EMIGRATION} ) 
 
 rfuv ' • V v ^ 
 
 1 ' AN ADDRESS 
 
 TO THE CLERGY OF ENGLAND, IRELAND, SCOTLAND AND 
 WALES, 
 
 ON THE CONDITION 
 
 - . OF THE WORKING CLASSES, 
 
 ' t WITH A FEW SUGGESTIONS AS TO THEIR FUTURE WELFARE. 
 
 BY THOMAS RAWLINGS, 
 
 LATE PROPRIETOR >AND EDITOR OP THE CHELTENHAM 0HRONIQLB, ENGLAND, AND' 
 NOW EDITOR OP THE 
 
 OLD COUNTRYMAN, AND EMIGRANT’S FRIEND, 
 
 AN ADDRESS TO PERSONS ABOUT . 
 
 EMIGRATING TO AMERICA, 
 
 MAT PE HAD, GRATIS, OF C. MITCHELL, RED LION COURT, PLBET STREET, LONDON J 
 WILMER & SMITH, EXPRESS AGENTS, &C., LIVERPOOL; SMITH * SON, 
 GLASGOW ; CUMMING, DUPLIN; AND ALL EOO&SBLLEaS. 
 
 NEW-YORKs 
 
 PRINTED BY GEORGE TREHERN, 142 NASSAU STREET. 
 
 1845. 
 
 Tbit pamphlet should bo read by ever; Clergyman ana Di"mllnf minister in the Petto* 
 Kingdom, as well us by the guardians of the different parlshaa. 
 
£&li<Sjrrar. 
 
 1815 £ 
 Nit 
 
TO THE READER. 
 
 It is usual, in most publications of the present day, to ofler, 
 by way of explanation, some few prefatory remarks—the 
 author, however, considers that the facts which he has brought 
 to bear on the subject of which this pamphlet treats, and from 
 the fact that no profit will be derived from its sale, he may be 
 excused from what is call’d custom. He would, however, re¬ 
 mark, that when he commenced writing he had no idea of 
 publishing, except as an editorial in the “ Emigrant’s Friend 
 nor had he consulted any person. But upon a more serious 
 reflection and doubting his own ability to do justice, he was 
 induced to lay his views before others, more competent to 
 judge, who also feel a warm interest in the welfare of the 
 working classes, and, at their urgent solicitation, he consented 
 to publish it in its present form. He claims no merit—what 
 he has done he considers no more than his duty, to the thou¬ 
 sands who are unprovided for. 
 
 It has more than once, been suggested to me, the propriety 
 of a gentleman conversant with this countiy, being sent to Eng¬ 
 land, for the purpose of affording information, and, as there are 
 many who feel a deep interest in the movement I have taken, 
 I am inclined to believe some such steps will be adopted. In 
 the mean time letters may be addressed to me, to the care ot 
 Mr. Mitchel Redlion Court, Fleet-street, London, who will 
 forward them per first mail. 
 
 I would here observe that, that excellent Protestant Prelate 
 the Right Rev. Bishop Chase, so much approved of the plans 
 I have suggested, that he kindly promised me a letter contain 
 ing his sentiments. I have kept back this publication in the 
 daily expectation that I should hear from him, until at last it was 
 announced, in the papers, that he had met with an accident while 
 travelling on the railway, and that he had broken three of his 
 ribs. From his advanced age I am fearful it may prove fatal; 
 and, as it wouldbe censurable were I to press the necessity o» 
 his letter, I have determined to go to press without it. This 
 
I much regret, as the testimony of one, so venerable and wnose 
 experience is so extensive, would not only have proved inter¬ 
 esting but exceedingly valuable in a scheme of this magnitude. 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 THOMAS RAWLINGS 
 
 11? Broadway, New York, 
 Oct. 26th, 1846. 
 
TO THE 
 
 CLERGY OF ENGLAND, IRELAND, SCOTLAND, 
 AND WALES. 
 
 The amelioration of the condition of the working classes, 
 in ray native land, has long occupied a prominent place in my 
 studies; and from the position in which I am placed, it has oc- 
 cured to me, that a few suggestions as to their future welfare, 
 would not be unheeded. 
 
 To you it is scarcely necessary that I should allude to their 
 abject condition. It is admitted on all hands that misery exists; 
 the only difficulty is, how shall it be alleviated ? The Govern¬ 
 ment has from time to time issued commissions, and appointed 
 able and worthy men, as commissioners, for the purpose of 
 procuring information as to the real state of the working class¬ 
 es—measures founded upon their reports, have been proposed 
 and carried for their relief, and yet, nothin g permanently good 
 has arisen therefrom. LORD JOHN RUSSELL grappled 
 with the subject in the “ nine resolutions” which he recently 
 submitted to the House of Commons—LOR.D ASHLEY, the 
 real friend of the poor, has been incessant in his labors for their 
 benefit, and yet nothing permanently good has arisen therefrom! 
 How is this 1 Is there not a disease—a contagious disease, 
 which requires a more skilful physician to prescribe a remedy % 
 Has not the Legislature been content in lookingmerely on the 
 -surface instead of probing to the bottom of the evil 1 If the sen¬ 
 timents uttered by Lord Stanley in reference to Ireland, are to 
 he taken as the sentiments of the Government, it is evident the 
 principle cause has been overlooked; his Lordship is reported 
 to have said “ he- did not believe any system of emigration could 
 have the effect of curing the evils under which Ireland labors.” If 
 the thousands and hundreds of thousands now in this country 
 were to return without a farthing in their pockets, the position 
 they were in when they left the old country, it is not improbable 
 his Lordship’s views would undergo a material change. I fear 
 I am digressing—the population of the working classes in the 
 United Kingdom has increased while labor has been on the de¬ 
 crease in a comparative point of view. It is therefore obvious 
 that the rapid increase of population adds yearly to the dis¬ 
 tress now so prevalent. It is computed that every succeeding day 
 
brings one thousand additional human beings to be fed, and 
 how their wants are to be supplied is, after all, or ought to be, 
 the leading consideration with those entrusted with the destinies 
 of the country. Let but a supply of food fail, and where is the 
 man that can calculate the results 1 Who will venture to deny 
 that misery and crime with death in its most dreadful form, will 
 not follow 1 There is an old saying, that “ hunger will break 
 through stone walls,” and I fear many a comfortable man greatly 
 endangers the position of his family by quietly looking on pass¬ 
 ing events. I have not space to go into statistics, but taking it 
 for granted the statements are admitted, I will proceed with my 
 remarks, and endeavor, conclusively, to show that the only 
 effectual remedy for this national disease, if I may so express 
 myself, is Emigration. I am aware that I am handling a tender 
 subject, and that it requires the gift of no ordinary talent, to do 
 it that justice, which its importance so deservedly merits. How¬ 
 ever, it must be handled, and that before it gets too tender. 
 
 I contend then, that emigration, if conducted upon matured 
 plans, and carried into effect by feelings of humanity in all its 
 bearings, will prove of lasting benefit to the old country, and 
 equally beneficial in ^prospective point of view, to the Emigrant. 
 Hitherto, too many have been allowed to take their departure 
 without either pastoral advice or proper inquiries as to their 
 future means of subsistence; thus, in numerous instances they 
 have become the inmates of Alms-houses in this country, or 
 have been returned by the authorities to their native land, there¬ 
 by becoming a greater burthen upon the parish than before 
 they left. To obviate in future, such saddening scenes, and to 
 promote Emigration upon a more extensive scale, I have ven¬ 
 tured to call your attention to the only remedy, to my mind, 
 which can successfully be applied. 
 
 If the Government would take up the subject with that de¬ 
 gree of earnestness, which it has other matters of minor import¬ 
 ance, your efforts would only be required to carry out the pro¬ 
 visions of the law, but in the absence of that earnestness, and 
 while so much supiness is apparent, there is afield of operation 
 before yon which calls for your serious and immediate action. 
 
 In the first place, I would recommend that a correspondence 
 be opened with the Secretary of State, urging the paramount 
 importance of the Government granting the Poor Law Com¬ 
 missioners additional powers (if they do not already possess 
 them) to the effect, that they may anticipate in each parish, a 
 certain number of able bodied men, their wives, and children 
 becoming burdensome, say for 3 or 5 years. Let enquiries be 
 set on foot to ascertain if any would like to emigrate to the 
 United States, or Canada, (giving them the choice,) and by 
 
7 
 
 way of encouragement, the 3 or 5 years anticipated relief should 
 lie given as a bonus! I am aware it may be argued “we have 
 poor rates high enough as it is, and in order to carry out such a 
 scheme, asthe one nowproposed, we mu6t increase the rates!”' 
 Granted, but is it not much wiser to anticipate a formidable 
 evil by an increased rate now than make that evil a permanent 
 rate hereafter for want of the necessary funds at starting. 
 
 . That I have good ground for the arguments I have advanced 
 —here is a case in point, which has come to my knowledge 
 while preparing this document, and which I had from the lips 
 of the woman who is the subject of remark. I give'place and 
 date, so that if not correct can easily be contradicted; but ad¬ 
 mitting that it is not founded upon truth, it will serve as an im¬ 
 portant item to anticipate cases that may arise under similar 
 circumstances. I should not have fallen in with the woman 
 but from the fact that I saw her loitering about the streets of 
 New York with her little family, I was induced to question her- 
 if she was not a stranger, and fortunately that I did so—for it 
 turned out she had fell into the hands of designing men, and' 
 had been defrauded of nearly all her money. This was re¬ 
 covered by the exertions of the faithful superintendent of the 
 British Emigrant Society, and hence the sequel of her story:— 
 She stated her name was Harriet Whitmore, she had five chil¬ 
 dren. “ In the month of October 1844, she lived with her hus¬ 
 band at Ashly Paivey, Leicestershire. That her husband re¬ 
 quested the parish authorities to assist him to emigrate to 
 America, this they declined, but offered him <£25, if he would 
 go to New Zealand. Finding the parish would not assist him, 
 he came to America and left his wife and five children behind. 
 From the 22nd of October to the 7th of July 1845, she received 
 out-door relief at the rate of 7s. 6d. per week, and if her hus¬ 
 band had not obtained work enough to have enabled him to 
 pay her passage, she must have remained a burden upon the 
 parish.” By this chance the parish saved <£10. Let another 
 view, however, of the case be taken; suppose this man had 
 discarded his family (which is not unusual,) who can say how 
 many years the family would have received relief? In the ab¬ 
 sence of any answer, am I not justified in taking the lowest 
 calculation of my scheme—three years, and thus shew, that had 
 the parish given him <£25 to emigrate to America it would not 
 only have saved <£35, but it would have been the land of his 
 choice ? This is but an isolated case. I have no doubt they 
 might be multiplied ten fold. 
 
 This is my first proposition; I now come to the second. I 
 lave already premised that the second would only be required 
 if the Government refused to entertain your application. 
 
8 
 
 The operations of my second plan are far more extensive, and 
 probably will enlist the sympathy of many which the Govern¬ 
 ment plan might fail to do. The Dissenting Ministers could 
 lend a helping hand, and thus by co-operating with the Clergy, 
 effect gTeat good. There are large companies of emigrants 
 coming over from Germany, daily, who are sent out under the 
 care of an agent, and conducted to the place of their choice by 
 the same agency. In reference to the United Kingdom, I would 
 propose that each Clergyman and Dissenting Minister should 
 form a society from the members of their respective congrega¬ 
 tions, whose duties should be to raise subscriptions from their 
 more wealthy neighbours, andthen ascertain who are in adverse 
 circumstances, and if any disposition is manifested for emigra¬ 
 tion. Let each head of a family, so disposed, beforwarded out 
 of the funds raised, with the necessary sum to pay tlieirpassage, 
 and an additional sum to purchase a small farm. In all cases 
 taking care that the passenger is consigned to one of the socie¬ 
 ties which are fully described at the foot of this letter. 
 
 It is deserving of attention that Emigrants should be sent 
 out in ‘small bands,’ the same in creed, politics, and position in 
 life. My reason for these suggestions arise from actual obser¬ 
 vation. The emigrants who come out alone —locate in some 
 distant lands, among other settlers totally unknown to them, 
 they thus become lonesome, uncommunicative, and dissatisfied, 
 and write home to their friends a prejudicial account of the 
 soil, climate and social habits\ 
 
 Another class of persons who are not in adverse circumstances, 
 but from the fact that they have a numerous family to provide 
 for, would in all probability gladly emigrate, if they could pro¬ 
 cure a gift or loan, over and above that which they have, but 
 which is scarcely enough to justify them in embarking. 
 
 In the able report which was presented by the Commission¬ 
 ers to his Majesty, William the Fourth, relative to the New 
 Poor Law, It was recommended that “ each parish be em¬ 
 powered to order the payment of the rates raised for the relief 
 of the poor of the expenses of the emigration of any persons * * 
 who may be willing to emigrate.” “The expenses”—not a 
 word is here said what is to become of the Emigrant when he 
 lands, a stranger on a distant shore !—and this a remedy for 
 starvation at home ! Without exception, this is the greatest 
 piece of mockery, as a remedy for the thousands doomed to 
 starvation I ever read, and which is clearly proved by the ad¬ 
 mission of the Commissioners themselves; for in the very next 
 paragraph to the one I have quoted, occurs the following 
 sente nee—“It has occasionally happened that emigrants have 
 retur ned to burthen the parishes at the expense of which they 
 
have been removed; and to remedy this evil, it has been pro¬ 
 posed that every person who should with his own consent, he re. 
 moved at the expense of his parish, should lose his settlement- 
 But we do not think it expedient that this proposal should! he 
 adopted—we do not believe the instances of the return of emi¬ 
 grants are now frequent enough to affect the profit to a parish 
 of an emigration judiciously conducted, and we believe that 
 the instances would be still more rare if it were known that the 
 emigrant on his return would notbe entitled to relief otherwise 
 than in a well managed work-house. * * * We should pro¬ 
 pose that the expenses which any parish shall have defrayed, or 
 contracted to pay for the removal of any voluntary emigrant, 
 shall, upon the return of the emigrant, become a debt due to 
 the overseers for the time being, and shall be recovered by an 
 attachment of any wages to which the debtor may become en¬ 
 titled.” If this be the law, there need be no wonder as to the 
 numerous returns of emigrants. If die names ofthe Commission¬ 
 ers did not afford some guarantee for feelings of humanity; I 
 Bhould be inclined to conclude that their proposition was simply 
 as an experiment. In fact it will scarcely admit of any other 
 interpretation. Thousands say they are burthensome upon the 
 various parishes—we, therefore, recommend as a remedy, to 
 pay their expenses across the water, should they not starve there, 
 why, in that case, they can but return, and if they should be 
 successful after their return, any wages to which they become 
 entitled should be mortgaged to the overseers. 
 
 I regret any allusions to this report, but as there evidently is 
 alack of information on the all-important subject of emigra¬ 
 tion, I could not well refuse to make use of it. For the Com¬ 
 missioners I entertain the greatest respect and would not wil¬ 
 fully misrepresent their views, still I must confess their report 
 appears more to partake of the “ profits” to the parish than the 
 benefits which ought to accrue to the pauper! 
 
 By way of further illustrating the advantages of my scheme, 
 suppose for the sake of argument, we take the number of pa¬ 
 rishes in England and Wales as reported by the Commission¬ 
 ers, viz :—15,535. Let but two families be provided for, con¬ 
 sisting of Father, Mother and two Children, from each parish, 
 multiply the parishes by 8 it will give 124,280persons, who may 
 be relieved without the parishioners scarcely feeling the ex¬ 
 pence. This may be carried on yearly either in the ratio laid 
 down or upon a more extended scale, according to the means 
 ofthe various parishes. I have not included Ireland and Scot¬ 
 land in the number of parishes, from the fact thatneither of those 
 places come under the operation of the New Poor Law. 
 
 In 1836, according to Mr. McCulloch’s statement, the popu- 
 
10 
 
 lation of Ireland was not far from eight to eight-and-half mil¬ 
 lions, and the annual increase was about 165,000, and, as Ire¬ 
 land has proved the great difficulty of all administrations, surely 
 some active steps should be taken for the settlement of the in¬ 
 creased population if not for the other portion. 
 
 ■ Young men of strong constitutions, and fond of agricultural 
 pursuits, should agree to emigrate. Their plan should be first 
 to get employment under a practical farmer, so that in the 
 course of time they would get thoroughly acquainted with the 
 plans and operations of experienced men, that would qualify 
 them to cultivate lands on their own account with greater cer¬ 
 tainty of success, than if they had commenced without such a 
 drilling. Or they might commence Denoro. In that case they 
 should club together both their means and their labor—pur¬ 
 chase some 200 acres of land, better than ordinary, for about 
 <£100, expend another <£100 in clearing and tilling the land, 
 and in the course of three years, they would be possessed of a 
 Farm equal in value to that which their forefathers paid <£200 
 per annum for. They may begin upon smaller or larger scales 
 according to their circumstances. It would be an act of folly 
 to advise any young man to come out who is in the least addict¬ 
 ed to intemperance or an idle life ; much less those who wish 
 to ape the gentleman. It is only by the sweat of the brow that 
 man, in tilling the land in America, can succeed. If any other 
 class of my countrymen want to improve their position in life 
 and are willing to submit to the sacrifices attendant upon the 
 emigrant on starting in the New World, they need not fear the 
 result; but to come out here, as many have done, in the ex¬ 
 pectation that the streets are paved witu gold —is too absurd to 
 require refutation. 
 
 Lands can be procured in this country at almost any price ; 
 there are vast tracts still uncultivated. In fact, if the whole 
 population of Europe were to emigrate, there would be still 
 room for other nations, such is the vast extent of America. The 
 elass of persons most likely to succeed are those fond of the 
 soil; and who happen to be blessed with a couple or more of 
 hardy boys, others can succeed, but the chances are more favor¬ 
 able when accompanied with useful children. There is another 
 •lass of persms who can find immediate employment: Domes¬ 
 tic Servants. There is a great call for English and Scotch 
 servants of good moral character and industrious habits. I 
 have been informed by an agent that he could procure places 
 for at least a thousand in the state of New York. Great cau¬ 
 tion however, must be observed not to send too many. They 
 must be healthy, cleanly and honest —not squalid, tmUpale faced ! 
 One barier, hitherto, to their not emigrating has been the false 
 
11 
 
 notion that wearing apparel was so dear in America, that the 
 small sums at their command would not admit of a previous out¬ 
 fit. It is not so, wearing apparel, in general, is far cheaper 
 than at home. 
 
 There is another point of equal importance which I have 
 slightly alluded to at the commencement, viz., in reference to 
 the choice of the emigrant as to whether he should locate in Ca¬ 
 nada or the United States ! 
 
 There are few, who know me, that would for one moment 
 •harge me with a lias in favor of a Republican form of Govern¬ 
 ment. But in dealing with a subject which is for general good, 
 I am compelled for a time, to lose sight of all political feelings. 
 I fear that the impressions which those from the old country 
 receive in reference to the United States, are too often over¬ 
 looked. It is well known that the Chartists and even a vast 
 majority of the Radicals entertain extravagant notions as to a 
 Monarchial Government, and in too many instances would 
 gladly change their lot, for, what they term, “ the Land of Li¬ 
 berty.” Now, I ask in all seriousness are these men likely to he 
 satisfied if the object of their pursuit should be diverted from 
 the United States and directed to Canada! I answer with equal 
 seriousness, they are not likely to be satisfied; and, if more 
 care had been taken in this matter, by the promoters of emigra¬ 
 tion, not one half the discontent which has been manifest in 
 that colony would ever have arisen. The agitators there would 
 have been foiled in their attempts at rebellion, if the class of 
 emigrants I have been speaking of, had been recommended 
 to this country. I have said nothing disparaging of Canada, 
 nay, if I would I could not: land is equally plentifiil, and there 
 is a vast scope for the labors of industrious men. What I ani 
 contending for is, of vital importance, and at some future day 
 will he practically' developed. To avoid therefore, the evils 
 which naturally result from such a state of things, let those who 
 cherish views favorable to a Monarchial form of Government 
 be prevailed upon to pursue their course to Canada, and on the 
 other hand, let each and all who cherish views favorable to a 
 Republican form of Government, let them, notonly he dissuad¬ 
 ed from going to Canada, but earnestly recommended to emi¬ 
 grate to the United States. 
 
 Before I close these hurried remarks, I will endeavor to re¬ 
 move some of the prejudices which exist, as to the difficulty of 
 procuring a proper knowledge of the land, climate, and capabili¬ 
 ties of this extensive go-a-head country. There is a land agency 
 formed in this city, whose office is at 112 Broadway, opposite the 
 Cit^ Hotel, and immediately over the Express office. The gen: 
 tlemen connected with this agency are of sterling wealth, and 
 
stand high for integrity and general information. In the course 
 of tay duties I have often come in contact with their designs and 
 pursuits; and therefore from practicable observation, can bear 
 my testimony to the advantages which can be derived through 
 such an agency, as well as with perfect confidence, recommend 
 a' careful and confidential perusal of the following facts, which 
 I. have received from the hands of their principal agent. 
 
 New York, Octobers, 1845. 
 
 " Sin—I thank you for the perusal of your address, and the space you have 
 been.pleased to assign for my reply to your enquiries. Your expose of frauds 
 on.emigrants. will have a precautionary tendency abroad. Here they have be¬ 
 come the subject of public animadversion, and I trust our legislature wij 
 speedily arm the municipal authorities with power to crush the evil, so far as 
 itexi'sfd in the length and breadth of our own state. 
 
 'An efficient system of protection, however, must begin abroad. Persons de¬ 
 sirous of removing to the United States or Canada should be protected in their 
 motive and object, by correct information, before they determine to remove. 
 They must be undeceived, if interested exaggeration has magnified the price 
 of labor dr its productiveness, in the marketable fertility of the country they are 
 enquiring about. They must not expect in their pioneer settlement to be ex- 
 cmpt'from toil, privation nor sickness. But they may, with truth, be told, 
 that the great west is emphatically the poor man’s country—that the rich there 
 weic once the poor—and that whether they migrate to Canada West, or to 
 the'slates and territories of the United States, they become the owners of the 
 soil they cultivate and the recipients of that sure reward that will attend their 
 persevering industry. Climate, marketable facilities, the object of their pur¬ 
 suit—be the same wool growing, stock raising, or grain culture—and even as 
 you suggest, political preferences may decide their choice, They should be 
 protected in their way thither, by a well recommended medium of convey¬ 
 ance; They should be protected in the selection of their farms by the assis¬ 
 tance of an agency entitled to their entire confidence. They should be followed 
 to the epot or be surrounded bygood advisers, and there protected in the very 
 moans and mode of their initiatory operations. How is all this to be done ?— 
 By'what means can a system be organised, whereby the arm of a combined 
 protection may be thrown around the emigrant, from the moment he leaves 
 the door of his native home, until he arrives at that of his adoption ? The 
 philanthropist on both sides the water, who sees in the wide spread west, 
 with its thousand millions of acres of public domain, and in the open armed 
 welcome which there awaits every industrious and moral beneficiary of his 
 generous aspirations, a far happier lot for the unfortunate surplus labor abroad, 
 than the convulsion of despair or war, would surely lend his aid in organizing 
 a system of protection thus searching and complete, especially, when he may 
 be assured that it cannot involve any intimidating array of expenditure, nor any 
 personal involuntary responsibility. How, I repeat, is such a system to be 
 framed ? Simply, by correspondence. The elements of a complete system 
 exist, in the protective benevolent societies here; in the official aid and bene¬ 
 volent agencies you invoke; in the practicable associations of the patriotic 
 and humane abroad; in some well established company for the conveyance of 
 emigrants, by a cheap continuous and protective mode; an 1 lastly, in such an 
 agency here, with its auxiliary correspondencies in the west, for the collec¬ 
 tion and transmission of correct information, and for the purchase of land for 
 actual settlement, as all may confide in. Let societies be organized in differ¬ 
 ent' countries or districts abroad, and a correspondence instituted between 
 them and those here; and let them mutually fix upon at least some one me¬ 
 dium of approved conveyance, and some one land—purchasing agent—whoa 
 
13 
 
 they can safely patronise and recommend to the emigrant—(for without:«uch 
 specific recommendation, he is left as much a victim as ever to impositiop)n- 
 and the whole system is brought to bear, by a simple concert of action, uiioiig 
 independent bodies, irresponsible to each other, but aiming at the same ob¬ 
 ject. . 
 
 In complying with your request for the principle and detail of the agency, 
 which I have, the past six months, been contemplating, I will remark, that its 
 principle could be no other, in the estimate of those acquainted with me,than 
 that of good faith to all parties; and this, necessarily, involves protection; so 
 far as it can be given, especially to those incapable of protecting themselves, 
 in the selection of their land and location. In its detail, it is designed as a 
 medium of correct information in relation to the west; and of assistance for 
 the purchase of lands in behalf of the foreign or domestic emigrant of their 
 friends, either in person, or through such correspondencies, as they, or'any 
 special agent they may send for the purpose, may safely confide in, if, as wou.d 
 
14 
 
 the principal interior markets of Cincinnati, St. Louis, Chicago, Milwuakie and 
 Buffalo; and thence to New York, Montreal, New Orleans or Boston. Some 
 may be entered at Government price $125 per acre; some less than half that 
 price through depreciated state securities or land warrants; some are offered 
 by private owners, including improved farms in range of the canal to con¬ 
 nect the valley of the Mississippi through the Illinois, with the lakes, and 
 in the range of the great Erie Rail-road already referred to, (both of which 
 improvements will probably be completed in less than two years) at a pur- 
 chaseable value, which, in the opinion of good judges, will be greatly en¬ 
 hanced by the completion of those important works. Some non-resident 
 land owners offer their whole lands at a minimum, more favorable to indi¬ 
 vidual purchases, than if application were to be made at their western agen¬ 
 cies; others, for the sake of actual settlement of every alternate lot, for the 
 benefit of the improved value of the reserved, offer as inducement lor settle¬ 
 ment and to cover agency commissions and expenses, a portion of there land 
 at a price much below that of the public lands. In the instance you also 
 cite and in similar cases, where not only a third is given out and out, but large 
 apportionments made for educational and religious purposes, I am persuaded 
 that the liberality of the offer is prompted by a higher motive than mere gain. 
 
 With them, and with you, I enter heart and hand in the noble charity which 
 constitutes the theme of your arf t.-ess to the clergy. I enter to the extent of 
 ®y ability, in conveying to t‘ meritorious indigent my best information, 
 and pointing to them the cheapest means of diffusing over their domestic 
 circles, and around their adopted fire-sides plenty and happiness. To you, the 
 clergy and the benevolent societies, I tender my feeble aid, in promoting this 
 great plan for ameliorating the condition of the surplus laboring classes, and 
 of spreading the Christian banner in those beautiful groves and praries, which 
 I passed in the west, where the war whoop, within a few years, has ceased 
 to resound, and the hum of civilization is rapidly approaching their solitudes. 
 
 The plan you suggest is a philanthropy embracing a deep moral which will 
 repay us all. Feeble as our individual means may be, yet the battle, in such 
 a cause, is not to the .strong. We may hope for a generous aid from those 
 best able to yield it. But let us not falter. The remembrance that we have 
 recognized the obligation of social duty and endeavoured to perform it, will 
 bring with it the heart cheering anticipation of “ well done thou good and 
 faithful.” 
 
 Let me advise however, those generous men abroad who may assist their 
 Worthy countrymen to the means of employment and improvement—to pro¬ 
 vide for them the first year. They will then prosper. They will require no 
 aid the next year. On the contrary, if they follow the industrial example of 
 Some of our own countrymen, they may realize from the second years crops a 
 surplus that will go far towards the payment of their farm and improvements. 
 
 In preparing for any considerable number, I would recommend that the 
 funds raised for investment be deposited under the direction you suggest, and 
 applied as occasion may require, for the purchase and snbdivisional survey of 
 
States, ate Woodward & Co. I have reason also to believe that the principle 
 of its actions is a protective one. Indeed the exertions of those gentlemen ih 
 New York, to procure a correction of the evils you complain of, are well 
 known to many of the friends of the emigrant. And if seconded, as I believe 
 they will be, by every benevolent society in the city, and by the voice of every 
 honest man, we have reason to trust that the legislature will define existing 
 grievances by penal enactment, and invest our local authorities with competent 
 power to apply the remedy; thereby contributing to render it no longer ne¬ 
 cessary for aiiy one who has entered our country in hope, to flee from it in 
 
 I remain, respectfully, &c. 
 
 JOSEPH W. MOULTON, 
 Office, in “ Express Buildings,” 112 Broadway. 
 
 As you suggest the expediency of some reference to meet the enquiry "of 
 strangers, you may refer, if necessary, to either of the following gentlemen, 
 •among many others, if it could be deemed requisite, of the first respectability, 
 for the integrity of any operation in which I may assume the personal duty 
 and responsibility. Hon. Daniel WebBter, R. Hyde Walworth, Chancellor 
 Silas Wright, Governor of the State of New York; Hiram Ketcham, Esq., 
 John E. Wool, Brig.-General Commanding the Eastern divison U. S. Aimy; 
 Messrs. Nevins,Townsend & Co., William C. Bryant, Esq., Messrs. E.andJ. 
 Bussing, merchants, &c.” 
 
 There is a gentleman to whom I have been introduced—a 
 Protestant, and a steady and worthy member of the Episcopal. 
 Church. He owns upwards of a million acres op land. I have 
 had several interviews with him, and it gives me pleasure to 
 state that he proposes giving away a large quantity in sections, 
 of 160 acres, as an inducement to settlers, on this plan: the 60 
 acres will be an absolute gift on payment of about one shilling 
 sterling an acre to cover the agent’s expenses. Tlie remaining 
 one hundred acres to be cultivated by the settler for five years, 
 and he is to have the option of purchasing the same at a mere 
 nominal price. The proceeds arising from the crops which are 
 raised during the five years, to belong to the settler. In addi¬ 
 tion to which, he apportions for ever, certain sections for the 
 buildings of Protestant Churches and Public Schools. 
 
 Is not this a noble and pliilantrophic act? These are stirring 
 times in which we live, charity knows no bounds in the United 
 Kingdom. It has, however, been echoed and re-echoed across 
 the water, until the sons of America are likely to excel, in 
 • benevolence the acts of their forefathers. This project alone, 
 is of itself sufficient to command your co-operation. 
 
 The improved civilization of society—the spirit of the age— 
 the enlarged state of Christianity of the 19th century, inspires 
 me with a hope that the appeal which I have so earnestly urged 
 in every part of this pamphlet, will meet with a liberal 
 response. 
 
 To the Clergy and Dissenting Minister I would say, if you 
 
value the country in which you live, if you love to hear of your 
 neighbour’s welfare, you will at once ponder over the facts con¬ 
 tained in this humble sheet. You have it in your power to make 
 those, in adverse circumstances happy. It is by your influence, 
 ,by your persuasive reasoning, that the numerous charities which 
 ornament England, are supported; and by the same influence, 
 and by the same persuasive reasonings can the broken heart in 
 temporal things be made to rejoice. Need I say more to induce 
 your co-operation 1 America is a country more desirable for the 
 poor man to live in, than the one he is born in, if in Europe, 
 -while the population is so vastly disproportionate to the acres 
 of land over which he has the control. The poor, therefore, and 
 all in moderate circumstances, require but little inducement to 
 wend their way across the Atlantic. 
 
 I have endeavored, in as condensed a form as possible, to 
 point out what I consider a remedy for the distress now so pre¬ 
 valent among the working classes. If the humble, and I trust 
 honest suggestions which I have ventured to make, are con¬ 
 sidered of suflicient importance to enlist your sympathy, and 
 thus justify you in taking action in the matter, it will afford me 
 no little satisfaction; being assured that every obstacle which 
 may present itself, must give way, when your influence is thrown 
 into the scale. 
 
 I have resorted to no extraordinary display of language, 
 neither does my sentiments partake of fiction. My tale is plain 
 and simple—perfectly ungarnished—it requires neither the pen 
 of the poet or the tongue of the orator to give weight to the 
 facts I have enumerated—nor on the other hand, does it require 
 an elaborate critique from the reviewer to give it force. I have 
 seriously and maturely considered the sentiments I have ad¬ 
 vanced, and if they are fairly and impartially viewed, I feel con¬ 
 fident good will result therefrom. 
 
 Having thus put you in possession of my views on emigra¬ 
 tion, I will, with your permission, draw yonr attention from 
 temporal matters and endeavour to enlist your sympathy for 
 the cause of missions. England has nobly done her duty in send¬ 
 ing out missionaries to distant lands, but since this country has 
 ceased to be under the sway of the British sceptre, her spiritual 
 wants have mainly depended upon her own rescources, conse¬ 
 quently thousands who once heard the gospel sound in their 
 native land, are here dying without that spiritual aid which the 
 members of the venerable establishment are so accustomed 
 to, when closing their eyes on this world and about to take 
 there flight to regions unknown. 
 
 If the cause of missions needed your support, when this 
 country was in a state of heathenism, surely that support is 
 
17 
 
 doubly required now when so many souls, formerly in-the fold, 
 are now wandering about without a shepherd. In the Western 
 Country there arc tracts of land upon which never man trod— 
 many of our countrymen are selecting these spots for their 
 • future abode, but rarely, if, ever, can they get within reach of' 
 those tidings, whichmake glad the heart of man. Is it not pos¬ 
 sible that your zeal for the missionary cause can be directed 
 even to this Republican country 1 Shall souls die for lack of 
 knowledge, because the Episcopal Church considers it politic to 
 be seperate from The Church of England ? She is the same in 
 doctrine—she teaches the same evangelical truths, and under 
 the fostering care of the Presiding Bishop, the Venerable Dr. 
 Chase—she can direct her ministers to those places where they 
 can be useful. You have a large number of promising young 
 men growing up in the mother church, who might if the neces¬ 
 sary funds were raised, be sent out here under the jurisdiction 
 of the Episcopal Church, specially devoted to this good work. 
 I have lately discussed thisimportantsubjecB with the Presiding 
 and other Bishops, who fully participate in my views, 
 
 It is not improbable this pamphlet may fall into the hands of 
 those it is designed to benefit, and in that case I would address 
 myself to them and say, if you have money under your control, 
 do not exchange it—an English sovereign is the best passport 
 you can have in the United Slates, neither be prevailed upon to 
 spend your little capital in wearing apparel or furniture, both 
 can be obtained cheaper here than at home. You simply waut 
 a few culinary articles for use on the voyage, and your bedding 
 and provision—the latter should always be kept under lock and 
 key. Pay no attention to the advice of any person as to the best 
 mode of travelling, nor on any account divulge the state of your 
 circumstances. 
 
 It was not my intention to have said one word as to the mode 
 of conveyance from new york to the western states or even 
 from Liverpool to new .york. But as my friend Mr. Moulton has 
 mentioned the matter, and as it is probable you may be unacquain 
 ted with the various routes, I cannot hesitate to bear my testi¬ 
 mony to the respectability of Messrs. Woodward & Co’s Estab¬ 
 lishment, and their uniform kiudness to the Emigrant. Their 
 list of prices which is appended to this pamphlet, are decidedly 
 low: In fact they are much lower than have been exactedby 
 several other houses in the city. To avoid therefore unneces¬ 
 sary delay, it would be well to secure the passage through the 
 agency of Messrs. Woodward. 
 
 P. S.—That no obstacle may present itself in accomplishing 
 the object proposed, I have the permission of Anthony Barclay , 
 Esq. Her Britanic Majesty's Consul at New York to state, he will 
 
18 
 
 willingly undertake the charge of ali monies raised and paid into 
 his credit; and, as bis Bankers are Messrs. Barclay, Tritton, 
 Beaven §Co., Lombard street, London, I would recommend that 
 the respective sums should be paid into a Provincial Bank doing 
 business with the London House. 
 
 The same advice may be given to Emigrants who have the 
 control of their money. After paying their passage and reserv¬ 
 ing a few sovereigns, pay the remainder into the same bands, 
 taking care to bring out a letter of credit. 
 
 The Societies referred to at the commencement of this letter 
 are, The British Protective Emigrant Society, 14 Pine-st., 
 New York, which embraces English, Scotch and Welsh, 
 and the Irish Emigrant Society, No. C, Ann-st, Both So¬ 
 cieties are benevolent in their object. No charge is made for 
 advice. They have also hooks kept for the purpose ofrcgis- 
 tering the names of persons who want to employ as well as for 
 those who are in quest of employment. It includes Domestic 
 Servants, Clerks and Laborers. Thus opening a channel where 
 information can be obtained as to the cheapest and most ex¬ 
 peditious mode of travelling, as well as where situations can bn 
 procured without loss of time. 
 
 Should you require any further information, I shall he happy 
 at all times to furnish what may be in my power. The follow¬ 
 ing letter which has recently been published in the English 
 papers, may not he out of place here, as it is intended to act 
 as a caution to emigrants on landing. 
 
 ADDRESS TO PERSONS EMIGRATING TO 
 AMERICA. 
 
 Fellow Countrymen, —I had fondly hoped that some per¬ 
 son of far more inflnence, would have, ere this, called your at¬ 
 tention to the gross frauds which are daily practised upon the 
 unsuspecting Emigrant. However, as they have become so 
 frequent, and there being, in the absence of Legislative enact¬ 
 ments, scarcely any redress to be obtained from the authorities. 
 I have determined to break silence, and as far as in my power 
 lies, to expose the entire system, 
 
 The obstacles which surround you on landing must he wit¬ 
 nessed to be believed, I am an Emigrant myself—have thus 
 experienced the same attempt at frauds, but happily escaped 
 the clutches of the monsters. Since my arrival here, I have 
 been editing “ The Old Countryman and Emigrant’s Friend,” 
 and in such capacity have had numerous opportunities of wit' 
 ncssing the course of events which I am now about to unravel. 
 At the commencement of my connection with the Old Country¬ 
 man , I promised that protection to the Emigrant should be my 
 
19 
 
 constant study, in fact, it was mainly owing to the opportunity 
 of becoming the “ Emigrant’s Friend” through the medium 
 of a public Journal that induced me to resume my connection 
 with the press. It is my intention to fulfil to the letter my 
 promise; and in every instance to caution the Emigrant against 
 every species of fraud which comes under my obervation. 
 
 There are many speculative agents in New York, who think 
 they can afford to smile at my humble exertions, in your behalf. 
 Let them smile if they like, but I would have them beware, that 
 while they are indulging themselves with the results of dislumeet 
 practices. I am laying such a foundation in the Old Country ,, 
 which mu6t eventually, break up their schemes, let them be ever 
 so deceptive. I have materials in my hands, which ought, and 
 shall he made available for your benefit. 
 
 I care not what others may say, my object is to put you on 
 the right track, and thus prevent you from falling into the hands 
 of professed friends—you will perceive that I am no anonymous 
 scribler, my name and address is at the foot of these remarks, 
 and although I have made this, for the present, the land, of my 
 adoption, 1 hope to prove that I am not unmindful of that coun¬ 
 try to which I owe my birth, and in which I was cradled and 
 reared into manhood. 
 
 Several parties have combined together, and have sent out 
 their agents into different parts of Europe, with instructions, at 
 all hazards, to procure the interest of Emigrants; when at the 
 same time they do not possess one single farthing, beyond that 
 of paying their travelling expenses, nor have they any connec¬ 
 tions, except within their own circle, whereby to carry out their 
 pretensions. That their are many—very many respectable 
 shipping agents I do not deny, but they have not at their com¬ 
 mand, facilities, to enable them to forward Emigrants to anv 
 given place beyond New York. The remedy in this case, in my 
 humble opinion, to prevent imposition or delay, is, before leav¬ 
 ing Liverpool, or any other port, to apply to the American Con¬ 
 sul ; if the .parties who are the agents should be Americans, or 
 to the English agent (official) if the parties who are the agents 
 should be English, as to their respectability, and then in all 
 cases, whether you are destined for Canada or the United 
 States, secure the fare only to New York. This advice is on the 
 score of economy. Those who do not care for the cost, by all 
 means take your fare to the end of your journey. The Emigrant 
 who takes my advice on the score of economy, must not be sa¬ 
 tisfied with simply taking his fare to New York. He must be 
 forewarned and forearmed if he wishes to avoid the results which 
 
20 
 
 arc invariably offered on landing, and more particularly to 
 those who are proceeding up the country, without their arrange¬ 
 ments being completed. 
 
 I shall proceed with my narrative of frauds, &c., and then 
 conclude by advising the best course to be pursued. 
 
 Large numbers are daily making arrangements to procure 
 passages across the Atlantic, for their friends, and instead of re¬ 
 mitting the needful to the Old Country, prefer striking the bar¬ 
 gain on this side the water. Many a hard earned and carefully 
 hoarded dollar is expended in this way. I therefore conceive 
 it a duty to point out the manner in which this business is trans¬ 
 acted. It must be understood that my remarks are not intend¬ 
 ed to apply to the owners of Packet ships, nor do I include all 
 agents. In fact, I disclaim any intention of refering in the most 
 distant way to the Old Established Agents. 
 
 There arc large bills placarded in every part of the streets of 
 New York headed “ Packets to sail” to which is appended “ The 
 subscriber beingagents for the Packet ships.” In this way these 
 passenger agents attract the notice of those wishing to send for 
 their friends, and in nine cases out often are succesful in obtain¬ 
 ing their money: chiefly by representing that they can take the 
 passages at two and three dollars less than the owners of these 
 very packet ships would contract to bring them for. These 
 agents have generally a number of passengers, in England, Ire¬ 
 land, Scotland, and Wales coming over at about the same time. 
 The agent at Liverpool, finding enough, or very nearly so, to 
 fill a ship, sends a notice to those whose passage has been paid 
 on this side the water, to be in Liverpool on such and such a 
 day “when the ship will be sure to sail.” It may be as well 
 here to state, that nearly all the certificates issued, bear the fol¬ 
 lowing : “ The agent in Liverpool will notify the passengers 
 when to be there,” which when literally translated, means, “ you 
 will please wait until we have a sufficient number to load a ves¬ 
 sel.” Preparations for the voyage are immediately made, 
 and suddenly the emigrant, with probably his wife and littlo 
 children, arrive in Liverpool—here after waiting a delay, fre¬ 
 quently of two weeks, the vessel sails, but instead of the “ Splen¬ 
 did Packet Ship” promised to the friend, and so highly praised 
 in the bills, he finds himself on board a slow sailing, uncomfort¬ 
 able, transient vessel, the master of which having disposed of 
 his between decks for a certain sum, with the priviledge of 
 stowing away as many human beings as the law will allow, has 
 little or no care for his steerage passengers’health, or how they 
 are treated, thus are thousands of passengers, who have paid 
 full passage fares, or within a trifle, brought for a song, cheated 
 and maj [.ited in every way. 
 
21 
 
 1 would now call your attention to tlie abominable system 
 practised by men representing themselves as the agents of cer¬ 
 tain Boarding Houses and Forwarding Lines. The moment the 
 ship comes along side the warfshe is boarded by about 100 men 
 more or less called agents, but in fact “ outruners.” honest and 
 dishonest mingled together, thus rendering it difficult to decide, 
 and therefore, the plausible and deceptive tale generally succeeds 
 To remedy these evils, unless your friends have previously ad¬ 
 vised you, for, I would here slate, that I should be sorry to be 
 understood as censuring those who are the recognised agents 
 of respectable houses. On your arrival, immediately apply to 
 •ne ofthe following Societies, who give advice gratuitously— 
 THE BRITISH PROTECTIVE EMIGRANT SOCIETY, 14 PINE STREET, 
 on the IRISH EMMIGRANT SOCIETY, 6 ANN STREET, NEW YORK, 
 and if not successful there I will, without fee dr reward, give 
 you any information in my power. The following cases which 
 I have extracted from the New York Tribune confirms the ne¬ 
 cessity of taking my advice:— 
 
 “ Immigrants Abused. —The Rochester Democrat has been doing|a good 
 work in exposing some of the frauds and iniquities to which the poor Emi¬ 
 grants from Europe are exposed from the moment they approach our shores 
 to that in which they reach their ultimate destination. Generally ignorant as 
 well as poor, and half of them unable to speak our language, they are greed¬ 
 ily pounced upon as prey to a flock of harpies who hover about our port, and 
 who never scruple to take the last crust of bread from the mouths of famish¬ 
 ing children if they can thereby put half its value into their own dirty poc¬ 
 kets. In several recent instances it is proved that families have paid in our 
 city through to Buffalo, Cleveland, Chicago, &c. yet have been stopped half 
 way by a demand of more money as the only condition on which they could 
 be allowed to" proceed, or tumbled off on a dock, and left to shift for them¬ 
 selves as they might In other cases, they have been charged extra for lug¬ 
 gage in violation of their agreements, and still again they have been swindled 
 by a practice termed 1 Halifaxing’ their effects—that is. making the weight 
 twice the real amount, and compelling them to pay full charges on the un¬ 
 just computation. These are but a part of the oppressions heaped upon a 
 class whose poverty and helplessness, it would seem, must preserve them 
 from the rapacity of any but the most abandoned villains. 
 
 It is notorious that the immigrants have no fair chance in our port. There 
 eught to be a spacious dock at which they should all be landed, at which all 
 forwarding lines, or a responsible man from each, and nobody beside, should 
 be admitted to make proposals respectively for carrying them to their place 
 of destination, 60 that the immigrants may choose the most desirable mode of 
 conveyance. Instead of this, it is rarely that the agents of two rival lines are 
 able to see them before they are hooked by the one who is favoured with the 
 first access to them, often at most exhorbitant prices. In many instances we 
 learn that six dollars a head lias been paid for rough-and-tumble passages hence 
 to Buffalo, though twenty shillings is the usual price. We believe the amount 
 which immigrants will pay for transportation westward from our city this year 
 above what they should pay, will exceed $100,000—a sum which would give 
 forty acres of Government land each to two thousand families. 
 
 But the immigrants are not robbed only—they are cruelly exposed and abus¬ 
 ed. They agree and pay to be transported ' by steamboat and canal ’ hence'to 
 Buffalo, without hearing or suspecting that they are to be thrust out on the deck 
 of a steamboat, there to spend a night exposed to the dews and fogs and fre- 
 
22 
 
 querit rains of a strange and variable climate, after weeks of confinement in the 
 stifling steerage of a ship. Often, as we pass up the Hudson, we find hundreds 
 of them piled in around the forward gangways and bar—sick women and ten¬ 
 der children breathing fumes of rum and tobacco enough to stifle a hog. Night 
 after night, throughout the season of navigation, there are hundreds thus treat¬ 
 ed, and we have seen parents labour vainly for hours before they could make a 
 bed for their children where the water would not drench nor heedless feet 
 trample on them. Shall this go on ? 
 
 Going upon the Rochester on Tuesday night we found some two hundred 
 Dutch, Welsh and English immigrants embarked on her. Their property was 
 thrown into a great heap on the forward deck, and they were piled upon its 
 sides as they best might. During the evening a violent shower arose, and they 
 were obliged to run a little aft under the shelter of the upper deck, to avoid a 
 drenching. Hero the children were huddled down on little beds; damp and 
 under foot—the parents glad enough to relinquish all thought of sleep if their 
 children cotild but get a little. Capt. Cruttenden kindly allowed them to come 
 farther aft than the beam (which is the limit for deck passengers,) and doubtless 
 did all which tould be asked of him under his contract. But those who had 
 shipped these poorpeople were shamefully deficient. They should have had 
 an agent on board, ready and willing to provide suitable shelter for their pas¬ 
 sengers. Indeed the boats who carry these poor people should set apart for 
 them the forward cabin—no longer needed for cabin passengers, since the con- 
 struction of state-rooms above deck—have it well ventilated, and there let at 
 least the women and children have a chance for shelter and rest. If the for¬ 
 warders will not pay enough to make this an object, decline their business. No 
 man has a right to make himself a cons- nting party to the thousand murders 
 which are annually committed by exposing these poorpeople by hundreds each 
 night to the inclemency of our skies, as no sensible man would sulfer the ex¬ 
 posure of bis corn or potatoes. 
 
 But after all private rapidity affords no safe reliance in the premises, and the 
 ministers of the law should take bold of the matter. The whole community 
 must suffer if disease is generated by this exposure; the sick must be provided, 
 lor in the poor-house, il not elsewhere; the orphans must have a chance to ex¬ 
 ist. Let no man say, ‘ This is not my businessit is every body's business, and 
 will in some may come home to every body. Especially should our city go¬ 
 vernment take thorough and generous oversight in the premises. From each 
 of these immigrants is taken a dollar of his scanty store—often eight or ten 
 dollars from a family—as security against their possible pauperism. Now let 
 the city expend at least a small share of this money to preserve them from 
 pauperism—to drive away the sharks who would devour them and start them 
 promptly on their journey on the best possible terms. A thoroughly honest, 
 capable, and benevolent agent, armed with the power of the law, boarding 
 each vessel at the Quarantine, giving all desirable information and extending 
 all the aid in his power, would save the immigrants thousands on thousands 
 of dollars, with health and comfort of still greater value. Why does the Cor¬ 
 poration hesitate ? The necessity is urgent and should he promptly provided 
 for. 
 
 Any man that offers to board you for less than $3, twelve shil¬ 
 lings English money, by the week, or $2 50—ten shillings per¬ 
 manent-—be assured he cannot be an hottest man. Twelve shil¬ 
 lings for one week and ten shillings for every week beyond for 
 Board & Lodging, is the lowest charge an honest man can afford 
 to make. No respectable straightforward and consequently 
 honest landlord would ask less. The most shameful frauds are 
 practised by the keepers of certain lodging-houses. Runners 
 
2s5 
 
 from these houses will be found coining on board the ship almost 
 as soon as yon hear the thrilling sound “land is in sight.” Be¬ 
 ware of them! As a general rule, refuse to go with any of them. 
 After you have made a selection of your lodging-house, ascer¬ 
 tain beforehand the charges to which you will be subjected.— 
 Having a plain understanding on this point, either in writing 
 or in the presence of a witness—no honest man can object to 
 
 It is highly important in making a bargain for board and lodg¬ 
 ing, to have it expressly stipulated, that no further charge is to 
 be made for the storage of luggage. I could enumerate many 
 instances of the grossest frauds practised by this class of per¬ 
 sons, affidavits of which I have in my possession, the length of 
 this letter, however, precludes their insertion. Suffice it to say, 
 they are of the most harrowing description. 
 
 I liave been somewhat plain in my remarks, being anxious 
 to be understood by all, should you, therefore, after this ex¬ 
 posure, suffer yourselves to be defrauded the fault will be your 
 
 Your very faithful servant, 
 
 THOMAS RAWLINGS. 
 
 We the undersigned have witnessed the untiring zeal of Mr 
 Rawlings in defence of Emigrants, during his residence in New 
 York, and we are much pleased to find that he has ventured 
 upon addressing his countrymen on the subject of frauds and 
 deceptions practise d upon them on landing in the United States . 
 It also, gives us pleasure to state, that the authorities contem¬ 
 plate some stringent laws to eradicate the evil. In the mean¬ 
 time we recommend Emigrants to applv on landing, to the So • 
 cieties mentioned in Mr. R’s letter, 
 
 Thomas Dixon, acting, and one of the Vice-Presidents of the British pro¬ 
 tective Emigrant Society. 
 
 Thomas W. Clerke, President Irish 
 E. Society. 
 
 Charles Edwards, Counsel to ami a 
 Director of the B- P- E. S. 
 
 J S. Bartlett, Proprietor of Albion 
 and Countrvinan, and Director of 
 B.P.E.S. ' 
 
 Anthony Barclay, Her Biitanic Majesty’s Consul. 
 
 E. J. Sanderson, Joint Acting Presi¬ 
 dent and second Vice President of 
 the B L. E. 
 
 IV. H. Lewis, Rector of Calvrv (Etus - 
 copal) Church Brooklyn, L. I. 
 
 Evan M. Johnson, Rector of St. 
 John’s Church, Brooklyn. (Epis¬ 
 copal) 
 
24 
 
 BOARD OP MANAGEMENT 
 
 BRITISH PROTECTIVE EMIGRANT SOCIETY, 
 
 14 PINE ST., NEW YORK. 
 
 president: 
 
 JAMES BOORMAN, Esq. 
 vice-presidents: 
 
 THOMAS DIXON, Esq. 1st Vice-President, 
 EDWARD P. SANDERSON, Esq. 2nd ditto. 
 
 DIRECTORS: 
 
 A. BARCLAY, Esq. H. B. M. Consul, ex-officio, 
 JOHN S. BARTLETT, Esq. M. D„ 
 MATHEW RUDSDALE, Esq. 
 
 CHARLES EDWARDS, Esq. Counsellor, 
 
 E. W. CANNING, Esq. Honorary Secretary, 
 JOHN CHARLES BEALES, M. D., Physician, 
 EDWIN HUNT, Esq. 
 
 RICHARD MORTIMER, Esq. 
 
 EVAN GRIFFITH, Esq. President of die Welsh 
 Society ex-officio C. 
 
 SUPERINTEND ANT : 
 
 CHARLES H. WEBB. 
 
 BOARD OF MANAGEMENT 
 OF THE IRISH EMIGRANT SOCIETY, 
 
 No. 6 Ann Street, New Yvrl\ 
 
 Thomas M. Ci.erke, President; 
 
 Gregory Dillon, 1st Vice Prst., I Wm. Redmond, do. pro. tem. 
 Joseph Stuart, 2nd do. | John T. Doyle Car, Sec., 
 
 Hugh Kelly, 3rd do. 1 M. J. O’Connor, Recording 
 
 James Reyburn, Treasurer, | Secretary. 
 
25 
 
 EXECUTIVE 
 
 Felix Ingoldsby, 
 
 John Manning, 
 
 Cars. H. Sheehan, 
 
 James Mathews, 
 
 Doctor Hugh Sweeney, 
 Arthur Stewart, 
 
 W. Buckley, 
 
 COMMITTEE : 
 
 C. M. Naury, 
 James Olwell, 
 Thomas Roland, 
 John M'Nicol, 
 Thomas Swanwick, 
 James Shepherd, 
 Superintendant. 
 
PROSPECTUS 
 
 EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN FORWARDING- 
 COMPANY. 
 
 The subscribers after a season of most successful! business, 
 based upon a system of moderate but uniform prices—and upon 
 the principle of protection to the Emigrant at every stage of his 
 progress into the interior of this great continent, and flattered 
 at the great compliment paid them by the writers of this pam¬ 
 phlet in selecting them as a medium for carrying out their great 
 and philanthropic project of emigration—and it is a source of no 
 less gratification that they have been enabled to conduct their 
 business so as to secure the approbation of the great and good 
 men connected with our Benevolent Societies in this city. 
 
 Considering the number ofsubordinates we are compelled to 
 employ upon a chain of internal navigation stretching over some 
 thousands of miles, it is not a little remarkable that but two solitary 
 instances of overcharge and imposition have come to our know¬ 
 ledge, out of the many thousands of Emigrants whom we have 
 forwarded—in both of which the parties committing the wrong 
 were promptly discharged and restitution made. This result 
 may be accounted for perhaps in the fact that we are not mere 
 agents of, but proprietors in the means employed to carry Emi¬ 
 grants throughout the principal main channels. We have no 
 other motive in noticing this circumstance than to give to those 
 interested a feeling of security, and to inform them that we have 
 the power as well as the disposition to correct any abuses that may 
 be practised upon the unsuspecting, by any subordinates in 
 our employ, and we earnestly request, should any cause of dis¬ 
 satisfaction arise to be immediately advised of it, by letter or 
 otherwise, when the subject will receive our prompt attention. 
 
 The Emigrants difficulties will commence before leaving Liver¬ 
 pool or other port of euibarcation. He will be immediately 
 surrounded by runners who will leave no means untried to lead 
 him astray. The same thing will occur at New York and at 
 other points, in his progress, and he must not imbibe the false 
 impression that these people are easily distinguished—they are 
 generally his own countrymen, and may happen to know some 
 
of his neighbours; they approach him under tlie insidious guise 
 of friendship, and not unfrequently in the habiliments of gentle¬ 
 men—and they will even go so far as to caution him against run¬ 
 ners, and after having found out to what House the Emigrant 
 wishes to go, they will represent themselves as the agent or prin¬ 
 cipal, and if none of these means succeed in extracting from him 
 his money—they go a step further—they seize upou his luggage, 
 load it on to a dray or cart and order it to some one of their dens. 
 It but too frequently happens that the Emigrant under an appre¬ 
 hension that he will lose his luggage, follows along aftei it, in 
 which case he is almost certain to be entrapped. 
 
 Under any or all of these circumstances, we give him the fol¬ 
 lowing directions, to which he will do well to take heed :— 
 Before he starts from home lie should get firmly fixed in his me¬ 
 mory, the name and location of our principal office in Liverpool, 
 and New York—pay no attention to any one, but after his lug¬ 
 gage is loaded on to a dray or Porter’s cart, (the number or name 
 of which he must carefully note), and order the same to our 
 office. He should proceed at once to the office and hand in the 
 name or number of the dray or cart having his luggage, for the 
 safety of which he need be under no apprehension. This is the 
 only safe course—any other may lead him into difficulty. 
 
 With this word of earnest caution to the Emigrant, we proceed 
 to give our list of prices. 
 
 With respect to the passage from Liverpool to New lork we 
 shall ship by no conveyance other than the Packets and other first 
 class American vessels ; but as the price of passage is liable to 
 fluctuate, owing to the supply of and demand for vessels : we 
 can only approach to accuracy. We, therefore, state a price for 
 the steerage passage, including fuel, water and bread, which we 
 guarantee shall cover this expense, and if the price varies below 
 what is stated when the Emigrant embarks, we will apply the 
 balance on his inland passage from New York. 
 
 _-AR.ES FR0.1I LIVERPOOL TO NEW YORK, IN THE STEERAGE, FOR EACH 
 PERSON. 
 
 In the months March, £1 0 o 
 April, . . 4 0 U 
 Alay, . . 3 10 0 
 June, . . 3 10 U 
 July, ..300 
 August, . 2 10 0 
 Septembr. 2 13 0 
 
 It will be requisite that the office in Liverpool have two weeks 
 notice before the arrival of the Emigrant in Liverpool, that pro¬ 
 per accommodations may be provided for bis embarcatien with¬ 
 out delay. It will also be necessary that the funds appropriated 
 for his Atlantic passage, be remitted to us before he embarks. 
 
29 
 
 The prices for the inland passage from New York we can state with entire 
 accuracy—from which their is no variation. 
 
 From New York to Chiago, and intermediate Places. 
 
 New York to 
 
 DIST. 
 
 TIME. 
 
 £ 
 
 
 
 CURREKV 
 
 Albany, 
 
 150 
 
 10 h. 
 
 0 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 0 50 
 
 
 321 
 
 3 days. 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 2 25 
 
 Rochester, . 
 
 119 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Buffalo, 
 
 514 
 
 
 0 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 3 00 
 
 
 , 604 
 
 
 0 
 
 IS 
 
 6 
 
 4 50 
 
 Cleveland—Ohio, 
 
 1 704 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 5 50 
 
 Toledo, . . . . 
 
 ; 814 
 
 8 1 » 
 
 1 
 
 
 10 
 
 6 00 
 
 Detroit, Michigan, 
 
 S50 
 
 8.t ., 
 
 1 
 
 
 10 
 
 6 00 
 
 Milwaukie, Wisconsin, T ( 
 
 1445 
 
 10 >, 
 
 1 1 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 Chicago—Illinois, .j 
 
 1525 1 
 
 11 „ 
 
 
 19 ! 
 
 ■1 
 
 9 50 
 
 Upon this Iloute we have a Steam Boat leaving New York for Albany every 
 evening—two Canal Boats leaving Albany for Buffalo every day, and a Steam 
 Boat leaving Buffalo for the different Ports on the Lakes every morning and 
 
 On this Route a Canal Boat leaves Toledo daily. 
 
 FROM NEW YORK TO LAFAYETTE, INDIANIA, via TOLEDO. 
 
 
 Dist. 
 
 Time. 
 
 
 ARES 
 
 
 FARES. 
 
 New York to 
 
 Eng 
 
 Currency. 
 
 Am. Cur. 
 
 Toledo, 
 
 314 
 
 81 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 6 00 
 
 Defiance, . 
 
 871 
 
 9* 
 
 j 
 
 s 
 
 6 
 
 6 86 
 
 Fort Wayne, 
 
 91S j 
 
 101 
 
 
 
 . 4 
 
 7 56 
 
 Logamport, 
 
 996 
 
 113 
 
 
 16 
 
 2 
 
 8 73 
 
 Lafayette, . 
 
 1036 j 
 
 121 
 
 i i 
 
 IS 
 
 3 
 
 9 33 
 
PORTSMOUTH, OHIO. 
 
 
 Dist. 
 
 T- 
 
 FARES. 
 
 ■ FARES. 
 
 New York to 
 
 
 Eng. Currency. 
 
 Am. Cur. 
 
 Cleveland, 
 
 ■70.1 
 
 Si 
 
 
 o 1 0 
 
 r, so 
 
 Massilon, 
 
 7G1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 6 10 
 
 Newark, 
 
 S80 
 
 
 J 
 
 10 1 0 
 
 
 Zanesville, 
 
 S80 
 
 lit 
 
 1 
 
 10 1 0 
 
 7 26 
 
 Columbus 
 
 930 
 
 12 3 
 
 1 
 
 12 1 4 
 
 7 82 
 
 Chillicothe, 
 
 902 
 
 13 
 
 i 
 
 13 j 4 
 
 8 08 
 
 Portsmouth, 
 
 1013 
 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 
 8 00 
 
 On this Route a Canal Boat leaves Cleveland daily. 
 
 FROM NEW YORK TO CANADA, via ROCHESTER. 
 
 
 Dist. j Time. 
 
 
 FARES 
 
 FARES. 
 
 New York to 
 
 Eng 
 
 Currency. 
 
 Am. Cur. 
 
 Rochester. 
 
 ■119 ! 5 
 
 0 
 
 10 
 
 a 
 
 2 50 
 
 Port Hope, C. W. 
 
 482 
 
 o 
 
 18 
 
 7 
 
 4 50 
 
 Cobourg, 
 
 490 : 
 
 0 
 
 18 
 
 7 
 
 4 50 
 
 Bondhead, ., 
 
 494 “ 
 
 0 
 
 19 
 
 8 
 
 
 Darlington, ., 
 
 507 § 
 
 0 
 
 19 
 
 8 
 
 4 70 
 
 Whitby, 
 
 512 
 
 0 
 
 19 
 
 8 
 
 4 75 
 
 
 519 1 hi 
 
 0 
 
 19 
 
 
 4 75 
 
 Hamilton, ’, 
 
 559 ■ S 
 
 1 1 
 
 0 
 
 9 
 
 5 00 
 
 Niagara, ., 
 
 518 -J 
 
 
 0 
 
 
 5 00 
 
 Lewiston and ) 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 Queenston, y 
 
 
 j 1 
 
 
 
 5 00 
 
 Port Stanley, „ 
 
 075 ; ' 
 
 1 1 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 0 00 
 
 Malden and ) . , ! 
 
 Sandwich, \ 830 t0 | 
 
 850 j 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 0 
 
 C 50 
 
 On this Route no delays occur, a Steam Boat leaving Rochester daily. 
 0©* New Yoik to Montreal, ) „ , I , . n . n I « 0 
 
 via Whitehall, ^ 3 d ay s [£1.0. 9 | ^ .- >3 0 
 
 From New York to Pittsburg, Guyandotte, Cincinatti, Louisville and St. 
 Lous, via Philadelphia—The Pennsylvania Line of Public Works,—the 
 Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. 
 
 
 Dist. 
 
 Time. 
 
 
 FARES 
 
 
 FARES. 
 
 New York to 
 
 
 
 Eng. Currency. 
 
 Am. Cur. 
 
 Philadelphia, 
 
 90 
 
 iday 
 
 0 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 2 25 
 
 Pitlsburg, 
 
 482 
 
 6 do. 
 
 
 
 
 9 00 
 
 Guyandotte, . 
 
 770 
 
 8 do. 
 
 
 
 
 11 00 
 
 Cincinatti, 
 
 944 
 
 9 do. 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 12 00 
 
 Lousville, 
 
 1076 
 
 10 do. 
 
 2 
 
 13 
 
 9 
 
 13 00 
 
 St. Louis, 
 
 1606 
 
 14 do 
 
 1 2 
 
 17 
 
 10 
 
 14 00 
 
 This Route is available a few weeks earlier and later on account of frost, 
 than the more northerly route via the Erie Canal, and (with the exbeptioit of 
 
a short period during the draught of summer) subject to no delays—a Steam 
 Boat starting every morning from New York for Philadelphia ; thence by 
 Hail Road and Canal to Pitsburg; froth whence several Steam Boats start daily 
 for the points mentioned, and intermediate places. 
 
 In addition to these main routes, there are many others of less importance 
 upon which the subscribers forward passengers on equally favorable terms. 
 They beg leave also to state, that although these tables are made up with re¬ 
 ference to the conveyance of steerage passengers, they have the means of eon- 
 veying, on all the main routes, a class of passengers who regard ease and ra¬ 
 pidity of transit of more consequence than a low grade of fare—usually de¬ 
 nominated cabin or first class passengers. Persons of this description will 
 find lists of prices at our offices—in Liverpool, after the 15th January; and in 
 New York at all times. All communications addressed to us (post-paid) will 
 he promptly attended to. WOODWARD & CO., 
 
 Gorra Piazza, Liverpool, and 
 59 Washington street, New York. 
 
 Information may also be had on application at the American Consulate at 
 Glasgow, and to our agents, Messrs. Burstall & Lamplough, Hull. 
 
 Note.—The navigation of the Erie Canal from Albanyto Buffalo, usually opens 
 about the 20th of April, and closes about the 10th of November—and on 
 the Pennsylvania line of Public Works it opens about the 1st of April and 
 closes on or about the 1st December. 
 
 Before and after these periods such persons only should travel as can afford 
 to pay the usual prices by Stages and Rail Roads, whicn may be safely 
 estimated at about one-fourth less than by the same modes of conveyance 
 in Great Britain.