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 RECAP 
 
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 IN THE 
 
 PROVINCE OF QUEBEC 
 
 1535-1838 
 
 
 
 By HERBERT S. BIRKETT, M.D. 
 
 Professor of Otolaryngology, McGill University, Montreal; Oto- 
 laryngologist, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal ; Fellow 
 of the American Laryngological Association. 
 
 NEW YORK 
 1908 
 
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A Brief Account 
 
 of THE 
 
 HISTORY of MEDICINE 
 
 IN THE 
 
 PROVINCE OF QUEBEC 
 
 1535-1838 
 
 By HERBERT S. BIRKETT, M.D. 
 
 PROFESSOR OP OTOLARYNGOLOGY, MCGILL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL ; OTO- 
 LARYNGOLOGIST, ROYAL VICTORIA HOSPITAL, MONTREAL; FELLOW 
 OF THE AMERICAN LARYNGOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. 
 
 NEW YORK 
 1908 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2010 with funding from 
 
 Open Knowledge Commons 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/briefaccountofhiOObirk 
 
ERRATA 
 Oh page „ for .'.Preside Address deiivered before the 
 thirteenth an-" read " thirtieth an-". 
 
 On pa,e „, 5* ^ *-> <"» ** ^ ■"— taB -' ** 
 
 "vaccination." 
 
Reprinted from the Medical Record, July 25, 1608. 
 
 A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF THE HISTORY OF 
 
 MEDICINE IN THE PROVINCE OF 
 
 QUEBEC, FROM 1535 TO 1838.* 
 
 By HERBERT S. BIRKETT, M.D.. 
 
 MONTREAL. 
 
 PROFESSOR OF OTOLARYNGOLOGY, MCGILL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL; OTO- 
 LARYNGOLOGIST, ROYAL VICTORIA HOSPITAL, MONTREAL; FELLOW 
 OF THE AMERICAN LARYNGOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. 
 
 Fellows of the American Laryngological Asso- 
 ciation : 
 
 Permit me to express my deep sense of appreci- 
 ation of the honor you conferred upon me in elect- 
 ing me your President. It has been my endeavor 
 to discharge the responsibilities of this high office 
 to the best of my abilities, and I trust to your satis- 
 faction, and with credit to the Association. 
 
 It is with very great pleasure that the Medical 
 Profession of this city and of this Dominion wel- 
 come you to the first convention of this Association 
 to be held on Canadian soil. Your loyal support 
 in the preparation for this year's meeting and es- 
 pecially the cooperation of our able Secretary, 
 have enabled us to present an excellent program 
 of papers for your consideration. I can only add 
 that we shall endeavor to make your brief stay in 
 Montreal as pleasant as I trust it will be profitable. 
 It is fitting that I should refer on such an occasion 
 
 *Presidential address delivered before the thirteenth an- 
 nual congress of the American Laryngological Association, 
 held in Montreal, Canada, on May 11, 12, and 13, 1008. 
 
 Copyright, William Wood & Company 
 
2 HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN QUEBEC. 
 
 to the loss which this Association has sustained by 
 the death on the 9th of December last, of one of 
 our most eminent corresponding members, Profes- 
 sor Moritz Schmidt.* Perhaps I may recall to you 
 the chief points in his brilliant career. He was 
 born in Frankfort-on-Main on the 15th of March, 
 1838. He studied in Gottingen, Vienna, Berlin, 
 Utrecht, England, and France, and graduated in 
 i860. After the practice of general medicine for 
 twenty-six years, he began in 1886 to devote his 
 time exclusively to diseases of the ear, nose, throat, 
 and lungs. He retired from practice in 1903, after 
 receiving signal honors from his colleagues and his 
 Sovereign. He made many valuable contributions 
 to laryngology, most notably the work with which 
 you are no doubt familiar, on diseases of the upper 
 respiratory passages. 
 
 At the recent Tuerck-Czermak Jubilee, this Asso- 
 ciation was unfortunately not represented, but our 
 good wishes were conveyed to the President through 
 a letter from the Secretary. 
 
 We have to chronicle a sad event in connection 
 with this Jubilee, in the sudden death from cardiac 
 syncope on Wednesday morning, April 25, of our 
 recently elected Honorary Fellow, Professor Leo- 
 pold von Schroetter, who had on the previous day 
 delivered, apparently in the best of health, the 
 oration on the opening of the First International 
 Congress of Rhinolaryngology. 
 
 Hofrat Professor Dr. Leopold von Schroetter,* 
 Ritter von Kristelli, was born in Graz on the 27th 
 February, 1837. He studied medicine at Vienna, 
 and graduated in 1861, receiving immediately an 
 appointment as Assistant to Skoda, after whose 
 
 *I desire to express my indebtedness to my friend, Sir 
 Felix Semon, K.C.V.O., for the notes kindly supplied re- 
 garding the deceased members. 
 
HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN QUEBEC. 3 
 
 death he acted as substitute in the professorship of 
 clinical medicine. In 1875 he became extraordinary 
 professor of throat and chest affections. In 1881 
 he was appointed Director of the clinic for laryn- 
 gology in the Allgemeine Krankenhaus. This po- 
 sition he relinquished in 1890 to accept the profes- 
 sorship of clinical medicine, which position he was 
 about to resign, having reached the age limit of sev- 
 enty. 
 
 His principal writings of laryngological interest 
 are: "Laryngologische, Mittheilungen" (1875), 
 "Beitrag zur Behandlung der Larynxstenosen" 
 (1876), "Vorlesungen ueber Krankheiten des 
 Kehlkopfs," etc. (1867), "Vorlesungen ueber 
 Krankheiten der Trachea" (1901), besides many im- 
 portant papers on clinical medicine. He took great 
 interest in tuberculosis, and was the founder of the 
 celebrated Austrian Sanitorium "Alland." Together 
 with Stoerk and Schnitzler, he was one of the three 
 great laryngological authorities of Vienna. Finally, 
 his taking part in the celebrated November Consul- 
 tation of 1887 in the case of the then Crown-Prince 
 of Germany, has become historical. 
 
 Dr. Newcomb, our worthy Secretary, has but ex- 
 pressed, I am sure, our concordant wish in con- 
 veying to the families of our deceased members, 
 the sincere condolences of this Association on the 
 loss of such distinguished men. 
 
 The unique significance of this time and place 
 have suggested to me the topic upon which I am to 
 address you. I feel that the honor which you have 
 conferred upon me in electing me your President is 
 in a sense international, and may perhaps justify 
 the choice of a subject which is in a measure na- 
 tional in its scope. It occurred to me that a brief 
 account of the early history of medicine in the prov- 
 ince of Quebec might not be inappropriate in a 
 
4 HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN QUEBEC. 
 
 meeting which is held for the first time in the his- 
 tory of the Association in Canada, in this, the oldest 
 Province of the Dominion, and on this, the tercen- 
 tenary of the founding of Quebec by Samuel de 
 Champlain. 
 
 On the 3rd of July, 1908, Canada will celebrate 
 the three-hundredth anniversary of the foundation 
 of Quebec, the real birthday of the Canadian na- 
 tion. The history of medicine in this Province, 
 however, began seventy-three years before, when 
 Jacques Cartier built his rude fort on the banks 
 of the St. Charles, facing the Indian village of 
 Stadacone. 
 
 It was on the 14th of September, 1535, that Car- 
 tier chose this place as a temporary shelter, and 
 leaving his men to construct an abode against the 
 approaching winter, sailed up the river St. Law- 
 rence as far as the village of Hochelaga, the site 
 of which includes a part of the grounds of Mc- 
 Gill University. 
 
 Upon his return to Stadacone, he found the little 
 fort in a state of alarm. Scurvy had broken out 
 in the Indian villages, and according to the account 
 of the leader of the tribe, fifty had already suc- 
 cumbed. Every precaution possible was taken to 
 prevent intercourse with the natives ; but neverthe- 
 less the disease began to manifest itself among 
 Carder's crew, "insomuch as some did lose all their 
 strength, and could not stand on their feete, then 
 did their legges swel, their sinnowes shrinke as 
 blacke as any cole. Others also had all their skins 
 spotted with spots of blood of a purple coulour; 
 then did it ascend up to their ankels, knees, thighes, 
 shoulders, armes and necks : their mouth became 
 stincking, their gummes so rotten that all the flesh 
 did fall off, even to the rootes of the teeth, which 
 did also almost all fall out. With such infection did 
 
HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN QUEBEC. 5 
 
 this sickness spread itselfe in our three ships, that 
 about the middle of February, of a hundreth and 
 tenne persons that we were, there were not ten 
 whole, so that one could not helpe the other, a most 
 horrible and pitifull case, considering the place we 
 were in, forsomuch as the people of the countrey 
 would dayly come before our fort and saw but few 
 of us. There were alreadie eight dead, and more 
 than fifty sicke, and as we thought, past all hope of 
 recovery." 
 
 The winter wore on; disease and death fell like a 
 pall over the little fort, and Cartier was threatened 
 with a danger more to be feared even than scurvy. 
 Upon the heights of Cape Diamond stood the vil- 
 lages of the Ajoaste, Starnatam and Tailla, branches 
 of the ferocious Iroquois, the first passion of whose 
 souls was war. Hitherto they had been overawed 
 by the presence of the wonderful ships manned by 
 sturdy crews, but gradually, as signs of activity dis- 
 appeared among the white men, they grew bolder, 
 and at any moment the sound of the war-whoop 
 might be the signal for an invasion of the ships. 
 
 Among the crew, there was evidently a man 
 possessing a knowledge of surgery, who determined 
 to hold a postmortem on the body of one Philip 
 Rougemont, 22 years of age; to ascertain the cause 
 of death, and, if possible, save the remnants of the 
 ship's company. Here, in the quaint language of 
 the time, is the result of the first autopsy held in 
 Canada : "He was found to have his heart white, but 
 rotten, and more than a quart of water about it ; his 
 liver was indifferent faire, but his lungs blacke and 
 mortified, his blood was altogether shrunke about 
 the heart so that when he was opened, great quan- 
 tise of rotten blood issued out from about his 
 heart; his milt towards the backe was somewhat 
 perished, rough as if it had been rubbed against a 
 
O HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN QUEBEC. 
 
 stone. Moreover, because one of his thighs was 
 very blacke without, it was opened, but within, it 
 was whole and sound : that done, as well as we 
 could he was buried." 
 
 The captain was a man of observation. Walking 
 one day on the ice, he perceived a band of the In- 
 dians from Stadacone; amongst them was one Do- 
 maguaya,who, less than two weeks before, was in the 
 grip of the disease, "with his knees swolne as bigge 
 as a child of two years old, all his sinews schrunke 
 together, his teeth spoyled, his gummes rotten and 
 stincking. Our captain seeing him whole and 
 sound, was thereat marvellous glad, hoping to un- 
 derstand and know of him how he had healed him- 
 selfe, to the end that he might ease and help his 
 men." from Domaguaya he learned that the specific 
 was the bark and sap of a certain tree called in 
 their language "Ameda." This tree is known to- 
 day as 'Tepinette," or the spruce. The method of 
 preparation was as follows: 
 
 "To take the bark and leaves of the sayd tree, 
 and boile them together, then to drink of the sayd 
 decoction every other day, and to put the dregs of 
 it upon his legges that is sicke : moreover they told 
 us that the vertue of that tree was to heale any 
 other disease." 
 
 The sailors in those days as in these were trou- 
 bled with another complaint, "French Pockes," but 
 after liberal doses of the bark, they "were cleane 
 healed." From this time forth, the decoction was 
 at a premium and men were ready to kill each other 
 in their eagerness to test its efficiency, "so that a 
 tree as big as any oake in France, was spoiled and 
 lopped bare, and occupied all in five or six daies, 
 and it wrought so wel, that if all the phisicians of 
 Montpelier and Lovaine had bene there with all the 
 drugs of Alexandria, they would not have done so 
 
HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN QUEBEC. 7 
 
 much in one yere, as that tree did in sixe daies, for 
 it did so prevaile, that as many as used of it, by the 
 grace of God, recovered their health." 
 
 With the opening of navigation, however, Cartier 
 returned to France, prepared for fresh deeds of 
 adventure. Brave, indeed, were the hearts of those 
 men who lived their lives under the perpetual men- 
 ace of destruction, facing the perils of the deep to 
 meet the still greater dangers of pestilence on land. 
 Steadfast, heroic, subdued only by the grim reaper, 
 Death, such were the discoverers of old. 
 
 Cartier visited our shore again, and spent another 
 winter under scarcely more favorable conditions, 
 notwithstanding that he had found a sovereign rem- 
 edy for scurvy. With his departure from our shores 
 in 1542, a curtain falls over the history of the coun- 
 try, between Stadacone and Hochelaga, for a period 
 of sixty years, and we find no reliable account of a 
 settlement on the banks of the Saint Lawrence. 
 Nevertheless, in the year 1578, there were one hun- 
 dred and fifty vessels engaged in trade with France 
 in the Saint Lawrence, and over two hundred ships 
 belonging to the English, the Spanish, and the Por- 
 tuguese. We may presume, therefore, that there 
 were temporary settlements, and it is probable that 
 medical supervision in some form was not over- 
 looked. 
 
 In the month of April, 1604, Des Monts under- 
 took to colonize New France, and among the men 
 who accompanied him was Louis Hebert, an apothe- 
 cary, born in Paris. Hebert remained at Port 
 Royal until the month of August, 1607, when the 
 settlement was abandoned. Ten years later, he 
 was invited by Champlain to take up his residence 
 at Quebec, and he was among the first real settlers 
 who cultivated the soil for a livelihood. 
 
 His residence was in the Upper Town, near the 
 
tf HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN QUEBEC. 
 
 Basilica. He soon became a prominent figure in 
 the little community, and in 1621 was named "Royal 
 Procurator." The first entry of a marriage in Que- 
 bec is that of Hebert's daughter. In 1626 he was 
 granted the fief St. Joseph on the river Saint 
 Charles, with the title of Sieur d'Espinay. He died 
 in January, 1627, as the result of an accident, and 
 was buried in the cemetery of the Recollets. He 
 appears to have been held in high esteem by the 
 Governor, the Recollets, and the citizens. 
 
 When Champlain arrived in Canada in 1608, he 
 left his ships at Tadoussac, near the Saguenay, and 
 sailed up the Saint Lawrence in a small craft to 
 found the future city of Quebec. In his company 
 were a number of mechanics, and a surgeon named 
 Bonnerme. The axemen felled the trees on the 
 narrow belt which skirts the promontory of Cape 
 Diamond, and soon a modest building arose, rudely 
 fashioned into a fort, styled the "Abitation de 
 Quebec." While this building was in the course 
 of construction a plot was developing to murder 
 Champlain and deliver Quebec into the hands of a 
 band of Spaniards at Tadoussac. Bonnerme was 
 suspected of complicity in the plot, but his inno- 
 cence was established and he was released. He died, 
 however, during the winter from the effects of 
 either scurvy or dysentery. It is difficult to de- 
 termine which disease decimated the colony. 
 
 Among the earliest settlers in Quebec was 
 Adrien Duchesne, a surgeon of Dieppe, who prob- 
 ably arrived in 161 8. When Champlain surrendered 
 the fort to Sir David Kirke in 1629, Duchesne re- 
 mained and practised his profession under the Eng- 
 lish regime. The colony was restored to France in 
 1632, under the treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye, and 
 a year later Champlain returned as Governor. A 
 few months before the death of the Governor in 
 
HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN QUEBEC. 9 
 
 1635 Duchesne received a grant of land from the 
 Crown and later transferred it to Abraham Martin, 
 after whom the Plains of Abraham were named. 
 In 1645-6 we find him interested in the young 
 Charles Lemoine, Seigneur of Longueuil, and father 
 of the famous Iberville. His practice extended from 
 Quebec to the post at Three Rivers, midway be- 
 tween Quebec and Montreal. 
 
 Another surgeon, a contemporary of Champlain, 
 was Robert Giffard, Sieur de Beauport, a native of 
 Mortagne au Perche in France. He was born in 
 1587 and came to Quebec in 1628 in the capacity 
 of surgeon to the company of "The Hundred As- 
 sociates." He resided on the Beauport shore and 
 appears to have spent his leisure in hunting and 
 fishing. A year later, however, Quebec fell into the 
 hands of the English, and he returned to France. 
 After the restoration, he obtained a grant of the 
 Seigneury of Beauport in 1634. He was evidently 
 a man of considerable influence and enterprise, for 
 within the space of two years he induced fifty ex- 
 cellent families to settle on the banks of the Saint 
 Lawrence. 
 
 The task of colonization in those days was ex- 
 ceedingly difficult. Canada was under the monopoly 
 of the great fur trading companies, whose policy 
 was opposed to any extensive plan of settlement. 
 A sufficient number of residents to facilitate trade 
 was all that was thought desirable. His efforts, 
 therefore, under the circumstances, were remark- 
 able. 
 
 In 1647 Giffard obtained a larger grant of land, 
 known as the fief St. Gabriel. A year later, he 
 was appointed a member of the Council, a body em- 
 powered to enact local laws and to arbitrate the dif- 
 ferences of private individuals. He practised his 
 profession in Quebec and in the surrounding coun- 
 
10 HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN QUEBEC. 
 
 try, and was visiting physician to the Hotel Dieu, 
 founded in 1639. Giffard was recognized as a 
 man of considerable importance in his time, and 
 when he died in 1648 the community of the Hotel 
 Dieu felt that they had lost not only an eminent 
 physician, but a true friend. 
 
 The colony founded by Champlain at the foot of 
 Cape Diamond had been in existence for half a 
 century, but its institutions were still very primitive. 
 In 1658 Jean Madry, a surgeon of Quebec, while 
 on a visit to France, obtained from the Sieur Bar- 
 nois, Premier Surgeon in Ordinary to the King, and 
 Provost of the Royal College of St. Come, in the 
 University of Paris, "Letters of Surgeon" for him- 
 self, with power to establish in all parts of Canada 
 the authority of surgery in order that the sick might 
 receive more efficient medical care. These letters 
 were registered in the Sovereign Council at Quebec, 
 but they do not appear to have been of much service 
 to the profession. Little appears to have been pre- 
 served regarding Madry. He was elected the first 
 Mayor of Quebec, an office which was abolished 
 after a trial of five weeks. The machinery of mu- 
 nicipal government was too complicated and ex- 
 pensive for the needs of a community of less than 
 five hundred souls. 
 
 There was at this time evidently a need of more 
 physicians to attend the wants of the settlers, for 
 we find that Jean Martinet, Sieur de Fonblanche, 
 who was born in Moustiers, Bourgogne, undertook 
 to teach his brother-in-law, Paul Prudhomme, the 
 art of medicine and surgery by the system of ap- 
 prenticeship. This is the first recorded instance of 
 a method of teaching, which subsequently became 
 much in vogue. This system led to such an increase 
 in the number of physicians that keen competition 
 and rivalrv resulted in the establishment of a form 
 
HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN QUEBEC. II 
 
 of "combine" or partnership. Those entering into 
 such a partnership "pooled all their possessions, fur- 
 niture, provisions, roots, and peltry ; all the products 
 which they gathered from the ground, their instru- 
 ments of surgery, their medicines, and lastly, all the 
 revenue which they would obtain from their work 
 and industry." It was further agreed that 
 each of them would devote himself to the profit of 
 the partnership as far as lay in his power, and that 
 he would not run into debt (without the authority 
 of his associates) exceeding the sum of five sous. 
 At the end of four years the profits were equally 
 divided. It was further stipulated that in the case 
 of the death of a member before the expiration of 
 this term, all the goods of the community would be- 
 long to the survivors. 
 
 An interesting physician of this period was Dr. 
 Gaulthier, who, as a corresponding member of the 
 Royal Academy of Sciences, had made many botan- 
 ical observations in Canada. It was he who dis- 
 covered the wintergreen plant, which to-day carries 
 his name, and is known as the "Gaultheria Procum- 
 bens." Gaulthier devoted himself also to the study 
 of law under the tutorship of the Sieur Verrier, 
 Procurator-General. 
 
 With the considerable increase of population, not 
 only at Quebec, but also at Ville-Marie (Montreal), 
 disease in various forms had become much more 
 prevalent. Smallpox, especially, had spread to such 
 a degree that it was necessary to provide some suit- 
 able place to care for and attend the unfortunate 
 sick. 
 
 The Duchesse d'Aiguillon, finding such an unfor- 
 tunate condition of affairs, decided to found a hos- 
 pital, and sent from Dieppe a certain number of 
 nuns. She received a grant of land in 1637, and es- 
 tablished in 1639 the Hotel Dieu at Quebec. Of the 
 
12 HISTORY OF MEDICINE IX QUEBEC. 
 
 attending staff of this hospital there is one who de- 
 serves especial notice, Michel Sarrazin, who came 
 to Canada in the capacity of Surgeon-Major of 
 the French troops. After practising his profession 
 in Quebec for some years he returned to France 
 for the purpose of pursuing his medical studies at 
 the University of Rennes. Three years later he 
 received the title of Physician to the King, and was 
 delegated by the Academy of Science of France to 
 make a special study of animals and plants in Can- 
 ada. His work in this direction was remarkable. 
 In the Transactions of the Academy of Science for 
 1704 there appears a paper by Sarrazin on the 
 "Anatomy of the Beaver" which even to-day is re- 
 garded as the best work on the subject. His fur- 
 ther anatomical researches dealt with the muskrat, 
 the seal, and groundhog. He also investigated the 
 mineral waters at Cap de la Madeleine. In his 
 botanical researches he discovered the pitcher plant, 
 which is known to-day as the "Sarracenia Pur- 
 purea." In recognition of these extensive re- 
 searches he received a pension of 550 pounds. To 
 Sarrazin's skill as a physician the records of the 
 Hotel Dieu bear ample testimony. 
 
 Expansion and colonization in this new country 
 frequently followed in the wake of missionary ac- 
 tivity. "Not a cape was turned," writes Park- 
 man, "but a Jesuit led the way." Few more striking 
 examples of religious enterprise are to be found 
 than the establishment of the little colony at Ville- 
 Marie (Montreal). The founders were Jerome 
 Royer de la Dauversiere, receiver of taxes at La 
 Fleche in Anjou, and Jean Jacques Olier, a young 
 priest of Paris. To both of these men there came 
 at nearly the same time ( 1636) the idea of founding 
 a religious colony at Montreal. They formed an 
 association for this purpose and called it the "Soci- 
 
HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN QUEBEC. 13 
 
 ety of Montreal." At first the society consisted of 
 six members, but the number was soon increased to 
 forty. Among these was Madame de Bullion, who 
 gave 42,000 livres for the purpose of endowing a 
 hospital in the new settlement. In 1641 Paul du 
 Chomedey, Sieur de Maisonneuve, set out for New 
 France with a company of 100 soldiers under his 
 command. Among those who joined the expedi- 
 tion was Mademoiselle Jeanne Mance, the descen- 
 dant of an honorable and influential family in 
 France, who became a member of the Society of 
 Montreal. To Mademoiselle Mance was entrusted 
 the control of the funds given by Madame de 
 Bullion, for the establishment of a hospital at Mont- 
 real. On the arrival of the expedition in the Saint 
 Lawrence, the summer was found too far ad- 
 vanced to proceed to Montreal, so the win- 
 ter was spent in Quebec. Many efforts were 
 put forth to dissuade the company from push- 
 ing on to Montreal, but in vain. The following 
 spring they sailed up the Saint Lawrence and took 
 possession of the island on the 17th May, 1642. The 
 settlement was named Ville-Marie in honor of the 
 Virgin Mary, to whom it was especially dedicated. 
 Of a hospital, however, there seemed for a time 
 to be little need. The colony was exceptionally free 
 from sickness, and there were as yet no wounded to 
 be attended, for the Iroquois knew nothing of the 
 little settlement and left the colonists to build in 
 peace. Mile. Mance even suggested that the endow- 
 ment for the hospital be given to the Jesuit Mis- 
 sions. To this, however, Madame de Bullion re- 
 fused to consent. Work on the hospital was con- 
 tinued, and the building was opened on the 8th of 
 October, 1644. There were two rooms for the sick, 
 a room for Mile. Mance, a kitchen, apartments for 
 the servants, and a chapel 10 feet square, built of 
 
14 HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN QUEBEC. 
 
 stone. During the following year the furniture, 
 medicine, and surgical instruments arrived, and some 
 live stock was brought for the use of the inmates. 
 The usefulness of such an institution was soon con- 
 ceded, for scarcely had the walls been completed 
 when news of the settlement reached the Iroquois 
 and encounters with the savages began. The 
 wounded were among the first to reap the benefit of 
 the shelter and careful attention which the hospital 
 afforded. 
 
 A few years later it was rumored that the "So- 
 ciety of Montreal" had lost interest in the under- 
 taking, and was on the point of dissolution. This 
 prompted Mile. Mance to return to France and ap- 
 proach Madame de Bullion for further assistance 
 for the hospital. In this she was entirely successful. 
 It now became evident as the work of fortification 
 went on that the hospital was likely to become per- 
 manently established. The Iroquois, however, de- 
 cided to renew their attempts to destroy it. In July, 
 165 1, the hospital was besieged, and had to be aban- 
 doned. The defenders took refuge in the fort. The 
 colony was in danger of destruction and it was nec- 
 essary to have reinforcements. To procure aid, 
 Maisonneuve undertook a journey to France, for 
 which the hospital endowment furnished the money. 
 Upon his return with more than 100 men a new 
 hospital was built and opened in the spring of 1654. 
 The reinforcement of men brought by Maisonneuve 
 put new life into the colony, and enabled them suc- 
 cessfully to resist the Iroquois. Thus, a second, 
 time, Mile. Mance, by her judicious use of the en- 
 dowment funds of the hospital, saved the colony of 
 Montreal. 
 
 In 1657 Mile. Mance, who had been Directress 
 of the hospital since its foundation, fell on the ice, 
 fractured her right arm, and dislocated her wrist. 
 
HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN QUEBEC. 15 
 
 Etienne Bouchard, a surgeon, set the arm, but failed 
 to discover the dislocation of the wrist. Jean Madry 
 also examined her injuries but with no better suc- 
 cess. The arm remained entirely useless until Mile. 
 Mance's temporary return to France occasioned by 
 the financial needs of the hospital. Here the use 
 of her arm, pronounced by the most eminent sur- 
 geons in Paris to be beyond recovery, was miracu- 
 lously restored by touching the casket containing the 
 heart of M. Olier. Mile. Mance issued the follow- 
 ing statement in writing, regarding the miraculous 
 cure: 
 
 A/nan, 
 
 J^ul 4£onsuui,r Cu^uir olqw> sat? 
 j&$sjC&i.ou&> /ncL/u0v^.. 
 
 .-.. - — -. £■!&&, 
 
 ac,rv6~ e£si#nL c£jl la. mu/ruL mai,n. 
 cmrv£ ZajcrzceiL liu^^j k/iarij at, lj 
 
l6 HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN QUEBEC. 
 
 "Au Nom de la Tres Sainte Trinite, Amen." 
 "Je, Jeanne Mance, reconnais et confesse en la pre- 
 sence de mon Dieu avoir receu de l'usage de ma 
 "main droite par les merites de feu Monsieur Olier 
 "ce qui s'est passe en ceste maniere 
 
 "Je declare que tout ce que j'ay escrit cy-dessus 
 "en ces deux petites feuilles est veritable et sincere 
 "en foi de quoy je l'ay escrit et signe de la mesme 
 "main dont j'ay receu l'usage a Paris, ce 13 Fevurier, 
 
 "i659 
 
 "Jeanne Mance" 
 
 The efforts to secure additional funds for the hos- 
 pital from Madame de Bullion were successful. Of 
 the 22,000 francs obtained for the purpose, Mile. 
 Mance entrusted 20,000 to the care of Le Royer de 
 la Dauversiere for the purpose of investment; but 
 upon his death it was found that the funds had been 
 misappropriated, and the hospital was left without 
 necessary means properly to carry on the work. 
 On account of this loss, the inmates were reduced 
 to extreme poverty, and suffered intensely from the 
 cold and lack of nourishing food. Under such cir- 
 cumstances Mile. Mance continued to administer the 
 affairs of the hospital until 1673. After her death 
 in that year the financial affairs of the hospital 
 caused increasing anxiety. The income had been 
 reduced by heavy losses to 12,000 livres a year, 
 400 of which were derived from the cultivation of 
 one hundred arpents of land. Owing to the French 
 Revolution their revenue for a time was lost alto- 
 gether, but the funds were recovered in 1821. 
 
 Hotel Dieu was destroyed by fire in 1695, m 1 7 2l t 
 and in 1734. 
 
 During the siege of Quebec in 1759 Surgeon Rob- 
 ert Adair established hospitals for the British on 
 the Island of Orleans, while the surgeons of Quebec 
 
HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN QUEBEC. 17 
 
 appear to have attended to the needs of the French. 
 Andre Arnoux, a native of Rochfort, was surgeon- 
 major of the French troops. He and his son es- 
 tablished themselves on St. Louis Street near the 
 Ursuline Convent. When Montcalm received his 
 mortal wound on the morning of the 13th of Sep- 
 tember, he was taken to the home of the surgeon 
 where his wounds were dressed by the younger Ar- 
 noux. It was here that Montcalm died at four 
 o'clock on the following morning. 
 
 About the year 1773 the attention of the Gov- 
 ernment of Lower Canada was drawn to the in- 
 creasing ravages of a peculiar disease, which, orig- 
 inating at Mai Baie, had spread to other parts of the 
 Province. A tradition exists that it was brought to 
 Mai Baie by a detachment of Scottish troops who 
 were either sent there on service or had been thrown 
 there by some accident of navigation a few years 
 before. The great resemblance of this disorder to 
 syphilis and its disgusting character led the unhappy 
 sufferers who were aware of that resemblance to 
 conceal their condition as long as possible; while 
 those who were not aware of it looked upon the 
 symptoms as the result of scurvy and trusted to or- 
 dinary remedies or to time for relief. From both 
 these causes, in addition to the remoteness of the 
 parish where the disease first made its appearance, 
 and the want of medical assistance on the spot, the 
 disease was not commonly known until it reached 
 such a height as to require the attention of the Gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 The symptoms of the disease as stated in a private 
 description circulated by the Government in 1785, 
 are as follows : 
 
 "Ulcerations appear on the soft palate, tonsils, 
 uvula, and mucous membrane of the mouth. As 
 time goes on, these extend and cause destruction of 
 
l8 HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN QUEBEC. 
 
 these parts. At a later period nodes appear on the 
 head, arms, legs and trunk, which, breaking down, 
 produce extensive stinking ulceration. When the 
 disease has attacked the nose for a length of time, 
 it results often in the bridge falling in. Loss of 
 the hair of the head, eyesight, and hearing, and a 
 horrible stench are generally the precursors of death. 
 No one is exempt from the disease, the child at the 
 breast as well as the aged or infirm being equally 
 attacked." 
 
 Shortly after the disease first attracted the atten- 
 tion of the Government in 1775, General Carleton, 
 who was Governor at the time, sent a surgeon's mate 
 of the Seventh Regiment to St. Paul's Bay with 
 instructions to administer medical relief. Upon in- 
 vestigation the remedy which he distributed was 
 found to consist of calomel and mercurial ointments. 
 This officer was recalled to Quebec, and upon his 
 death, Philippe Louis Frangois Badelard, who came 
 from France as Assistant-Major of the French 
 troops, was appointed by General Haldimand, after 
 the departure of General Carleton, to investigate 
 the disease and report thereon. He therefore wrote 
 a pamphlet on the subject, which was printed by 
 the Government. It is stated that the use of the 
 foregoing remedies resulted in many of the afflicted 
 ones being cured. 
 
 Upon the exact nature of this disease the opin- 
 ions of medical men were found to differ. Among 
 those most keenly interested in the subject was Dr. 
 John Bowman, who was employed by the Govern- 
 ment in investigating the affected districts and in 
 distributing the remedies. One Robert Jones of 
 Montreal wrote an elaborate pamphlet, published 
 in Montreal in 1786, to prove that the disease was 
 not syphilis; while a letter of Dr. Charles Blake, 
 Surgeon of H. M. Thirty-ninth Regiment, states 
 
HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN QUEBEC. 19 
 
 that: "This disease is nothing more than a con- 
 firmed syphilis showing itself in different ways in 
 different parts of the body and making anomalous 
 symptoms and appearances accordingly. The hab- 
 its of the Canadians facilitate its communication in 
 various ways. They use the same cup, often bor- 
 row one another's pipe to smoke, chew their infants' 
 food and spit it into their mouths. They constantly 
 spit on their floors, and never clean them, and the 
 lower classes are generally regardless of cleanliness. 
 All these circumstances help to communicate the 
 disease, which may take effect anywhere that the 
 skin happens to be broken. The disease being of the 
 nature already stated, it gives way to no remedy but 
 mercury." 
 
 The Province of Quebec had as yet no facilities 
 for teaching medicine other than the form of ap- 
 prenticeship which did not appeal to the ambitious 
 student. It was necessary, therefore, to go else- 
 where for a medical education. The earliest student 
 to go abroad was Francois Blanchet, who was born 
 in 1776, and received his preliminary education at 
 the Seminary at Quebec. At the completion of his 
 course at the Seminary, he studied medicine in New 
 York, and published a work on "The Application of 
 Chemistry to Medicine." After graduation, Blanchet 
 returned to his native home, Quebec, and entered 
 upon the practice of his profession. His ambition, 
 however, was not satisfied in medicine. He 
 launched into journalism, founded a newspaper 
 called Le Canadien, published several seditious 
 articles, and was imprisoned for a short time by the 
 haughty Governor. His active interest in politics 
 and education, however, led to his election as a 
 member of the legislative assembly, and it was he 
 who proposed during his tenure of office the first 
 law on education. During the war of 1812 he oc- 
 
20 HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN QUEBEC. 
 
 cupied the post of Chief Medical Officer in this 
 province. 
 
 Following the example of his preceptor, Blanchet, 
 we find Jacques Labrie, after serving his appren- 
 ticeship, going to Edinburgh to complete his course 
 of studies. He was the first to visit and study at 
 the Royal University there. Before leaving for Ed- 
 inburgh, Labrie founded a newspaper called Le 
 Courrier, which announced his return to his native 
 city in August, 1808. Like his preceptor, Labrie 
 entered politics and became a member of the Cham- 
 ber of Assembly; and it is to him and his medical 
 colleagues that we are indebted for the institution 
 of those tribunals which now guard the honor of 
 the medical profession. 
 
 The condition of the medical profession and the 
 state of education were, like everything else, in a 
 state of transition. The medical men of good pro- 
 fessional status who were practising in the country 
 at this time were either Canadians who had served 
 their apprenticeship with a physician of standing 
 and then gone to the mother country for gradua- 
 tion and further study ; or they were, as often hap- 
 pened, Englishmen and Scotchmen who had received 
 their entire training at home. Many of these were 
 former army surgeons who had found the demand 
 for their medical services in civil life so great that 
 they had retired from active duty and were engaged 
 only in their profession as private practitioners. It 
 is said that the type of Englishmen who thus first 
 practised medicine in Canada was as good as Brit- 
 ish education could make it. 
 
 On the other hand, as was natural in a country 
 where there was no provision for medical educa- 
 tion, and where the demand for medical assistance 
 far exceeded the supply, quackery seems to have 
 flourished abundantly. It was to correct such a con- 
 
HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN QUEBEC. 21 
 
 dition of affairs that in 1750 the Intendant Bigot 
 introduced an ordinance which may be considered 
 the code of the medical profession in Canada. This 
 ruling provided that no one should practice medicine 
 without passing an examination. Those wishing to 
 practise in a city were to be examined before the 
 Physician of the King in the presence of the Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor of the Jurisdiction. Those wish- 
 ing to practise in the outlying districts were to pass 
 an examination before the Physician of the King 
 and a sub-delegate. 
 
 This ruling continued until 1788, when the Brit- 
 ish Parliament passed an act which provided that 
 no one should practise physic and surgery within 
 the Province of Quebec, or midwifery in the towns 
 of Quebec and Montreal without a license. A li- 
 cense was to be obtained by passing an examination 
 conducted by capable persons appointed by the Gov- 
 ernor or Commander-in-Chief of the Province. This 
 regulation did not subject those to an examination 
 who had already taken a degree in any university, 
 or had been commissioned as surgeons in the army 
 or navy. "But the ordinance of 1788 had a radical 
 fault. It placed the study and the practice of med- 
 icine absolutely in the hands of the executive power. 
 It opened the door to partiality, to injustice and to 
 administrative tyranny. The licenses were to be 
 given by the Governor, and the examiners were to 
 be nominated by the Governor also, which made 
 them simply officers of the Government Executive. 
 At a period when prejudice and narrow ideas in of- 
 ficial spheres reigned, this domestication of the pro- 
 fession might cause serious rejection of justice. 
 
 "If one can believe the memoirs of a contempor- 
 ary, this deplorable side of the ordinance soon be- 
 came evident. The celebrated Pierre de Sales La- 
 terriere, who had studied medicine for some time 
 
22 HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN QUEBEC. 
 
 before leaving France, and who practised medicine 
 from time to time since his arrival in Canada in 
 1766, found himself subject to the new legislation. 
 He had practised without a diploma, often with 
 success, according to what he says himself. But 
 henceforth he must, under the penalty of a fine, 
 abandon the practice of medicine or submit to an ex- 
 amination before the members of a bureau appointed 
 by the Governor. He decided on the latter alterna- 
 tive, and was the first candidate for the study of 
 medicine who presented himself before the Board 
 of Medical Examiners in Canada. Let him relate 
 his unhappy experience: 
 
 " 'I had lost my certificate of St. Come, and the 
 documents of my apprenticeship in Paris, but I 
 knew I had talent enough to pass an examination. 
 I was the first to present myself before the medical 
 bureau of examination at 8 o'clock in the morning 
 in the presence of four practitioners and four coun- 
 cillors, and a very large assembly attracted by curi- 
 osity because there was a new institution in the 
 country. The examination lasted until four in the 
 afternoon. One question did not wait for another. 
 However correct my answers were, my examiners, 
 because of my failure to present my letters to them, 
 did not wish to permit me to continue practising. It 
 was necessary for me to go to another college to 
 obtain other certificates. Their partiality, their hard- 
 ness, their malice were so apparent that many of 
 my friends, mere spectators, said to me, 'Go to 
 Cambridge, near Boston, where, in a short time, 
 with the knowledge that you have obtained here, you 
 would obtain what you now lack.' My examiners 
 having seen that, and the reproaches that the pub- 
 lic were making, rather through shame than friend- 
 ship, said: 'Yes, if the candidate should go to 
 Cambridge or elsewhere, we will give him a certifi- 
 
HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN QUEBEC. 23 
 
 cate favorable to the talents and knowledge which 
 he has displayed.' " — '(Memoirs of Pierre de Sales 
 Laterriere.) 
 
 "During the winter and spring of 1788 M. Laterri- 
 ere studied at Cambridge. After passing a satisfac- 
 tory examination, in June, 1789, he obtained the 
 diploma of Bachelor of Medicine and returned to 
 Canada. He appeared again before the Medical 
 Board, consisting of Drs. John Foote, James Fisher, 
 James Davidson, Francois Lajus and Fred Oliva. 
 
 "The last clause of the Act provided that anyone 
 holding a university degree should not be subject to 
 an examination. Nevertheless, the examiners 
 wished to examine him, saying that as his diploma 
 was from a foreign university they could only give 
 him a simple certificate of study, and could not 
 receive him unless he passed an examination. La- 
 terriere submitted to the examination, which he 
 passed successfully. 
 
 "The Ordinance of 1788 relative to the Medical 
 Profession opened the door to disadvantages of 
 which the most serious was the arbitrariness of the 
 executive. In proportion as the country developed, 
 as the population increased, and as the number of 
 candidates for medicine became greater, the acts of 
 injustice also became more frequent. The influence 
 of the national and political question was felt in this 
 sphere as well as in most others. The French Cana- 
 dian physicians complained that owing to official 
 power, the English physicians made them wait and 
 retained the exclusive authority over the adminis- 
 tration of the profession and of the conditions 
 of admission to the learned fraternity. It is 
 to be noted that for about forty years there was not 
 a single French Canadian examiner either at Que- 
 bec or Montreal." — (J. E. Roy, "Histoire du No- 
 tariat au Canada.") 
 
24 HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN QUEBEC. 
 
 This Act was repealed in 1831, when another Act 
 was passed regulating the practice of medicine (I 
 William 4 caput 27). This Act provided that no 
 one should act as physician without a license from 
 the Governor, and that all persons intending to study 
 physic with a view to obtaining a license should 
 undergo an examination before a Board of Exam- 
 iners for the election of which provision was made 
 in this Act. The Board was to consist of twelve 
 members, seven forming a quorum. 
 
 It was also enacted that no license should be 
 granted unless candidate were of full age and had 
 served an apprenticeship of five years. 
 
 In 1 841 an Act was passed to enable persons au- 
 thorized to practise physic or surgery in Upper or 
 Lower Canada, to practise in the Province of Canada. 
 
 By the Act of 1847 tne medical profession in 
 Lower Canada was incorporated under the name of 
 "The College of Physicians and Surgeons of Lower 
 Canada" and was empowered under certain restric- 
 tions to frame its own statutes for the regulation 
 of the study of medicine in all its departments, and 
 by-laws for its own government. 
 
 In 1849 an amendment to this Act was passed 
 which authorized the Provincial Medical Board to 
 issue licenses. 
 
 Let us pause to consider for a few moments what 
 were the general conditions of the people of Nou- 
 velle France. 
 
 During the course of time, increased intercourse 
 with France and England had led to greater num- 
 bers of immigrants reaching the colony. The 
 marked increase of population had brought about 
 the prevalence of disease, "that everlasting traveller 
 which follows humanity wherever it goes," and one 
 of its earliest manifestations was in epidemic form. 
 
 The earliest disease to be mentioned was scurvy 
 
HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN QUEBEC. 2$ 
 
 (mal de terre and mal de mer). A description of 
 the symptoms and its treatment as noted by Jacques 
 Cartier has already been given. It is interesting to 
 note here that new and more drastic remedies were 
 evidently resorted to. Captain Knox in his Jour- 
 nal writes : 
 
 "This morning I was an eye witness to the cere- 
 mony of burying a man alive, mirabile dictu, for the 
 sea scurvy. To explain this matter, it must be ob- 
 served that a pit was made in the ground, and the 
 patient stood in it, with his head only above the 
 level earth ; then the mould was thrown in loose 
 about him : and there he remained for some hours ; 
 this, I am told, is to be repeated every day until his 
 recovery is perfected." 
 
 Scurvy, which was known in the early days of 
 New France under the name of "Mal de terre," 
 and later found to be the same disease as "Mal de 
 mer," was certainly one of the chief causes which 
 retarded the colonization of Canada. The disas- 
 trous results were seen at Tadoussac (1600), Island 
 of St. Croix (1604-5), Port Royal (1506-9), Que- 
 bec (1609), and on the Island of Miscou (1635). 
 
 After scurvy came smallpox with its attendant 
 train of fatalities. There were during the French 
 regime four characteristic epidemics: 1703, 1732, 
 1733 and 1755. 
 
 The epidemic of 1703 was particularly severe. 
 The registers of the Province of Quebec show that 
 there were over two thousand deaths, Indians in- 
 cluded. "Never had such a misery been seen," re- 
 marks the historian of the Hotel Dieu of Quebec. 
 "Every one was deploring the loss of a relative, one 
 of his wife, another of her husband, one his brother, 
 another of his children. Orphans wept for their 
 parents ; all were in tears, and there were no gath- 
 erings except for funerals." 
 
26 HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN QUEBEC. 
 
 In a letter written on 14th October, 1733, by 
 Beauharnois to Hocquart, it is stated that "the 
 smallpox which has afflicted this country since the 
 end of the Autumn of 1732, up till to-day, and which 
 has carried off nearly 2,000 persons from this col- 
 ony, has exhausted the resources of everyone, and 
 the suspension of all work has necessarily followed. 
 The working classes at Quebec are becoming from 
 day to day more of a burden upon men of means, 
 and more upon us than upon others by their too fre- 
 quent importunities. We cannot find any other 
 expedient than to find work for them to take them 
 out of their misery." 
 
 "It spread on all sides throughout this Govern- 
 ment (Province or country) and in that of Three 
 Rivers where it is still prevalent. By the account 
 which has been brought to me, about 900 persons 
 have died from this disease in the environs of Mont- 
 real, as many men as women, girls and infants. At 
 Quebec, 278. I have not yet had a list of the num- 
 ber in the environments of Quebec or Three Rivers, 
 but the number may well be five or six hundred 
 which this disease has carried off from the colony. 
 It is true that the greater number are children, but 
 there have been a great number of sick at Quebec, 
 there being at one time more than 2,000 between 
 those in the Hotel Dieu and in private houses. 
 
 "This disease was commonly accompanied by a 
 circumstance which was as annoying for the sick 
 as for those who cared for them. This was the in- 
 supportable odor which accompanied the disease. I 
 think it will not be necessary for nv» to go into de- 
 tails. I have seen several persons attacked with this 
 disease in France, but it was far from being as viru- 
 lent as it is in Canada." 
 
 A disease as dreadful in results as smallpox nat- 
 urally incited the pioneers in medicine to try various 
 
HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN QUEBEC. 2^ 
 
 methods of treatment. We find that Michel Sar- 
 razin thought that in his discovery of the "Sarra- 
 cinea Purpurea" he had found a remedy; but this 
 proved useless and it was not until 1765 that we 
 find any attempt being made to introduce vaccination 
 as a preventive. This was first employed in Sep- 
 tember, 1768, by a Mr. Latham, surgeon to the 
 King's or Eighth Regiment of Foot, who announced 
 to the inhabitants of Quebec that he was prepared 
 to carry on this method of prevention. 
 
 The people of New France were indeed sorely 
 afflicted, for we find that plague made its appearance 
 amongst them on no less than threo different occa- 
 sions (171 1, 1718, and 1740). The historian of 
 Hotel Dieu of Quebec relates thai it was brought 
 to this country by a ship hailing fiom Siam where 
 the plague was prevalent about that time. The dis- 
 ease was therefore known as the "Disease of Siam." 
 There are no records affording any description of 
 the symptoms of those afflicted with the disease, 
 hence any opinion as to the exact nature of the 
 epidemic must be mere conjecture. The same au- 
 thority, however, makes the following comments : "I 
 have never seen so many sick in the hospital ; the 
 wards, garrets and outer buildings all were filled, 
 and we can hardly pass between the beds. All be- 
 came as black as coal as soon as they were dead." 
 This last remark may possibly justify the opinion 
 that the disease was what is known to-day as the 
 "Pestis Bubonica." History also relates the recur- 
 rence of other epidemics of a similar nature, extend- 
 ing over several periods (1710, 1746, 1750, 1756, 
 1757, and 1759). The death rate was evidently very 
 high. 
 
 Owing undoubtedly to unhygienic conditions at 
 this time existing, diseases other than those just men- 
 tioned of an epidemic nature were prevalent amongst 
 
28 HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN QUEBEC. 
 
 the colonists. Chest affections were frequent, and 
 the methods adopted to effect a cure were perhaps 
 unique in the history of medicine in this country. 
 In a letter from Vaudreuil and Begon dated at 
 Quebec, on 6th October, 1720, we learn that "there 
 are a great number of persons in these parts who 
 are attacked by chest diseases, and that the most 
 efficacious remedy is asses' milk. As there are no 
 animals of this kind in the colonies, we beg the 
 Council to see that a male and a female are sent 
 out next year by the ships of His Majesty." 
 
 The use of ice for the purpose of reducing the 
 temperature in typhoid fever is thought by many to 
 be of comparatively recent date; but about 1780 we 
 learn from the memoirs of Philip de Gaspe that 
 when a child, he had been cured of a very severe 
 attack of typhus or typhoid fever by the use of ice. 
 "I showed scarcely any signs of life for three days," 
 he writes, "my death was expected each minute." 
 So far, the patient had been treated by some one 
 who possessed only a pretentious knowledge of medi- 
 cine ; as the condition of the patient became one of 
 extreme gravity, Dr. Fred Oliva was sent for. He 
 suggested that the child be dipped in a bath of iced 
 water and then wrapped in hot flannels. "At the 
 end of half an hour," writes de Gaspe, "there fol- 
 lowed an abundant perspiration which saved my 
 life." 
 
 From 1800 to 1832 the country appears, as far as 
 one is able to glean from available sources, to have 
 been singularly free from diseases of an epidemic 
 nature. Nevertheless, Asiatic cholera, which had 
 originated in India during the early part of the nine- 
 teenth century, gradually spread over extensive 
 areas, until in 1832 it reached France and England. 
 The English Government, as Christie says, "with 
 characteristic providence and anxiety for the wel- 
 
HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN QUEBEC. 20, 
 
 fare of the province, had advised the Governor to 
 make preparation against it in Canada, as in all 
 probability it would with the influx of immigrants 
 hither attend them. Legislative provision accord- 
 ingly was made to meet the impending evil, and san- 
 itary precautions were adopted. Grosse Isle, thirty 
 miles below the port of Quebec, was made a quar- 
 antine station, to which medical men were appointed, 
 and temporary wooden buildings were erected upon 
 it for hospitals, and the establishment put under mil- 
 itary authority." 
 
 The Spring of 1832 was rainy, cold and backward, 
 and remarkable for the prevalence of heavy north- 
 easterly gales. "With the arrival," writes Christie, 
 "of every vessel bringing immigrants, the pestilence 
 was expected to make its appearance in Quebec. 
 At length, on the 8th of June, the appalling news 
 reached the city of its actual appearance at Grosse 
 Isle, by The Garricks from Dublin, with 133 passen- 
 gers on board, 59 having died of cholera during 
 the passage. From Quebec it bounded onwards as 
 it were by leaps in its direful progress up the St. 
 Lawrence, breaking out on the 10th at Montreal 
 with great violence." The severity of the epidemic 
 may be gathered from the fact that from the 9th 
 June to the 2d September no less than 2,215 P eo * 
 pie died from this alone in the city of Quebec. 
 Since that time, there have occurred four outbreaks 
 (1834, 1849, 1 %S 2 an d 1854) of Asiatic cholera in 
 the Province of Quebec. 
 
 Let us now leave Quebec, with its illustrious past, 
 and turn our attention to the city where we are now 
 meeting which was destined to become the centre 
 of medical education. Montreal was in 1816 a thriv- 
 ing town of 20,000 inhabitants, a distribution centre 
 for immigration and the headquarters for the thriv- 
 ing trade of the North West Company. 
 
30 HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN QUEBEC. 
 
 The various charitable institutions of this city 
 were for several years found inadequate to the in- 
 creasing wants of the population, due to the in- 
 crease of immigration. The termination of the war 
 in 1815 brought to our shores vast numbers of per- 
 sons who through sickness on their passage or pov- 
 erty on their arrival were incapable of reaching 
 their destination. Unable to procure either support 
 or medical attendance from any funds of their own, 
 they made an urgent appeal which prompted the 
 benevolent inhabitants of our cities to devise means 
 for the relief of these miserable exiles. An asso- 
 ciation of women in Montreal designated as the 
 "Ladies' Benevolent Society" was formed expressly 
 for the relief of the indigent immigrants ; but more 
 than this was needed. The sick required medical 
 aid; and to attain this object, some medical men of 
 the city agreed to give their assistance, provided a 
 house could be obtained where the most necessitous 
 cases of sick poor could be relieved. A small build- 
 ing of four apartments was then hired, and called 
 the "House of Recovery." Small as it was, and 
 inadequate to meet the numerous cases that needed 
 relief, it became the germ of that noble institution 
 which redounds so greatly to the benefit and honor 
 of the city of Montreal — the Montreal General 
 Hospital. This building was soon found totally 
 inadequate to relieve all those who made request 
 for assistance, and means were taken of raising a 
 sum of money which, when sufficient, enabled them 
 to rent a larger house in Craig street. The medical 
 department was placed under the direction of four 
 physicians who attended monthly in rotation ; one of 
 them as house surgeon attended daily in cases of 
 accident. On the 1st May, 1819, such patients as 
 were in the House of Recovery, together with the 
 little property belonging to that establishment, were 
 
HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN QUEBEC. 31 
 
 moved into the new institution, which now assumed 
 the title of the "Montreal General Hospital." 
 
 Considerable interest had been aroused in favor 
 of this newly-established charity, and to such a de- 
 gree that in August, 1820, sufficient funds had been 
 raised to enable them to buy a new site on which 
 to erect a modern building. The site which was 
 purchased was that which is now occupied by the 
 hospital. On the 6th June, 1821, the foundation 
 stone was duly laid, and in May, 1822, it was opened 
 for the reception of patients. The medical staff 
 consisted of Doctors Caldwell, Robertson, Holmes 
 and Stephenson. Within ten years from the first 
 foundation of the hospital the demands for admis- 
 sion exceeded its capacity, and an important addi- 
 tion was made to it, which was opened for the re- 
 ception of patients in December, 1832. The hos- 
 pital at this time contained nineteen wards and had 
 a capacity of 160 beds." — (Hochelaga Depicta.) 
 
 An institution attended by active and energetic 
 physicians and supplied with abundant clinical ma- 
 terial being now a fully established fact, the staff 
 was naturally led to approach the vexed problem of 
 medical education. The means by which it was 
 eventually solved have been most thoroughly de- 
 scribed by Dr. Maude Abbott in her history of the 
 Medical Faculty of McGill University, and from 
 this I shall venture to quote at some length : 
 
 "The formation of a medical school was the nat- 
 ural outcome of a general impulse in a rapidly grow- 
 ing city where a real need for medical teaching ex- 
 ists. As a result, therefore, we find that in 1822 
 lectures were publicly announced and given by some 
 of the members of the staff of the Montreal Gen- 
 eral Hospital, notably, Drs. Stephenson and Holmes. 
 This continued for a year, when a meeting of the 
 hospital medical staff was held on the 20th October, 
 
2)2 HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN QUEBEC. 
 
 1823, to consider the expediency of establishing a 
 medical school. Steps were immediately taken to 
 organize a teaching staff, and to utilize the hospital 
 for clinical purposes, to give a course of lectures, 
 and these were begun on the 15th November, 1824, 
 and delivered at the home of the institution, the first 
 announcement of teaching reading as follows : 
 Principles and Practice of Medicine, Dr. Caldwell ; 
 Surgery, Anatomy and Physiology, Dr. Stephenson ; 
 Midwifery and Diseases of Children, Dr. Robertson ; 
 Chemistry, Pharmacy and Materia Medica, Dr. 
 Holmes." 
 
 "This organization was then known as the Mont- 
 real Medical Institution, and the first session of 
 this body was held in the Academic years 1824-5. 
 Once established, the Montreal Medical Institution 
 seems to have worked its way on quickly winning 
 good repute until 1829, which marks an epoch in 
 its history when it became 'engrafted upon' Mc- 
 Gill University as its medical faculty. This Uni- 
 versity, founded by the will of the Hon. James 
 McGill, did not come into actual operation for many 
 years, in spite of the need that was felt for such an 
 educational institution amongst the English-speaking 
 population. The bequest, which consisted of £10,000 
 and the estate of Burnside, was left in trust for a 
 college to The Royal Institution for the Advance- 
 ment of Learning, a body contemplated by a Pro- 
 vincial Act of 1 801, but which was not incorporated 
 and therefore not able to hold property until the 
 year 1818. This circumstance, combined with an 
 almost total lack of funds in the institution, de- 
 layed action. And delay was further occasioned by 
 protracted litigation over the bequest. Indeed, had 
 it not been for the farseeing condition of the be- 
 quest, that the legacy should revert to certain per- 
 sons unless a university were established within ten 
 
HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN QUEBEC. 33 
 
 years of the testator's decease, it is more than prob- 
 able that the project would have been indefinitely 
 delayed. 
 
 "In the year 1829, that portion of the lawsuit 
 which referred to the bequest of the landed estate of 
 Burnside was decided in favor of the University, but 
 the question of the £10,000 continued unsettled for 
 many years longer, and no funds were at the dis- 
 posal of the college. Yet it was felt that to fulfill 
 the conditions of the will actual teaching must now 
 be done in the University, and the purely nominal 
 appointments of 1823 be refilled or supplemented. 
 
 "At this time the eyes of the Royal Institution and 
 of the friends of education were turned upon the 
 Montreal Medical Institution, now an active teach- 
 ing body of established reputation, and it was de- 
 cided to bridge the difficulty by making this body 
 the medical faculty of the University, its officers 
 becoming professors or lecturers in their respective 
 branches. 
 
 "On June 29, 1829, the first meeting of the Gover- 
 nors of "Burnside University of McGill College" 
 was called at Burnside House, which had just come 
 into the hands of the Royal Institution under the 
 will. This meeting had as its object the promulga- 
 tion of the Charter and the Inauguration of the 
 University. It was largely attended by represen- 
 tative citizens of all classes, and at this meeting the 
 members of the Montreal Medical Institution who 
 had been invited to be present were formally en- 
 grafted upon the University of McGill College as 
 its medical faculty. 
 
 "The Montreal Medical Institution, as it still con- 
 tinued to be called for some years, was now a fac- 
 ulty of an established university capable of granting 
 degrees. For some years the only active work done 
 in the university was that in this faculty, and by its 
 
34 HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN QUEBEC. 
 
 simply fulfilling the time limit of the will, it may 
 justly be said to have saved the university at least 
 from much involved and tedious litigation if, in- 
 deed, it did not preserve for it the bequest itself." 
 
 The improvement of medical education was even 
 as early as this period (1837) a much discussed 
 subject, and relevant to it is an extremely interesting 
 report and suggestion made by Sir John Doratt, 
 M.D., then Inspector-General of Hospitals, who was 
 appointed by the British Government to investi- 
 gate, report upon, and advise regarding this ques- 
 tion. In this report is suggested the establishment 
 of a medical school in the city of Quebec in con- 
 nection with Hotel Dieu and the Marine Hospitals. 
 These hospitals, it was considered, would conjointly 
 provide clinical beds to the number of three hun- 
 dred. The selection of Quebec for the proposed 
 medical school was due to various reasons. The 
 population of the city was now between 30,000 and 
 40,000. As the principal port also for ocean ship- 
 ping, it was at Quebec that the diseases continually 
 brought by incoming vessels and the accidents from 
 the process of loading and unloading in port were 
 most in evidence. It was here, therefore, that the 
 aid of medicine and surgery was most urgently re- 
 quired. It was felt also that the school would at- 
 tract from the colonies of New Brunswick, Nova 
 Scotia and Prince Edward Island the young men 
 who had hitherto been compelled to go abroad for 
 an opportunity of studying medical science. 
 
 Among the suggestions regarding the course of 
 medicine to be pursued was the proposed regula- 
 tion that the whole period allotted for education 
 at the medical school should be five years. The first 
 three years were to be passed in strict attendance 
 at the school of medicine and the last two years in 
 close attendance to duties at the hospital. It was 
 
HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN QUEBEC. 35 
 
 further suggested that the clinics at the hospital 
 should be given from 8 to 10 a. m. These sugges- 
 tions are worthy of note, since it is only within the 
 last year that both McGill and its sister university, 
 Laval, have adopted five years as the period neces- 
 sary for the prescribed course of study. The sug- 
 gestion of early clinics is now also under consider 
 ation. 
 
 The year 1826, it is to be noted in closing, marked 
 an era in the history of medicine of the Province of 
 Quebec: It gave birth to the first attempt which 
 had been made with a view to opening a free inter- 
 course with the literary world, and to promoting the 
 interest and cultivation of medical science within the 
 limits of our country by the formation of the first 
 medical society in Quebec. The President was Jo- 
 seph Morrin. It was at the same time that the 
 first medical journal in the Province appeared, with 
 the following words on the title-page: "Journal de 
 Medecine de Quebec, public et redige par Xavier 
 Tessier." 
 
 The period of time allotted to the consideration of 
 the history of medicine in our province has been 
 covered and it remains to me now to express with 
 the greatest of pleasure my sincerest thanks to Dr. 
 A. G. Doughty, C.M.G., Dominion Archivist, for 
 the privilege accorded in having access to the val- 
 uable manuscripts and works in the Archives ; also 
 for his invaluable assistance and suggestions in the 
 preparation of this paper, and his arrangement of 
 the bibliography ; to Dr. N. E. Dionne, Librarian of 
 the Provincial Legislature of Quebec, for his kind 
 assistance; to Mr. C. B. Gould, Librarian of the 
 Peter Redpath Library, McGill University, for the 
 privilege of consulting the valuable works of ref- 
 erence ; to his able assistant, Miss Hepburn, for her 
 untiring energy in carrying out and preparing the 
 
3^ HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN QUEBEC. 
 
 research work; and to Miss Charlton, Librarian of 
 the Medical Faculty of McGill University, for her 
 very kind assistance. 
 
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 Bibaud (Maximilien), i.e. Francois Marie Uncas Maxi- 
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 Paris. Quebec: Leger Brousseau, Imprimeur-Libraire, 
 1878. 8vo, 613, 9 pp. 
 
HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN QUEBEC. 37 
 
 Champlain : Oeuvres de Champlain ; edited by C. H. 
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 Cholera: Instructions contre le cholera, publiees par la 
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 J. B. Frechette. 1832. 
 
 Christie, Robert: A history of the late Province of 
 Lower Canada, parliamentary and political, from the com- 
 mencement to the close of its existence as a separate prov- 
 ince. . . . Quebec : T. Cary & Co., 1648-66, 6v., 120, v. 4 ; 
 Quebec. Printed by J. Lovell, V. 5; Montreal, R. Worth- 
 ington, publisher. V. 6 has title: Interesting public docu- 
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 real : J. Lovell, 1855. 
 
 Dionne, Narcisse Eutrope, 1848: La Nouvelle France 
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 Direction Pour la Guerison du mal de la Baie St. 
 Paul : Quebec, chez Guillaume Brown au milieu de la 
 Grande Cote, 1785. i6mo, 16 pp. 
 
 Dollier de Casson, Abbe Francois : Histoire du Mont- 
 real, 1640-1672: et abrege de le Mission de Kente. In 
 Quebec: Lit. & Hist. Soc. Publications, Hist. Docs., 3d 
 Series, 1871. 
 
 Doughty, Arthur George, i860: Quebec under two 
 flags; a brief history of the city from its foundation until 
 the present time. By A. G. Doughty and N. E. Dionne. 
 . . . With illustrations by the Rembrandt Portrait Studio, 
 London, and the Forbes Co., Boston. Quebec : The Quebec 
 News Co., 1903, xl., 424, lvi. p., il. 24 pi. (2 cols.), 9 port., 
 fold. plan. 20 cm. At head of title : Second thousand. 
 
 Doughty, Arthur George, i860: The siege of Quebec 
 and the battle of the Plains of Abraham. By A. G. Dough- 
 ty. In collaboration with G. W. Parmlee. . . . Fitzpatrick 
 Ed. Quebec : Dussault & Proulx, 1901. 6 v. Fronts (v. 
 I -3). plates, ports., plans (partly fold.), facsim. (partly 
 fold.) tables, 24^ x 19J4 cm. Vol. 4-6. Copyrighted, 1902. 
 
 Faillon, Michel Etienne : Histoire de la Colonie 
 Franchise en Canada. Ville-Marie, Bibliotheque Parois- 
 siale, 1865. 4to. 
 
 Faillon, l'Abbe Michel Etienne: Memoires particu- 
 liers pour servir a l'Histoire de 1'figlise de l'Amerique 
 du Nord. Tome IIL-lre Partie, Vie de Mademoiselle 
 Mance, et Histoire de l'Hotel Dieu de Ville-Marie en 
 Canada. Paris : Ve Poussielzue-Rusand, et Perisse Freres, 
 Rue Saint Sulpice. 8vo, pp. 271. 1854. 
 
3^ HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN QUEBEC. 
 
 Faribault, Georges Barthelemi, 1789-1866: Catalogue 
 d'Ouvrages sur l'Histoire de l'Amerique et en particulier 
 sur celle du Canada, de la Lousiane, de l'Acadie, et autres 
 lieux, ci-devant connus sous le nom de Nouvelle-France : 
 avec des notes, bibliographiques, critiques, et litteraires. 
 En trois parties. Redige par G. B. Faribault, Avocat, Que- 
 bec W. Cowan, 1837. 2 pi., 207 pp. 21 cm. 
 
 Ferland, Jean Baptiste Antoine, 1805-1865: Cours 
 d'Histoire du Canada. Par J. B. A. Ferland, Quebec. A 
 Cote, 1861-65. 2 v. Front. 21^ cm. 
 
 Frechette, J. B. : "Instructions contre le Cholera." Pub- 
 liees par la commission Centrale de Paris : Quebec, 1832. 
 
 Gaspe, Philippe Aubert de: Les Anciens Canadiens. 
 2d ed. Revue et corrigee par l'auteur. Quebec : G. & C. E. 
 Desbarats. 1864. 8vo. 
 
 GossELiN, Abbe Auguste: Le Docteur Jacques Labrie. 
 Levis. (In Bibliotheque Canadienne and 1893 Transac- 
 tions of Royal Society of Canada, I., 33.) 
 
 Hakluyt, Richard, 1552-1616 Comp. : "Divers Voy- 
 ages," touching the discovery of America and the islands 
 adjacent. Collected and published by Richard Hakluyt, in 
 the year 1582. Edited, with notes and an introduction, by 
 John Winter Jones, . . . London. Printed for the 
 Hakluyt Society, 1850. 3 pi., cxi., 171, 6 p., 3 fold, facsim. 
 (incl. 2 maps) 23 cm. (added p.: Wks. issued by the 
 Hakluyt Society v. 7). Reprint of original edition, incl. t.p. 
 
 Hall, Archibald, M.D. : Letters on Medical Educa- 
 tion (originally published in the Montreal Gazette), ad- 
 dressed to the Members of the Provincial Legislature of 
 Canada. By Archibald Hall, M.D. Montreal : Armour & 
 Ramsay; Kingston: Ramsay, Armour. 8vo, pp. 30. 1842. 
 
 Heriot, George, 1776- 1844: Travels through the Can- 
 adas ; containing a description of the picturesque scenery 
 in some of the rivers and lakes, with an account of those 
 provinces. To which is subjoined a comparative view of 
 the manners and customs of several of the Indian nations 
 of North and South America. By George Heriot, Esq. 
 London: R. Phillis, 1807. xii., 602 (1) p., fold, front, pi. 
 (partly fold.). Fold, map, 28x22^ cm. 
 
 Laflamme, Mgr. Michel Sarrazin : Trans. Roy. Soc, 
 1889, Vol. IV. 
 
 Laflamme, Mgr. Jacques Cornitu : loc cit., Trans. Roy. 
 Soc, 1901. 
 
 The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents: Trav- 
 els and explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries in New 
 France, 1610-1791 ; the original French, Latin and Italian 
 
HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN QUEBEC. 39 
 
 texts, with English translations and notes. Edited by 
 Reuben Gold Thwaites. Cleveland : The Burrows Broth- 
 ers Company. 1896-1901. 73 v., front., illus., pi., port., 
 maps (partly fold, plans, facsim.), partly fold. 23 cm. A 
 limited edition of 750 sets. 
 
 Josselyn, John : New England's Rarities Discovered. 
 London, 1672. Reprinted, with extensive annotations, by 
 Edward Tuckerman, in Amer. Antiq. Soc. Trans., Vol. IV. 
 
 JUGEMENTS ET DELIBERATIONS DU CONSEIL SoUVERAIN DE 
 
 la Nouvelle-France : Quebec, by Provl. Govt., 1885-91. 
 Six vols. 4to. 
 
 Medecine, Origine et Organisation de l'Association 
 Medicale Canadienne, etc. : Montreal, 1858. 80 pp., in. 8. 
 
 Medecine, Rapport du Comite Special sur le Bill pour 
 Amender les Lois Relative a la Practique de la Mede- 
 cine, de la Chirurgie; et de l'Art Obstetrique dans le 
 Bas-Canada: s.l.n.d. (vers. 1852), ni titre particulier. 
 66 pp., in. 8. 
 
 Medecins Statuts Regles et Reglements du College des 
 Medecins et Chirurgiens du Bas-Canada: Montreal, 
 1849. 28 pp., in. 12. Precede de l'acte d'incorporation et de 
 l'acte pour l'amender. 
 
 Morgan, Henry James, 1842: Sketches of celebrated 
 Canadians and persons connected with Canada, from the 
 earliest period in the history of the province down to the 
 present time. By Henry James Morgan, . . . Quebec: 
 Hunter Bros. & Co., xiii., 779 pp., 21. J^mo. 
 
 Morrin, J. : "Cholera at Quebec." Boston Medical and 
 Surgical Journal, Vol. 6, 379, 382. 1832. 
 
 McCrae, John : A Canadian Hospital of the Seventeenth 
 Century. By John McCrae, M.B. Reprinted from the 
 Montreal Medical Journal, July, 1906. 
 
 Painchaud, Joseph : Extrait d'une lecture sur le chol- 
 era Asiatique faite l'automne dernier. Par M. le Docteur 
 Painchaud, sous le patronage de lTnstitut Canadien de 
 Quebec. Quebec : Imprimerie du "Canadien," No. 9 rue La 
 Montagne, Basse-ville, 1849. 24mo, 24 pp. 
 
 Parkman, Francis: "The Jesuits in North America in 
 the Seventeenth Century." Boston : Little, Brown & Co. 
 Fourteenth Ed., 1880. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. Thir- 
 tieth Ed., 1892. First Ed. in 1867. 
 
 Parkman, Francis : The Old Regime in Canada, France, 
 and England in North America. Part fourth. By Francis 
 Parkman, in 2 vols. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1897. 
 
 Powell, Robert Wynyard, M.D. : The Doctor in Can- 
 ada; His Whereabouts, and the Laws Which Govern Him. 
 
40 HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN QUEBEC. 
 
 A ready book of reference by Robert Wynyard Powell, 
 M.D., Ottawa. Montreal : Printed by the Gazette Print- 
 ing Company. 8vo, 342 pp. 
 
 Rapport sur le Congres de l' Association Americaine 
 d'Hygiene Publique Tenu a Mexico et sur la Visite 
 aux Quarantaines de la Nouvelle-Orleans, de San 
 Francisco et de Victoria, C. A. : No title page. 8vo., pp. 
 
 41. 
 
 Roy, Jos-Edmund, de la Medecine et des Medecins a 
 l'Origine de la Nouvelle France in review, le Canada 
 Franchise, Vol. II., p. 595, 1889. 
 
 Sagard-Theodat, Gabriel: Histoire du Canada, et voy- 
 ages que les Freres Mineurs recollets y ont faictes pout la 
 conversion des infideles depuis l'an 1615. Par Gabriel 
 Sagard-Theodat, avec un dictionnaire de la langue 
 huronne. Nouv. Ed. Pub. par M. Edwin Tross, . . . 
 Paris : Librairie Tross, 1866. 4 v. 20J4 cm. 
 
 Sulte, Benjamin, 1841 : Histoire des Canadiens-Fran- 
 cais 1680-1880; origine, histoire, religion, guerres, decou- 
 vertes, colonisation, coutumes, vie domestique, sociale, et 
 politique, developpement, avenir. Par Benjamin Suite, . . 
 Montreal: Wilson & Cie., 1882-84. 8 v. Front., pi., port., 
 maps, plans, tab. 33 x 25 cm. Vol 8 pub. by Societe de 
 Publication Historique du Canada. 
 
 Tache, J. C. : "Memoire sur le cholera." Publiee par au- 
 torite, imprimee pour le Bureau d' Agriculture et des 
 Statistiques, 1866. 
 
 Underwood, Michel : Traite sur les maladies des en- 
 fants. Par Michel Underwood, M.D. Licencie dans l'Art 
 d'Accoucheur du College Royal des medecins a Londres. 
 Quebec. 6 p., n.c, 123 pp. 1803. 
 
 Society Transactions. 
 
 reviews and journals. 
 
 Abbott, Maude E., B.A., M.D. : "An Historical Sketch of 
 the Medical Faculty of McGill University." Montreal Med- 
 ical Journal, Vol. 31, No. 8, August, 1902. 
 
 Cochran, A. W., D.C.L. : "Notes of the Measures Adopt- 
 ed by Government Between 1775 and 1786 to Check the 
 St. Paul's Bay Disease." Transactions of the Literary and 
 Historical Society of Quebec, Vol. 4, 1841. 
 
 David, A. H., M.D. : "Reminiscences Connected with 
 the Medical Profession in Montreal During the Last Fifty 
 iTears." The Canadian Medical Record, 1882. 
 
 Dionne, Narcisse Eutrope, 1848: Champlain. By N. E. 
 
HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN QUEBEC. 41 
 
 Dionne. Ed. de luxe. Toronto: Morang & Co., Limited, 
 1905. xviii., 299 pp., front (port.) 24 cm. (half title: The 
 Makers of Canada. Ed. by D. C. Scott and Pelham Ed- 
 gar). Series title also at head of t.p. This edition is 
 limited to four hundred signed and numbered sets, of 
 which this is No. 196, signed George E. Morang. 
 
 Drummond, W. H., M.D. : "Pioneers of Medicine in the 
 Province of Quebec." Montreal Medical Journal, Septem- 
 ber, 1898. 
 
 Foucher, A. A., M.D. : "The Origin, Evolution, and 
 Present Condition of the Practice of Medicine in Canada." 
 Montreal Medical Journal, Vol. 33, 1904. 
 
 "Histoire de l'Hopital General." Publiee a Quebec en 
 1882, intitulee : "Monsiegneur de Saint-Vallier, et l'Hopital 
 General de Quebec." 743 pp., in 8 royal. 
 
 "Letters of Mere St. Ignace to Pere Jean de Lambre- 
 ville" (a propos du Dr. Sarrazin). October 15, 1697; Oct. 
 21, 1698; Nov. 10, 1703. 
 
 Letters of Mother Duplessis of Ste. Helene (a pro- 
 pos du Dr. Sarrazin). October 21, 1720. 
 
 Archives of the Hotel Dieu at Quebec. 
 
 Osler, Wm, M.D.: "The Growth of a Profession." 
 Canada Medical and Surgical Journal, 1885. 
 
 Tanguay, Abbe Cyprien : "A Travers les Registres." 
 Montreal : Librairie St. Joseph, Cadieux & Derome, 1866. 
 
 MANUSCRIPTS IN THE CANADIAN ARCHTVES RELATING TO THE 
 HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN LOWER CANADA. 
 
 (Series S.) 
 
 Solicitor General's Report on Dr. Stephenson's letter 
 respecting the granting of medical degrees in McGill Col- 
 lege. Quebec, 15th July, 1831. 
 
 Letter of Dr. John Stephenson, Secretary of Medical 
 Faculty of McGill College, giving an account of the med- 
 ical institution since its commencement. Montreal, 29th 
 October, 1851. 
 
 Memorial of the Medical Faculty of McGill College, 
 relative to the conferring of degrees and diplomas by the 
 faculty. Montreal, 28th October, 1831. 
 
 Solicitor General's Report on the statutes and regula- 
 tions submitted for approval by the medical faculty of 
 McGill College. Quebec, nth November, 1831. 
 
 Letter of Dr. John Stephenson, Secretary of the Med- 
 ical Faculty of McGill College, transmitting the Memorial 
 of the Medical Faculty of McGill College and a sketch of 
 the Medical School. 2d November, 1831. 
 
43 HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN QUEBEC. 
 
 Cholera Morbus : First report of the Medical Board on 
 cholera morbus. Quebec, 12th November, 1831. 
 
 Dr. George Roberts: Communication to the Medical 
 Board of Quebec on the subject of cholera morbus. Que- 
 bec, 27th October, 1831. 
 
 Petition from the Magistrates that precautionary 
 measures be adopted to check the progress of Asiatic chol- 
 era. Quebec, 25th January, 1832. 
 
 MANUSCRIPTS IN THE CANADIAN ARCHIVES RELATING TO THE 
 HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN NEW FRANCE AND LOWER CANADA. 
 
 (Series M.) 
 
 History of the Hotel Dieu of Quebec, 1636-1716. 
 
 Extraits Divers des Archives de l'Hopital General de 
 Quebec, 1645-1797. 
 
 Registres Journaliers des Malades a l'Hatel Dieu de 
 Quebec, du iier Juin, 1709, au 31 Decembre, 1824, 7 vols. 
 
 MANUSCRIPTS IN THE CANADIAN ARCHIVES RELATING TO THE 
 HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN NEW FRANCE, 
 
 (Series F.) 
 
 Intendant Raudot to the Minister — An Army surgeon 
 wanted, etc. Quebec, 17th November, 1708. Vol. 26, p. 271. 
 
 Begon to the Minister — Services rendered by Sieur 
 Sarrazin, Physician. Quebec, 12th November, 1704. Vol. 
 
 34, P- 304. 
 
 Vaudreuil and Begon to the Minister, Concerning the 
 Surgeon of the Hotel Dieu. Quebec, 6th November, 1720. 
 Vol. 42, p. 100. 
 
 Vaudreuil and Begon to the Minister, Concerning Dr. 
 Sarrazin. Quebec, 26th October, 1720. Vol. 24, p. 15. 
 
 Begon to the Minister. On the claim of Sieur Coffi- 
 nier, Surgeon of the Hotel Dieu, Quebec. Quebec, 14th 
 October, 1723, Vol. 45, p. 172. 
 
 Hocquart to . Praises Sarrazin, Berthier and Beno- 
 
 ist, Medical men. Quebec, 3d October, 1733, Vol. 60, p. 37. 
 
 Beauharnois & Hocquart to the Minister. Ask for a 
 surgeon : Alavoine, A Surgeon asks for an increase of sal- 
 ary. Quebec, 17th January, 1730, Vol. 52, p. 191. 
 
 Beauharnois & Hocquart to the Minister. Death and 
 eulogy of Dr. Sarrazin, at the age of 70 years. Ask for 
 pension for his widow and five children, and assistance for 
 his son, who is studying medicine in Paris. Quebec, 18th 
 September, 1734, Vol. 61, p. 3. 
 
 Dr. Sarrazin to the Minister. Memorandum on the 
 
HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN QUEBEC. 43 
 
 mineral waters of Cap de la Madeleine. Quebec, ioth 
 October, 1732. Series F, Vol. 58, p. 99. 
 
 Beauharnois & Hocquart to the Minister. Excessive 
 heat, hospitals crowded with those with the smallpox. Que- 
 bec, 14th October, 1733, Vol. 59, p. 134. 
 
 Hocquart to the Minister. About the request of one 
 Lajus who wished to be appointed surgeon Commis aux 
 Rapports. Cannot recommend him,, as he is but of medi- 
 ocre capacity. Quebec, 28th September, 1739, Vol. 71, p. 
 
 134. 
 
 Beauharnois & Hocquart to the Minister. Praise 
 Sieur Gauthier, physician, Sieur Felz having been appointed 
 surgeon-general to the troops at Montreal, compensation 
 is due to the Sieurs Benoit, father and son. Quebec, 13th 
 September, 1742, Vol. 77, p. 9. 
 
 MANUSCRIPTS IN THE CANADIAN ARCHIVES RELATING TO THI 
 SIEUR GAUTHIER, 1744-1750. 
 
 (Series B.) French. 
 
 The President of the Navy Board to Beauharnois & 
 Hocquart, Sieur Gauthier, who was appointed King's Phy- 
 sician in Canada, will go there this year. Also respecting 
 the Sieurs Briant, Felz and Benoit. 17th April, 1742, Vol. 
 
 74- 
 
 Memorandum from the King to Beauharnois & Hoc- 
 quart. The Sieur Gauthier, Physician, having assiduously 
 and with success followed the Sieur Verrier's lessons in 
 Jurisprudence, is appointed Councillor. 24th March, 1744, 
 Vol. 78. 
 
 The President of the Navy Board to M. Gauthier. Has 
 procured him the position of Assessor to the Council, 30th 
 March, 1744, Vol. 78. 
 
 The President of the Navy Board to La Jonquiere and 
 Bigot. Approves of their granting the Fishery Concession 
 at Baie des Chateaux to Dr. Gauthier. 30th April, 1749, 
 Vol. 89. 
 
 The President of the Navy Board to Beauharnois and 
 Hocquart, relating to the appointment of the Sieurs Guil- 
 lemin and Gauthier to the Superior Council, 30 March, 
 1744, Vol. 78. 
 
 The President of the Navy Board to M. Verrier. Has 
 appointed the Sieur Gauthier and Guillemin, two of his 
 pupils, members of the Superior Council, 17th April, 1744. 
 Vol. 78. 
 
 The President of the Navy Board to Bigot. Has done 
 
44 HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN QUEBEC. 
 
 well in sending the different seeds that the Sieur Gauthier, 
 Physician, has collected for the King's garden, 18th April, 
 1745, Vol. 89. 
 
 The President of the Navy Board to Bigot. Is satisfied 
 with Dr. Gauthier's report on the mines discovered at Baie 
 St. Paul, 31st May, 1750, Vol. 91. 
 
 The President of the Navy Board to Vaudreuil and 
 Bigot. The Sieur Chamel has been chosen for the position 
 of King's Physician, vacant by the death of Sieur Gauthier, 
 27th March, 1757, Vol. 105. 
 
 MANUSCRIPTS IN THE CANADIAN ARCHIVES RELATING TO DR. 
 
 JAMES BOWMAN'S CLAIM RESPECTING THE ST. PAUL'S 
 
 BAY DISEASE. 
 
 (Series S.) 
 
 Bowman to the Committee on Public Accounts. Me- 
 morial respecting his account. No date (1785?). 
 
 Agreement between Hamilton and Bowman respecting 
 the latter's treatment of patients, etc. No date (1785). 
 
 Lt.-Gov. Henry Hamilton to Dr. Bowman. Appoints 
 him to administer and distribute the medicines in con- 
 nection with the St. Paul's Bay disease. Shall keep a 
 diary according to instructions received. Shall endeavor 
 to conciliate the good will of the clergy. Instructions 
 concerning medicinal springs. Shall collect materials for 
 a complete history of the disorder for publishing. 18th 
 April, 1785. 
 
 Dr. James Davidson to Bowman. Brief report of what 
 he has done in connection with the observation and treat- 
 ment of the disease. Quebec, 20th April, 1785. 
 
 Prendergast, Thomas, to Bowman. Has attended a 
 number of patients, great satisfaction with the medicine 
 given. Three Rivers, 26th April, 1785. 
 
 Dr. James Bowman. Extract from his journal. Ex- 
 amination of a mineral spring near the church of Chateau- 
 Richer. 24th May, 1785. 
 
 Hamilton to Bowman. Approves of his whole conduct. 
 10th October, 1785. 
 
 Lt.-Gov. Henry Hamilton to Hugh Finlay, Chairman 
 of the Committee on Public Accounts, concerning Dr. 
 Bowman's case. 25th October, 1785. 
 
 Bowman to Hamilton. General report on his mission. 
 Prays for protection. Three Rivers, 29th October, 1785. 
 
 Hamilton to Brigadier General Hope. Transmits Bow- 
 man's letter of the same date and recommends him for 
 protection. 29th October, 1785. 
 
HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN QUEBEC. 45 
 
 Bowman to Hamilton. Extract of a letter. Reports 
 what he has done. Complains against Government which 
 does not fulfil its promises. November, 1785. 
 
 Bowman to Hope. Respecting his plan of treatment of 
 the disease. 16th November, 1785. 
 
 Gray, Alexander, to Bowman. Asks for report, vouch- 
 ers, details, etc., on his work. Quebec, 3d December, 1785. 
 
 Bowman to Gray. Sends him copies of certificates for 
 the inspection of the Committee on Public Accounts. 8th 
 December, 1785. 
 
 Bowman to Dr. Mabane. On the scientific part of the 
 business he was employed in. 20th December, 1785. 
 
 Bowman. Letters respecting his accounts. 20th and 
 21st December, 1785. 
 
 Bowman to Alexander Gray. The Bishop's circular 
 letter will explain the expectations of the clergy. 22nd 
 December, 1785. 
 
 Bowman to Hamilton. Has acted according to his in- 
 structions of the 18th April, 1785. Notes that the disease 
 has within a few years spread over the Province ; ravages 
 made are alarming; hopes the prosecution of the plan 
 adopted will be successful ; clergy is warmly engaged in 
 assisting with their influence. No date (1785?). 
 
 Abbe Deguire to Dr. Bowman. Congratulates him on 
 the success which has crowned his efforts. 19th January, 
 1786. 
 
 Abbe Conefroy to Dr. Bowman. Congratulates him on 
 the success he has attained. 31st January, 1786. 
 
 Report of Committee of Executive Council on the de- 
 mand of Dr. Bowman, dated 7th March, 1785. 3d Febru- 
 ary, 1786. 
 
 J. Fraser, Executive Councillor. Opinion on Dr. Bow- 
 man's case, 22d February, 1786. 
 
 Mr. Harrison's Retraction. 22d February, 1786. 
 
 Mr. Mabane's Reasons for His Conduct re Bowman's 
 case. 21st February, 1786. 
 
 Bowman to Henry Hope, Lt.-Gov. Part of the letter 
 (28 pages) in which he sends an account of the amount 
 charged by him for the execution of the plan concerning 
 the St. Paul's Bay disease ; Certificates of priests, and re- 
 ports generally on his mission. (The last part of this let- 
 ter being lost, there is neither signature nor date.) 
 
 Bowman to Lord Dorchester. In explanation of his 
 conduct. 16th November, 1786. 
 
 Bowman to Lord Dorchester. Complains of bad treat- 
 ment, and asks for protection. 14th May, 1787. 
 
46 HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN QUEBEC. 
 
 Ordinances Made and Passed by the Governor and 
 Legislative Council of the Province of Quebec, and now in 
 force in the Province of Lower Canada. 28th George 3, 
 caput 8 (1786). 
 
 The Provincial Statutes of Lower Canada, Vol. 14, 
 Quebec : Printed under the authority and by the command 
 of His Excellency the Governor-in-Chief as the Act of 
 the Provincial Parliament directs, by John Charlton 
 Fisher and William Kemble, Law Printers to the King's 
 Most Excellent Majesty. Anno Domini, 1831. 1 Wm. 4th, 
 caput 27. 
 
 Provincial Statutes of Canada, Vol. 1. Kingston : 
 Printed by Stewart Derbishire and George Desbarats, Law 
 Printers to Her Most Excellent Majesty. Anno Domini, 
 1841. 4th and 5th Vic, caput 14. 
 
 Provincial Statutes of Canada, Vol. 2, 3d Session, 2d 
 Parliament. Montreal: Printed by Stewart Derbishire 
 and George Desbarats, Law Printers to the Queen's Most 
 Excellent Majesty. Anno Domini 1847. 10th and nth 
 Vic, caput 26. 
 
 Provincial Statutes of Canada, Vol. 3, 2d Session, 3d 
 Parliament. Montreal: Printed by Stewart Derbishire 
 and George Desbarats, Law Printers to the Queen's Most 
 Excellent Majesty. Anno Domini, 1849. 12 Vic, caput 52. 
 
 Histoire du Notariat au Canada Depuis La Fondation 
 de la Colonie. Jusqu'a nos Jours. Par Edmond Roy, 
 Docteur des Lettres de l'Universite Laval de Quebec, Mem- 
 bre de la Societe Royale du Canada, Membre de la Cham- 
 bre des Notaires de la Province de Quebec, Directeur de 
 la Revue du Notariat. Levis, Imperime a la Revue du 
 Notariat. 
 
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