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This institution reserves the right to refuse to accept a copy order if, in its judgement, fulfillment of the order would involve violation of the copyright law. A UTHOR : DEMOSTHENES TITLE: THE ORATION AGAINST THE LEPTINES PLACE: LONDON DATE: 1881 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES PRESERVATION DEPARTMENT BIBLIOGRAPHlCMTr^nFr'FJVfTARr.FT Original Material as Wlmed - Existing Bibliographic Record Demosthenes. °'**"° ^'*"'"'""" ^^P*^"^'" 1881. ,' Demosthenes. The oration against r *4 -Ith not... t, the »,.. Jotot kL " "\" '"• ' don, Macmillan, 1081. *** "" ' xll,118 p. 17 cml Restrictions on Use: Lettered on cover: ifBom^i-i i books. ■'■o.lll.n'. sohool oUs. U Master Negative # TECHNICAL MICROFORM DATA Se pi^cfMEN^tf i^--,B „B ^^"^"CTION RATIO:___//,_ DATE FILMED: r77r;^r,^-^^-^^ INITIALS ""^^ "^^ fi^E^^2£fiue^a5L!!iS:i^SiiD^ /I^M c Association for information and Image Rflanagement llOOWayne Avenue, Suite 1100 Silver Spring. Maryland 20910 301/587-8202 Centimeter 12 3 4 5 lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll wm Inches 6 7 8 iiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiil 9 10 11 liiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliii 12 13 14 IllllllJlllllllllJllllll 15 mm 1\1 i I I I I I I I 1 1.0 I.I 1.25 2.8 U5 1 5.0 15.6 III" ^-^ Hi 171 ■- 14 3.6 4.0 1.4 TTT 2.5 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 MflNUFflCTURED TO fillM STRNDRRDS BY APPLIED IMfiGE, INC. 1 : 1 I ;i*-..> i>;-n.; ^.*t.t; • '■if-'-'i'HiUfc.^* .^■a ir* • -'^ ri^^\* ru^y .. ^. ^. -4* . ■fc-^^r^Jja.^^-far i .5 i- 5 ;. ^^•^s>V,i-^'-l-^. ;^ -*^ .-1 ■ -i y i '1 Columbia College Library Madison Av. and 49th St. New York. Beside the main topic this book also treats of Subject No. Onpa^e \ Subject No. Onpa^r.. 'I'fj: : DEMOSTHENES THE ORATION AGAINST LEPTINES DEMOSTHENES THE ORATION AGAINST LEPTINES EDITED WITH NOTES BY THE Eev. JOHN R KING, M.A. FELLOW AND TUTOE OF ORIEL COLLEGE, OXFORD. ILontion MACMILLAN AND CO. 1881 PEEFACE. Printed ify R. & R. Clark, Edinburgh. In the present edition the text of Anton Wester- ^ mann (Ausgewahlte Eeden des Demosthenes, Berlin, 1874) has been adopted, and I have also n9 eg "^ derived great advantage from his Notes, o The Prolegomena and Commentary of F. A. Wolf have also been carefully studied, as well as the Variorum Notes in Dindorf's Edition. (Oxford, 1849.) Eeiske's pages are inserted in the margin, as being generally recognised for purposes of quota- tion ; and reference is invariably made to them in the Notes when passages are quoted from other portions of Demosthenes. J. K. KING. Oxford, July 7, 1881. 82382 ffi ft* INTRODUCTION. The speech against Lep tines was delivered in b.c. 355. Some time before, perhaps in the previous year, Leptines had proposed and carried a law which repealed all grants of exemption from the ordinary XiLTovpylai of the State, except those made to the descendants of Harmodius and Aristogeiton, and declared it unlawful to propose any similar grants in the future. The law was based on the difficulty which had been recently experienced in finding a sufficient number of qualified |)ersons to undertake the ActToi'/oytat, and justified by the fact that some who had enjoyed the exemption were unworthy of the privilege. It was, however, not likely that a measure prejudicially aff'ecting so many private rights should remain unchallenged, and we learn that before the present action Leptines had been threatened with three prosecutions (§ 145). One of these had fallen through from the death of its promoter, Bathippus, and the other two had in some way or other been compromised by Leptines. Meanwhile the time had expired during which he could be personally held liable for proposing an illegal measure, and all that it Avas now competent for an objector to do was to move the rejection of the law before the voyuoOkTai. This was done conjointly by two of the aggrieved persons, Apsephion, son of Bathippus, and Ctesippus, VIU INTRODUCTION. son of the famous general Chabrias. Apsephion was supported by Phormion, Ctesippus by Demosthenes. The case was opened by Apsephion and Phormion, so that the speech of Demosthenes, though probably the most important in the case, was the last of the series delivered on his side of the question. It is entitled Trpos Acxtivt^v, not Kara Aen-TLvov, because Leptines was not in the position of defendant in an action, but of an opponent on a matter of State policy, so that the speech was not directed personally against him, but rather in answer to his arguments. The speech against Leptines has always held a high place in the estimation both of ancient and of modem critics. It is described by Dionysius of Halicamassus ^ as ;(a/9t€crTaTos aTravriov Ttov Aoycov Kai ypaLKiDTaTos ; Cicero - praises it as characterised throughout by subtlety. F. A. Wolf.^ while empha- sising this judgment of Cicero's, adds that it is no less distinguished for its truthfulness, and the beauty and nobility of its sentiments, as well as for the force and cogency of its arguments. Among the semi- public orations, delivered before the law-courts but involving points of public policy, he places it next to the speech upon the Crown. Dr. Donaldson * praises it for the great knowledge which it displays of the laws and history of Athens, for its acute reasoning, and its powerful declamation. Demosthenes begins his speech by urging the general injustice and impolicy of the measure intro- duced by Leptines. It was unjust, first towards the 1 Ad. Ammaeum, p. 724. « Orator, c. 31, 111 : ' Multae sunt eius orationes totae subtiles, ut contra Leptinem.' 3 Proleg. in Orat. Lept., §§ 42-44. * Hist, of Greek Literature, ii. 330. INTRODUCTION. IX people, whom it deprived of their power to bestow honours, because they had sometimes been bestowed upon unworthy objects ; and secondly towards the worthy holders of the privilege, who would be punished for the misdeeds of other men. It was impolitic, both as removing a powerful stimulus to patriotic action, and as destroying men's faith in the honour of democratic governments, whose gifts had hitherto been looked upon as more secure than those of oligarchies or tyrants (§§ 1-17). The counterbalancing advantages would be infinite- simal. The number of persons enjoying the immunity was very small, and all the richer men among them were liable to the trierarchy, which would itself exempt them from the other * liturgies,' whilst ad- mitting in turn of no exemptions whatsoever. The treasury would rather lose than gain, for the privilege had enabled some to contribute to the extraordinary expenses of the State, whose means would other- wise have been exhausted by the ordinary ' liturgies ' (§§ 18-27). The action of the law would be especially pre- judicial where it operated against foreigners who had done distinguished service to the State; as in the case of Leucon, who had shown singular generosity in befriending the Athenian corn trade ; and Epicerdes, who had so signally relieved the Athenian distress at the close of the Sicilian expedition. If they proved faithless and ungrateful to such benefactors, how could they look for similar services in the future? Nor was it only individuals, but whole States whom they would wrong ; as notably the Corinthians, whose friendliness to Athens forty years before had caused the exile of all the democratical leaders in that city (§§ 28-66). X INTRODUCTION. Looking at home, he might instance Conon and Chabrias as men who had well deserved the honours which they had received. Was it well for Athens to withdraw these honours from their sons, when foreign nations, and in the case of Chabrias, even the Chians, against whom he had himself conducted a victorious campaign, regarded as inviolable the honours which they had granted] (§§ 67-87). All that Leptines could fairly ask was conceded by the bill which his antagonists had introduced, and which they pledged themselves to persevere with, securing all deserving persons in their privileges, but enabling the State to deprive others of the exemption on proof of their unworthiness. This was the fair and constitutional mode of proceeding, whereas the law of Leptines was inconsistent with another law, * that what the people gave should be secure ;' besides being irregular in other points (§§ 88-101). The example of other States, even if correctly quoted, was of no force in Athens, where customs and temper were so very different ; nor was there much more point in bringing forward the practice of their own ancestors, who, if they did not grant ex- emptions, yet rewarded merit in other ways, and at any rate never revoked what they had once granted (§§ 102-119). It did not mend matters to say that Leptines left other rewards untouched ; for even those who were thereby left in possession of some portion of their privileges would feel that they had been robbed of others which should have been no less secure (§§ 120- 124). The most unscrupulous of his arguments was that the 'liturgies' came under the head of religious duties, from which no one ought to have exemption. INTRODUCTION. XI If this were true, on what ground did he propose to retain the privilege for the descendants of Harmodius and Aristogeiton ] (§§ 125-130). If the present system were abused by impostors claiming the exemption, the simple remedy was to call upon such men to prove their claims (§§ 131-133). The law would injure the reputation of the State, and give it an ill name for deceiving its benefactors, for doing in public what each of its citizens would be ashamed of doing in private, for withdrawing honours through envy of those who had received them, and for sacrificing its dignity to gratify the personal malice of a man like Leptines. Leptines himself would do well to consider whether his measure did not lay him open to the suspicion that he had no wish to earn such rewards by any conduct of his own (§§ 134-145). The supporters of Leptines were scarcely the right men to urge such a measure, even if they had not been technically disqualified by having been o-vv8lkol before (§§ 146-153). Besides other faults, the law was unconstitutional, as providing no less than three penalties for the same offence, if offence it could be called to seek reward for service to the State. It was offensive in its want of discrimination, pressing with equal hardness on the meritorious and the undeserving; and it was unstatesmanlike in making no provision for the un- certainty of the future, which might produce crises like the tyranny of the Peisistratidae, and benefactors like Harmodius and Aristogeiton (§§ 154-162). The Court could hardly fail to condemn the law, if only they would bear in mind the consequences that would ensue in either event, and see on which side lay the true advantage and the honour of the State ; Xll INTRODUCTION. instead of listening to the impudent clamour of evil counsellors (§§ 163-167). We are told by Dion Chrysostomus ^ that the trial resulted in a verdict against Leptines, laAw y/)a<^7}s. This must be technically incorrect, as Leptines was shielded from any penal consequences by the statute of limitations ; but it probably means no more than that the decision was against his law, which was repealed. Even this has been disputed by Bishop Wordsworth,'^ on the authority of an inscription found in the wall of Athens, to the effect that Ctesippus, son of Chabrias, provided a chorus of boys for the Cecropid tribe, which he could not have been called upon to do, had Demosthenes secured the confirma- tion of his privilege. But, granting the identity of Ctesippus, it is quite possible that he might have voluntarily undertaken a burden from which he was legally exempt ; so that the tablet is not necessarily inconsistent with Dion's statement. It would there- fore seem probable that the contest resulted in the repeal of the obnoxious law; but it is not known whether the counter -proposal of Demosthenes, that the exemptions should be retained, with liberty to move for their repeal in individual cases of unworthi- ness, was accepted in its place. 1 Oratio Rhodiaca, p. 365. ^ Athens and Attica, p. 140. HEPI THS ATEAEIAS nPOS AEHTINHN. "AnaPES BiKacTTal, fjLokLcrTa fiev €LV€Ka rov vojjlC' ^€iv vfia)V XeCXeT0 T7)v Bcopedv dva^LOV<; ivofiL^ev, ovtco Kal tov B 2 AHM02eEN0Y2 hrjuov avd^Lov rfyelro Kvptov ehai rov Sovvat, 3 idv Tcp 0ov\7)Tai. dWd vrj Af eKelv av IVo)? ecTToc 7r/309 ravTa, ore Bed to paBim i^airardaOaL 458 Tov hriiiov, Bid rovO' ovT(o XvaaL tov vofiov koXXlov rj OecdaL. V TOIVVV efiOLy ovo eKeiv evXoyov, w avope<; 7 ^ KOrjvaloLy aKOTTOvfJuevo) (fyalveTaL, KaTa/ji€/ji6aL, ecf)' oh ovBev eaTL BrjfMOcrla ^Xd^o<; €L Tfc? '\frevBeTaLy iv Be tco kolvq) fir) ^PV^^^^ '^^ vo/JLG) TOVTcp Trjv ttoXlv Trjv avTrjv eiriTd^acrav Toh IBLoiTai^y dXXd tov^ dyaOov tl TreTroirjKOTa^ e^airaTrjaaLy Kal TavT ov fiLKpdv ^rjfilav ocpXijaeLV fieXXovaav ; ov ydp el fir] xpVf^'^T diroXXvTe fxovov 10 AHMOSOENOYS nP02 AEHTINHN. (TKeTTTeov, aX}C el /cat ho^av XPV^'^V^* irepX rj<; fjbdWov aTTOvBd^er rj irepl '^pij/jbdrcov, koX ov fiovov vfieU, dWa Kal ol irpoyovoi, TeK/JL7]piov Bi' ')(p7]fiaTa /juev yap irXeto-rd irore Krrjadfievoi irdvG* virep (f>c\oTifjbLa<; dv^XcoaaVy VTrep Be B6^7)<; 460 ovheva TrcoTrore kIvBvvov i^earr^crav, dXkd koI Td<; lBLa<; overlap irpoaavakiaKovre^ BcereXouv. vvv Toivvv ovTO<^ 6 v6fjL0<; ravTTjv dvrl KaXi]^ ala')(^pdv rfj TToXet TreptdTTTet, Kal ovre tmv Trpoyovcov ova vfjbcov a^Lav. rpia yap ra fieyio-r oveibrj KTaraCj (j)6ov€pov dvBpe^ * Ad7)valoL, Tov rjdovev(DVj Kal to)v fiev tov<; Baveiaa/jievov^ diroBovvac KeXevovrwv, tov<; ef dcTreco^, rcov Be TOVTO TTpwTov virdp^ac T779 ofiovota^ o-rjfietov d^iovvTcov, KOLvfi BidXixTaL Ta 'XpijfiaTa, ^aal tov Brjfiov eXecrOai avvecaeveyKelv avTov Kal fieTa- o"xeiv TTjfi Ba7rdvrj<;, aJcrre fir) Xvaai Ttav (h/jLO- Xoyrjfievwv firjBep. ttw? ovv ov Beivov, o) dvBpe<; ^AOrjvalotf el tot€ fiev toU rjBLKrjKocnv vfid<^ inrep tov firj yjrevaaaOai Ta %/)^/xaT* elaepeLV r)BeXr)aaTe, vvv B e^ov vfuv dvev Bairavr)^ ri BUaia irocrjo-ac tol^; €vepyeTai<;, Xvaacn tov vofiov, yfrevBeaOac fiaXXov alprjcreaOe ; iyo) fiev ovk a^LO). To fiev Tolvvv Tr)<; 7r6Xeco<^ rj6o<;, w dvBpe<; 13 AdrjvaloL, Kal evr dXXwv iroXXtov Kal i' o)V J461 eiTTOV IBoL T49 dv TOLOvTOVf d'\jrevBe7jfu TOLVVV iyo) koXXlov elvaL tovtov vfuv 14 dKoXov6rj6^0(; T^9 7rapov(rr)<; ^(dpLTO^, irapd 3' vpZv aSew?, av Xd^rj tl^^ ^X^''^ virrjp'^ev tov yovv 462 17 dXkov ^/joj'oi/. o Tolvvv Tr)v ttlcttiv d(f)atpci)V T(f)v Bcopecov vofio<; ovto<;, w /jlovo) KpeiTTOv; elcrlv at Trap vjjlwv Bcopeai, tovt d(f)aipetTaL. KaiTOi TQ)v diraaoiv ^9 dv tlvo^ 7ro\LT€ta<; to Kop^i^eaOai Tov^ evvov^ TolvXaKr}v avTcov TavTyv d(j>rjp7)Kco<; eaei. 18 Ta^a TOLVVV tcrw? eKelvo Xeyeiv dv €7rtx^^' prjaeLe A€7rTlvrj<;, dirdycov v/jbd^ diro tovtohv, &)? at XecTovpyiac vvv fiev etaipelTaL, tcov yap eh tov TToXejJLOv Kal ttjv (TcoTTjpiav T779 TToXewf; el(T(f)op(bv Kal Tpirjpap'^LSv 6p6w<; Kal BcKaLcof; ovBel'; eaT dT€Xrj<; €/c TMV TraXatwv voficovj ovB* ov<; ovto<; eypa-^ey tov^ d(f) 'ApfioBlov Kal ^ ApiaToyeLTOvo^;, 19 aKeyfrcofieOa Brj, Tlva<; rjfiiv eiaTrovel ^(oprjyov^ eh €K€Lva^ Tdrjpr}fievov <^rjaov(Tiv rj nv dXXov ov^ ov irpoa-qiceL rpoirov, elal vofiou Ka0* otj<; irpoarjKei KoXa^eiv. ore Be rovro fir) ttolovo'lVj ovBe rbv 25 Xoyov avTOL<; tovtov Xeicreov. koX fir)v irepl rov ye fir) elvac ')(prjfxaTa Kocvd rfj TroXet, eKelv vfid ^^ KaXw^ 7]a'ovaLVf et? Beov vfilv yLyvofieva<; Bel^co. ccrre yap Bt^ttov rovO , ore 465 rwv rpLT^pap-^cwv ovBel<; ear dreXr)^ ovBe rwv el(Tcj)opwv rwv eh rov iroXefiov. ovkovv o iroXXa KeKr7)fievo<;, ovro^;, 6crn<; dv fj, ttoXX' eh ravra avvreXel' irda dvdyKrf. Kal firjv ore Bel rrjv eviTopiav eh ravO' vTrdp'^etv irXeiarrfv rfj nroXeiy irdvre^ dv ofioXoyrjaeiav' irapd fiev yap rd^ iirl rwv yoprjyccov Bairdva^ r)fiepa<; fiepo<; fiiKpov rj Ya/3i9 roh OecDfievot^ rjfiwv, Trapd Be rd<; rwv eh rov TToXefiov irapaaKevwv d(f>OovLa<; iravra rov ypovov rj acorrjpta irda-rj rfj TroXei. wad baov 27 ev6dB' d(j)L€re, eKel KOfil^eaOe, Kal BlBor ev nfirj<; fiepet ravO' a Kal firj Xafiovacv eanv e%6«/ roh rov rpiTfpapyelv d^ia KeKrr)fievoL<^. dXka firjv on rcjv rpir}pap')(^LMV ovBeh ear dreXr)^, olfiai fiev vfid<; elBevai 7rdvra<;, ofico^; Be Kal rov vofiov vfilv avrov dvayvcoaerat. Xa^e rov rrepl rwv rpcrjp- apyccov vofiov Kal Xeye rovr avro. NOMOS. 'AreXrj Be firjBeva elvac rpcrfpapxla^ irXr]v rcov evvea dp')(pvra)V, 'OpdO' &)9 aa(j)(b^, w dvBpe<; ^AOrfvacoc, firfBev 28 elvac rpCTjpap'^la'i dreXy BcecprfKev 6 v6fio<; ttXtjv 10 AHMOSBENOYS nPOS AEHTINHN. 11 T(ov ivvea ap'^ovTwv, ovkovv ol fiev ikdrrto K€KT7)fiivoc Tov TpLr]pap')(^La<^ a^L ix^iv iv ral^ ela(f>opal<^ (rvvreXovacv eZ? tov iroXe/jLoVy ol S* i(f>LKV0Vp,6V0C TOV TpL7Jpap')(elv eh d/Jb(f>6T€p^ VfUP virdp^ovcn 'XprjaifioLy koI Tpajpap^ecp koI elac^e- peiv. TLV ovv paa-Tcourjp toi^ ttoXXo?? 6 (709, w AeTTTLVT}, TTOLel v6/jL0<;, el fjLidq Tj hvolv (jyvXalv €va x^PVyov KaOlo-TTjacv, o? dv9' ev6<; dWov Tods' dira^ iroirjCTa^ dirrjWd^eTaL ; iyo) fiev ovy opo). T7](; Be J alaxvvrj^ oXrjp dpairlixirXTjat ttjp 466 iroXip KoX Trj<^ diriGTia^, ovkovp 6t€ ttoXXw fiei^opa ^dyfreo tcop o}(f>e\eLO)p o)P e^€t, irpoarfKeL \e\vaOac irapa TolaB' avTOP ; eycoy dp ttolcjop, koI TavS* wp p^dXtcrff* rjpcjjp q TToXt? BecTai, tcTTe yap Brjirov tovO\ otl 31 irXelcTTcp TCOP ttuptcop dpdpcoTTcop rjfiel^ eireicrdKTcp GiTcp ^/3ft)/i.e^a. irpo^ tolpvp dirapTa top ifc tcop dXXcop e/jLTTOplcop dcf)tKPovpLepop 6 eic tov TIoptov (TLTO<; elcTirXecop ecTTip, elKOTco^' ov yap p^opop Bid TO TOP TOTTOP TovTOP atTop ex^iP TrXelcTTOP TOVTO ylypeTac, dXXd Bid to Kvpiop opTa top AevKcop" avTov tol<; dyovcnp ^Adrjpal^e aTeXecap BeBcoKepac, Kal KijpvTTecp TrpcoTov^ yep^l^eaOac tov<^ 0)9 u/ia9 7rXeoPTa<;. excop yap ifcelpo^ eavTcp Kal Toe's iratcrX Tr)P aTeXecap diracn BeBcoKep vpZp, 467 TOVTO 8* tjXIkop eaTL OecopTjcraTe. eKelpo<^ irpaTTe- 32 Tat TOV<; Trap avTov ctltop i^dyopTa<; TptaKocTTijp. al TOiPVP Trap* eKeipov Bevp dc^LKPOvp^pai ctltov p>vptdBe<; irepl TeTTapaKOPT elalp* Kal tovt Ik Trj<; irapa to2^ crLTOcf)vXa^ip aTroypac^rjf; dp tl<; iBoL. OVKOVP Trapd p,€P Ta9 TpiaKOPTa p>vpidBa<; p^vplov^ BiBcocTL peBlp^pov^ rjplp, jrapd Be Ta9 BeKa wcnrepavel Tpiax^'Xlovf;. toctovtov tolpvp 33 Bel TavTTjp dirocTTeprjaaL ttjp Bcopedp Tr)p iroXbP, a>aTe TTpoaKaTacTKevdcra^ epiropLOP (^evBoalap, 6 ac7LP ol 7rX€0PTe<; ovB^ otlovp p^etpov elpac tov BocTTTopoVy KaPTavO eBcoKe tt]P aTeXetap rjpdP, KOL Ta p^ep dXXa ctlcottco, ttoXX' dp excop elirecp, OCT evepyeT7]Kep vpd<^ ovto^ dprjp Kal avTo^ Kal oi TTpoyopor dXXd TTpoirepvcTL cnToBela^ irapd irdcnp dpOpoaiTOL^ yepop^eprj^ ov piopop vpup LKapop ctltop direcTTeLXePy dXXd toctovtop oiCTTe TrepTeKaiBeic dpyvpLov TaXapTttj a }^aXXLa6eP7j<; BLcpKTjcTe, irpocT- 12 AHMOIOENOYS nP02 AEHTINHN. 13 34 irepLyevia-OaL. tl ovv oterjp7j^ievov<; avTov KoX fir)B^ av fieraho^r) irore '\jrr)(f>tatp7](T€Tac ttjv dreXeiav, Kvpco^ dv yev-qrai, koI vficop tov<; Trap' €/C€lpou 35 airrjyovPTaf; ; ov yap Brjirov tovto y v'Trei\r)(f>€V ovBel^;, o)? iK€lpo<; virofiepel iavTO) fiep d/cvpov<; ecpai Td<; Trap' vficop Scoped^, v/jllp Se fiipeip ra? Trap iavrS. ovkovp tt/jo? ttoWol^ oU 6 p6/jlo^ fiXdyjrecp v/jLd<; (fialperat, Kal TrpoaaaLpelTai tl Tcop vTrapxoPTcop rjSr}. eld" vfi€L<; ere (TKOTreiT 468 el xph rovTop i^aXecyjrat,, teal ov Trakai fie- fiovkevaOe ; dpdypcoOc Xa^aap avrol^ rd 'y^Tj(f>i(T- fiara rd Trepl rod AevKcopo^, ^HOISMATA. 36 n? fih elKOTa)ov<; €(TT7jcrad' vfiec^ KdKCLPo^, T7JP jjL€P ip BoaTTopo), Tr}p B' ip Ueipaiec, TYjp B' i(f>' 'Ie/}ft). (TKOTrelre Brj Trpo? 00-779 KaKia<; vTrep^oXrjp vfid<; 6 pofjuo^ Trpodyec, 09 dTnarorepop 37 TOP Brjiiop Ka6L(TT7](TLP €P0^ dpBpo^. fiTf yap oteaO vpZp dXXo tl Td<; aT7]Xa<; eaTapai TavTa^ rj TOVTCOP TrdpTcop ojp e^er rj BeBcofcaTe (rvp9ij/ca<;, ah fiep AevKcop ififiepcop ep edp Be Br) Trefiyjra^; 38 (09 '^P'd^ o AevKcop ipcoTa, tI e-^opTef; eyKaXeaav Kal tI fi€fjb(f)o/jLepoL TTjp aTeXeiap avTOP d(f>^pr)aOe, tI 7r/309 decop epovfiep ^ tI ypdyfrec ttoO' 6 to yjfrj(l>LiXoTifjLla<; eltpe'^' rj Trepi Trjq Bcop€d<; cnrovBrj yepoiT dp, ov '^eia<;, oKXa Kai eX ti<; aXXo9 €v fiep eTrolrjcrep vfid irapa tolovtov Kaipov, iv o5 kol twv ev ireTTovOoTcov epyov rjv evpelv edekovrd riva o)v 42 €vrjpy€Tr)TO fiefivrjcrOaL. ovTOavepo^ yevoLT evvov^ o)v vfiiv, rj ttw? rJTTOv a^co<; dSLKTjOrjvat,, fj irpMTov fiev el Trapoov tco t^? TToXeo)? dTvxnP'CLTL /jbdXXov eXoLTo Tov<; dTv^^ovvTa^; KOL Trjv Trapd tovtcov %a/3ti/, tJtl^ ttot e/xeXXev eaeaOac, rj tov^ iv i/ceivo) tm Xpovw KCKpaTijKOTaf; KoX Trap oh rjVy hevTepov h\ hepav %/9etaz/ ihwv el i,c<70ev Tft) dvBpL Kal OewpeuTy w dvBp€evy€v 6 Brjp,o<; '^prjcrip^ovi avTOv<; 7rapaa')(^6vT(ov Trdvra^ yap avrov^ rjyovfiai, SecvoraT dv iraOelv, et re tcov rore yfrrj(f>La66VTcov avTol^ XvOeirj. 49 Ei TOLVVV Tt9 v/JL(t)v eKelvo TreTreiaraCf irokv rov BerjOrjval tlvo<^ tolovtov vvv d'n'e')(€LV rrjv iroXiv, ravra fiev ev^eaOo) tol^; ^eot9, Kdyo) avvev^ofxai^ Xoyc^iaOco Se irpcorov fjuev on irepl vofiov fieXXeL (j)€p€Lv Tr)v yjrrj(pov, w fiTj Xvdevrc 8€7]crec '^(^prjaOai, Sevrepov K ore ^Xdirrovaiv ol irovrjpol vofiot kol Ta9 d(TaX6)<; ol/cetv olofjL€va<; TroXet?. ov yap dv jieTeimrTe rd irpdy/jLar iir dfi(j)6T€p\ el fir) tov<; fiev iv KLvBvvcp KaOearrfKOTa^; Kal 7rpd^€L<; y^prjaraX Kal vofjLOt Kal dvBp€<; ypTjarol Kal irdvT i^rjraafiev iirl TO fiiXTLOv Trporjye, tov^ S' iv aTrdcrrj Kadea- Tavac BoKovvTa<; evBai/iovia irdvTa TavT dfieXovfxev 472 50 virippei KaTa /jLLKpov. tcov yap dvOpcoTrcov ol irXeiaTOt KTcovTac fiev TdyaQd tm /ca\w9 ^ovXev- ecrdac Kal fiTjBevb^; KaTa(f)pov€LV, (f>vXdTTetv S* ovK iOiXovac toI^ avToi<; tovtol<;. o /jlt) 7rdOr)T€ vvv vfi€l<;, firjK oleaOe vojxov tolovtov OecrOaL helvy 69 KaXco^ re TrpdTTOvaav tyjv ttoXlv rjficjv irovTjpd^ B6^<; dvairXrjaeLy idv re tc cvjjL^fj iroTe, eprj/iov Twv iOeXTjaovTcov dyaOov ti ttolclv KaTaaTrjaeL. 51 Ov TOLVVV fiovovj (o dvBpedaL ravra koI eyvoiaOai. irpocrriKeL. avar/- vcoOl Kol rovro ro '\jn](j)L(7fjL avrol<^, ^H<|)ISMA. 55 ^A fih ey]r7)cf)Levyou(Ti Si viia<^ KopLvOlcov, ravT eariv, co avhpe^ ZtKaaraL opa B\ et Tt? eKelvov^ rov<; Kacpov^ IScov, rj Trapcov ij rivoL\dv' OpcoTTOL fcal iravra iroiovvre^t eireihr) K eirpd^afiev rrav& od av ev^aL/JL€6\ ovrci)<; a^dpLcrroL koI KaKoiy ware rov^ r e')(pvra<; d(j>7jp7]fieda Kal rb XoLTTov fi7]Bevl BovvaL ravr e^elvau voyiov reOeL' 56 Ka/jL6v. vrj AC dvd^coc yap rive^ rcov evprjfieva^v 474 ravr rjaav rovrl yap irapa rrdvr earai rov Xoyov avroU. eireir eKelv dyvoelv (fyijaofiev, ore rr)v d^lav, orav BcBcofiev, Bel a/coTreiVy ov fierct ravO* varepov XP^^V irafiTrXTjOei. ro fiev yap ef apx^l^ Ti fJLT) Bovvac yvcofirj xPV^^H'^^f^^ epyov dvOpcDTrcov iarly rb Be rov^; exovra<; axfyaLpeco-Oat atpe6r)o-ovrat • ev B' rj Bvo Bel^af; ere '^rjaLpri(TOe rr]v dreXeiaVy ol irapaBovre^ vfilv Sdaov Kal rr)v AaKeBacfiovicov (ppovpdv fie6* oirXcov €K0aX6vre<; Kal Spaav^ovXov elaayayovre^; Kal irapacrxovre<; (f>LXr}v vplv rr}v 475 avrcbv irarplB^ acrioi rov yeveaOac crvpfiaxov rov irepl SpaKTjv roirov vfilv eyevovro ; rovro B 60 ^Apxe^eov Kal 'HpaKXeiBrjVy ot Bv^dvnov irapa- Bovre^ ^pacrv^ovX(o Kvplov^; vfid<; iiroirjaav rov '^XXTjcrirovrov, axrre rr)v BeKdryv diroBoadai koI Xptjfjedrcov eviroprfaavra^; AaKeBaifioviov^ dvay- i 20 AHMOSGENOYS IIP02 AEHTINHN. 21 Kacrac rotavrrjVy oXav vfuv ihoKei, TrotrjcracrOaL TJjp elprjVT}v ; o)V, w dv8p€€vyovacv €V€pyeTaL<; Bl vfid<^ 7rpo€vyovTa^ KOI SLKaico^ tl irap vficjv evpofievov^s ida(o/jL€v d(^aipe6?]vaL ravTa, /jirjSev e^oi^re? iyKa- 61 Xecrac ; dXV alcr^pov dv ecrj. ^dOoire he tovto fidXiar dvy eKelvco^ el XoylaacaOe Trpo^; vjid^ avTov<;. et TLV€<^ vvvl Tu)v e')(0VTG3v Tivhvav ^ TioTiBaLav 7] TL Tcov dWcov ^((jdpmVy d ^iXLTrircp fiev €(TTLV virrjKoa, v/itv 8' ^xOpd, rov avrov TpOTTov ovTrep 7] Bacro? r/v Tore Koi to ^v^dvTLOV AaKeSatfiovLoc^ fjbev olfcela, vpZv K dWoTpia, TrapaBcocretv tuvt ■ iTrayyeiXacvTO, dv avTol^ TddvTriv dv tov TUVTa \eyovff 'qyolaOej eirl tm B' d^r}<^i(T[jLdTCOVf a> dvBpe<; 64 BiKacTTal, TOVTCov 8' l'c7Ct)9 evLOL Tcbv dvBpcbv OVfCeT elcTLV. dXXd Ta epya Ta irpa'^OevT ecTTLVy €7reLB7)7rep dira^ eirpd'^dT). TrpoarjKeL tolvvv Ta9 (TTijXa^; TavTa<; KvpLa<; edv tov iravTa '^povov, %v 60)9 p^ev dv TLve v/jlcov qBl- KcovTaL, iireiBav Be TeXevT'^acocTLV, exelvaL tov t?)9 7ro\€&)9 7]0ov<; p,v7}p,eLov oxtlv, kol irapaBelyp.aO' icTTcbcTL T0i9 ^ovXofievoL^ TL TTOLelv vfid^ dyaOov, o(rov<; ev iroLrjaavTa^; 77 7roXt9 dvT ev TreTroiijKev. KOI fiTjv fiTjB^ i/celv v/jbd^, w dvBpe^ ^AOrjvaloL, 65 XavOaveTco, otl tcov alcr'^icTTCOv €aLpel(76aL. c^epe yap irpo^ Afc09, Ti9 eciTLV 6aTL<; ev iroLelv vfid<; 22 AHMO20ENOY2 nP02 AEHTINHN. 23 fiov\r)(r€TaL /jlcWcov, av fiev d7roTV')(rjy Trapayprj/ia Slktjp Bcoaretv toi<; ixOpoUy av Be KaTopdwarj, Ta<; ^dpcraf; Trap' v/jlwv dTTLo-rov^ e^eiv ; 67 Hdvv Tolvvv dxOoLfiTjv dv, w dvBpe<^ BtKao-rai, el TOVTO fiovov ho^aifjLL hUauov Karijjopelv rov vofiouy OTC TToWou? ^evov<; evepyeraf; dcXoTifila irpoISMATA. Ov toCpvp v(j> v/xcop fiopop 6 KopcoVy ft) dpBpe<; 71 ^AOrjpaloiy TOT eTi/jL7j6r) 7rpd^a<; a Bie^rjXOop iycOy dXXd Kal VTT dXXcop TroXXwPy ol BiKaicof; o)P €V7)pyeT7)PT0 ydpip ayopTO Betp dTroBiBopat. ovkovp alcypoPy cj dpBpe<; ^ AOr^paloiy el al fiep irapd ToZ? dXXocf; Bcopeal ^e^aiot fiepovaLP avTWy Trj<; Be Trap* vp^wp p6p7j<; tovt df^atpeOrjaeTai, Kal 72 pLr)p ovB^ eKelpo KaXop, ^wPTa pep avTOP ovtq) Tip^dPy oiaTe ToaovTCdP oacop dKrjKoaT d^tovp, eTrecBr) Be TeTeXevTrjKepy p7)Bep[ap TroLrjaapepovf; TOVTCOP ppeiap d(j)eXecr6ac ti twp BoOePTcop TOTe, iroXXd pep ydp eaTLPy o) dpBpe^; AOr^paloiy twv VTT eKeipov Trpax^evToyp d^i eTralpoVy Bl a irdpTa iTpoariKei p.r) Xveup Td<; eirl tovtol^ BoOeiaa^; Bayped^^y KaXXtaTOp Be TrdpTcop rj twp Teu^wv dpdo-Tao-f;, ypoir) B^ dp t69, el TrapaOeiT] 7rco9 73 ^epLCTOKXri^y 6 TWP KaB* eavTOP dirdpTWP dpBpwv epBo^oTaTo^iy TavTO tovt eiroirjaep, XeyeTai 24 AHMOSGEXOY^ nP02 AEHTINHN. 25 Tolvvv i/ceivo^ recxL^etv etVwi/ roc^ -jroXlrac^, Kav a(bLKvriTal n^ €K XaKehaifJuovo^y Kark^^iv KeXevaa^;, otx^aOai, TToea^evcov avTo<; m tov^ AaKeSai- 479 fioviov^, Xoycou Se yiyvofjuivoyv eKel, Kal tlvcov (iTrayyeWovTcop ox? 'AOijvaloi recxt^ovaiv, apvela- Oat KoX TTpea^ei^ ire^iireLV aKey\rofievov^ KeXeveLv, eTrsiBrj 8' ovx riKov ovtol, irifiTreLv irepov^ irapaivelu. Kal irdvTe^ lo-ax; aKrjKoaO' bv rpoirov 74 e^aTrarrja-at Xeyerat. (fyrjfil tolvvv iyo) (fcal irpo^ Ato?, dvBpe^ Wdrjvaloi, fiySeU 66v(£> to fiiXXov cLKOvarj, dXX" dv dXyOh rj aKoireiTCo) 0(70) TO (f)avep€5^ tou XdOpa KpetTTOv Kal to VLK03VTa^ Tov 7rapaKpou(Ta/jLevov<; TrpdTTCiv otlovv ivTifiOTepov, ToaovTw kuXXcov Kovayva Ta relxv o-TPja-at (^efitaroKXeou^:' 6 /jl€v yap XaOcov, 6 8^ VLKrjaa^ tov^ KwXvaovTa^ avT iTrolrja-ev, ov TOLVVV d^COV TOV TOLOVTOV V(f>' Vfl^v dBcKljO^Jvai,, ouB'^ eXuTTov (Txelv tc5v prjTopcov tcov SLSa^opTcov ft)? deXiadac ti XPV rdov eKelvw BoOivTcov, 75 Ehv. dXXd vr) dkia tov iralha tov XajSpcov irepuhwfiev d(l>aLpe0evTa ttjv aTeXeiav, rjv 6 iraTTjp avTcp BiKalco^ Trap vfMwv Xa^a>v KaTeXiirev, dXX" ovBiv dvdpcoTTcov €v aXaLa)y fi6vo<^ tcov TrdvTcov (iTpaTTjycov 78 ov TToXiVy OV (fypovpLOVy ov vavVy ov O-TpaTLCOTrjV aTTcoXeaev ovSev r/yovfievo^ vfiMv, ovB^ eaTcv ovBevl TCOV vfjLeTepcov ix^pcov TpoTraiov ovBev dcj)' vficov KdKelvoVy vficv B' ttTTo TToXXcov TToXX' iKelvov aTpaT7]yovvTo<^, tva Be fjLrj Xeycov TrapaXLTrco to Tcav TTeTTpayfievcov avTcpy dvayvcoaeTac yey pafijxeva^ vfuv Ta^ re vav^; 6cra<; eXa^^ Kal ov eKacTTrjVy Kal TCOV TToXecov TOV dpc6/jL0V Kal TCOV xPVH'^'^f^^ '^0 ttXtiOo^ Kal TCOV TpoTraicoVy ov eKaaTov, Xeye, 26 AHMOSGENOYS nPAHElS XABPIOT. 79 AoK€i TL(TLV vfiMVf 0} dvBp€(; ScKaaral, ovto<; 6 TOcravTa<; TroXet? \a0cov koX rpLt^pec^ tmv irokep^icov vavfia'^la VLKrjo-a^ kol toctovtcov koXcov aXrio^i wvj ala'^ov 3' oifBevb^ rfj iroXei, a^co<; elvai 481 d7roaT€p7j6fjvac rrjv driXeiav, rjp evpero irap vficov Kai tS vlel fcareXiTrev ; iyoy fjuev ov/c olfjuit, koI yap an; aXoyov ecrj • filap fiev iroXiv el aTrcoXecrev rj vav<; Sifca p.6va<^y irepl irpohoala^ dp avrop ela- rjyyeWop ovtoc, Kal el eaXo), top diraPT dv 80 ttTTwXcoXefc ')(popop' iireihrj Se rovpaPTtop eirra- KalBeKa 7ro\ei<^ elXep, e^BofjLijKopra B^ pav^; eXaffep, rpLo-^tXiov^ K al^a\(OT0v<;, heKa Be Kal eKarov raXaPT d7re(f)r}P€, roaavra S* earr^cre rpoTraca, TTjpiKauTa 3' ovK earat Kvpt* avrco rd BoOepr eirl TOVTOL<; ; Kal /jltjp, w dvBpe^ ^AdrjpaloCf Kal ^6)p irdpO' virep vfMcop (^aprjaeTat irpd^a^; ^a^pia^, Kal rrjp reXevrrjp avrrjp rov ^iov 7re7rocrjfi€PO^p7)PTaLy dXXd Ta9 TrdXai, '^dpcTa<; fjuel^ov^ tojp Kacpcop iyKXrj- fiaTcop TreTTOiTjPTai,, v/jLel<; B\ virep wp eir €Ke[pov<; iX6ci)P iTeXevTTjcrepf dpTl tov Bid TavT ert fMaX- nP02 AEnTINHN. 27 Xov avTOP Tt/jbdp Kal tcop iirl Tat^; irpOTepov evepyecrlai^ tl BoOepTcop dcJiTjpTjfiepot (paptjaeade, nro)^ OVK eUoTco^; ala-'x^vpTjp ef ere ; Kal firjp koI 82 KaT eKelp dpd^c dp etrj ireiropOw^ 6 irai^;, el 482 T^9 B(Dp€d<; dcpaipedecT], Ka6' ttoXXukl^ vficop GTpaT7)yri(TaPT0^ Xa^piov ovBepb<; ttoditoO* vlo^ 6p<^apo^ BC eKecpop iyepeTO, avTo<; 3* ip 6p(f)apta TeupaTTTat Bed ttjp irpo'^ vp,d^ (fnXoTi/jLiap tov iraTpo<; • ovtco ydp cb? 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TL Xdffcocnvy d(f)acp€0)]vaL, /cat to Xolttov it} yap efaTrar?;? eiveKa 7rapay6ypdavX6<^ io-To 488 Tcov €vpr)/xevo)v ttjv Bwpedvy e^eTft), dXX" IBia KaTa TovBe KptOrJTco tov vo/jlov. el Be TavTa Xoyov^ Kal ^Xvapla^ elvai (fyrjaeiy eKelvo y ov X0709 • avTO'^ OeTWy Kal fjirj XeyeTO) tovO\ w? ov Orjaofiev r}fjL€L<;. koXXiov Be Brjirov tov vcj)' vfiwv KptOevTa KaXm e^etv v6/jlov elacpepetv rj ov vvv dXavpov ipcb ere) rj ovk dveyvcoKevac TovT](T€c tov<; S6\q)vo<; aveyvcoKevaL v6fjLov<; tj (TWievau, 09 eprjfiov TroL€LCKoTLfJbr}aofiev(oVy irpokeywv teal BeLKvv^, on Told(TK(t)v, o)v ovBev ifceivoL^ TrpoarJKep. ap* ov TToXif TOV ^6Xo)VO<; dirocrTaTet^ Trj yvdojjLrj ; 105 Udvv Tolvvv airovBfj tc<; aTnjyyeXXe fiot irepl TOV firjBevl Betv firjBev BiBovai, fjLrjh* av otlovv TTpd^rj, ToiovTOv TL Xeyeiv avTov^ irapecTKevdcrOaL, 0)9 dp' ol AaKeBacfiovioc KaX(o<; iroXtTevofJuevoi, Kot %r)^aloL ovBevl tmv irap eavTol^ BiBoaat 489 TOiavTTjv ovBefiLav TLfJLijv ' KaLTOL Koi irap eKeivoi^ Tive^ eldiv l'cra)9 dyaOoL ifiol Btj Botcovaiv, w dvBpe^ ^ KOrfvaloLy irdvTe^; ol tocovtol Xoyou Trapo^- vvTLKoX jjbkv elvao Trpo^ to Ta9 aTe\eia9 t'/xa9 deXecr0aL irelaaty ov fievToi BiKaioi y ovBa/jurj, ov yap dyvocj tovO\ otl Srj^aloL Kal AaKeBatfio- VIOL Kal r)/bLeL<; ovTe vo/iioL<; ovt eOeaL '^^pco/jLeOa 106 TOL^ avTOL^ ovT€ iToXLTela, avTO yap tovto TrpcoTov, o vvv ovTOL TTOLrjaovaLVy edv TavTa Xeyay- (TLVy ovK e^ea-TL iroLelv irapd toi^ AaKeBaifiovloL^;, TO, Tcov ^ AOrjvaicov eiraLvelv vo/jLCfia ovBe tol twv BeivcoVy TToXXov ye Kal Bet, dXX^ a ttj irap eKeivoL<; nP02 AEHTINHN. 36 woXLTela (TVfi(j)ep€L, TavT eiraLvelv dvdyKr) Kal iroLelv, eLTa Kal AaKcBaLfiovLOL t(ov fiev tolovtcov aavoL Be Kal aTeXeLaL Kal (7LTrj(reL<; Kal TOLavT eaTiv, wv dv TL<; dvr)p dyaOo^ cov tv'^^ol. koll TavT dp.(^6Tep 108 o^^w9 ex^Ly Kal TaKel Kal Ta irap rjfuv. 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L'/xa? elaekOcbv 502 147 rjTT7]0rj ' ol v6/jL0t 8' ovk ioxri hh irpo^ tov avTov Trepl Tcop avTMv oijTe BUa^ ovt €v6vva<; ovTe BiaBifcacriav ovt dWo tolovtov ovBev elvau, X^P^^ ^^ TOVTCov dTOTToyTaTOv av irdvTcov avfi- ^aiTjy el TOTe fiev tcl Xa^plov Trap" vfilv epya fiei^ov X(Tj(yev twv AecoBdfiavTO^; XoycoVy eVet^^ Be TavTd 0' virdp-^ei fcal to, tmv dXkwv evepyeTthv irpoayeyovevy T7)VLKavTa av/jLTravTa TavT daOeve- 148 aTepa tmv tovtov \6ycov yevoiTO, koI /jlt/v iTp6<; y ApcaTo(ovTa iroXka Kal BUaC av e^eiv eiirelv ol^ai. ovto<; evpeTO Trjv Brnpedv irap vpXv, ev fj TOVT evTjv. Kal ov tovt eTnTLfio) • Bel yap itf)' vfilv elvai BiBovac to, v/ieTep* avTcov oh av ffovXrjcrOe. aXV eKelvo y ov^l BUatov eivai (jyTjfity to oTe fjuev tovtw TavT efieWev virdp^ecv Xa^ovTi fir^Bev rjyelaOai Becvov, eTreLBrj nP02 AEHTINHN. 49 B' hepoL^ BeBoTaiy Tijvi/cavT dyavaKTelv Kal ireiOeiv vfxd^ d(f>eXecr6aL, Kal fiTJv Kal VeXdp^w 149 irevTe ToXavT diroBovvav yeypa(f>ev ovto<; co? irapaaxovTL toU ev Uecpaiel tov Bijfiov, koI KaXm iirolec, fMrj tolvvv a fiev tjv dfidpTVpay TavT eirl ttj tov BrjfMOv 7rpo(f)deXeadac irapaivecy /jl7)B' avTcx; ^alvov Ta T 6(f)eLX6p.ev 0)9 diroBovvac Bet ypd(f>coVy Kal a tl^ Trapd TOV Btjfiov KeKop^iaTaiy TavT df,a6BoTov to- 150 aovTov dv eiL7roi/jLi. ovt6<; eaTiv ovBevo^ tjttov, CO dvBpe^ 'AOrjvaloCy t&v XeyovTcov Betvbg elirelv. TTOXV TOLVVV KdXXlOV Trj BetVOTTJTL TaVTT) ^PW^^^ 503 €7rl TO T0U9 dBLKOvvTa<; vp,d<; KoXd^etv rj tov^ dyadov tlvo<^ aWCov^ dBtKelv.^ el yap direx- OdveaOal TiaL Bel, Toh dBiKOvac tov Brj/jbOVy ov To?9 dyaOov tl iroLovacv eycoye vo/j,l^q) Belv. 7r/)09 TOLVVV Aetvlav • ovto<; taco^ epel TpLrjpapxla^ 151 avTov Kal XeLTOvpyla^, iyo) B\ el ttoXXov tt} TToXec AeLvia^ d^cov avTov irapeaxv^ev, ct)9 efioiye BoKel vrj tou9 Oeov^;, fjLoXXov dv irapaL- veaaLfi avTw Ttva tl^tjv vp.d^ d^LOvv Bovvat rj Td<; eT€poL<; irpoTepov BoOecaa^ deXea6aL KeXevetv iroXv yap 0eXTLovo<; dvBpo^; eaTtv eeovelv. o Be Brj jieyi- 152 f / OTOV diravTcov Kal kolvov vwdpxeL KaTa TrdvTcov Tcov avvBlKcov TOVTCOV iroXXdKL<; eh eKaaTo^ £ 50 AHMO20ENOY2 vvBi TTporepov Tcac irpdyp^ia-v avvOCKOf; yeyovev, eari he KoX fidX eywv v6fjL0<; vfilv Ka\a)<;, ovk iirl TovTot,<; reOei^y a\V 'Iva fjurj to irpdyfi byairep epyaala rtalv fj koI avKO(l>avTta, firj i^elvat, vtto Tov hrjpLOV '^etpoTOvrjOivra TrXelv rj dira^ avv- 153 BiKpfaaL. Toif<; S^ avvepovvra^; vofjuo) koI BlBu^- ovTa? eTnrrjSetof; eaTUv, avTov<; toI<^ virdp'^ovaL vofioi^ See Treed ofjLivov<; <\>aivea6aL • el he fiTjy yeXolov vofiw fiev avvBcKetVy vo/jlov S' avTOV^ Trapa/Salvetv cTepov. dvdyvcodi \afia)v TOV vofjLov avTol^y ov Xeyoa, N0M02. OuTO?, w dvhpe<; ^AOrjvaloi, fcal 7ra\aL0pov(t)eLX(ov dpxj} toS Br^fioalcp.^' SdvaTov XeyeL • N » ToifTo yap e6rjvaL ; Ald'xpo'^y w dvBpe<; 'AOrjvaloLy Kal KaKox; excov 157 o 1/0/109 Kal 6/jbOLO<; 06va) tlvI Kal LXoveLKLa Kal — TO XoLTTov ew • TOLovTOL<; Be TLo-L wpocreo LKev 6 ypd(f>cov ^/9r)o-^afc. vfilv B' ovxji irpeireL tcl TOLavTa fiLfieladat, ovS* dvd^La (fyalvecrdaL ^povovvTa^ vfiwv avTcov. (fyepe yap 7r/)09 Ato9, tl ^dXLaT dv direv^alfieOa irdvTe^y Kal tl fidXLaT ev diraari OLea-TTovBacTTaL TO69 vofjLOL<; ; ottq)^ iifj yevrjaovTaL OL irepl dXX7]Xov<; 6voLy irepl cjv €^aLpeTo<; fj 52 AHMOSOENOYS 158 ffovXrj ol? i^elvat dirofcrcvpvvac, kolp ovtco Ti? Spacrrj, KaOapop SidypKTep elpat. elr aTroKretpat fikp BcKaico^ €P ye roh irap* tj/jlIp pofioL^; e^earai, ydpip 8' diraiTelp ovre hiKalw^ ovO^ oircoaovp Bca 159 TOP TOVTov pofiop ; firjBa/JLMi;, w dpSpe^; ^AOrjpalot • firj ^ovXeade Bokccp ifXelw ireTrotr^aOac airovBijp, OTTCOf; /JbTjBepl TCOP €V TL TTOLOVPTCOP vfid<; x^P''^ e^eaTai KOfiiaaaOac rj ottco^; fjLrjBeh opo<; ip Trj iroXec yeprjaeTat, dXX' dpa/jLPr)a6€PT€<; tcop KaipMP, Trap' ourjBeh dp pepLeo-rjaaLy Kal TayaOd /lev irpoaBoKCLP Kal tol(; Oeoh ev^^cOaL BiBopaLy irapTa B* dpdpcoTTLP* rjyelaOaL, ovBe yap dv AaKeBaLfjLOPLOL ttot rjXirLcrap eh ToiavTa irpdyp.aT d(f>L^eo-daLy ovBe y IVo)? XvpaKoaLOL to irdXaL BrffioKpaTOvp^epoL Kal (popovf; J^ap^V^opiovt; irpaT- TOfiepoL Kai TTapTcop TCOP irepl avTov^ dpyopTe^ Kal pavfjuaxca pePLKrjKOTe^ r}pbd<; v^ epo<; ypap,pui- T€&)9, 09 vTrrjpeTT)^ tjp, a>9 (f>acny TvpapprjarecrOaL. ovBe y PVP COP Alopv(tlo<; TjXTTLaep dp ttot tcra)9 162 irXoLcp aTpoyyvXcp Kal crTpaTLcoTaL^ oXlyoL^ Alcop iXOopT €0* avTop eK^aXeip top TpLTjpeL^ iroXXd^ Kal ^€Pov<; Kal 7r6XeL<; KeKTrjfiepop, dXX' oI/iaLy TO fieXXop dBrjXop irdaLP dpOpwiroL^y Kal fiLKpol KaLpoL fieyaXcop irpayixaTcop aiTLOL ylypopTaL, Blo Bel fieTpid^eLP ip Tah €V7rpa^taL<; Kal irpo- opcofji€POv<; TO fjLeXXov (^aipeaOaL, 507 lioXXd B' dv TL<; e^oL XeyeLP ctl Kal Bie^Lepai 163 irepL TOV pL7}Bap,r] p^rjBe KaO^ ep tovtop e^eip KaX6j<; TOP pofioPy p^TjBe (TVfiavOy tV e\7)aOe ra Kpdrra). av fiev roivvv KaTayfrrjopd'; erepoL^ oItiol av\r} irapd irdaiv elvau. ovkovv d^LOV, w dvBpeLo-fjLevoLy Kav Ti9 dp* eXdri irore Kaipo^y ovk diroprjaere tcov i0e\r)a6vTcov virep v/mwv KCvBvveveiv, virep ovv TovTODV dirdvTcov ol/juac Belv vfjLd<; o-irovBd^eLv Kal 7rpo0elpovai 0dvaTO<; irap vfxlv eaTlv r) ^rjjxia, TOL<; B* oXrjv tt/v ttoXlv KL^Brfkov Kal aTTLO-TOV TTOLOVCTL \oyOV BcOCeTe. ov BlJTTOV 7', w Zed Kal 0eoL Ovk olB* 6 TL Bee TrXeico Xeyeiv • oljiav yap v/xdf; ovBev dyvoelv tcov elprjfievcov. ^i^SHieaMiWiKMtiwM ■ ■ » P. 1, § 1. "AvSpcs SiKacrraC The abrapt beginning of this speech, plunging at once into the subject without any intro- ductory remarks, is probably due to the fact that it was immediately preceded by Phormio's speech on the same side. XcXv Sry, but the sense is nearly the same in either case. * There is no part of your whole con- stitution in respect of which,' or {i<5H^€vov, agreeing with rivd, as in § 2. Tovs xplo'^K-ovs 6vraSf ' those who render service to the State.' In §§115, 116, olxpv<^^l^oi and ol xpv<^toI are again practically identified, but the two words imply different points of view • men are xpwtoX as being excellent in themselves, xpW^t^oi as being useful to their country, rhv TovTcav XdYov, ' the representations of Leptines and his adherents. ' § 8. |A^ ovxC Both negatives are redundant, the idea of denial being fully given in avrdiroL. But it is usual in Greek to insert fir] after verbs of prohibition and denial, and to add ov in combination with it when these verbs are themselves negatived. Both fi^ and oi are reflections of preceding negatives, I 1 60 NOTES. fit) reflecting the negative notion of the verb, oi5 the negative particle which is prefixed to it. ivuivT^v SioXitrt&v. See Excursus I., § 9. / T^v fjiiwrw . . Toi) \p6vov. Probably for rbv ijfxiavy xP^yoj' rou xp^vov. Cp. Thuc. viii 48, 6 irXiuv roO erpdrov. Hdt. i 24, t6v TroWbv toO x/x^^ou. dra . . &4>€X(&p.cda, 'are we to take away from those who have done us good service that second half of this exemption which we have given them over and above what all possess ? ' itpeXibfieda is the deliberative conjunctive, ^s, sc. ijs dreXeiaSf implied in the preceding areXi^. AXXms, * on general grounds. ' § 9. KaroL lUv t?|v d70ps eCuovi KO/jd^eadaL X'^P*"* its gender being due to attraction into that of the predicate ^vXaKifju. § 18. rAxa . . lopd, or war tax upon property, and under certain limitations to the iyKVKXioi Xetrovp- yiai. See Excursus I., § 10. 63 Tots €vpT]|A6'ois, ' for those who have earned it' This use of the (so-called) perfect passive in a middle sense, though found in early writers, is much more frequent in Attic of the period 01 Demosthenes. €lo-4»op«v Kttl TpiT]papxt«v, these being the special burdens imposed on the Athenians in times of war. See Excursus I §§ 1, 6. ** oils o6tos «YPax(r€, sc. dreXers eluai, Leptines not having ventured to interfere with the time-honoured privileges enjoyed by the descendants of Harmodius and Aristogeiton. These two, though their plot was unsuccessful, were always considered to have taken the first step in securing the freedom of Athens by the assassination of Hipparchus, b.c. 514. ' Tovs ajt *Ap|io8£ov. In strict grammar this should be the nominative, being parallel to ovdels ; but such an attraction of an antecedent into the case of a relative which precedes and explains it is common in Greek, and is even found in Latin. § 19. xopilYovs. This word, properly applied to the man who had the charge and defrayed the expense of a chorus in the theatre, is commonly used, as here, in a wider sense, for one who bore the expense of any ordinary Xeirovpyla. the word XeiTovpybs not being classical. cts keCvas, sc. those that admit of driXeia. florirout . . d4>V€i. The only subject which will suit both these verbs is 6 vdfios, since Leptines, who would be the natural subject of €ljipT]}UvoVf ' as the proceeds of embezzlement. ' The accusa- tive depends on ^x^iv, easily to be supplied from the preceding F 66 NOTES. § 25. o^(v. Except, indeed, so far as they would set other funds free for the service of the State in other ways. Svotv d7a0oiv. Dindorf unnecessarily inserts 6vtoiv, from a correction in the best MS., arising apparently from not seeing that the genitive is partitive. Of two possible blessings — money and credit — the city is rich in the latter, but deficient in the former. irpbs diravras, 'in the face of all men,' irph^ with the accusa- tive marking that they can meet the gaze of any one without being convicted of ill faith. fjLttXKTTa jUv, * if possible, ' ' as the best thing that could occur.' The following koI is emphatic, ' money as well as reputation.' •nJ -y^ xio-Tots ktX. The constniction is StaneTvat tj/mv t6 ye -maTois Kal /3ej8a/ots 8ok€iv elvai, ' that we should never cease to liave the reputation of being faithful and steadfast' Cp. § 6, note. P. 9, § 26. dvairavofi^vovs tivAs, viz. the dreXeTs, whom Leptines would force into the minor Xeirovf/ylai, thus prevent- ing them from accumulating sufl&cient property for the adequate performance of the trierarchy. els 8€ov vji.iv Yi-yvoficvas, 'become a matter of some conse- ([Uence to you.' So § 41, eis 8iov vvv yiyovev avTip. ovSfCs liKvov|icvoi, 'those who advance to the income that subjects them to the trierarchy/ Demosthenes meTs thos who, by being exempted from the lesser Xecrovpyiac, find their property increase till it brings them under liability tbr the more serious one. ^ TOis iroXXois, 'to the general mass of the people.' flfX!^ ^'"''*' *-''^*''''- ^i"^ commentators seem generally to fri>l= • /""''"'''^^ °°f choregus for each tribe, or each two tribes ; i.e ten or five altogether in each year. Such a strange interpretation of the words seems, however, to be f^reil to ?he meaning of the passage, which is simple enoughT^ey are wV\*^''' "f "'?^ signification. Demosthenes hafsafd «? tbfn'n f"'' T^u ^^°' r^^^ ^^"^^ ^« tribesmen, five or six Lendnr aT^^ be brought under contribution b^ the law of Leptmes. Allowing for the ordinary intervals in the incidence ot the burden, these may reasonably be represented as giving one or two each year, i.e. 'one new choregus in some one or possibly two of the tribes,' in the place of some o^e or two others whom the law of Leptines would thus practically exempt 68 NOTES. dirpWaferai. So Cobet for the MS. reading dTraXXd^erat, * will be at once set free from further liability : ' i.e. each new contributor must not be reckoned every year, so as to set another poorer man absolutely free. At best the burden will only be deferred, and that in an insignificant degree. XcXvdai. . . ircpiXa^jipdvciv. The change from the passive construction in the earlier clauses of the sentence to the active in those which follow is noticeable, but need cause no difficulty. Either rbv vd/xov or AcirTivyjv can easily be sup- plied as a subject to irepiXaii^dvetv and diopl^eiv. rmv ls AiravTo. Upbs here means ' matched against,' ' brought up to for purposes of comparison ;' and so 'equal to in point of magnitude. Cp de Symm., p. 185, 3, iu ra^jry (rv^dXec) XPWO-r hcffTLP dXiyov d4co irpbs irdaas rds dXXas €lw€ip ndXcis. dWXciav, 'freedom from export duties,' which other states had to pay at the rate of 3^ per cent on the value of the cargo. § 32. irepl TCTTapdKovTtt. Ilepl is here adverbial, like 'circiter.' Cp. m EubuL, p. 1302, 1, ^p wepi i^-qKoarbp. . -7°"?^ ^®^s o-iTovadfji€vou TTjv 'E/WdSa fcX^os Karadiadai fxiyuxTov. Kvpios Av 7^T]Tai. The expression shows that a law in respect of which a ypacp^ irapavbtiuiv was brought after it was passed, was looked upon as again in suspense ; and required as it were to be passed a second time rather than merely not to be annulled. § 35. ols, attracted from the accusative of cognate signification into the case of its antecedent. IfaXctxjrat, ' to ^npe off from the statute-book.' avTois, * to the jury.' § 36. o-T^Xas dvTfypa<|>ovs, * pillars with identical inscrip- tions. * ^' 'IcfHp. Hierum was situated at the mouth of the Euxine, and was noted for a temple of Zeus, which was said to have been founded by the Argonauts. § 37. dXXo Ti . . ^trrdvai, ' mean anjihing else by standing where they do. ' lee Jell, § 626. rh \|/Vjs avXoi. Wolf sees in this an allusion to the special baseness of those who proposed to deprive Leucon of his immunities, but it is probably general in its reference. Leucon Jiiid given his exemption to all the Athenians without excep- tion, and it was hardly likely that there were no black sheep among them. ^ § 40. o^K dvTi8wio-fjLdTO)v. Yct he had only called upon the clerk to read one ^riaip7ia6fjieda, not a genitive absolute, as though it were ws dva^lw 6vtuv. A^' ^^'} ^^;. T"*' ; • KaToXvo-dvTwv. The oligarchy of the 400, under Peisander and Antiphon, was established at the close 01 B.C. 412, and was put down in about four months 74 NOTES. mainly through the efforts of Thrasybulus and Thrasyllus, aideil by Alcibiades. 5t I4>pow. El€\oivTo. Iirl Tc3 d€X^rl kukQ, ttocuu, is due to the Jact that c5 Troietu and kukCs ttoiuu so entirely coalesce as to be looked on m the light of compound verbs, capable of further composition with dpH. Westermann even writes duTevireTroivKe,^ as a single word. ' NOTES. 79 § ^^. ''*V*^^*?Pf'' ®?^\^^ *^^ expulsion of the democratical party trom Cormtli by the Lacedaemonians, § 54. Kttl Wj, nearly equivalent to ifdrj, 'already actually recalled.' § 66 fjpjiOTTc The verb is used without Slp, as commonly in such expressions, because the appropriateness was an accom- plished fact, though it did not bring about the desired result. T«v aTvxr]}i6.Tiav d<|>aip6iv . . rds Swpcds daipcur0at, 'to rescue them from their misfortunes ' . . ' to withdraw their privileges. The active expresses the action as bearing solely on Its object ; while the middle marks the advantage accruing to the actors. The genitive is used in the former case, because separation from the disaster is the idea to be expressed • the double accusative in the latter, because the gifts resumed are themselves as much a direct object of ds and ToXtTdas ior T\el(rTov$ and TroXiras, consists in TrXelcrrovs being attached to evepy^ras rather than TroXiras. Both the other readings are unsatisfactory in themselves ; and Demosthenes seems to have been led away by the somewhat strained antithesis between dplarovs and irXdarov^. § 68. ft€Td T^v Tov S^fiov Kd0o8ov. See §§ 11, 12, notes. vavv ov8€(i£av, i.e. no ship of war. .v.^T^n'^^'X"!^ Pa(ri\€i. At the battle of Cnidus, in B.C. 394, the bulk of Conon's fleet consisted of Persian ships, and most ot the Greek contingent seems to have been furnished by Lvagoras of Salamis in Cyprus, so that at all events there is not much exaggeration in Demosthenes saying that 'he had no resources whatever provided by Athens.' d<|>opp.^ would include men, ships, and aU other requisites tor caiTying on the war. Tovs dpjxoo-Tds, the oligarchical governors established by the fepartans m the several cities at the close of the Peloponnesian war. ^ 80 NOTES. § 69. lKdv<^ jJiiv (|>iXoTi.|x(a ktX., * a fair ground for boasting in him if we consider its bearing on yourselves, in you, if we look to the general body of the Greeks.' It raised the reputa- tion of the Athenians in Greece, of Conon even among Athenians. Tots &XX01S, sc. "EW-qa-i. irpwTov. There is here a slight admixture of constructions. It would have been natural to say eUdva ^aip€6'^(r€Tai, see on § 3. § 72. toiJtwv, * all your estimate of his services.' § 73. 0€|i.iorTOKX'fjs. The restoration of the walls after the Persian invasion was completed in B.C. 478. The story is told at length by Thucydides, 1. 90. dv diKvi]Tai. The construction of the oratio recta is retained for the sake of vividness. So reixi^ovffiv, and the present tense of the infinitives. P. 24, § 74. <|>9Tlvc, ' had to show ' as his share of the spoil oi irpco'pvTaToi. The first recorded campaign of Chabrias, as successor to Iphicrates at Corinth, was not earlier than B.C. 392 — thirty-seven years before this speech. § 78. dirwX€av-^av^ Tc'epairrau As Ctesippus appears now to have been of full age some two years after his father's death, the picture of his orphanhood seems somewhat overdrawn, especiaUv rio": Kale""^'* '' '^^ '"'^y *^^* ^^ -- ^1- Va nX- rp£'.^?^ V^ ^."^^^i^."' 0tX67roX«. and is therefore not a mere tff r^'J.''-^ '^' ^^"^^t .I^^^^sthenes was genuinely convinced that Chabrias was what he might caU a firm patriot. TovTcp, ' this quality of caution.' rh KaO* ainhv, 'in his own person.' § 83 diro9vjfiv\(i^aT€ Kal fivri/xov€iJ€T€. «v — TovTwv, by attraction for toijtuv &. fidrqv Tots irov/jo-oo-s ' without profit to those who bore the toil.' P. 29, § 88. knX irdo-i 8tKaCois, * in absolute accordance with what is right' Cp. iEschin. in Ctes., p. 78, 12, 6 Xoyurfibs iaro) ixl ff-curt 5(/caIoi9. irap€i.a-«^po|i€v, * we introduce as an alternative ; ' ' subroga- mus ; ' the old law and its proposed amendment being hung up side by side before the statues of the -^pufs ivuwiioi. See on §94. NOTES. 85 thpfi w!J*''** *t*7' ;«ii|y after trial before you ;' so that unless there were grounds for depnvation which would stand investi- gation in open court, men would retam their privileges. § 89 irapcis. Here and in Meid., p. 520, 1, Dindorf adopts the correction ^a,s ; and Liddell and Scott treat r^' avTov, * on his own responsibility. ' § 102. 8ovvau Demosthenes apparently means ' devise by will, since the power of an Athenian to alienate his property during his own lifetime seems to have been absolute. By will he could leave legacies to his friends, but he could not disinherit his legitimate children. If he left only a daughter he might leave his property to a stranger on condition of his marrying the daughter. tt)s d-yxKTTcfas, 'the right of legitimate succession.' els rh jiW ktX., 'making it a matter of open competition to do each other service.' § 103. T«v 4>iXoTt}iT|vv, 'mth his equals,' in the ordinary sense of the word ; any reference to the two classes at Sparta of Saococ and vwof^€Loues being inconsistent with the sense of the passage. o-iTfjo-cis, 'public maintenance in the Prytaneum,' granted sometimes for a limited time, sometimes for life. oiwl^^" l""' T^^ ^^V '''^^•' '*^^* equality of privileges among all those who share the supreme authority in the State securel harmony of feeling m oligarchical States, whilst the rivalry into which good men enter with one another for the gifts con- terred by the people protects the freedom of democracies. ' eavTovs is not uncommonly used as an equivalent for dXMXovs where there is no risk of ambiguity. § 109. Av «x"v. The construction, omitting olfiai, would nave been ^xo^p,' &v, hence the dv with the infinitive. Cp. § 148. ^' «JiOTr,Ti Cp. de Cor., p. 237, 14, rr,, duakynala, Kal papvTT]Tos dwaWaynvai ttjs tQv Ov^alup : and 240, 10, ol dval- (TdrjTOL Qrj^aioi. 90 NOTES. ol ^dppapoi 5^ fi-qre rovs [\ovs 0/Xow ^etflT^c, fi^rc rods koKCos TedvrjKdrai 6avfid^e$', ws Slv i) fxkv "EXXay ei)rvx^, y/xets 5' ^x'?^' ^Mota rots ^ovXevfiaau Tovs s Kaprroijs KCKbfiLade. Liddell and Scott give as the meaning of the words ' deservedly ' as though it were * by your good conduct ; ' but this, though more in accord- ance with the ordinary meaning of iroLelv, will not suit many of the passages in which the expression occurs. Kara rhy XoYi . . TTjs YvwiAT]?, ' this rule, of deciding to the best of your judgment.' § 119. djiaOcis, = dTrat'ScuTot above, 'boorish.' NOTES. 93 irpooTJKCv, * it was your place : ' differing from xpvv, as imply- ing that there was something in their position, as Athenian citizens, which made it incumbent especially on them to screen the faults of Athens. P. 39, § 120. x*X»«>fs io-Tdvai, *to set them up in brass,' a common expression with Demosthenes for erecting a brazen statue of a man. irX'^v TOVTOV, sc. TTjs AreXelas. ri . . irwTTcJTCpov, *how will the grant of the image, or of the public maintenance, be more secure than that of the exemp- tion V ^ i) t6 TT]s drcXcfas. The use of ^, 'than,' immediately follow- ing on ^, * or, ' in so similar a combination, is somewhat awk- ward, but the sense of the passage is clear. Some MSS. omit rb before r^s crirT^crews, which makes the distinction plainer. § 121. |JiT)8^v . . 8v^pci. Since great services imply great emer- gencies in the State. alrCip -y^^o-Oai, sc. twL P. 40, § 122. kv TToXiTcC^, 'in the home administration of the State. ' tAs ti|m1s, ' the due and proportionate honours.' Kttl rd. Twv 8«p€ft)v, ' all that concerns the bestow^al of rewards, as well as the services, should be duly classified.' § 123. dXXd n^v ktX. Having considered the evils of Lep- tines' proposal from the point of view of the State, he now proceeds to show how they would be felt by the benefactors. These he divides into two classes : first, those who had received drActa and other privileges besides ; secondly, those who had 94 NOTES. received driXeia alone. The former would claim to have unim- paired all that was given them for any special service, seeing that their right to the driXeia and to the other honours rested on the same grounds, inasmuch as they were all rewards for the same service ; the others would say that it was mere mockery to talk of leaving a portion of their reward, when the only share that came to them was taken away. The fate of this second class is further illustrated in the clause beginning 6 yitp d^ta TTJs dreXeias. 8id |iiv Tov ktX. In the first member of this sentence rwpde are the unworthy holders of drAeta, iKelvovs its worthy possessors ; in the second, iKdvois are the possessors of drAeta and some- thing more, rotjade, those who possessed driXeia only. 5td too Kar-nyopeiv, « through your accusation, ' this being the direct means employed for taking away the exemption ; di Sl KaToKelirciv 4>ri^i[). The imperative marks more that the deed was already accomplished, 'give up robbing;' the sub- junctive that it was in v-ontemplation, ' do not think of robbing;' though there is nothiug in the two clauses to make such a dis- tinction necessary. § 124. ncCj;ov 9\ IXdrrovo are neuters, ' in a greater or less degree. ' imip^ as often in Demosthenes, merely means 'concerning,' without any idea of advocacy. § 125. irpis rh . . ircurai, • to bear on persuading you.' at xop^lY^'- *^oX al 7V|ivoovTas eroi\ia^, ' owing to the conduct of those who for a consideration made no difficulty about proposing them.' iroiixw (tcmere) goes much better with ypdovTas than with irpd^evoL yey6ya(n. 8iKaCa)s, 'Avithout corruption ;' opposed to /xto-^oO. § 133. «l . . ^apK^o-ci. . . d(f>A.oivTO. The future indicative marks a contingency which was no longer doubtful, Lycidas being already appointed wpd^evo^ ; atpfKoivro one which was yet undecided, the final loss of the drAeia depending on the present trial. Cp. § 62, note. irp6|cvos aviTas, ' the games in which the prize was a simple wreath,' notably the four great Panhellenic festivals. Such contests were also calletl ^vWlrai, as opposed to defiariKol, in which the prize w^as of substantial value. The winners were considered to acquire great glory for their native cities, and commonly received liigh honours and rewards from them. TovTwv, ' of these gifts.' TOeateil, after the interposed protasis, to enforce attention to this conditional character with the words to which it more especially belongs. Demosthenes' parallel contains a fallacy, since the man wlio would render the noblest service to the State would also be the least influenced by the prospect of reward, whereas the man who would do it the worst wrong would be the most susceptible to the fear of punishment. NOTES. 99 eing one as a matter of course. Ut the others, Leodamas was a pupil of Isocrates, oix ^ttov r^WOffOivovt Myeiv dwdfieuos, according to -ffischines (in Ctes 100 NOTES. p. 73, 21). Aristophon had been before the public since B.C. 404, when he proposed a law for striking the sons of alien mothers off the list of citizens. He is said to have lived to the age of nearly 100, and is several times mentioned as an orator by ^schines. Cephisodotus was probably the general who four years before had made disadvantageous terms with the Euboean Charidemus for the cession of the Chersonese, for which he was condemned to pay a fine of five talents, and narrowly escaped the punishment of death. Deinias is only elsewhere mentioned by Athenseus as a member of a club of wits (yeXuToiroiol) at Athens. Tf|v Xapp£ov Stupcdv, ' the rewards given to Chabrias, includ- ing the exemption {touto). ' For the case of Chabrias, see above, § 75 foil. T«v IkcCvw Ti SoO^vTctfv have the appearance of a gloss, and are quite unnecessaiy for the sense. The words are rejected by some editors, but there is no variation in the MSS. § 147. 01 v<5noi K ovK Iwo-i. For this principle of Athenian law, cp. de Cor., p. 269, 4, ddQos . . t<^ KeKpiaOai. irepl irdvTwv Tp6T€pov. The kinds of suit mentioned below are merely meant as specimens, not as an exhaustive division of Athenian law- suits (hence oCt &X\o tolovtov ovd^v). AUai are private suits, eijdvvai the investigation into a man's conduct during his tenure of office, diadiKacriuL suits between rival claimants to any pro- perty or privilege. Tlie argument of Demosthenes is not sound, since it is by no means a repetition of the same case to try and abolish all exemptions, after trying to prove that a particular person was unworthy of such a boon. TttvTa virdpxci, * we have the merits of Chabrias to begin with. ' § 148. dv i\tiv. See on § 109. kKtlv6 y oiixl SCkuiov. It was inconsistent, says Demosthenes, to acquiesce in the exemption being given to himself, and to seek to take it away from others. But it might at least bo answered that he showed his consistency and patriotism bj' supporting a measure of which he would be one of the first vicj;ims. ravra, sc. i) duped. P. 49, § 149. FcXapx*?. Gelarchus, or Agelarchus as Reiske NOTES. 101 has emended the name, is not known to us from anv other source. '' «s irapaorx<5vTi, ' as having advanced the sum.' Tots 4v ncipaut Tov 8%ov, ' those of the democratic nartv who were m the Peiraeus ;' in B.C. 404, taking refuge from the thirty tyrants Seen on § 11. rov d^fiov is an unusual and unnecessary addition to toTs iv Ileipam, but is perhaps inserted here to mark the point of ivl rij rov dv/xov irpocpdffei below. AfwipTvpa, Gelarchus having apparently no vouchers or other evidence to prove the fact of his advance. § 150. 8€ivbs cliretv, more generally deivb^ Xiyetv ; but cp ady Androt., p. 603, 5 ; de Symm., p. 180, 9. Here elireip is evidently used for the sake of variety. § 151. oStos . . XciTovpY^as, * he will talk of his trierarchies and other Xeirovpyiai ; ' evidently implying that he will make tlie most of them. Cp. pro Phomi., p. 957, 11, dXa^opevaerai Kai Tpirjpapxias ipei Kai xopvyias. ^' ols . . <|>0ov€iv. i ols. Cp. Xen. Cjt., ii. 4, 10, ivi ro7s dyaOois rov dpyovros fpuovrjaovTa^. § 152. TovTwv iroXXdKis. The asyndeton here is rare, but not A^nthout sufficient parallels. Cp. ^sch. in Ctes. p. 59, 2i, o5 i}v iirKpeoviiraTOP, Trpo^epias rivh . . iTpdrroPTO ; Dem. m Meid., p. 540, 11 ; in Aristocr., p. 626, 21. Twrl irpdYp-ao-i ; not necessarily as advocates of impugned laws, but m some State trials or other. avTai, whatever its derivation (see Lidd. and Scott), means the conduct of a professional informer, tlien as now deemed infamous. vtrh rov 8%ov xttporovrie^vTa. From this it would seem that a man was entitled to come forward more than once in such a capacity on his own responsibility. It is probable enough that the law which Demosthenes quotes against these aOpdtKoi was 102 NOTES. practically obsolete, or he would have given it more prominence. This raking up of obsolete laws seems to have been a favourite field for forensic ingenuity at Athens, being conspicuous in the contest betAveen Demosthenes and ^schines de Corona. P. 50, § 154. KaTaP^o-ofiai, sc. dirb tov /3^/xaros. 8i' wv . . Ti'iv irdXiv, ' on whose working it depends whether the city is great or small.' This whole passage is repeated nearly verbatim in Timocr., p. 766, 17. Ttts Ti(i,dS} * the honours they have to bestow. ' § 155. irapavoCas, 'of folly,' in not seeing the inconsistency, that is, between the law of Leptines and the fundamental law on which punishments at Athens were awarded. ira0€iv ^ diroTio-ai, 'to suffer in person or in purse.* The extract is evidently taken from the middle of the law, without regard to the meaninglessness of /xrjd^ without what goes before, or the want of some verb on which wrdpxeiv should depend. This law would seem also to have become practically obsolete, as drifjiia and tine are frequently combined in a single punish- ment. Westermann thinks that it applied only to dywue^ TiiJ.T}Toif in which the penalty was decided for the particular case. P. 51, § 156. dirai-Wjo-o X'ipiv, *ask any favour of you,' such as the forbidden dreXeto. ^yScCgcis were prosecutions for undertaking public functions while labouring under disabilities, dira-ywyi was a summary process, applicable to many kinds of oflences, and consisting in taking a man who was caught flagrante delicto at once before a magistrate, and having him tried then and tliere. idv Tts 6<|>€C\wv dpxTi, * if any one hold office while in debt to the treasury. ' This is probably the opening clause of the law, which would contain later provisions apj^licable to the case in point. § 157. Kttt — TO XoiTr2>v 4w, ' to say nothing worse.' oi irepl dXXTJXovs 4>ovoi, * murderous dealings with each other.* ircpl wv . . T^raKTUt. Cp. in Aristocr., p. 641, 29, rovro fx6vov t6 SiKaa-TTjpiov oi/xl rvpauvos, ovk dXiyapx^Oi ooviKds ditcas d€\€* ots 4|€ivai. In Greek the infinitive is often found in relative sentences in the oratio obliqua, the force of the principal verb being continued in the relative clause ; ' hi which he enacted that it should be lawful. ' oUrto, 'under the conditions which made it justifiable, ' as, for instance, in self-defence, or in vengeance for an outrageous injury or insult. § 159. T«v KaipMv TTop* oOs, 'the whole series of emergencies in which.' trap' oOs represents these emergencies as occurring' all along a line, as it were. '^ Tovs €vpo|i^ovs, sc. T^v xdpiv, easily supplied from xt^P'" KOfjUffaffdai. ATi|io<|)dvTov v Aiovvo-ios. The younger Dionysius, who succeeded his father in b.c. 367, wis driven from his throne m B.C. 3^/ by Dion, who seized upon Syracuse in his absence with a force consisting of two merchant vessels and less than 1000 mercenary troojis. Dionysius was assassinated in the year alter this trial, -^ NOTES. 105 § 163. AvXarrcTc Kal \U\Lvy\crBt. Two synonymous words are combined to add weight to the injunction. So in § 167 (pvU^are Kal fivT)fiov€V€T€. Tlic tiiuc durliig which they were to bear the pomt ill mind is there specified, ^ws Slv x/njipiaTiade. tA Kpdrru). Their verdict really involved the choice between two rival propositions, of which Demosthenes had already pointed out, in § 89, that it was the duty of the judges dKoriaavras eXicrdai rbv Kpdrru. P. 64, § 164. (OS ?TjnCav, 'so great a slur upon your character. ^ "^ T«v ircpi€iXav0px]p^0TiT€, 'you let yourselves be deprived of the informa- tion. ' 106 NOTES. selo^n S 87^^*^*^* ^^^ »^vt||aov«;€T6. For the change of tense rh v7{at. 1. In ordinary times at Athens there was no such thing as direct taxation of the citizens. It was considered fair and reasonable that the resident aliens {ij.4tolkol) should pay a poll- tax {fierolKiOp) in consideration of the protection they received from a State on which they had no claim by birth ; but citizens were supposed to have a right to the free use of their lives and property, exempt from all taxation ; and direct taxation levied upon them, except in times of emergency, was thought in Greece to be essentially a mark of despotic and unconstitutional government. Even during war such burdens were only to be imposed as a last resource, and consequently we do not find at Athens that any property-tax {eiaopd and the rpcvpapxla ; but the former had really nothing in common with the 'liturgies,' being an ordinary tax on property involving no personal responsibilities on the part of those who paid it. Its classification with the trierarchy seems to arise partly from the fact that they were each a special means of providing for war exi^nses ; partly from the employment for tlie trierarchy in its later phases of machinery closely resembling that in use for the collection of tiie €lopd. 6. The trierarchy appears to have existed from the time of bolon as a means of equipping and maintaining the triremes belonging to the State, fhe hull and mast of the vessel were furnished at the public expense, and the sailors were paid their necessary wages from the treasury, but the trierarch was required to equip the ship and keep it in repair, and commonly gave extra pay {iTriK\ioi Xetrovpylai, not even the descendants of Haruiodius and Aristogeiton being exempted from the trierarchy. 10. The iMJsition of the fiiroiKOL in respect to the Xeirovpylm IS not very clearly ascertained. They were liable to pay d<7opd, apparently on a higher scale than the citizens, 7 but they were 1 De Cor., p. 262, 1 2 p„i>iic Jkonoiny of Athens, B. IV. 16. J Dem. c. Meul., I. c. 4 Lept § 8 5 Isacus de Apollod. Hered., p. 67, 19. « Dem. de Class!. p.'l8'> 15 7 Dem. c. ^Viidrot., p. 612, 3. ' * EXCURSUS II. Ill not admitted to the responsible position of trierarchs. Of the ordinary Xeirovpylai we know that they were excluded from the yvfivaaiapxia, and probably they were not allowed to undertake the xopvy^o, at the greater festivals, though we know from this speech ^ that some Xeirovpylat devolved on them, and also that they, as well as the citizens, might have exemptions granted them. Boeckh 2 gives credence to the account of Ulpian, that they had a iffrlaais of their own ; and he mentions certain less honourable XeirovpyLai, the opla, vdpmcpopla, and aKiaSr}- (popia, which devolved on them at the Panathenaic procession. (See Lidd. and Scott, s.v. r)avlTT]i, 141. rifjLrjrds, Exc. ii. 8. iffvWlTTJS, 141. Adpoosy 138. 'AKvpoSf 5. "AWos xp^vot^ 6, 16 'A/xa^^s, 119. 'A/40t(r/3^T7;aip€ip, 66. ' Aat€iadai^ 3, 66. 'A€opaly Exc. i. 6. 'EirixetpoTow'a, Exc. ii. 4 and 7. 'E7rt^T70tf«i', Exc. ii. 4. 'Eircbwfwt lipues, 94, Exc. ii. 2. 'Eordj'ai, 37. 'EffTTI^O}, 37. 'Eo-Tfcwty, Exc. i. 4. "Erepos, 116. EfJ^uj/ai, 147. Ei5 Tc£(rxetj/ with ace, 47, 119. Elf iroieiu, dvr, 64. Evpiadai, 1. Ei'/)T7€ip, 98. Hapaypde€adai, Exc. ii. 3. UpoTLdipai \6yop, Exc. ii. 4. llpovTrdpxeip, 46. Upooj/jLoala, Exc. ii. 8. Parataxis, 9, 90. Peisistratidae, 161. Perfect, force of, 1. Pollio, 77. Polystratus, 84. Praevaricator, 145. Prohibitions, constructions in 123. HiTTjcriSf 107. 2fro0i/Xa*fe5, 32. 2Ka^7](popla, Exc. i. 10. 2/cta5T70o/)/a, Exc. i. 10. ^TTovdaios, 75. ^ripeffOai, 51. 2iVKo• University of CamWdge^iSd Fdiow ofbt. John s College. New edition, revised, sx. 'u reiiow ?Sf H^^^'PfP-^H'^^^^S. 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