1 16.2 15,2 15.7 15,7 15.6 13.0 15.6 1S.6 Average 13 and 14, 9, 11, 5.... 18.8' 15.6 16.9 16.3 18.9 19.2 17.7 17.7 17.8 16.9 18.1 18.1 Average 7, 10, 12,10-17 ExperimentNos. 18.3 13.1 17.8 14.0 15.4 18.1 19.0 16.7 17,2 .... 15.4 17.7 .... 17.8 19.8 17.3 18.8 14.6 13.7 18.7 18.8 17.8 18.8 19.6 18.5 19.4 18.1 17.3 16.1 18.5 18.6 18.4 A. W. S. Experiment Nos. 4a-4e . ... 1.5.3 15.5 1.5.0 12.2 1.5.6 14 3 14.4 16.4 14.6 17,4 14.1 15.4 13.1 14,7 13.7 14,2 12.6 13.8 11.9 12.4 13.1 11.7 14.8 15.9 13.0 15.0 13.0 15.4 Experiment Nos. 18-21 16.0 19.0 14,4114, 5 16. 2 15. 4 15.0 J. F. S. ExperimentNos. 26-2S 1.5.9 16.6 1.5.9 1.5.7 16.0 16.6 15.1 14.4 14,6 15.5 16,8 15.9 15.2,14.7 16.0 15.4 15,3 15.6 ExperimentNos. 29-31 16.0 16.1 16.0 13.9 15.0 1.5.2 1.5.5 15.5 15.6 15.0 15.6 15.4 14.8 15.1 15.3 15.4 16.3 16.1 16.3 15.3 15.6 16.2 15.6 15.4 16,8 16,7 16.0 18.0 17,6 17.0 17,1 17.7 17,2 16.3 17.4 16.5 15.415.2 16. 3:16. 4 14.8 15.3 15.4 16.3 16.6 16.1 15,8 16.2 15.8 17,3 ExperimentNos. 32-34 17,3 15.6 15.4 16,7 "My own confidence in the results of the experiments of a few days' duration as indications of the influence of any such agencies upon nitrogen metabolLsm was much shaken by the experience of Dr. C. F. Laxgwortiiy and myself in collating and comparing the results of experiments on these subjects in the course of the preparation by ourselves of Bulletin 45 of the Office of Experiment Stations of the United States Department of Agriculture, A Digest of Metabolism Experiments in which the Balance of Income and Outgo was observed. The tables of this volume include summaries of 2,299 experiments with men and 1,362 with aniuials, in which the nitrogen balance was studied. The very clear impression left upon my own mind is that a not inconsiderable share of the conclusions reached by the authors of this very large amount of painstaking inquiry must be held subject to revision in the light of inquiries in which the experimental periods will be longer and the determinations more detailed.— W. O. A. MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 395 AVAILABILITY OF XCTRIEXTS AXD ENEKGV. Table CXXIV compares the coefficients of availability of protein, fat. carbohydrates, and energy in experiments in which alcohol did and did not form a part of the diet. These experiments are compared according as the ordinary diet and alcohol diet were more or less comparable, and according to the character of the experiment, whether rest or work. Table CXXIV. — CoeJIicienIs of availability of nutrieiiU: ami energy in diet xrith and tvithout alcohol. Metab- olism experi- ment Ko. Classification. a\ numbers, and subjects of experiments. Dura- I Pro- tion. tein. Carbo- hy- drates. Experiments with and without alcohol more strictly comparable. Rest Experiments. E. 0., ordinary diet. E. O., alc-'iol'diet.. 85 I E. O., ordinary diet. 83 E. O., alcohol "diet.. GROUPS A .\XD B. Average Xos. 9, 24, ordinary diet . Average Xos. 10, 22., alcohol diet . 150 152 J. F. S., ordinary diet . . J. F. S., ordinary diet . Average Xos. 26, 28 . . , J. F.S., alcohol diet... GROrPS A T'l Ayerage Xos. 9, 24, 26-4-28, ordinary diet. Average Nos. 10, 22, 27, alcohol diet Work E.xperimexts. .50 E. O., ordinary diet. 52 E. O., alcohol diet.. Daus. Per ct. Per ct. 4 ; 93.5 I 93.9 4 93. 1 88. 2 93.4 93.8 3 93. 1 3 92.2 6 92.7 3 92.8 13 93. 1 10 93.4 93.7 m.7 93.8 91.0 93.8 92.6 Percl. 96.5 97.0 97.7 97.5 97. 2 97. 3 90. 1 98. 6 93. 7 98. 95. 97. 2 97.8 97.4 93.0 ; 97.5 95.9 98.2 97.1 154 156 158 160 33 159 J. F. S., ordinary diet . J. F. S., ordinary diet . Average Xo-s. 29'. 31 . . . J. F.S., alcohol diet... J. F. S. , ordinary diet . J. F. S., ordinary iliet . Average Xos. 32,34... J. F.S., alcohol diet... GROrPS E AND F. Average Nos. 29, 31, 32, 34, ordinary diet. Average Xos. 30, 33, alcohol diet . ." GROUPS D TO F. .Average 11, 29—31, 32-34, ordinary diet . Average 12, 30, 33, alcohol diet GROUPS A TO F. 3 94. 6 3 95. 6 94.8 3 95. 8 3 1 92.8 3 92. 7 6 i 92.8 3 92. 7 Average Xos. 9. 11. 24, 26+28, 294-31, 32-f 34, ordinary diet... Average Xos. 10, 12, 22, 27, 30, 33, alcohol diet ." 93.8 94.3 92.1 94.0 2*) 92. 6 20 93. 7 8. 3 98. 2 97. 1 97. 4 95.0 ; 98.4 96.2 I 97.9 95.6 97.8 98.2 98.2 98.0 98.2 94.9 94.6 97.9 97.8 39(3 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Table CXXIV. — Coeficients of availabUlty uf niUrients and energy in diet ivlth and ivilhout alcohol — Continued. Metab- Diges- olism tion es experi- peri- ment ' ment Classification, serial numbers, and subjects of experiments. Fat. Carbo- hy- drates. Experiments with and irithoiit alcohol less strictly comparable. Rest Experiments. GROUP G. E. 0., ordinary diet E. 0., ordinary diet Average Nos. 13, 14 E. O., alcohol diet GROUP H. E. O., ordinary diet E. O., alcohofdiet GROUPS G .\XD H. Average Nos. 13+14, 5, ordinary diet Average Nos. 7, 15-17, alcohol diet GROUPS A TO H. Average all experiments with ordinary diet, Nos. 9+24, 26^28, 11, 29+31, 32+34, 13+14, 5 Average all experiments with alcohol diet, Nos. 10+22, 27, 1'2, 30+33, 7, 15-17 Per ct. 94.0 93.8 93.9 94.8 91.3 95.2 Per ct. 93.2 95.3 94.3 96.3 93.9 92.5 11 10 92.6 95.0 1 94.1 94.4 40 92.6 94.7 30 94.1 94.7 Per ct. 98.1 98.7 98.4 98.1 98.0 97.9 95.9 Per ct. 90.0 91.9 91.0 91.1 90.3 91.3 91.5 91.8 Table CXXV .summarizes the results of experiments with the same subject and the same diet before and after entering the calorimeter and averages the results for all the experiments. -tihrnparison of gains or losses of nitrogen, and of coefficients of availability in the preliminary periods outside the calorimeter and the experimental periods inside. [Quantities per day.] Table CXXV, ^',^'"''-1 Digest ™?t^ ment food. 1 feces. Gain ( + )or loss (-)• Coefficients ol availability. Car- bohy- drates. En- ergy. :; '< M 44 ^1 45 46 ^3i{ 76 77 14:^ 78 79 147 148 149 1.50 39 40 49 .50 153 1.54 1.57 158 Experiments with ordinary diet. REST EXPERIMENTS. Preliminary period Calorimeter period Preliminary period Calorimeter period Preliminary period Calorimeter period Preliminary period Caloriijieter period Preliminary period Calorimeter period Preliminary period Calorimeter period Preliminary period Calorimeter perioil Average preliminary periods Average calorimeter periods. Work exjierimentn. Grams. 19.2 19.1 20.1 20.8 18.9 19.1 20.1 18.7 15.1 15.1 17.6 t 17.7 , 15.9 1.5.9 18.1 18.1 Preliminary period Calorimeter period Preliminary period Calorimeter period Preliminary peri(Kl Calciriiiieter period Preliminary jn-riod Calorimeter perioil Average |>reliiiiinary periods Average calorimeter period." . 19.1 19.1 19.9 19.8 15.9 16.0 15.9 16.1 17.7 17.7 Grams. 1.4 1.7 1.8 1.3 1.7 1.3 0.8 1.1 1.2 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.7 1.1 1.4 1.2 1.9 1.5 1.9 2.2 0.9 0.8 1.5 1.2 1.5 1.4 Grams. 18.2 18.1 14.2 19.5 19.4 18.4 18.1 19.5 16.7 16.2 16.6 16.4 16.0 15.4 17.0 17.7 12.8 16.5 12.9 18.1 14.8 16.0 15.0 1.5.7 1.3.9 16.6 Grams. -0.4 -0.7 +4.1 -2.'2' -0.6 1.2 -1.9 -2.8 2.0 +0.3 -1.8 -0.6 -0.3 -0.8 +4.4 +1.1 +5.1 -0. 5 +0.2 -0.8 -0.6 -0.8 -^2.3 -0.3 Per ct. 92.7 91.3 91.3 94.0 90.9 93. 5 96.7 94.0 92.3 93.8 94.2 94.5 89.0 93.1 92.4 93.5 90.1 92.0 90.6 88.7 94.5 94.6 90.6 92.8 91.5 92.0 Per ct. 94.0 93.9 94.4 95.6 92.1 93.9 96.3 93.2 93.4 9.5.3 96.8 97.4 94.1 97.2 94.4 95.2 9.5.3 96.9 93.2 93.0 96.4 97.2 95.7 97.1 9.5.2 96. 1 Per a. 98.0 97.7 97.4 98.2 95.8 96.5 98.9 98.1 98.5 98.7 97.7 97.4 9.5.7 97.3 97.4 97.7 97.6 98.3 97.8 97.5 9S. 7 98.7 96.8 97.4 97.7 98.0 Per ct. 90.0 89.6 89.9 90.8 88.5 89.7 93.1 90.0 91.1 91.9 91.8 91.8 88.4 91.1 90.4 90.7 91.2 92.6 91.4 90.9 9.3.8 94.1 91.5 92.7 92.0 92.6 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 397 Table CXXV. — mi>unmn of gains or losses of nitrogen, and coefficients' o^ avaUahility in the preliminary perio'ls outside the calorimeter and the experimental periods inside — Continued. Nitrogen. food, feces, urine. Coefficients of availabilitv. Car- bohy- drates. ,.{ IS Kcperiments with alcohol diet. REST E.XPERIMEXTS. Preliminary period Calorimeter period Preliminary period Calorimeter period Preliminary perioil Calorimeter jieriod Preliminary period Calorimeter period Average preliminary periods Average calorimeter periods. Work experiments. Preliminary period Calorimeter period Average preliminary periods in all above experiments with ordinary diet Average calorimeter periods in all above experiments with ordinary diet Average preliminary periods in all above experiments with alcohol diet Average calorimeter periods in all above experiments with alcohol diet , Grams. 16.8 16.7 19.5 19.8 16.7 17.4 19.7 19.8 18.2 18.4 19.6 19.3 18.0 17.9 18.5 18.6 Gram». Grams. 1.5 17.8 0.9 1.0 1.4 0.8 0.8 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.8 1.3 1.4 1.3 1." 17.7 16.1 19.5 13.0 15.6 16.1 18.4 15.8 17.8 14.4 18.2 15.9 17.3 15.5 17.8 Grams. -2.5 -1.9 + 2.4 -1.1 +2.9 + 1.0 +2.4 +0.3 +1.3 —0.4 +3.4 -0.2 Per cl. 90.8 94.8 94.9 93.1 95.2 95.2 94.2 94.4 93.8 94.4 90.8 93.5 +0. 7 I 92. 1 0.6 92.9 1.7 93.2 0.3 94.2 Per rt. 93.6 98.3 92.1 88.2 91.8 92..'= 94.5 94.7 93.0 92.9 94.2 9.5.9 94.7 95.5 93.2 93.5 Percl. 97.3 98.1 98.0 97.0 98.0 98.4 98.2 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.0 98.2 97.5 97.8 Per ct. 9.5.9 95.9 98.5 98.5 97.6 97.6 97.0 97.0 97.2 97.2 97.9 97.9 97.4 97.4 Per el. 89.2 91.1 91.1 89.8 91.4 91.5 90.5 90.5 90.6 90.7 91.3 92.7 91.0 91.4 90.7 91.1 The tigures for the availability of alcohol in the preliminary period are ba.sed upon the assumption that the excretion of unoxidized alcohol was the .same during the preliminary period as during the following period when the subject was within the chamber of the respiration calorimeter. It will be observed that while the diet was practically the same in the preliminary as in the calorimeter period, the coeiBcients of availability are quite diflerent. Sometimes the subject appeared to digest the food more thoroughly during the preliminary period and some- times more thoroughly during the period .spent within the respiration chamber. In both the rest and work experiments without alcohol the availability of the nutrients and energy of the diet was slightly less in the preliminary period than in the subsequent experiment in which the subject was within the respiration chamber. In the rest experiments in which alcohol formed a part of the diet there was no pronounced difference in the coefficients in the two cases, liut in the one instance in which there was preliminary and calorimeter period with work the coefficients of availability in the former period were noticeably less than in the latter. Taking all the experiments into consideration it would seem that there was, as a rule, a quite noticeable difference in the proportions of the food which were actually made availaljle for use in the bodv in the preliminary as compared with the calorimeter periods, a difference which was not noticeably affected by the presence or absence of alcohol in the diet. Vol. 8— No. 6 12 O COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARY ! This book is due on the date indicated below, or at the expiration of a definite period after the date of borrowing, as provided by the rules of the Library or by special ar- rangement with the Librarian in charge. DATE BORROWED DATE DUE DATE BORROWED DATE DUE C2a(23»)MI00