BRIEF REPORTS LECTURES ■ WORKING CLASSES OE EDINBURGH, ON THE ]\IEANS IN THEIll OWN POWER. OF IMPROVING THEIR CHARACTER & CONDITION. , By hmn eMFSO^i, ESa. ADYOOATE. THE PROFITS MUSING FROM THE SALE OF THIS PUBLICATION TO BE APPLIED lOirARK THE EIlEVriOX OF BATHS FOItTHE irOItiaNG CLASSES IN EDINBURGH. . EDINEUEGH : JOHN JOHNSTONE, HUNTEK'SQUARE; C. ZIEGLER, SOOTH BRIDGE AND J. MTNTOSH, NORTH COLLEGE STREET. GLASGOW: J. M'LEOD, ARGYLL STREET; W. MARSHALL, MAXWELL STREET. BEIEF REPOETS LECTURES DELIVERED TO THE WOEKING CLASSES OF EDINBUEGH, ON THE MEANS IN THEIR OW POWER OF IMPROVING THEIR CHARACTER & CONDITION. By JAMES SIMPSOA, ESft., ADVOCATE. EDINBUEGH; JOHN JOHNSTONE, HUNTER SQUARE; C. ZIEGLER, SOUTH BRIDGE; AND J. MTNTOSH, NORTH COLLEGE STREET. GLASGOW: J. M'LEOD, ARGYLL STREET; W. MARSHALL, MAX'>VELL STREET. -. . ' COfTEim LECTURE I. Introduction—Character and Condition of Working Classes_Laws of Nature. 11 . Right Use of Faculties—Instinct of Food—Alcohoi—Instinct of Sex_EarIy Mar¬ riages. III. Tobacco_Love of Offspring-Appeal to Mothers—Treatment of Infants—Medi¬ cines and Drugging. IV. Medicines aga in — Comhativeness — Destructiveness Baths—Worldng-places— Sanatory Improvement—Officers of Health. V. Violence in and towards Children—Secretiveness—Air and Thorough-draught for Acquisitiveness fostered_Money-cruelty_Infant-property. TO. Ventilation—Cleanliness of Person—Thriftlessness_Constructiveness_^Labour no Degradation, no Evil. vm. ■ Head-labour—Self-esteem—Pride—Emulation. Incivility—Love of Approbation sometimes costly to the Working People_Cau¬ tiousness_Superstftons—Groundless Fears_Pastor’s Duty. X. False Impressions of Love of Approbation_Benevolence—Justice_Veneration- Simple Ethics. XL Firmness_Hope—Wonder—Ideality—The Ludicrous_Proofs from Mind of Ex¬ istence and Goodness of God. XII. Principles of Education_Old System—Reformed System. XIII. Mechanism of Education—^Infant School—Juvenile School—Joint Education of the Sexes_Ulterior Education—School of Arts_Evil of Long Hours, XIV. Agitation for Improvement in England—Prince Albert_Principles and Laws of Labour and Wages_Strikes_Provident Economy—Executions. Condition and Health of Towns—Sanatory Legislation—Voluntary Improvement —The Women chiefly Responsible—Appeal to them_Conclusion_Petition to Par¬ liament. BfiR SIMPSOW’S LECTURES ON THE RflEANS OF IMPROViNG THE CHARACTER AND CONDITION OF THE WORKING CLASSES. {From the EdhAurgh Wcehhj Chronicle and Scotlish Pilot of Dec. IG, 1843.) Eight years ago the columns of the Chroni¬ cle were enriched with reports of popular lec¬ tures delivered by Messrs Combe, Simpson, and Drs Fyfe and Murray, to overflowing audiences, chiefly composed of working-men. These lec¬ tures were much valued at the time, and we be¬ lieve they have made a deep and salutary im¬ pression ou all who heard them. The reports we were enabled to give of them, brief as they ne¬ cessarily were, attracted a considerable degree of attention, and exercised, we have reason to know, a beneficial influence over the public mind. The time that has elapsed since then has pro¬ duced many changes and many grievous dissen¬ sions and misunderstandings between the differ¬ ent classes of society. Party spirit in politics and religion has raged with unremitting vio¬ lence, and so divided man from man, and set one neighbour against another, tluvt we had al¬ most begun to fear that the love of philosophic truth, of social improvement, and of the kindly . affections, was in danger of being extinguished among us. But if we required any proof of the groundlessness of such a fear, we should find it in the circumstance that the working-men of Edinburgh retain so lively a sense of the valne of the lectures we have referred to, and so strong a desire for mental cultm’e and useful information that three thousand of them have requested Mr Simpson again to step forward and enlighten them on the means of improving then- character and condition. This is a most gratifying fact, and demonstrates strikingly the advancement that has already been made by so many of our industrious townsmen. Where the love of knowledge has been awakened, the ruder passions have ceased to reign, and the mind begins to develope the power of enjoying and dift'using real happiness. We have never been of those who thought the generality of the working class behind the rest of the community in intelligence or good feeling. But we were not-content to see them only comparatively intelligent and virtuous. It has ever been our strong desire to see them posi¬ tively so, and every step they have made in ad¬ vance, has afforded us ine.xpressible satisfaction. It is with no small pleasure, then, that we hail the deshe manifested by so many of their num¬ ber to “ get wisdom and understanding.” In compliance with the requisition we have referred to, Mr Simpson delivered the first of a series of lectures on Tuesday evening last, to a crowded and attentive audience, and wo believe he is to continue his prelections every Tuesday evening till the conrse be finished. A faithful summai-y of the prelimluary lecture will bo found in another part of this paper, and we shall give •similar reports of all the succeeding lectures, for we feel assured they will be highly prized by our readers. We need not say how deeply the public are indebted to Mr Simpson for his valuable instruc¬ tions, especially when it is considered that they are given gratuitously. But he will not go un¬ rewarded. No richer recompense can be re¬ ceived by the truly good man than evidence that his labours of love are productive of their natu¬ ral fruits—the Increase of virtue and happiness ; and this reward we feel assnred Mr tk'mp.son will receive in full measure. On Tuesday evoninfr, James Simpson, Esq., advo¬ cate, well known to the public as an enlightened edu¬ cationist and philanthropic citizen, delivered the first of a series of lectures in tlie Cowgate Chapel, on tlio subject above mentioned. There are some circum- nevolent lecturer has declined to accept of any remu¬ neration for his trouble, and stands forth as a disinte¬ rested moral teacher, actuated only by concern for the welfare of his fellow-men. These circumstanco.- draw a broad line of distinction between this-series of lectures and public prelections, on whatever subject. LECTURE II. (From ihi Ediotmnjh Weekly Ghronide and Seotth The house on the present occasion was densely )wded. There could not ho fewer than 3000 por- as in the meeting. A considerable number of the r sex were present. The learned lecturer reminded ; hearers that the knowledge, which is power, is lowledge of and compliance with those laws, physi- I, organic, intellectual, and moral, by wliich the )rld is governed; and that all improvement of aracter and condition can only be similarly defined, le essence of all human improvement is the riglit d harmonious use of the faculties of the mind. Of e csseiM of mind we know nothing; but we can serve how it manifests itself, and such manifesta- ms we name faadlies. These are primitive, dis- ict, and determinate. One class of them thinks— e intellectual; the other /erfs—the moral. Educa- m is the exorcise and improvement of them all in eir places and joint action. This is an extensive ew, when compared with the old notion that ading, writing, and counting, were the sum total of even such tended to the lessor feet; dain known as well didnot,' Mr S. n culty’s I upon tl Heartiest applause.) He had forgotten to say that among the lessons, often and often repeated, of the nfant School in the Vennel, in which institution le toolr a warm interest, hatred of whisky, with Unowledgo of all its mischiefs, moral and phy- sical, holds a prominent place. No infant-school- trained chdd will become a slave to to the “ne- ceisit,/’ of alcohol or tobacco. (Hear) The lectnrer proceeded to another of the impulses of our nature ofgreatimportance to attend to in the ques- I Wife and children, as well as himself, in comfort, he continues to drink, let him not think of drag»i these down with himself to the lowest pit of mise by marrying. But the woman should herself be ci tious-much depends on her. Never let her ally h self to whisky, and hope for happiness. Mr S. allud to the rash engagements which many a young worn forms, against the entreaties of friends who see t gulph into which she is about to pluno-e to be d covered by herself only when overwhelmed in It is usual for the poor creature to say—'-' I was ‘/afi to have him.” CA laugh.) Nerer listen to that sense¬ less answer. The “ fate” is her own wishes and wil¬ fulness only. (Hear, hear.)' He had in his timeseen many such examples of the “fate” before the wedding, and the /ale after it. Here Mr S. was forced, by the lateness of the hour, to stop, till next lecture. PUBLIC BATHS. Bathing is at once a luxury, and a remedy for disease. One would think it a very easy matter to get the body immersed in liot, cold, or tepid water, and so it ought to be, but as matters stand it is very difficult; so difficult indeed that it is practised only by few, and by these but sel¬ dom. In the summer season, no doubt, many bathe in the sea and in rivers, but in general only a few plunges in the year are enjoyed in this way by such as enjoy the advantage at all. The great bulk of the population go unwashed, hands and face excepted, from year’s end to year’s end. Aud no wonder: think of the ob¬ stacles ! A man begrimed witli toil, or greasy with accumulated perspiration, feeling a desire to have a clean skin, begins to think of how he may accomplish the simple process of getting himself washed. Pent up by his occupation in the midst of a town, perhaps miles away from the sea, or any stream affording a sufficient depth of water, he can only on rare occasions find time to travel the necessary distance. And when he does so, his difficulties are not at an end. He finds that the river banks are claimed as private pro¬ perty, and he is prohibited under heavy penal¬ ties from setting foot there. He may “ seek the sounding shore,” and snap his fingers at landed proprietors. There are no white boards prohibiting trespassers and threatening prosecu¬ tion—no spring guns and man traps within tlie tide mark of the sea. But there he finds otlier obstacles and annoyances. He does not choose to violate decency by denuding himself in sight of others, particularly females, and yet it is difficult for him to find a secluded spot, or to catch a moment in which there is not somebody in the way. Patiently does he loiter along the beach or rest him on “Some glutiy stane. Green to’ the dew o’ the jaupin’ main,” in the hopes of seeing the coast clear of strol¬ lers, but in vain. One troop of ladies, or of “bairns’ women” with flocks of children, succeeds another almost without intermission, and he may wait hours before he find an interval in which no gentle parasol-bearer or little ga¬ therer of shells is within eye-shot. At length, the wished-for opportunity occurs. Hurriedly and apprehensively, like one about to commit some horrid crime, does he strip and get into the water. Ten to one but he has half-a-mile to wade among stones and sea-wreck before he can get deeper than the knee; and long before he gets into deep water, his feet are bleeding—his legs gartered with tangle, and his teeth chattering with cold. The ablution performed—out he comes faster than he went in, in spite of stones and sea-weed—but, per- heps, only to find that his clothes have been floated away or stolen, or to shock and put to flight some of the fair promenaders. Such are a few of the disagreeables of sea¬ bathing for the million. No doubt, bathing boxes are to be had at some favoured spots— from which a plunge can be effected, comfort¬ ably aud decently ; but they are not to be found at every man’s door, nor is the use of them to be had at a price which poor people can often afford to pay. If the difficulties of cold bathing are great, what must we say of warm bathing ? Why, so far is the luxury of the warm bath out of roach of the working classes, that we are con¬ vinced two-thirds of them toil from the cradle to the grave without ever enjoying it. It is a costly luxury, the price in private establish¬ ments being usually from a shilling to half-a- crowu, and few mechanics can afford to part even with a shilling as often as the bath would do them good. As to attempting to procure the warm hath at home, it is never thought of except when disease makes it necessary, and for the sufficient reason that it is not an easy mat¬ ter to accomplish. A small-limbed child may be bathed without much trouble— bating a lit¬ tle squalling ; and many a cold, we believe, is cured in this way among the children of the poorer classes ; but when full-grown people are to be immersed under the domestic roof, what a job it is 1 A birth in the poor man’s house is no¬ thing to it. How the children stare at the my¬ sterious preparations! the largest tub is brought out—all the pots and kettles are put in requisi¬ tion, andanxious precautions taken against delug- iiig the floor. Then, tho preparations being com¬ pleted, and the gaping urchins sent off, the opera¬ tion commences. But it is easier commenced than finished. Perhaps a six-foot man has to get himself crammed into a tub, already nearly full of half-scalding witter, and not big enough at any rate to hold half his bulk, though ho should coil himself up like a serpent. Then, what splashing, what knocking of knees and elbows, till John Meiklejohn jumps out, partly unwetted and partly par-boiled—declaring he will never again try the hot-bath at home, though his rheumatisms should stick to him all his days. The mistress, too, declares that, so long as there is any virtue in doctors’ drugs, she will have no more such doings in her house; and, to crown the whole, the tenant of tho house below comes up and complains that she has had a spate of water sent down on her. Under circumstances such as these, it is little wonder that the working classes scarcely in¬ dulge at all in a practice essential to health and the full enjoyment of life. It gives us sincere pleasure, however, to see that they are becoming fully aware of its importance, and of their own accord are moving here and in other towns, to secure for themselves the inestimable advantage of caslly-accessiblo public baths. A numerous meeting on this subject took place last week in Aberdeen, at which all classes were present, and concurred in resolutions binding them to mea¬ sures which will soon secure to tho humblest in¬ habitants of the town access to commodious baths, at a rate all hut nominal. The Glasgow people, too, are on the same scent. It appears (jiiite certain that its swarming multitudes of working men will, ere long, have the blessed means of personal cleanliness within their reach in a public bathing establishment equal in mag¬ nificence and convenience to any institution ex¬ isting at present for tho benefit of the wealthy. I .astly, those who moved first in the cause, the working men of Edinburgh, have an almost certain prospect of participating in similai ad- vant.ages. A public meeting is to be held here on Wednesday next for the purpose of securing tho erection of a genertil bathing establishment on principles that will render it accessible to all who choose to avail themselves of its advantages. At this meeting some of the most eminent and respected of our fellow-citizens are expected to take a part, and wo anticipate tliat measures wHl bo adopted, calculated to gratify all ranks, and to prove a blessing to the whole community. If the pestilence now raging among us is to be stayed by any human means, or its fearful ra- Viiges prevented from recurring, it will be by the adoption of the measures which that meet¬ ing is convened to consider. For these measures the public mind is now pretty well prepared, thanks to the enlightened efforts of Mr Simpson, and the intelligence of the working men who have spontaneously solicited his aid. A sum¬ mary report of Mr Simpson’s last lecture will be found in another eolumn, from which our readers will see how much in harmony his les¬ sons are with the highest authority, and how much they are calculated to forward the laud¬ able objects of the approaching public meeting we have referred to. Dr Andrew Combe, in his celebrated work on physiology, applied to health and education, which has been an invaluable boon to mankind, speaks thus of the importance of the ablution of the bath. “ When the saline and animal elements, left by the jierspiration, are not duly removed by washing, they at last obstruct the pores and irritate the skin. And it is apparently for this reason, that, in eastern and warmer countries, where perspiration is very copious, ablution and bathing have assumed the rank and importance of religious observances. Those who are in the habit of using the flesh brush daily, are at first surprised at the quantity of white dry scurf which it brings off; and those who take a warm bath for half on hour at long in¬ tervals, cannot have failed to notice the great amount of impurities which it removes, and the grateful feeling of comfort which its use imparts. The warm, tepid, cold, or shower, bath, as a means of preserving health, ought to be in as common use as a change of apparel; for it is equally a measure of necessary cleanliness. Many, we fear, neglect this, and enjoy health notwithstanding ; but many, very many, suffer from its omission, and even the former would be benefited by enjoying it. The perception of these truths is gradually extending, and baths are now to bo found in fifty places for one in which they could be obtained twenty years ago. Even yet, however, we are far behind our con¬ tinental neighbours in this respect.’’ Jjrufed ac the Cmiot iclb Orricr, 2 - 11 , //igi A’lrecl, LECTURE ill. (From the Edinhurgk Weekly Chronicle- and Scoltis'i 12 the works of God, and whicli render it impossible to pursue a riglit course without also doing collateral good, or to pursue a wrong course without producing collateral evil. If the mother, for example, controls her own temper for the sake of her child, and endea¬ vours systematically to seek the guidance of her higher and purer feelings in her general conduct, the good which results is not limited to the con¬ sequent improvement of the child. She herself m and forming becomes healthier and happier, and eveiy day adds to the pleasure of success. If the'mother, on the other hand, gives way to fits of passion, sel¬ fishness, caprice, and injustice, the evil is by no means limited to the suffering which she brings upon her¬ self. Her child also suffers both in disposition and happiness; and while the mother receives, in the one case, the love and regard of all who come into com¬ munication with her, she rouses, in the other, only their fear or dislike. The rema ’ ” ■ " the mother, in modifying the dispc the character of the child, has long been observed • but it has attracted attention chiefly in the instances of intellectual superiority. Wo have .already seen that men of genius are generally descended from, and brought up by, mothers distinguished for high mental endowments. In these cases, the original organiza¬ tion and mental constitution inherited from the pa¬ rent are no doubt chiefly influential in the produ"- tion of the genius. But many facts concur to she that the fostering care of the mother in promotir the development of tlio understandino-, also contr butes powerfully to the future exceUence of the child; and there is reason to believe that the predo¬ minance of the mother’s influence upon the constitu¬ tion of the offspring, in such cases, is partly to be as¬ cribed to the care of the child devolving much more exclusively upon lier tlian upon the father, during this tim earliest and most impressionable period of its PUBLIC MEETING ANENT PUBLIC BATHS. Tub meeting which took place on Wcclues- day on this subject, and which will be found re¬ ported at considerable length in anotlicr co¬ lumn, was one of the most auspicious wo have attended for many a day. The muster on the platform of individuals eminent in talent or in station, and some of them illustrious by their vir¬ tues or genius, was not more gratifying than the dense mass of people of the middle and working classes assembled in harmony, and for a purpose purely hcnellcent. The speeches delivered on the occasion were almost without exception excellent, and animated i by the same enlightened humanity. Where all was good,aud when wo eunnol afford room toad- vert to the merits of all, it would he invidious to make special reference to the merits of any. We cannot, however, omit the opportunity of drawing attention to the important suggestions thrown out by Bishop GiUis and Mr W. Cham¬ bers, regarding ventilation and a proper supply of water. These subjects are deserving of the most earnest attention of every citizen, and intimately connected with the welfare of the wdiole community. Till once the wretched and close-built dwellings which abound in tliis and allother large towns give place to houses bet¬ ter aired, better lighted, and more commodious in every respect; and till water cer Quarlcr, payable in rrinted at iltc CiinoNici.E Omcr Edinburgh LEDfUEE V. The learned lecturer resumed Ills subject, (which wiis rather abruptly closed at their last meetino', by the introduction of another topic,) the deli¬ cate and often difficult duty of the mother to re¬ gulate the combative and destructive instincts of iier child; and recommended her own mild ex¬ ample, and the careful avoidance of the exhibition of passion, violence, or blows, which are so many lessons for the same practice in the child. She ought to be especially careful in the manage¬ ment of a temper of marked irascibility and violence in her child; avoid exciting it, and cjuietly calm it when it breaks out. Nothing grows more by indulgence, till every trifle calls forth passion, to the never-ending dispcace of the family. Some people seem to fight their way through life in a perpetual fume, with only a fetv lucid intervals of composure. Such people will apologise for their violence, and plead its .short duration, and tlielr essential good nature “at bottom.’’ But when intervals of freedom from annoyance are short, the annoyance, like (he toothache, has a perenniality which renders the pauses of no account. “It’s no sooner on than it’s oil)” said a choleric master to his servant, who gave him warning, unable to remain in his service because of his temper. “ True, sir.” said the man ; “ but it’s no sooner off than it’s on.” (Laughter.) The mother’s care, in earliest life alone, will lead to an improved intercourse in all classes, but especially in the working classes. He wished ho saw improvement hero. No one can witness the mode (pf conversation and mutual treatment, iii a large proportion of that class, without remarking that it is rude, coarse, and often violent. There is a want of reciprocal foi'bearance, an ever active and prompt irascibility, and an insolent demeanour, which are the cause of much altercation even at friendly and convivial meetings. Anything like a rivalry, however trifling the object, is sure to breed a quarrel and an u])roar; while any ob¬ struction, as happens often with carts and car¬ riages, calls forth on both sides vollies of in¬ solence and imprecation. The mother will have another primitive faculty to deal with ; and one of perlmps still greater difficulty to manage in her child, Secreliiieiiess, or the instinct of concealment. What is this ? and why is it part of the constitution of the human mind? It is not essentmlly an evil, on the contrary, it is a good instinct. He who made man gave him no bad faculties. But like all bis gifts, any faculty may be abused; and to use them aright eonsfilutes man’s great trial. Tbeproperuse of secretivenesss isprudent reserve. AVe have impulses which would force out all oui’ feelings in most incouvenient, hurtful, and annoying exprcs.sion ; an outpouring wliieb rea¬ son might be lootardv to prevent. Secretiveness is our safeguard here. It is a bridle on the tongue, that unruly member, and the motions and actions which would betray our feelings, or expose what with propriety ought to he our secrets. If enmbativeutss is our defence against violence, secretiveness is equally necessary to ])ro- toct us from the advantage tliat deceit or selfish¬ ness would take of our openness. The uu.se- cretive are always committing themselves, as it is termed ; they have a window in their breast, or “ wear their heart upon their sleeves, for daws to peck at.” Uulorfuuately there are yet a great proportion of daws iii society, with whom a prudent reserve is necessary. But, besides suffei’ing by the aggressions of others on our own self-exposure, we should, by pouring out all our thoughts, bo nuisances iu social inter¬ course. AA^hat course of thought, coming as it does often unbidden into the miud, would bear expression. “Uttermy thoughts,” says lago, himself a portrait of secretivenesss;_ Conce.alment is a marked instinct in many of the inferior animals. Careful concealment of their footsteps, hidiug-jjlaces, and bodies, is the only means some of them have for securing their prey, and others for evading and eluding the attacks of their enemies. A prudent restraint is exorcised by this faculty upon the feelings, which would otherwise break forth violently. Let any one reflect what he does when much irritated he yet imposes upon himself a forced composure, and he will at once know the operation and power of the se¬ cretive faculty. Time, place, and circumstances are studied by the prudently secretive. They manifest what is called tact, while the unsecre- tive arc too open I'or an advantage-taking world, or too impetuous and uiie-aurded for well regu¬ lated society. The faculty gives the prying tendency, which is one of its abuses; a de.“ire to penetrate into the hearts of others while the pryer veils his own. A whole di'ania of secre¬ tiveness is presented to us in the character of Paul Pry. That worthy carried a gimlet in his pocket to pierce doors, iu order, as he said, to see what they were doing ou the other side of 18 them. Louis the XL, as describe;! bj- Sir Walter Scott ill Quintcii Lurward, was intensely secre- 'J'liis talent, for a talent it is, is valuable in a good cause, combined with honest purpose. It enables its possessor, by a hind of tact, to per¬ ceive and defeat intrigue and fraud. He can read concealineiit in other minds by its natural lan¬ guage; and, as it is called, worm out the truth. It is invaluable to a judicial interrogator and police magistrate. One mode of the conceal¬ ment of purpose is tin; assumption of a simple, almost idiotic, looh. Napoleon, it was said, could give to his countciianee an inexpressive smile, when he thought liim.self observed, and present to the too curious observer the ft.-ced eyes and rigid features of a marble bust. Cunning cbildrcn, and low uneducated persons, especially nistics, endeavour to screen themselves with a well-known stolidity of countenance; and when subjecteu to c.xamination, however searching, evade with great address. .411 the stratagems of war, the false attacks, feigned retreats, pre¬ tended marches, concealment of force, display of force not possessed, ambuscades, &c„ arc the suggestions of secretiveness. Secretiveness is the foundation of that form of the ludicrous called humour. The humourist is grave, while he is internally laugh¬ ing. As a primitive faculty, it is found in marked disease in the insane. The cunning of madmen is proverbial. Juries called to decide upon in¬ sanity have often been baffled by the pov.-er of the secretive iiistinet in the patient, and the address with which lie even retorts upon those wiio sit in judgment upon him. Mr S. men¬ tioned an instance in which a gentleman, iioto- rionsly insane on one point, retorted with exqui¬ site drollery, by describing a madness on one point as attaching to each of tl’.e jury, all of whom ho knew well. (Laughter.) Mr S. niontioned some examples of craftiness in the The ahise of secretiveness Is the whole world of cunning, duplicity, and deceit. It is one abuse of tlie impulse to delight iu intrigue, manccuver- ing, and crooked policy. These crooked per¬ sons believe the world to be all like tbem- se'ves, every one endeavouring to overreacb his neighbour. Napoleon held that all mankind were either fools or I'ogucs, and nothing put him more out than the blunt honesty of Eng¬ land, or astonished him more than the hopeless¬ ness of olfcring a bribe to a British officer. He thought “ every man had his price,” a rascal Eayiiig and not a proverb, as it is not true; for there are many who would die for their principles. The habitually seci-etive manoeuvres in everything;—^lie conceals his going out :md Mmiiig in, and will not avow a purpose even to change his coat. It shows itself in children who hide their playthings, and who are fond of hiding themselves. They are to he looked for behind dooi's, under bods, and in ail sorts of concealments. They love disguises. Secretive- ness prompts to masquerading, giving surprises, &c. It is difficult to fix a manceuverer iu urgti- meut; lie is always traversing and evading, and never admits anything. He makes a crafty lawyer. Pope could not drink tea without a stratagem. Lady Boliiigbroke used to say that he was the politician in cabbages and turnips. (A laugh.) Craft is too much yet, and long has t been, the talent of the diplomatist. The chief di¬ plomatist is called a Secrc/-ary of State. The in¬ tercourse of nations has hitherto been on the lowest scale of morality—the morality of thieves and robbers; and ambassadors and statesmen have been forced to study all manner of hypo¬ crisy, fraud, and dishonesty, as a profession. Deep secrecy is the very air breathed iu the Cabinet. Commerce and trade are too ajit to be conducted on the secretive system, and sails very closely on the tack of fraudulent advan¬ tage-taking. It is said there are tricks in all trades. If so, none can gain in the long run. It were better that all were fair and honest. There are minds, but low cues, tluit hold that secrecy is the soul of trade. .Mr S. mentioned some instances where the secretive trader over-reached himself. Theft and swind¬ ling are the greatest of all abuses of se¬ cretiveness; but even theft, although also prompted by love of gain, is much stimulated by powerful secretiveness. The thief flattci-s himself that he is imdiscovcrable, and often e.xhibits great powers of concealment. The in¬ sincerity of polite intercourse is secretive. It sometimes happens that a child, who has heard the professions made to the person’s face, and com- ! ared them with the freedom used behind his , aek, produces a very ludicrous juncture by set- ting matters right. “ Why do you come here ?” said a little girl to a visitor just received with j smiles by her mother, “ mamma says she can¬ not endure you,” (Laughter.) It is impossible to conceive worse moral eJuc;itiou for the young than to witness these duplicities. The power, when great, aids firmness in suppressing the external expression of pain. Mr S. mentioned some striking examples. He concluded his ob- . servations on the instinct iu man by noticing the natural language, or, as it is called, the pathognomy, of a great endowment of it, namely, a close sly look, rolling the eyes from side to side, avoiding a straiglitforward look in your face; placing the hiind on one side of the mouth when speaking; slowly hiving the fingers on the nose, with the voice low; tlie shoulders raised towards the ears; the pace stealthy and cat-like. Tliat natural expression was not missed by Sir Walter Scott, In tlie Lord of the Isles, describing- Corinae Doii, lie savs:_ Mr .S. according to a. practice cordially wel- oraed by his bearers, wliicli he v,'as the ‘first to ntroduco into lectures, to Illustrate the end- essly varied misdirection of the human faculties by the ludicrous aspect which these misdirec¬ tions exhibit—for, in truth, these constitute the chief range of the ludicrous_created some mirth by an example or two of rustic seci-etlve- ness, A gentleman Ihromn out in a hare-chase rode up to a boy sitting on a wall, and ashed liini if he had seen the hare, “Seen what?” said the boy with a most innocent look. “ The hiiro, the hare!” “Oh, a little brown thing?” ‘ Yes, yes ; have you seen it, which way did it run?” “What, with .a wliito belly? ” “YYs, yes, yes." “ With long ears?’’ “To he sure, you know a hare don’t you ?” (grasping a little firmer the handle of a Jong Imnting-whip, on which the hoy prudently Impt Ids eye.) “ It has long fore-feet and sliort hind ones, hasn’t it? ” “ Yes, you tiresome young rascal you, (the whip raised) did you see it? ” “ lYell, I didn’t see it then,” said the boy, and disappeai-ed on the safe side of the wall, the lash just grazing his head. (Loud laughter.) Another rural scene was, if po.ssible, more waggishly secretive, Tom Sheridan, as the son of Sheridan was called, returning I'rom a had day’s sport, took the destructive and absurd fancy to have a “ shot” at some common ducks in a pond close to a farm¬ yard, and asked a man like a farmer looking over a gate, wliat ho would fake to allow him his chance with two linri-ils amonfi- the ducks. ' - ■ -' ill ' ’ ■ ” ;e I ha- 1’11 pay “‘itCsl “ Suppo “ What “I-.h! both harreis.?” “’ good shot?” “Fairidi, fai wGll—l’ll take lialf a gainci paid, one barrel hi-cd, and killed. “Another barrel! at the farmer “ lYell, fire away ; more killed. “ Bad bargain for you, fanner !” Noa sir, no for me; I diiraa much care, for the docks are uoon-o’-mine." (Roars of laughter.) The learned lecturer tlicii alluded to an abuse of secretiveuess to wliich an obvious absurdity attached; for instead of secrecy, its results were invariably the contrary; ho ineauf slie committing of matters of gossip or scandal tc friends and nciglihoin-s in strict secreci/. He f.-iid the female part of Ids audience may iiave : some examples. (A l.augl: The practice is perhaps more common among their sex, from their Inaving more time on their hands than their husbands and brothers, and more intorcouse with Iheir neighhom-s. (.-V laugh.) Mrs A. observes, or imagincs, or, if she is wicked enough, invents something doubtful in the liabits or acts of Mrs B. “ the door abo-re.” (A laugli.) -Mrs A. goes with a mysterious and consequential face to iMrs C. , “ the door below,” and, on condition of the strictest secrecy, which is promised as a raatter uot to be doubted, whispers her suspicious into her willing ear, “ Now, remember, your pi-oinise of secrecy.” “ Oil, never fear me, 1 can keep a secret.” Mrs A. is no sooner gone tlian Mrs C. goes as fast as she can to tiie “ top flat” to iMi-s D., to whom slie thinks it,- quite safe to cominuulcate tlie secret, provided it is given as a secret. The peculiar delicacy of her, Mrs C.’s, own situation, as having just been lionoui-ed with the coniidence of Mrs A., requires a double power of injunction to Mrs 1)., who is a person, she herseif says, quite worthy of having any secret deposited with her; ami so the whisper gets anotliei- step in its accele¬ ration towards general publicity. Tiiore are two or three iiioro flats in a geiuiiue lidinburgh “hind,” into each of which tlie secret contrives to lind its way, and from which it spreads, no one, of course, can afterwards tell how; at last by the inevitable process of tracing, it is put to the depositaries one by one, by the injured Mrs B., also favoured with the secret, and thus tlie whole neighbourhood is throw-u into a state of civil irar. This description of the “ School foi- Scandal,” as enacted in humble life, afforded much amusement to Mr S.’s hearers; and we hope they all went home resolved to reprobate and discourage tliis mischievous use of secrets, each within the sphere of his or her Influence. That the mother may know- how to deal with this instinct in her child, it is necessary that she should know- its nature, both in its proper use and its abuse; for on her depends the only chance of mitigating the evils wliicli the abuse entails on society. Cunning and de¬ ceit abound among mankind; nor can this he wondered at, when we reflect how, under the “old-fangled” practice, the impulse is mis- educated. Both by example and precept the young are train-ed to deceit. They ivitncss duplicity and concealment in tlicir parents and nurses. They are enjoined not to tell. The motto of the nursery is, “ Don't tell ; ” and, of course, much is not told that oiiglit to be ex¬ posed, and society becomes too truly “ all a lie.” This lesson is universal. “ There is soiiielhiiig under it,” is the remark upon even gooil actions. “If I could hut believe him siflcei-c,’ ai-.d such like expressions, show- the luiconfidiiig foundations of social iiitercourse. This cunning deeply and widely inffects the uneducated. Em¬ ployers complain of it in their workmen, masters in their servants; and it is truly wonderful how long many of those they employ will keep a fair face and deceive them. But verily the double-faced have their reward. It is salutary to impress upon the young, that although some fraudulent acts may escajje exposure, some lies detection, the character is certain to come out at last, and along with larthcr power to deceive, there is an end of respect, and all chance of farther benefit. It has been said that most cunning people are not cunningonongh; they are sure to slip sometime or other, and then it is all over with them. Truth and honesty let the mother ever impress on the child, and show it in her own conduct and bearing, are the only sound policy. It is unnecessai'Y to add that the cunning and double- faced are disliked when found out; wo shrink from them as we would from a snake ; and the more that, like the snake they have tried, hut failed, to conceal themselves in the grass. It is surprising hov.' soon some children will begin to conceal, prevaricate, deceive, lie, and in¬ geniously manoeuvre. Let the parent watch, countermine, discover, and always expose, tlio infant plotter. When aw.ye yourself of the strength of the tendency in the child, make /lim aw.aro of it, frustrate all his schemes, and appeal to his reason and conscien¬ tiousness agiiinst them. What a ch.ange would there not be in society, if all were to manifest a prudent reserve, hut without cunning or duplicity. Earth w'ould be a paradise if every one could repose perfect confidence— not only in his neighbour, hut in all mankind, and ail mankind had they wisdom enough to perceive it, would gain incalculably by the change. A sound morality_a sound philosophy, ran come to no other conclusion; while to “ do justly” is one of the three eternal bases of our lioly religion. Where would ho cr.aft, and cunning, and deceit, and maiicciivering, if this precept were practicably acted upon, and all men “did iustly, loved mercy, and walked hiimhly with God.” (Great applause.) As he did on the previous evening, ^ Mr S. left his main subject, to offer a few hints on certain essentials of personal and domestic com¬ fort well worthy the hmnediale attention of the working classes. The bath scheme, they_ all knew, was in course of most promising agitation. It was exciting much interest, and the most friendly feelings towards the working classes, among the middle and higher; and it is perhaps one of its most blessed results that it is tending to strengthen the bond which unites the whole classes of society together in all the power and happiness of brotherly love. To the most sanguine, however, it is obvious tluat it will be some time before the baths are ready for .he working man's .stated resort. It will he 20 longer still before, by legislative or other adequate power, the pestilent trash, mis-named houses in the crowded parts of the old town, have given way to light, airy, and comfortable dwellings for tho working ckasses. Now, there is much that may ho done by the fii- mllles of working men, in the meantime, tow.ards an improvement in health and comfort. Their houses may he made cleaner, and also their stairs and passages; while fresh air m.ay be much more freely and regularly admitted to their rooms and workshops than many of them, from want of knowledge, have ever thought of. Ho did not mean that th.elr windows should remain permanently open in cold weather, till their houses, perhaps not very comfortablo with their windows shut, arc rendered uninha¬ bitable by cold. A few minutes, two or three times a day, of a lliorough draught, (the best preventive of fever,) kept up by an open window and open door, would make the air of these houses and working places perfectly sweet and wholesome, provided the house it.solf is kept clean, and foul clothes and cloths, re¬ fuse, and tobacco smoke, are not retained in it. This thorough divaught will ho most beneficially applied after meals, as these leave a perm.anently fixed and most offen¬ sive odour, which is perceived by any one on entering. Then he would recommend that the air of the sleeping-room, which is not improved in the night time, should he expelled in the morning by the friendly draught; which should be made to pass through the bed just va¬ cated, the clothes being thrown quite down to ad¬ mit it; for nothing tends more to pollute the at¬ mosphere of a house than ill-ventilated beds, often made up warm, with .all the insensible perspira¬ tion of the night adhering to the bed-clothes, con¬ stituting, in that form, a noxious poison_a hot bed, liteiaally, of fever. A littlo care, too, might secure a purer air to breathe in sleep—more than half its refreshing and restorative value— by open-doors, or movetiblo pannels in doors, andac.areful avoidance of close curtains, or what used to he called box-beds, which admit of being shut. The luxury of the bath may also in some measure be anticipated by sponging the body all over, on getting out of bed—if with cold waater so much the more refreshing—and then drving it by the hard friction of a rough towel, which may be had for a penny or twopence. These attentions, which will occupy a few minutes, will he ampiv rep.iid by .an increase of health and comfort, while the sickly appearance of many indoor working men will be exchanged for looks of health. The working man should seize all opportunities of ttiking brisk exercise in the open air. To this subject Mr S. pro¬ mised to return again and again. (These re¬ marks gave marked satisfaction to the audience.) LECTURE V!. (From till Edia’jor-Jh WooHy Gkronick and Scottish Pilot of Jan. 20, !844.} After a brief recapitulation of his observations on I tbo means of cleanliness, personal and domestic, and of breathing fresh, instead of poisonous and fever- creating air, which is in the power of every individual and every family, however poor, the learned lec¬ turer resumed his main subject,—that vital condition of human happiness, the right use, and therein the full enjoyment of the faculties of the mind, and the ..mo¬ ther’s important part in the training necessary to that great end. He had endeavoured to show the miserable short-sightedness of the abuses of secretiveness, in du¬ plicity and all the varieties of deceit, the certainty of detection and exposure, and the entire loss of cha¬ racter, and defeat of purpose in life which necessarily follows. Who can trust or love the double-faced,— him who “ can smile and smile, and be a villain ?” Who is the working-man, that, besides being respected by all who know liini, is sure of work, confidence, and, its invariable result, preferment? Is it the fraudulent double-dealing, cunning advantage-taker ? No !. He risks all his prospects upon a single throw of fraud, and he never fails finallyto lose in the game. The straight¬ forward, open, ingenuous servant or workman makes a friend for life of his employer, and is certain to ad¬ vance to wealth as well as character in society. Let the mother early impress these truths upon herchild; train aright the secretive feeling; direct it to its pro¬ per objects, and counteract the earliest vestiges of its character-destroying abuse. There is a faculty to which, beyond all other, cun¬ ning and deceit minister—the acijuisition of property, well termed by ptaenologists Aejuisitivemss. The parent ought to be well instructed on the nature of this impulse; and be able to recognise it both in its pro¬ per use and in its misapplication; to know when it is the legitimate desire of wealth, and when the love of money, and, as such, the rootof all evil; when too it is, and it often is, an insane impulse. The older meta¬ physicians differed on the point wliether or not the love of gain is a primitive human impulse; some of them—as Hutcheson aud Stewart —held that money is valued merely because it affords the means of obtaining every other gratification, and comes to be valued on its own account by association. No doubt tliemeans of purchase is a powerful incentive to gain, but it will not account for the miser’s hoarded store- loved, as it is, for its own sake, and not spent upon any of the other objects of desire in life. Dr Thomas Brown held a strange theory, namely that regret for expenditure clrecks the practice,and this habit creates parsimony. But we ask, whence comes regret for expenditure, and in that very question overturn tire theory. An impulse to hoard must therefore be part of man’s constitution; and Lord Karnes, who approached nearer the new philosopiiy than any writer of the last century, recognises a hoarding appetite, as he calls it, in man. This acute irhilosopher farther saw that this impulse is not an evil propensity, but, as he says, a blessing, and becomes a curse only when it transgresses the bounds of moderation. It is impossi¬ ble to have described the right use aud the abuse of the faculty more phrenologically. Dr King, in his political and literary anecdotes of his own time, remarks that man is horn aud framed to a sordid love of money, which first appears when ho is very young, grows up with liim and increases iii middle age, and when he is old, and all tlie rest of his passions have subsided, wholly engrosses Iiim. He mentions instances in the Lord Chancellor Hardwicke, the Duke of Marlborough, and others. Dr King’s only error is in describing the abuse only, wliich he does in using the word “ sordid.” He is right that man is born and framed to desire property. Tlie theories of Hutcli- eson,Stewart,and Brown,are of no use to the biographer, and the painter of human nature. Sir Walter Scott could never have drawn the powerful picture of Traphois of Whitefriars, in the Fortunes of Nigel, tlie most miserable of misers, with the aid of the meta¬ physicians alone. He, like Shakspeare, observing for himself, assumed a specific primitive passion in men for property, which, when it is in suiEcient strength, is quite unconnected with applying the wealth accu¬ mulated to any ulterior end. Indeed a man is not called a miser till he hoards without spending. Some of the lower animals accumulate property, as beavers, bees, and ants. Lord Karnes says the appetite is beneficial; so says the new philosophy, in farther confirmation of the truth that the Creator implants no propensity to evil, tlie evil being man’s perversion and abuse of the propensity. What then is the bene¬ ficial, and of course legitimate, purpose of the hoard¬ ing instinct in man? It is to accumulate wealth aud realise capital, without which society could not exist. Wealtli is the surplus of our labour after our mere wants are satisfied; aud the pleasure of accu¬ mulating has been given to us, that we may continue to labour instead of sinking into sloth when hunger and thirst are appeased, and we have shelter and fuel. There would be no comforts, luxuries, and elegancies of life without this saved, stored, and accumulated ca- 'ed herself to be Mary Queen of Scots, and the highest royal sublime when allusions •n approach by crying' r majesty could at the otiate for a sale of pin I insanity of self-esteen dums. But it visits b( luse in Germany was h: Iked of her head; she limipt, the term used i teem, and the more so the less the right or preten¬ sion to assume tliat position of superiority. 'When¬ ever we are addressed “ My good friend”—“ My good fellow”—or “My good Sir”—“Mark what I say”— “Eemember I tell you”—we may bo certain we liave got a self-esteemerto deal with. The benevolent ty¬ rannical are an amusing class of the proud They will load those they love with kindness; but if th'fftf favourites dare to be happy in any other way than they prescribe, or to accept the means of happiness from any other, they to.ss tliem oif witliout tire slight¬ est ceremony. Boasting of one’s own exploits is a not new—(a laugh)—the idea is in some old book somewhere. The last stage is at once to claim the invention point-blank, and offer evidence of priority. Mr S. said he had often wondered at the reluctance of tire world to accept of some immense addition to human happiness, because it is a new discovery—the hopes expressed that it will fail yet—the unfairness, the hostility with which the inventor is treated as if he were the common enemy—the unwillingness to listen to his reasonings or examine his proofs and the comfort experienced if perchance at the last 39 of our I to be just without demaniling proof—never shrouds an „ - , hwwn majesty to tlie woods, and melody to the proves. ITo | longiKs, by llic disease of this feeling; and stated gems witli countless orbs tlie azure of tlie heavens, ! that there arc cases in bedlam of persons who never and deepens the blue of the sea. He purples the i iieard of these sects,but were working miracles, and mountains with all the graduated beauty of aerial j rpeaking the very same sort of jargon, long before, distance. He horizons the morning sun in livin- \ hlr S. also showed how tlie religious feelings in mor- gold, ordains an effulgence at noon-iide too intense ; statement by shewing tliat it is tiie abuse of religious gorgeous eohiuring. “ Consider feeling which turns the brain. “ Pure and undeiiled grow,” said the Saviour,they t religion before God and the Father, which visits the they spin, yet Solomon, in all hi fatherless and the widows in their affliction, and rayed like one of these.” (Ap; keeps unspotted from the world,” never yet produced Beattie revelled in the poetry a lunatic. All was quiet, and mild, and bland, and rationalin the sentiments and acts of the Founder of Christianity. (Applause.) ! Mr S. created much mirth by relating some outra- I geous abuses of wonder in Munchausen exaggerations, i He concluded witlr describing tiie raised eyes and the I marvelling ejaculations of the genuine credulous won- II ilr S. proceeded to the sentiment of ideal perfcc- 11 tion, briefly and beautifully e.xpressed by the term row,” said the Saviour, they toil not, \ ley spin, yet Solomon, in all his glory, v lyed like one of these.” (Applause.) Beattie revelled in the poetry of nature The warbling woodland, the resounding shore. The pomp of groves, and garnitude of lields; All that tho mountain’s sheltering bosom shields, 0 how canst thou ronounco, “h koi’O “ forgiven I ” feeling of the poet-his “ eye elegance and refinement tc in a fine pjhrenzy rolling.” It is necessary to possess some portion of the feeling perfectly to comprehend it; it invests everything witli fancy, and beauty, and iievfection, and is never satisfied, but imagines still higherper’fection, till itreacheb poetic rapture. Those who have the feeling strong are elegantly-minded beings, compared witli those who have it weak. In ro marked tlian in the style accounts for their cc Tliat they do was long, but has ceased to be, an errorof the American republicans. The feeling gives tlic love of fine scenery, wliich Mr S. illustrated by e-x- amples. It is the faculty for tho sublime and beauti¬ ful, and, if primitive, settles all the wordy disputes about the origin of these feelings. Criminals are ge¬ nerally deficient in the feeling and in its organ, which of writing and speaking; it elevates the composition, tlie poem, or the oration, fills it with imagery, and sheds over it the rainbow colouring of poetic fancy. Compare tho imaginative fliglits of Olialmers witli tho matter of fact staleinonts and calculations of Jo¬ in insanity, the sentiment runs wild, and produces tho mad poet, who believes himself existing in a worldofsptendourofliiaown creating. Its abuse comes near to this state of mind, and produces e.xtrava- ! is a specimen of what i.s meant, hut so difficult to put in words, which requires only to he read to save ail farther discriplion. The feeling gives wliat is called taste for ornament and elegance, which add so great a charm to tho externnls of life. Mr S. mentioned ous. We smile when pleased in other feelings, a when we receive a valuable gift, or a speech of coni mendation; but that kind of laugliter is very differ ent from the hearty bursts called forth by tlio Indi crons. Dr Beattie’s theory of the foundation of tin ludicrous is the best, name ,y incongniifii. Tlie incid migiiiing. There is refinement in this well his own wig, by whicii Garrick was discomposed, is a raging, and much attention is paid to it in good instance of incongruity. Mr S. gave several 1 education. It leads to ornamenting the very amusing examples, which produced successive its garden, a proof that the inmates are roars of laughter. We cannot witiihold two most prosperous, and haiipy. It is most vain- original specimens of tiro ludicrous, although we | iiauiifaclurer, and gives a beauty to his cannot give them as the lecturer told them. A gen- which carries all before it in the market. tleinan in London, kept a lady’s cap in his room to 1 Lyons siihs in tlicir exquisite patterns, use, lie said, as a fire-escape. This happy idea IS yet taslcful colours. Our own conn- he explained by stating that lie would in case of ant to think these qualities unimportant, fire put it on if confined in a high room, hold out inil tiiemselvos beat ill the market. When h’s white arms from a window to the crowd below, t is the use of the feeling, our answer is, and trust to their gallantry to make extra exertions tuilous gift of pure pleasure, like that of to save the la(hi! As aa example of the ludicrous I Witness the Lyons siihs in their exquisite patterns, j and gorgeous yet taslcful colours. Our own eoiin- I trymen are apt to think tlicse qualities unimportant, I iiiid thence find tiiemselvos beat in the market. When [! we ask wliat is the use of the feeling, our answer is, ; that is a gratuilous gift of pure pleasure, like that of I j music, siiperiidiled to our more necessary faculties. It j is ignorance of its being a primitive faculty wliich de- uglits in ornament, elegance, and splendour, bestowed by a benevolent Crealor, tliat lias led some religions sects, like that otherwise excellent people the Quakev.q to proscribe all ornament in the exteriialsof life. Yet to |.',v:itiiy that faculty, said Mr S., the Creatoi’s own works are full of adornment snperiidde.l tu utilily. He enamels tlie plains, and ])aints the lily beyond the glory of the must glorious of earlhly kiiiiy. He gives guage applied to a mean ,11 described his flight from oared like thunder—I ran star—and I lore my troi had been rent asunder 1” Persons in whom the sible, and every thing in perform certain functions; but SG, mth their adaptations— mind, esist all visions of chance-forma- of the more improred old school bogan to explain the words, and boasted rnneh of the E:^Jmiatory system. This was a step certainly, hot lie new educationists go farther, and thw ereiything they name and ex¬ plain, and called their system the Exldbitive. It is plain that the material creation was meant to be per- cdred by n^ not merely named and explained; and in this troth alone lies the whole merit of the ad¬ vance which, in intellectnal edncation, the new sys¬ tem has obtained over the old. Its rule is “nci'crtati of anything to a child which yon have not fret eheivn to lam, other in iteclf, a model, or drawuig.” Inteilec- tnal edneatioa should begin with the very first days of existence, whenever the senses tad internal ob¬ serving powers are shewing symptoms of beginning to act. Here is ocenpation for an intelligent nnrse. She mayimprove theseeing, hearing, touching, smell¬ ing, and tasting, all the five senses, of the Siild, by constant exenfise npn their proper objects. She has plenty of time for it, if keeping the child is her sole busirless; and even a mother who must share that duty with many others beades, may have many moments to exerdse the child’s eyes and ears on sights and sounds cate care at first: bright lights, with the new bom babe, and loud sounds, are both dangerous to seeing and heating. The observing powers should be exercised; so that the child may see and know what is before and around it The want of observation is an extremely common fault. Many people go through life missing four things out of five which have come in their way. To have our eyes about ns, as it is expressed, is a great recommendation. What lamenhitions come torn housewives that their servants never see, or hear; or see, or smell, anything—for the last is impor¬ tant—till their mktress points it out to them. Early education of the senses and observing powers would have prevented such defects; had their mother or ntrtse, in their infancy, exereircd them in this fashion —^“loot here,” “see this,” “observe that,” “feel it, weigh it, look at these colours, name them, smell that flower. Sc.” The contrast in after life between chndrea so trained and those who never observe any¬ thing, would be both striking and instructive. At two years old the child should be introduced to the infant-school, to be presently described. There he will be T^nlarly trained to observe and know all things within the sco]>e of his power. Lessons on objects will there be given, in a series for four years, tiU he has gained a great deal of knowledge of ma¬ terial things, their qualities and uses—knowledge of immense value to him in life. Jlr S. described the mode of giving lessons on objects, which he illustrated ^ selecting as the olject a piece of glass. This is put in the child’s hands, he looks at it, feels it, looks throagh, breaks it, &c, and thus learns its appear¬ ance, transparency, brittlen^ &c., and its use by seeing it in the window, a mirror, a tumbler, &C. He pronounces its name, spelts it out in letters, and reads it printed, and thn^ by what is called the Inci¬ dental method, isleaming all about it at once, nominal, explanatoiy, and exhibitive. This ha-^ only to be car¬ ried on to embrace the whole of knowledge. 'Without a task, the child insensifaly gains a great deal of know¬ ledge and finds himself able to read, he scarcely knows how. In the infant-school, besides, he has gaioed in the same insensible way—simple geogra¬ phy, arithmetic by means of the ball Same, the pence table, w^htsand measures, letters, syllables, words, lessons in ample natural histoiy, of animals. plants, and minerals, with much information and much moral benefit from stories well adapted to his years. Music in its most valuable branch—singing— may then be begun, nnd the power of singing at sight from notes, gradually imparted. At six years, the infant-school concludes; and the child is transferred to the juvenile, or more advanced, seminary, wherehe onghtto remain lillfourteen. Dur¬ ing these eight years, a fair knowledge may be obtained of geography, arithmetic, drawing, singing, mathema¬ tics, mechanics, chemistry,natural history,civilhistory, political economy, logic, mental philosoph;-, and reli¬ gion or theology. Now, said the lecturer, these are but the names for the various kinds of knowledge prejudice, arising out of our habits of thinking, and from finding many of these branches taught only in colleges, that they are unsuited to the young person whose destiny is labour. The Maker of that j’oung person has given him faculties to know ids works, and it is presumptuously to decree that these faculties have been given in vain, to refuse loan yhumanbeing their proper aliment. 'This is the answer to the ques¬ tion. Is all thU to be given to the working classes? When he (Mr S.) answered this in the affirmative, he conditioned that much collateral improvement in the state of that class shall have taken place; that their labour is better regulated and much abridged, so as to give them leisure; and above all that their labour, their stated labour, shall not begin till fourteen years of age. This is nature’s period. The muscular frame is not knit till then; it is seriously injured by prema¬ ture toil; but nature points out the proper occupation of the previous years by presenting to us tlie faculties for acquiring knowledge, then in their greatest power and keenest appetite. This the old S 3 ’.stein woul J ridicule as over-educating the working-man, and set¬ ting-him above his proper vocatioa. Nothing can be more fallacious. The well-educated workman is the best, the most skilful, the most industrious. The evidence collected by the indefatigable Mr Chad¬ wick has set this question at rest. The best workmen, the best soldiers and sailors, are the educated men—the reading men, in other words, the men who have best, used their faculties and stored them with most know¬ ledge. I know working men, said Mr S., who have studied all the subjects I have enumerated, and they are the best workmen I am acquainted with, and the “Anmher^Sionla^Tr^Mthe old school. Is all this education to be given to females ? The answer is—certainly, and forstrongerreasonsif possible than to males. Mr S. hoped he had shewn his views of the soundness of this opinion, during the whole course of !iU of the faculties especiallj- to the female part of his au¬ dience. There Ls no estimating the importance to mankind of well-educated mothers. He had alluded to Ihe brief but powerful answer of Madame Campan to Napoleon, who, when asked by him, what was iieces- -sary to educate the French people, answered “ Mo¬ thers !” The mother is the earliest educator of the senses, the perceptive powers, the animal impulses, the moral feelings; she is the former of the future man. ■What are the teachings of the greatest philosopher to this!—'What would they be without it 1 (Applause.) Mr S. would take up the subject of scliools, especially ' infant schools, in his next lecture. Printed, at the Curonicle Office, 241 Uigh Street, Edinburgh, I 54 The remunei-ation of labour is called Wapes. Thedemaml for labour. It is most important for the working man to know something of the laws which govern tliat demand ; for from ignorance in this he has often been a great sufferer. Labour would pro¬ duce nothing without being combined ith Capital. jSfow tlie larger tlie capital the greater will be tlic amount of labour demanded. Mr S. explained this, and carried it out to its consequences. If the capital be loo great for tlie number of labourers, the capita¬ lists will overbid each other, and the price of labour will rise, and the labourer’s condition will be prospe¬ rous. But tlie prosperity will invito labourers from other places where there is loss capital than labour, and whose condition is therefore less favourable. AVhen capital is below tlie proportion of labour, the competition is thrown among the labourers, wlio will underbid each other, and the wages of labour will fall. Children then will not be roared; disease, the consequence of privation, will thin the ranks of la¬ bour; emigration will lend its aid; and the proportion between labour and capital will tend to be restored. This principle ofthe proportion of capital to labour, is alike applicable to our own capital and that of fo¬ reign nations. Tlie latter, it is well known, contri¬ butes to sot the labour of our own country in motion ; and if that foreign capital falls off, or, which is tlie same thing, is prevented by artificial means from reacliing us, so far will our amount of labour be re¬ stricted ; and if, by sudden revulsion, the accustomed supply is cut off, labourers must be thrown out of employment and distress inevitably follow. This country is at present suffering from this last men¬ tioned cause. So much for the demand; he came now to the laws tliat regulated the Supph of labour. This ob¬ viously depends upon the number of healthy human beings in tlie country fit for labour; and tliis number will depend upon the means of subsistence. When these are low, children will die, and likewise adults, by the sickness which follows piivation; or ilieir number will bo diminished by emigration to countries where the population is less, and tlm subsistence more abundant. The ne.xt essential to the increase of po¬ pulation is the moral condition of a people. Vice de¬ solates a country. It matters not w'hat arc tlie means ofsubsistenco,intemperance and profligacy will starve the labourer’s family. To incroaso, tiicroforc, a peo¬ ple must not only be well fed clothed aud lodged, but llioy must be temperate aud moral. These are tlie general laws of labour’s supply. There are circumstances besides, which affect this su|)p!y in particular instances—suck as the case or dilliculty, tlie pleasure or pain, the safety or danger of particu¬ lar employments, tlio amount of skill required, which lessens the number of competitors, the confis ploymonl, that is, when we employ a hackney coach¬ man, wo must pay him for a proportion of the time ho stands idle as well as that be bestows on us. Now, such being the laws that regulate the demand and supply, in other words the wages, of labour, aud bring them to their natural level, a question of vast importance to llie labourer here arises—Can either the employers or the employed, by any arbitrary act or course of their own, permanently change these laws? In the nature of things, this is impossible; and all such attempts must bo visited, in addition to failure, with much evil aud suftering. In deplorable ignorance of these unbending lnw.s, the attempt has often been made by labourers to raise, by coiubina- tion, the rate of wages. His hearers would anticipate that he was going to tread on the delicate ground of trades’ unions and strikes. He hoped they knew him well enough to give him credit for candour and disinterestedness in treating this question. He was neither a capitalist employing labour, nor a manual labourer receiving wages. He was a loolter-on, and as such, was not only impartial, but observant of tlie game of both jiarties. lie did not question the Icga- pvovent another from working or not working accord¬ ing to his pleasure. Intimidation, threats, violence, are, in this matter, crimes of the deepest dye, and must be put down by all the power of the State. (Cheers.) It is not, then, the lawfulness, but the wisdom of combined strikes, when their object is to raise wages above their natural level, that he, Mr S., would now consider. One fact should be engraved on the working man’s memory — All the (.-ctensivt slrih’S recorded have failed in their object, after prodm- ir.ff great suffering. They have failed, because they have worked against the laws of nature. There is a point, above which the wages of any tr.ide cannot be forced. One of three results will foKowthe attempt to do so; 1st, New labourers will be employed; 2d, The i trade will go to another place where it can be free; o; 3d, It will be quenched altogether. Immense los- to the capitalist will follow these two last results; but the labourer will be utterly ruined by any one ol the three. The havoc produced by great strike • among the working men tlicmselvc.s, might be proved by the history of every one of them. 'The most in¬ structive arc those of Preston in 1830-7, and Glas¬ gow in 1837. Tlie learned lecturer gave .a graph;! and affecting liistory of these strikes. The cotto:. spinners of Preston struck, although their vrages, aftf; all deductions, netted twenty-two shillings and six¬ pence a week per man. Many of them were coerced by intimidation and threats to join the combination. The employers oiFored an increase of three shilling.- and foar])ence on coaditioiiof separation irom the union. The increase and its condition were both re¬ fused. The spinners were not much above COO iu mirabcr; but their strike threw nearly 8000 persons out of work, wliethcr these latter would or not. These were the piccers, the card-room hands, reclers, power- the spinners alone receivedsuppoit fro;u the union; while all tiie rest were left to beg or starve. Beggary prev.ailed to a vast extent accordingly. In that ex¬ tremity the mills were again opened'; all the work people, bat the spinners, rushed into them for work, but the absence of the spinners rendered this move¬ ment of no avail. Gradually spinners from other places, and some separatists from tho union, began to work, aud thus furnish work to the dependent la¬ bourers. A great number of self-acting spinning ma¬ chines were substituted for the old mules which re¬ quired attendance. The supplies from the funds of tlie union stopped, and rc-adraission to tlie mills was implored by starving multitudes; and exactly three months from the first strike, (he mills were again in full operation; but 200 of the leading combinators were never again re-admitted; tho new hands and the now machines supplied their places; aud they and just govern- reprobating re- to, instead of de- aud trusting that day (Bryce’s exe- by anyofMrS.’s )ugly condemned LECTURE XV. {H'rom the Edhihurgh WceUy Ohronidc-and ScoUtsh Pilot of April 13, 1814.) Mr Simpson stated that the present lecture—the last of his course—would he directed to the important object of the condition of the working classes in the large towns, and especially their own; and the means either in their own power, or that of the Legisla¬ ture, to remedy evils already existing, and, by a wise management, prevent their recurrence. It is one of the moat interesting features of an advancing civi¬ lisation that attention is called to the condition in which the masses of the people live, with the view of improving it. The condition in which the people are found in the crowded parts of large towns is a proof of the unfeeling neglect with which bygone times treated, or rather abandoned, them. As population increased, the portions of towns allotted to the hum¬ bler classes were not, by any means, relatively en¬ larged. Building extended where it could he paid for, and the old accommodation became overcrowded to a degree altogether inconsistent with safe, not to say tolerable, human existence. Disease of .a fatal and contagious kind necessarily appeared in these over-crowded localities. It threatens to spread over the whole community, and scourge the higher classes for their selfishness and indifference; and all the world are becoming ‘'sanatory”—a word which our grandfathers, and even fathers, never heard of. We owe it to a few enlightened, benevolent, and public spirited men—such as Mr Chadwick, Dr Arnott, Dr Southwood Smith, and others, in London; Dr Alison, Mr Chambers, and others in Edinburgh, and various individuals in other great towns, that the alarm has been powerfully given, and the legislature itself moved. A committee of the House of Commons sat, in 1840, to en- (piire into the circumstances affecting the health of large towns, with a view to improved sanatory regu¬ lations for their benefit. That committee examined forty-six witnesses from different large towns, and made a report which has been printed, by order of the House of Commons. The result of the enquiries of the committee have been the exposure of a mass of human degradation and misery which the more favoured classes had not a conception could e.xist so near them. It has brought to light, in every great town, vast masses of wretched buildings, called houses but vklly hovels and cellars, without light, air, water, or drainage: swarming with inhabitants, whose num¬ bers have so much outgrown the accommodation that, in addition to much unwholesome occupation, filth and foul air constitute their only mode of being, and the common dscoucios of life are unknown among The committee reported that the evils suffered, by the crowded inhabitants of all the manufacturing towns are nearly of the same kind. They ascer¬ tained that mortality in all the towns always in¬ creased with population, and the deficiency of the means of ventilating and removing impurities. Many of the inhabitants of London were, some years ago, roused to great indignation at the “ imperti¬ nence” of a well-known journal of Edinbuigh, of all places, on whose character for purity there were so many standing jokes, in daring to say that London is a most filthy town. Since, n committee of Parlia¬ ment, however, has confirmed Mr Chambers, and far out-gone him : silence on the subject is the wisest course. Vast portions of London are absolutely abo¬ minable. The report enumerates houses, courts, and alleys, without drains, but with open and choked up gutters for the depositation, not removal, of every species ef filth; large open ditches filled with stag¬ nant liquid filth; houses dirty beyond description, as . if never washed or even swept, and extremely, crowded with inhabitants; and fever prevailing to a fearful extent. Dr Southwood Smith says of seven ' districts in the east of London, visited by him¬ self—“It is utterly impossible for any description to convey to the mind an adequate eoneeption of the fi Ithy and poisonous condition in which large portions of all these districts constantly remain.” “It ap¬ pears” Dr Smith continues “ that out of 77,000 per¬ sons who have received parochial relief, 14,000 have ■ been attacked with fever, and 1300 have died. Ii should be borne in mind that there is no disease which brings so much affliction on a poor man’s family ns fever; it commonly attacks the head of the familj', upon whose daily labour the subsistence of the rest depends. Placing out of consideration the suffering of the individual attacked with fever, which, how¬ ever, is one of the most painful maladies to which the human body is subject; placing out of view also the distress brought upon all the members of the fa. mily of the sick, it is plain that the disease is one of. the main causes of pressure upon the poor rates. That pressure must coutinue, and the same large sums of money must be e.xpeuded, year after year, for the support of families afSicted of fever, as long as these dreadful sources of fever which encompass the habitations of the poor are allowed to remain.' They would not, they could not be allowed to re¬ main, if their natures were really understood, and if the ease-with which the most urgent of them'might I.e removed was known. But there do not appear to be any practicable means of removing them without legislative interference; and if the care of the public hi'altli be a part of the duty of the legislature, if in the metropolis unions, which alone include a popu¬ lation of 851,000 souls, it be certain that conditions exist which are absolutely incompatible with the public health, and whicli conditions are to a very con¬ siderable extent removable; and if it shall be found that similar conditions exist in all the large towns in OreatBrilain; here would seem to he a proper and legitimate field for the exercise of legislative wisdom The report goes on to say—“ The prevalence of fevers and other diseases, arising from neglect of due sanatory regulations, is by no means confined to the populous districts of the Metropolis above described; but the same causes appear to produce the same ef¬ fects, in a great or less degree, in all our great towns. In some of them, these evils, and the misery conse¬ quent upon them, is much increased by peculiar faults in the form and construction of the humble dwellings of the poorer classes. This seems owing to a want of all proper regulations in any general building act, applicable to the poorer classes of houses in these crowded districts, for pre¬ serving due space and ventilation. Thus, in Liver¬ pool there are upwards of 7S00 inhabited cellars oc¬ cupied by upwards of 39,000 persons, being one-fifth of all the working classes in that great town; and an account of undoubted veracity says—that the great proportion of these inhabited cellars were dark, damp, confined, ill ventilated, and dirty. In Man¬ chester also, nearly 15,000 persons, being twelve per cent, of the working population, live in cellars; and in the adjacent town of Salford 3300. Such a habi¬ tation must always bo unhealthy as it implies the impracticability of proper drainage and ventilation. Another form of houses for the working classes, which your Committee considers highly injurious to the health of the inmates, prevails extensively in many large towns, and especially in Liverpool, vis. I be fashion of rows of small houses in close courts, built up at the sides and end, and having only one entrance often under a narrow archway. The evils arising from this cause are much increased, when it is found, as in Liverpool, that it is combined with an- ither error in the construction of the rows of these houses, viz., that they are placed back to back, so as '0 exclude the possibility of their thorough ventilation. It has been slated to your Committee that there are in Liverpool 2400 courts, chiefly of this construction, containing an estimated population of 86,000 of the working classes, in addition to 39,000 living in cellars. Independent of this faulty construction, so injurious to the health of the inhabitants, the state of most of these conrts is described as almost utterly neglected, with no underground sewers, and no attention to cleansing, with no inspection of any kind, and the surface gutters almost choked with filth.” An en¬ graving of a specimen of these pestilent and loath¬ some conrts illustrates the evidence of Dr Duncan, one of the witnesses examined by the Committee. I'he same witness depones that the stench in these lens is intolerable, and that fever prevails to a great extent in these miserable localities. The report, in feeling terms, deplores this condemnation to wretch¬ edness and disease of the very hands who create all ■ he wealth of Liverpool—and strongly recommends egislation for the cure of such crying evils. The =arae or analogous evils are found in all great towns. The account of Manchesteris dlsgraceftil to a civilised community, and calls loudly for stringent legislation. Leeds is utterly abominable—the description is sick¬ ening. The report adds—” Your Committee have in¬ quired into the state of several other densely-peo¬ pled towns, and refer to the evidence given respecting them, not thinking it necessary to enter into detail, more than by stating that they all appear to stand in need, nevertheless, of measures calculated to enforce sanatory regulations for the benefit of the humbler classes.” The report considers Birmingham on the whole cleaner than an y other large town in England. ' ■With regard to Glasgow, however, they are sorry to observe that the details are of the most melancholy and afiecting nature. An intelligent witness, who has every means of knowledge,_ states—” That pen¬ ury, dirt, misery, drukenness, disease, and crime cul¬ minate in Glasgow to a pitch unparalleled in Great Britain;” and in another place—” I did not believe, until I visited the wyndsof Glasgow, that so large an amount of crime, filth, misery, and disease existed in one spot in any civilised country.” The witness was accompanied by the magistrates and heads of the po¬ lice, and describes the want of ventilation, sewerage, cleansing, and attention to the health of the poorer inhabitants in the lower parts of the town, as most grievous in its effects. The result is summed up in the following terms:—“Such being the state of [hings in large districts of Glasgow, it is not surprising that the number of persons who died last year was 10,270, being at the rate of one in twenty four six tenths to the whole population; or that out of that number 2180 died of typhus fever, which never leaves Glas- The Report says: “ Independent of the physical evils to the working classes, arising from the causes adverted to, your Committee are desirous to ex¬ press the strong opinion they entertain, con¬ firmed by the testimony of many of the wit¬ nesses examined, that the dirt, damp, and discom¬ fort so frequently found in and about the habitations of the poorer people in these great towns, have a most powerfully pernicious effect on their moral feelings, induce habits of recklessness and disregard of clean¬ liness, and all proper pride in personal appearance, and thereby fake aw.iy a strong and useful stimulus to industry and exertion. The wife, hopeless of being able to make home comfortable to her husband, aban¬ dons all endeavours for the purpose; neglect leads to neglect, recrimination follows reprootj and their children are brought up amidst dirt and wretchedness, with the example of constant domestic disputes be- _ fore them. Nor can it be doubtful to those who trace ’ the effects of such causes, that the humbler classes are often induced or driven by the want of comfort at home, and by the gloomy prospect around them, to have recourse to dram-drinking, the fertile parent of innumerable ills.” The report shews the great loss to the public by the prevalence of disease—the dete¬ rioration of the health and character of the popula¬ tion, and the increase of the unproductive outlay to maintain the poor and restrain the vicious and cri¬ minal, which must always be increasing tillit becomes an intolerable burden. These considerations, the Committee most properly held, ought to form an im¬ portant element in the contemplation of the expense of remedies for such startling evils. The cost of the cure must be great indeed which should determine the country to prefer the continuance of the disease. Evidence was not taken before the Committee of 1840 of the sanatory state of Edinburgh, except as to