Amy lr*^■Y COUI '. . _ BLAWFORMS FOR ROADS AND STREETS Illustrating and Describing the Use of Blaw Steel Forms in the Construction of Concrete Hoads, Brick Roads, Bituminous Roads, Curbs, Combined Curb and Gutter, Gutters, Integral Curb for Concrete Pavements, Sidewalks BLAW-KNOX COMPANY GENERAL OFFICES: PITTSBURGH, PA. NEW YORK 165 Broadway DISTRICT SALES OFFICES CHICAGO Peoples Gas Building SAN FRANCISCO Monadnock Building BOSTON Little Building DETROIT Lincoln Building "Let me live in a house by the side ot the road and be a triend of man" Blctiuform^ for Rocrdsf and Sireot^ F ore word W OOD, as a form material, never was ultimately most economical. Its lower first cost has always been off¬ set by waste, stealth, and extremely high form labor cost. Blaw Steel Forms, on the other hand, are profitable equipment, not wasteful material Blaw Steel Forms are absolutely essen¬ tial in the construction of modern roads and streets. Without them the new methods of mechanical subgrading and finishing would be impractical, or at least extremely uneconomical. With Blaw Steel Forms it is possible to construct the most intricate designs of curb, curb and gutter, integral curb and pavement, bituminous surfaced road, etc., much more cheaply than in any other way. Bemember that skilled labor is almost entirely eliminated when you use Blaw- forms. And that there is a Blaw Steel Form for every type of concrete construction. Let Blaw form your concrete! Catalogue 19 Copyright 1920, Blaw-Knox Company 10 Ft. Sections of the Three Types of Blawforms for Roads and Streets The Blaw Slip-Joint Connection on Universal Forms—0])en The Blaw Sli{)-Joint Connection on Special Road Forms—fdosed Any section of Bkmforms can t)e removed from the tine without disturbing adjacent sections, by untocking the Stip-,Joint Con¬ nections hotding it in ptace. In concrete road construction this feature is invatuabte, because the forms can be opened at any point to permit the entrance of trucks or wagons. Four Blawform^ for T^ocidl3 and Streets Types of Forms There are three types of Blawforms for road and street con¬ struction; viz., the Universal type Forms, and two types of Special Road Forms. All types are intrinsically the same, and are used on all kinds of road and street construction. Universal Forms are peculiarly fitted to the needs of the con¬ tractor who desires equipment that can be used on all kinds of street work (curb, curb and gutter, gutter, sidewalks, and integral curb for concrete pavements), and for certain kinds of road work (monolithic and sand cushioned brick roads, bituminous and asphalt surfaced roads on concrete base). Type B Special Road Forms are recommended for the con¬ struction of hand, roller, or belt finished concrete roads. The extra heavy Type C Special Road Forms are a necessity on roads where the subgrading or finishing operations, or both, are accomplished mechanically. All types are interchangeable, and can be used together with¬ out the use of special appliances. The construction, and the application of these three types of forms to road and street work are described and illustrated in the following pages. The Blaw Slip-Joint Connection The patented Blaw Slip-Joint Connection, the means of con¬ necting adjoining forms together and of providing a tight, stiff, and smooth joint, is simply a “slide” which functions much the same as an angle bar on a railroad rail, but has the advantage of being smaller, lighter, and simpler, and is an integral part of each rail. There are no loose parts. This connection locks adjoining rails together, positively and securely, and will operate easily and quickly at all times. It is the only practical connection that will withstand the side pres¬ sure and tendency to spread developed by finishing and sub¬ grading machines. This connection is sufficiently flexible to allow for change of grade or alignment without affecting the rigidity of the joint. An added assurance against any movement is provided by the Blaw System of staking on each side of the joint. _ Five ^lcruj/oz'Tn3 lor Roadsi and Streotsf Blaw Universal Forms on Brick Paved Concrete Road Construction. Combined Curb and Gutter on tbe Left, and Integral Curb and Base on tbe Right Universal Forms are so called, because Ihey are "'universal ' in applicalion—Ihey are jusl as adaplable lo curb, guller, com¬ bined curb and guller and inle- gral curb conslruclion, as Ihey o . rT,, TT . .lo sidewalk work. 10 rt. Section of Blaw Universal rorins Six Blccuj£orzn& for l^ocid3 and Streot^ Blaw Universal Forms The Universal Forms are channel shaped rails, made of special hlne annealed open hearth steel plate for the smaller sizes, and ^ 4 " for forms 15" in height and over) in various lieiglits from I" to 21". All rails have flanges (2" \vide for rails up to 15" high, and 3" wide for lieights over 15") at top and hottom. Slots spaced 12" a])art are provided in the top flange, for dividing plates, so that expansion joints can be made wherever desired. When so ordered, the forms can be furnished “withont slots”—this is advisable where the forms are used only for the certain types of road building for wliich Universal Forms are recommended, as exj)lained on pages 13, 15 and 17. The standard length is 10 ft. which has been found to he the most economical to handle. Shorter lengths (particularly 5 ft. lengths) are used to take care of short curves. For sharp curves, and where the radius changes frequently, Blaw Flexible Forms, described on page 33, are used. Blaw Radius Forms are used where many repetitions of the same radius are encountered. Bolt holes are punched in the top and hottom flanges, so that forms of any desired height can be made up by bolting together the proper number of rails, one on top of the other. The height of any form can readily he increased 1" or 2" by simply bolting 1 X Fs or 2 X I’s to the hottom flanges. The rails are so designed that forms for any shape or width of curb, gutter, combined curb and gutter, sidewalk, or integral curl) for concrete ])avement and base can he l)nilt, recjniring only the necessary dividing plates or angle Spacers. Three stake cli])s are riveted to the top flange of each 10 ft. section, and are so arranged that the stakes, when properly driven, will not interfere with finishing oiierations. Three steel stakes of the proper length are furnished with each 10 ft. section. Universal Forms are interchangeahle with Special Road Forms, and require no special ajipliances. Seven BlcciufojrmS £oi* 'Rocxdsl and Streets! Type B Special Road Forms on the Lincoln Highway in Illinois 10 Ft. Section of Typo R Rlaw Special Road Forms Blaw Special Road Forms, of either type, assure an unwavering, uniformly smooth road surface, because they are scientificatly de¬ signed and the top flange is property reinforced to withstand hard service and ordinary abuse. Eight Blccwforzn^ for 'Road^ and Sireot^ Blaw Special Road Forms Type B Special Road Forms are designed especially for use on concrete roads, and roads having a concrete base, where the finishing is accomplished by belt, roller, or other hand operated devices. They are practically identical in design and construction with Type C Special Road Forms. The bottom flange is flat, 3}/i" wide, designed to give sufficient bearing surface; the top flange is ^3^" wide with at" stiffening edge, making a very substantial and absolutely smooth track. Type B Special Road Forms are made of No. 10 gauge blue annealed open hearth steel plate, the 6" size weighing approximately G}/2 pounds per foot net, or 73 ^ pounds per foot including the steel stakes. Type C (extra heavy) Special Road Forms are extremely strong and heavy, and are used where subgrading or finishing operations, or both, are effected by means of machines. Type C forms are made of the highest grade No. 9 gauge blue annealed open hearth steel plate, flanged top and bottom and reinforced with heavy plates, the 6" size weighing approximately 7.8 pounds per foot net, or 9 pounds per foot including the stakes. The bottom flange of Type C Special Road Forms is flat, 4 " wide, designed to give great bearing surface; the top flange is wide with a 1 ]/%" stiffening edge, making a very substantial and absolutely smooth track. Three steel stakes of the proper length are furnished with each Special Road Form. These stakes pass through the stake straps which are secui'ely fastened to the reinforcing plates. The stake straps are slotted to receive tapered keys which lock the forms to the stake, securely and positively; this ingenious arrangement ties the forms to the ground, firmly holds them to line and grade, and prevents any movement when machines are being operated. This arrangement also makes possible the supporting of the form against the vibration developed by machines, prevents any oscillation or movement of the forms, and at the same time causes the stake to act like the buttress of a retaining wall, holding the form in position against the overturning action which the machines develop. The bolt holes in the flanges make it possible to build forms for integral curb and pavement or base, by simply bolting Blaw Universal Forms to the Special Road Forms. Six-inch forms can be readily converted into 7" or 8" forms by bolting 1 X 4’s or 2 X 4’s to the bottom flanges, bolt holes being provided for this purpose. These forms are furnished in various heights, and the standard length is 10 ft., which has been found to be the most economical to handle and to meet the ordinary curvatures encountered in road building. The 10 ft. lengths are used on all curves with radii of TSO ft. or over; 5 ft. lengths are used on curves up to 130 ft. and not below 65 ft. radii. 1 mil fin rm si £oi* and Type C Special Hoad Forms Under a Finishing Machine on Lincoln Highway Uonstriiction in Pennsylvania 10 Ft. Section of Type C Blaw Special Hoad Forms The holloni flange of Ty pe C Special Road Forms is flal, T' wide, designedlogive great hearing surface; the top flange is ity?" wide irith a iff,” stiffening edge, making a very sul)stanliat and al>solutely smooth track. Ten Blawforzn^ for Road^ and Streotsf Blawforins on (Concrete Hoads 111 the construction of the prevailing tyjie of Itard surfaced road—the concrete road—eitlier type of S|)ecial Road Forms slionld lie used. The extra heavy Type C Form slioiild lie used where mechanical metliods of snhgrading or linishing are employed. Tyjie R Forms are most economical and serviceable on all belt or roller linished jobs. Universal Type Forms have been and can be used on hand linished concrete roads, but are not recommended in view of the present rigid specificalions which require that forms present an absolutely smooth surface along the top flange (Universal Forms are slotted in order to take dividing [ilates for curb, curb and glitter, and other similar types of construction, and therefore do not meet this specification completely). See page 33 regarding the use of Rlaw Flexible and Radius Forms. h]ngineers throughout the country realize the imjiortance of having a form that will maintain continuously an absolutely smooth surface, and wood forms are therefore being abandoned everywhere, because the roughness and unevenness develojied in the to]) of the wood form is transferred to the surface of the road, causing a bumpy, irregular and very undesirably tinished surface. \\ here the road is graded or finished mechanically it is of vital importance that the form have snllicient bearing area in the bot¬ tom flange to sustain the heavy loads and the oscillation and vi¬ bration develojied. Rlaw Special Road Forms are designed with an extra wide bottom to support these loads uniformly and with¬ out any movement or “give” at the joints. In order to meet the most exacting specifications that may be written, and to insure the engineer and the contractor a form that will w ithstand the abuses that occur in modern road construction, we have developed a form of special design with reinforced top flange, with three stiffeners in each rail, with a special method of staking, with wide bottom flange that insures uniform bearing along the entire length, with the tight, secure patented Slip- Joint Connection—all of w hich are embodied in the two types of Flaw Sjiecial Road Forms. Eleven Blaw Universal Forms on the Biitler-Saxonhurg, Pa., Sand Cushioned Briek Road 10 Ft. Section of Universal Forms for Casting Curb Integral with Base Note the Battered Back Form Simplicity is the keynote of the Btaw System for building curb integral with the base. Small Universal Forms, or Blaw Face Forms {usually high), suspended andspacedfrom Ihe back forms by means of ''Spacers”, provide the simplest yet the most practical forms ever devised for this type of road construction. Twelve BlctiuforznS for T^octd3 and. Sireot^ Blawforms on Sand Cushioned Brick Roads Sand cushioned brick roads call for the construction of a curb cast integral with the base. Angle “Spacers” quickly convert Blaw Universal, or Special Road Forms of either type, into the most simple and efficient forms for building integral curb and base for this type of road. Spacers are made of special steel angles, with one bolt hole in one end, and two notches in the other end. They are furnished, for any width of curb, at a nominal price. Spacers are used for suspending the face form, and to space that form the proper distance from the back form. These two functions are shown very clearly in the illustrations. In operation the Spacers are securely fastened to the smaller or face form, and are never removed until the entire job is com¬ pleted. Bolts are passed through the bolt holes provided in the flanges of all Blawforms and in the one end of all spacers. After the higher or back forms have been set up, the smaller or face forms are suspended from the former by means of the spacers; one notch is slipped under bolts which have been placed in the bolt holes in the top flanges of the back forms, the other notch fitting around the stakes which hold the back forms in position, after which these bolts are drawn up tight. To remove the face forms simply loosen (but don’t remove) the bolts, and swing back the spacers. No stakes are used on the face forms; they need no support as they are held level and rigid by the spacers, three of which should be used on every 10 ft. section. Dividing plates are not necessary, but can be used if specifications call for expansion joints through the curb. To facilitate the finishing of the curb or curbing without removing the Spacers and face forms, washers are inserted between the Spacers and the top flange of both back and face forms. Blaw Flexible Forms illustrated on page 33 are used at street intersections and other places where it is not practical to use Uni¬ versal or Special Road Forms. When the specifications require mechani¬ cal tamping, the usual procedure is to bolt the curb forms on top of the base forms, immediately after the tamping operations have been completed. In this case. Type C Special Road Forms are used at the bottom, and Universal Forms for the curb. 10 Ft. Section of Forms, Showing Universal Forms Bolted to Type G Special Road Forms, Carrying Blaw Face Forms m Blccujform^ £or Road^ and SiroGt^ Typo G Speciiil Hoad Forms on Monolithic Brick Uoad at Painesville, Ohio Speed of ereelion is one of the prineipal econoniical fea¬ tures of Btaw Speciat Road Forms. Note the Heavy Construction and Rigid Staking of Type C Forms Merety set eaeh section of the forms to tine horizontatty, drive the stakes, then tift or depress to (jrade tine, and tock the form in position by means of iredtje-shaped keys. Fourteen Blccwform^ for T^acid3 artel Slreotsf Blawtbrms on Monolithic-Brick Bonds The moiiolithic-l)rick is tlie most modern type of In’ick road. After the base lias lieen poured and tamped, the lirick face is laid on tlie green concrete, grouted, and rolled (or tamped by machine), thus assuming a monolithic character impervious to moisture. Like the concrete road, the monolithic-brick road requires no curb. Llaw Universal Forms, “without slots, ’ or Sjiecial Load Forms of either type, are used with ecfually good residts. The extra heavy Type C Special Road Forms are always required when the tamjiing (either of the base or of the brick, or both operations) is done mechanically. The general practice is to use forms of the same height as the road, whether tanqiing is done liy hand or by machine. 1die use of Blaw Flexible and Radius Forms in road construc¬ tion is exjilained on page 33. Steel forms are usually reejuired in specifications covering monolithic-brick roads. Blaw Steel Forms insure better alignment and a smoother finish to the road surface—they represent a definite economy because they eliminate a large wood form liill which is the result of frequent re]ilacenient, and at the same time materially reduce lalior costs by jiractically eliminating skilled labor. The rigidity of IBawforms is an absolute assurance of true and smooth road surfaces. ddiere are no loose parts to become lost or get out of order, and all types are interchangeable. riiey are simple in design and construction, and can lie set up liy unskilled laborers in a fraction of the time and with a great deal less labor than required for ordinary forms. Fifteen Blaujforzns for l^oad^ and Streets Blaw Header Curbing Forms Casting Integral Base and Header Curbing for Bituminous Surfaced Boad For hitiiminous surfaced roads requiring no header curb¬ ing, Blaiv I'niversal Forms '‘’icithout slots"' may be used. However, either Type B or Type C Special Boad Forms may be used. 10 Ft. Section of Forms, Illustrating the Blaw System for Bittiminous Surfaced Concrete Hoad Construction Sixteen Blawforzn^ for l^oad3 and Streets Blawforms on Bituminous Surfaced Boads on Concrete Base In the construction of bituminous surfaced roads on concrete base, it is necessary to provide a curb (commonly known as the “header curbing”) integral with the base, for containing the surface course. Blaw Header Curbing Forms consist of side forms of the Universal Type, or either type of Special Road Forms, from which steel Header Curbing Angles are suspended by means of the standard Blaw angle “Spacers,” just like Blawforms for Sand Cushioned Brick Roads described on page 13. Type C Special Road Forms should be used when the subgrading or finishing is accomplished mechanically. After the forms are in place, the concrete is poured, making base and header curbing at the same time. Blaw Header Curbing Angles are made of }/[ "steel, either 2 "x2 " or V/i" X 2", as the specifications may require the depth of the curbing. As they are punched in templets and are therefore interchangeable, they can be used in connection with the Blaw¬ forms you may now have. See page 33 regarding Blaw Flexible and Radius Forms. Because of the simplicity of design, Blaw Steel Forms for Bituminous Surfaced, and for Sand Cushioned Brick Road con¬ struction are easy to erect and take down; they are fool proof, and require only one form setter and one assistant to operate. A wooden form for the same purpose is extremely expensive to build and maintain, and calls for drift bolts, clamps, wood spreaders, and other appliances, which must be handled by expert car¬ penters continuously. Blawforms, of any type, though heavy and sturdy, are light enough to be easily handled. Their simple mechanical features insure the best results with minimum effort. They will not warp, swell, or crack. They are quickly and easily set up and taken down, because of the patented Slip-Joint Connection, and simple, positive system of staking. The Blaw Slip-Joint Connection is positive, quick¬ acting, and self-cleaning, and assures perfect alignment and absolute rigidity. -- Seventeen Blau/form^ £or and Streets Road Dividing Plate Three Roacl Building Accessories that are Practically Indispensahle The Blaw Stake Puller, a Simple Yet Very l^llective I’ool that Pays for Itself Every Day it is Used The service and experience of the Blawfonns Engineers, acquired by inli- nmle contact icith thousands upon thou¬ sands of concrete construction projects, are at your disposat, at atl times, ivithout ohtiqation to you. Eigliteen Blawforzn^ £or Raadsi and Streets Road Building Accessories BLAW ]\OAD lUJLKHEADS Blaw l\oad Bulkheads are made of flat strips of steel j)late, 10" high, and 3^" shorter than the width of the roads for which they are furnished. 234 "angles are riveted along the tops to facilitate handling. At the end of a day’s run, Blaw Boad Bulkheads are indispensable. Bulkheads of other sizes and types can be furnished. BLAW BOAD DIVIDING PLATES Blaw Boad Dividing Plates are made of 3^" steel plate, cut to the required road crown, with a hole punched in each end to facilitate removal. The standard Blaw Boad Dividing Plate is 2" higher at the center than at the ends, and 3^" shorter than the width of the road for which it is furnished. Other sizes ami types can be furnished. BLAW STRIKE-OFFS The Blaw Strike-Off is made of a l"x I" x^" steel angle, shaped to give the required crown to the road, and weighs approximately 8 lbs. per linear foot. Horizontal and vertical forged steel handles are provided on each end. These strike-offs are all two feet wider than the road for which they are furnished. We can supply strike-offs in accordance with individual preferences. THE BLAW STAKE PULLEB This is an ingenious little tool, small, comj)acL, and easy to operate. It is built of a high grade tool steel, on tlie lever and fulcrum {U’inciple—the jaws will not wear away. Its ])urpose is to ex])edite the pulling of stakes, and to jmevent the abuse to which forms are usually subjected when sledge¬ hammers, clawbars, and other makeshift methods are enq)loyed. A Blaw Stake Puller will save your form setters from one to three hours per day. The Blaw' Stake Puller should always be used in connection with Blawforms for Road and Street Construction. Nineteen Blctujfox^zn^ for T^oad^ and Sfroetsf Built Up for 18” Concrete Curb, Erie, Pa. The ilhistration above u'ill convey io you some idea of the adaptability—the "'universality "—of BI a w Un i versa I Forms. After finishiiuj the 18" curb fob, the contractor ivho purchased these 6" forms used them on quite a bit of road construc¬ tion u'ork. J’art of a 10 Kt. Section of ^21” Hlaw Universal Forms Set Up for Straight Concrete Curb The forms are still good for many years' service. Twenty Blccwform^ for T^octd3 and Streotsf Concrete Curb Construction In the construction of concrete curbs, the forms are made up either of a single Blaw Universal Form of the proper height, or of a number of Universal Forms bolted together, one on top of the other, to make the required height. The same forms are used for battered concrete curbs, the batter being formed by the dividing plates, which can be furnished in any size and shape, as described on page 35. Single Blaw Universal Forms 12" to 24" in height are used, as a rule, only in cases where the contractor specializes in the con¬ struction of one size of curb, or has an unusually large job on hand. Single 24" forms are cheaper than a number of smaller ones bolted together to make the same height, but the latter can be used on many kinds of work—on certain types of roads, on sidewalks, gutters, combined curb and gutter, integral curb for concrete pavements, etc.—and will therefore prove more eco¬ nomical in the long run. Slots are provided in the top flanges of all Universal Forms, so that expansion joints can be made wherever desired in curbs cast in Blawforms. Dividing Plates of any cross section can be furnished, as illustrated on page 34. Blaw Flexible Forms are used at street intersections, for mak¬ ing sharp curves, and where the radius changes frequently. Blaw Radius Forms are used where a constant repetition of the same radius is encountered. These two types of Blawforms are described and illustrated on pages 32 and 33. Radius Forms cannot be furnished for battered curb con¬ struction. Oiif and Two (>" Blaw Idiiversal Forms IFiilt Up for "2-t" Uoiirndc ( airh Construction Troy, Oiiio Bart of a 10 Ft. Section of Blaw Universal Forms Set Up for 18" Battered Concrete Curb We urgently recommend the use of Blaw Collapsible Dividing Plates for making the expansion joints in Battered Concrete Curbs IF)" high and over. These plates, which are de¬ scribed on pages iVi and 35, can l)e removed icithout disturbing the side forms—a procedure hereto¬ fore impossihle in Battered Con¬ crete Curb Construction. Twenty-two Blctiuforitis £or l^ocid3 and Streets Concrete Curb Construction (concluded) Unless 151aw Collapsible Dividing Plates (see pages 34 and 35) are used on battered curbs, it is always necessary to remove tlie battered form first (before the dividing plates), l)ecaiise the ordinary dividing plate is wider at the bottom than at the top. As the dividing plate must be removed before the concrete has set, it is often dangerous to take away one of the side forms, especially for curbing 15" high and over. The Blaw Collapsible Dividing Plate for battered curbs can be removed without disturbing the side forms. The use of these plates is an insurance against distortion, bulging, or failure. The advantages of Blawforms for concrete curb construction can be clearly seen. Any irregularity, bulging, or break in align¬ ment in a curb rising 6" above the pavement can be quickly observed. Hence perfect alignment and true shape are im¬ perative. The Blaw System of locking adjacent forms by means of the patented Slip-Joint Connection automatically makes possible perfect alignment. The ingenious dividing plate, which pro¬ vides for the expansion joint, also locks the opposite side forms together, and this insures a uniform and true width and shape of curb. This, together with the Blaw System of staking the forms, absolutely prevents bulging or failure. These mechanical features make unnecessary the expensive bracing, the use of spreaders and clamps, the cumbersome stak¬ ing and more burdensome tearing down of the forms, which are necessary when wood forms are used. Wood forms therefore cost more to handle. This saving in labor cost will, on one good sized job, pay for the investment in Blawforms. Blawforms can be used over and over again indefinitely, and for all types of road and street work. Twenty-three Blccujform^ foz* l^oacl^ and Streets Blaw Universal Forms Used in Bnildiiif? (ioinhined Curb and Gutter, also Siilewalks. Dormont, Pa. Part of a 10 Ft. Section of G"^Bla\v Universal Forms, with Blaw Steel Face Form, Set Up for Cond)ined Concrete (iurb and Ciutter When the Blaie System is %/ used, the construction of com¬ bined Concrete Curb and Cutter t)ecomes very sirnpte, and, conse- quentty, most economicat. The IJividinq Ptates, irhich make this possil)te, are inex¬ pensive and can l)e furnished in any desired cross section. See pages and 35. Twenty-four Blciiu£orm^ for Roaci^ and Strootsf Combined Concrete Curb and Gutter Construction For combined concrete curb and gutter construction, Blaw Universal Forms are used—the same forms that are also used for curb, gutter, sidewalk, pavement, and certain types of road construction. The l)ack of the curb is made up either of a single Universal Form, or of two or more Universal Forms bolted together, one on top of the other. A single Universal Form is used for the gutter, the front face of the curb being formed either by a wood, or by a Universal Form or a Blaw Steel Face Form. The wood face form is held in position by means of clamps. We do not furnish wood face forms, nor the clamps which are of standard design and can be purchased in any hardware store or supply house. Blaw special steel Face Forms, instead of wood, are strongly recommended as they eliminate the necessity of refmishing or rubbing. This operation is, as a rule, an expensive item, calling for skilled workmen who are frequently unobtainable. Besides, municipal engineers are realizing the vital importance of doing away with this refmishing, because the face of the curb will peel and crack, due to poor workmanship and frost action. Blaw Steel Face Forms, of any design or shape, can be fur¬ nished. No special clamps are necessary; the standard Blaw angle Spacer, described on page 13, is used to suspend the face form from the back of the curb forms. Expansion joints in the concrete are taken care of by Blaw Dividing Plates, which can be furnished in any size and shape, as described on page 35. These Dividing Plates (which are removed before the rails forming the back of the curb and the front of the gutter) serve not only as templets to strike off and finish the curb and gutter, but also to space the face form of the curb. The top flange of every Universal Form is slotted every 12", and expansion joints can be made wherever desired. Twenty-five Blcrxuforzn^ £or 'Road^ cxnd Streets Hlinv IJniversnl I'oriiis on Conihined ('joncrcle (lurh and (iiitter (jonstrudion. I^ocliestcr, N. ^ . lilaw Steel Faee Forms will, in the long run, always be found more economieal than u'ood, and can be fur¬ nished for any style of curb face. The lu'o most modern shapes are indicated by Dividing Plate Types Nos. 2 and d, on page 3'i. loinbiiied GoiuTele (^urb and (uiller Twenty-six Blaxuforzn^ foz* T^octd^ and SireGtS Combined Concrete Curb and Gutter Construction (concluded) For making sharp curves, at street intersections, and wherever the radius changes frequently, Iflaw Flexil)le Forms should be used. Flaw^ Radius Forms are recommended where a constant repetition of the same radius is encountered. These forms are illustrated on pages 32 and 33. It is not practical to use Flexible or Radius Forms as a face form for the curb, in the construction of combined curb and gutter. For combined curb and gutter construction, the fine results obtained at low^ labor cost make Rlaw' Steel Forms an indis¬ pensable part of the wide awake contractor’s equipment. Blawforms, jointly used with Blaw' Dividing Plates, make measurements of any kind unnecessary. No skilled W'orkrnen are required. The dividing plates lock the hack forms and gutter forms together, assuring a uniform and true curb and gutter. In operation the back form is set to line and grade, and auto¬ matically the line and grade and shape of the curb and gutter is estal)lished. The labor saving is evident, and the good work residting is gratifying to the conscientious contractor and engineer. Concrete Gutter f^onstruction (ajiicrete gutters are Iniilt in parks, in resideidial districts, and for hillside drainage. The shape of the gutter varies frequently, hut Blaw Universal Forms are used on all types. We manufacture a special Gutter Dividing Plate to make ^111^ the expansion joint and, at the same time, to serve as a tem¬ plet to shape the gutter, as ... . * , . , 10 Ft. Section of Blaw Universal I*ormsSet illustrated at the light. Up for Concrete Gutter Construction Twenty-seven BlaiufomiS for 7^oad3 and S^reetsf Concrete Curb and Pavement Built Integral. The Most Modern Pavement for Residential Districts 10 F't. Section of Blawforms for Building Curb and Pavement Integral Blaw Steel Face Forms are indispensable in this type of construction, particiitarty when the specifications require that the face of the curb be curved. They obviate the use of special, cumber¬ some, extremely expensive, and impracti¬ cable wooden forms. Twenty-eight Blaujfonn^ for 'Road^ and Streotsf Building Integral Curb for Concrete Pavement Integral Curb for Concrete Pavements is a recent develop¬ ment of concrete pavement construction. This type of con¬ struction saves at least 50% of the cost of building curb or curb and gutter. There is a considerable saving in time, as curb and pavement are poured simultaneously. Blaw Universal, or Blaw Special Road Forms of either type, are easily adapted to this type of construction. As illustrated on the opposite page, also described in the discussion of the con¬ struction of integral curb and base for Sand Cushioned Brick Roads (page 13), the back form is first set to line and grade and the special Blaw Face Form is then suspended by means of the Blaw angle Spacer—no stakes or braces are necessary. Where the pavement is mechanically finished or is finished by belt, the back form is built up of two sections, generally 6" each. The bottom form, which should be a Special Road Form, is set to line and grade, the pavement is poured and finished, then the curb form (a Universal Form) is bolted on, the face form is sus¬ pended in the usual manner by means of the Spacers, and the curb is then poured. The setting up of the curb forms by the Blaw Method is an extremely simple operation. And especially when the recom¬ mended curved face is to be built, the indispensability of Blaw- forms becomes apparent. The saving in labor is definite and often considerable. The Blaw System really makes possible the satisfactory con¬ struction of Integral Curb for Concrete Pavements, and obviates the use of the special, cumbersome, extremely expensive, and impracticable wood forms heretofore required. Twenty-nine 4" Blaw Universal l''ortns Used in Uonerele Sidewalk Uonslruetion. I’iltslmrfr, Kansas Blawl'onns Set Up for Concrete Sidewalk, Beady for Concreting In the illuslralion al the left, note the Bkue Sideiealk Radius Corners and method of using. At least one .set of these Corners should he found in every sideiealk hiiilder's equipment. Dividinq Plates of any U'idth can he furnished al a nominal price. Thirty BlaiuForiti^ for l^oad^ and Streetsf Concrete Sidewalk Construction For Iniilding concrete sidewalks, Blaw Universal Forms, described in detail on page 7, are used. When the contractor's activities are confined to sidewalk construction, an equipment of 4" forms will prove the most economical. In some localities .5" sidewalks are hnilt; in this case either 1 x 4’s are bolted to the bottom flanges of the 4" Universal Forms (l)olt holes being {provided for the purpose), or 5" Universal Forms are used. Sidewalks can be made in any desired width, with expansion joints as little as 12" apart. (See pages 34 and 35 regarding dividing plates). The average and most frecpiently met with sidewalk widths are 4 ft. and 5 ft. Blawforms for sidewalks have proven very economical because they eliminate the ever increasing wood form l)ill. Wood forms are a constant expense; they are easily lost, and frequently stolen. They must be rejdaced as soon as they warp or swell or wear. They can be re-nsed only a limited number of times. Blawforms on the other liand represent an investineni in per¬ manent equipment. They last for years with ordinary care. Blawforms will not warj), swell nor lose their sha])e. They stay straight and insure perfect alignment at small exi)ense and effort. Blaw Sidewalk Radius Corners The sidewalk Radius Corner is a simple, flexible form, that (unlike Blaw Flexible and Radius Forms) connects directly to the Universal Forms, being set up at the same time. It is only used for sidewalk curves. This form is furnished in three heights only; namely, 4", 5", and 6", for either 18" or 24" radius. For larger radii, and where a constant repetition of the same radius is encountered, Blaw Flexible and Blaw Radius Forms, respectively, should be used. Thirty-one Blccui£omi^ for IZoadsi and S^reotsf For Curved Work of this Character either Blaw Flexible or Radius Forms Should be Used There is not one type of road or street work on which Ftexibte or Radius PTrins wilt not prove money savers, at one time or another. Blaw Flexible Forms Set Up for Casting a Concrete Curb Corner Blaw Radius Forms Set Up for Casting a Concrete Curb Corner Thirty-two BlctwForzii^ £or Ttoad^ and SireGt& Blaw Flexible and Radius Forms To build corners for street intersections, driveways, curbs, combined curb and gutter, sidewalks, or roads where the align¬ ment changes frequently, Blaw Flexible or Blaw Radius Forms are used. Blaw Flexible Forms are made from single pieces of special steel, and will always spring back to the flat position when re¬ leased from the form. They are furnished in all standard lengths and heights. The stake clips, which are never spaced more than 18" apart, are riveted to the forms, one steel stake of the proper length being furnished for each set of clips. Drilled angle irons are riveted to the ends; any number of forms can be bolted together, end to end, so that any length and shape of form can be made up. They cannot, however, be bolted together one on top of the other. Tlie Flexible, as also the Radius Forms illustrated on the opposite page, are set up for the construction of a concrete curb corner. Note the dividing plates and method of inserting. Blaw Radius Forms are used where a constant repetition of the same radius is encountered. They can be furnished in all standard lengths and heights. Blaw Radius Forms are made from single sheets of special steel, reinforced on top and bottom edges with angle irons which are rolled to the proper radius and riveted thereto. They are also reinforced with angle irons at both ends. This makes a permanent, rigid form which cannot be used on any other radius except that for which it is furnished. The top and bottom angles are drilled to accommodate the stakes which are furnished for holding the form in the proper position. Blaw Flexible and Radius Forms can be used in connection with Blaw Universal or either type of Special Road Forms for building curbs, gutters, combined curb and gutter, sidewalk, and the various types of road construction. mum Thirty-three Blawform^ for T^oad^ and Streets NO. 7 NO. 8 NO. 12 Viirioiis Types of Jilaw Di\i(linK Plates -1 IMaiv Collapsible Dividing Plale for Bailered Conerele Curb Con- slruclion, in posilion in Ike forms, is shown in Ihe cenler of Ihe illuslra- lion al Ihe lefl, Ihe Iwo paiis of which il is composed being shou'n on eilher side of Ihe form. The illustration at the right shows the operation—the dotted lines indicating how it is possible to remove both parts of the plat(‘ without disturbing tlie side forms. Tliirty-four Blc[uj£(yrTn& £or Ractd^ and Streets Blaw Dividing Plates Blaw Dividing Plates are made of high carbon steel ])late, thick, the standard thickness of expansion joint adopted by engineers all over the country. They can be furnished in any desired cross section, for every type of sidewalk, curb, curb and gutter, integral curb and base, and road construction. The ty])es illustrated on the opposite page are those in common usage; we are prepared to furnish S})ecial sizes and types. The projections which are die cut on the ends of the Dividing Plates serve not only to hold the })lates in position, but also to S])ace the side forms the proper distance a])art. There are no wedges or complicated arrangements—they lit snugly in the slots provided in the Universal Forms, and will not wobble. No stiffening bars are needed to hold them straight while tamping. The Dividing Plates do not project above the side forms, and therefore do not interfere with finishing operations. After the concrete has had its initial set, hooks are inserted in the holes at the top corners of the Dividing Plates, which are then withdrawn, leaving a clean cut exj^ansion joint. Two of these hooks are supplied with all orders for dividing plates. Dividing plates should always be removed before the side forms, which allows for the better and proper finishing of the expansion joints. For haiiered concrete curb construction (which heretofore required the removal of one of the side forms l)efore the dividing plates, which are wider at the bottom than at the top, could be removed), we have developed the patented Blaw Colla})sible Dividing Plate, which can be removed before the side forms. The use of the Blaw Collapsible Dividing Plate is urgently recommended, particularly on battered curbs 15" high and over. The removal of side forms before the divid¬ ing plates on such curbs is fraught with danger, and often results in distortion, poor alignment, bulging, or complete failure. The dividing plate slots in Universal Forms, and the aj^plication of Blaw Divid¬ ing Plates are clearly shown in the illustra- tion at the right. _ Thirty-five Blaw Universal Forms “\\ ithout Slots” on the Dixie Highway Monolithic Brick Road Blaw Stake Clamp in Position. Note its Simple Construction, and its Posi¬ tive Grip on the Stake The Blaw System of staking etiminates expensive bracing, troubtesome naiting, and stripping wooden stakes away from wooden forms. Phis Illustration Shows the Appli¬ cation of Blaw Stake Clamps and Stakes to a Universal Form Where the Grade is Low Thirty-six !Slcru//oT‘m3 /oz* RocrdS cxnd. SireGt^ Blaw Steel Stakes Blaw Steel Stakes are used to line up and hold securely in posi¬ tion, all types of Blawforms for Road and Street Construction. They prevent the forms from shifting when the concrete is being poured, tamped and finished. One steel stake of the proper length is furnished for each stake clip or stake strap, the quantity being governed by the length and type of form. Stakes 18" long are usually furnished with all Blaw Special Road Forms. Longer stakes can be furnished if required, particularly for use in soft ground. For Universal Forms, stakes 18" long are included with forms up to 10" high; for 12" and 15" forms, the stakes are 24" long; 30" long for 18" forms, and 36" long for 20" and 24" forms. Blaw Stakes are made of high carbon steel, in diameter, with one end sharpened to facilitate driving, the other end being beveled to prevent brooming. They hold securely in soft ground, and are a necessity in hard ground through which wood stakes could not penetrate. List prices of Blawforms for Roads and Streets always include the necessary stakes. Additional, or extra long stakes, can be furnished at a nominal price. In operation, the Blawform is set in position directly against the guide line, and a steel stake is inserted in the stake clip or strap; a few blows, and the form is securely staked and held in position. For exact grade the form is moved up or down along the stake as required; a little dirt or a stone holds the form to required grade. For Universal Forms the Blaw Stake Clamps can be used to suspend to grade. For the Special Road Forms the Blaw Wedges automatically set and hold the forms to grade. Blaw Stake Clamps Blaw Stake Clamps are used for holding Universal Forms at the proper elevation where the work is being done on uneven ground, or the grade is low. They are composed of slotted and bent steel straps, with tapered keys, as illustrated on the opposite page. These clamjis are simple, and easily and quickly operated. Blaw Stake Pullers The Blaw Stake Puller illustrated and described on pages 18 and 19 should always be used in connection with Blawforms for Road and Street Construction. It is a simple, sturdy little device, that will save your form setters from one to three hours per day. _ Thirty-seven Blczw£orzn& £br 7^acid3 and. SireGi:3 “In re])ly to your recent letter wish to say your forms are })erfectly satisfactory in every respect. “We wisli to say that you are the only people in the road equipment business that deliver goods when agreed.” “We have used your Blaw Special Road Forms and find them to he all that you claim, and you can be assured that we will call upon you when, in the market again.” “Replying to your letter relative to the satisfaction given by your Rlaw Special Road Forms which are being used on this contract, will say that they have proven most satisfactory in every respect. “The only troulde having been encountered by us has l)een in removing the stakes from hard earth without the Stake Puller which we later learned you furnish.” “In answer to your letter of recent date we beg to inform yon that we are not using a tamping and finishing machine on our contract as yet, but in every respect the Special Road Forms have proven highly satisfactory.” “We cannot speak too highly of these forms, for in some in¬ stances we have put them to severe tests, and in each case they stood the test in every respect. “Resides being a great ini])rovement over the old style wooden forms, they are easier handled in setting, and also in removing same from the cured pavement. “We are always sure of no hold up in our work on account of same sagging, breaking, or having any other numerous mishaps which are customary with the wooden form proposition. “Since having these forms on the job, we would not think of using others.” (lines and addresses furnished on request. Thirty-eight ^lc[u/£oi:'zn& for l^oad[3 and Streets What Users Think of Blawforms* “Your steel forms for 18-inch concrete curb have proved satisfactory in every respect. “The 18-inch curb made up of one rail, is preferable for the contractor who has a great amount of 18-inch curb to lay, but for the one who has only a small amount, 1 think your scheme of bolting three 6-inch rails is better, as 6-inch rails can be used for sidewalk, curb, and curb and gutter work of other sizes. “Again, forms built up of two or three 6-inch rails bolted together are well adapted for city contract work, where one is lial)le, as here, to meet rock or gas pipes, where he can put some¬ times only a 6-inch or 12-inch form.” “Since receiving your Curb and Gutter Forms in July, we have used them almost continuously. They have proved to be just what we have been looking for. They are easy to set up and easy to remove when curb and gutter have been made. By taking the Curb and Gutter Forms apart and using the Sidewalk Dividing Plates, we have an excellent set of sidewalk forms. “The forms now are in as good condition as when received, thus showing us the durability of steel forms. Under the present out¬ look, we expect to make another order for Curb and Gutter Forms of you before the next season opens.” “We have been using your steel sidewalk forms for two years and find them to be all that you claim. It is no trouble to keep a walk in line and grade, and they can be set up in about one- fourth the time required to set and stake wooden forms. “Clean cut expansion joints are much better and more sightly than joints of cardboard or paper required with the wooden forms, and can be made in a great deal less time. “We consider the cost of form setting about one-fourth that of wooden forms, and our steel forms, after two years, show no appreciable wear.” *Names and addresses furnished on request. _ Thirty-nine ^lctiu£orzn^ for Tl,0€xd3 and Streets Blawfomis for Culverts Bla^Y steel Culvert Forms meet the standards of practically every active road building state in the union. The Blaw Adjustable Box Culvert Form is truly adjustable as well as collapsible, and can be furnished for making any one size or any range of sizes of culverts from 2' x 3' to 10' x 12'. For small culverts, the forms for which must be mechanically collapsed from the outside after the concrete has set, we have developed two types of Blaw Small Culvert Forms for culverts 12"xl8"up to Tl"x21". Our engineers will, at your request, be pleased to recommend the most economical equipment for your requirements. V rite for literature and data. 10 Ft. Section of Blaw Adjust- 10 Ft. Section of Blaw Small 10 Ft. Section of Blaw Small able Box Culvert Form Culvert Form, Type .\ Culvert Form, Type B -_—_ Forty BlcuuForm^ lor Road^ and Strootsf Blaw ^Mixing Boxes The Blaw Mixing Box is Made Entirely of Steel, and Will Not Leak. The Inside Surface is Absolutely Smooth, and there are no Rivets nor Bolts Protruding Wherever used, the Blaw steel Mixing Box quickly becomes a very valuable j)art of the contractor's regular equipment. It is light and easily transported from jol) to job (it just fits into an ordinary wagon or truck bed) yet is very solid and dependable. Its cost is not much more ('if any) than the cost of a good wooden mixing box; yet one steel box will outlast ten or twelve wooden boxes. It is made of Xo. 14 gauge steel plate, and weighs but 160 pounds. Consider first its small cost, then the actual saving in time, labor and lumber. You can readily see that a Blaw steel Mixing Box will pay for itself in a very short time. Quality and service govern the construction of the Blaw steel M ixing Box. It is 9' long, 3' 3" wide and 9" high. This size was determined upon only after a most searching examination into the contractors’ needs. The wide flange around the top, combined with its light weight (two men can very easily carry it) make very easy handling. The convenience of having such a mixing box iTisfantly avail¬ able for every job you underlake should surely appeal to you. The sides are vertical and the ends sloping, which, with the rounded edges at the bottom, makes shoveling and mixing very easy. It is very easily cleaned, and is so strongly constructed that it will stand the hardest kind of service for years. Forty-one Blctuj£omi^ for 'Roctd^ azxd StrGotsf Blawforms in Creneral Blaw Light Wall Forms Being Used in Building the Concrete Foundations for an Industrial Village of 1000 Houses From sewers to subways, from sidewalks to skyscrapers, there are Iflawforms for every type of concrete construction. Ever since their introduction, Blawforms have been used on every noteworthy engineering project: the Panama Canal, New York State Barge Canal, New York Aqueduct, Winnipeg Aque¬ duct, Calumet-Sag Channel, the sewer systems of our large cities, etc., and for general concrete construction, by all the leading industrial plants, railroads, engineers and contractors. Just remember that there are Blawforms for every type of con¬ crete construction! And while it is not economically practicable to use steel forms on all jobs, yet there are very few on which our engineers cannot show you, in black and wliile, a very material saving in time, labor and money. If you liave any work on hand, or are bidding on a job, send us the details (blue prints also, if you have them), and we will promptly and frankly tell you whether or not Blawforms will save yon money. The Blawforms Engineers are all practical men, recruited from the field their service and experience, acquired by intimate contact with thousands upon thousands of projects, are at your disposal, at all times, without obligation to you. Write for the Blawforms Book—it contains 128 pages of illus¬ trations and data of vital interest. Forty-two Blcciu£omi^ for l^oad^ and Streets Tlie Blaw Power-Wheel Bucket Blaw Power-Wheel Bucket Handling Road Building Materials The Power-Wheel is a light but extremely powerful all around bucket, particularly adapted to road building work. In ordinary buckets of this type the “bull wheel” is mounted on the main hinge pin, in which position it rests on the material when the scoops are wide open, holding the bucket off the pile and, when partially closed, seriously interfering with the picking up of a reasonably sized load. These defects are overcome in the Blaw Power-Wheel Bucket by mounting the wheel above the axis of the main hinge. This arrangement keeps the wheel well out of the material being handled, enables the bucket to open out wider than is commonly possible in buckets of this kind, and permits the use of a larger power wheel. Write for literature and prices. Blaw-Knox Company manufactures clamshell buckets for every kind of service in ivhich clamshells can be used with economy. On receipt of information regarding your work ive will gladly send full descriptive matter on the Blaw Bucket which meets your particular requirements. _ Forty-three Blaxu/ojrm^ for Road3 and S^reotsf Products of the Blaw-Knox Company Home of Blaw-Knox Products, which has been Quadrupled in Size Since this View was Made FABRICATED STEEL Fabricated steel, one of the principal products of Blaw-Knox Company, includes mill buildings, manufacturing plants, standardized sectional steel buildings, bridges, crane runways, trusses and other construction of a highly fabricated nature. A corps of highly trained engineers is maintained for consulting and designing services. TRANSMISSION TOWERS Four legged straight line or suspension towers, anchor and dead end towers, latticed and channel A-frames, river crossing towers, outdoor substations, switching stations, signal towers, steel poles, derrick towers. We specialize in the design and fabrication of high tension transmission lines. PLATE WORK Riveted, pressed and welded steel plate products of every description, including; accumu¬ lators; agitators; water boshes; annealing boxes; containers; digesters; fdters; flumes; gear guards; kettles; ladles; pans; penstocks; air receivers; stacks; standpipes; miscel¬ laneous tanks; miscellaneous Ijlast furnace work; etc. BLAW BUCKETS Clamshell buckets and automatic cableway plants for digging and rehandling earth; sand; gravel; coal; ore; limestone; tin scrap; slag; cinders; fertilizers; rock products; etc.. For installation on derricks; overhead and locomotive cranes; monorails; dredges; steam shovels; ditchers; cableways; ships for handling cargo and coal; etc. BLAWFORMS Steel forms for every type of concrete construction; aqueducts; bridges; cisterns; columns; culverts; curbs and gutters; dams; factories; floors; foundations; houses; locks; manholes; piers; pipe; reservoirs; roads; sewers; shafts; sidewalks; subways; tanks; tunnels; viaducts; retaining walls; warehouses; etc. FURNACE APPLIANCES Knox patented water cooled doors, door frames, front and back wall coolers, ports, re¬ versing valves, etc., for Open Hearth, Glass, and Copper Furnaces; water cooled standings, shields, boshes, etc., for Sheet and Tin Mills. THE EDDY PRESS CORPORATION PITTSBURGH