THE PEOPLES OF HAWAII Romanzo Adams PROFESSOR OF ECONOMICS AND SOCIOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII Institute of Pacific Relations HONOLULU, HAWAII 1925 THE PEOPLES OF HAWAII A Statistical Study BY Romaxzo Adams T. M. Livesay E. H. Van Winkle OF THE UXIVERSITY OF HaWAII IXSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATION’S HONOLULU, HAWAII 1925 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 https://archive.org/details/peoplesofhawaiiOOadam PREFACE This study was made primarily in order to furnish to the members of the First Institute of Pacific Relations held in Honolulu, June 30- July 14, 1925, information relating to the racial situation in Hawaii. In all contacts between the peoples of the nations bordering the Pacific the fact of race and cultural difference is sure to be an impor- tant factor. The multiplication of contacts between Orientals and Occidentals brings possibilities of misunderstanding and conflict and at the same time opportunities for an enrichment of human life such as the world has not known before. At no previous time in history have such effective contacts been established l)etween peoples of civil- izations so advanced and, at the same time, so diverse. If the result- ant cultural conflict is carried on mainly on the higher plane — the plane of understanding, reason, and truth — it w’ill serve as a wonderful stimulant to human progress. The world will not only conserve the values of both Oriental and Occidental civilization, but out of the flux there will emerge a social order better than either has had hitherto. In relation to the Pacific situation Hawaii has some of the char- acteristics of a laboratory. Here racial contacts have been made under rather favorable conditions and it is possible that some of the results of Hawaii’s e.xperiments may be of value in relation to the larger problems of the Pacific area. The data here presented have been selected from a much larger mass. The aim is to show the general character of the social move- ments generated by the numerous interracial contacts under the circum- stances presented by Hawaiian life. It is not to present the complete data necessary to establish the truth or falsity of any particular thesis. The interpretative comment is largely for the purpose of warning the reader of the danger of drawing certain sorts of conclusions from partial information. Even here a careful consideration of all the statistical tables will go far to guard one against the fallacious con- clusions sometimes suggested by a single table. 3 The writer hoj^es that this preliminary study will serve to rouse interest in racial studies and that as the years pass by there will l)e increasing opportunity for scientific studies of all aspects of inter- racial contacts in Hawaii. The division of labor and responsibility for the study is about as follows : Assistant Professor E. H. Van ^^’inkle did most of the work in securing and organizing the data relative to convictions for crime and commitments to prison. The public schools of the Territory furnished data as to retardation in the schools, several members of the Normal School faculty and others connected with the Department of Public Instruction assisted in organizing the data. Professor T. M. Livesay gave them their final form. For the rest of the tables and for the interpretation the chairman of the committee is responsible. ROMANZO ADAMS, Chairman of the Committee. 4 THE PEOPLES OF HAWAII Population Statistics by Race, 1853-1924 There is abundant evidence that the peoples of Hawaii are in pro- cess of becoming one people. After a time the terms now commonly used to designate the various groups according to the country of birth or ancestry will he forgotten. There will be no Portuguese, no Chin- ese, no Japanese — only American. Even now, there is a growing sen- sitiveness among the Hawaiian born and educated, when they are classified according to the land of their parents’ nativity. They do not wish to be set apart as non- American. They would enter fully into the inheritance of America, and would be called Americans. The writer believes that this attitude is right and he has no desire to ])erj)etuate racial or nationalistic distinctions by the classifications herein used. All the population groups of Hawaii are participating in one great social process. Put, while they are becoming one people, they are still many peoples. It is worth-while to study each group separately, as long as it does have a ju-actical identity. In this way it is possible to measure progress and there is abundant evidence of pro- gress, for the groups that have been in Hawaii for the longer period — the Chinese, the Portuguese, and the Jai)anese. Less progress may be noted for the more recent arrivals. Moreover, the separate study of racial or national groups reveals diflferences in opportunity and special needs calling for social action. P'or example, the Board of Health statistics of infant mortality kept by race helped to direct the efforts of various social agencies to the point where such efforts were most needed. Any fair consideration of the peoples of Hawaii must take into account at least four sets of factors : 1. The numbers. The general social importance of a group is determined largely by its size. Small groups widely scattered are not able to maintain their organizations effectively and they therefore suffer from a relatively rapid disintegration of old country culture, while the larger groups maintain their organizations more successfully. The internal moral control of the larger groups is better. 2. The cultural traditions of their native lands. This paper does not aim to present data on this point but the reader must gain a knawl- 5 edge of the cultural background of each race if he is to understand its practical situation in Hawaii. 3. The length of residence in Hawaii. The improvement of economic status and the acquisition of American language, customs, and standards is largely a matter of time. 4. The character of opportunity presented by Hawaii. It has not been the same at all times nor has it been the same for all races. Each race came under the special conditions of the time and under the special conditions relating to the race as such. These are matters of law and custom and of economic and social policy. Under the laws of the United States and of Hawaii the immi- grants from Portugal, Spain and Porto Rico have been eligible to nat- uralization so far as race is concerned, while those from China, Japan, and Korea have been ineligible. Along with eligibility to citizenship have gone certain economic opportunities — the right to homestead land and the right to be employed .on public works — which are denied to those not so eligible. Likewise, the members of the eligible groups are free to emigrate to the mainland of the United States, while the inelig- ibles are denied this privilege. Moreover, among the citizens, there is a preference for those that belong to races with a considerable number of voters, — the Hawaiians, Portuguese and other Caucasians, — in public employment and in the employment of public utility corporations and a few manufacturing industries. This is explained mainly by politics, custom, race-feeling and labor union policy, and does not bid fair to be permanent. In the census of 1853, and in every succeeding census, the popula- tion has been classified by race. The term “race” is not here used in the strict anthropological sense, but loosely, to describe the different groups of people in Hawaii. The group names are taken from the United States census. Hawaiians are full-blooded descendants of the old Polynesian inhabitants of the Islands. Caucasian-Hawaiians are of mixed Polynesian and Caucasian ancestry. Asiatic-Hawaiians are of mixed Polynesian and Asiatic ancestry. The terms Portuguese, Porto Rican and Spanfsh are self-explanatory. “Other Caucasians” includes all Caucasians who are not of the three above-named groups. They are mainly of American, British, German, Scandinavian and Russian origin. Since the term “Other Caucasian” is sometimes used in such a way that its meaning is not defined by its position in a list, it is j)laced in quotation marks to indicate its special meaning. For example, Chinese and “Other Caucasians” means Chinese and Cauca- sians other than Portuguese, Porto Ricans and Spanish. Certain changes in classification, from census to census, have made 6 it necessary to introduce an element of estimate, in order to make the figures comparable. In general, there was pretty adequate statistical data on which to base these estimates and often the estimated part is small. For example, the Census of 1884 gives the number of foreign- born Chinese men and women at 17,939. To this number 315 was added for Hawaiian-born Chinese children — the estimate being based on data as to number of foreign-born women of each race and as to total number of children of all foreigners. Ordinarily, the error due to estimate is less than one per cent. Table No. 1 POPULATION OF HAWAII 1853 1860 Male Female Total Male Female Total Hawaiian 37,079' 33,940' 71,019' 35,379' 31,705' 67,084' “Other Caucasian”. . 904 358 1.262 1,095= 505= 1,600= Chinese 344 20 364 535= 65= 600= Other 483 10 493 490= 26= 516= 38,810 34,328 73,138 37,499 32,301 69,800 1866 1872 Hawaiian 30,250 26,875 57,125 26,130 22,914 49,044 Part-Hawaiian 817 823 1,640 1,225 1,262 2,487 Portuguese 382* 42' 424' “Other Caucasian” 1,480= 720= 2,200= 1,679' 841' 2,520' Chinese 1,090 110 1,200 1,881' 157' 2,038' Other 758= 36= 794= 353' 31* 384' 34,395 28,564 62,959 31,650 25,247 56,897 1878 1884 Male Female Total Male Female Total Hawaiian 23,388 20,700 44,088 21,504 18,510 40,014 Part-Hawaiian 1,728 1,692 3,420 2,119 2,099 4,218 Portuguese 403' 83' 486' 5,549' 4,418' 9,967' “Other Caucasian” 2,264' 998' 3,262' 4,016' 2,596' 6,612' Chinese 5,751' 294* 6,045* 17,243* 1,011' 18,254' Japanese 98 18 116 Other 569' 115' 684* 1,010* 387* 1,397* 34,103 23,882 57,985 51,539 29,039 80,578 * Includes Part-Hawaiian. = Distribution by race, by estimate. ’ Distribution into the two race groups, by estimate. ' The foreign-born given in Census, with racial distribution. Their Hawaiian-born chil- dren, to the number of 849 in 1872, 947 in 1878, and 2,040 in 1884, were distributed by estimate based on the number of women and they were grouped with their parents. 7 POPULATION OF HAWAII 1890 1896 Hawaiian . . 18,364 16,072 34,436 16,399 14,620 31,019 Part-Hawaiian . . 3.085 3,101 6,186 4,249 4,236 8,485 Portuguese . . 6,870* 5,849* 12,719* 8,202 6,989 15 191 “Other Caucasian” . . . . 4,027* .2,193* 6,220* 4,519 2,728 7,247 Chinese . , 15,343* 1,409* 16 752* 19:167 2,449 21.616 Japanese . , 10,219* 2,391* 12,610* 19,212 5,195 24,407 Other 806* 261* 1,067* 769 286 1,055 58,714 31,276 89,990 72,517 36,503 109,020 Hawaiian Caucasian-Hawaiian Asiatic-Hawaiian . . . Portuguese Porto Rican Spanish Male . . . 15,642 3,603= 1,415= 9,785= 1900 Female 14,157 3.582= 1,257= 8,487= Total 29,799 7,185= 2,672= 18,272= Male 13,439 4,438 1,812 11,571 2,878 1,078 9,255 17,148 54,784 3,931 2,160 605 1910 Female Total 12,602 26,041 4,334 8,772 1,922 3,734 10,730 22,301 2,012 4,890 912 1.990 5,612 14,867 4.526 21,674 24,891 79,675 602 4.533 201 2,361 466 1,071 “Other Caucasian” . Chinese Japanese Korean 5,699= 22,296 47,508 2,848= 3,471 13,603 8,547= 25,767 61,111 Filipino All Other 421 227 648 106,369 47,632 154,001 123,099 68,810 191,909 19.20 1924 Board of Health Male Female Total Estimate Both Sexes Hawaiian . 11,990 11,733 23,723 21,271 Caucasian-Hawaiian 5,528 5 544 11,072 13.134 Asiatic-Hawaiian .... 3,524 3,431 6 955 7.816 Portuguese . 13,737 13,265 27,002 26,791 Porto-Rican 3,133 2 469 5,602 6,347 Spanish 1,326 1,104 2,430 1.916 “Other Caucasian" . . 12,309 7,399 19.708 34.372 Chinese . 16,197 7,310 23.507 24.522 Japanese . 62,644 46,630 109,274 125,368 Korean 3,498 1,452 4.950 5.817 Filipino . 16,851 4 180 21,031 39,608 All other 409 249 658 215 151,146 104.766 255.912 307,177 * Ilawsiian-born chiMien of foreigners distributed racially, by estimate and included with parents, 7,495 in 1890. ® When the United States Census of 1900, — the first in which Hawaii was included — was tak“n, the mainland race classifications were used. The Portuguese and other Caucasians were coinltined as Caucasians and with tliein were placed about two thousand Part-Hawaiians, presumably those who liad Caucasian names or who displayed Caucasian characteristics in higher degree. In order to secure figures comparable with those of the earlier and the later censuses this Caucasian group was subdivided. The data of the Census of 1896 and that of 1910, togetlier with data as to Itirths and deaths and arrivals and departures makes a pretty nearly accurate estimate possible. 8 1853 I860 1866 1872 1878 1884 1890 1896 1900 1910 1920 1924 9 DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION BETWEEN CITY AND RURAL DISTRICTS In general, the peoples who have been longer in the Islands are more often found in the cities while the newly arrived are mainly on the plantations. The native Hawaiian is an exception, the majority still being in the rural districts. The Chinese with their more highly developed commercial traditions are more largely in the cities than are the Portuguese of about equal length of residence. According to the way workers see it, going from rural employment to city employment is progress. IMAHGRATION AND EMIGRATION Since Hawaii was annexed to the United States in 1898, more than a hundred thousand men and nearly half as many women have been brought to the Territory as plantation laborers. This move- ment has been nearly balanced by emigration, so far as men are con- cerned, but there has been a considerable net gain in the number of women. The census of 1900 showed 79,607 adult males and 25,545 adult females, as compared with 90,522 adult males and 49,178 adult females for 1920. The gain in each case is partly accounted for by the coming to maturity of the Hawaiian-born. Emigration was mainly to the mainland of the United States before 1908, but there has been a considerable return movement of Chinese and Japanese to their native lands. The following tables show the movement of steerage passengers for a typical recent year. So far as arrivals balance departures, the figures represent not immigration or emigration mainly, but only round trips for business or for visits. 10 CHAR.T NQ II PER.CENTAGE OF EACH RACE IN HONOLULU, IN HILO AND IN RURAL HAWAII IN IQZO. Legend Momolulu 64-. 2 "Other Caucasian 22.4 4.4 73.0 Japanese HH 1 1 5. o 2.1 82.8 Porto Rican 10.0 2.5 87.6 Filipino ^H{ r 11 Table No. 2 ARRIVALS AND DEPARTURES OF STEERAGE PASSENGERS FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1925 Arrivals from Orient Departures to Orient Gain Loss Men tVomen Children Men Women Children Chinese . . 349 84 66 531 78 87 197 Japanese . 634 283 206 1,469 892 1,027 2,265 Korean . . 4 1 1 16 4 3 17 Filipino . . 10,614 715 292 1,551 212 201 9,657 All Others 124 90 16 125 89 13 3 Arrivals from North Am. Departures to North Am. Gain Loss Men Women Children Men Women Children Portuguese 62 28 25 126 49 64 124 Porto-Rican 11 9 15 81 48 79 173 Spanish . . 3 2 8 36 15 13 51 Russian . . 16 7 7 30 Chinese . . 14 2 4 37 2 0 19 Japanese . 45 6 8 97 10 5 53 Korean . . 1 0 0 5 1 1 6 Filipino . . 68 6 1 940 19 18 902 All Others 118 33 6 328 84 22 277 LENGTH OF RESIDENCE IN HAWAII OF THE FOREIGN BORN Nearly all the members of the various immigrant races having come to Hawaii as field laborers, their present economic and social status depends largely on their length of residence in the Islands. Those who came first have had a longer time to learn the English language, to become familiar with things Hawaiian and American generally, to get into the preferred occupations and to accumulate property. Prob- ably tbe economic opportunity was greater in the earlier period, since comioetition was less intense. Of course the earlier immigrants have larger numl^ers of mature sons and daughters who have been educated in American schools and who are American citizens. In 1920 most Chinese and Portuguese under forty years of age, most Japanese under twenty, most Porto Ricans under eighteen, most Koreans under fifteen and most Filipinos under ten were born in Hawaii. 12 Table No. 3 FOREIGN BORN IN HAWAII IN 1920 Approximate Average Length of No. Foreign Residence in Born The Immigration Movement Hawaii Chinese — About half (mainly men) came 1876-1885) 11,165 About half (mainly men) came 1890-1897) 31 yrs. Portuguese — About three-fourths came 1878-18S7 ) 5,982 About one-fourth came 1906-1913... .^ 29 yrs. Porto-Rican — 2,581 The main group 1901 Japanese — About one-seventh (mainly men) came 1885-1897.1 60,688 Most of the men and nearly one-half the women I came 1898-1907 About two-sevenths (mainly women and children | came 1908-1919. J Korean — 3,487 The main group (mostly men) 1904-1905.. 15 vrs. Spanish — 1,414 Nearly all came 1907-1913 Filipino — 18,728 Practically all (mainly men) came 1907-1919 4 yrs. AGE-SEX DISTRIBUTION OF THE PEOPLES OF HAWAII The social character of a group of people is affected by the age- sex distribution. \\'here the men are relatively numerous, as in the case of the Filipinos, Chinese, and Koreans, the economic power as producers is great. Where women are relatively few, there will be few children. In the case of a group representing race-mixture, — the part-Hawaiians — the children are relatively numerous. In the case of peoples who came with a nearly normal age-sex distribution, — the Portuguese, Porto-Ricans, and Spanish — the percentage of children is relatively large. It will be noted that the proportion of minors, and, therefore, of school children, to workers, is much larger in the part-Hawaiian, the Portuguese, the Porto-Rican and the Spanish groups than in the groups of Asiatic origin. When a group has few women and child- ren, the ratio of convictions and prisoners is made to appear higher than is normal for the group. \\’hatever the age-sex distribution at any date, it tends toward the normal as soon as immigration ceases. 13 CHAR.T NO in PERCENTAOE DISTRIBUTION OF ADULT MALES, ADULT FEMALES AND MINORS BY RACE, 1920. Legend ^|AdultMales [m A dult Penales [ [Minors 64- 10 26 1. Men in Acmy-Navy Service excluded. 14 The following table shows the percentage distribution of adult males, adult females, and minors for each race, in 1920. Table No. 4 PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION, BY AGE, SEX, AND RACE, FOR 1920 Adult .\dult Adult Adult Males Females Minors Males Females Minors Hawaiian , 29 28 42 “Other Caucasian”* 39 32 28 Caucasian-Hawaiian . . 17 18 64 Chinese 47 11 41 Asiatic-Hawaiian .... . 13 14 64 Japanese 33 20 46 Portuguese . 21 19 59 Korean 54 13 32 Porto-Rican . 27 16 56 Filipino 64 10 26 Spanish , 21 16 62 Total population. 35 29 35 ' Men in army-navy service excluded. POLITICAL STATUS OF THE PEOPLES OF HAWAII The racial distribution of voters in Hawaii differs greatly from the distribution of population. In general, the Native Hawaiians and Part-Hawaiians are citizens. About five-sixths of the Portuguese are citizens by birth and those who came as children ordinarily attended school in Hawaii and so were able to be naturalized. The adult im- migrants from Portugal, Spain and Porto-Rico were commonly inelig- ible to naturalization on account of illiteracy. The Chinese, Japanese and Korean immigrants are not eligible to naturalization on account of race, and comparatively few of their Hawaiian-born children are adults. The Supreme Court has not yet decided as to the eligibility of the Filipinos to naturalization, hut several hundreds have received naturalization paj^ers. They have not, however, become interested in Hawaiian politics. The following table shows the distribution of the races for 1920, under five heads: (1) native-born adults; (2) native-born minors; (3) foreign-born adult naturalized; (4) foreign-born adult aliens; (5) foreign-born minors. This table will explain the present racial distribution of voters and it affords some ground for a forecast as to the future numbers, up to 1941. Future numbers of voters will, of course, be affected by further immigration and emigration. 15 Table No. 5 AGE AND CITIZENSHIP IN 1920 Xati-. I'e Born Foreign Born Adults Minors Naturalized Adults Alien Adults Minors Hawaiian . 13,762 9.961 Caucasian-Hawaiian . . 3,970 7,102 Asiatic-Hawaiian . . . . . 1,881 5,074 Portuguese . 5,613 15,407 1,268 4,109 605 Porto-Rican 2,997 2,418 187 Spanish 97 919 87 737 590 “Other Caucasian” ‘ . . 7,357 3,968 2,121 1,902 500 Chinese . 2,974 9,368 331" 10,574 260 Japanese . 2,322 46,264 29H 56,332 4,065 Korean 19 1,451 443 3,274 162 Filipino 2,303 385‘ 15,070’ 3,273 Total . 37,995 104,814 6.945 91,998 9,642 The right to vote is one thing and the actual exercise of political rights is quite another, \^■hether those who have the right to vote do vote depends on ‘practical interest and sense of duty, or on the efforts of politicians, to bring their friends out to the polls. The following table shows the percentage of potential voters to register for voting purposes for the general election in 1922: Table No. 6 Hawaiian and part-Hawaiian Portuguese “Other Caucasian” Chinese Japanese Men Women 87 75 61 24 74 59 52 14 73 7 The above figures furnish evidence of a public opinion adverse to vot- ing by women. The very small percentage of Japanese and Chinese women to register is largely explained by the financial expense incident to registration. It was the custom of registration officials up to 1922, to require citiens of Oriental ancestry to present documentary evidence of Hawaiian birth. Many Chinese were able to secure a suitable document free of cost, but other Chinese and nearly all Japanese had to secure a certificate of Hawaiian birth at an expense that averaged about $35 each. The men, pretty generally, wmre willing to pay this, but it appears to have been nearly prohibitive in the case of women. * Excluding men in military and naval service. " Naturalized under the monarchy and valid. ® Naturalized under special war act and later found not valid. * If not foreign born, at least non-citizen born. 16 REGISTERED VOTERS IN HAWAII, 1902-1924, BT RACE Table No. 7 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 Hawaiian 8,680 9,260 9,635 8,967 9,619 9,435 Portuguese 594 728 939 1,230 1,530 1,769 “Other Caucasian’’. 3,192 3,088 2,784 2,799 2,884 3,447 Chinese 143 175 220 272 396 486 Japanese 3 2 6 13 48 Total 12,612 13,253 13,578 13,274 14,442 15,185 Hawaiian — • 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 Male 8,605 9,343 9,204 Female 6,045 7,474 7,481 Total 10,308 10,763 10,901 14,650 16,817 16,685 Portuguese — Male 2,567 3,180 3,622 Female 524 1,032 1,581 Total 2,317 2,610 2,844 3,091 4,212 5,203 “Other Caucasian” — Male 4,299 5,357 5,559 Female 2,496 3,271 3,565 Total 4,308 4,652 5,138 6,795 8,628 9,124 Chinese — Male 1,012 1,285 1,684 Female 129 214 332 Total 654 777 954 1,141 1,499 2,016 Jaanese — p Male 601 1,014 1,506 Female .... .... 57 121 205 Total 112 179 287 658 1,135 1,711 Total- Male 17,084 20,179 21,575 Female 9,251 12,312 13,164 Total 17,699 18,981 20,124 26,335 32,491 34,739 17 CHART m IV REGISTERED VOTERS IN HAWAII BY RACE. 18 Table No. 8 MARITAL CONDITION OF PEOPLE IN HAWAII IN 1920 (Number and percentages married, classified by race and age.) .Vo. Males No. Married Per cent. Married A'o. Females No. Married Per cent. Married Hawaiian — 15 to 24 years .... 2,180 402 18.8 2.202 1,140 51.7 Over 25 years .... 6.254 4,154 66.4 5.817 4,708 80.9 Caucasian-Hawaiian— 15 to 24 years .... 1,040 159 15.2 1,127 368 32.6 Over 25 years .... 1,621 1,246 75.0 1,634 1,268 77.6 Asiatic-Hawaiian— 15 to 24 years .... 568 99 17.4 613 251 40.9 Over 25 years .... 728 493 67.7 738 579 77.1 Portuguese — 15 to 24 years .... 2 624 390 14.8 2,661 1,174 44.1 Over 25 years .... 4,760 3,963 83.2 4,377 3,597 81.9 Porto-Rican — 15 to 24 years .... 4.32 91 21.0 407 257 63.1 Over 25 years .... 1,375 858 63.1 791 699 88.3 Spanish — 15 to 24 years .... 203 20 9.8 191 94 49.1 Over 25 years .... 458 373 81.4 345 317 91.8 “Other Caucasian” *- 15 to 24 years .... 3,521 194 5.5 1,146 392 34.2 Over 25 years .... 7,007 4,331 61.8 4,554 2,918 64.0 Chinese — 15 to 24 years .... 1.830 210 11.4 1,643 636 38.0 Over 25 years .... 10 584 5,250 49.6 2,075 1.780 85.7 Japanese — 15 to 24 years .... 7,736 841 10.8 7,709 4,517 58.5 Over 25 years .... 34,015 24,438 71.8 18,877 17,876 94.6 Korean — 15 to 24 years .... 130 20 15.3 321 268 83.4 Over 25 years .... 2,638 1.007 3,8.1 450 413 91.7 Filipino — 15 to 24 years .... 6,101 834 13.6 979 881 90.0 Over 25 years .... 8 860 3,493 39.4 1,419 1,365 96.1 TOTAL— 15 to 24 years .... 26,366 3.261 12.3 19,042 9,968 52.3 Over 25 years .... 78 944 49,717 62.9 41,155 35,582 86.4 * Includes men in army and navy. 19 MARITAL CONDITION The social character of any group is largely dependent on the marital condition of its members. In Hawaii the immigrants from Portugal, Spain and Porto-Rico came mainly as normal families. Those from Asia have come mainly as unmarried j^oung men and, even if married, many left their wives in the Orient. The Chinese, Koreans and Filipinos are to this day mainly wifeless groups of men. The Japanese men have brought wives from Japan until their situation is not far from normal. In general, there has been a tendency on the part of the groups under-supplied with women to marry women of other groups. For example, about 1,800 Chinese men married out — mainly Hawaiian and Part-Hawaiian women. Filipinos marry Hawai- ian, Portuguese, Porto-Rican and Spanish women. The difference between the number of married men and the number of married women (about 8,000) is accounted for mainly by the presence of married men whose wives reside in China, Korea, the Philippines, or the United States. The tendency to marry young or to postpone marriage is of some significance in relation to future birth rates. The fact that only about ■eleven per cent of the boys and young men 15-24 years of age among the Chinese and Japanese are married as compared with nearly 15 per cent for the Portuguese and even higher percentages for several other groups justifies the prediction that the fertility of the Orientals will fall more rapidly than that of the others. INTERRACIAL MARRIAGES In Hawaii there is no law against interracial marriages and public opinion, in most of the racial groups, is less unfavorable to such unions than in most countries. Social discrimination against families of mixed race is either non-existent or in less degree than elsewhere. About 7% of the present population of Hawaii is Part-Hawaiian. Assuming equal fertility, about 17% of the offspring of the marriages of the four years, 1920-1924, will be Part-Hawaiian and about 25% of all children will be of mixed race. Apparently the amalgamation of the races in Hawaii is destined to go on at an accelerated pace. Here is an unparalleled opportunity for a scientific study of racial amalgama- tion. The following table is based on data in the office of the Regis- trar-General of Vital Statistics. 20 MARRIAGES IN HAWAII FOR FOUR YEARS, JULY 1, 1920-JUNE 30, 1924 ACCORDING TO RACE OF BRIDE AND GROOM I 1®J°X jamo 0Uldl[I J UB3J0^ *x2 3S3UE(lEf i, assuiq;;) Ui < ,^ueisB3nc3 ■taino.. qstuedg UE3!>[ -OJJOJ ' assnanjjoj 1 UBUBMBIJ •DIJBISy UBUEMBII -UBiSEDne^ 1 UEIIEME^I i Race of Groom Irt ^ Oi Oi C CO CO CO 05 LO o 00 iH t- CO 1^5 1-H t-hOOOcOOO a 0) c» 5 ^ K 0) o .5 « 1 i 6 b£ 3 cS 6 .2 u cS d CQ o O < Cu, Ch O <3J ^ ^ ed, this tradition persists. Being based on traditional standards, it yields promptly as new cultural influences are brought to bear on the situation. Fraud, embezzlement and larceny respond less readily to social treatment. 'I'he rather high rate of committals for the native Hawaiians may be attributed largelv to the fact that they are undergoing a profound cul- tural change. 'I'he shift from a primitive feudalism to modern political and commercial life in a comparatively short time has undermined their ancient ethical system and brought them under a system of relationships to which some of them have not become adjusted. The very favorable showing made by the Japanese is due mainly to the effectiveness of their ancient standards of conduct. On account of their relatively large numbers, and their organized agencies for main- taining old customs and standards, they have been aide to maintain a j)retty effective control of conduct on the basis of their own old traditions. The bad showing made by the Filipinos is largely explained by ; (1) The fact that they are mainly 18 to 35 years of age — the age at which crime is most frequent. 35 (2) The fact that most of them have no wives in Hawaii. The ratio of crime is always higher for the unmarried and, in Hawaii, trouble frequently arises between two Filipino men on account of a woman. (3) The profound difference between old Filipino traditional stand- ards and the standards of American law. The smaller groups, such as the Korean and Porto-Rican, on account of their smallness, have their traditional standards broken the more quickly. The Porto-Ricans in particular suffer from lack of organ- ization. Place of residence is a factor. Most convictions are in the courts of Honolulu. Practically all of the immigrant peoples were of rural origin and when they come to the city important readjustments are necessary and until these readjustments are made there is much trouble, some of which finds its way into the courts. Juvenile delinquency in particular is frequent with boys new to city life. Other things being equal, then the race whose members have recently moved to the city makes a bad showing. (See page 11 for distribution of population between cities and rural districts.) Men in army and navy service were excluded in the determination of all ratios of convictions and of prison population in the following tables : Table No. 24 RATIO OF CONVICTIONS IN THE COURTS OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII The average annual number of convictions (except juvenile offenders) in all courts of the Territory of Hawaii for the ten years, 1915-1924, for each 100,000 male population over 18 years of age, classified by offense. Murder Manslaughter Robbery Burglary Fraud Hawaiian and Part-Hawaiian . . 8.0 Porto-Rican 44.9 Spanish 18.1 Portuguese and “Other Caucasian” 2.3 Chinese 1.7 Japanese 3.0 Korean 21.2 Filipino 27.1 All races 8.9 3.6 21.5 142.2 8.9 16.8 5.6 179.6 5.3 7.6 45.8 14.5 2.5 3.3 20.0 7.6 1.5 2.5 8.5 1.5 3.5 14.2 106.1 42.4 4.1 00 bo 80.1 3.0 3.2 7.1 49.1 6.3 36 RATIO OF CONVICTIONS IN THE COURTS OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII Offenses ICmbezzle- Forgery Gambling Against Drunk- merit Chastity eness Hawaiian and Part-Hawaiian. .. 28.6 19.7 1,759.7 585.7 925.4 Porto-Rican . . 5.6 5.6 3,193.1 1,447.8 1 818.2 Spanish ■ Portuguese and .. 36.2 36.2 488.3 289.4 994.8 “Other Caucasian” . . 55.7 15.3 691.3 279.3 1,130.0 Chinese . . 19.3 10.9 4,151.7 66.0 38.4 Japanese . . 7.5 4.2 4,217.5 61.4 135.7 Korean .. 24.8 21.2 6,334.2 134.4 1,018.6 Filipino . . 21.2 5.9 9.243.9 732.1 202.2 All races 21 2 9.3 4,452.7 297.7 472.0 Violation Narcotic of Law Liquor ,\11 Other Offenses All Offenses Hawaiian, Part-Hawaiian . . 4.5 101.9 4.093.3 7,703.0 Porto-Rican 5.7 275.0 6,144.8 13.142.6 Span’sh 144.7 3,942.9 5,950.5 Portuguese and “Other Caucasian” 7.6 145.0 4,289.6 6,689.2 Chinese . . 1.129.4 207.2 1,583.8 7.241.7 Japanese 3.0 255.0 1,660.5 6,361.8 Korean , . 367.8 272.3 4,028.3 12,389.1 Filipino 2.4 51.9 3 613.8 13,996.5 All races , . 150.8 187.1 2,727.1 8,392.5 Table No. 25 RATIO OF CONVICTIONS IN THE FEDERAL COURT IN HAWAII Tlie number of convictions in the Federal Court for the years, July L 1923. to June 30, 1924, to each 100,000 male population, over 18 years of age. \’iolation of Narcotics Prohibition .■\1I Other Total Law Law Offenses Hawaiian, Part-Hawaiian... 34.9 52.4 17.5 104.8 Porto-Rican 216.2 54.0 260.2 Spanish 600.0 200.0 800.0 Portuguese 14.2 84.9 28.3 127.4 “Other Caucasian” 40.0 13.3 53.3 Chinese . . 1,945.4 127.3 18.2 2,090.9 Japanese 15.8 173.7 13.2 202.7 Korean ' . 932.0 194.1 38.8 1.164.9 Fi'ipino 30.7 19.2 46.1 96.0 All races . 250.0 108.4 32.1 380.5 37 Table No. 26 CONVICTS COMMITTED TO PRISON DURING THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1924 C V O C ~ V) 0 .} o £ o o tn n o •- O rt O V Hawaiian, Part-Hawaiian ... 2 2 5 32 4 9 54 472 Portuguese 2 . . 1 12 . . 2 17 241 Porto-Rican 3 1 2 .. 2 8 432 Spanish 1 1 200 “Other Caucasian” 1 . . 2 10 3 3 19 253 Chinese 1 . . . . 10 93 . . 104 945 Japanese 2 4 4 12 7 . . 37 97 Korean 2 1 22 1 26 1,029 Filipino 14 7 9 16 5 2 53 238 PRISON POPULATION Since nearly all prisoners are men, minors under 18 years of age being sent, for the most part, to industrial schools, and there being few women who serve prison sentences, it seems best to compute ratios for men only. Because of the very abnormal age-sex distribution of some of the races, a ratio based on the entire population would be misleading. Table No. 27 Average number of male prisoners in the Oahu Prison at four dates: June 1, 1923; December 31, 1923; June 30, 1924; December 31, 1924, classified by race and into two age groups and ratio of total to 100,000 males over 18 years of age. Under 30 Over 30 No. to 100,000 males over 18 years of age. years of age. years of age Hawaiian, Part-Hawaiian 69 14 727 Portuguese 20 5 350 Porto-Rican 9 11 960 Spanish 1 1 485 “Other Caucasian” 20 9 403 Chinese 12 24 318 Japanese 24 39 192 Korean 5 15 778 Filipino 80 52 502 All races 240 171 384 38 CHART NQ -m DIAGRAM SHOWING THE AVERAGE NUMBEFL OF MALE PRISONERS AT FOUR DATES TO EACH 100,000 MALES OVER 18 YEARS Japanese Chinese Filipino Hawaiian and Part Hawaiian Korean Porto R-ican All Races 200 400 600 800 1000 I. Based on males over 18 years old exclusive of men in Army-Navy Service. 39 JUVENILE DELINQUENCY Juvenile delinquency is largely a measure of the failure of home influences in the life of youth. However successful the school may be, it remains for the home to inculcate the fundamental standards of con- duct and to furnish guidance, particularly in the trying age between school and maturity, — guidance in the establishment of industrial and domestic relations and standards. Under certain conditions, the par- ents lose the power to furnish this guidance. Under circumstances of too rapid social change, as when an immigrant people is acquiring a new national culture of widely different character, children do not have, in the normal degree, confidence in the judgment of their parents and even the i^arents are doubtful as to the value of their own ancient standards under the new conditions. The moral authority of parents is under- mined. Youth is headstrong and uncurbed. Of course, this condition is not universal. People of the more philosophic mind, of deeper rever- ence, or those more favorably situated, do manage to make the adjust- ment pretty well, hut, for the boys and girls generally, there is much hazard, and the numbers who go wrong are all too large. The seriousness of juvenile delinquency in the Territory may be inferi'ed from the fact that, while in the United States generally, the expenditure for correctional institutions for juveniles is equal to about one-fourth that for institutions for adults, Hawaii expends more on account of juveniles than on account of adult delinquents. There is a high degree of correlation between the ratio of juvenile delinquency and the disorganization and maladjustment of the group to the conditions of life. Ordinarily the maladjustments are greatest for any group soon after immigration unless there is a later increase through a large movement to the city. Disorganization involving the breakdown of old country ideals and standards increases indefinitely and until there are readjustments that bring the children under the influence of the social standards of the larger society there is an increase in juven- ile delinquency. The racial groups that succeed best in maintaining their traditional standards for a generation make a better record for social conduct. Consequently the ratio of juvenile delinquency is affected by: (1) Length of residence in Hawaii, or, in the case of Hawaiians, length of contact with other races : (2) The size of the group. The larger groups have the advantage in maintaining organization and internal control ; (3) Institutional organizations for maintaining race culture such as schools and religious agencies: (4) Practical circumstances affecting the number and character of contacts with other races. City life favors a 40 more rapid cultural change. The very low ratio of delinquency of the Japanese is largely explained by the size of the group and by the effec- tiveness of its internal organization. The very high rate of the Koreans is due in a measure to their fewness and to the consequent rapid break down of internal control. Of course much depends on the previous state of social control. The court statistics tell only one part of the story. The favorable aspects of the cultural changes are found in the economic and the educa- tional statistics. It should not be inferred that the whole situation is beyond the influence of purposive social effort. As rapidly as the leaders of public jx)licv understand and appreciate tlie character of the problem, it is possible, through well-devised social action, to reduce the hazard incident to the process of acculturation. Indeed credit for part of the improve- ment already noted must he given to various social agencies such as the Boy Scouts, the Young Men’s Christian Association, Palama Social Settlement and the Playground Association. If the figures were presented year by year for the whole ten years much improvement would be noted for those groups that have made most readjustment. The ratios 1920-24 are, for the Portuguese and Chinese, much lower than those of 1915-18. Ordinarily when there is a considerable migration of members of a race to the city there is a marked rise in the ratio of juvenile delinquency for ten or fifteen years and then it is reduced. When the cultural adjustments shall have been pretty fully accomplished we may anticipate a return to normal rates of juvenile delinquencv. JUVENILE DELINQUENCY BY RACE Table No. 28 Juvenile court con- victions for ei|?ht years, 1916*1924 Hawaiian 3,625 Part-Hawaiian 3,684 Porto-Rican 1 250 Spanish 534 Portuguese 5,445 “Other Caucasian” 1,545 Chinese 3,153 Japanese 13.344 Korean 344 Filipino 819 Juveniles found delinquent 1916—1924 50 43 36 1 31 j 348 676 1,024 1,751 17 6 55 106 161 1,610 1 3 7 22 29 679 19 5 91 2 f 221 538 759 1,357 7 2 119 271 390 1,546 12 1 122 279 401 376 3 1 37 16 53 1,926 5 7 36 53 89 1.358 41 OPPORTUNITY FOR SOCIAL STUDIES IN HAWAII The data of this study are found in the United States Census reports and in the reports of various departments of the Government of Hawaii. They are to be regarded as samples of what is available in great abundance. For the most part the official statistics of Hawaii are pretty accurate. In certain respects our estimates are more nearl)^ accurate than any estimates that could be made for any of the States. Ever since foreigners came to Hawaii in considerable numbers it has been the custom to keep the statistical information by race. It is possible, therefore, to use this data in such a way as to get a pretty adequate view of the whole complex racial situation. One is able to follow each racial group from the time of its arrival to the present. Marriages, births, deaths, migration to the mainland or return to the lands of their nativity are matters of knowledge. Occupational activi- ties, and political, social, economic, educational and general cultural progress can be measured. Statistics of convictions for crime and of punishment bear testimony as to some of the readjustments necessi- tated by the conditions of Hawaiian life. Of course there is much that statistics do not reveal. The way the old country traditions • and ethical standards function or fail to function in Hawaii, the fundamental philosophies, the attitudes, and the wishes of the people of the various racial groups are matters of intimate personal experience. The practical situation in Hawaii has stimulated much thought relative to these things. People of all the racial groups have participated in this and racial contacts have been such as to facilitate communication and discussion. There is sufficient race prejudice to produce problems of adjustment but the prejudice is not so strong as to discourage effort. To a con- siderable extent people of all races are able and willing to face the facts. As the writer sees it, all these things help to make Hawaii an unusually good place for the scientific study of those social problems that grow out of the contacts between peoples of different races. There is much to justify the term “racial laboratory” as applied to Hawaii. i\Iav an increasing use be made of the laboratory. 42 9 . ». Jto. . * •V* n • < J 0^ .f r«i I < A 9 i « v^ -tf' # ' V- •'"■“• 5j;j€->>*iaruV"', , ,^'- • ^isf A ; ■: ■•■:'■ iU'i v:.yl -.V