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AUTHOR: STEUART, ARCHIBALD TITLE: SCOTTISH INFLUENCE PLACE: GLASGOW DA TE : 1913 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES PRESERVATION DEPARTMENT BIBLIOGRAPHIC MICROFORM TARGET Master Negative # 91-80023-2 Original Material as Filmed - Existing Bibliographic Record ^i^g f r ' F ""^ Restrictions on Use: Steuart, Archibald Francis * Scottish influences in Russian history, from the end of the 16th century to the beginning of the 19th century: an essay... ^Glasgow, Maclehose, 1913. * xviii, 141 p. plates, fold, table. 20 cm. 'lo.Vvii;? FILM SIZE:__3.5V^-^^ ■ IMAGE PLACEMENT: TECHNICAL MICROFORM DATA -. Mt IA(}IIA' IB IIB VHnn INITIALS £i^i REDUCTION RATIO: DATE FILMED: HLMEDBY: RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS. INC WOODBRIDGE. CT c Association for Information and Image Management 1100 Wayne Avenue, Suite 1100 Silver Spring. Maryland 20910 301/587-8202 Centimeter 12 3 4 iiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiilii I mi I I Inches TTT 1 5 mliiii 6 iiiliiii 7 8 iiiliiiiliiiil ^M ITT 9 10 11 iiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiiiiii I 1 TT 12 13 14 15 mm iiiliiiilnnliiiiliiiil miLh I I I I 1.0 1^ ||2.8 S 11?:^ luuu 1.4 2.5 22 I.I 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.25 T T MONUFfiCTURED TO RUM STflNDRRDS BY APPLIED IMRGE, INC. ^M LIBRARY tor a^t intrfUBt of tift Cibrarff lEBtsLbilBt{th I BBS w •••>- SCOTTISH INFLUENCES IN RUSSIAN HISTORY fmt' PUBLISHBO BT JAMES MACLEHOSE AND SONS, GLASGOW, 9itbliciur0 to ttu WLidtunitn. MACMILLAN I/tw York, • Toronto, • • London, • • Camirijge, • Edinburgh, • Sydney, - • AND CO., LTD., LONDON. Th* Macmillan Co. The Macmillan Co. o/Canada. Sim/izn, Hamilton and Co. Bowes and Bowes. Douglas and Foulis* Angus and Robertson. MCMXIII. TSAR ALEKSEI MICHAELOVITCH AND HIS SECOND CONSORT NATHALIA KIRILLOVNA NARISHKINA. Pen-and-ink Sketch by James S. Richardson. SCOTTISH INFLUENCES IN RUSSIAN HISTORY FROM THE END OF THE i6tH CENTURY TO THE BEGINNING OF THE I9TH CENTURY ^n Essay BY A. FRANCIS STEUART ADVOCATE GLASGOW JAMES MACLEHOSE AND SONS PUBLISHERS TO THE UNIVERSITY "tummmmmm ■(••"^••^KSHi^PW I' ^ / 6 - l-i^-^^ ^ PREFACE This little book on Scottish influence in Russia has been planned during the year which is the Tercentenary of the Romanoff Dynasty to interest travellers who visit Russia, and also in the hope of reminding Russians where many of their * instructors ' came from. In spite of our very desirable, but very recent friendship, Russia and Britain are still too far apart historically to know much about each other. The old intercourse (a very limited one when all is said) between England and Russia is narrated in many books of travel, and I have therefore given it but a short introductory chapter. I am unaware of any book, however, which shows separately to any degree the part the Scot played in Russia (individually, though hardly as a nation) in helping to * Westernise ' »-*«jf ■• PREFACE the great empire of the Tsars, so I have endeavoured shortly to sketch the * service' given by the Scots who enrolled themselves in the Russian employ. My book is founded, not so much on Russian, as on French and British sources, and thus the dates and the spelling of names may be sometimes irregular. It, however, claims the privilege of an explorer or that of a pioneer. I have tried to indicate where authorities on my subject may be most easily found, and have therefore cited copiously only from the rarer and less known books. Some day a Russian scholar will dig up lists (lists I long to see) of Scottish names from the depths of the archives of Russia. I hope he will come soon. Until he does, I trust that my essay may help the Scot to understand Russian history better, and the Russian to be interested in those of the Scottish nation who helped to connect his Byzantine civilisation, marred as it was and retarded by the Tartar conquest, with that of Western Europe. I have to thank especially my friends Mr. vi PREFACE R. H. Bruce Lockhart, British Vice-Consul at Moscow, Mr. G. E. S. Bowen, R.F.A., Mr. John F. Baddeley, and M. Vladimir Ivanovitch Kameneff for their valuable help in putting my book in order. A. FRANCIS STEUART. 79 Great King Street, Edinbaigh, iSth/une^ 1913. VU jl^ag: \kk^ r:imii^>. •5fia- «**-«-■> I CONTENTS CHAPTER I. The first Scot in Russia. Scots in Poland. The English " Society for the discovery of unknown lands " come to Russia. The embassies of Ivan the Terrible to England, and his desires. The policy of his suc- cessors PAGE. CHAPTER II. The Captives. Commencement of the Colony of the Scots. The foreign Faubourg. Vicissitudes of Scottish Soldiers 13 !( CHAPTER III. The first Romanoffs. Michael Feodorovitch. His son Aleksei Michaelovitch. Refuses to recognise Crom- well. Influx of Royalist Scots. The Tsar's marriage to Nathalia Narishkina, niece of a Hamilton - CHAPTER IV. General Patrick Gordon of Auchleuchries ix 31 47 ^Wa iiMa CONTENTS CHAPTER V. PAGB. Gordon's hopes from a Catholic king in England. Given permission to return, leaving his wife and family as hostages. His report to James H. and VII. His return to Russia, and his service there - - - 6i CHAPTER VI. Collaborators of Peter the Great 73 CHAPTER VII. The Bruce Family in Russia. The escape of General Gordon 95 CHAPTER VIII. Catherine I. Peter II. Marshal Keith. Anna Ivanovna. Other Scots. Elizabeth 107 ILLUSTRATIONS. rAGB The Tsar Aleksei Michaelovitch and his second Consort Nathalia Narishkina. From a medal. Drawn by James S. Richardson - - Frontispiece Medals of Peter I. and Catherine II. From the collection of casts given by the Empress Catherine IL to Dr. Rogerson 72 CHAPTER IX. Scottish Families settled in Russia. The Court Physicians. Rogerson. Other Scots— Sir James Wylie, Count Barclay de Tolly, Lermontoff. Con- clusion 119 Index 138 XI yttmitm X SUMMARY OF CHIEF EVENTS IN RUSSIAN HISTORY. (CONDENSED FROM RAMBAUD'S HISTORY OF RUSSIA AND OTHER SOURCES.) Ivan Vassilievitch, The Great, Grand Prince of Moscow (1462-1505). Novgorod, Tver, Rostov and lavoslavl annexed to Muscovy. Permia conquered. Moscow freed from the suzerainty of the Tartar Khan of the Great Horde, 1478. Recommencement of Russia as a free State. Vassili Ivanovitch, Grand Prince of Moscow (1505- 1533). Smolensk taken, 15 14. Tartar invasion, 1521. Ivan Vassilievitch (Groznie), The Terrible (1533- 1584). Assumed the title of Tsar of Muscovy, 1547. Married first Anastasia Romanovna Romanova. Conquest of the Tartar Khanates of Kazan 1552 and Astrakhan 1554. War with the Livonian Order, Poland, the Tartars and Sweden. Poland • ■ • Xlll hi CHIEF EVENTS and Lithuania united, 1569. Polotsk and Livonia lost to Russia. Novgorod reduced and the inhabi- tants massacred, 1570. Treaties with Elizabeth, Queen of England. Foreigners enter Russian Mili- tary service. Siberia conquered, 1558-84. Feodor (L) Ivanovitch (i 584-1 598). Rise of Boris Feodorovitch Godounoff, brother of the Tsaritsa Irina. The Peasant attached to the glebe and made a Serf. Treaties with Elizabeth. Murder of the Tsar's half-brother, Dmitri. End of the Dynasty of Rurik. Boris Feodorovitch (Jodounoff (i 598-1605). Elected Tsar on his brother-in-law's death. Foreigners favoured. Appearance of the * False Dmitri; The 'False Dmitri.' Claiming to be the murdered Dmitri Ivanovitch, son of * The Terrible ' Tsar, entered Russia with Polish support The Godounoff family murdered or cloistered. He was married in Moscow to the Polish Maryna Mniszek, who was crowned with him. Murder of the Tsar and massacre of the Poles in Moscow, 1606. Vassili Ivanovitch Shuiski (1606). Time of the Troubles. Elected Tsar. War with the Poles and the * Second False Dmitri/ a Cossack brigand. Abdica- tion of the Tsar, who enters a monastery. xiv * s 'i IN RUSSIAN HISTORY Vladislav, son of Sigismond, King of Poland, recog- nised as Tsar. Invasion of Russia by the Poles, occupation of Moscow. Seizure of the Baltic by Sweden. Rising of the Russians under Minine and Pojarski, 161 2. Retirement of the Poles. Election, in 161 3, of Mikhael Feodorovitch Romanoff, son of the Patriarch Philarete, who was associated with him in power. Michael Feodorovitch Bomanoff (161 3-1645). First Tsar of the Romanoff Dynasty. Polish war ended. The * Second False Dmitri ' killed. Ambas- sadors dispatched to Western Europe. Novgorod restored to Russia by the Swedes through the media- tion of England. Aleksei Blichaelovitch (1645-1676). Conquest of Smolensk and Ukraine from the Poles. Foreign soldiers enlisted, many Scots. Growing desire for Westernisation owing to the second marriage of the Tsar with Nathalia Kirillovna Narishkina. Embassy of Doktouroff to Charles I of England. The English merchants confined to Archangel on the execution of Charles I. Feodor (II.) Aleksievitch (1676-1682). War with the Tartars. Ivan Aleksievitch (1682- 1696) and Peter a.) Aleksievitch (1682- 172 5), The Great. Two brothers made equal Tsars under the regency of their sister, Sophia Aleksievna, which lasted until XV (I i ii! CHIEF EVENTS 1689, when Peter forced the Regent to take the veil, and assumed the complete power though allowing his brother the title of Tsar. Expeditions against Azof, 1695- 1696. First journey to the West, 1697. Revolt and total destruction of the Streltsi. War with Sweden, ending in the battle of Poltava, 1709. Ingria taken by Russia in 1702. St. Petersburg founded, 1703, as a 'Window into Europe.' War with Turkey and Treaty of the Pruth, 171 1. The Tsar visited Paris. Peace of Nystad, 172 1, which gave Livonia, Esthonia, Carelia and part of Finland to Russia. The Tsar declared Autocrat. Trial and death of the Tsare- vitch Aleksei Petrovitch, 17 18. The Tsar declared Emperor, 172 1. A doubtful will. Catherine (I.) (172 5-1 727). Widow of Peter I. Power of Menschikoff. Peter I.'s Westernisation continued. Peter (H) Aleksievitch (i 727-1 730). Grandson of Peter I. Fall of Menschikoff. Rise of the Dolgoroukis. Return of the Court to Moscow. The Tsar buried there. Anna Ivanovna (i 730-1 740). Niece of Peter I. Elected under a constitution. Constitution abrogated. Fall of the Dolgoroukis. Rise of Biron, Duke of Courland. Return of the Court to St. Petersburg. War of the Polish succes- sion and against the Turks, 1735-39. xvi ill A IN RUSSIAN HISTORY Ivan Antonovitch ( 1 740-1 741). Grandnephew of Anna. Under the regency of his mother Anna Leopoldovna. War with Sweden. Deposed and imprisoned until his death. Elizabeth (1741-1761). Daughter of Peter I. seized the throne. War with Sweden. Acquisition of South Finland by Russia. War against Frederick II. of Prussia. Peter (HI.) Feodorovitch (1761-1762). Nephew of Elizabeth. Reversal of policy. Prus- sian influence. Dethroned and murdered. Catherine (II.) (1762- 1796). Princess Sophia of Anhalt-Zerbst ascended her husband's throne and governed well through her favourites. Turkish war, 1767-74. The battle of Tchesm^ I770- First partition of Poland, 1772. Conquest of the Crimea, 1783. Second Turkish war, 1787-1792. War with Sweden, 1788-1790. Second partition of Poland. Third partition, which gave most of Poland to Russia. Persian war. Paul (I) (1796-1801). Son of the last. Campaigns of the Ionian Islands, Italy, Switzerland, Holland and Naples. Great waste of Russian power. Alliance with Napoleon, and a great scheme against the British in India. The Emperor murdered by a Court Camarilla, xvii 1 '1 If CHIEF EVENTS IN RUSSIAN HISTORY Alexander L) (1801-1825). Eldest son of Paul I. Napoleonic wars. Auster- litz, Eylau, etc. Interview at Erfurt Wars with England, Sweden, Austria, Turkey and Persia. Napoleon invades Russia, 18 12. Retreat of *la Grande Arm^.' Congress of Vienna. Reforms. Serfage lightened. Disquiet in Poland. The Tsar a religious mystic. CHAPTER I. THE FIRST SCOT IN RUSSIA. SCOTS IN POLAND. THE ENGLISH * SOCIETY FOR THE DISCOVERY OF UNKNOWN LANDS ' COME TO RUSSIA. THE EMBASSIES OF IVAN THE TERRIBLE TO ENGLAND, AND HIS DESIRES. THE POLICY OF HIS SUCCESSORS. \! xvni U i ) I ft I I. He would be a bold man who would state who was the first Scot who went to Russia. The statement, however, has been ventured on by Dr. J. Hamel in his book England and Russia^ and he says that * Master David/ a Scot, Herald to the King of Denmark, was envoy from his master, King John, to the Grand Prince Vas- sili Ivanovitch, of Muscovy, in 1495. His name is commonly given as * Geraldus,' the russification of his office of * Herald/ but it seems to have been Kocken, Kocker, or per- haps Cock. He was probably sent to Russia with the Danish embassy in 1492, to induce the Grand Prince to seize Sweden and its dependency, Finland, in return for which the 'Translated into English by John Studdy Leigh, F.R.G.S., in 1854. It is very difficult to follow, but still remains the best book on the subject. 3 I I iir II > I! SCOTTISH INFLUENCES King of Denmark promised to assist Russia against Lithuania, and he returned thither the next year. He again returned in 1505 with a letter addressed to the Grand Prince, but found that the Prince had died in October; so he either remained, or was forced to remain until 1507, when new envoys had reached the new Grand Prince from Denmark, and returned with them. He seems to have been a man of mark and a trusty messenger, and he is men- tioned in the letter of alliance sent by the new Tsar, Ivan Vassilievitch, to * our brother John, King of Dacia (Denmark ?) Sweden and Nor- way ' dated at Moscow. In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries Scot- tish merchants spread in hordes all over Prussia and Poland^ as traders, but few as yet seem, unless by chance, to have gone further East. In the reign of Ivan Vassilievitch the English spirit of adventure which had formed *The Society for the Discovery of Unknown Lands' first thought of Russia as a field for exploration. ' A book on * Scots in Poland,' edited by Miss Beatrice Basker- ville, is promised by the Scottish History Society. 4 IN RUSSIAN HISTORY A Russian Company was formed (it employed many people with curiously Scottish-sounding names like Logan, Gordon, Brighouse, etc.) which traded at Rose Island, Kholmogory on the White Sea, and later had an 'English house ' in the Varvarka at Moscow ; but the real settlement of the Scots in Russia, which was involuntary, and yet left a great mark on the history of Russia, was quite distinct from this body. Ivan the Terrible had some definite idea that the way Russia had been cut off from the rest of Europe by the Tartar invasion and long subjugation had done harm. No Russian till his father's time (the Danish embassy) had been allowed to leave Russia, and it was only fear of internecine war that made him seek that friendship with England that is so curious in history. One of his ambassadors was wrecked on the coast of Scotland, Ossip Gregorievitch Nepeja, who with a suite of sixteen persons had been sent in 1556 as envoy to Philip and Mary in the * Edward Bonaventure.' It was near Pitsligo Bay the wreck took place, and all 5 I 111 H I ' IIWH JU..U1H Mie ^ .^ SCOTTISH INFLUENCES the Tsar's presents were lost, with the English captain, Richard Chancellor, his son and seven Russians of the ambassador's suite. Robert Best, interpreter to the embassy, escaped with the ambassador. The unfortunate refugees left Edinburgh, whither they had had a * Tal- matsch' (tolmach) or 'speachman' (i.e. inter- preter) sent to them from London, on 14th February, 1557, with but a few trifles saved from their wreck, to begin their embassy so long hindered. This embassy was followed by others to Queen Elizabeth, who sent Ran- dolph, Jenkinson, and Daniel Silvester to Russia; and by his ambassadors, Pissemski and Andrei Gregorievitch Savin, while he granted privileges to the English, the Tsar showed two curious definite desires. First, in the event of his long-suffering subjects putting an end to his reign, that he wished a safe residence in England; and, secondly, that he wished for an English wife, the Queen if' pos- sible, and afterwards (though he had just married his seventh wife, Maria Feodorovna Nagoi) the Queen's kinswoman, Lady Mary a IN RUSSIAN HISTORY Hastings, as his bride.^ Queen Elizabeth, as her habit was, promised much but did little. To the Tsar's remonstrance about the *bad conduct' of her subjects, she replied that the wrong-doers were probably Scots, who had strayed over the Russian border from Poland or Sweden, and so beyond her jurisdiction. She sent a physician, Dr. Robert Jacob, who favoured the English match ; and the result was that a Russian ambassador, Feodor Andree- vitch Pissemski, was sent to London. He returned with an English ambassador, Sir Jerome Bowes, who was well received, and succeeded (through the help of Jerome Horsey, an English agent) in getting exclusive privileges for the English merchants when the Tsar sud- denly died, leaving the Tsardom to his son, the mild and feeble Feodor Ivanovitch, and the power in the hands of the latter's able and rather unscrupulous brother-in-law, Boris Feo- dorovitch Godounoff. ^This appears to have been suggested to the Tsar by his physician, Dr. Bomel (educated at Cambridge), whom he so cruelly put to death. The idea was again suggested by one Aegidius Crow. 7 ! ■ i k SCOTTISH INFLUENCES He rose rapidly, and was named ^Prince Protector,' and proved himself the friend of foreign ways. Bowes, who had been maltreated on Ivan's death, was allowed to return home. Sir Jerome Horsey went back to Russia as ambassador in 1585, and wrote an admirable account of his travels ; so did Giles Fletcher. ^ The English house in the Varvarka prospered exceedingly in spite of double dealing on every side and ' interloping ' Englishmen. The Tsar died in 1598, and Boris Godounofif was elected to succeed him. In 1600 he sent an ambas- sador, Gregory Ivanovitch Mikulin, to Queen Elizabeth to cement the friendly understanding. It is interesting to find that he was visited in London by the Scottish ambassador (whose master, James VI., became King of England as James I. on Elizabeth's death, three years ' Captain Thomas Ogiivy, burgess of Dundee, was denounced for not appearing before the Privy Council of Scotland, 29th Dec, 1595, to answer to a charge of having intromitted with the goods of a Danzig ship, the property of the Duke of Florence Among the cargo was a barrel of books, ' all of ane historie anent the descriptioun of the cuntreis of Polonia, Moscovia Prussia & utheris adjacent, to the noumer of xxxix.'—J?ePis/er of the Privy Council of Scotland, vol. v. p. 251. 8 % \ IN RUSSIAN HISTORY later), the Earl of Both well. He tried to arrange another 'English match' for the new Tsarevitch, Feodor Borissovitch. On Queen Elizabeth's death James I. dispatched another mission to Russia, and obtained benefits for the merchants, but these were vitiated by the Tsar Boris's death and the Time of the Troubles. The first Romanoff Tsar did, however, find the English of use. They lent him money when he was bankrupt, and it was owing to the intercession of the ambassador of James I. and VI., John Merrick, who went to Moscow in 1 6 14, that Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, in 161 7, gave up Novgorod, Roussa and Ladoga to Russia, while retaining the maritime con- quests in the Baltic. This was a great gain to Russia, yet the English merchants did not receive privileges of sufficient value, owing to the opposition of the Russian traders. They continued, however, to have some success until the news of the execution of their King, Charles I., reached the Tsar Aleksei Michaelo- vitch, when that stalwart supporter of Royalty forbade them to exercise trade in his realm B 9 J L SCOTTISH INFLUENCES except at Kholmogory on the White Sea, and banished them from the rest of his dominions. He repaid his obligations to the Stuarts also by- sending aid to King Charles II. during his long pauper-stricken exile in Holland. II lO m CHAPTER II. I: THE CAPTIVES. COMMENCEMENT OF THE COLONY OF THE SCOTS. THE FOREIGN FAUBOURG. VICISSITUDES OF SCOTTISH SOLDIERS. 1^1 II. The beginning of the Scottish colony in Russia was very different from that of the English merchants. The Scottish colony be- gan as prisoners. To give the words of the Englishman, Sir Jerome Horsey : *The Emperor's souldiers and army, farr greater in number, ranged farr into the Sweth- ians country, and did much spoill and rapine;^ brought many captives awaye to remote places in his land, Liefflanders, French, Scotts, Dutch- men and some English. The Emperower seat- linge and seatinge a great many of them in the ^ In 1557-58 Livonia was ravaged by the Tsar's troops, com- posed mostly of savages, Mordvinians and Chermisses, who burned everything, * not even sparing the child in its mother's womb.* The Livonians invoked Polish aid. After more war — in 1572 he raided Esthonia — the Tsar had to surrender Livonia to Poland, in 1582, by the Treaty of Zapolok. It was evidently about 1 581 that the Scots were transported to Moscow. 13 ll I) *. SCOTTISH INFLUENCES ?r W h cittie of Musquo, to inhabitt by themselves without the cittie ; and by my mediacion and means, beinge their conversant and famillier in the Court, well knowen and respected of the best favorets and officers of that tyme, I procured libertie to buyld them a Churche, and contrubetted well therunto ; gott unto them a learned preachinge minister, and devine service and metinge of the congregacion everie Saboth daye, but after their Lutheren profession, grew in shortt tyme in favour and famillier, and in good like of the Russ people, livinge civillie but in dollfull and mourninge manner for ther eyvill loss of goods, friends and contrye. At which tyme, among other nacions, there wear fower score and five pore Scotts souldiers leaft of 700 sent from Stockhollme, and three Englishmen in their company, brought amonge other captives, in most miserable manner, pittious to behold. I laboured and imploied my best indevors and creditt not only to succor them, but with my purss and paines and means gett them to be well placed at Bulran, near the Musquo ; and altho* the Emperowr was much 14 IN RUSSIAN HISTORY inflamed with fury and wrath against them, torteringe and puttinge many of these Swethian souldiers to deth, most lamentabylie to behold, I procured the Emperower to be told of the) difference between these Scottsmen, now his captives, and the Swethians, PoUonians and Livonians, his enymies. They wear a nacion strangers, remote, a venturous and warlicke people, readie to serve any Christian prince for maintenance and paye; as they would apear and prove, if it pleased his majestie to imploie and spare them such maintenance now owt of hart and cloths and arms, as they may shew themselves and valure against his mortall enemy the Cryme Tartor. Yt seems some use was made of this advice,^ for shordy the best souldiers and men-at-arms of these straingers wear spared and putt apart, and captaines of each nacion apointed to govern the rest; Jeamy Lingett for the Scottish men, a villiant honest 'Ivan, in 1552, captured Kazan, and in 1555 sent Ivan Shcremetieff against Perekop with 13,000 men(R. Nisbet Bain's Slavonic Europe, p. 115). Constant warfare against the Tartars in and out of Crimea was, no doubt, kept up, particularly after the burning of Moscow by the Tartars (*The Crimme') in 1571. IS :saaaki II \ I i SCOTTISH INFLUENCES man. Mony, cloths, and dayelly alowance for meat and drincke, was geaven them, horss, hey and oatz ; swords, peece and pistolls, wear they armed with. Pore snakes afore, loke nowe chearfully. Twelve hundred of them did better service against the Tartor then 12 thowsand Russes, with their shortte bowe and arrowes. The Crim, not knowinge then the use of peece and pistolls, stroken dead of their horses with shott they sawe not, cried : — ** Awaye with those new divells that com with their thunderinge puffs ; " wherat the Emperor made good sportt. Then had thei pencions and lands alowed them to live upon, marrid and matchd with the Livo- nian faire weomen ; ^ increased into famillies, and live in favour of the prince and people. O ! how glad was I that the Emperowr toke noe noatice of these fewe Englishmen taken captive emonge them! An oportune quarrel, to my liff, that was so well knowen and conversant in their court ; but especiallie a fit prey for the Emperor to seize upon the English merchants ^ He calls them elsewhere ^ The Livonian ladies, the fairest weomen of the knowen world.' 16 ii IN RUSSIAN HISTORY goods, havinge a stocke in company for at least 100 thowsand marckes sterlinge in his country. For, but a littell before, the Kinge had sold to one Thomas Glover, a chieff agent for that company, a wiff bowren of a noble howse in Polland, Basmanovey, taken captive at Pel- lotcoe, for tenn thowsand Hengers ducketts in gold ; and yet shorttly after, fallinge into som displeasur, robbed him of 16 thowsand pounds more in cloth, silke, wax, furrs and other mer- chandizes and sent him^ and his deare wife emptie out of his land.'« There were, one way or other, evidently a good many Scots in Russia during the time of Ivan the Terrible. Dr. Collins, the English Physician of Tsar Aleksei Michaelovitch, nar- rates an incident at the Court of the Terrible Tsar. 'Some foreigners, English and Scots, had laughed at certain things the Tsar had done during a drinking bout The Tsar when he heard this had them stripped naked and ' He was banished from Russia in 1573. His marriage took place before 1567, when Queen Elizabeth complained to the Tsar of his conduct— See Hamel, pp. 186, 191, 221. « Travels of Sir Jerome Horsey (Hakluyt Society), pp. 182-184. C 17 fi :^ i i i M f!' SCOTTISH INFLUENCES forced them to pick up, one by one, five or six bushels of peas which had been poured into his room. Then he gave them drink and sent them away.' That there were many is shown too by his statement that * some old residents in Russia have noticed that out of two hundred, English, Scots and Dutch, who have embraced the Russian Faith, hardly one has died a natural death.' ^ From his associates the English envoy, Giles Fletcher, also evidently knew something of Scottish customs. He says that in the Russian towns ' Every house hath a paire of staiers, that lead up into the chambers out of the yarde or streat, after the Scottish manner.' « Horsey adds another passage about the Scots later : • •And the PoUonians and Swethians com- bynded and plotted how each of them might invade each others teritoris and anctient bounds ; toke good opportunitie to recover all back again which the old Emperor Ivan had 1 From the French Translation of Dr. Collins's Present State of Russia (Paris, 1679), PP- 9) 67. « TheRusse Common Wealthy p. 19. » Trceuels of Sir Jerome Horsey (Hakluyt SocictyX p. 225. 18 i i iii' j. ' i w ^^-ti^tmm IN RUSSIAN HISTORY gotten from them. . . . Some Swethen souldiers escaped thenc and came to the Musquo to serve the Emperor ; among whom was one Gabriell Elphingsten, a valiant Scottish captaine, by the report of the letters he brought to me from Cor- ronell Steward, that served the King of Den- marke, in comendacion of him and six other Scotts, souldiers in his company, but all verie bare of monny and furnitur. Desired me to grac place and suplie their necessities. I dis- burst to him and them 300 doUers ; put them in apperrell, and bought them pistolls and swords ; and when they wear marched wear better liked of then they Swedian souldiers that came in ther company. I gott Captaine Elphingstone the charge over them all, begenod (sic) of mony, horss, and allowancence for meat and drincke. Behaved themselves well for a tyme, yet could not repaye nor recompence me to this day, as by their letters apeareth.' But one General Carmichael, a Scot, entered (apparently voluntarily) the service of the Terrible Tsar. Scottish history is altogether silent about him, though he was uncle to Sir 19 r i t I \i :| ^ m SCOTTISH INFLUENCES John Carmichael, Warden of the Border, of the Hyndford family. He, in 1570, was made commander of 5000 of the Tsar s men during the Polish War, and saw many scenes of horror (and Russian history is full of them), and later became Governor of Pskoff. It would be inter- esting to know more about his career. Other Scots drifted into the Russian service and were continued in that of Ivan Groznie's son, the quiet Feodor. Giles Fletcher, writing in 1 59 1, says * of mercenarie soldiers that are strangers (whom they call nemschoy), they have at this time 4300 of Polonians : of Chircasses (that are under the Polonians) about four thousand, whereof 3500 are abroad in his gari- sons, of Deutches and Scots about 150, of Greekes, Turks, Danes, and Sweadens, all in one band an 100 or there abouts. But these they use only upon the Tartar side and against the Siberians.* They used Tartar levies against Poland and the West. These had all set allow- ances from what he calls the Prechase shisivoy nemschoy} * Fletcher's The Russe Common Wealthy pp. 52, 73. 30 IN RUSSIAN HISTORY The Scottish settlers, excluded like all heretics from the Kitai Gorod (China City) and the Byelo Gorod (White City) of Moscow, were placed in the Nemetskaya Sloboda,^ *the dumb suburb/ The Russian word nemefz— originally mean- ing 'dumb' — was gradually applied to the * dumb * inhabitants who knew little of Russian. In process of time it got to mean 'German,' but it included all the Protestant foreigners.* The Scots married, as we have seen, with their fellow exiles, usually Livonians and Ger- mans. One, a Hamilton,' almost certainly one of the Swedish prisoners, had in course of time, two descendants, sisters, both married to * Situated * beyond the gates of the old Capital, towards the north-western comer of the modem city, in the quarter lying between Basmannaia Street and Pokrovskaia Street, where at the present day most of the Protestant and Catholic churches stand.'—K. Waliszewski's Pe^r the Great, p. 15. *R. Nisbet Bain's The First Romanovs, p. 122. 'The Annuairedela Noblesse de Russie, 1889, tells us that the name became in Russia Rehbinder, *singuli6re corruption du mot ^Hamilton, ancienne famille Anglaise {sic) arriv6e en Russie d^jk au commencement du XVI !• Si^le.' Hel^ne Karlova de Rehbinder, died 1869, married Raphael Alexievitch Ostafieff. The name also became corrupted to Khomutoff. 21 7, .^ w i III 1:1 SCOTTISH INFLUENCES Russians, one to Artamon Sergievitch Matveeflf and the other Feodor Poleukhtovitch Narish- kin,^ names we shall hear again^ as these marriages had a real bearing on Russian civilisation. The gentle Tsar Feodor left but a slight mark on Russian history, save as the last of the Dynasty of Rurik, and when his wife's brother, Boris Feodorovitch Godounoff entered on the scene we find him much interested in foreigners. The English merchants believed in him thoroughly, but his rule was not long enough for them, and the end of his dynasty too swift. His successor, the False Dmitri (who claimed to be, and indeed perhaps was, the son of Ivan the Terrible by his seventh wife) had a Scot in his train whose history is instruc- tive of the vicissitudes of Russia. Captain David Gilbert, a Scot, had, with the Frenchman, Captain Margaret, and other international scoundrels, entered the service of the elected Tsar, Boris Godounoff. On his death he served in the bodyguard of the * False * * Story of Moscow, by Wirt Gcrrarc, p. 121. 22 IN RUSSIAN HISTORY Dmitri, which (significant fact enough) was composed of foreigners. The bodyguard con- sisted of 300 English, French and Scots, divided into three squadrons, and commanded by officers of each nation.^ He was one of the fifty-two strangers whom the second 'False Dmitri' wished to drown in the Oka on a sudden suspicion. These foreigners had already been driven from Koselsk towards Kaluga on the Oka, when Martin Beer, the chaplain, and Captain Gilbert, together with three others, Ensign Thomas Moritzen, and Reinhold von Engelhard and Johann von Reenen, two Livonian nobles, ventured to cross the river to implore and secure their pardon from Maryna Mniszek, through the medium of the ladies who were with her, to intercede for them. This Polish lady, the wife of the two successive pseudo-Dmitris, for she recog- nised both as husbands rather than give up her position of crowned Tsaritsa, therefore became the preserver of these 'innocent and calumniated persons.' Gilbert subsequently ^ Dr. CoUins's Present State 0/ Russia (French editionX p. 283. «3 il J f Iljl !l SCOTTISH INFLUENCES served in the Polish ranks, but was soon taken prisoner and brought to Moscow. Sir John Merrick, who returned to England in 1 617, then induced King James to intercede for him with the Tsar Michael Feodorovitch. Dr. Hamel writes : 'In the Tradescant (Ash- molean) Museum at Oxford I discovered the original dispatch from Michael Feodorovitch, which contains a reply to James, wherein Gilbert's great crime is circumstantially repre- sented. By this it appears that on account of his desertion to the Poles, and the share he had taken in the many pillagings and blood sheddings at Moscow, and in the Empire generally, he had forfeited his life; but that at the King's request, he should be pardoned, and might return to his native country with Volunsky, the ambassador, who was dispatched to England in 161 7. The above-named Russian dispatch (Gramota), discovered by me at Oxford, is much damaged. It is therein said, that in the letter from King James, delivered by Sir John Merrick, it was asserted that Gilbert was taken prisoner by Sholkevski's people, and »4 .'- i > >»_' J " «- »'■ ' I JUllfflJ " ' L V L '1 ! ' .J l Jl. ' .t... J- -!'.: ' ' Ml'-:. IN RUSSIAN HISTORY obliged to enter the Polish service, but that he was again taken prisoner by the Russians without having anywhere lent his assistance in injuring them, and that he had now been in fetters three years. The King requested that he might be set at liberty, and permission given him either to return to his native country or to enter in Russian service.' Gilbert had engaged to serve the Tsar Boris Feodorovitch, and under Vassili Shuiski. Then he had gone over to the second False Dmitri, and subsequently to the Poles. He came to Moscow with Zol- kiewski (in the Polish army of Invasion), and was afterwards taken prisoner by the Russians while fighting against them. Dr. Hamel found, in 1836, among the MSS. of the Orusheinaya^ Palace at Moscow that Gilbert, Captain Jacob Margaret, Robert Dunbar (another Scot), and Andrew Let (who had been recently baptised) were taken into the military service by Afanassi I vanovitch Vlasseff in 1 600- 1 60 1 . Gilbert went to England, but returned to Russia with his son Thomas in one of the Tradescant ships in ' Dr. J. Hamel, England and Russia^ 1854, pp. 402-407. D 25 /': .! t? m h lit m SCOTTISH INFLUENCES 1618. 'During his stay in England/ says Dr. Hamel, * Captain Gilbert gave some account of the first Pretender Demetrius. According to him, Demetrius, a few days before his end, and consequently very soon after his nuptials ^ (for between both events but nine days intervened), saw two apparitions in the night, which so much disturbed him that he first came to Gilbert in the ante-room, where his life-guards were, and then sent for Butschinski, his private secretary. 'Gilbert likewise related in England that he received from the second Pretender Demetrius a written invitation, in which the writing of the first usurper was imitated. When Gilbert approached him with his guards he displayed so accurate a knowledge of all the affairs of the first Pretender that ... he should have believed in the identity of the one with the other ... if 1 To Maryna, daughter of George Mniszek, Palatin of San- domir. The False Demetrius married her at Moscow on May 9, 1606, and she was then crowned Tsaritza. Demetrius was killed on May 17th by being thrown from the window of his palace in the Kremlin by the conspirators. The way another was able to claim his pretensions was that his mangled body was shown to the crowd of rioters masked. 26 IN RUSSIAN HISTORY he had not been personally so well acquainted with the first.* The first Dmitri was, he said, a man of ' very prepossessing exterior/ while the second (who 6zen entendu wished to drown Gilbert in the Oka) was 'a very deformed wretch,' quite different. He said, too, he had spoken to the Polish Hetman Ruskinski of this difference, but received the answer, * It is no matter, Captaine, this Demetrius shall serve our turne to be revenged of the Russe.' In 1610^ another Scot, Captain Robert Carr, accompanied Gilbert and his son to Russia. He commanded one of the six companies of British cavalry which on June 24, 1610, remained for the longest time on the battlefield in the defeat of the new Tsar Vassili Shuiski's army by the Poles at Kluchino under the Grand Hetman Zolkiewski. He there lost his whole company, but remained unwounded. The names of the other captains were Benson, Crale, Creyton (Crichton), Kendrick and York. Young Thomas Gilbert and Captain ' Hamel says 1618— no doubt a misprint. 27 i l!« \ iN f^' Ji*. i^R ^i| *( SCOTTISH INFLUENCES Carr^ returned to England in 1619, but Captain David Gilbert remained in Russia and most likely died there. 1 He may have returned to Russia. At least a noble Russian family Kar (among the many noble families, like the family of the Bestucheffs— from Best, an Englishman— of foreign origin^ originally like the Bruces *from North Britain,' is mentioned by William Tooke in his View of the Russian Empire during the Reign of Catherine the Second i^ondsiXi^ I799)- CHAPTER III. THE FIRST ROMANOFFS. MICHAEL FEODORO- VITCH. HIS SON ALEKSEI MICHAELOVITCH. REFUSES TO RECOGNISE CROMWELL. IN- FLUX OF ROYALIST SCOTS. THE TSAR'S MARRIAGE TO NATALIA NARISHKINA, NIECE OF A HAMILTON. fiilit: I i\\ 'U\ i 28 — -^--ratti ri '% )\ K W ill h n li III. After the quick change of Tsars, theGodounoffs, * false Dmitris/ the Shuiskis, and the rapine and murder that came in their train, it was a mercy for Russia that, by what passed at that date for the will of the people, the first Tsar of the new Dynasty, Michael Feodorovitch Romanoff, was elected. The Romanoff family stood high in popular estimation. They were descended in the female line from the Princes of Susdal of the blood of Rurik, connected by marriage both with the old Dynasty of Rurik and the newer one of Godounoff. More than all, the new Tsar was an amiable young man, soon to be supported by the guidance of his father, the Patriarch Philarete, and already by that of his mother, the astute Nun Marfa, in the world, Ksenia Ivanovna Shestova. He was summoned to 31 ■ m *^'!»' m SCOTTISH INFLUENCES the throne in March, 1613, and a stable Dynasty was once more established.^ To have a better army was his first thought, and the fear of another Polish war forced him to send for foreign mercenaries to teach the native levies European methods. In 16 14 foreign soldiers began to pour into Russia, preferably from Protestant countries, for the Orthodox Church looked askance at Catholics on account of their Polish sympathies. Still, in 1624 we note in the Russian service 445 foreign officers, 168 Poles, 113 'Germans,' who probably included the Scottish officers, Leslie, Keith and Matthi- son, and the Englishmen, Fox and Sanderson, and sixty-four Irish. Tsar Michael's army, says Dr. Nisbet Bain,* * was an improvement upon all previous Moscovite armies, but when it came to be tested in the Second Polish War, the 1 Even in the time of the Troubles trade must have continued with the West. In 161 4 Jean Ruthven writes from Whitehall to Anna, Countess of Eglinton, about a * bowat ' or lantern. * The casements of it is not of home but of Moscovia glas, such a thing as will nether bow nor brek easily.'— ///.r/ R. Nisbet Bain, Tke First Romanovs, p. 57. 32 IN RUSSIAN HISTORY chief event of Michael's later years, its inade- quacy was most painfully demonstrated/ In 1 63 1, when the first Romanoff reigned, a Scot, Sir Alexander Leslie of Auchintoul, arrived in Russia with a letter from King Charles I. to the Tsar Michael. The Patriarch Philarete, then co-regent, sent him to Sweden to hire 5000 infantry, and persuade smiths and wheelwrights, carpenters, etc., to come to Russia. He was successful, and by the end of 1 63 1 there were 66,000 mercenaries in Moscow.i Another Scot, Captain William Gordon, was at the same time in the Mus- covite service, and in 1634, a Lieutenant- Colonel Alexander Gordon. He appears in Sir Thomas Urquhart s ' Jewel ' among the * Scot- tish Colonels that served under the great Duke of Muscovy, against the Tartar and Polonian.' Among Sir Thomas Urquharts Scots was another, 'Colonel Thomas Game, agnamed the Sclavonian and upright Gentile, who, for the height and grossness of his person, being in his stature taller, and greater in his compass ' R. Nisbet Bain's Slavonic Europe, pp. 194-195. ■ 33 i 1 SCOTTISH INFLUENCES of body than any within six kingdoms about him, was elected King of Bucharia/ a state- ment that we feel still needs verification! In the reign of the next Tsar, Aleksei Michaelovitch (1645- 1676), we find a marked increase in Scottish influence in Russia. He it was, and not his greater son, who first saw the necessity of more foreign soldiers. Two regiments, 'one of cavalry and one of infantry, were commanded by a Scotsman as Colonel, and have a staff's company in each of them. He received four times the usual pay.'^ This Scot was probably Sir Alexander Leslie of Auchintoul, already mentioned as in the Russian service. On 28th March, 1633, Cap- tain James Forbes had had a Royal Letter to allow him to raise in Scotland 200 men for the Russian service under Sir Alexander Leslie, and on ist May, 1633, a warrant to levy the same number of men for Sir Alexander Leslie, Knight, 'Generall Colonel of the Forrain forces of the Emperour of Russia,'* was * Tooke's View of the Russian Empire^ p. 474. ^ Register of the Privy Council of Scotland^ vol. v. 2nd series, pp. 79> 548. 34 ^M IN RUSSIAN HISTORY granted, and though the Parliamentary Wars broke out soon, there is no doubt many Scots went to Russia and into the Russian Army. The new Tsar sent an ambassador, Docturoff (Gerasimus), to England to inform King Charles I. of his accession. The troubles were far afield by that time, and Parliament, which offered to receive his credentials, was spurned by him. In May, 1646, when he heard that the King had surrendered to the Parliament, the Russian again demanded an audience. Eventually he was presented to both Houses, but he still refused to present his credentials to anyone but the King. In consequence of his report the Tsar rescinded the privileges of the English merchants in Russia, and, when news arrived of the execution of Charles I., Aleksei issued a Ukase forbidding them residence in his Empire. * At the request of your sovereign, King Charles, and because of our brotherly love and friendship towards him,' he wrote, *you were allowed to trade with us by virtue of letters of commerce, but it has been made known to us that you English have done a 35 ♦ SCOTTISH INFLUENCES great wickedness by killing your sovereign, King Charles, for which evil deed you cannot be suffered to remain in the realm of Muscovy. '^ This did not affect the Scots, whom the Tsar welcomed from their loyalty. Cromwell he abhorred, and with him he had *no dealings,' so the exiles who upheld the Stuart cause were welcomed with open arms. In 1656 Thomas Dalyell of Binns, who never shaved his beard after the execution of his beloved master, King Charles I., and another loyalist, William Drummond of Crom- Hx, entered the Russian service together. The former became a General, and the latter a Lieutenant -General, and both returned to Scotland (only permitted to do so by the Tsar at the direct entreaty of King Charles II.) in 1665. The autocratic rule they bore over their men was noticed by the unfortunate Covenanters after their return home. Kirkton* wrote of Dalyell as a man whose *rude and fierce natural disposition hade been much > R. Nisbet Bain, The First Romanovs, p. 98. ^History of the Church of Scotland, p. 225. 36 IN RUSSIAN HISTORY confirmed by his breeding and service in Muscovia, where he hade the command of a small army and saw nothing but tyrranie and slavery;' while Bishop Burnet wrote of ' Drumond ' that he * had yet too much of the air of Russia about him, though not with Dalziels fierceness.' Dalyell was also de- nounced as *a Muscovia beast who used to roast men,' and accused of having, with General Drummond, 'who had seen it in Muscovia,' introduced the playful torture of the ' thummi- kins' or thumbscrews into Scotland, though Lord Fountainhall ^ has to point out that it was already known there, though called by 'another name,' i.e. 'the pilliewincks.' These two Generals were 'noblie entertained' by the Tsar, and Drummond became Governor of Smolensk. He was created, in 1686, Viscount Strathallan, and Dalyell died at Edinburgh in August, 1685. One must note also Paul Menezius, a son of Sir Gilbert Menzies of Pitfoddels, who came to Russia from the Polish service in 1661, with Patrick Gordon. The Tsar Aleksei at once * Historical Notices of Scottish Affairs, i. p. 32, ii. p. 557. 37 ' ^ >i ff SCOTTISH INFLUENCES singled him out and matched him to a Russian wife, and in 1 66 1-2, he became (as we shall see) a member of the suite of the Boyar Feodor Michaelovitch Milotawski, envoy to Persia. In 1672 he acted as the Tsar's envoy to Prussia and to Vienna to propose a league against the Turk. He proceeded to Rome to petition Pope Clement X. to assist Poland against the Sultan, and brought off his mission (which involved the question of the full obeisance as an equiva- lent of kissing the Pope's slipper and other difficult questions) with dignity. He returned from his mission in 1674, and advanced in rank. He is said to have been tutor to Peter the Great until 1682, when the Regent, Princess Sophia, sent him to Smolensk, and made him take part, in 1689, ^^ the war against the Tartars of the Crimea. The Narishkins called him back to Moscow in that year, where he died, a Lieutenant-General, 9th November, 1694, leaving a wife and children.^ Several of ^ As a faithful Catholic and a good Scot, he, when at Rome, obtained from Pope Clement X. the permission for a service commemorating Saint Margaret, Queen of Scotland. (See also Chapters IV., V.) 38 ■' I IN RUSSIAN HISTORY the Catholic family of Menzies tried their fortune in Russia under the hospitable Tsar ; Lieu- tenant-Colonel Thomas Menzies of Balgownie was another. He married at Riga in July, 165 1, *the Ladie Marie Farserson, borne of noble and honourable parentage in the dukedome of Curland,' and was wounded and taken prisoner by his countryman, Lord Henry Gordon (fighting for the Poles), at Szudna, in 1660. We are told that he * dyed of his woundes in Ukraine, and was buried in the fields at Szudna.' We shall see that his widow remarried, in 1661, Ruitmaster Ryter at Moscow.^ Sir Alexander Leslie of Auchintoul, who, as we have seen, was the chief of the permanent foreign legion, remained in Russia, and did not return to Scotland to die, like Generals Dalyell and Drummond. He became *a Colonel there under the Great Duke of Musco' and *had a son there called Theodorus.'* He was made * He is also styled Sir William Reuter. By her first husband she had three sons, Thomas Alexander, who died young at Riga, John Lodovick, and William, both living in February, 1672. ' Macfarlane's Genealogical Collections (Scottish History SocietyX vol. i. p. 66. 39 II ■ SCOTTISH INFLUENCES General and Governor of Smolensk, and died in 1 66 1 at the great age of ninety-five. Two other Leslies, probably basking in his great favour, Alexander (a son of Kininvie) who 'died sans Issue being a Captain/ and a Leslie of Wardis, were in Russia about the same time, as well as George Leslie, a Capuchin at Arch- angel. It is pleasant to be able to reconstruct a little the coterie of Sir Alexander Leslie of Auchintoul from the demands for * Birthbrieves,* which some of his brothers-in-arms desired and obtained to prove their nobility. In 1636 (13th October) the Privy Council of Scotland ^ allowed * Colonel John Kynninmonth, Governor of Nettenburg in Russia,' of an adventurous family who had an offshoot also in Sweden, to have his * Certi- ficat of his lawful birth and progenie . . . exped under the Great Seal.' The Keith family, — to distinguish themselves in Russia so greatly, — sent an offshoot there early. One * Lieutenant George Keith, who did serve under the Lord of ... as levtenent Colonell * Reg, vi. 2nd series, p. 327. 40 IN RUSSIAN HISTORY in Ireland and is now certanely informit to be departit this lyff in Muscovia some yeirs ago.*^ He left an heir, Alexander Keith, who claimed,* 8th July, 1662, under the guardianship of his mother's brother, Sir Alexander Keith of Lud- quharn, to be 'only lawful son* of Major William Keith, only son of Robert Keith of Kindruct, eldest brother of the Russian soldier. Perhaps the latter's widow or daughter (for- gotten by or not known to her Scottish rela- tives) was the Juliana Keith whose marriage in the Moscow Sloboda of the Strangers we shall find witnessed by Patrick Gordon. There is also a petition for a * borebreifif ' from Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander Hamilton, who thought that a deed under 'the great seall' would * clear his descent,' and got it, ist March, 1670. He was eldest son of Sir Alexander ^ Perhaps this Keith sent home the picture which belonged to Mary, Countess Marischal (wife of the head of the Keith family) at the House of Fetteresso, 25th October, 1722, and was marked in her Inventory as 'The Czar of Moscovie.' — The Lords Elphinstone of Elphinstone^ by Sir William Fraser, K.C.B., vol. ii. p. 274. ^ Birthbrieves from the Registers of the Burgh of Aberdeen (Spalding Club Miscellany), viii. p. 340. F 41 I SCOTTISH INFLUENCES IN RUSSIAN HISTORY i I .? Hamilton of Fenton and Innerwick in East Lothian, and is stated ^ to have left no issue. We notice that in 1665 * ane Kenedy,' a Scot, was at Moscow apparently connected with medicine, as he was with the English doctor who ' lodged by Dr. Collins,' the Tsar's physi- cian, who published, in 1671, an excellent and rare book on **The Present State of Russia." Kennedy was entrusted with letters to Scot- land,* but they never reached there, as he (though he lived after) ' had a fitt of a frensy ' at Riga. It is also quite possible that Christopher Galloway, the * English clockmaker,' who went out to the Court of the Tsar Michael Feodoro- vitch, and was later the architect of the Tower of the Troitski Gate of the Kremlin in Moscow, built early in the seventeenth century, was from North Britain, as his name would seem to indicate. We have already mentioned the marriages of two sisters, Hamiltons, of the Slol^da, one to ^ Douglas, Baronage of Scotland^ vol. i. p. 462. * Diary of Patrick Gordon, p. 69. 42 Artamon Sergievitch Matveeff, the Tsar*s favourite and chief Boyar, and the other to Feodor Poleukhtovitch Narishkin. These had a marked effect on the position of the Scots, and in the following way. There lived, it is said, much with Matveeff and his Scottish wife,^ her sister's niece, Nathalia Kirillovna Narishkina, a pretty Russian Barinia. Madame Matveeva educated her according to the free manner of the Scots, allowing her to receive male visitors, a practice horrible to the cloistered seclusion of the women of the Russian Terem. After the death, in 1669, of his first wife, Maria Ileinishna Miloslavskaya, the Tsar, Aleksei Michaelovitch, seeking distraction, went to see his familiar friend Matveefif, and in his house met his protegee. Attracted by the girl, he first promised her a husband, and then demanded her in marriage. Matveeff, frightened at the * Dr. Collins, the Tsar's English Physician, however, says that the Grand Master of the Court, * Bogdan Batfeidg*s' fondness for Polish girls made his wife so jealous that he had her poisoned and that he had heard he was about to marry a former love. Perhaps this was his second wife. He adds *He did not love the English, having been gained over by the Dutch, by presents.' 43 «>.«dB5iiS ff SCOTTISH INFLUENCES honour, and more especially at the un- Byzantine way the lovers had met, begged the Tsar to reconsider his decision. A via media was found The Byzantine * choice of brides ' was summoned. Sixty Boyars' daughters came to the Tsar's call, and then, as may be imagined, the middle-aged Tsar made choice of Nathalia and wedded her on 21st January, 1672. Nathalia Narishkina thus became mother of Peter the Great, and though she did not do anything extraordinary herself for the Western- isation of Russia, she undoubtedly instilled the desire for it into the great brain of her son. Her influence with her husband was consider- able. She was allowed to go unveiled, and, once at least, to * receive,' and — unheard of innova tion — to drive in an open coach or litter ; and owing to her influence, he, who began his reign with religious discussions and persecu- tion of sorcerers, ended it by seeing the first theatrical performances in Moscow. CHAPTER IV. GENERAL PATRICK GORDON OF AUCHLEUCHRIES. 44 i IV. if • It A Scottish soldier of fortune (one gets tired of hearing him described as * a regular Dugald Dalgetty') made, somewhat unwillingly in his latter years, a considerable name in the Russian service from 1661 to his death. This was General Patrick Gordon of Auchleuchries, known among the Russians as Patrick Ivan- ovitch. He was the second son of *a younger brother of a younger house/ the Gordons of Haddo, by his wife, Mary Ogilvie, heiress of Auchleuchries in Buchan, and was born in 1635. As a younger son of a Catholic family he was forced early to seek his fortune abroad, but not until he had received a competent educa- tion (he took interest later from far Russia in the doings of the Royal Society), especially in Latin. As he himself wrote in his seven- 47 y ■^f^ li ' n I I I SCOTTISH INFLUENCES teenth year, * I resolved, I say, to go to some foreigne countrey, not careing much on what pretence, or to which country I should go, seing I had no knowne ffriend in any foreigne place; Once, *on his own,' he sailed to Danzig, was entertained by Scots (of whom there were many), thought of becoming a Jesuit at Bromberg, *yet could not my humer endure such a still and strict way of liveing.' After real hardships from poverty and adven- tures which poverty always sends, he was be- friended by Scottish merchants at Danzig and franked on to 'a countryman and namesake' living (where did the Scots not go?) at Culmi, and was sent on by more Scots to Poland, where ' Duke Ian Radzewill had a lyfe com- pany all or most Scottismen,' but at Posen (always entertained by kindly Scottish mer- chants) he eventually entered into the suite of a Polish noble, Opalinski, who was travelling westwards. With him he went to Antwerp. There he was enticed by a ' ruitmaster ' of his own nation (with the help of some wine) to enter the Swedish army in 1655, and thie 48 IN RUSSIAN HISTORY same year was in Prussia and Poland, the war with the latter country having begun again. Here he received his baptism of fire, having a horse killed under him and being shot in the leg. Then he was, in 1656, captured by the Poles. He was liberated only on the condition that he would join the Polish army, and as a Catholic he probably preferred it to that of the Swedes, into which he had been enticed, so he became a dragoon under Constantino Lubomirski, Starost of Sandets. Captured by the Swedes, he again served under them, and helped to plunder the unhappy country of East Prussia. His life was passed in being captured and re-captured, at one time by the Poles and in 1657 by the Imperial Forces. After much plundering and fighting and changes of mas- ters, he was, in 1 66 1 , thinking of joining the Imperial Service, when at Warsaw he received an offer to join that of Russia from the * Russe ambassador, Zamiati Feodorovitz Leontieff and Colonell Crawfuird' (Daniel Crawfurd, son of Hew Crawfurd of Jordanhill ^), who had been *He was Governor of Smolensk, and *died Governor of o 49 I(i i SCOTTISH INFLUENCES taken prisoner from the Russian service. He set out with Colonel Crawfurd, Captain Paul Menzies and five servants for the Russia in which he ended his days, not without much misgiving. At Riga he began engaging good officers for the Tsar's service. He got two old Scottish friends, Alexander Landells and Walter Airth to join. This was not so difficult as it seemed, as the soldiers of the Swedes, miserably paid, lived by plunder, and they ' heard that the Moskovites' pay, though not great, was duly payed, and that officers were soone advanced to high charges ; that many of our countreymen of great quality were there, and some gone thither lately.' At Plesko, or Opsko, and there ' one William Hay, who was lately come from Scotland, came to us and made one of our company to Mosco,' a John Hamilton also joined them. On September 2 he enters in his journal : ' Wee came to Mosko and hired a lodging in the Slabod or village Muscow annc 1674.' His elder brother, Thomas Crawfurd, wM a Colonel in the ' Muscovite service, and married a daughter ot Colonel Alexander Crawfurd, but died anno 1685, without surviving issue.'— Douglas's Baronage of Scotland, p. 430- 5° fer^- IN RUSSIAN HISTORY where the strangers live,' and three days later they 'were admitted to kiss his Tzaarsky Majestie's hand at Columinske,* a countrey house of the Tzaars, seven wersts from Mosko. . . . The Tzaar was pleased to thank me for haveing been kind to his subjects who were prisoners in Polland ; and it was told me that I should have his Majestie's Grace or favour, wherein I might rely.* The father of the Tsar's first wife *Elia (Ilia) Danillovitz Miloslavsky,' had * the command of the Stranger Office,' saw the strangers drill, and Gordon 'handled the pike and musket, with all their postures, to his great satisfaction.' Having once got into Russia, Gordon and his Scottish friends found that they had to make the best of a bad bargain, as they began to fear it was. The copper coin was adulterated. Nor was Gordon pleased with the attitude of the Rus- sians towards their foreign legion. * Strangers ' he perceived * to be looked upon as a company of hirelings, and, at the best (as they say of * Kolomenskye ; about ten versts from Moscow, on the River Moskva. SI MJll g : i SCOTTISH INFLUENCES woman) but necessaria mala] no honours or degrees of preferment to be expected here but military, and that with a limited command, ... no marrying with natives, strangers being looked upon by the best sort as scarcely Chris- tians, and by the plebeyans as meer pagans, . . . and the worst of all ' (here speaks the Scot) *the pay small' He tried to get leave, but exile to Siberia was hinted at, so rather re- luctandy he remained and was given a regiment which he officered with his countrymen ; those already named, besides William Guild, George Keith, Andrew Burnet, Andrew Calderwood, Robert Stuart, * and others,' about thirty in all, mostly collected in Riga. Disgusted at the suspicion of the Russians, Gordon tried to join the embassy of Feodor Michaelovitch Milo- tawski to Persia, but this was not permitted, though his friend. Captain Paul Menzies, ob- tained the post by a gift of a hundred ducats to the Boyar and a saddle and bridle worth twenty ducats to his steward, and Gordon was given the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in 1662, and resolved to marry. 5* IN RUSSIAN HISTORY In 1 66 1 he had been at two weddings in the Sloboda of the Strangers, both mixed Scottish and German, one when Ruitmaster Ryter mar- ried the widow of Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Menzies, the other when 'Captaine Lidert Lome marryed to Bannerman ' ; at both of these he * was merry and gott my first acquaint- ance of the females' of this colony of exiles. He decided to marry a Catholic (marriage with a Russian was forbidden unless both were of the Orthodox Church), and his choice fell on the daughter of Colonel Philip Albrecht von Bockhoven (then a prisoner of the Poles), aged thirteen, whose mother was from Wales, of the family of Vaughan. They got engaged, were present at the marriage of two Scots, Lieutenant - Colonel Winram and Juliana Keith ; and were themselves wedded early in 1665. The Earl of Carlisle as British ambassador from the restored King Charles IL visited Russia in 1664. Gordon next year (hearing of the death of his eldest brother) petitioned again to go to Scotland. The Tsar refused, 53 t li SCOTTISH INFLUENCES but the following summer resolved to dis- patch him on a mission to the King of England, as no Russian boyar at the time, 'fearing such cold entertainment as Diascow (Vassili Jakolevitch Dashkofif) had got,' was willing to go. On his way to England another Scot, one Captain Peter Rae, was of his suite, and at Pskoff he met another 'M^Naughton/ Once in England he had much communication with his confrlres, Generals Dalyell and Drum- mond, who had also been in the Muscovite service, and had the satisfaction of an interview with King Charles II.. for— utilitarian in alle- giance as he was abroad — Gordon was a devoted adherent of the Stuarts at home. The King had a servant, one Caspar Kalthoff, or Calthoffe, detained in Russia with the * hospi- tality* of the Russians of those times, whose release he wished and which he asked Gordon to obtain. He bore a letter from the King to the Tsar (wishing for the restoration of the * Privilydges ' of the English merchants) when he returned to Russia in 1667. We notice in- cidentally that amongst his correspondents were 54 IN RUSSIAN HISTORY * Captain Gordon and Mr. Clayhills in Riga.'* When he returned he found himself in disgrace with the Tsar, perhaps on account of the King's letter, and was ordered to confine himself to the Sloboda ; but he did not lose his regiment, and in 1670 was sent into the Ukraine to subdue it, and he remained there seven long years, conquering the province. In 1677 he was summoned, to 'vindicate' his conduct, to Moscow, and then triumphantly returned to the Ukraine; and his defence of Tschigirin from the Turks, which ended in the Moslems being driven out of the province, gave him a high military reputation. He still wished to quit Russia, but the Tsar Feodor (who had suc- ceeded Aleksei Michaelovitch in 1676) was quite as resolute as his father not to * let the children of Israel go,' and in spite of a letter from Charles II. he was retained. 1 I ^This Scottish family has become Russified. Originally cadets of Clayhills of Invergowrie, near Dundee, they have produced many distinguished Russian officials, including General Nicholas Kleigels, Governor-General of Volhynia and Podolia in 1904, afterwards Prefect of Police of St Peters- burg. 55 •««iM» w^rnif^'m, I 'i I I * II SCOTTISH INFLUENCES He returned to Tschigirin, and had again to defend it against an attack of the Grand Vizier Kara Mustapha. He took the command, when the Governor was killed by a bomb, and the campaign ended in the slaughter of four thousand Turks, a complete victory, and the position of Major-General. In 1679 he was appointed to the Chief Command at Kiev, and in 1683 was made Lieutenant-General, and in that year (the Tsar Feodor had died in 1683, succeeded by his two brothers Ivan and Peter, with the Tsarevna Sophia as Regent), hungering after Moscow, he travelled thither. Well received by Sophia, he was again sent back to Kiev, and fortified it against a Turkish invasion. He there met the Genevan adventurer, Francis Lefort, the friend of Peter the Great, who became connected with him by marriage, and their friendship endured for life. At the end of the year he lost a son, George Stephen Gordon, and wrote a Latin epitaph on him ; he also commemorated another Scot (how many were there in Russia?), one Andrew 56 IN RUSSIAN HISTORY Arbuthnot, who died aged seventy -eight, thus: 'Scotia me genuit, tenuitque Polonia quondam, Russia nunc requiem praebet. Amice vale.' 57 I CHAPTER V. GORDON'S HOPES FROM A CATHOLIC KING IN ENGLAND. GIVEN PERMISSION TO RETURN, LEAVING HIS WIFE AND FAMILY AS HOST- AGES. HIS REPORT TO JAMES II. AND VII. HIS RETURN TO RUSSIA, AND HIS SERVICE THERE. rrssssssET ■ I i j II V. Patrick Gordon heard in 1685 of the death of King Charles II., and, thrilled by the advent of a Catholic King to the throne of England, again petitioned to return there. His petition was addressed to Prince Vassili Vassilievitch Galitzin, the favourite of the Tsarevna Sophia, and at last he was summoned to Moscow. He was given permission to go, but only when his wife and children were left as hostages for his return. On January 26, 1686, he writes, 'was at their Majesties* hands, receiving a Charke {cAarka = cup) of brandy out of the youngest (the Tsar Peter) his hand, with a command from him to returne speedily. January 27, I was at the Princesse her hand. . . . J any. 28, I went to Czarn Crash and tooke my leave of 61 ■MMMi n SCOTTISH INFLUENCES the Boyar,^ who desired me to returne speedily and not to drowne him my cautioner.' Truly foreigners in the service of Russia had uneasy heads ! He visited England, was received and well received by King James II. and Queen Marie, and then revisited Scotland, his native land. Armed with letters from his King and the Duke of Gordon (head of his family), beg- ging the Tsars and Prince Galitzin to give him his congi and let him enjoy his estates in Scot- land, to which he had now succeeded, he returned to Russia at the end of the year. He again found himself in slight disgrace, but in January of next year he was told he was to serve against the Tartars of the Crimea, and he received the rank of General in September, 1687. In 1688 he had trouble on account of the Patriarch pro- phesying that the Muscovites could not thrive while a heretic commanded their best soldiers. He began, however, to grow in favour with the Boyars, and especially with the young Tsar Peter. * Prince Vassili Vassilievitch Galitzin, the married favourite of the Regent, the Tsarevna Sophia. 62 IN RUSSIAN HISTORY In May, 1689, after an abortive expedition against the Crimean Tartars, the Tsar Peter accorded him the special privilege of being addressed in the third person, and also as Patrick Ivanovitch, like a genuine Russian. On August 6 he notes there were * rumours unsafe to be uttered,* and next day the Tsar Peter fled for safety to Troitza. Gordon ^ threw in his lot with him, though not till after he had consulted Prince Galitzin. He joined the Tsar at the Troitskaya Lavra, 60 versts from Moscow, with his troops, and was admitted as a friend. They returned to Moscow triumphantly, the Tsarevna Sophia was sent to a convent, and much blood spilt, and (the Tsar Ivan being passive) the Tsar Peter became sole ruler. Gordon was now frequently at Court with the young Tsar (we must note that when his mother-in-law died he could not appear before the Tsar for three days, as he had been at a funeral!) and frequently was honoured with gifts, and was, owing to his knowledge of * Gordon drew up the note of his services in Russia, which ended with his going to the monastery of the Troitza. Diary^ p. 172. 63 I' 11. SCOTTISH INFLUENCES ypyrotechnics, director of fireworks (a five-pound ^ rocket went wrong on February 24th at the cele- bration in honour of the birth of the Tsarevitch Aleksei Petrovitch and * carried off the head of a Boyar'). He appears at this time to have ^received as pay about five hundred and forty- two roubles a year. The dinners with the Tsar (especially one at Troitza) were not beneficial to Gordon's health,^ and he notes the results carefully in his diary ! Though he approved of the Revolution in Russia, he was far from approving of that in Britain which had sub- stituted the Protestant William III. for his co- religionist, and he records with glee that a letter sent by the former to the Tsar's Court was by his influence not received at first. On 6th March, 1691, the Tsar made Gordon a gift of silver plate and confiscated property worth in all a thousand roubles. ^ In spite of this, Gordon of Auchintoul writes that General Gordon * was a sober man, in a country where drinking is so much in fashion and though he used to be much in the Czar's company, his Majesty knowing his inclinations, would never allow him to be urged. He was ever mindful of his business, and did great service to the Russian n2ition.'—//ts(Ofy of Peter the Greats p. 128. 64 v/ IN RUSSIAN HISTORY In 1693, the Tsar showered favours on Gordon after his first visit to Archangel, and after the Tsaritza-dowager*s death, was sup- ported by Gordon, who acted as Rear-Admiral of the Fleet, on his second visit to Archangel \i^^\\ next year. In 1695 there was an attack planned on Azof, one fort of which was stormed by Colonel James Gordon, but it was not till 1696 that it was finally taken by the Russians. The only officer of distinction the Russians lost was Colonel Stevenson, 'a Scots gentleman' who was 'shot in the mouth being a little too curious, and raising himself too high on the top of the loose earth to observe the enemy, 'whom the Tsar buried *with all the honours of war.* On the return of the triumphant troops to Moscow in October, Gordon received a medal worth six ducats, a gold cup, a sable robe and an estate with ninety souls. When the reforming Tsar set out on his travels he continued to correspond with Gordon from London, and Gordon replied telling him of the unrest among the Streltzi; and when the storm of mutiny broke out among the regiments Gordon surrounded them and fired SCOTTISH INFLUENCES on the mutineers. 'During this affair, which lasted about an hour, a few of our men were wounded. The rebels had twenty-two killed on the spot, and about forty wounded, mostly mortally.* The guilty Streltzi were captured, some beheaded at once and the rest kept for the punishment by the Tsar when he should return. This was bloody in the extreme, but Gordon mentions the executions without com- ment, and immediately after enters on July 6, 1698 : *This day, after devotion, I, with many more, were confirmed by the Archbishop of Anura (Ancyra), called Petrus Paulus de St. Joseph, of the Carmelite Order ; I takeing the y name of Leopoldus and my son Theodorus that of Joseph.' On September 2 the Tsar, who had returned, received him 'very graciously, and thanked him in the heartiest way for his faithful services, and the great things he had done ' in the intervals of the executions. On September 28th he wrote : ' In the afternoon I went to Preobraschensk, but in vain : everybody about the Court was engaged in arresting more of the adherents of the Princess Sophia, and 66 IN RUSSIAN HISTORY putting the Zarina in the Convent.* But Gordon was not long to enjoy the Imperial favour. He was able to see *the crocodile, swordfish, and other curiosities, which his Majesty had brought from England and Hol- land * on September 30th, but in December of 1698 he entered : ' This year I have felt a sensi- ble decrease of health and strength. Yet Thy will be done. Gracious God ! ' He lingered for another year, visited by the Tsar, who stood weeping by his bedside, at his deathbed The Tsar ordered his funeral procession, which was military. Two Generals supported the widow, and twenty Boyarinas walked in her train. He was buried before the high altar in the first stone church the Roman Catholics were allowed to build in Moscow, which he had assisted in building, and the inscription on his tomb read : SACRAE TZAREAE MAJESTATIS MILITIAE GENERALIS PATRICIUS LEOPOLDUS GORDON NATUS ANNO DOMINI 1635 DIE 31 MARTII DENATUS ANNO DOMINI 1699 DIE 29 NOVEMBRIS REQUIESCAT IN PACE. General Gordon was twice married: first, as we have seen, to Katherine von Bockhoven, 67 SCOTTISH INFLUENCES 11 who died before 1682 ; and, secondly, before 1 686, to Elizabeth Barnoe, daughter of Colonel Roonaer, whose sister married another * Scot in Russia,' Captain Harry Gordon. He came to Moscow in 1691, and is last heard of at Arch- angel in 1698. General Patrick Gordon had three sons and two daughters. The eldest son succeeded to Auchleuchries in Scotland and settled there, though he visited his father in Moscow in 1698. James, the second, rose to be a Lieutenant-Colonel under the Tsar. He was taken prisoner by the Swedes in 1 700, and only escaped two years later by flight. The third son, Theodore Ignatius (by his second wife), entered his father's Butirski Regiment as an ensign. He and James disposed of the estates •Ivanowska' and *Krasna,'^ which had been bestowed on their father by the Tsar Peter from the escheated lands of Prince Galitzin. The two daughters were Katherine, born in 1665, married first Colonel Strasburg,^ a German who served in the Russian Army, ' Ivanovskoye and Krasnoye. * Her daughter by this marriage, Elizabeth, married Patrick, son of Patrick Smith of Braco. 68 IN RUSSIAN HISTORY and fell a victim in 1692 (by an explosion) to Peter the Great's love for fireworks. In 1700 she remarried Alexander Gordon of Auchintoul (of whom we shall hear later), and left Russia with him in 171 1. She died in Scotland in 1739. The second daughter, Marie, married a Scot, Major Daniel Crawford (who also died in 1692, in the Tsar's service), and the Tsar was present at the wedding. She remarried Colonel Carl Snivius, probably a German of the Slo- boda. The mantle of Gordon fell, in a measure, on his (future) son-in-law, Alexander Gordon of Auchintoul,^ called in Russia Aleksei Alexan- drovitch. Originally in the French Army, he came to Moscow in 1696, and was made Major in Gordon's regiment. He was at the capture of Azof, and became a Major-General of the Russian service. Returning to Scotland, he was 'out' in the '15, but escaped attainder as a Jacobite by a mistake in the Act. He lived until 1 751; having remarried in 1740 Margaret, ^For a full account of his services, see J. M. Bullough's excellent House of Gordon^ pp. 412-5 (New Spalding Club). 69 ■■ \ \ f »• PP- 170-171- 79 i SCOTTISH INFLUENCES Regent, Anna Leopoldovna), to the Duke of Mecklenburg- Schwerin, at Danzig on 19th April, 1 7 16. At Copenhagen he was ap- proached by the Jacobites (his brother was one of those attainted in 171 5), and Sir Henry Stirling of Ardoch (son-in-law of Admiral Thomas Gordon), came to meet him there, no doubt as a Jacobite agent, and he was very likely in the Gortz plot ; anyhow, as Gordon of Auchintoul wrote : * The Doctor was supposed in the latter years of his life to have kept a correspondence with the Chevalier de St. George^s agents ; whatever be of that, he was an agreeable, open-hearted, fine genrieman.' In spite, or because of this (for the Tsar did not love George I.), his influence continued unabated. He went with him on the celebrated visit to Paris in 171 7. Next year he fell ill and went for baths at Koucheserski, near Lake Onega, and died at the Tsar s house there in December, 17 18. He was only forty-one. The Tsar had his body transported to the capital, and had it buried in the churchyard of the newly-erected Alexander Nevski Monastery 80 IN RUSSIAN HISTORY with the highest pomp. The funeral took place on 4th January, 1719, the Tsar carrying a lighted torch, with two hundred other mourners.* Always well treated by the Tsar and hand- somely paid, he returned the Imperial kindness in his will, dated in 17 18. He left all his money in England to his mother, that in Russia to necessitous families. His library was to be sold for the benefit of his heirs. If the Tsar liked he could purchase his curiosities, medals and surgical instruments, the price being given to orphanages, hospitals, and almshouses in Scotland. Two legacies he made to the Im- perial family, and both are characteristic of the time and country. He leaves * To the Most Gracious Lady the Tsaritsa Ekaterina Alek- sievna such of my linen as has not been used, and the lace which is not torn, and all my porcelain ware,' and * The Country seat Gastel (now called Gostilitzi) I transfer to the most gracious pleasure of His Imperial Majesty, in case he should wish to give it to her Highness * Erskine Papers ; Miscellany of the Scottish History Society^ vol. ii. pp. 373-430- L 81 I SCOTTISH INFLUENCES the eldest Princess/^ We read, also, among his papers a letter in 171 3 desiring a recom- mendation to him of * Thomas Garvine, who is now a surgeon in the Hospital of Petersburg,' and who was sent later by Peter the Great to Peking at the request of the Chinese Emperor, Kang Hi, on one of those Oriental missions which owed so much to Scottish leaders. Such was the career of the first, but by no means the last,^ Scottish Court Physician in Russia. John Bell of Antermony, whose name is asso- ciated with diplomatic relations between Russia and China, went to Russia in 17 14, and was received by Dr. Erskine *in a very friendly manner.' Desiring to travel, Dr. Erskine re- commended him, as having some knowledge of surgery, to the College of Foreign Affairs in St. Petersburg, and so he entered the Tsar's service. ^ Anna Petrovna, born 9th March, 1708 ; died 15th May, 1728 ; married, 1725, Charles, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp and was mother of Peter III. ^Dr. Grieve was later another Scottish doctor in St. Peters- burg, also Dr. Halliday, who died there in the beginning of the eighteenth century. — New Statistical Account of Scotland {Dumfriesshire)^ p. 156. 82 IN RUSSIAN HISTORY He first went in the suite of Artemy Petrovitch Valenski on the embassy from *his Czarish' Majesty to the Sophy of Persia, which lasted from 17 1 5 to 1 7 18, and next year set off in the train of Leoff Vassilievitch Ismayloff, ambas- sador from the Tsar to Kang Hi, Emperor of China. Two excellent volumes, published by subscription later, were the fruit of his obser- vations. His Chinese embassy did not reach home until 1721. It was a great success, and may be studied in his book.^ It is sad to read how many prisoners (one a General Hamilton),* taken in the Swedish wars, he met going and returning through Kazan and Siberia ; though he states that in the case of the latter they * contributed not a little to the civilizing of the inhabitants of these distant regions ; as they were the means of introducing several useful 1 Travels from St, Petersburg in Russia to Diverse Parts of Asia, 2 vols. (Glasgow, 1763.) A good life is given in W. Anderson's Scottish Nation, vol. ii. pp. 273-275. *Hugo Johan Hamilton, Major-General of the Swedish cavalry, was taken prisoner at the Dnieper in July, 17091 and conveyed to Moscow and Kazan. He had fought at Narva, Clissow, Frauenstadt and Poltava. He was released, became Field-Marshal, and died in 1748. 83 lii SCOTTISH INFLUENCES arts, which were almost unknown before their arrival.* Bell again went to Persia, and then was on a mission, in 1737, to Constantinople. He married, in 1746, a Russian subject, Marie Peters ; left the Russian service ; had a career as a Turkey merchant ; and, finally, died at Antermony, aged 89, on ist July, 1780. Another Scot, a more humble adherent of the Great Tsar, was one of those 500 Scots and English whom he picked up during his resi- dence in England. He was * Mr. Farquharson ^ (an able mathematician), a Scots Highlander,' whom he took with him from England to Holland and Russia, and who taught Moscow youths arithmetic in a room in the Souchareva Bashnya before he was transported to St. Petersburg. Major-General Chambers was made a Knight of St. Andrew after the taking of Narva. Alexander Magnus Anderson, Major of the Osterbotten regiment, went over from the Swedes to the Russians in 171 2, but was later sent to Siberia with many other Scoto- * Most likely the Professor Farquharson (wrongly spelled) of St. Petersburg mentioned in Dr. Cook's book. 84 IN RUSSIAN HISTORY Swedes, whose descendants have become Russians. Duncan Robertson, son of Alex- ander Robertson, 12th Laird of Strowan, was * highly esteemed * by the Tsar, rose to the rank of Colonel, and died in Sweden in 17 18, leaving a daughter by his wife — a Robertson of Inches.* Gordons come galore. Count James Gordon was wounded * in the ancle ' at Notteburg, near Narva. James Patrickovitch Gordon, as we have seen, was captured at Narva, escaped and rose to be a Brigadier. Another James Gordon we hear of being taken prisoner in 1704 and suffering ' misirabill bondeg ' with the Swedes. But a far greater man than any of these, one who made his mark upon the country of his adoption, was Admiral Thomas Gordon, whom we have already mentioned. He had left the British Navy on account of his Jacobite pro- clivities and was found by Peter in Holland. Peter snapped him up, and he entered the Russian Navy (another Scot was in it, one William Hay, dismissed in 1724) in 1717 as Captain-Commander. In 1719 he was Rear- * Douglas's Baronage of Scotland^ p. 409. 85 I SCOTTISH INFLUENCES Admiral. In 1721 he commanded the squadron of Kronstadt, consisting of six battleships, three frigates and two smaller vessels. He had several fracas with the Dane, Rear-Admiral Sievers, but they were * reconciled' officially. He knew no Russian, but talked to Prince Menschikoff (and this again shows the recep- tive powers of this favourite of the Great Tsar) in fluent Dutch. He captured Danzig in 1724; was Commander-in-Chief at Kronstadt in 1727; resigned and was re-appointed in 1733, and held the appointment until his death. Kronstadt owes everything to him and to his master, except what it owes to Admiral Greig in later times. He died at his post, at Kronstadt (during the regency of Anna Leopoldovna), i8th March, 1 74 1, when the Jacobites, who had made much of him, announced that the Chevalier de St. George regretted *the honnest Admiral very much.' The Admiral married Margaret Ross, the widow of William Monypenny (of the Pit- milly family). She died before 9th January, 1 72 1-2, and was buried near the grave of the 86 IN RUSSIAN HISTORY Tsar's own sister Nathalia in the Church of the Annunciation of the St. Alexander Nevski Convent, St. Petersburg. They had a son William, a sailor ; a daughter Anna, who married at St. Petersburg, in 1726, Sir Henry Stirling of Ardoch, who acted as an agent for the Jacobite Court there ; and another daughter who married William Elmsal of St. Petersburg. There was also a Douglas who came into Peter's service in a less legitimate way. Horace Marryat^ gives an account of his wild career. He was one Count Gustaf Otto Douglas, bom in 1687, a lif drabant under Charles XH. After * wonderful adventures ' he was taken prisoner at Poltava and reappears there as Governor of Finland. I n a passion he murdered at table a Russian General of Police, and was sent in chains to St. Petersburg. Marryat adds : * Peter the Great, chancing to meet Douglas wheeling a barrow with other convicts, straight- way pardoned and reinstated him in his high offices. No sentiment of honour towards the country of his birtii influenced his conduct. In > Ofu Year in Sweden^ ii. p. 465. 87 -«■ SCOTTISH INFLUENCES 17 19 he piloted the Russian fleet into Norr- koping, stole the bones of St. Henry (English) from the Cathedral of Abo, carrying them off to St. Petersburg. Hence the very name of Otto was held in horror among the Finns. The more wicked he became the more honours were lavished upon him, till, when on a commission in Livonia, he caused a noble of high rank to be whipped to death. This was more than even the Czar could stand. Count Otto was advised to retire to his vast estates, where he was still living in 1763, at that time seventy-six years of age.' To this charming biography Dr. Otto Donner^ adds that he was a son of Count Gustaf Douglas and grandson of General Count Robert Douglas (of the Whittinghame family), the first of the name in Sweden. Both he and his brother Wilhelm were taken prisoners at Poltava and conveyed to Vologda. There he entered the Russian service at the age of thirty. He was made Governor- General of Finland in 1 7 1 7. Dr. Donner continues : * violent in temper, * A Brief Sketch of the Scottish Fcimilies in Finland ami Sweden^ by Otto Donner (Helsingfors, 1884). 88 IN RUSSIAN HISTORY he in 1 7 19, at a wedding in Abo, slew the Russian chief bailiff, for which he was deprived of his post and imprisoned. During his rule 3,000 Finnish recruits were taken by force and sent to Astrachan, from whence only a few more than 400 returned. After the conclusion of peace, Douglas removed to Esthonia, became Governor of Reval, 1 737-41, and also General ; but retired from service in 1751.' A troublous life! Perhaps it was from the number of Scots in Peter's service that there arose the romantic scheme of a reconciliation between the Jacobite Non-juring Episcopal Church of Scotland, per- secuted since the accession to the throne of Great Britain of George I. (on whom Peter looked more than coldly), and the Orthodox Churches in Turkey and Russia. The Tsar is said to have regarded the project with a favourable eye.^ The Scottish Bishops (one of the most zealous of whom was Bishop James Gadderar of Aberdeen) and the English Non-juring Bishops entered seriously into negotiations with 1 Keith's Scottish Bishops y 1824, appendix, p. 532. M S9 SCOTTISH INFLUENCES Arsenius, Metropolitan of Thebais, who was then in England, and with the Patriarchs of Constantinople, Alexandria, Jerusalem, Antioch, Heraclea, Nicomedia, Chalcedon, and Thessa- lonica, with powers to treat with all the Ortho- dox Greek or Russian Churches. On the Tsar's death the project died also, but it is worthy of much study, especially as, romantic though it seemed then, it was the precursor of the rapprochement between the Orthodox and the Anglican Churches in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. But the most romantic thing, and a thing of horror in Peter the Creates reign, is unquestion- ably the execution of Mary Danielovna Hamilton in 1 7 19. Mary Hamilton was of that family that gave his mother her tincture of Western freedom and culture, and was introduced to his dangerous Court to wait on the Empress Catherine, the Livonian ex-peasant. The Tsar, on dit, fell in love with her. But she favoured others, and one especially, it is said, an Orloff. Children were born of her guilty connection, and she destroyed them. Russian 90 IN RUSSIAN HISTORY custom at that time looked lightly on infanticide, but at last she was condemned to death. Her story has been thought to be the origin of the old ballad, ' The Queen's Marie ' ; ^ at any rate the circumstances have much in common. Catherine (whom she had laughed at) interceded for the culprit, and persuaded the Tsaritza Prascovia,* to intercede for her also, but Peter was immovable. 'He would not be either Saul or Ahab, nor violate the Divine Law by an excess of kindness.' She mounted the scaffold on the 14th of March dressed, according to Stachlin, * in a white silk gown trimmed with black ribbons.' » Peter supported her, and after she was beheaded, it is said, touched the pale lips with his own, let the head fall, crossed himself and departed. There is confirmation of this gruesome tale in the description, by a traveller* in 1735, of the 1 Sir Walter Scott recorded this analogy (cf. his Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border), 'Widow of Ivan Aleksievitch, n^e Soltykova. » Waliszewski's Peter the Great, pp. 221-253. * Voyages and Travels through the Russian Empire, Tartary^ and Part of the Kingdom of Persia, by John Cook, M.D. at Hamilton, ed. 1778, pp. 56-57. 91 SCOTTISH INFLUENCES contents of the Academy of St. Petersburg, a description which only an ex-medical student could have written. * Here I saw the head of the unfortunate Miss Hamilton, a Swedish lady,^ who lost it for having murdered her child, unlawfully begotten ; and this is the only murder of that kind I ever heard of in Russia. This lady was maid of honour to the Empress Catherine. It is said Peter went and saw her executed. He wept much, but could not prevail with himself to pardon her, for fear, as is said, that God would charge him with the innocent blood she had shed. He caused her head to be cupped, and injected. The forehead is almost compleat; the face is the beautifullest my eyes ever beheld ; the dura mater and brain are all preserved in their natural situation. This is kept in spirits, in a large chrystal vessal.' ^ This is what makes me think the Hamiltons came to Russia vid Sweden. CHAPTER VII. THE BRUCE FAMILY IN RUSSIA. THE ESCAPE OF GENERAL GORDON. 'I m \\\ 92 ■'' J. 4." ; . ' i. i |ni W*— " ' ' I . -Sfera*- 'Ha . .nai- VII. >' 1 We learn a good deal about the doings of the Bruce family in Russia from the memoirs of Peter Henry Bruce,^ who served in the Prussian, Russian, and British armies suc- cessively. He narrates that two Bruces, James and John, cousins, both of the family of Airth, agreed during *the troubles of Oliver Cromwell,* to push their fortunes abroad. They desired to go together, but got by mischance into two ships at Leith, one of which went to Russia and one to Prussia, and so never met again! James Bruce was the founder of the Russian branch, but it is from the grandson of the Prussian John that we learn most about their * Memoirs of Peter Henry Bruce^ Esq., a military officer in the services of Prussia^ Russia^ and Great Britain^ printed for the author's widow, London, 1782. 95 -I f 4 i hA ft I' J !! SCOTTISH INFLUENCES doings. Peter Henry Bruce (John's grandson, born in 1692) was in the Prussian army, and saw much soldiering in the Netherlands during the Blenheim campaign. It was not until 17 10 that he entered the Russian service by the invitation (it is a wonderful instance of clannish feeling) of General James Bruce, who was son of Colonel William Bruce and grandson of the James Bruce who had been carried to Russia and was now one of the right-hand men of Peter the Great, and head of the Ordnance at Moscow. He joined his cousin at Warsaw on the 1 7th May, he being there in attendance on the Tsar, and at Taweroff, on the 29th, the Tsar was privately married to Catherine Alek- sievna (the Livonian ex-peasant), and on this occasion General Bruce, who was present, was made Master-General of the Ordnance. He was already knight of four Orders, St. Andrew, the White Eagle, the Black Eagle and the Elephant. The campaign of the Pruth followed, Prince Kantemir's letter being read at the council of war which the Tsar called in General Bruce s tent. When peace was made Peter 96 IN RUSSIAN HISTORY went off on one of those curious tours to Germany, taking General Bruce with him, while the latter's young relative was sent on an embassy to Constantinople, not returning from thence to Peterhof until 1 3th October. Peters- burg was then in its infancy and houses scarce, and it is interesting to find that young Bruce had another protector there of his kin. * I had the good fortune to be accomodated in Lieutenant-General (Roman Vilemovitch) Bruce's house, who was commandant of Peters- burg,^ and brother to the Master-General of the Ordnance,' but the last, being still in Germany, ordered him to occupy his own house in Moscow, *and stay in his house with his lady till he should arrive.' In this way we get the following description of Moscow in 1 7 1 3 : * Coming in view of it, in a clear sunshine day, ^ His career was this : born 1668, he probably accompanied the Tsar Peter on his travels, 1697-98. He took part in the Siege of Schliisselburg. In 1 704 he was made commandant of St. Petersburg, and till his death, in 1720, was occupied in building the town. He was buried in the Fort of St. Peter and St. Paul (which he built) beside the Cathedral, opposite the altar. It was through his influence that the first Evangelical Church, St. Anne's, was built in St. Petersburg. N 97 ;* ly ii) t SCOTTISH INFLUENCES I never saw so glorious a sight as this city presented at a distance, with the vast numbers of gilded domes and steeples ; but my expecta- tions were greatly disappointed when I entered it, finding only ill-built wooden houses, and timber-streets interspersed with churches, and brick-houses with large courts and gardens, the habitations of the grandees and people of fortune ; and coming to General Bruce's house, I met with a very kind reception from his lady, who treated me with the affection of a mother : they had then no child.*. He was witness of the * great and dreadful fire* which broke out *in a maiden monastery outside the town,'^ which 'consumed the greatest part of the city, especially the wooden houses,' and was astonished to see how soon it was rebuilt. Moscow was in a transition ^Probably the Novo Devichi monastery. Founded in 1524, it was to it that the Tsaritza Irina, sister of Boris Godounoff, retired, and in it Maria, widow of Magnus, King of Livonia, niece of Ivan the Terrible, was *shut up' by Boris Godounoff (the editor of Horsey's Travels (Hakluyt Society) confuses it with the Troitza, where she was ultimately buried). Later, the Tsarevna Sophia, Regent, who was forced to become the Nun Susanna, as we have seen, by her brother Peter the Great, was interned here. 98 IN RUSSIAN HISTORY state ; the people of rank— driven to it by the Reforming Tsar, had Maid aside the old customs and manners of their fathers,' were now dressed *in the French fashion,' and the ladies were *very gay,' giving dances (on emerging from the Terem!), the Swedish prisoners taken at Poltava being their instruc- tors and partners, their husbands being mostly employed to * serve' their terrible master abroad in some way or other. On I St January, 17 14, General Bruce arrived in Moscow to remove his family to Petersburg. A thousand of the best and most substantial families in Moscow had received orders for the same purpose. The Court removed, and, the Archangel trade with Moscow forbidden, the life of Moscow changed, *so that this metro- polis, once the pleasantest and most agreeable city in all Russia, became quite deserted, none remaining in it but the vulgar, which was a great mortification to all ranks of people being obliged to leave a place of such plenty for one where everything was both scarce and dear.* With General Bruce young Peter saw much of 99 i i WHf^'^ ^ir 4fi 1 » I SCOTTISH INFLUENCES the Tsarevitch, Aleksei Petrovitch, whom he thought meanly of. The Tsar absolutely dis- regarded his subjects' discomfort in the new capital,^ being wholly intent upon its progress and that of Kronstadt. * It was surprising to see so many great things undertaken and put in execution by one single person, without the assistance and help of anyone ; his own great genius and indefatigable application to things, presiding over all, and seeing everything with his own eyes ... so that never monarch was less imposed on than himself.' Petersburg had to be glazed with glass from England, but the Tsar erected large manufactories for making window and looking glass, under the direction of Englishmen, at Moscow. In 1716 young Bruce was commanded to discipline thirty tall * It was his own creation. * He found only four fishermen's huts, to which he added a house for himself on an island for himself, on an island in the north side of the river, and called it Petersburg. This house was only a shelter from the weather and to rest in . . . but in memory of this great undertaking, it has been preserved ever since. Lieutenant-General Robert Bruce, commandant of the city, has the charge and use of this original hall, and has built a very good house adjoining to it for himself; which was one of the first that made a show in this place.' 100 IN RUSSIAN HISTORY and fine grenadiers, ' intended as a present to the King of Prussia,' and 'collected from different parts of the Czar's dominions.* Three years later, after the Naval war in Danish seas, Peter Bruce, who now had a company of artillery under General Bruce, desired again to join the Prussian army, and applied for his discharge, but ' could by no means obtain it, so I was obliged to continue in the Muscovite service, very much against my inclination.' In his enforced continuance in the country he saw (or heard) much of the trial and death of the unfortunate Tsarevitch, Peter's son: * various were the reports that were spread concerning his death . . . very few believed he died a natural death, but it was dangerous to speak as they thought' Peter Bruce had the military charge of the dead Tsarevitch's son, Peter Aleksievitch, afterwards Peter II. *The Czar came frequently to see him perform his exer- cises, and was vastly pleased with his sprightli- ness and attention ; and seeing some draughts and models of fortification laying on the table, he asked the young prince the use and lOI ' i SCOTTISH INFLUENCES advantage of each particular work, to which he gave his answers so readily . . . that his grand- father was so well pleased, that he embraced him most heartily, and made him a present of his picture richly set with diamonds, and gave him an ensign's commission in the first regiment of guards/ In 1721 Peter Bruce heard he had succeeded to a small estate in Scotland, and begged Count Bruce to get him leave to go thither, but the inexorable Tsar refused, until his own pleasure. The triumphal entry to Moscow was in the air. This triumphal entry was followed by 'six weeks' feasting,' and then on 22nd February, 1722, a proclamation was made 'by the sound of trumpet,' to acknowledge the successor to the throne, whom the autocrat should nominate. 'The order, however, must be obeyed, and was complied with by many with a reluctant heart . . . this was to me the most disagreeable service I ever performed in Russia, as I was so well acquainted with the excellent temper and genius of the young prince (Peter Aleksievitch), having had the honour to teach him the military exercises and fortifica- 102 IN RUSSIAN HISTORY tion, and to whose prejudice this oath was certainly administered.' The Caspian and Persian campaigns and many detours in Russia followed before the Scot obtained his 'liberty.' In 1724 things went a little better, and he was told that 'as soon as the Empress Catherine's coronation was over' he would receive his dispatches. Moscow hummed with foreigners and natives for this event, and at the ceremony he recounts that 'No. 13, Count Bruce, a privy counsellor and master of the horse,' carried the crown, his wife, 'the Countess of Bruce,' following as one of the train-bearers of the Empress herself. Peter Bruce was offered more preferment, and did not get his furlough from Count Bruce's representation to Prince Menschikoff until 27th May, 1724. Even then he 'received the pay and forage money due to me from the regiment, but could not get the two years' pay that was due to me as Engineer, and which amounted to twelve hundred rubles, but was told the money appropriated for the payment of the service was at Petersburg, and I must go there to 103 Ml SCOTTISH INFLUENCES receive it, which, if I had done, would have effectually put a stop to my journey. I empowered Major-General Le Fort to receive my pay, and sell my house and furniture in Petersburg, and to remit me the money to Scotland, but a stop was put to it till my return, and at the expiration of my furlough, everything I had left there was seized, so that I had no reason to boast of any advantage I reaped in Russia after thirteen years* service.'^ In those times it was much easier getting into Russia than out of it, as was evident in the case of Major-General Gordon, who * wanted very much to quit the service, and solicited his discharge by every application in his power, but all in vain ; and, being in Poland on a separate command,' after the battle of Poltava, * he took that opportunity to send to Moscow for his wife and daughters, and on their arrival in Poland he carried them to Danzig, where he took shipping and sailed for Scotland.' ^ *He went into the British service, and in 1745 helped to fortify Berwick. He retired soon afterwards, and died in 1757. ^Memoirs of Peter Henry Bruce^ p. 1 14. 104 . H CHAPTER VIII. CATHERINE I. PETER II. MARSHAL KEITH. ANNA IVANOVNA. OTHER SCOTS. ELIZABETH ill if* I f 1 ' l\ m 1 i ! I'H VIII. The short and tumultuous reign of Peter's widow, the Tsaritza Catherine I., did nothing to attract foreigners. Short though it was, that of his grandson her successor, Peter II., brought at least one Scot of great distinction to Russia, in the person of General James Francis Edward Keith, now perhaps best known as the inventor of Kriegspiel. Born in Scotland in 1696, the younger son of the Earl Marischal of Scotland and Lady Mary Drummond, James Keith, * having an elder brother (the last Earl Marischal, the friend of Frederick the Great), was intitled to no other designation but simply that of his name, as the family honours, in many estates of Europe, belong exclusively to the eldest son.'^ Of a fervent Jacobite stock, 1 A Discourse on the Death of Marshal Keith^ kindly lent me by W. Keith Murray, Esq. 107 t % i] lib] l§ I SCOTTISH INFLUENCES both he and his brother were 'out' in the '15, and, being attainted, lost their all and were forced to take service under other flags. At first he entered that of Spain, but, being a Protestant, advancement was impossible, so he fixed his eyes on Russia, and with a brevet of Major-General from the Emperor, arrived there in 1729, and * immediately gained the good graces of the young sovereign, Peter II. (partly taught in military matters by the Scot, Captain Bruce, as we have seen), and who gave him a Lieutenant-Colonel's commission in a new regiment of guards, which was just levied, and of which Count Lowenwolde was Colonel. He rose rapidly, * because he always did his duty as a brave officer, without intermeddling with any State intrigues ' — and there were the Dolgoroukis, one of whom. Princess Catherine Aleksievna Dolgoroukaya,^ became the Tsar's fiancee, against the Menschikoffs during the 1 Keith had a poor opinion of her brother, Prince Ivan, the Tsar's mentor, and pronounced him to be * one much fitter to direct a pack of hounds (which had been his study the greatest part of his life), than such a vast empire.' — Memoirs of Marshal Keiths pp. 80-81. 108 IN RUSSIAN HISTORY Tsar's short reign— till Peter IL died in 1730. Keith at once took the oath to the new Empress, Anna Ivanovna, Duchess of Courland (Peter the Great's niece), who was brought out of her obscurity at Mittau to please the oligarchic party, and was made Lieutenant -Colonel of her bodyguard, *an emploiement looked on as one of the greatest trusts in the empire.' When the Polish war came on in 1733, he found himself serving under the Irish Catholic, General de Lacy. After the fall of Danzig in 1734, he was made Lieutenant-General. How- ever successful, Keith did not like the task of coercing Poland, deeming the duty ' not a very honourable one.' His next service was the German war, and then against the Turks in the Ukraine. In this, successful though it was, Keith protested against the Russo-German General Munnich's waste of human life, and being wounded in the knee at Otchakoff, 2nd July, 1737, was incapacitated for the rest of the campaign. * I had sooner,' said the Empress Anna, ' lose ten thousand of my best soldiers than Keith.' He was able, therefore, to visit 109 ■ i i; I \ .'i 9 if i 11 SCOTTISH INFLUENCES Paris and London, where he was now viewed, not as a Jacobite exile, but as a great General. He returned to Russia and was made Governor of the Ukraine, and his humane rule made him considered one of the best Governors the unfortunate Ukraine had ever had. On the death of ^ the Empress Anna Ivan- ovna, 28th October, 1740, her grandnephew, Ivan Antonovitch (of Brunswick) was declared Emperor. For twenty-two days her favourite, Johann Ernst Biron, Duke of Courland, acted as Regent, and then, by a palace revolution, the boy Tsar s mother, Anna Leopoldovna, was de- clared Regent. Her rule was weak, and ended suddenly on 25th November, 1741, when her mother's cousin, Elizabeth, the younger daughter of Peter the Great, threw off her usual lassitude, put herself at the head of her Guards, assumed the title of Empress, and sent the deposed royal family packing to Kholmogory, in strict custody and into lifelong exile. We are told that * Mr. Keith acknowledged the new Sovereign with- 1 Alexander Gordon, a son of John Gordon, of Glenbucket, in the Russian Navy, was killed in 1740 fighting against the Turks. 110 IN RUSSIAN HISTORY out hesitation ; and after the example of his friend and countryman, Lascy (Lacy), took the oath of allegiance ' again. Before her accession he fought against Sweden, and aided in the reduction of Willmannstrand.^ The Swedish campaign continued during Elizabeth's reign, and did not finish until the capture of Helsing- fors and the Aland Islands forced the cession of Karelia to Russia. Service under Elizabeth was less agreeable to foreigners than that under Anna, and we find that Generals Keith, Lowen- dahl, Lieven, Douglas, all wished to retire. Keith was, to pacify him, offered the command in chief against the Persians and the Order of St. Andrew, but he only accepted the last. War with Sweden broke out again, and he was em- ployed, always with success ; and he was later both Commander-in-Chief of the Russian forces and Minister-plenipotentiary to Sweden, receiv- ing swords of honour galore. He was in the Prussian campaign in 1745, ^^^ ^^xt year had his troops reviewed by the Empress at Narva. * It was here that he met an orphan prisoner, Eva Merthens, whom he educated. To her and her children by him he left all his money. m n i I I I; ill \ I^t SCOTTISH INFLUENCES His position was, however, not comfortable, and his commands were removed one by one. It is said that the amorous Empress wished to marry him, and he feared Siberia if he refused. Be that as it may, he did not like the Russian service ; his brother was forbidden, as a Jaco- bite, to visit him at Riga, and he eventually obtained his dismission and slipped away, to die gloriously as Marshal Keith at the battle of Hochkirchen, 14th October, 1758,* in the service of Frederick the Great. We are told that he spoke six languages, and had * seen all the Courts of Europe, great and small, from that of Avignon to the residence of the Khan of Tartary, and accommodated himself to every place as if it had been his native country. General, minister, courtier, philosopher — all these characters, however different in them- selves, were in him united.' Certainly a great 1 A much fuller account of his career is given in Hill Burton's Scot Abroad. Some interesting letters showing his difficulties in the Russian service are given in the Report of Lord Elphin- stone's MSS. {Historical MSS. Commission, IXth Report). A letter of his, written from the camp of Fascula, ist Sept., 1741* mentions * the Scots merchants who are settled at Petersburg receiving letters from Edinburgh every week.* 112 IN RUSSIAN HISTORY man. With Marshal Keith in Russia was a cousin. Sir Robert Keith, 5th Bart, of Ludqu- hairn. He served there fifteen years, and was in most of the campaigns in Poland, Germany, Turkey and Sweden. After the General's death, he entered the Danish service. He married Margaret Albertina Conradina von Suchin, daughter of the Saxon envoy to Russia, and left a family.^ Another of Elizabeth's Scottish Generals was General John Fullarton, of Dud wick. He remained (with General Brown, styled *an Englishman') in the Empress's service after most of the other foreign officers. He died, surrounded by Russian servants, unmarried, in Scotland, at the end of -the eighteenth century. We get an account of part of the reigns of Anna Ivanovna and Elizaveta Petrovna in the writings of Dr. John Cook,^ who went to Russia in 1735. He mentions many Scottish doctors ^ Douglas's Baronage of Scotland, p. 75. 2 Voyages and Travels through the Russian Empire, Tartary, and part of the Kingdom of Persia, by John Cook, M.D. at Hamilton ; Edinburgh, 1768. P 113 i -II 'I I; \% i III] li I! ..-Jfite'fi-'^-'---''^'- -^— i-'. I ' 3| ! 1 ? SCOTTISH INFLUENCES in St. Petersburg — Lewis Calderwood, who went to Russia in 1728, as surgeon to the Preobrajenski Guards, and was employed in Moscow and St. Petersburg hospitals until he died, in 1755 — and Dr. James Mounsey (from Lochmaben), who was afterwards made Physi- cian to the Empress Elizabeth, and who later introduced rhubarb as a medicine into Great Britain ; Mr. Selkirk, * surgeon to the Guards,' and Mr. Malloch. Scots bristle through his volumes, from great * Russian merchants ' ^ like Mungo Graeme, of Garvock, down to ' Peter Miln, who had been nine years keeping the books for *'Mr. Demidoff" belonging to his great ironworks in Siberia.' In the wars with Turkey, in 1 736-1 739, he resided in 'Taverhoff,' and gives a pretty good account of the military 1 Allan Ramsay wrote a poem to Mr. Donald MacEwan, ' Jeweller at St. Petersburg,' which has the verses : It is the mind that's not confin'd To passions mean and vile, That's never pin'd, while thoughts refin'd Can gloomy cares beguile. Then Donald may be e'en as gay On Russia's distant shore. As on the Tay, where usquebae He us'd to drink before. 114 IN RUSSIAN HISTORY operations. He mentions, in 1737, General Leslie, *a gentleman of Scots extraction,' who with his troops refused to surrender to the Tartars, and died like men. A Mr. Innes, lieutenant in the Horse Guards, from Aber- deen, was a volunteer under Miinnich, and helped to stop some cruelties. He rose, by bravery, to the rank of a Colonel of Dragoons during the war, but was killed before its end. He calls him *The brave Innes, the soldiers' friend, and beloved of all good men/ A Colonel Johnston — * old Johnston,' Cook familiarly names him — * a Scotsman from Kenneil,' flits across his pages ; and one Lieutenant Glassford, Commandant of the port of Earkee, is several times mentioned. Most interesting of all is his description of the Empress Elizabeth herself, whom the deluded Jacobites so fondly hoped Prince Charlie would marry. *She was of a large stature, and inclineable to be fat, but extremely beautiful ; and in her countenance I saw so much mildness and majesty, that I can- not in words express them. Her hair was black, and her skin white as **snow un- "5 I K 4. If ' I y * f ft SCOTTISH INFLUENCES sunn'd." ... At this time Count Razumovski (Aleksei Gregorievitch Razumovski) was at- tending her Majesty. It is really surprising that a fat, though young woman, could move so cleverly as the Empress did, in so much that I could scarce hear her feet upon the floor ; but indeed her august presence had much discon- certed me.' ^ ^ Voyages and Travels through the Russian Empire^ Tartary^ and part of the Kingdom of Persia^ by John Cook, M.D. at Hamilton, ii. p. 570 ; Edinburgh, 1768. i( 116 CHAPTER IX. SCOTTISH FAMILIES SETTLED IN RUSSIA. THE COURT PHYSICIANS. ROGERSON. OTHER SCOTS-SIR JAMES V^YLIE, COUNT BARCLAY DE TOLLY, LERMONTOFF. CONCLUSION. mmmm \ ; !i. IX. Peter III., the nephew and heir of the Empress Elizabeth, had but a short reign, being, after reigning a few months, deposed by his wife, Sophia of Anhalt-Zerbst, who, after his murder, ruled as Catherine II., or as Catherine the Great, from 1762 to 1796. Taking up the mande of Peter the Great, she made the Russian people her own by becoming one of themselves. It was not so much that she did not encourage foreigners as well, for she did, but all her chief favourites were Russians, and it was to them that she gave the chief power, and to everything she carefully gave a Russian dress. Times, also, had changed. Russia was no longer the backward Byzantine empire it had been when Peter I. began to reign. He had battered down the 119 Ti ^ % ' SCOTTISH INFLUENCES wall that had separated it from Western Europe, and by the time Catherine came to occupy his throne, a class of Westernised Russians with Western ideas — mainly French, but in part German — had grown up. The use of the Scots naturally became much less, but there were still several names of note. The Bruces, now a Russified family, were powerful at Court. Count James Alexandrovitch Bruce, born 1742, fought against the Swedes, and was Governor of Moscow in 1781-86. He died at St. Peterisburg in 1790-91, being buried in the Monastery of St. Alexander Nevski.^ Another Count Bruce (uncle?) was Senator, Lieutenant-General of the Semenovski Guards, General-in-Chief, and Governor of Novgorod and Tver. His wife was Prascovia Alex- androvna Roumiantsova, sister of the great General Roumiantsoff.^ She was born 7th Octo- ber, 1729, and married in 1751. She was one 1 He had one daughter, who married into the family of Mysin- Pushkin, and took the name of Bruce, but had no children. * K. Waliszewski, Story of a Throne^ p. 380. 120 IN RUSSIAN HISTORY of Catherine the Great's confidantes^ and on intimate terms until she supplanted the Em- press with her favourite, Korsakoff. Exile from Court ensued, still the Empress wrote of her on her death, on 7th April, 1786 : *It is impossible not to regret her when one has known her so well/* Almost a more important confidant of the Empress was the Dumfriesshire-born Dr. John Rogerson. He went, preceded by his neigh- bour. Dr. Matthew Halliday, out to Russia in 1766, and became the Imperial Physician. Every secret of the extraordinary Court was confided to his ear. He knew the details of the favourite Lanskois' end, and of the Empress's strange death. In 1786 the Comte de S^gur noted the doctor's departure to England for six months, and added : * As he dabbles in politics * Princess DashkofF— to use the Western form of her name — nie Vorontzova, another of the Empress's earlier confidantes^ lived for a year at Holyrood while her son was at Edinburgh University under Principal Robertson in 1778-79. ' K. Waliszewski, The Story of a Throne^ p. 380. He gives the date of her death as 1785, but the other is on the photograph of her tombstone, kindly sent to me by Mr. Clement J. Char- nock, of Moscow. Q 121 i\ 1 ii j| n ' w ^-; SCOTTISH INFLUENCES as much as in medicine, and it is through his hands that the bribes are supposed to pass, I cannot but be very pleased at his absence.'^ Anyway, he was honoured by the complete confidence of his Imperial mistress, and re- tained that of her son, the Emperor Paul. Clarke' gives a delightful anecdote of him. ' Dr. Rogerson/ he says, ' as we were informed, regularly received ' (from his patients' hands) 'his snuff-box, and as regularly carried it to a jeweller for sale. The jeweller sold it again to the first nobleman who wanted a fee for his physician ; so that the doctor obtained his box again, and at last the matter became so well understood between the jeweller and the phy- sician, that it was considered by both parties as a sort of banknote, and no words were necessary in transacting the sale of it* These * bank notes ' allowed Dr. Rogerson to acquire the lands of Wamphray, in his native Dumfries- shire, and to maintain some state, and to build the house of Dumcrieff, where he died in 1 K. Waliszewski, T/i£ Story of a Throne, p. 389. ^Travelsy-p^, 113-4. 122 il IN RUSSIAN HISTORY 1823. The grateful Empress presented him with a collection of casts of all the medals struck by her Grand Ducal or Imperial prede- cessors (the * False Dimitri ' is, oddly enough, omitted, pour caused), which, in a delightful eighteenth century case still exist.^ Though Dr. Rogerson, Dr. Guthrie and Sir James Wylie (of whom we shall hear later) were the chief physicians in the reigns of Catherine and Paul, and political powers, we are told that : * Persons calling themselves English Physicians are found in almost every town' in Russia. * Sometimes they have served in apothecaries* shops in London and Edinburgh ; but generally they are Scots apothecaries who are men of Professional Skill and acknowledged Superiority.* At St. Petersburg the Court Banker, Sutherland, was a Scot Catherine made Robert Rutherford (fourth son of Sir John Rutherford of that ilk, who died unmarried), for many years a merchant in Leghorn, a ^ The author's grrandfather acquired them from Dr. Rogerson's son, and they are now in the author's possession. He repro- duces three as illustrations to this book. 2 Clarke's Travels, p. 114. 123 ■ In I It 11 SCOTTISH INFLUENCES Baron of the Russian Empire; and one of the Court Painters (who accompanied the Tsaritsa in her celebrated Progress to Crimea with Potemkin) bore the Scottish name of John Lindsay. It was the maritime needs of the Russian Empire that brought the true worth of the Scots to the great mind of the Empress Catherine. She recruited many Scots from the British Navy, the chief of whom were Admirals Greig and Elphinstone. The Scots made a great name in the land of their adop- tion, and the Russian Navy owes everything to them. Samuel Carlovitch Greig, of Inver- keithing in Fife, went to Russia in 1763, with five other British officers, mostly Scots. He destroyed the Turkish fleet in 1770,^ with his fire-ships, showing, with Lieutenant Drysdale, extraordinary heroism, and was hailed, from ^Thc doings of Greig and Elphinstone in this war will be found in An Authentic Narrative of the Russian Expedition against the Turks by Sea and Land ) London, 1772. Other Scots mentioned are Mackenzie and Glasgow. Also the Englishman, Dugdale, who became an Admiral. An account of Greig is also in the Dictionary of National Biography. 124 IN RUSSIAN HISTORY his service and discipline, the Father of the Russian Navy. He was the chief instrument in the conquest of Crimea and the founding of Sebastopol, and was later Governor of Kron- stadt, which he strengthened and refortified. He again fought the Turks in 1774, and against the Swedes, but in 1 788 died on his own ship, the ' Rotislav' (* Wratislaw'), on 26th October, in his fifty-third year. It was Greig who had the ungrateful (and certainly unworthy) task of conveying as prisoner the mysterious and interesting Princess Tarak- anoffi to her Russian captivity, after she had been disgracefully entrapped at Leghorn by Alexis Orloff on behalf of the Empress, with the assistance, one regrets to relate, of another Scot, John Dick, the British Consul there. We need say no more about the piteous story except to point out that Greig treated the captive 1 Princess Tarakanoff was an adventuress who claimed, or was thought to claim, to be daughter of the Empress Elizabeth and Razoumoffski. Catherine II. was much alarmed, had her entrapped at Leghorn and carried to Russia, where, it is believed, she died in the prison of the Fortress of St. Peter and St. Paul, 4th December, 1775. 125 m III fit! t' •ii 1 I It m SCOTTISH INFLUENCES kindly, and that the enlevement was wholly characteristic of the time. The Greig family settled in Russia. The Admiral was friendly to his compatriots. Robert Simpson, one of his Fleet Surgeons in 1774, became in 1792 Chief Surgeon of the great Naval hospital of Kronstadt. The Admiral's son, Sir Alexis Greig, entered the Russian Navy, and for remonstrating with the Emperor Paul for the latter's severity to some British seamen, was exiled in 1801 for a short time to Siberia, but he became an Admiral, and com- manded in 1828 at the siege of Varna. His son, Vorontzoff Greig, later fought on the Russian side in the Crimean War, and was killed at Inkermann. John Elphinstone, the other Scottish Admiral, whose kinsman had been in Ivan Groznie's army, died in 1785, but in England. He had begun by being le desird of the Empress, but his opposition to her favourite of the time, Alexis Orloff, soon weakened his popularity. In fact he as Admiral had been the real hero of the battle of Tchesm6, but the Empress 126 IN RUSSIAN HISTORY was anxious to praise a Russian to give popu- larity to her alien-born rule, and gave all the laurels to Orloff. One branch of the Elphin- stones remained in the Russian service. The Admiral's eldest son, Samuel William, became a Captain in the Navy, and married the daughter of his father's colleague. Admiral Kruse. His descendants are enrolled among the nobles of Livonia. John Carr gives an anecdote of an Elphinstone of the third generation in St. Petersburg at Kameni Ostrov.^ * After the battle between the Russian and Swedish fleets off Cronstadt in May, 1790, Captain Elphinstone, then a very young lieu- tenant, was dispatched by his uncle. Admiral Creuse, to Catherine, who was at that time at the palace of Tsarko Selo, with the account of the successful manoeuvres of her fleet . . . Young Elphinstone arrived at the palace late at night in his fighting clothes, covered with dust and gunpowder, and severely fatigued with long and arduous duty. His dispatches were instantly » Trceveh Around the Baltic, by John Carr (1804) ; London, 1805, pp. 355-7. 127 -3SSSS3St ifftiifimiii.iii^ h I; SCOTTISH INFLUENCES carried to the Empress, who ordered her page- in-waiting to give the bearer refreshments and a bed, and requested that he might on no account be disturbed.* Catherine sent three times, but still he slept. *At length Captain Elphinstone in all his dishabille' {sic, the author was a Scot and probably talked of * dishabillies') * was conducted to her presence by her Secretary, when she commenced an enchanting conversa- tion, in which she complimented the gallantry and many naval achievements of his family; . . . calling him ** My son," " Now let proceed to business ; I have received the dispatches, which have afforded me infinite satisfaction ; I thank you for your bravery and zeal ; I beg you will describe to me the position of the ships." * Captain Elphinstone did so, and she took a note upon her pocket-book. Then * as she gave her orders to the Commander-in-Chief,, she presented him with a rouleau of ducats, a beautiful little French watch, and, although very young, promoted him to the rank of Captain.' The services of these Scotsmen were in- 128 IN RUSSIAN HISTORY valuable to Russia, but yet irksome. Their nationality to a certain extent influenced the foreign policy of their adopted country, and forced it, whether it liked it or no, to forgo any bellicose intentions against Great Britain. It also forced the Empress Catherine to send off that Scottish * naval adventurer,' Paul Jones, whom she had made in 1788 Rear- Admiral, and who had held a command at the battle of Liman in the Black Sea.^ The other Scots, when Paul Jones was endeavouring to return to Russia, unanimously threatened resignation if his return was permitted ; and they won. Catherine, however, took into her service another man from Scotland, and raised him to high honour in connection with her Ordnance. This was Sir Charles Gascoigne (his father was Captain Woodroffe Gascoigne, an Englishman sent to * settle ' the Highlands of Scotland after 1746, and his mother was the Hon. Grizel 1 He quarrelled with Prince Potemkin during the expedition to Taurida. Potemkin was the patron of another Scottish adventurer, one Colonel Semple, who altered the Russian dis- cipline and planned the military uniforms, by no means for good. R 129 ft \v m If t n s Ijif li I! 'II : SCOTTISH INFLUENCES Elphinstone, daughter of Lord Elphinstone), He had been manager of the Carron Iron Company, which had become embarrassed. Then, luckily for himself, he received, through the medium and influence of Admiral Greig, an offer from the Empress to cast shells, guns and shot for her army. Taking his workmen with him, he stole off from Scotland and went to Russia, where he formed a factory at Petrozo- vodsk, near Lake Onega, and also managed the mines of Olonetz. He flourished there (as did his successor Wilson, who was given the rank of General, and Charles Baird, who manufactured gfuns at Kronstadt and became a Knight of St. Vladimir, who both went out with him); was made a Councillor and a Knight of St. Vladimir ; and died, leaving - a large fortune, at St. Petersburg, ist August, 1806. He had three daughters by his first wife, who were Anne, Countess of Haddington; Elizabeth, wife of George Augustus Pollen, Esquire, M.P., drowned at Memel in 1808 ; and another, who married Baron Polterazki, and died at Petrozovodsk, nth December, 1795. 130 aL IN RUSSIAN HISTORY His second wife.^ married in 1797. 'who, to the charms of youth and beauty, unites the most elegant accomplishments and manners,' was Anastasia-Jessye, daughter of Dr. Matthew Guthrie « (one of the Guthries of Hawkerton), a doctor from Edinburgh, Physician to the Noble Land Cadet Corps, and afterwards (attached to the Empress's suite) to the Emperor Paul, having gained the ear of the Russian Court. The Empress Catherine died after a long and in some ways glorious reign, 6th (17th) November, 1796, and her son, the Emperor Paul, succeeded. Sir James Wylie, a Scottish surgeon, from 1790 in the Sletski regiment, who, when he had acquired name and fame, had three Scottish assistants, was made Imperial Physician, and on the Emperor's sudden end in 1801 had the delicate task of giving the medical certificate. In doing so, he stated that the deceased Emperor died of iSee also K. Waliszewski's Paul I. She was married in 1797, and remarried, 1807, Thomson Grahame Bonar of London. »He edited his wife's Utters from the Crimea. Cf. Cart's A Northern Summer. 131 I il n ^ SCOTTISH INFLUENCES 'apoplexy/ which gave the Court great satis- faction, and he remained in the highest favour. He founded the Medico-Chirurgical Academy of St. Petersburg (it has his statue), and died full of honours in 1854, leaving his money to the Tsar, who endowed with it the hospital he had built. The other Scot who has a statue in St. Petersburg belongs really to the reign of Alexander I., the last Emperor who comes within the scope of this book, Prince Barclay de Tolly. The story of the family is this. They came to Russia during the times of the Revolution of 1688, from Towy (Tolly) in Aberdeenshire. A descendant became Burgo- master of Riga, and his son, Gottleib Barclay de Tolly, was ennobled — as a Russian officer, taking the name ^Bogdan'— and married a Mile. Wermelen. His sons were: (i) Bogdan Bogdanovitch (formerly Emil Johann), a General in the Russian service ; (2) Michael Bogdanovitch, of whom afterwards; and (3) Andrei Bogdanovitch, a Colonel. Michael Bogdanovitch, whose statue adorns the Nevski Prospekt, opposite to the 132 *•. IN RUSSIAN HISTORY Cathedral of Kazan in St. Petersburg, was born in 1761. He entered the army and rose rapidly. He distinguished himself greatly in the war against Sweden by the passage of Kwarken, when the Russian troops under him crossed the Gulf of Bothnia on the ice. He became Governor of the conquered Finland. It was his policy as Minister of War that made the Russians always retire before the forces of Napoleon, and he helped to gain the batde of Leipzig. He was made a Count, 22nd May, 1 81 3, and after the occupation of Paris was created by ukase, 30th October, 181 5, Prince of the Empire of Russia. He died, 181 8, having married Helen Ivanovna van der Smitten (who died, 1820). Their son, Ernest Michaelovitch (Ernest Magnus), Colonel and A.D.C. to the Emperor Nicholas I., married Leocadie (Leonilla), Baronne de Campenhausen, but had no children. The sons of his granduncle were, by ukase of 31st August, 1827, created Counts, and in 1859 ^ General Aleksei Petrovitch ^Annuaire de la Noblesse de Russie, par Roman I. Emcrin, 1889, pp. 55-56. 133 M^- m ! >i i llM SCOTTISH INFLUENCES Weimarn was allowed to take the title of Barclay de Tolly- Weimarn. The Comte de Balmain, of the Scottish family of Ramsay of Balmain, was in the same reign the Russian Commissioner appointed to watch Napoleon, after his fall, at Saint Helena. He married, when there, the step-daughter of Sir Hudson Lowe, Miss Johnson. Lord Roseberyi tells us that his family had been settled in Russia for a century and a quar- ter. Another Russo-Scot who fought against Napoleon was Alexander Amatus Thesleff (of a Viborg family), born in 1788, a Lieutenant- Colonel in 18 1 2. He was Assistant Governor- General of his native Finland from 1832 to 1847. A Russian of Scottish descent, born in 18 13, glorified his country in the reign of Alexander L This was the great romantic poet Michael Yourievitch Lermontoff. His grandfather was Peter Lermontoff, whose ancestors, of the same blood as that which produced, ages before, the * Napoleotiy the Last Phase, p. 142. 134 IN RUSSIAN HISTORY Scottish poet Thomas the Rymour, had gone to Poland at the end of the seventeenth century, like so many of their compatriots, and had strayed into Russia by way of Tula. To diverge from Byronic poetry ; a curious experiment, which might have brought Scot- land into closer relations with Russia, was made by the Emperor Alexander in regard to the last Sultan of the Crimea. This Khan, Aleksei Ivanovitch Katti Gheri Krim Gheri, a Moslem, was converted to Christianity by the Scottish missionaries at Cavass, in the Cau- casus. The Emperor noted this, and sent him to Edinburgh to be educated, and then permitted him to preach his faith in Russia. The only result was that the Sultan, when at his Scottish University, married, in September, 1820, an Edinburgh lady. Miss Neilson of Millbank, and took her to Russia, but there, we are told, he made no converts ! The Tsar Alexander I. had an intimate friend, Saunders,^ of Scots descent, whom he made an Aulic councillor, and he did not forget 1 Moneypenny's Life of Disraeli, i. p. 108. 135 w-^ 9 !■ ''ii ^■/ SCOTTISH INFLUENCES what his parents had taught him of the value of Scottish physicians. He employed two Crichtons, uncle and nephew, of the old family of Frendraught, as his own physicians, who will be the last of the long roll of Scotsmen whom Russia has taken to itself, to be mentioned in this book. The first was Sir Alexander Crichton,! a son of Alexander Crichton of Newington, born at Edinburgh in 1763. He entered the Emperor's service in 1804 as Physician in Ordinary, and was soon made head of the whole civil medical department. He died, full of honours, in England, on 4th June, 1856. The second was his nephew. Sir Alexander William Crichton, born in 1791. He married, in 1820, the daughter of Dr. Sutt- hofif, another of the Court Physicians. Decorated and caressed by the Russian Court, and knighted by George IV. in 18 17, he was made a member of the Medical Council and a Councillor of State. He was thirty years ^ An account is given in the Dictionary of National Biography, and a short one of his nephew as well in Anderson's Scottish Nation^ vol. i. pp. 726, 727. 136 IN RUSSIAN HISTORY in the Russian service, during twenty-four of which he was Physician to the Emperor and his family, and so kept green, far into the nineteenth century, the success of his country- men before the eyes of the Russian people. I 137 ^^^^a^m^timhm INDEX Airth, Walter, 50. Aleksei, Michaelovitch, Tsar, 9. 10, 17, 34, 37, 43, 44, 51. 55. Petrovitch, Tsarevitch, 64, 100, lOI. Alexander I., Emperor, 132, 134-136. Anderson, Alexander Magnus, 84. Anna Ivanovna, Empress, 77, 109, 113- Anna Leopoldovna, Regent, 80, 86, no. Anna Petrovna, Tsarevna, 82, "3. Arbuthnot, Andrew, 56, 57. Arsenius, Archbishop, 90. Bain, R. Nisbet, 32. Baird, Charles, 130. Balmain, Count, 134. Bannerman, Mrs., 53. Barclay de Tolly, Aleksei Pet- rovitch, 124. Andrei Bogdanovitch, 132. Bogdan Bogdanovitch, 132. Ernest Michaelovitch, 133. GottUeb, 132. Michael, Prince, 132-134. Baskerville, Miss Beatrice, 4 n. Beer, Martin, 23. Bell, John of Antermony, 82-84 Best, Robert, 6. Bestucheff, family of, 28 ». Bockhoven, Katherine von, 67. Philip Albrecht von, 53. Bomel, Dr., 7 n. Bonar, Thomson G., 131 «. Bothwell. Earl of, 8, 9. Bowes, Sir Jerome, 7, 8. Brown, General, 113. Bruce, Alexander Romano- vitch, 77. Count, 120. James, 75, 77, 95, 96, 99, 103. James Alexandrovitch, 120. John, 95, 96. Peter Henry, 95-104, 108. Prascovia Countess, 120-121. Roman, 75, 77, 97. William, 75. Bullough, J. M., 69 «. Burnet, Andrew, 52. Bishop, 37. Calderwood, Dr. Lewis, 114. Robert, 52. CarUsle, Earl of, 53. Carmichael, General, 19, 20. Sir John, 20. Carr, John, 127. Robert, 27, 28. Catherine I., Empress, 81, 90- 92, 96, 103, 107. INDEX 138 Catherine II., Empress, 78- 119-131- Chambers, Major-General. 84. Chancellor, Richard, 6. Charles I., King of England, 9, 35, 36. Charles II.. King of England. 10, 36, 53-55. 61. Charles Edward(Stuart),Prince, "5. Chamock. Clement J., 76 n, 121 n. Clayhills, Mr.. 55. Cock (?)* David. 3. 4. Collins, Dr., 17. 18 «. 23 n, 42, 43 «. Cook, Dr. John, 113, 116. Crale, Captain, 27. Crawford, Daniel, 49, 50. Daniel, Major, 69. Hugh, of Jordanhill, 49. Thomas, 50 n. Crichton, Sir Alexander, 136. Alexander, of Newington, 136. Sir Alexander William, 136, 137- Captain, 27. Cromwell, Oliver, 36. Crow, Aegidius, 7 n. Dalyell, Thomas, of Binns, 36, 37. 54- Dashkofi, Princess, 121. Vassili Jakolevitch, 54. David, ' Master,' 3, 4. Denmark, John, King of, 3, 4. Dick, John, 125. Dmitri, the False, 22, 23, 26, 27, 123- Docturoff, Gerasimus, 35. Dolgoroukaya Anastasia, 77. Yekaterina, 77, 78, 108. Dolgorouki, Prince Ivan. 108. Donner, Dr. Otto, 88. Douglas, General, in. Count Gustaf. 88. Count Gustaf Otto, 87, 89. Robert. 88. Wilhelm, 88. Dnimmond, William of Crom- lix. 36. 37. 54- Drysdale. Lieut., 125. Dunbar, Robert, 25. Eglinton. Anna. Countess of, 32 n. Elizabeth. Empress. 77. no. 112. 113, 115-6. 119. i25«. Elizabeth. Queen of England. 6-9. 17 «. Elmsall. William, 87. Elphinstone. Captain, 127-8. Gabriel. 19. Grizel. 129. John, Admiral. 126-127. Lord. 130. Samuel William, 127. Engelhard, Reinhold von, 23. Erskine, Dr. Robert. 78. 82. Farquharson. Professor. 84. Farserson. Lady Mary, 39. Feodor Alekseivitch. Tsar. 55, 56. Ivanovitch. Tsar. 7. 22. Fletcher, Giles, 8, 17. 20. Forbes. Captain James. 34. Fox. Captain. 32. Frederick the Great, King of Prussia, 107, H2. Fullarton. General John, 113. Gadderar, Bishop James, 89. Galitzin, Vassili, Prince, 62, 63. 68. Galloway, Christopher, 42. Game, Colonel Thomas, 33. Garvine, Dr., 82. 39 \ \\ INDEX Gascoigne, Anne, 130. Sir Charles, 129. Elizabeth, 130. Lady, 131. Wcx)droffe, 129. George I., King of England, 80, 89. Gheri, Aleksei, Khan of Crimea, 135. Gilbert, David, 22, 28. Thomas, 25, 27. Glassford, Lieut., 115. Glover, Thomas, 17. Godounofi, Boris, Tsar, 7, 8, 9, 22, 24, 98 n. Feodor Borissovitch, 9. Gordon, Lieut. -Col. Alexander, 33- Alexander, 110 n. Aleksei Alexandrovitch, 64 n, 69, 70. So. 104. George Stephen, 56. Harry, 68, 70. Henry, Lord, 39. James, Colonel, 65, 68, 83. James, Count, 85. James, 85. John of Glenbucket, iio». Katherine, 68. Marie, 68. Patrick of Auchleuchries, General, 37, 47-70. Theodorus, 66, 68. Thomas, Admiral, 70, 85-87. WilUam, Captain, 33. WilUam, 87. Graeme, Mungo, of Garvock, 114. Greig, Sir Alexis, 126. Samuel Carlovitch, Admiral, 124-126, 130. Vorontzoff, 126. Grieve, Dr., 82 n. Guthrie, Dr. Matthew, 131. Guild, Wilham, 52. Halliday, Dr., 82 n, 121. Hamel, Dr. J., 3, 17, 24-25. Hamilton, exiles, 21 n, 42-43. Alexander, 41. Hugo Johan, S^. Mary Danielovna, 90, 92, Hastings, Lady Mary, 6, 7. Hay, William, 50. William, 85. Horsey, Sir Jerome, 7, 8, 13-17, 18, 19. Innes, Mr., 115. IsmaylofP, Leoff Vassilievitch, 83. Ivan the Terrible, Tsar, 5, 6, 7» 13. I7» 19. 22. Ivan Alekseivitch, Tsar, 56, 63. Ivan Antonovitch, Tsar, no. James I., King of England, 7, 8, 9, 24, 25. James II., King of England, 61, 62. Jenkinson, EngUsh envoy, 6. Jones, Paul, 129. Johnson, Miss, 134. Johnston, Colonel, 115. Kalthoff, Gaspar, 54. Kantemir, Prince, 96. Keith, Alexander of Ludqu- ham, 41. Captain, 32. George, Lieut., 40, 41, 52. James Francis Edward, Mar- shal, 107-113. JuHana, 4^, 53. Robert, 41. Sir Robert, Bart., 113. William, 41. Kennedy, Dr. (?), 42. Kendrick, Captain, 27. Kirkton, Hertman, 36. Kleigels, General, 55 n. Kocken or Kocker, David, 3-4. INDEX 140 Kruse, Admiral, 127. Kynninmond, Colonel John, 40. Lacy, General de, 109," no. Landells, Alexander, 50, Lefort, Francis, 56, 74, 104. Leigh, John Studdy, 3 n. Leontieff, Zamiati Feodoro- vitch, 49. Leshe, Sir Alexander, 32-33, 34-35, 39. 40- Alexander, 40. George, 40. General, 115. Theodorus, 39. Let, Andrew, 25. Lermontoff, Michael Yourie- vitch, 134-5- Lermontoff (Learmonth), Peter 134- Leviston, Colonel Alexander, 70. Lieven, General, in. Lindsay, John, 124. Lingett, Jeamy, 15. Lome, Lidert, 53. Lowe, Sir Hudson, 134. Lowenwolde, Count, 108, iii. Lubomirski, Constantine, 49. MacEwan, Donald, 114 m. Mackenzie, George, 79. M'Naughton, Mr., 54. Mallock, Mr., 114. Marfa the Nun, 31. Margaret, Captain J., 22, 25. Marischal, Earl, 107, 112. Marischal, Mary, Countess, 41 n, 107. Marryat, Horace, 87. Mary, Queen of England, 5. Mathison, Captain, 32. Matveeff, Artamon Sergievitch, 22, 43, 44. Menschikoff, Prince, 78, 86, 103, 108. Menzies, Paul, 37, 38, 50, 52, 70. Sir Gilbert, 37. Thomas, 38, 39, 53. Merrick, John, 9, 24. Mertheus, Eva, iii ff. Michael, Feodorovitch, Tsar, 24. 31-33. 42. Mikuhn, Gregory Ivanovitch, 8. Miloslavskaya, Maria, 43. Miloslavski, Ilia Danillo- vitch, 51. Milotawski, Feodor Michaelo- vitch, 38, 52. Miln, Peter, 114. Mniszek, Mar5ma, 23, 26 n. Moncrieffe, Margaret, 69. Sir I1.W*. as, 70. Mony penny, William, 86. Moritzen, Thomas, 23. Mounsey, Dr. James, 114. Miinnich, General, 109. Murray, W. Keith, 107 n. Muscovy, Vassili, Grand Duke of, 3. 4- Mustapha Kara, 56. Nagoi, Maria Feodorovna, 6, 22. Napoleon, 133-134. Narishkin, Feodor Poleukhto- vitch, 22. NathaUa, 43, 44, 65. NathaUa, Tsarevna, 87. Neilson, Miss, 135. Nepeja, Ossip Gregorievitch, 5. Ogilvie, Mary, 47. Ogilvy, Baron George, 73. General George, 73-74. James, Lord, of Airlie, 73. Captain Patrick, of Muirtoun, 73- Captain Thomas, 8 n. Orloff, Alexis, 125, 127. 141 I •■■MMiaii J INDEX Paul, Emperor, 122, 131, 132. Philarete, Patriarch, 31, 33. Peter the Great, Emperor, 44, 56, 61, 67-70, 73-81, 91-95. 103, 107, 119. Peter II., Emperor, 10 1, 107- 109. Peter III., Emperor, 119. Peters, Maria, 84. Pollen, George A., 130. Polterazki, Baron, 130. Potemkin, Prince, 124, 129 n. Rae, Peter, 54. Ramsay, Allan, 114 «. Randolph, the Ambassador, 6. Razevill, ' Duke Ian,' 48. Razoumovski.Count,ii6, 125 n. Reenen, Johann von, 23. Rehbinder, Heldne K. de, 21 «. Robertson, Alexander, of Stro- wan, 85. Duncan, 85. Rogerson, Dr. John, 1 21-123. Roonaer, Elizabeth, 68. Roumiantsoff, Count, 120. Rosebery, Lord, 134. Ross, Margaret, 86. Ruthven, Jean, 32 n. Ruskinski, Hetman, 27. Rutherford, Sir John, 123. Robert, 123-4. Ryter ( Renter), Sir WiUiam, 39, 53- Saint George, Chevalier de, 80. Sanderson, Captain, 32. Saunders, M., 135. Savin, Andrei Gregorievitch, 6. Selkirk, Dr., 114. Semple, Colonel, 129 n. Shuiski, Vassili, Tsar, 25, 27. Sievers, Admiral, 86. Silvester, Daniel, 6. Simpson, Dr. Robert, 126. Smith, Patrick, 68. Smitten, Helen I. van der, 133. Snivius, Colonel, 69. Soltikova, Prascovia, Tsaritza, 91. Sophia, Regent, 56, 61-63, 66, 98 ff. Stevenson, Colonel, 65. Stewart, Colonel, 19. Robert, 52. StirUng, Sir Henry, 80, 87. Strasbourg, Colonel, 68. Stuart, Prince Charles Edward, "5- Suchin, Margaret A. C. von, "3- Sutherland, the Court Banker. 123. Sutthoff, Dr., 136. Sweden, Gustavus Adolphus, King of, 9. Tarakanoff, Princess, 125. TheslefE, Alexander A., 134. Urquhart, Sir Thomas, 33. Vlasseff, Afanassi Ivanovitch, 25. Volunski, Ambassador, 25. WaUszewski, K., 76. William III., King of England, 64. Winram, Lieutenant-Colonel, 53. Wylie, Sir James, 123, 131-132. Yekaterina, Tsarevna, 79. York, Captain, 27. Zolkiewski, Hetman, 24, 25, 27. GLASGOW : PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS BY ROBERT MACLBHOSB AND CO. 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