i£x ICthrtB SEYMOUR DURST ~t ' ~Tort nteua/ ^irn^erdnm. oj> Je Marhatarus When you leave, please leave this hook Because it has heen said "Ever'thinQ comes t' him who waits Except a loaned hook." Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library Gift of Seymour B. Durst Old York Library 2.0 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013 http://archive.org/details/societyofalumnioOOchil CITY HOSPITAL, BLACK WELL'S ISLAND. Society of (be Alumni of City (Charity) hospital REPORT FOR 1904 together with a history of the City fiospital and a Register of Its medical Officers from \m to 1904 COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION Charles G. Child, Jr., M.D., Chairman Walter C. Klotz, M.D. J. W. Draper Maury, M.D. PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY NEW YORK CITY 1904 affirm . a/st Copyrighted 1904 BY THE SOCIETY OF THE ALUMNI OF CITY (CHARITY) HOSPITAL Press of J. J. Little & Co. Astor Place, New York Edition limited to two hundred and fifty copies, of which this is No. ZTo tbe flDemors of »orn, 1851 ©fefc, 1902 Tanker wbose fcfrectfcm tbis work was begun PREFACE. In undertaking their present task the committee were confronted at the outset by a great difficulty in so far as important records had been destroyed by fire. In order to obtain information regarding the hospital and former members of the house staff it was necessary to carry on a laborious correspondence, and undertake a careful search of old minute books, pay rolls, medical directories and other documents. Realizing that many errors are unavoidable in a work of this nature the committee invite any correction or criticism that may be useful in pub- lishing future editions, and beg to express their thanks to those Alumni who have aided them by their hearty co- operation. Much valuable matter was collected by the former committee on publication, Drs. Muzzy, Stowell and Wells, and the work greatly facilitated by the cour- tesy of Mr. Borden, Secretary, Department of Charities. To Dr. Richard Kalish, President of the City Hospital Medical Board ; Dr. Henry G. Piffard and to Dr. D. Bry- son Delavan, we wish to acknowledge our indebtedness for their kindly help and advice. THE COMMITTEE. CONTENTS. PAGE Preface 5 Society of the Alumni of City (Charity) Hospital 11 Officers— 1904 12 Constitution . 13 By-Laws 17 Former Officers 20 Members 22 History of City Hospital 27 City Hospital 106 Medical Board 107 House Staff 110 Visiting Physicians and Surgeons Alphabetically Arranged Ill Chiefs of Staff 117 Warden 117 Superintendents 117 New York City Training- School for Nurses . 118 House Staffs— 1864 to 1894 121 Ex-House Physicians and Surgeons . . .133 Geographical Distribution of . . . 225 ILLUSTRATIONS Citv HosDital V t A 1/ T Xl.vulJlI'liX ...... FVonti S"ni 909 PACING PAGE boutli End 01 island .... CM? 26 T>1 1 11 » T 1 J T» * J BlackwelFs Island Bridge 27 East Tower of Bridge .... ao 28 Arrival of Patients ..... OK oo Old Penitentiary Hospital 4o Stan Tennis Court rn ou TV f 1 T "\ * J Male Dormitory 5b Male Medical Ward 6< Solarium for Male Patients . 74 Erysipelas and Nervous Pavilion . . 85 New York Maternity Hospital . . 93 Gerry Solarium for Female Patients . 99 Strecker Memorial Laboratory . 100 Staff Eoster . 105 New York City Training School for Nurses . 113 SOCIETY OF THE ALUMNI OF CITY (CHARITY) HOSPITAL. This society was organized in 1889 as The Society of the Alumni of Charity Hospital, under which name it continued until 1895, when, in accordance with the change in name of the hospital, it was amended and the old name Charity retained in parentheses. The society is the direct outgrowth of a small clinical society formed by the internes during the winter of 1886, which it was the in- tention of the house-staff graduating the following year to continue as an alumni society, but it was not until 1889 that any definite steps were taken. On March 30th, in response to invitations issued by Dr. Baner and Dr. Guiteras, eight ex- internes met at the latter 's office and organized the Society of the Alumni of Charity Hospital, adopting a constitution and by-laws and electing the fol- lowing officers: President, Ramon Guiteras. Vice-President, C. W. Stimson. Secretary, W. L. Baner. Treasurer, G. M. White. Six more charter members were unable to be present, making the initial membership seventeen. Regular monthly meetings were held at " Clark 's," 22 West 23d Street, until 1898, when that popular restaurant closed; in the succeeding years they have been held at the Arena, New York Athletic Club, and the Park Avenue Hotel, which is the present place of meeting. In 1902 the Society published its first report with a history of the City Hospital, and printed its transactions, which were issued to the members in pamphlet form. Beginning with 1903 they have been published in the New York Medical News. 11 OFFICERS, 1904. President, ALEXANDER LYLE. Vice President, JOSEPH F. TERRIBERRY. Secretary, CHARLES G. CHILD, JR. Treasurer, WALTER C. KLOTZ. Editor, J. W. DRAPER MAURY. COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE: The President, Ex-officio; GEORGE B. McAULIFFE, THOMAS F. REILLY. COMMITTEE ON ENTERTAINMENT: The Vice-President, Ex-officio; BROOKS H. WELLS, JOHN A. McCAFFERTY. COMMITTEE ON NEW MEMBERS: D. ERNEST WALKER, JONATHAN G. WELLS, HARRY B. BRECKWEDEL. 12 CONSTITUTION. ARTICLE I. Name. The name of this association shall be The Society of the Alumni of City (Charity) Hospital. ARTICLE H. Object. The object of this society shall be the advancement of medicine and surgery and the promotion of social inter- course among its members. ARTICLE III. Membership. 1. Active Members.— All persons who have served as house physicians or surgeons in City (Charity) Hospital, New York, shall be eligible to membership. 2. Associate Members: Class 1.— All persons having served on the resident staff of City (Charity) Hospital who have voluntarily resigned their positions before grad- uation shall be eligible to associate membership in this society, under the rules for the election of active mem- bers. Their dues shall be the same as those of active members, and they shall enjoy all the privileges except the right to vote or hold office. Class 2. Members of the house staff of City (Charity) Hospital may become asso- ciate members by making application to the Secretary. Such membership shall be limited to their term of service. They shall have all the privileges of active members ex- lo cept the right to vote or hold office. Their dues shall be as provided in Section 7, By-Laws. Class 3. Members and ex-members of the visiting and consulting staffs of City (Charity) Hospital may become associate members if duly elected. They shall have all the privileges of active members, except the right to vote or hold office. Their dues shall be as provided in Section 7, By-Laws. 3. Honorary Members.— Any physician or scientist in good standing shall be eligible to honorary membership, and may be elected at any regular meeting of the society by a unanimous vote of the members present. Such mem- bers shall have all the privileges of active members, ex- cept the right to vote. They shall be exempt from the payment of all dues. ARTICLE IV. Proposal and Election of Members. Sec. 1. A proposal for membership shall be made to the Committee on New Members. It shall be made in writing and signed by the proposer and seconder. The Committee shall examine the standing of the applicant. * Sec. 2. The candidate's name, followed by the request for information on his desirability or otherwise as a mem- ber, shall be included in the usual notice for the following regular meeting; and if the Committees report be favor- able, shall be voted upon at the next meeting. Notice of this meeting shall also contain the names approved by the Committee. Sec. 3. In balloting on proposals for membership, if two negative votes be cast, the person proposed shall be declared not elected. ARTICLE V. Officers. The officers of this society shall be a President, Vice- President, Secretary, Treasurer and Editor. 14 AETICLE VI. Election of Officers and Standing Committees. The officers and standing committees shall be balloted for at the stated meeting in December. The standing committees shall be voted for on one ballot. A majority of votes cast shall constitute an election. They shall hold office for one year, until their successors are installed. The installation of officers shall take place at the stated meeting succeeding their election. ARTICLE Vn. Duties of Officers. Section 1. President.— The President shall preside at all meetings of the society. He shall be ex-officio chair- man of the Committee on Science. Sec. 2. Vice-President.— In the absence of the Presi- dent, his duties shall devolve on the Vice-President. He shall be ex-officio chairman of the Committee on Enter- tainment. Sec. 3. Secretary.— The Secretary shall keep a record of the transactions of the society. He shall have charge of all property of the society not specified elsewhere. He shall notify all members at least seven days prior to each meeting, of the meeting, of the title of the paper to be read at such meeting, and also the name of the author. He shall perform such other duties as the society may desig- nate. Sec. 4. Treasurer.— The Treasurer shall collect and re- ceive all dues and donations. He shall have charge of all the money belonging to the society, and shall make all necessary disbursements. He shall make a full report in writing at the stated meeting in December, and the last stated meeting before the summer adjournment. He shall perform such other duties as the society may designate. Sec. 5. Editor.— The editor shall be ex-officio member of the Committee on Science. He shall receive all papers 15 read at the stated meetings of the society, arrange for the recording of the proceedings, and shall be responsible for the publication of its transactions. ARTICLE VIII. Standing Committees. Section 1. Committee on New Members.— The Com- mittee on New Members shall consist of three members. They shall examine credentials and investigate the stand- ing of all applicants for membership, and report on the same to the society. The committee shall send to the Secretary the names of the applicants, ten days prior to the meeting at which they shall report. Sec. 2. Committee on Science.— The Committee on Sci- ence shall consist of the President, who shall be ex-officio Chairman; the Editor and one other member. This Com- mittee shall make all arrangements for the scientific por- tion of each meeting, and shall notify the Secretary con- cerning the same at least ten days before each meeting. Sec. 3. Committee on Entertainment.— The Committee on Entertainment shall consist of the Vice-President, who shall be ex-officio Chairman, and two other members. This committee shall make all arrangements for the social entertainment of the society, subject to its approval. ARTICLE IX. Expulsion. No member shall be expelled from this Society except after careful investigation by the Society and by a four- fifths vote of the members present at a stated meeting. ARTICLE X. Amendments to Constitution and By-Laws. An amendment to this Constitution or these By-Laws may be proposed at any meeting and may be adopted by a two-thirds vote at the next regular meeting. Notice 16 of such subsequent meeting must have contained a notifi- cation to the members that an alteration in the Constitu- tion or By-Laws is to be brought before the society for final action. BY-LAWS. Section 1. Stated meetings shall be held on the second Wednesday of each month throughout the year, except during the months of June, July, August and September. The hour of meeting shall be 8.30 p.m. Sec. 2. Special Meetings.— Special meetings shall be called by the President, at the written request of three members, and the notice of such meeting shall distinctly state the matter or matters to be presented to the society for its consideration at such meeting. Sec. 3. Quorum.— A quorum for executive session shall consist of twelve members of the society. Sec. 4. Order of Business.— The order of business at stated meetings shall be as follows: I. Scientific. 1. Presentation of cases, specimens, new instruments, etc. 2. Beports of cases. 3. Beading and discussion of papers. II. Executive. 1. Beading of minutes of previous meeting. 2. Beports of officers and standing committees. 3. Election of new members. 4. Election of officers and standing committees. 5. Unfinished business. 6. Miscellaneous business. HI. Social. Sec. 5. Parliamentary Procedure.— Cushing's Manual shall be the guide for parliamentary procedure in this society. 17 Sec. 6. Limits of Discussion.— Members shall be lim- ited in the discussion of scientific subjects to five minutes, except the reader of a paper, who shall be allowed fifteen minutes in closing the discussion. No member shall be allowed to speak more than twice on the same subject. Sec. 7. Dues.— The dues of active members shall be $6.00 per year, payable at or before the stated meeting in January. New members shall be allowed a rebate of $1.00 for each stated meeting held since the preceding January, up to and including that of their election. The dues of new members shall be paid at or before the second stated meeting after their election. Dues of non-resident active members, residing and practicing more than thirty miles from New York City, shall be $2.00 per year, pay- able at or before the stated meeting in January. Dues of associate members shall be the same as those of active members, payable when they make their application. Sec. 8. Assessments.— The society may, by a three- fourths vote of the members present, levy one or more assessments, not to exceed $5.00 on each member, in any one year. Sec. 9. Penalties.— Any member in arrears for six months shall be suspended until his dues are paid. The name of any member in arrears for two years shall be dropped from the roll. He may have it restored upon payment of dues to date, and by a two-thirds vote of the members present at a stated meeting. The Treasurer must notify a member in arrears at least one month before the time at which he is liable to be suspended or to have his name dropped from the roll. Sec. 10. Notices.— All notices required to be sent to any member may be sent by mail, prepaid, and directed to him at his residence or office, and such mailing shall be presumptive evidence of the due service thereof. Sec. 11. Copies of Papers.— Copies of all papers read before this society shall be presented to the society at the same meeting at which they are read. Sec. 12. Suspension of By-Laws.— These By-Laws may 18 be suspended at any meeting by a four-fifths vote of the members present. Sec. 13. Executive Committee.— All executive business of the society shall be transacted by a committee com- posed of the officers of the society and the standing com- mittees. 19 OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY SINCE ITS ORGANIZATION IN 1889. Presidents. Ramon Guiteras 1889 D. Bryson Delavan .... 1890, 1891-92 Walter L. Carr 1893 Joseph B. Bissell 1894 Adolph Rupp 1895 Richard C. Newton 1896 Brooks H. Wells 1897 Walter B. Johnson 1898 William L. Stowell 1899 William L. Baner 1900 Henry H. Schroeder 1901 Arthur T. Muzzy 1902 George H. Mallett 1902 D. Ernest Walker 1903 Alexander Lyle 1904 Vice-Presidents. Charles W. Stimson 1899 Ramon Guiteras 1890, 1891 Walter L. Carr 1892 Richard C. Newton 1893 Adolph Rupp 1894 Daniel P. Pease 1895 Brooks H. Wells 1896 Walter B. Johnson 1897 William L. Stowell 1898 20 Fielding L. Taylor 1899, 1900 John M. Kennedy 1901 George H. Mallett 1902 Alexander Lyle 1903 Joseph F. Terriberry 1904 Secretaries. William L. Baner 1889, 1890 D. Ernest Walker 1891 Carter S. Cole 1892 Alexander Lyle 1893 Ealph Waldo 1894 E. Pierre Mallett 1895-1897 Charles J. Proben 1898 Alvah M. Newman 1898-1900 Allen Hazen 1901, 1902 Charles G. Child, Jr 1903, 1904 Assistant Secretary. C. J. Proben 1896 Treasurers. Granville M. White 1889 Arthur T. Muzzy 1890-1894 William L. Stowell 1895-1897 Henry H. Schroeder .... 1898-1900 D. Ernest W T alker 1901, 1902 Joseph F. Terriberry 1903 Walter C. Klotz 1904 Editors. Arthur T. Muzzy 1896-1901 William L. Stowell 1902, 1903 J. W. Draper Maury 1904 21 Honorary Members. Elected 1892 Bangs, L. Bolton 1892 Callan, Peter A. 1892 Taylor, Robert W. 1889 Yale, Leroy M. 1904 . . . o . Cleveland, Clement Active Members. 1892 Adams, Alpheus E. 1895 Aldrich, John 1891 Andrews, John L. 1902 Antony, Charles 1892 Bangs, L. Bolton 1892 Callan, Peter A. Founder .... Baner, William L. " .... Bissell, Joseph B. 1900 Boyd, William A. 1903 Boyde, August S. 1889 Brandt, Washington J. 1903 Breckwedel, Harry B. 1889 Bridges, Arlanden C. 1900 Burgess, Maynard G. 1890 Carpenter, Frank B. 1896 Carr, Matthew L. Founder .... Carr, Walter L. 1900 Chapin, Clifford S. 1900 Child, Charles G., Jr. 1890 Cladek, Walter E. 1890 Cole, Carter S. 22 1899 Collyer, Herman L. 1896 Corwin, Theodore W. 1897 Coughlin, John H. 1899 Delavan, D. Bryson 1901 Denslow, Le Grand N. 1891 Dew, J. Harvie 1901 Donovan, William 1903 Earl, William P. 1889 Ferrer, Jose M. 1904 Fiske, James P. 1893 Ford, Charles M. 1901 ...... Foote, Sherman K. 1901 Gallaway, George E. Founder .... Gilley, William C. " .... Guiteras, Eamon 1889 Hamlin, George D. 1901 Haney, James P. 1893 Harrison, Stephen D. 1893 Harrison, Gessner 1894 Hazen, Henry C. 1904 Healy, William P. 1895 Hodgson, John H. P. 1904 Hongh, Perry B. 1903 Howard, C. Norman 1902 Hughes, John L. 1890 Hustace, Francis 1899 Jarecky, Herman 1900 Johnson, Harry D. 1891 Johnson, Walter B. 1900 Kelly, Henry T. 1889 Kennedy, John M. 1900 Klotz, Walter C. 1892 Leon, Alexis M. 1900 Livingston, Ernest P. 1890 Lyle, Alexander 1900 Lynch, Charles F. 1899 McAuliffe, George B. 1902 McCafferty, John A. 23 1902 McDermott, James 1892 Mallett, E. Pierre 1890 Mallett, George H. 1898 Manges, Morris 1900 Marcus, Leopold 1900 Maury, J. W. Draper 1897 Merrigan, Thomas D. 1899 ...... Meyer, Alfred E. 1890 Miller, Ansel I. 1889 Milroy, William F. 1903 Moore, Albertus A. 1903 Munson, Alban, E. 1899 Myers, Howard G. 1896 Newman, Alvah M. 1889 Newton, Richard C. 1902 Ogilvy, Charles 1896 Oppenheimer, Henry S. 1895 Overton, Frank 1889 Partridge, Edward L. 1899 Piffard, Henry G. 1892 Pomeroy, Ralph H. 1903 Potter, Palmer A. 1902 Quimby, William O'G. 1903 Quin, Vincent E. 1901 Reilly, Thomas F. 1902 Reynolds, Walter S. 1900 Rinard, Charles C. 1889 Rockwell, Thomas H. 1903 Rockwell, A. Vincent 1890 Rupp, Adolph 1889 Russell, John F. 1904 Saunders, Norman B. Founder .... Schroeder, Henry H. 1896 Shrady, John E. 1902 Sill, E. Mather 1903 Spiller, William G. 1889 Sprague, David H. 1902 Steinach, William 24 1897 Stewart, William H. 1899 Stimson, Daniel M. 1901 Stone, William E. 1893 Stowell, William L. 1892 Swift, Lawrence C. 1895 Taylor, Fielding L. 1899 Terriberry, Joseph F. 1900 Thelberg, Martin A. H. 1902 Tousey, Ealph 1889 Waldo, Ealph Founder .... Walker, D. Ernest 1900 Waterman, Jerome H. 1903 Weiss, George C. 1889 Wells, Brooks H. 1903 Wells, Franklin C. 1902 Wells, Jonathan G. 1900 Wherry, Elmer G. Founder .... White, Granville M. 1899 Wiesner, Daniel H. Associate Members. 1899 Brewer, George E. 1902 Gilfillan, W. Whitehead 1903 Goffe, J. Eiddle 1890 Jackson, George T. 1900 Kalish, Eichard 1900 Quinlan, Francis J. 1904 Eansom, Charles C. 1902 Walker, John B. 25 IN ME MORI AM. Elected Died 1889 . . . . Allen, C. S. 1893 1890 . . . . Baldwin, A. Van Nest 1897 Founder . . Embree, J. Eobert 1899 1898 . . . . Hazen, Allen 1903 1896 . . . . Huntington, H. K. 1896 1891 . . . . Holsten, George 1896 1889 . . . . Linehan, J. B. 1890 1889 . . . . Merriam, Frank C. 1900 1900 . . . . Marston, Daniel W. 1901 Founder . . Malleson, P. A. O. 1898 1889 . . . . Muzzy, Arthur T. 1902 1900 . . . . Nolan, Frank W. 1901 1889 . . . . O 'Dwyer, Joseph 1898 1892 . . . . Pease, Daniel P. 1902 1892 . . . . Pierson, William 1900 1901 . . . . Whitwell, William S. 1903 1901 . . . . Woolworth, Earl E. 1903 20 SOUTH END OP ISLAND. HISTORY OF THE CITY HOSPITAL Public institutions devoted to the welfare of a city's poorest classes resemble, in one respect, philanthropic men and women. Not infrequently they leave no written record of the work which they have accomplished. In the case of the City Hospital, this is uniquely true. Perhaps a portion of the difficulty which is encountered in attempting to trace the early history of the institu- tion may correctly be ascribed to the loss of some of its records during the conflagration in 1858. Perhaps the physicians and surgeons who gave their time to the insti- tution were too busy to give thought to recording their work. Perhaps— and this is almost a certainty —munici- pal management of the institution was so corrupt that the records were kept after a farcical fashion simply as an excuse for drawing a salary. In no public institution has political chicanery and corruption been more brazen and profligate. Whatever the cause, the fact remains that it is impos- sible to glean any but the most meagre accounts of the early history of the hospital. That at times this was a dark and altogether forbid- ding one is gathered from two sources. Sanger states again and again that the maladministration of the hos- pital was a crime against the city government. To this day there is an innate objection on the part of the desti- tute sick to go to the 6 i Island/ ' As in many other instances, the so-called ' i good old days ' ' were evidently gloomy enough. The institution then and the institution now are not to be compared. No history of the hospital would be complete without brief allusion to the island upon which it is built. The Indians called it Minnahanonck. They conveyed it to the 29 Dutch Governor, Wouter Van Twiller, in the year 1637, and the euphonious native name was made to give place to the Dutch Varken or Hog Island. Captain Francis Fyn, a noted character in Manhattan at that period, obtained the island by grant in 1651, and it was held by him until the outbreak of the war with the Indians in 1666. Subsequent to the British confiscation of the prop- erty, it was granted to Captain Manning, a notable char- acter who had played an active part against the Dutch. He promptly named the island after himself; and on his death, which occurred some time after 1686, it was in- herited by his stepdaughter, Mary Manningham. She married Robert Blackwell and, by precedent, the property took the family name. It is not inappropriate to express the hope that in the near future an enlightened city gov- ernment will give back to the island its original name of Minnahanonck. The island comprises about 120 acres. It lies in the East Eiver between two navigable channels. The depth of water on the west side approaches one hundred feet, and the geological formation of the island is said to re- semble that of the shoals off Cape Hatteras and the Vir- ginia shore. It is, in other words, distinct from the Man- hattan formation. The depth of the channel separating it from Manhattan Island is of value to shipping in that it materially reduces the velocity of the current. It offered, however, a rather serious obstacle to the introduction on the island of Croton water. This was accomplished about forty-eight years ago by building the entire length of pipe necessary to bridge the channel on one of the sloping banks in the neighborhood of 80th Street. This was launched after the manner of a ship, and after a few anxious moments shot up on Blackwell's Island side. The idea now advocated that this island should be used as a place of recreation for the people is not of recent origin, for even before the conception of the park idea many far-sighted men argued that the spot was too beau- tiful to be used as a housing place for criminals. When 30 BLACK WELL'S ISLAND BRIDGE. " DEPARTMENT OF BRIDGES, NEW YORK CITY. " the corner stone of the Island Hospital was laid, Mr. Washington Smith, President of the Board of Governors, alluded to Blackwell's Island as the " New York Garden of Charity.' ' It is difficult to conceive that only seventy-five years ago the island was in point of time more distant from the city proper than North Brothers or islands even more remote are to-day. It was reached only after passing up the old Boston Road, which, it will be remembered, began where Park Row now stands and led up the eastern side of Manhattan Island. Through lanes which were almost inaccessible, because of mud and absence of drainage, one arrived at the quaint old ferry after a laborious climb down the steep bluff of the eastern shore. The swift tides of the East River rendered access to the island by sailing craft altogether fortuitous; since it some- times took a couple of days to accomplish the voyage from the city. It is little to be wondered at that this practically remote island, which, as its Dutch name implies, had for almost two centuries been peopled largely by swine and their herders, should have seemed to the city government suit- able only for a criminal population. The direct impetus which led to the purchase of this rather obscure tract of land by the city can be traced to the condition of Bellevue Hospital about the year 1825. In the matter of these details, as of many others, this his- tory is indebted to " An Account of Bellevue Hospital,' 9 edited by Robert J. Carlisle, M.D. It will be remem- ' bered that the present buildings called Bellevue Hospital were originally designed to be used as a city almshouse. On the 29th of April, 1816, the Bellevue Committee form- ally opened the establishment and delivered it to the government. The administration of the institution for the ten years succeeding this was exceedingly corrupt. At length, in 1825, in response to a wave of popular in- dignation which swept over the city, the old staff of 31 managers was dismissed and a reform administration put in charge. The medical department was immediately transferred from its quarters in the workshop building to the new fever hospital; but it was twenty-two years before the sick inmates of the almshouse were admitted to the buildings which are familiar to-day. It is interesting that the two great municipal hospitals of New York, Bellevue and City Hospital, trace their origin directly, not to the need of a hospital per se, but of an almshouse. It is further an interesting question whether a third such hospital is not gradually being evolved from our present Almshouse. The rapid improve- ment in the hospital of the existing institution, and the very great change which has taken place in the character of the service at the City Hospital in the last ten years, seem to point that way. It is well known that only a short time ago the wards of the City Hospital contained a large percentage of resi- dent incurables, many of whom were sent there from the Almshouse. The present admirable accommodations of this institution fit it to care for these patients, and indeed the tide of transfer has turned from the City Hospital to the Almshouse. The result of this has naturally been to improve the character of the City Hospital service. Turning again to the causes which operated in the building of the present hospital, we quote from the Belle- vue history: " Some time after 1828, when the Island was purchased,' a new penitentiary was begun. This was the direct result of the suggestions of the medical committee of investigation, which had been appointed to remedy the shocking conditions existing at Bellevue. There, in buildings intended simply for almshouse admin- istration, were congregated in one sickening mass the des- titute, the prisoners, the victims of all forms of infectious and contagious disease; the insane of the entire com- munity. 9 9 New York City, like all seaports, was a hotbed where crime of the lowest types flourished, and it is not sur- 32 EAST TOWER QF BRIDGE. " DEPARTMENT OF BRIDGES, NEW YORK CITY." prising that before any appreciable time had elapsed the inadequate buildings of Bellevue were entirely and hope- lessly congested. In 1836 the new penitentiary was opened and the male prisoners were transferred to it from Bellevue. The relief that this created cannot be ade- quately estimated. In the smallpox ward, for example, the hospital was so frightfully overcrowded that male and female patients were confined in the same room. Now and again typhus had appeared. Few personal accounts of typhus epidemics in this city are more graphic and horrible in their details than that related by the late Dr. John T. Metcalfe of the epidemic of 1863. While carrying the account a little ahead in point of time, the history, as it was related to the writer, will not here be out of place. Dr. Metcalfe said that this was the seventh epidemic of the kind which had devastated the hospital. The patients had been removed to one of the garret-like wards immediately beneath the roof. The shingles were rotten and the beds, on account of the great number of victims, had to be placed so closely that the drip pans, which were employed by the prisoner-nurses to catch the floods of rain, could no longer be kept on the floor, but were placed upon the beds. The treatment consisted chiefly of stimulation, and the raw ward whiskey was used for this purpose. On one oc- casion, in the dead of winter, Metcalfe visited the ward and ordered an increased ration of toddy for all the patients because of the extreme cold. There were no suitable means of heating the garret. Early in the morning, fearful that disaster might have overtaken his patients, he rose and struggled to the hospital through a blinding blizzard which had been raging since the afternoon before. On climbing the last steps and opening the creaking door, he encountered a horrible sight. His two nurses, foul, de- bauched prisoners from the Penitentiary, lay in a drunken stupor upon the floor. Snow had drifted in through the rifts in the rotten roof and lay in great white sheets about the room. It covered the dirt. On some of the beds it 33 had been in part brushed away by the dying patients. On twelve beds its surface was unbroken. The nurses had drunk their patients' liquor and during the night twelve victims had died. If this condition existed in 1863, after the congestion had been relieved by sending all prisoners, lunatics and infectious cases to the Island, how unspeakable must have been the state of affairs which called for the erection of the buildings on Blackwell's Island! In 1837 a small wooden building was placed on the southern extremity of the Island near or upon the present site of the Nurses' Home. It was dignified by the name of the " Smallpox Hospital of the City of New York." For many years after, indeed, until the " City Step- fathers," as they are humorously styled by Dr. Francis, were forced to improve conditions, all the victims of small- pox, rich and poor alike, men, women and children, were obliged to subject themselves to indescribable discom- forts in this filthy place of torment. To Sanger, as it will later be seen, the community is indebted for the building of the new smallpox hospital. Of medical records from 1836 to 1846 there is practi- cally no trace. It is stated in the annual report of the Department of Public Charities for 1902, page 27, that the Island Hospital was established in 1832. This probably refers to the Penitentiary Hospital, which at the outset was the name of the present City Hospital. The history of the development of this institution is much encumbered by the fact that the name of the hospital has been changed no less than four times. From an unknown period, dating, however, presumably very shortly after the building of the Penitentiary, or being, indeed, perhaps coincidental with it, the institution was known as the Penitentiary Hospital. By a decision of a sub-committee of the Committee of Charity and Almshouse, 1847, which sub-committee con- sisted of Drs. Drake, Eeese and Wood, "Blackwell's Island Hospital, comprising the lunatic asylum and the 34 ARRIVAL OP PATIENTS, medical and surgical cases of disease among the children and convicts on Blackwell's Island, was separated from Bellevue Hospital proper. ' ' Here is seen what was prob- ably the first germ of the term " Island Hospital," by which name the institution was known from 1857 until 1866. To this day, indeed, the legend ' i Island Hospital ' ' can plainly be seen cut in bold relief in a great stone over the southern fagade, high up under the eaves. In 1866 the name " Island Hospital " was changed to " Charity Hospital," and because of a real or fanciful objection on the part of the patients of the institution this last name was in 1892 changed to " City Hospital." The history of the coiiditions as related by Sanger, exposure of which finally enabled him to force the Board of Governors into action, rivals in vileness of detail the histories of the public institutions of a similar kind in England one to two hundred years ago. It has been said that, prior to 1846, there are no available records of work done, of staff or of inmates of the Penitentiary Hospital. In justification of this statement, an abstract has been made of the reports for the year ending 1846. f As far back as 1846 there is echoed the same complaint which we have heard so vigorously in the last few months, that many patients were sent to the municipal hospitals from private institutions in a dying condition, in order that the reports of the private hospitals might be favor- able as to death rate. In a report of this date signed by Fenelon Hasbrouck, the resident physician of the Alms- house Department, is found the following: 1 i The number of consumptive cases is very great, and of these the deaths are consequently very frequent, and this fact has probably given rise to a slanderous remark often uttered against our Almhouse Hospitals that pa- tients when sent there ' are sure to die.' To those who thus speak I take the liberty through you of stating that at least two-fifths of those who die at our hospitals are received by us, pronounced incurable before they are sent, and in a dying state. During the past year three 35 have died at the very door in the vehicles in which they were brought, ten more within two or three hours after admission, and forty within the first week. Very many are sent from the city hospitals, New York, where they have been for months under treatment, then pronounced incurable and dismissed for us to take charge of during the remainder of their lives; others come directly from the city with certificates from physicians who have for a length of time attended them, and who, finding either that their remedies are of no avail, or (what is more probable) that the purses of their patients are entirely emptied, send them to the Almhouse Hospital to die, and for their own satisfaction or recompense when such a re- sult does occur make the slanderous remark alluded to above. 1 ' Almost sixty years of protest against this uncivilized treatment of the pauper population of the city had until a very recent date been treated by the authorities with contempt. Dr. W. W. Sanger was placed in charge of the Peni- tentiary Hospital in 1845, " the institution at the same time having been separated by the Common Council from the general direction of the resident physician of the Almshouse Department. ' ' At this time 1 1 the most promi- nent real want of the institution is that of a proper male hospital, this branch being located in the uppermost story of the Penitentiary and entirely unfitted for the treatment of patients. ' ' Although relating only in a somewhat distant manner to the City Hospital history, this old document cannot be put aside without noticing that a large number of its pages are taken up by the record of Mr. John McGrath, Visitor, 1 ' relative to children indentured from the Alms- house Department. ' 9 Inasmuch as the Hospital was only just separated from the Almshouse Department, it is certain that a considerable number of the children re- ferred to were taken from the Penitentiary Hospital, although the record does not so state. 36 Some of McGrath's notes are very amusing, as seen from the standpoint of to-day. For instance, " William H. Stokley to Aaron D. Stokley, Cottage Place, Third Street, adopted by him when very young. Allows him to run at large. Was reprimanded for it. ' ' The following, which shows the method of disposing of some foundlings, is not without interest: " Eandolph Washington to Martin Switzer, No. 180 William Street; was a foundling; was paid for nursing him six and seven years. Thinks he is now on farms. ' ' Another, illustrating that sometimes these bound chil- dren were very well treated by their foster parents, reads as follows, ' ' Patrick Harrold, bound to George Tagliobue, No. 240 Water Street, May 16, 1839; reads, writes and ciphers; gets on in his business remarkably well; his mas- ter and himself well satisfied. ' ' Sometimes the real parents interfered with these ar- rangements, as in the case of " John Mealy, bound to Aaron Eead Bedford, December 22, 1833; sent to school; was with him three years; appeared to be contented; his mother and sister came and enticed him away." These tales carry one back to the days of Dickens and Oliver Twist. Year by year, as one follows these old records, is noted the constant struggle of the physician against his mate- rial master, the politician. Formerly the practice was that an assistant physician from Bellevue had immediate charge. He remained two months and was then super- seded by another. This arrangement was not only detri- mental to the patients, but also to the economy of the es- tablishment. Perusal of this from the earliest obtainable report in- forms us of the appointment of Dr. Sanger and reveals the confession that previous to the year 1846 there was an almost total absence of records; also that the new hospital had evidently not yet been used for the treatment of male patients. Conceive the appalling state of affairs hereby pre- 37 sented. In a space 40 x 60 there were remaining about 200 patients. Over 1,000 had been received, discharged or had died. Despite this fearful congestion, private greed on the part of the political managers almost sufficed to prevent the changes recommended by Sanger— a striking illustra- tion of the fact that the profession has all along been struggling with the rapacity of a corrupt city govern- ment. In 1847 Dr. Reese protests as follows: " The female hospital, although not containing room enough, has tolerable accommodations and will probably answer the purpose for years without the necessity of building another. The Penitentiary Hospital is the ven- ereal hospital of the city, and such is deemed by some an institution having a tendency to subvert public morals, but it would be certainly unwise to dispense with it. The patients are, of course, both vagrants and prisoners. The former, however, have the advantage of numbers. Not a few go to the Tombs and obtain a voluntary commitment to the Penitentiary, and perhaps, after having gone to the dispensaries to obtain treatment, secure from the at- tending physicians a ticket stating their malady and de- sire to go to Bellevue Hospital, and make application to the Superintendent of Out Door Poor's office to procure the pass to hospital admittance. Here, upon discovering the character of their ailments, they are, by virtue of the ordinance, refused permission to enter Bellevue Hos- pital and are directed to go to the police office and get committed to Blackwell's Island. Their period of com- mitment should, however, be of longer duration, for in many cases, just as they are enabled to get about, they leave the Island without having an opportunity by their labor to pay for their support and treatment. " This shows that in the late forties there was no haven for the relief of venereal disease in the city, unless the patients were committed through the police courts, and the suggestion above cited that their commitments should 38 be for a longer period affords ground for interesting speculation. The idea conveyed in the report would seem to be that their period of confinement should be longer, not in order that they might be entirely cured of their infection, but that they might in part pay by work for the expense of maintaining them throughout their illness. In later reports it is to be noted that Sanger complained bitterly about this method of commitment, until it was finally abrogated, the last phase in the mat- ter being the change of the name Penitentiary to Island Hospital. In the Commissioner's Report on the Smallpox Hos- pital it is stated that this pile of poor outhouses is located near the southeastern shore of Blackwell's Island. " It is certainly a matter of surprise that the various medical officers who have had charge of it have not, for the honor of the city as well as the comfort of the patients, to say nothing of the pride of the profession and their ardent desire to take proper and effectual care of their patients, refused to tolerate this medical corporation nuisance. The matron has remedied some of the glaring defects and rendered it somewhat tolerable as a mere shelter, but although she admirably performs her duty, she has no enviable position for the exercise of her calling. It is not generally known that this is the only place for the reception and treatment of smallpox patients in this city. Strangers, however respectable, should they break out with this loathsome disease whilst tarrying here, must be taken care of in this institution, and many a one has been a patient within its walls who, after applying to the various hospitals for shelter, has at length found out the necessity of applying for the treatment to be re- ceived in our Blackwell's Island variola receptacle. Here all have to be crowded in a room or two, some white and others black, some enjoying a hoary and worthy respectability, and others of a class of the lowest character, affording no opportunity to classify, no means of accommodating the convalescent with a change of 39 rooms, and in short nothing but a slight chance of treat- ing the patients in a manner their cases require. I trust that ere long the corporation will arrange for the sup- plying of our smallpox patients with an adequate refuge." To the younger Alumni of the Hospital, it is a source of constant surprise that less than fifty years ago so much of the service was made up of most virulently infectious diseases. The report of the Committee of Charity and Almshouse for 1847, confirming what has been above stated, is here- with presented. The committee of medical gentlemen consisted of Drs. J ohn W. Francis, James M. Smith, Valentine Mott, James R. Manley, F. C. Stewart, W. Parker, S. R. Harris, James R. Wood, D. M. Reese, G. S. Bedford and Benjamin Drake. " They entered upon the important work with a degree of industry and zeal which gave promise of the most happy results. ' ' This committee appointed a sub-committee consisting of Drs. Benjamin Drake, D. W. Reese and James R. Wood, who finally crystallized the basis of medical police, so called, and medical treatment of the vast body of poor (almost 1,500 even at this time) which heretofore had been most shockingly neglected. It is interesting to note that very largely to the efforts of these two committees we owe the present system, not only in the Public Chari- ties Department, but in our private hospitals as well. The first article of their suggestions contains in its first section the following statement: " The hospital de- partment of the Almshouse shall be divided into two distinct and independent sections, first the Bellevue Hos- pital proper, comprising the medical and surgical cases of disease at Bellevue, and second BlackwelPs Island Hospital, comprising the lunatic asylum and the medical and surgical cases of disease among the children and convicts on BlackwelPs Island." Here is to be noted that a condition prevailed against 40 which Sanger and Kelly had both struggled for years without success, viz.: the combining of the children and the convicts on Blackwell's Island. " They shall each have a distinct and independent professional service at- tached to them. They shall each be under the charge of a resident medical officer, and both sections shall be under the direction and supervision of the joint commit- tee of Charity and the Almshouse. " Section 2— There shall be appointed by the Common Council two physicians and two surgeons whose age and professional avocations would disqualify them for the active duties of visiting physicians and surgeons, but whose practical knowledge and large experience might render their opinions and services highly desirable and useful, who shall be nominated the Consulting Physi- cians and Surgeons of the Hospital Department of the Almshouse. Their appointment shall be honorary and their services gratuitous, and they shall hold their appointments during the pleasure of the Common Council. ' ' " Article 3, Sec. 1— The medical officers of the section known as Blackwell's Island Hospital, comprising the treatment of the insane and the medical and surgical cases of disease among the children and convicts, shall be a resident physician, four visiting physicians, four deputy resident physicians and two assistant resident physicians. There shall be appointed by the Common Council a regular practitioner of medicine and surgery who shall be denominated the ' Eesident Physician of Blackwell's Island Hospital,' who shall hold his office during the pleasure of the Board. He shall reside perma- nently at the Lunatic Asylum on Blackwell 's Island. He shall have the immediate care and charge of the treatment of the insane and the general charge and supervision of the other medical and surgical departments of Blackwell's Island Hospital. He shall receive as compensation for his services the sum of $1,000 per annum, together with his board and no other emoluments, perquisites or fees 41 of any kind whatever. The consulting physicians and surgeons, visiting physicians of the lunatic asylum, to- gether with the Eesident Physician of Blackwell 's Island Hospital, shall constitute the ' Medical Board of Black- well 's Island Hospital. ' Their duties, privileges and func- tions shall be similar to those assigned to the ' Medical Board of Bellevue Hospital.' " " Sec. 5-The Medical Board of BlackwelPs Island shall nominate and appoint, subject to the approval of the joint committee on Charity and the Almshouse, four regular practitioners of medicine and surgery in good standing and of high moral attainments, who shall be denominated the ' Deputy Resident Physicians of Black- welPs Island Hospital/ two of whom shall be assigned the immediate charge of the nurseries and to the others the charge of the penitentiary department of the hospital. They shall all be subject to the direction and general supervision of the Resident Physician, with whom they shall advise and counsel in all important cases, and in cases of severe surgical diseases or injuries it shall be their duty to summon consultation of the visiting sur- geons of Bellevue Hospital, whenever it can be effected without injury to the patient from the necessary delay. 9 9 It is seen here that although these recommendations specifically state in the first article, section 1, that the two divisions, Bellevue Hospital and BlackwelPs Island Hospital, shall be divided into two distinct and independ- ent sections, the committee drawing up these resolutions had not yet broken away from the old idea that the BlackwelPs Island Hospital was a sub-department of Bellevue, as indeed it or its precursor had been from the earliest days. " They shall permanently reside on the Island in apart- ments designated by the joint committee on Charity and Almshouse and be entitled to their board or $100 per annum without any other perquisite or emolument what- ever, and they shall hold their places during the pleasure of the Medical Board. At least one month's notice in 42 OLD PENITENTIARY HOSPITAL. writing to the resident physician of a contemplation of resignation is also expected. They shall have seats in the Medical Board of the Island and may participate in the discussions, but they shall not have the right to vote. At the termination of their term of service they shall also receive duly authenticated certificates. ' ' " Sec. 7— The Resident Physician of Blackwell's Island Hospital shall nominate in the same manner as provided for in the Bellevue Hospital a competent person to act as apothecary to Blackwell's Island Hospital. He shall only receive for services $150 per annum. ' ' The Report of 1848, signed by William Kelly, Resident Physician, is made to the Honorable Moses Leonard, Commissioner of the Almshouse Department. It states that the number of patients in the hospital had vastly increased in the past year. In the last six months both male and female divisions had been crowded beyond their utmost limits. ' 6 To provide for these enlarged numbers, the honorable Common Council of the city have appro- priated the liberal sum of forty thousand dollars for the erection of a new hospital building, and have contracted that the whole thing be completed by the 1st of Septem- ber, 1849. According to the contract the foundations of the entire building were to have been laid last fall, whereas the excavations for a single wing have not been finished. Where the fault of this delay lies I know not. I only regret most deeply that any unnecessary delay should be allowed to occur in carrying out the wishes of the Common Council. The need of these new and en- larged accommodations is manifest in the extreme in the female hospital— and it is comfortable and well in every respect excepting in that of numbers, and even in this it is tolerable, although there is not a ward in which there are not from two to six patients more than there are beds." The Alumni, even of recent graduation, will recollect that this condition persisted almost to the pres- ent day. Who can forget the delights as House Physi- cian of crowding an Irishman, a Chinaman and a Negro 43 into two narrow beds? " The imperative call for relief is from the male hospital. To show this I need to call your attention to the bill of mortality. It will be seen there that while there have been twice as many women treated during the year as men, yet there have been seventy-three deaths among the men, while there have been but fifty-four among the women. This great dis- proportion I attribute entirely to the inconvenience of the room which is used as a male hospital. Again, in the last year the ship fever has broken out four times in the male hospital. It was not imported ; it was generated there by the crowded and necessarily filthy condition of this room, unsuited in every respect to the purpose to which it has been appropriated. There are at this mo- ment twenty-eight cases, and there have been during the month of December forty-eight cases. In my attendance upon those sick of it I contracted it myself and am still laboring under its effects. What produced the fever was that I was obliged to crowd eighty patients into a room fitted for the accommodation of fifty only. Through the aid of yourself, however, a shanty and a part of the Luny House have been given up for the use of these sick. We hope soon to see this fearful malady sub- siding. ' ' " These are some of my reasons for again urging that the new building be made ready for the reception of patients at the earliest possible date. In this year the number of patients in the female hospital who were com- mitted voluntarily vastly outnumbered those who were convicted for felony, the proportion being as one hundred and six to sixty-six. Not a few of these cases are quite young. One girl now under treatment for syphilis is not yet thirteen years old. Many of these have been living lives of prostitution for but a few weeks— have been drawn at the very outset of their course by want or by treachery into the ' Points ' or the 6 Hook ' and at once af- fected with disease, have been turned out penniless to care for and cure themselves. They are not depraved; 44 they have honorable pride still left ; they know that they have committed no crime; they cannot separate in their minds the idea of a prison from crime, yet they must consent to become prisoners, must acknowledge them- selves criminals before they can secure that medical care which they need and which the city has gratuitously pro- vided for such as they, and yet— it seems to me most unwisely— has made access to it so degrading as to pre- clude all but the least deserving. I see no wisdom, to say nothing of justice, in the law, ordinance or custom that requires a girl affected with syphilis to become a prisoner before she can become a patient. This hospital is now a Penitentiary Hospital for the accommodation of such venereal cases as may voluntarily become prisoners. Why not have it a venereal hospital proper, to be used also for the accommodation of such convicts in the Peni- tentiary as may become sick! Let terms of admission be issued at the office of the Commissioner of the Alms- house and not at the Tombs ; let the patient be sent here to be cured, and not for a specified period of time. As it now is, many girls committed for four or six months are well in four or six weeks. They must spend the bal- ance of their time in the most intimate intercourse with the most depraved of their sex. The consequence is that already initiated pupils, they soon become as proficient in vice as their teachers. Again, many are sent up for a term that is insufficient in which to work a cure. They go out when they are free to spread the disease under which they themselves are laboring, and soon to return in a condition worse than that in which they first en- tered. " There is a propriety in establishing in the great city of New York a hospital on the same basis as tnat on which Bellevue is established, for the treatment of venereal disease, a hospital that would effect something toward staying the ravages of a disease that does not spend itself on its first victim, but visits fearfully his offspring. I might cite also the example that has been 45 set by the great cities of the world in establishing such hospitals, but I leave the subject to you." At this time Dr. Kelly was also in charge of the Small- pox Hospital at which three hundred and sixty-five cases were treated during the year. Many of the deaths occur- ring in the hospital he states to have been due to syphilis and intemperance rather than smallpox. On page thirty- five of this report we find the following from the report of Moses G. Leonard, the Almshouse Commissioner: " This hospital is the venereal refuge of the city. It doubtless has its impure effect upon the morale of human life. It may perhaps offer inducements to the progress and perpetuation of vicious inclinations, but though this charge be true I do not doubt the wisdom and the neces- sity of its existence. ' 9 It is interesting to notice in this statement of a public official whose function was to dispense the city's chari- ties the lingering belief, which had evidently been stamped upon him by good old puritanical indoctrina- tion, that those who had contracted venereal disease were not entitled to any form of charity, either physical or moral. Many of the alumni will remember that even in recent years the venereal wards were discriminated against in the matter of food. Not more than five years ago the milk, for example, supplied to them was of an entirely lower grade than that distributed to the rest of the hospital. It is to the credit of the profes- sion that these unfortunates, especially in the female wards, are slowly being emancipated from the curse which hung so heavily upon them in the early days of the hospital." Continuing, the report says : * ' The female department on the extreme southern end of the Island appears not only to be well situated, but possesses many conveniences for the successful treatment of disease. It is not, however, sufficiently capacious to properly house its numerous patients, but, until the new hospital now slowly erecting shall be finished, it will 46 doubtless answer as well as it has so far done. The male department, situated in the dormitory of the main prison, has so often been the theme of public attention and remark as to render it unnecessary to allude to it par- ticularly. The present Common Council have provided the means to furnish a substitute in an eligible spot below the Penitentiary. This new Penitentiary Hospital, I learn, will be a model institution, constructed upon the most liberal principles which now in all public buildings —more especially hospitals— are deemed the wisest to pursue in promoting a useful and economical policy. The Smallpox Hospital, forming as it does but a pile of poor wooden outhouses on the banks of the river, continues yet to be the only place for the admission and treatment of the numerous cases that are constantly occurring in our city. It matters not who might be the poor victim of varioloid (variola?) whether wealthy or indigent, worthy or worthless, great or small, this apology for a decent refuge is the only resort, and should the shunned patient not be fortunate enough to obtain in some private house a place for treatment, not a hospital in the land will offer a protection. The contagiousness of the disease shuts out the infected sufferer in order to prevent its direful spread. But upon the removal of the present female hospital to the new edifice, that building the Com- mon Council designs for the accommodation of the small- pox patients, and I cannot but deem it a worse arrange- ment. ' ' About a year later a male ward was opened in the new building and the females were moved to the female wing, and the smallpox patients removed from the ' i pile of poor wooden outhouses on the banks of the river ' ' to the old female ward of the Penitentiary Hospital, where they remained for a considerable period. From the standpoint of medical terminology a look into the reports of diseases treated in the female hospital is of great interest. The following is an abstract from the list: 47 Cases Malignant diseases of pudenda 1 Diseases of the womb (all different kinds) . 16 Deranged menstruation 25 Phlegmasiae 6 Febris typhus 3 Recto-vaginal fistula 3 " There have been 2,403 cases treated in this hospital during 1849. Of these 229 were cases of Asiatic cholera, 134 of ship fever and 758 of primary syphilis. The aver- age time for the treatment of a case of this last descrip- tion has been about four weeks. We rarely see it in this hospital in its early stages. Frequently it has been of a month's duration before it comes under our care. 1 1 There were remaining Dec. 31, 1849, 192 cases. The mortality has been augmented by the prevalence of two epidemics, the ship fever and the cholera. The ship fever continued through January and February and proved fatal in 19 cases, the cholera through June, July and August, proving fatal in 122 cases. The ship fever has always assumed a very severe type whenever it has ap- peared, and I believe it to be due in great measure to the crowded condition of the prison, the want of room and the entire want of ventilation in the* cells. The English prison reports state that there are required for a healthy sleeping apartment for one person 800 cubic feet of air. In these cells there are less than 200. In this small space the warden is often compelled to place two persons. The radical defect in the construction of the cells is that the flues leading from each cell to the roof are entirely useless. For fourteen hours out of every twenty-four must the inmate inhale and reinhale the same volume of air. It becomes exceedingly noxious and is the pregnant cause of much disease. To this source is added another. There are no water closets in the cells and there can be none until the Croton is introduced. Each man takes with him into his narrow quarters a wooden bucket 48 already saturated with filth from a long and similar use." This recalls to the traveler Murray's famous warning in connection with Quimper, the capital of Brittany, " N. B. There are no W. C.'s in the hotels." Despite the above protest made over fifty years ago, the use of the buckets continued until a very recent date. " It is not strange," continues the report, " that ship fever should frequently visit this institution, nor that its visits should be particularly malignant. The wonder is that it is not more fatal in its work. ' ' The new hospital building that has been in process of erection during the past summer is now nearly completed. In the basement there will be rooms provided for culinary and washing conveniences. There will also be a dining- room and pantries in each wing of the basement, together with a large room that might be a ward of the hospital and would answer well for some class of patients. In the first two stories of the female wing are eight large wards containing eighteen beds each, and also six small wards, the latter containing from two to six beds each. There are water closets and pantries connected with each ward. There is a bathroom on each floor, containing three bath tubs, each fitted for cold, warm and shower baths. On the second floor is an examining room fitted with water conveniences. In the first story of the male wing the arrangements are the same as those in the female. The second story has not been divided into wards. It consists of one large room. The whole of this wing will not be needed for a male hospital, and a part might be appropriated to some other purpose." The recommendation follows that when this building is completed, it shall be opened for the reception of per- sons suffering from venereal diseases; that permits for admission to it be issued at the office of the Almshouse and not at the police office; that patients be sent here to be cured and not for a definite length of time; that the resident physician have authority to discharge such pa- tients when they are well; that applicants for admission 49 be required to pay the admission fee of $12 in advance as pay for six weeks board at $2 per week; when any are discharged cured before the expiration of the six weeks, that they receive the balance due them ; that they be clas- sified not only with regard to their physical diseases, but also with regard to their moral condition, so that the girl of but a month 's practice in vice be not thrown under the influence of those that are fully graduated; that sys- tematic plans be adopted for securing for these girls, who are desirous of leading an honest livelihood, the means of doing so on their leaving the hospital; that they be to this end employed as much as their health requires in order to prevent their acquiring or forming habits of in- dolence; that this institution be separate and distinct from the penitentiary; that one or more wards in each wing be set apart and secured for such convicts in the penitentiary as may fall sick and need hospital treat- ment; that no communication be allowed between this class of patients and those not prisoners. " I urge these recommendations upon your board for considerations of economy, of justice and of humanity. That a system of pay patients would do much toward meeting the expenses of the hospital I have no doubt. The majority of those that come here now have spent more or less money in the city in vain attempts to be cured. Many others, who do not come now and will not while the hospital is a prison, would be very glad to come and pay for the privilege, provided they could come as citizens and leave when cured." The report continuing, says: " But even independent of this consideration, if not a dollar could be realized from pay patients, would it not be wise still to offer every facility to those suffering from syphilis for its cure? Does not the public owe it to itself, to free itself from the danger of this great contagion? Would it not be wise economy to expend even considerable sums of money in drying up the sources of this disease, so destructive in its tendency, so loathsome in its appearance and so ob- 50 STAFF TENNIS COURT. stinate of cure, a disease that does not spend itself on its first enemy, but visits fearfully his offspring of the third and fourth generation. The hospital ought to be made as far as practicable a school of reform. It should be reclaiming in its influence; yet as it now works, it is positively demoralizing, because it fixes upon its inmates the stigma of crime, branding them before the world as convicts, as prisoners— demoralizing, because it takes novices in vice and keeps them after their diseases are cured for months on the Island, and under the tuition of those who have grown old in iniquity, it sends them forth adepts confirmed in vicious habits. It sends them forth only to receive them back again and again, sure inmates of this place for at least one-half of each year as long as their lives last. This ought not to be." The above is one of the many arguments in favor of separating the penitentiary from the hospital, making the hospital subsidiary to the criminal side. In closing, the report says it will be urged as an objec- tion against the plan that to open a hospital, giving great facilities for the cure of syphilis, is to encourage vice, and promote prostitution. But if this objection is good against the hospital proposed, it is likewise good against the one now existing. ' ' If it is wrong to afford general and effectual relief to persons of this class, it surely can- not be right to afford partial relief to isolated cases.' ' On or near the site of the present City Hospital build- ing, when Moses G. Leonard was Commissioner of the Almshouse, a relatively large stone building was erected by the convicts of the penitentiary for the use of the sick criminals of the institution. The penitentiary building lay 100 yards to the north of the new hospital. Although it may not be definitely so recorded, this action was taken without the least doubt largely as the result of the vig- orous and manly attitude of Sanger. He probably more than any one else, either medical or lay, has been respon- sible for the development of the present hospital. He worked in the face of political blackmailing and bribery, 51 the like of which would not for a moment be tolerated even in these days. At, the risk of losing his position he again and again attacked the methods of adminis- tration, and finally coerced the dissolute politicians to take action for the relief of the wretched inmates of the institution under their control. He stands alone, prominent, as well by his fearless invective against politi- cal villainy as by his remarkable ability as a chronicler and interpreter of the social evil, a monument of whom the profession and the hospital may well be proud. In the spring of 1849, the wooden hovels which had been used for upwards of twenty years as a hospital for the women criminals were removed, and, as before cited, the new building for the Penitentiary Hospital was begun. For about twenty years this hospital had been accom- modated in a large room on the top floor of the prison, a space 40x60 feet in area having been, as already stated, set aside during that time for the treatment of male prisoners. Like all the other buildings on the Island, the new hospital was built of stone cut in the quarries just north of the penitentiary. The year, 1849, was an epoch making one in the his- tory of the hospital, and for this reason as well as for the fact that it presents much of historic interest, its his- tory has been rather widely abstracted. Coincidental with the opening of the new hospital building a change was made in the management. The office of " Commissioner of the Almshouse " was abol- ished, and by an act of the legislature a board of ten governors was appointed for the management of the hos- pital. Previously the penitentiary and the hospital had been under the same executive management, with one medical head, Dr. William Kelly having been resident physician. Because of the fact that this institution offered the only haven for venereal cases, it is easily understood that after its formal opening it was soon filled with patients of this class. On December 31, 1850, there were remain- 52 ing in the Penitentiary Hospital 198 patients. Two thou- sand two hundred and one cases were treated during that year. Of these 529 were primary syphilis and 174 secon- dary, 352 delirium tremens and 99 dysentery. ' ' The last is the only disease that has prevailed at any time as an epidemic. It appeared in July and continued two months. Of the 352 cases of delirium tremens but three have died. Chloroform has been freely used in this disease with the most satisfactory results. The mortality reached in the past year has been less than 4 per cent., a lower rate than ever before reported from this hospital, and lower than is reported from hospitals generally. The cholera of last summer has undoubtedly contributed to reducing this year's mortality. Many whose vicious lives would have lasted another season, who were bound to die in this hospital, were prematurely cut off by that epidemic. A number of those who appear in this report as having died in this hospital were admitted in a moribund condi- tion. They were sent up in this condition after having been detained two or three days at the Tombs or station houses. If it is necessary to remove such cases at all, it would be more humane to send them to some hospital that is near at hand. 1 i The new hospital has been occupied since the first of August. The female wing affords room for kitchen, dining-room and quarantine ward, three wards for pri- mary syphilis, two for secondary and tertiary, one for diseases of the chest, one for parturient women and dis- eases of the womb, one for miscellaneous cases and one for colored patients. On the first of August, the female wing was first occupied and an extraordinary prepon- derance of syphilitic cases were admitted. The condition of things in the male room was at this time bad, as gathered from the following minutes of the report : * i But half of the male wing has as yet been occupied. The unoccupied portion consists of one large room half the size of the wing. I would suggest that it be divided into wards and appropriated for the use of pay patients and 53 those whom it is desirable to keep from the demoralizing influence of the hospital. " My assistants during the year have been Doctors Churchill, Lindsay, Eogers, Loving, Jenkins and Foot. Rogers and Loving each suffered from attacks of the epi- demic that prevailed in July. They were persevering in their duties after the disease had manifested itself, giving severity to the attack, and rendering the recovery in each case for a time very doubtful. (Signed) WILLIAM KELLY, M.D., Resident Physician." Up to this time the Smallpox Hospital, so called, was under Dr. Kelly 's charge. In his report of 1849, he says: " In 1848 the mortality was 16 4-10ths per cent.; in 1849 it was 10 3-10ths per cent. Among natives 16 8-10th per cent., and among foreigners 7 to 6 5-10ths per cent. This hospital, or rather the shanties so-called, are capable of accommodating but twenty patients. This number can not be exceeded without greatly increasing the risk of death, yet I have been obliged to make room for forty at a time. We need for this hospital a new building; one that would contain fifty beds would be sufficient to meet the wants of the city. ' 9 To the Smallpox Hospital under the control of Dr. Kelly in 1850 208 patients were admitted. Ninety-nine had distinct and seventy-two confluent smallpox; forty- eight had never been vaccinated, two had the disease the second time. About the first of December, when the disease became more prevalent in the city, the number of patients began to increase. The shanties that were apportioned as a smallpox hospital accommodated but twenty, yet Kelly was obliged to crowd in forty-eight. Blacks and whites lay side by side. Grown up boys had beds in the female wards. Such a crowded condition of the hospital always tells unfavorably on the rates of mortality. This year it was 19 per cent. " It is the design of your Board to erect a building fitted for the 54 accommodation of 100 to 150 patients. It will be pre- pared not only as a refuge for the poor, but also a resort for the rich when they become victims to this loathsome malady. Of the 208 admitted, 139 have been pay patients. All that could be done to make them comfort- able was done, but fancy the picture— the matron acted as nurse ! Of the 267 patients remaining on the 31st of December, 1851, 16 were prisoners. The remainder were persons sent up by the police, or voluntary prisoners, that is, per- sons who, being sick and desirous of admission to this hospital, went to the courts of justice and acknowledged themselves vagrants. As such they were committed to the Penitentiary in order that they might be transferred from thence to the hospital. Truly a distressing state of affairs, that in order to gain admission to the hospital the patient was obliged to acknowledge himself a vagrant and be committed ! Continuing, the report says : i 6 This latter class of patients has much increased in number during the past year. Of 110 men, 91 have procured their admission in this way. The average mortality has been 3 8-10ths per cent. Of the entire number 129 were pay patients and 167 paupers, that is, in the Smallpox Hospi- tal. There were received from the Commissioners of Im- migration ninety cases this year, more than twice the number received from all other sources. This flooding of the City Hospitals with European paupers cost the city a great many thousand dollars. Multitudes were made sick by evil accommodations on shipboard. At one time the municipal government had a suit against the Federal authorities for the col- lection of over $150,000 for services rendered by the City to immigrants infected with all forms of contagious disease. This shows how important, if seen from a financial standpoint alone, was the work of Mrs. William Maury in 1846. Three days out from Liverpool, smallpox broke out among the steerage passengers on the vessel in which 55 she was one of three cabin passengers. Only by good fortune was one of these a physician, who did everything he could for the sufferers. Beaching New York Mrs. Maury induced the Common Council to pass an ordinance that vessels carrying immigrants into the port should have a ship physician and that an adequate number of cubic feet of air space should be provided for each steer- age passenger. In Washington she brought about the passage of an Act of Congress with similar provisions, and in London caused an Act of Parliament to be passed containing the same requisitions. One means by which she brought pressure to bear in favor of this legislation in England was to flood the dock region of Liverpool with posters. A reduced photographic copy of one of these is herewith shown. ADVICE TO EMIGRANTS. The SICKNESS and DEATHS of last year have caused many Ship Owners In Liverpool to engage SI/RCUBONS on hoard their PASSENGER VESSELS to NORTH AMERICA, Emigrants are recommended to enquire for such, and to TAKE PASSAGE In NO OTHER* This tdrice I? offered fry one who hms herseif stored im ihe smfferimgs of am Emigrant JTessei. -siSwSs- SARAH MYTTOR MAURY. The assistant physicians during 1851 were H. D. Jen- kins, William Law, J. Piatt Foot, James U. Church, Wil- liam Haig and William Hyslop. In February, 1851, the board of governors appointed a committee to examine into and report upon the condi- tion, strength and arrangement of the Penitentiary Hos- 56 pital building. They found that it had been erected in a most careless manner, and that, as a public building, it was a " monumental reproach to any city." The Grand Jury pronounced it dangerous, complained of it as being insufficient for the wants of the municipality, and, after hearing testimony from various medical authorities, de- clared that it was unfit utterly for the uses for which it had been erected. In the eight years during which it stood, this building, the corrupt product of an abandoned political ring, cost more for operation and repairs than the entire original outlay for its construction. The general opinion was that the building should be immediately torn down. A fortuitous event, however, prevented the accomplishment of this design, for on the morning of February 13, 1858, it was destroyed by fire.* This was the direct result of its faulty construction. During the year 1851, 2,541 patients were treated. Of these 719 suffered from primary syphilis and 422 from delirium tremens. The medical staff, as may well be imagined, were hope- lessly hampered by the obnoxious rule that all patients must be prisoners. By it, they were still, as in years past, frequently obliged to keep in the wards patients who had recovered, and on the other hand were obliged to dis- charge, uncured, men and women who were virulently affected with primary syphilis. There were remaining in the hospital December 31, 1852, 272 patients. The number of admissions was 500 more than last year. Frequently there were in the build- ing as many as fifty patients more than it was designed to accommodate. " This hospital," the report continues, " should not be regarded as a charity, but rather as an asylum, instituted and maintained by the city for its own protection against the spread of a most fearful and destructive disease. Every accommodation for enabling this hospital to fulfil See description New York Herald, February 14, 1858. 57 this mission should be afforded, and every facility for inducing women affected with this disease to seek a cure in it should be offered. Smallpox, yellow fever and chol- era, against which expensive quarantines are established, endanger the public health and public happiness but little compared with the injuries which syphilis inflicts." In July, 1852, the Resident Physician and his assistants began a system of medical records. These were devoted particularly to the history of the syphilitic cases in the institution, and formed the basis for Sanger's classic " History of Prostitution.' ' Owing to the great increase of admissions, two shanties were erected on the west side of the southern extremity of the island. During this year also the professional element gained temporary ascendency over the politicians, as has hap- pened occasionally since, and a great many improvements in the internal management of the institution were effected. Prominent among these was an increase in the improvement and quantity of the food supply. Serving on Dr. Kelly's staff at fhis time were Doctors F. N. Otis, A. L. Loomis, Clinton Warren, William Cham- berlain, S. Lovering and J. M. Barstow. The first two names are familiar to all. The entire tenor of Dr. Kelly's reports shows that he and the medical profession at large were engaged in a perpetual struggle to obtain right and justice for the patients. It was a common occurrence during these years, as has just been stated, to have from fifty to seventy-five patients sleeping on the floor; and it is interesting, in fore- casting the future development of the present Almshouse Hospital, to note that on a smaller scale similar conditions are at present prevailing. About one-twelfth of the mortality at the hospital at this time was due to cholera. Years later this disease received its final check at the hands of one of the Visiting Board of this hospital, whose success was largely due to 58 MALE DORMITORY. the information given him by the first " chief of staff/ 9 Dr. E. G. Jane way. The report for 1853 is the earliest signed by Dr. Wm. Sanger, although previous records state that he was ap- pointed as early as 1846. In 1853, the admissions to the hospital increased 102 over those of 1852, while the deaths decreased by two, making the rate of mortality only 3.407 per cent. (The 1902 mortality was less than 6 per cent.) This low rate is readily accounted for by the preponderance of alco- holic and genito-urinary cases. It appears that 764 cases of ' ' debauch 9 9 were treated without a death, 200 cases of delirium tremens with ten deaths, 109 cases of gonor- rhoea, 621 cases of syphilis prima, 357 cases of syphilis secunda, 70 cases of syphilis tertia, 48 cases of syphilitic vegetations, and 4 cases of syphilitic cachexia, with four deaths arising from the tertiary form. This ancient list is of very great interest, as showing the change which has come over modern medical nomenclature. Many names, familiar to our predecessors, have entirely gone out of use. It is further interesting to note that in a total of 3,136 patients treated, anteversion of the uterus was found in but four, procedentia in one, retroversion in but three, cervical abscess in but one, cervical hypertrophy in but six and cervical inflammation in but sixty. The classification of fevers in this old list is note- worthy. It is as follows : Continued 4 Ephemeral 2 Chagres 7 Intermittent 38 Simple 4 How innocent were those good days of the Plasmodium and the germ! The most important event chronicled was the change 59 Typhoid Typhus 2 10 of the Resident Physician. Dr. Kelly resigned and started on a pleasure trip to Europe. He was unhappily lost at sea. Dr. W. Sanger was appointed as his suc- cessor. In 1854, 3,744 admissions are reported. Dr. Sanger's report of the cholera treated at the Alms- house, at the Penitentiary Hospital and Workhouse dur- ing this year shows a ratio of mortality in 298 cases of 39£ per cent. Of the total number of admissions, 23 A were natives and 76i% foreigners. Of the latter 77£ per cent, were from Ireland, while only A per cent, were from Germany, showing how recent is the Teutonic invasion. Of these 3,744 patients, it is of interest to know that llf per cent, were " entirely uneducated and unable to write or read at all." Even among the 50t per cent, who were classified as being able to read and write im- perfectly, Sanger states, " it would puzzle a well edu- cated, intelligent person to understand their reading or decipher their writing. Of the llf per cent, that can read and write well, this, except in a few cases, is all that they possess in the way of education." It is now fifty years since this table was compiled, and a similar census of the present inmates of the hospital would be interesting; but, unfortunately, no such records are kept. So far as the age goes, 70A per cent, of the patients in the hospital were at this time under thirty years of age. The general average for the last five years has not been recorded. Sanger, whose work on prostitution was at the time slowly crystalizing, says: " It will be observed from the above data that 68 § per cent, of cases actually treated during the past year here were directly caused by the lowest and foulest kind of dissipation and vice, a fact which speaks trumpet-tongued, in favor of shutting up grog shops, and the absolute necessity of adopting some plan whereby the enormous amount of prostitution now prevailing among us shall be decreased. Of the two vices, the latter is by far the greater evil, more dangerous and 60 far-reaching in its effect. Its silent but deadly poison reaches all ranks in society, withering and blasting all with whom it comes in contact.' ' Dr. Sanger re-echoes Dr. Kelly's vigorous protest against calling this a penitentiary hospital. He says: " The proportion of court prisoners is only 11 per cent, of the whole number of patients. Is it not wrong to heap additional disgrace upon these poor creatures by compel- ling them to be committed to a penitentiary before they come to the hospital to be treated for their several dis- eases? Can reformation be expected when additional odium is cast on beings already too miserable, by commit- ting them to the abode of thieves, felons and murderers, giving them the choice of becoming inmates of such a place or dying in the streets, gutters or cellars of the worst portions of our city. Of course, they will take the former choice and let me ask if a more certain method of con- verting the remaining percentage into thieves, burglars, pickpockets or murderers can be devised? Is it neces- sary, or must it be that human beings, laboring under the effects of drink, syphilis, old sores and all other dis- eases, shall, while being medically treated, also go through the process of being made into thieves to prey on the community when discharged V The question of immigration and its relation to the public is also touched upon by Sanger. He says: " To show the immense burden that foreigners— who have been less than five years in this country— are to the insti- tution under your charge, I will state that in this hospital alone a charge against the Commissioners of Immigration of $2.50 per week for board and medical attendance of such persons during the year 1854 would amount to the sum of $7,942.50' ' Sanger believed that the reason why so few cases of cholera occurred in the Penitentiary Hospital was that he was able to maintain the most stringent discipline over the patients, whereas in the Almshouse and Workhouse it was impossible to carry this out. Furthermore, these 61 latter institutions were intended for well and not for sick people. This seemed to him one of many forcible argu- ments for breaking up these small hospitals and placing all the sick in one general hospital with sufficient room for proper classification. Gathered, as the cases admitted were, from the flotsam and jetsam of a seaport, it is not surprising that alcohol- ism and delirium tremens furnish 35 per cent, and syph- ilis 37 per cent. Thus 68 per cent, of all the cases ad- mitted during 1854 were clearly the results of dissipa- tion ; a reflection, indeed, on the ' 1 good old days! 1 1 Upon Sanger's recommendation, a consulting board of physi- cians and surgeons was appointed in October, 1854. It consisted of Doctors A. H. Stephens (president), Francis H. Johnson, G. W. Wilkes, J. E. Wood, Alonzo Clark, Fordyce Barker, W. Parker and C. E. Isaacs. This is the first record of a consulting board of physicians having been appointed to assist in the management of this hos- pital. The medical staff of the Blackwell's Island Hos- pitals for 1854 consisted of Drs. Thomas, Terry, Baylies, Henriques, Trim, Jewett, Franklin, Studdiford and De Forest. In 1855, there were 2,158 admissions, a decrease of I, 586. The source of these cases as derived from Sanger's statistics is as follows: From Court . . . 12.6 per cent. From the police . . 39.1 per cent. From Workhouse . . 42.2 per cent. From Almshouse . . 6.1 per cent. It will be noted that Sanger's petition bearing on the modification of the means of entering the hospital had fallen on deaf ears, there having been up to that time no appreciable amount of " graft " in it for the politi- cians. Those who are familiar with the corrupt methods which have habitually obtained in the political manage- ment of the hospital, know very well that although the history may not be written, although the evidence may 62 not be attainable, it was of value to some one to continue the power of admission in the hands of the police. A meteorological observatory was erected in this year. It was under the care of the Regents of the University of the State of New York and the Smithsonian Institute at Washington, to whom Sanger made annual reports. In 1856, Sanger published the ratio of venereal diseases to the gross number of patients. Its increase was sim- ply appalling: 1854, it was 37 A per cent.; in 1855, 58tV ; per cent.; in 1856, 73^ per cent.! Whether this incre- ment was justly attributable to an increase of vice in the city, as has been suggested, or whether it was brought about by the dissemination among the poorer classes, of the word that at the Penitentiary Hospital the best anti-syphilitic treatment in the city could be obtained gratuitously, is not recorded. In 1857, the number of admissions was 2,810, an in- crease of 62 per cent. On December 15, this year, the hospital was separated from the Penitentiary, and called the " Island Hospital.' ' The Smallpox Hospital, which for many years has been known as the " Nurses' Home," was in full operation during this year, but the Board of Governors expressed themselves as being very much surprised that so few of those in a respectable station of society availed them- selves of the advantages of this institution. The descrip- tion of the building is as follows: " It is stone from the quarries which are situated on or about the centre of the Island; 100 feet x 44 feet, three stories high. The upper stories are divided into private rooms supplied with hot and cold water. ' ' For some reason or other, however, the scheme of having a pay pavilion in this building seems never to have been appreciated by the community. Sanger's invectives against the filthy old buildings and out house known as the " New York City Smallpox Hos- pital," seemed in the early part of this year about to have some effect, when by good fortune, on the 3d of J anuary, 1857, fire consumed the whole reeking mass, and 63 it was necessary to transfer the patients to the new build- ing earlier than it had been contemplated. The report for this year— one of the last made by Sanger— is particularly full of interesting facts, and in his own words he " does not think any apology for the extent of the report necessary beyond the fact that every iota of reliable information on such matters must eventu- ally become very serviceable to the community at large." He deduces from his remarkable compilation that 9 and A per cent, only of the total number treated were court prisoners. It was on December 15, 1857, that the Board of Governors finally separated the Hospital from the Penitentiary and substituted the name ' ' Island Hos- pital/' The effect of this change was immediate. The incubus which had burdened the institution was removed, and the Hospital, in Sanger's words, " began a new life." He chose a very graphic way of proving to the Board of Governors the advantage of this change of name. Esti- mating the ratio in days devoted to patients in the Island Hospital he elicited the fact that but rV of one per cent, were given to court prisoners. The following year was a memorable one in the annals of the institution. On the morning of Saturday, Feb. 13, 1858, in the midst of a freezing blizzard, the hospital was totally destroyed by fire. Its isolated position placed it beyond the pale of help from the fire department of the city. The conflagration resulted directly, as already stated, from the fraudulently faulty construction of the building. This was graphically and shockingly demon- strated by the early fall of its seemingly massive walls. They were built largely of loam ! Together with its rec- ords, many of these being documents of inestimable value which Sanger had collected for his ' ' History of Prosti- tution," the whole building was reduced to ashes in two hours. The 530 inmates were saved by the heroic action of the attendants. The history of this fire is graphically told in the " New York Herald 99 of Feb- ruary 14, 1858. 64 In buildings already jammed to their utmost capacity, the addition of 530 patients produced a most bewildering congestion. What an appalling menace to the safety of the Island institutions among whom this syphilitic horde was spread! How many of the relatively small non- syphilitic population of the Island must have been in- fected at this time! So great were the privations endured and so keenly was this recognized that a petition to the New York Legislature, which was then in session, was made, to include in the tax levy for this city the sum of $100,000 for the erection of a new hospital building. This sum was immediately voted and the plans of James Kenwick, Jr., were adopted, as being the most complete and as embodying the most perfect system of ventilation sug- gested. On March 9, 1858, the Board of Governors form- ally adopted the plans and work was immediately begun under the direction of the architect and of D. W. C. Weakes, Superintendent. As before, the building stone was quarried by the prisoners on the Island and the rough work of construction was performed by the Peni- tentiary convicts. On July 22, 1858, the corner stone of the present hospital was laid. Washington Smith, Presi- dent of the Board, in delivering his address, spoke of Blackwell's Island as has before been noted, as " New York 's Garden of Charity. ' ' He then gave the following description of the new hospital: " The building is to be three and a half stories high with a steep roof. The height of the ceiling between the first and second stories will be 14 feet, the third story will be 16 feet. On each story of each wing there will be in the centre building three wards, each capable of containing twenty patients, two wards in wings or trans- verse ends, capable of containing twenty-two or twenty- four patients as may be desired, each ward to be provided with a single bedroom for particular cases; two water closets to be separated by wells of skylight from the building proper. There will be two principal stairways 65 and two hoistings for patients, bells and speaking tubes will be carried from each ward to rooms of the medical staff on the third floor of the centre building, and a speaking tube from this point to the office and bedroom of the resident physician. The number of patients that can be accommodated without inconvenience is 744. The wards are laid out upon a plan adopted by a commission in France after an examination of the principal hospitals in Europe. It is proposed to adopt the general prin- ciples of ventilation of Lariboisiere Hospital of Paris, now considered the best in Europe. The outside walls are to be constructed of rubble stone masonry with hammer-dressed or pointed corners. The outside walls are to have an eight-inch air space and a four-inch inner or furring wall of brick inside of the exterior stone work. ' ' It is not without interest to contrast Smith's views with those of Sanger on the prostitute. He says: " Their lives are marked by no effort to improve their condition or encourage those who administer to their necessities. Their claim to kindness and consideration is almost entirely lost. ' 9 Sanger's views on this subject are too well known to require quotation. The contrast affords an excellent exemplification of the difference between lay and professional views on this matter. In addition to the Resident Physician, Dr. Sanger, the medical staff in 1858 consisted of Doctors Greenlee, O'Neil, Cooper, Van Wagner, Cox, Ware, Neff, Gallagher, Smith, Hodgeman, Penenet, Fox, Brisbane, Merchant and Malone. Dr. Sanger appointed Dr. C. W. Packard as deputy resident physician. It is evident that at this time the resident was a person of profound importance at the hospital, a thing pleasant to contemplate when it is realized that most of the good that is to be found in the whole institution is an outcome of the unpaid or ill- paid labor of the profession. The year 1859 was important in that it marked the period at which the hospital ceased to receive convict 66 MALE MEDICAL WARD. prisoners. The persistent efforts of Kelly and Sanger in this direction, extending over a period of ten years, had at length borne fruit, and the unfortunate inmates were no longer obliged to declare themselves convicts in addition to admitting their various moral obliquities. In the spring of 1860, the new hospital was formally opened to the public, and so crying was the need of this institution that during this year alone 5,694 patients were received. Up to this time the Kesident Physician had selected his own assistants. In July, Sanger, whose administra- tion had been remarkably successful, from a material as well as from a sociological standpoint, resigned, and the medical interests of the Island Hospital were transferred to the medical board of Bellevue. By this change all the medical and surgical interests of the two institutions were centered under one head. The junior assistants of Bellevue Hospital, as soon as they entered the service, were sent to BackwelPs Island. They served successively at the Island, Smallpox and Penitentiary hospitals. At the former institution, the period of service was three months, and at the latter, two. At the expiration of this time they entered Bellevue as senior assistants. Upon the resignation of Dr. Sanger, B. B. Sibell, the steward, was made acting executive officer, a change in administration policy well worthy of the times in which it was enacted. On April 2 of this year, the Legislature abolished the office of the Ten Gov- ernors, and appointed Simeon Draper, Isaac Bell, James B. Nicholson and Moses H. Grinnell, a board of Commis- sioners of Public Charity and Correction. Upon the reorganization of the Island Hospital, the following gentlemen constituted its medical board. Consulting Physicians. Consulting Surgeons. John W. Francis, M.D. Valentine Mott, M.D. Isaac Wood, M.D. A. H. Stevens, M.D. 67 Visiting Physicians. Alonzo Clark, M.D. B. W. McCready, M.D. I. E. Taylor, M.D. Geo. T. Elliot, M.D. Fordyce Barker, M.D. A. L. Loomis, M.D. J. W. Greene, M.D. T. G. Thomas, M.D. Visiting Surgeons. James E. Wood, M.D. Lewis A. Sayre, M.D. John J. Crane, M.D. Stephen Smith, M.D. Willard Parker, M.D. A. B. Mott, M.D. C. T. Meier, M.D. J. W. S. Gouley, M.D. House Staff. P. C. Parker, M.D. Erskine Mason, M.D. L. Fernandez, M.D. J. E. Page, M.D. W. C. Ferguson, M.D. H. Pinckney, M.D. J. L. Hicks, M.D. In 1860, partly because of the overcrowding at Belle- vue, partly on account of the discontinuance of confining alcoholics in the Tombs, there was a marked increase in the number of cases admitted. In 1861, the new hospital was in full operation. An ode written by one of the inmates is here quoted as an interesting bit of history. "Oh blessed refuge for the homeless poor, 111 fortune's victims wounded, sick and sore, The halt, the lame, no more may homeless roam, For here disease indeed doth find a home. Poor wrecked humanity mid breakers tossed Finds a snug harbor on this friendless coast, No piled up Parthenon, the pagan's pride, No Coliseum choked with gory tide, No Caesar's house with guarded door, No, it is the palace of the suffering poor." These lines show the character and taste of at least some of the inmates of this historic institution, and will 68 serve to remind the Alumni of remarkable men and women who, as physical and moral wrecks, have been under their care in old ' ' Charity. ' ' There was a rapid increase of patients, the number soon reaching 8,531. Picture, if possible, the distressing condition of the patients which soon developed under the new management. Instead of being under the judi- cious care of a physician of the type of Sanger, they were in the hands of one Joseph Keen, Warden of the Penitentiary, B. B. Sibell being continued as steward. What a penitentiary warden knew about the proper man- agement of a hospital is a question best left unanswered. In 1862, the city made a contract with the United States Government to care for a number of wounded Union soldiers. This brought the number of admissions for this year up to 9,407. These were maintained at an average cost of 14 cents per day. If, as the written rec- ords do not say, but as may readily be inferred from unwritten history, these were halcyon days for the " grafters,' ' what must have been their flood tide of pros- perity in the succeeding years when the average cost of maintenance was almost trebled! From the large, broad humanity of Sanger, it is a piti- able change to the narrowness of his steward. He recom- mended that the syphilitics be " assessed an amount equal to the cost which they entailed upon the com- munity! " In 1864, with 7,249 patients, the average cost of main- tenance amounted to the gigantically fraudulent sum of 37 cents per day. About 2,500 sick soldiers were treated, or, if we are to believe the meagre records, were mal- treated in the most shocking way. Under the peniten- tiary methods, the hospital wards were converted by their criminal helpers into reeking rooms of filth and disease. Many a wounded soldier was here impregnated with syphilis and with tuberculosis. The maladministra- tion at this time was unbearable, and there is to be obtained no more graphic account of it than that which 69 we have directly from the pen of Dr. Piffard. This per- sonal reminiscence shows more graphically than any other record the progress which has been made in the last forty years. The Doctor says: i ' I entered Blackwell's Island ser- vice April 1, 1864. My colleagues on the Island staff were Drs. J. W. Southack, Henry C. Eno, Walter F. Day, Edward C. Janeway, Darwin Everett and William A. Lockwood. At that time this service included the Island Hospital, the Smallpox Hospital, the Workhouse and the Almshouse. Four members of the staff took charge of the wards in the Island Hospital and also of the Peni- tentiary near it, and resided in the Hospital ; one member of the staff was assigned to the Workhouse, another to the Almshouse and one to the Smallpox Hospital. This last member lived at the Island Hospital. The roster of the Island Hospital patients was about 800, thus giving the house staff an average of 200 each. They had no assistance, and the only visiting physician was Dr. Isaac E. Taylor, and the only visiting surgeon was Dr. Frank H. Hamilton. Each of these gentlemen visited the hos- pital on an average once a week, and both of them seemed specially interested in the cases that called for operative interference. Dr. Taylor devoted his whole attention to the gynaecological cases. During May tents were provided outside the hospital and between it and the Smallpox Hospital for the accommodation of typhus cases which had been sent up from Bellevue, the Bellevue typhus service being discontinued. In the Island Hos- pital, however, there was one ward with a few typhus cases, but no typhoids. The smallpox service in the ad- joining hospital at that time had a daily average of say 30 or 35 cases. After a member of the Island house staff had served a certain length of time, he was trans- ferred to one of the other institutions, the former incum- bent going to the Island Hospital. In this way each member of the staff had in turn charge of the four insti- tutions that have been mentioned. Our total service on 70 the Island was for six months, when we were transferred to Bellevue, and the writer served in that hospital for twelve months succeeding his service on the Island. The food supply of the hospital and the other institu- tions was exceedingly poor. The local administrator of the hospital, then termed steward, had entire charge of all matters except the immediate professional care of the sick, and while on a moderate salary, was credited with having saved sufficient during his years of service to build a block of houses on the neighboring island of Manhattan. Both the Island institutions and Bellevue were at that time under the care of the Commissioners of Charities, who were Simeon Draper (President), Isaac Bell, Joseph B. Nicholson and Moses H. Grinnell. Mr. Draper fre- quently, the others rarely, visited the Island institutions, except when they had a party of friends who were hos- pitably entertained at the residence of the Warden of the Penitentiary. How the wine did flow on those occa- sions and how the odors of it were wafted down to us from a distance. When the writer had charge of the Smallpox Hospital, be found the diet especially meagre and unsuitable, and appealed to some of his friends for money with which to purchase additional food, and he did purchase a barrel of eggs and some other things. This having come to the knowledge of the President of the Board, the writer was severely reprimanded and given to understand that if he again gave any publicity to the affairs of the hospital, he would be relieved from duty. At the Smallpox Hospital, the matron enjoyed the com- pany of two charming young women as guests, and it may be needless to say that this hospital was the evening ren- dezvous of the majority of the members of the Island staff. Although there was this constant intercourse between the two institutions, no case of smallpox broke out in the Island Hospital. The cases of typhus alluded to above were in a few weeks transferred, and the whole department was under 71 the visiting charge of Dr. Stephen Smith with Dr. George W. Engs as resident physician, he having previously- served on the Bellevue staff. The hospital service at that time was divided into medical, surgical, gynaecological, skin and venereal. There was very little notable in con- nection with these services, except the bare fact that they were in the entire charge of four young men who had just graduated and had no one to call on for advice, ex- cept the visiting physician and surgeon already spoken of. The nurses and servants of the institution were almost all prisoners from the workhouse, many of whom re- mained on duty at the hospital after their terms of im- prisonment had expired, receiving no wages but a pretty liberal allowance of whiskey, the bung of the whiskey barrel being under the control of the physicians. The various attendants mentioned could not be prevailed on to render any services either to the patients or to the physicians unless they received the liberal wages as above. One of the most distressing features connected with the Island institutions was due solely to improper diet, and scurvy was exceedingly prevalent at both the Almshouse and the Workhouse, with occasional cases appearing at the Penitentiary, but rarely at the Island Hospital, due not so much to superior diet as to the fact that a con- siderable portion of the patients died before they had time to get it. When I had the Penitentiary service, it was not un- usual for me to see a daily sick call of between thirty and forty cases of scurvy in various stages, some of them utterly helpless from the disease and a few dying from it. Although the matter of diet was presented to the Commissioners, very little betterment of it occurred, and our principal means of treatment was the free use of potassio-tartrate of iron. Of the Island staff now living there remain Dr. Jane- way, Dr. Eno and myself. A few years after leaving Bellevue I was appointed 72 visiting surgeon to the Island Hospital, and after serving in that capacity some twelve or fifteen years, was ap- pointed Consulting Physician, which position I now hold. During the time that I was visiting surgeon, there had been a decided increase in the number of the house staff, and a senior resident physician in supreme control, both of the civil and professional functions, subject only to members of the Visiting Board, which Board has been very considerably increased, and during this time the conditions of the hospital were very materially improved. On one occasion, during the summer of 1875, 1 came up the Sound and through Hell Gate in a small steam launch, and, as a violent storm was threatening, took cover at the Almshouse dock, about seven o 'clock in the evening. My crew consisted of one man, and we walked through a pouring rain from the Almshouse down to the Island Hospital, seeking supper and shelter for the night. I took my man up to the dermatological ward, and told the nurse to provide him with supper and a bed, and I was provided with the same through the kindly offices of the matron. I signed a pass for the man overnight so that he could leave early in the morning, which he did. About two weeks later, he applied to the Bureau of Outdoor Ke- lief, and was distributed to my division of the hospital. I found him suffering from scabies, and on inquiry learned that owing to the shortage of beds, two had been placed side by side, and my man had slept between two other men, both of whom were suffering from that disease. " Four ounces of whiskey was the unit of coinage for the Island realm. 1 ' The rum-born riots described by Dr. Piffard, in another portion of his reminiscences and complained of in the report to the hospital, were at length put a stop to by discharging the penitentiary nurses and orderlies, and appointing in the stead a decent element, which was put on moderate wages. So great was the preponderance of syphilitic patients, that at this time it was seriously con- templated by the Commissioners to convert the institu- 73 tion into a hospital purely for the treatment of venereal diseases. During this year two pay wards for the treatment of syphilis were opened; this being the direct result of the clamorings of Kelly and Sanger, made almost twenty years before. The patients were charged $3.00 per week, and $475 was received from this source. In this year there were 578 deaths. Phthisis claimed 176, typhus, 167, typhoid 67. In March, 1866, the Commissioners took the supervi- sion of the hospital from the hands of the Medical Board of Bellevue and vested the authority in a separate Board, consisting of two consulting and twenty-two visiting phy- sicians and surgeons. At this time also the name ' 1 Island Hospital/ 9 was changed to " Charity Hospital/ ' the term " Island Hospital " having thus existed for but nine years. The discretionary power of the new Medical Board extended over the Smallpox and Fever hospitals, the Hospital for Incurables, Almshouse, Infant Department, Penitentiary and Workhouse. This Medical Board consisted of the following named gentle-* men: Consulting Physician. Benjamin W. McCready. Visiting Physicians. Isaac E. Taylor, Foster Swift, Austin Flint, Kobert Watts, Jr. W. H. Thompson, J. Lewis Smith, W. T. Nealis, H. S. Hewitt, C. A. Budd, W. E. Gillette, W. B. Eager, J. B. Done, Alfred L. Loomis. House Staff. Joseph O'Dwyer, H. H. Kimball, Bichard L. Sykes, William C. Gouinlock, 74 SOLARIUM FOR MALE PATIENTS. Dayton W. Searle, Lyman Ware, Charles A. Carle, D. D. W. Harrington, Peter A. Callan, Warren Schoonover, W. A. Hawes. During this year 6,598 patients were treated. Typhus and other fevers had been rampant in the city, and so many of the staff had contracted the disease in the course of their duties at the fever hospital, that it was deter- mined to abolish this branch of the service and install a salaried medical attendant. He was paid $600 a year. Dr. Gouinlock was appointed to fill this position. In December, 1866, one male and one female ward were set apart for the exclusive treatment of diseases of the eye, and Dr. H. D. Noyes was placed in charge of these wards. This (1866) was one of the cholera years, and the ravages at the hospital, and particularly at the Almshouse and Workhouse were so appalling that Dr. Frank H. Hamilton, Chairman of the Committee of Inspection of the Medical Board, ordered the construction and use of isolation hospitals. This served immediately to allay the ravages of the epidemic, and gave to the fourteen house physicians and surgeons an opportunity to make their faithful work of some avail. The egregious writer of this report naively remarks: ' 1 The superiority of the present organization of hospitals over the old system of paid physicians has been fairly demonstrated. Aside from the pecuniary economy of the present system, it secures the gratuitous services of the physicians and surgeons.' ' Not alone were these last named gentlemen the toys and tools of the politicians, but the aspirants for spoil actually had the mendacious audacity to claim that the hospital, which, under Sanger, had given to the world a classical treatise on the history of prostitution, was better administered under the new regime than it had been under that distinguished writer. The report is, however, 75 sufficiently just to concede credit to Dr. F. H. Hamilton for his work in stamping out the cholera epidemic. The Fever Hospital, which is often alluded to in these reports, consisted of a set of one-story wooden structures, which lay between the Smallpox Hospital and the south- ern wall of Charity Hospital. In these filthy pavilions 612 cases of typhus fever were treated during 1866. The report of Leroy M. Yale to Hamilton on the cholera epi- demic is one of the best publications ever produced in con- nection with the City Hospital. Throughout the whole series of reports bearing on the City Hospital may be seen the attitude of the layman as opposed to that of the physician toward patients affected with syphilis. The report of the Commissioners of Public Charities for 1867 states that: " It is to be deprecated that so noble a building, the most conspicuous object in the harbor of New York, should be regarded as the shelter of a scandalous disease. ' ' This divergence of opinion has been elsewhere noted. In 1867, a Hospital for Incurables was erected near the Almshouse. This was because of the crowded condition of Charity, due, largely, to the fact that many political " heelers 99 and all forms of " grafters " and confidence men were kept in the wards by order of their political backers. During this year the Commissioners contracted for a small steamer to convey those sick with infectious dis- eases to the Island. Before this they had been carried in an open boat, and with no other protection in winter than a blanket. Ice often made the passage, instead of a few minutes, from one to six hours. It will be interesting to all of the Alumni to know the precise origin of the term * ' extra diet. 9 9 This term was created by a special committee on diet of the Medical Board at Charity Hospital which met May 8, 1867. This committee consisted of W. B. Eager (Chairman), J. B. Done and H. D. Noyes. Up to this time much trouble had been experienced by failure of the steward to cook an ade- 76 quate supply of food, and in the report of this committee he is directed at all times to keep on hand the following, articles: Oatmeal, butter, coffee , white sugar, lemons, whiskey, ale, porter, wine, beefsteak, mutton chops, ham, tomatoes when in season, or canned. These are to be known as i 6 extra diet. ' ' A revised dietary table was also recommended in the report. On May 16, the Board of Commissioners ordered that the revised dietary table be put in immediate use at the hospital. On August 12, the Medical Board of the Charity Hospital accepted the charge of the Epileptic and Paralytic Hospital, which was assigned to them by the Board of Commissioners. As a result of this, the house staff was increased by two members. During this year also a gas lighting plant was installed, thus eliminating very grave danger of fire which had previously existed. The Medical Board was not backward in ordering grog. During the month of April, 1867, Watts prescribed 2,086 ounces; Loomis, 1,118; Sayre, 830; Stephen Smith, 442; Hamilton, 360; Mott, 152; O'Dwyer, 100. (Minutes of Commissioners. Pub. C. & C, May 16, 1867.) In the report of this year there is the following nota- tion: " The secretary desires especially to render his acknowledgments to Dr. Joseph O 'Dwyer for his valuable assistance in the preparation of the accompanying sta- tistics.' ' The energy which induced him to do this led subsequently to the development of his famous intubation tubes. On May 30, it was ordered that the Warden of the Pen- itentiary cause a guard boat to be in readiness at the lower end of the Island for the accommodation of physi- cians and surgeons, on their signal from foot of Fifty-first Street, from 7.30 a.m. to 6.30 p.m., dinner hour excepted. ' ' Special rules were passed by the Warden of the Peniten- tiary to prevent the smuggling of spirituous liquors over this ferry. In 1868, 984 spring beds were introduced. This was 77 partly with the object of giving comfort to the patients, but more particularly with the view to saving expense, as the springs necessitated the use of less straw. The Medical Board, in making a report to the Com- missioners of Correction, said that since the introduction of the new dietary table in the various institutions there had been a remarkable improvement. Scurvy, which had previously attacked many of the inmates of the Work- house and Almshouse, had been almost entirely stamped out. In 1869, the average expense of maintaining 7,020 patients was 33 cents per day, showing that the reforms inaugurated had in a short time begun to give way to corrupt influences. The report of the Warden is brief and insignificant. So corrupt was the administration that the Commis- sioners determined to appoint Dr. E. G. Janeway as Medi- cal Superintendent. They vested in him almost absolute authority over all administrative matters pertaining to the hospital, and gave to his office the name of ' 1 Chief-of- Staff. ' ' He worked from early morning till midnight with characteristic assiduity, and was the means of rectifying many of the evils which had given rise to complaint. In 1870, he was succeeded by Dr. H. G. Burlingham. The history of the corrupt conditions which led to the creation of the 1 i Chief-of-Staff ' 1 were briefly as follows : The expense per capita had almost reached the figures of the notoriously evil administration which existed under the wardenship of the penitentiary officials. The hospital was shockingly overcrowded by the well known " graft " system of retaining patients long after conva- lescence was completed in order to secure their services, both in the matter of doing chores and of voting. Moreover, there were legitimate reasons for the appoint- ment of such an officer. (1) The hospital was at such a distance from the homes of the visiting physicians and surgeons and the com- munication by water so entirely inadequate and slow that 78 it was very necessary to have a competent representa- tive of the Board at the hospital. (2) The staff had been guilty of many indiscretions previous to this time, and it was not to the best interests of the hospital or of the profession that these young men should have as full rope as they had heretofore enjoyed. (3) The business management of the hospital by the previous incumbent had been far from satisfactory, and the Medical Board believed that improvement could here be effected by having a physician of executive ability at the head of things. The new hospital was fully completed during this year. In October, 1871, Dr. Burlingham resigned the position of Chief-of-Staff, Dr. A. E. Macdonald being appointed to succeed him. On March 1st, 1871, Dr. Lusk's resigna- tion was accepted by the Medical Board of Charity Hos- pital. In 1872, the Medical Board complained in the following terms of the lack of an autopsy room: " Absence of a suitable dead house is a very serious defect in this hospital, which is capable of being made one of the finest in the world. 7 9 The report further states that two- conditions invariably obtain in Charity Hospital: " Either the wards are penetrated with bad odors or else they are freezing cold. ' ' From the 5th until the 16th of January, 1872, there was added distress owing to the insufficiency of the water supply. All the public institutions on the Island were obliged to depend for water upon the steamer " Minna- hanock," which was taken from her usual duties and utilized exclusively for the conveyance of water. The Island at that time consumed 100,000 gallons a day, while the i i Minnahanock ' ' could not possibly carry more than 45,000 gallons. Ultimately, the Island was supplied with Croton water, much difficulty being experienced in con- veying it, because of the freezing of the water in the pipes which passed through the briny river. For more than twenty years, however, the Island was supplied by 79 means of two gutta-percha pipes 2\ inches in diameter. These pipes were both torn up by a large brig which losing her steerage way, was obliged to anchor, and by a strange accident tore up the pipes. On April 1, 1872, an action of great historic interest was taken by the Medical Board. A woman, Mary J. Studley, was recommended to the Board by the Com- mittee on Examination as having passed third in the list of the six successful applicants for positions on the house staff. After some discussion of the matter, Dr. Watts offered the resolution that the committee be in- structed to express to the Board of Commissioners as the opinion of the Medical Board, that although Miss Studley had passed such an examination as to show her to be well qualified for employment on the house staff, the Medical Board deemed it inexpedient to appoint a female to such a position. On the following day Miss Studley wrote to the Commissioners of Charities and Correction demanding that the rules and regulations of the govern- ment of Charity Hospital be not violated by the passing over of her name. This was referred to the Medical Board for report, and this body may be quoted as saying that they did not announce their opposition to the appoint- ment of a properly qualified female physician to a place in the public hospitals, but that the character of Charity Hospital was such as to make the appointment of a female physician eminently unfitting. This report is signed by Noyes, Loomis and Chamberlain. One of the most acrimonious replies to a courteous and gentlemanly communication was returned by Miss Studley. Com- menting on the statement made by the Board that she would find actual inspection and contact with the organs of generation and their (venereal) diseases disagreeable, she says, " Would these doctors thereby represent to the Commissioners that separate cadavers are prepared for lady students, destitute of such organs and exempt from such diseases V 9 " Under the mask of courtesy, has not the Medical Board of Charity Hospital degraded my 80 Alma Mater and my diploma? I do now emphatically repeat my former application and protest. ' ' In August, 1872, the dermatological ward was estab- lished. In June, 1874, the Maternity Service was opened, and all the pregnancy cases from Bellevue Hospital were transferred to this institution, the service became a very important one. During this year their were 562 births, with a loss of nine mothers. The great preponderance of syphilitic cases in the institution at this time led to the suggestion by the Medi- cal Board that a separate hospital for the treatment of venereal diseases be erected. In this connection it may be suggested that the abroga- tion of the venereal wards in the City Hospital, as recently contemplated, is not in any sense in accord with the prece- dents of the institution. If it be true that from the present Almshouse a new, great municipal hospital is slowly being evolved just as the City Hospital and as Bellevue were brought into existence from pre-existing alms- houses, the supposition is probably correct that this ten- dency to discontinue the treatment of venereal cases is in line with such evolution. It is to be remembered that Bellevue took this step more than fifty years ago. It may be a wise course, but it should not be adopted until some adequate means are provided for the treatment of syph- ilitic patients. The day is undoubtedly not far distant when adequate measures will be taken for the isolation of syphilitics along lines similar to those adopted in tuberculous cases. Cases of gonorrheal infection, which, it is well known, claims, at least among women, an equal number of deaths with syphilis, should probably be received into such a haven. The position of Chief-of-Staff was evidently not a sine- cure, for in August, 1874, Macdonald resigned, and Dr. D. H. Kitchen, of Utica, was appointed to fill the vacancy. In December, 1874, an important step in advance was made in that an hourly service between Fifty-second 81 Street and the Island was esablished, a launch being secured in place of the row boat, which had been used up to that time. The records of this period are scanty and uninteresting. It was thought that a touch of human interest could be given to the otherwise very dry details by obtaining a history of the times from one of the Alumni who lived through them. We are exceedingly fortunate that Dr. D. Bryson Delavan was willing to take the time to furnish the following reminiscence: In and about 1874, Charity Hospital was a fair repre- sentative of the municipal hospitals of that date. It was, of course, then, as now, different from Bellevue, in that it did not receive as large a proportion of acute cases. There were, however, pavilions for infectious diseases, includ- ing typhoid and typhus fever, diphtheria and scarlet fever, erysipelas and septicaemia, also a pavilion for patients unfit for the wards in the hospital itself. The Smallpox Hospital occupied a building at the foot of the Island, now used for the Nurses' Pavilion. Be- tween this and Charity Hospital were the series of one- story wooden buildings, used for the various cases above referred to. The object of the cheap construction of these buildings was to enable them to be destroyed at frequent intervals, so that they should not harbor infection. Once having been erected, however, they were allowed indefin- itely to remain. The epidemic of smallpox which culminated in 1874 was one of the most interesting events in the history of Charity Hospital. From small beginnings, over a period of more than a year, the daily number of patients treated at the hospital advanced, until in 1874, a maximum of 225 a day was reached. Compulsory vaccination vigorously applied throughout the city resulted in the absolute and complete extermina- tion of the disease, until, in 1876, but one case of small- pox was recorded for the whole year, a wonderful vindi- cation of the value of enforced vaccination. 82 The service of Charity Hospital itself was large and varied. One of the best conducted services, ultimately, was the maternity, which occupied wards in the upper story of the Charity Hospital building. The confine- ments averaged about 50 a month. The nurses in this department were, of course, of the so-called untrained class, but several of them were women of sterling char- acter and of excellent experience and skill. The results in my time were remarkably good considering the lack of modern methods. Comparing the statistics of that time, however, with those of the present day, vast improvement is at once evident. To Dr. Henry J. Garrigues is due the credit of having introduced the modern system of anti- septic midwifery into Charity Hospital, and, indeed, into this country— a system which has reduced the mortality from an appalling to a nearly negative percentage. The history of the Charity maternity service is inter- esting. Prior to 1875 all such cases were received in the lying-in department of Belle vue. The mortality rate then was always high, but in 1875 puerperal fever assumed such activity, and the proportion of deaths from confine- ment and sepsis became so terrible that the service was broken up. The reasons for the epidemic are readily explained. The principles of Pasteur were unknown. Women in labor were in some instances attended by those who had come directly from septic cases. Necessarily, infection was spread. The whole service was transferred to Charity. The parturient women were distributed around the various female wards, and the waiting women placed in some unused wards in the upper part of the building. From this beginning the regular maternity service was estab- lished. It was quickly organized and placed upon a sat- isfactory basis. While the medical and surgical service offered a vast field for clinical and pathological study, the most inter- esting feature of the hospital was its special wards, which included the departments of ophthalmology, dermatology, 83 genito-urinary and venereal diseases, and a gynaecologi- cal department. The venereal service was the only one of its kind in the city, and offered one of the best oppor- tunities for study in the world. The laryngological ser- vice was established in 1876 by John H. Lowman, now of Cleveland, and by Dr. Delavan. It soon attained a position of such interest as to attract the attention of specialists, with the result that the late Dr. Louis Elsberg was appointed regular attendant. The hospital at this time was under the control of the Commissioners of Charity and Correction. The work of the Ladies' State Aid Association, however, had made itself felt, and through the influence of the noble women who gave their time and attention to the inter- ests of this particular hospital the old order of nursing was done away with and a regular training school for nurses was established in 1875. Of the evils of the old system no one of the present day can form the slightest conception. Helpers of every degree of unfitness and immorality had been employed to care for the sick. In Ward 2 of the medical service, for instance, the head nurse was a woman of the most ruffianly character. Patient after patient among the old incurable and help- less inmates of this ward died of starvation and abuse under her brutality, yet such was her influence with the Commissioners that no charges brought against her were sufficient to secure her dismissal. Many others, however, although uneducated in nursing, illiterate and even de- praved, did faithful service as far as their ability per- mitted. No nobler character ever existed than old John Colli- gan, head nurse in the fever pavilion— a man whose self forgetfulness and never ceasing kindness to those under his charge brought many a desperate case of typhoid fever to a favorable termination. Although an ignorant Irish peasant, he was by instinct a gentleman and a born nurse, with the tenderness of a woman and the motives of a saint. 84 ERYSIPELAS ANI> NERVOUS PAVILION. The religious interests of the hospital were presided over by two resident clergymen, Father Fetter, who rep- resented the Koman Catholic Church, and the Rev. Mr. Bourne, an Episcopalian. Both of these were simple- minded, devout men who attended strictly to the duties of their offices, never failing to respond to the calls made upon them and in a quiet way doing the truest missionary work. A. E. McDonald was Chief-of-Staff from 1871 up to 1874 when he resigned and the late Daniel H. Kitchen was ap- pointed in his place. Of the last named little can be said, and under his care the hospital made poor progress ex- cepting in the direction of cutting down expenses. The establishment of the training school for nurses was not in any measure due to his influence, but mainly to that of the late Mrs. Lydig Holt, Mrs. Lowell and a few other ladies of the State Aid Association. With the advent of the training school, the whole atmosphere of the hospital was transformed, and from that day until now it has made steady upward progress. The surgical record of Charity at this time was fully as good as that of other institutions of the kind. A visit to the surgical clinic of the hospital, however, would have revealed a condition of things which to-day would be incredible. What wonder when the conditions then generally prevailing are understood? Passing in the lee of any large hospital, the odors borne on the breeze gave evidence of the utter foulness of the build- ing and its contents. The " hospital odor," as it was called, was a mixture of stenches, predominant among which was that of stale pus. It was something which could be recognized hundreds of yards away from the institution. This was particularly true of Bellevue. In confirma- tion of this, one has only to study the statistics. Opera- tions which now are scarcely regarded of more than minor importance were at Bellevue commonly fatal even in the hands of the best surgeons, not because they were 85 not performed with a high degree of skill, but by reason of the almost certainty of septic infection. Matters at Charity were not nearly as bad. Neverthe- less, in one of the surgical clinics at Charity, I remem- ber a patient brought in for operation without the slight- est attempt at washing the parts in any way. The knives had been washed in soap and water and wiped upon a towel after the previous operation. The operator put on an old frock coat which he kept in the operating room for the purpose, and which he buttoned to his chin to protect his clothing from being spattered. It was en- crusted with the remains of several years of former operations. Its odor was that of the dissecting room. None of the assistants paid attention to washing their hands. Old sponges, unsterilized dressings and con- stantly infected wards were the rule. Such was the uncleanliness of some of the internes in the use of knives in the minor surgical work in the wards that the patients were frequently infected. In fact, antiseptic surgery had not been born, and until 1876— the year of its birth— what I may call the dark age of surgery prevailed. The above example is admittedly extreme. It is only fair to say that the surgery of Van Buren, Keyes, Yale, Howe and others was of the best order of excellence known to the time. Some of it was most brilliant, both in execution and result. The old operating room was well situated and not ill fitted for the purpose if it had been properly equipped. Twenty-five years ago it was converted into a chapel. The history of institutions devoted to the care of the poor and helpless has always been the same. They have been the object of rapine on the part of the covetous, and nothing but the strenuous efforts of those interested in the welfare of the inmates had ever secured for these people their just rights. In this particular, Charity Hos- pital was no exception. The food supplied both for the patients and for the medical staff was, generally speaking, inadequate and of poor quality. Even where " extra 86 diet " was furnished, it was not of a character to be very helpful to those needing it. Although some excep- tion might be taken to the above statement, it is in the main strictly true. The doctors' table was generally managed by the matron of the hospital — the lamented Mrs. Dunphy, a woman of large stature and vigorous character, representing the extreme type of her kind. The appointments of the table were of the simplest kind, and the food was generally cheap and poor. The prepara- tion of it depended upon the quality of cook secured for the doctors' mess, the incumbent being taken from the Workhouse, where every variety of choice was offered. Some of the best cooks were the most uncertain in their ways. The star in our time was one who had been sent up for three months and who proved herself to be a verit- able treasure. So greatly was her work appreciated that on the day of her discharge a purse was made up by the doctors and duly presented to her. She left on the nine o'clock boat after cooking the staff breakfast. Shortly after reaching the city she was drunk and disorderly, was taken to court, sentenced, sent to the Workhouse at 3 p.m., returned to Charity Hospital, and at half-past six served dinner for the staff, as she had done for the previous three months. The Commissioners sometimes took a greater interest in the affairs of the doctors' table than was apparent from the results of their efforts. The most approach- able of these worthies was the late Hon. Thomas H. Bren- nan, who, on the whole, was disposed to be friendly to the staff and not averse to occasionally furthering their interests. (The staff of '98 will recall that twenty-five years later the quality of the chicken was such as to produce indican in everybody's urine.) Other commissioners at that time were Isaac H. Bailey and Townsend Cox. Politics dominated the place and everything in it, excepting the appointments of the house staff, which 87 were made on competitive examination by the Medical Board, and confirmed by the recommendation of the com- missioners. The smallest official was apparently under tribute, and this system appeared to extend from the highest to the lowest. In 1874 came the downfall of the Tweed ring and the commitment of Tweed to the Peni- tentiary. This action on the- part of the courts created great excitement and indignation among Tweed 's friends and every effort was made to obtain his release. This proved ineffectual. It was arranged that he should not be placed in a cell, but occupy a room in company with a keeper. When this became known to the opposing newspapers, instant objection was made to such favorit- ism being shown to one who could pay for it, and the hue and cry became so great that Tweed, or the " old man," as he was generally called, was given the best place at the command of the warden, viz.— the position of orderly in the Penitentiary hospital. This again failed to please the political element, who at once set to work to try to extricate Tweed from his unpleasant position. Three criminals were bribed to allow themselves to be rubbed with Croton oil, and at the same time they were instructed carefully as to the symptoms of smallpox, and at once the fact was published in the New York journals that three virulent cases of smallpox had broken out in the Penitentiary hospital and that the ex-statesman was exposed to imminent danger of infection. Tweed was at once placed in comfortable quarters in the house of the warden, and the three ruffians were sent under a strong guard to the half-way house, as it was called. There, on being questioned, the men complained loudly of fearful pains in the back, raging headaches and great prostra- tion. Strange to say, however, in each case the pulse and temperature were normal, and when a good dinner was set before them, they gave indisputable evidence of perfect health. After three days' detention, and just as the smallpox authorities 1 had concluded to send them back to the Penitentiary, during a quiet moment when 88 the attention of their guards was diverted, they all three quietly slipped into the East River, swam to Ravenswood and disappeared. At the time of which we are writing, a term of service at the hospital consisted of eighteen months, six months each in the positions of junior assistant, senior assistant, and house: The junior assistants lived out of the hos- pital and were obliged to be on duty from 9 o 'clock until 5. The steam launch was then unknown, and the passage from the foot of East 52d Street to the Charity Hospital dock was made in a long boat rowed by seven men and steered by a cockswain. Promptly at 9 o'clock every morning this boat left the landing. The passage across the river was easy or difficult in accordance with the time of the tide. At slackf water, it was a short trip, but at half tide, when the current run with greater swiftness, the time required for crossing was considerable, naviga- tion being sometimes very difficult. It was attended with considerable danger when steamboats of the larger type happened to be passing, and some narrow escapes and very serious accidents have been recorded. The most exciting incident of our time occurred in the winter of 1874 or 5, when, late in January, after a continued spell of severely cold weather, the ice became so firm that one day many crossed upon it from shore to shore. Later the river became filled with broken ice which passed up and down with the tide, rendering navigation almost impos- sible. On a certain morning, a strong ebb tide was run- ning down the river, and, the temperature being several degrees below zero, the boat started to attempt the pas- sage, having on board the usual number of rowers, the cockswain, the members of the staff, two or three atten- dants and a lady who went to the Island every day for the purpose of furnishing music for the chapel services at the Almshouse. When but a few yards away from the landing, the whole width of the river being completely packed with a thick mass of drift ice, with not a particle of clear water in sight, a strong current was suddenly encoun- 89 tered which carried the boat and the ice which held it rapidly down the river. Efforts to extricate the boat and to get it back to shore were useless. It soon became clear that the only possible way of reaching land was to run down stream with the tide, until it slackened, and then, when the ice should become separated, to make the best landing possible. The wind was blowing a blizzard. We were not expecting such an event, and most of those in the boat were not clad to withstand the low tempera- ture. The boat itself was old and weak, and little force would have been required to break it to pieces. Fortu- nately for us, the tide slackened when we were some- where in the neighborhood of 23d Street, and by hard work we managed to get back to the Island by half-past eleven o'clock. There we found the whole establishment in an uproar of excitement, the greatest apprehension having been felt for our safety. As it was, most of the rowers were more or less frost bitten and several of the occupants of the boat suffered more or less. With all the undesirable and saddening features of the place, there was much about old Charity Hospital which was bright and cheering. At every holiday season, sometime between Christmas and New Year, a dance was given to the employees and helpers, all of whom, with few exceptions, came from the Workhouse. This dance was the event of the year and in its way was unique. Light refreshments were provided, including a small amount of not very dangerous punch, and one or two fiddlers were employed to furnish music. The company generally divided itself into two sides, and the crowning performance of the evening was the prize dance between two representatives of the rival camps. There was one old woman who figured about the place for years who held the championship in the Irish jig. A proper dancing board would be provided, and this woman, with the best one of the men dancers, would start a " breakdown." When one member of the couple became tired, another one would be put forward, but the old woman could out- 90 dance them all, and her remarks to the vanquished gar- cons were worth traveling many a mile to hear. Her endurance was phenomenal, as every champion lad found to his cost, for, despite all the cheers and jeers of the company, no one seemed to have the strength to keep up with her tremendous efforts. The scientific work of the attending staff was of greatly varied character. Some of the most brilliant men of the day were making their reputations in the same wards which were being by others misused or neglected. On the whole, the character of the work done was excel- lent, and, considering the means at hand and the wretched physical condition of a large proportion of the patients, a vast amount of good was accomplished. In the treat- ment of pneumonia, for instance, better results were ob- tained than commonly prevail to-day, although a great many of the severe cases were alcoholic subjects in every way unsuited to withstand it. One of these pneu- monia cases is worthy of mention. An Irishman suffer- ing with delirium tremens was placed in Ward 2, where he quickly developed double pneumonia of the severest type. It will be remembered that Ward 2 was on a level with the ground, and that it was lighted by windows, the sills of which were some five feet or more above the floor. Outside was a brick pavement. The patient had a phenomenally high temperature, and had been very delirious. During the night, his delirium apparently sub- sided, and the night nurse, turning his attention for a few moments in another direction, was surprised to see the man spring suddenly from bed and with a wild yell run the length of the ward at full speed, leap headforemost through the window, carrying glass, sash and all with him. The attendant gave an alarm, and searching parties were at once sent out to find the man. A wild February storm of wind and rain was raging outside. It was one of the worst nights on record. For four hours the man was missing and at daylight was found crouching stark naked among the rocks at the foot of the Island. He was 91 immediately brought to the hospital and put to bed, and on taking his temperature it was found that it had fallen several degrees from the last record. He went to sleep, woke up with a clear mind and went on to a speedy, uneventful and perfect recovery. ' 9 Charity Hospital thus accidentally became the birth- place of hydrotherapy in the treatment of acute infec- tious diseases. In June, 1875, the male epileptics were transferred from the northern extremity of the Island to Charity Hospital. The time of service of the house staff was also changed during this year from 18 to 12 months. This, however, proved an unsatisfactory arrangement, and in April, 1877, the length of the term of service was again made 18 months. On the 20th of January, 1875, by an act of the Legislature, the charge of the Smallpox Hos- pital passed into the hands of the Health Department. The nurses were at once discharged, and the care of the sick was intrusted to the Sisters of Charity. The system of nursing at Charity had long been recog- nized as utterly inadequate and vicious, and a school for the training of nurses was established in connection with the hospital. Upon the suggestion of Mayor Wickham, a circular was issued giving information concerning the require- ments of admission and describing the course of instruc- tion offered. On the first day of October, 1875, the school was opened with twenty pupils. On the first of the year the number increased to forty-five, this being as many as could be received. A matter of great difficulty was experienced at this point in that no suitable accommodations were at hand for the nurses. There was no ' i Nurses 1 Home. ' 9 In order to accommodate the pupils the rooms adjoining the wards were refurnished, and a pavilion was divided into rooms and made reasonably comfortable for sleeping apart- ments. A separate dining-room was prepared and the 92 NEW YORK MATERNITY HOSPITAL. room which had been used as the hospital library and reading-room was made into a nurses ' parlor. When this training school was inaugurated, there were but three in this country, namely — one at Hartford, Conn., one in Boston and the two-year-old Bellevue School. The school was entirely under the direction of the Chief-of-Staff of the Hospital. That his authority was indisputable may be gathered from this excerpt from the " Duties of Nurses.' ' " Never play at any game with one another nor with patients except by the Chief- of-Staff 's direction. Nurses must never leave the hos- pital without permission from the Chief-of-Staff. ' 9 In January, 1875, Thomas Brennan, once clerk of the Penitentiary Hospital, until this time Warden of Bellevue, was made Commissioner of Charities and Correction. All these years smallpox patients had been treated in a building at the southern extremity of the island. Dur- ing this year this building passed under the control of the Board of Health. In 1876, the obstetrical department of the Hospital, which had been in operation since June, 1874, was re- ported to the Chief-of-Staff as having cared for 586 births; 20 mothers had died and 117 children, 51 of these being still-born. The chief complains in this report that hospitalism, combined with the evil effects of con- fining women in an institution containing surgical, ven- ereal and many other kinds of cases, maintains this very high mortality rate, and he expresses the hope that ere long a maternity hospital of suitable construction shall be built. The year 1876 saw the division into two wards of the dermatological cases, which service has ever since been a most important one in the history of the hospital. In 77 a branch hospital was opened on Randall's Island, and this aided materially in relieving the conges- tion at Charity Hospital; 77 saw also the establishment of a separate gynaecological ward. During all this period there were six wards, each con- 93 taining twenty beds, devoted exclusively to the treatment of venereal disease. Little wonder that beginning with Sanger's monumental work on the i ' History of Prostitu- tion/ ' followed by the indefatigable labors of Buinsted, Otis, Keyes and other eminent American syphilographers, this hospital has obtained a world-wide reputation for its genito-urinary clinics. During this year an effort was made to render the quarters of the house staff more suitable for gentlemen to live in, and the report of the chief-of-staff contains a record of work done in this direction. It is not inap- propriate to state that those of us who remember the dis- gusting conditions under which the house staff had, until very recent years, been obliged to live, will rejoice at the good news that the Commissioners are contemplating the erection of a building near the hospital which shall be devoted expressly to the staff. So notorious had the room become in which the juniors were confined that not long ago the " Medical News " published a humorous editorial calling the attention of the public to the fact that these young officers were housed in what was fa- miliarly known as the " Bull-pit." Whereas to-day it is not uncommon when both oper- ating rooms are in active service for seven or eight cap- ital operations to be done in a single day, it is interesting to find in the report of this year (1877) the statement that ' ' two capital operations have been performed during the year with fair results. ' ' It was at this time expected that they should have an unhappy termination, as is evinced by the statement that " very little erysipelas developed in the wards, and there have been no cases of hospital gangrene. ,, By this time the efficiency of the new training school for nurses was already thoroughly appreciated, and a volumi- nous record of the improvement due to the introduction of this new system is presented in the annual report. The experiment had been tried here as at Bellevue of keeping a lying-in service in the wards of the general 94 hospital, and the results were a sad and terrible lesson. The parturient women were decimated by the process of spreading them about the wards in Bellevue, and the same thing occurred at Charity. The consulting physicians of the hospital were Fordyce Barker and Isaac E. Taylor, while the visiting were Walter R. Gillette, M. A. Pallen, William T. Lusk and Theodore G. Thomas. Dr. Estabrook was appointed chief-of-staff. An interesting side light on the management of the training school for nurses is found in the report of the Commissioners for 1878. It appears that a committee consisting of Mrs. Lowell and E. C. Donnelly of the State Board of Charities visited the school without doing the commissioners the courtesy of announcing their desire so to do, and as a result of this visit, they sent a letter to the Commissioners requesting that the school be given over to the management of the State Board of Charities. Its executive head up to this time had been the able chief-of-staff of the hospital, Dr. Estabrook, and the committee of investigation, so called, were unable to find anything to criticise in its management. Upon what ground they desired to have it taken out of the hands of the chief-of-staff, it is hard to understand. The reply of the Commissioners to this communication is a classic. During this year there were 255 confinements with a loss of seven mothers, two of whom, however, were suffer- ing from constitutional diseases, while two others died as a result of operative intervention, so that but three actually died from childbirth. In 1880, the telephone was introduced, all the islands being connected with the central office. During 1881, the Charities Commissioners cooperated with the Health Department to obtain the necessary legis- lation to erect a hospital building on North Brother's Island for contagious diseases. During all this time, it must be remembered, the nurses of the school were living in the hospital in a very much overcrowded condition. 95 Twenty-five per cent, of the deaths occurring at the hospital during this year were due to phthisis. During this time a very great deal of activity was manifested by the ophthalmological department, an immense amount of work having been done on the eye. The number of births was 423. Puerperal fever killed six women. In 1876 it killed thirty-four women. Dr. Garrigues succeeded Dr. Lusk in this year. Dr. Richard Kalish, Matthew D. Field, J. D. Bryant and W. S. Halsted were appointed members of the Medical Board. The Charity Hospital training school, which it will be remembered was established in 1875, two years after that of Bellevue, continues to offer a course which is prob- ably unequaled by any in the country. Dr. L. L. Seaman became Chief-of-Staff, and it was at his suggestion that the smallpox hospital was ultimately made a home for the nurses' training school. The report of this year by Dr. Seaman is of a most interesting and exhaustive nature. The Health Department for some reason were very loath to leave the ' ' Eiverside Hospital, ' ' by which name the smallpox hospital at the southern extremity of the Island was known, and in May, 1885, they were requested by the Commissioners of Charities and Correction to vacate the building, which they did the following Novem- ber. This finally ridded the Island of contact with con- tagious diseases. In 1886, after a thorough fumigation and extensive repairs, it was converted into the present nurses' home. During this year also the office of Chief-of-Staff was abol- ished, the government of Charity Hospital being made to conform to that of Bellevue, the administration being under the Medical Board and a warden. The nurses' training school took possession of its new quarters on the 29th of September, 1886. Robert Roberts, who was the first warden of the institution, suggested that " a tent similar to that now in use at Bellevue Hospital be pitched on the grounds for severe surgical operations." 96 At the suggestion of Dr. Jaines F. Ferguson, a training school for male nurses was established at Charity Hos- pital, and the school was opened in 1887. The experiment, however, of utilizing male nurses did not prove at all satisfactory, for although some very able men took the training at this institution, it was early demonstrated that no man, whatever his characteristics, could equal a woman in the wards. After about ten years of trial, the male training school has been abolished. Its abolition would have come many years before had it not been for the very unusual disciplinary and executive and nursing ability of its universally esteemed superintendent, Miss Amanda Silver. In 1888, the Maternity building which stands to-day as a model, which though old has yet to be improved upon, was put in course of construction. Too much credit cannot be given to Dr. Henry J. Gar- rigues for the skill which he displayed in creating the revolutionary plans embodied in this hospital, and the community, as well as the Department of Charities, will always be in his debt for this labor of love. The institu- tion cost $19,226.95. Garrigues' plan of using three wards alternately, fumigating one while the other two were occu- pied, is continued to this day. The City Hospital has ceased very largely to play the distinctive genito-urinary roll that it did in previous years, and, as before intimated, it seems very probable, if we take our cue from the history of Bellevue, which arose and developed along precisely similar lines, that instead of the genito-urinary service overshadowing the other departments, as it possibly has in the past, due to the immense number of these cases admitted, it will in future assume the relative place accorded to it in other general hospitals. Several permanent male nurses have been retained for duty in the male genito-urinary wards, but with this ex- ception the entire hospital is under the care of the female nurses. 97 The older Alumni, who have not had the pleasure of visiting the Hospital for a number of years, cannot pic- ture what marvelous strides have been made in the mod- ernization of the institution. This development has not taken place without errors being made and reverses and disappointments being experienced, but in the last ten years the progress has been such that it is no exaggera- tion to say that old friends would hardly recognize it in its new and more dignified life. It must be remembered that three forces have been actively at work in effecting this improved condition of affairs. First the Commissioner of Charities, and no ref- erence can be made to the gentleman holding this office without synchronously including his able executive, the Secretary of the Department, Mr. McKee Borden. There can be not the slightest doubt that all the recent Commissioners have had the very best interest of the institution at heart, and in its new life and vigor it stands a monument to their successful endeavors. Of late years particularly the Commissioner has wisely given to the Medical Board a very free hand in the administration of the purely medical affairs of the hospital. This attitude has in great part been responsible for the general im- provement. The Medical Board is to be congratulated on its ad- ministration of the medical matters of the hospital. While through the activity of the Department new build- ings of all kinds have been erected and lighting methods installed, modern heating, metal ceilings, polished hard- wood floors, open plumbing throughout, gravity centri- petal fire escapes and a multitude of other practical im- provements made, the scientific development of the hos- pital's interests have not been neglected. A vigorous and just Committee of Inspection of the Medical Board has so successfully labored against that evil apathy which any fair-minded graduate must admit infected every nook and corner of the hospital, that the esprit de corps of the entire service is absolutely different 98 GERRY SOLARIUM FOR FEMALE PATIENTS. from what it was ten or even eight years ago. The keep- ing of histories, for example, before these reforms were introduced was typically a farcical absurdity. Members of the visiting staff who wished to utilize the immense amount of material in their wards for scientific purposes were too frequently obliged to take the histories them- selves. To-day this is changed. Adequate histories are now taken throughout the hospital, and are finally placed on file in the History Room, where they are at all times immediately accessible. The activity of the Medical Board has not, however, by any means been centered solely upon these interests, great and successful efforts having been made to secure all the most modern means and methods of treatment. The Alumnus, who remembers conditions as they were in the old days, when, as tradition goes, he boiled his instruments in a tomato can and operated in a dirty ward, will be astounded and delighted to learn that there are now two thoroughly equipped operating rooms, a steriliz- ing room, a complete hydrotherapeutic plant and a per- fectly appointed X-ray apparatus at the disposal of such patients as may need them. These improvements are the result of persistent efforts on the part of the Medical Board and the House Staff. Without an able nursing corps, however, that board would confessedly have been unable to so successfully carry on its good work. To Miss Mary S. Gilmore and her no less able associate, Miss Theodora LeFevre, whose pride it has been to de- velop the hospital as well as the training school, too much credit cannot be given for much invaluable aid. If the Medical Board has striven successfully to intro- duce at the Island instruments and apparatus for the suitable development of operating rooms, the nurses have contributed an equal share in the success of these rooms in the conscientious and skillful manner in which the apparatus once installed has been cared for and utilized. It is no exaggeration to say that the northern or general 99 surgical operating room, and the southern or gynaecologi- cal operating room and their recovery wards— each super- vised by its specially trained permanent operating nurse and her corps of assistants— affords a plant of unsur- passed efficiency. There are many operating rooms where more polished tiles and expensive marbles are to be seen, but there are none possessing greater practical utility, more absolute and constant asepsis nor greater capacity for doing work than those of the City Hospital. Many of the Alumni will from time to time be called upon to advise young men as to the desirability of taking the course at this institution. The proof of the pudding is in the eating, and the basis for the statement that this hospital affords the best general training for a physician is the fact that the number of applicants for the twelve appointments which are made each year has jumped at such bounds as to have more than doubled in the past six years. At the most recent examination held this spring over ninety men from every section of the country entered into competition for the twelve places. Over eighty of these men qualified at the written examination, and the Examining Board found it a matter of extreme difficulty at the subsequent oral and practical examina- tions to choose from this great number the twelve who could properly be considered as best qualified to fill the positions. The examinations are held yearly, in April or May. The term of service is now eighteen months, and there are eighteen men on the staff. They serve consecutively six months as Junior Assistant, six months as Senior As- sistant and six months as House. During this time they rotate every two months on the different divisions. These consist of a Surgical, a First and Second Medical, a Gynae- cological and Obstetrical, a Genito-urinary and an 6 t Eye, Skin and Nervous " division. In addition to these, a Pathological Interne is appointed yearly, who acts as first assistant to the Eesident Pathologist. By action of the Medical Board evidence of advanced preliminary edu- 100 STRECKER MEMORIAL LABORATORY. HttCHM cation counts a certain number of points in favor of appli- cants for position on the staff, and the great majority of the internes, as a consequence, are now college-bred men. The chief advantage accruing to the hospitals from this is not that they are better men, but that they are older, maturer, with the habits of thought and work more defin- itely established than those of their equally able but less mature high school graduate competitors. It may readily be seen that the future usefulness of this, great hospital depends largely upon the character of the young men whom it is able to attract to its service. Men who are so mature as to have— as since 1900 the staff has had— a well organized " Hospital Clinical Society " gov- erned entirely by themselves, are destined to play im- portant roles in the development of the hospital, both during their period of service and after it. One of the chief reasons why this hospital is so popular is that it has connected with it the widely-known City Maternity Hospital. A great many men are drawn to the general hospital service because of its union with this important maternity institution. As has already been said, there is no more perfect building for the carrying on of maternity work than that which was devised by Garrigues. Eecent years have been marked by the build- ing of magnificent private institutions, whose mass of polished metal and marble conveys the idea, offhand, and particuarly to the laity, that they are more suitable for maternity work than, for example, the simple hospital of Garrigues. In consequence, the number of confinements at the City Maternity Hospital has materially decreased. Paupers are as much attracted by gleam and glamour as other people, and it is natural that they prefer a private institution to a public one. No objection could be made to such an arrangement if the benevolent men and women who found these institutions would give sufficient money for their maintenance. This, however, is not the case, and the gratification of an idle whim of the pauper not to bear her baby on the " Island " costs the city many 101 thousands of dollars annually. Not a man among the Alumni would believe that it could cost anything like $18.00 per capita to confine cases on the Island, where they are given every known comfort and care, yet this is what is paid to private institutions by the city for the treatment of such cases. Both the saving of public funds and the protection of the hospital service so that the highest class of medical graduates will continue to be attracted to it demand not only that the City Maternity Hospital should not be abol- ished, but that every effort should be made to maintain the integrity and activity of its service. The Alumni of the hospital take this occasion for expressing to the Com- missioner of Charities their firm conviction that the best interests of the hospital demand his most active protec- tion of the maternity service. They further express their gratitude for the steps which, they have been given to understand, he has already taken to insure it. The photographs of the Blackwell's Island bridge show more graphically than words can tell what a vast field of usefulness will shortly be opened up to this historic institution. Whereas, in the past it has given help to thousands of subacute and chronic sufferers, this number will be vastly augmented by the addition of a flood of acute cases. An electric ambulance will be in readiness to be called at a moment's notice into that teeming sec- tion of the city bounded on the west by Lexington Avenue, on the north by 80th Street and on the south by 42d Street. For this territory, where a hundred thousand people live, there exists at present no adequate hospital accommoda- tion. Nor should the east side of the bridge be forgotten. Infantile as yet in its relation to the western terminus in point of population, it will within an incredibly short time soon equal it. The cut of the elevation of the western pier shows the manner by which the patients will be car- ried up and down from the bridge to the Island. What more ideal place could be imagined for the relief of human 102 suffering— particularly acute human suffering— than the Island? Surrounded by water on all sides, the tem- perature in the hospital building is at least ten degrees lower during the heat of summer than is usual on the Manhattan side. % In expectation of this coming evolution and develop- ment the far-seeing officials of the Charities Department have in a quiet but efficient way been preparing for it. Among other important buildings there will soon be added a suitable Eeception Hospital to take the place of the ancient wooden structure now in use. This building is rapidly approaching completion. Such buildings as the Gerry Memorial Solarium, erected in 1893, will do much to temper the antagonistic spirit of the ignorant populace against being sent " up to the Island.' ' The abrogation of this feeling, which is the natural outcome of the sufferings inflicted on the poor by an unwise management of the hospital in former times, would be made complete if it were possible to banish every prisoner* from the Island and to add the penitentiary building to the overcrowded Department of Charities. The first important step in this move has been taken in separating the Department of Charities from that of Correction. It is to be hoped that this most beautiful Island will at no distant date be given over entirely to the two purposes for which it is so admirably fitted— the treatment of the sick and the prevention of sickness by utilizing a portion of it as a public park. Criminals have no right to be upon it. The Gerry Solarium is a one-story structure surrounded by broad, commodious piazzas which in winter are pro- tected with glass. Through generous skylights the sun pours down upon numbers of female convalescents, for these are the patients for whose special benefit the Solarium was erected. Its bright cheerfulness is in striking contrast to the necessarily strict simplicity of the wards. The songs of numerous canary birds fill the air, and the pol- 103 ished floors are bright with a diversity of rugs. It would do an old Alumnus good to see the place. The men have not been entirely neglected. Although no private funds have been forthcoming for the erection of their solarium, the Department has found it possible to build for them a less elegant but, nevertheless, efficient structure in which, on stretchers and in reclining chairs and couches, the sick males are nursed back to life. Another most important addition has been recently made to the hospital. It is the Strecker Memorial Labor- atory. This building, erected in 1892 by Miss Strecker in memory of her father, is an illustration of what lasting good an intelligent woman can do when she wishes to per- petuate the memory of a dear one. The Laboratory is located on the east side of the Island immediately south of the hospital. A competent pathologist has been installed, and by action of the Medical Board a pathological interne with a service of one year has been added to the staff. The Laboratory is particularly well planned for the carrying on of scientific work. The lower floor is divided into three commodious rooms, two on either side being de- voted to the use of the general staff for the routine exam- ination of urine, sputum, stomach contents and other work. The rear chamber comprises an autopsy room and dead-house, than which there is none better in the city of New York. In view of the necessarily large amount of pathological material at such an institution, the im- portance of this laboratory for the study of post-mortem conditions cannot be overestimated. Upstairs is located the entire outfit for the imbedding and staining and cut- ting of all forms of sections and a complete set of incuba- tors and other apparatus for bacteriological work is at the disposal of the pathologist. A review of the history of this institution shows that it has passed through two antithetic periods. , Each is the complement of the other. 104 STAFF ROSTER. In the light of old days and old scenes the Hospital and its adminstration shows to-day to better advantage than if their history had not been dwelt npon. There can be no doubt that the new hope and the new cheer so evident everywhere are warming the very stone walls of the old grey Hospital itself and that our Alma Mater is now entering upon a field of scientific and philanthropic use- fulness, the breadth of which can scarcely be estimated. 105 CITY HOSPITAL, BLACK WELL'S ISLAND, N. Y. DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC CHARITIES. Commissioner. James H. Tully. Acting Superintendent. James D. Lamb. Clerk. Albert Conkling. Chief Engineer. James McVey. Chaplains. Reverend J. M. Girand. Reverend W. H. Weeks. Apothecary. Edward Burke. Matron. Ada R. Berry. Stenographer. Anna Reddington. 106 MEDICAL BOARD. 1904. President, Richard Kalish, M.D Vice-President, C. N. B. Camac, M.D. Secretary, Joseph B. Cooke, M.D. COMMITTEES. Inspection. Charles E. Quimby, M.D. Eugene Fuller, M.D. Henry S. Stearns, M.D. Alfred M. Strouse, M.D. Examination. C. N. B. Camac, M.D. Edward M. Foote, M.D. J. Eiddle Goffe, M.D. Theodore C. Janeway, M.D. STAFF. Consulting Physicians. Constantine J. McGuire, M.D. John J. Reid, M.D. Beverly Robinson, M.D. Consulting Surgeon. William K. Otis, M.D. Consulting Dermatologist. Henry G. Piffard, M.D. Consulting Ophthalmologist. Joseph A. Andrews, M.D. 107 Visiting Physicians. C. N. B. Camac, M.D. Theodore C. Janeway, M.D Joseph Collins, M.D. Nathaniel B. Potter, M.D. Evan Evans, M.D. Charles E. Quimby, M.D. Christian A. Herter, M.D. Charles C. Ransom, M.D. Visiting Surgeons. George E. Brewer, M.D. Edward M. Foote, M.D. Robert H. M. Dawbarn, M.D. Frederick H. Wiggin, M.D. Assistant Visiting Surgeon Howard D. Collins, M.D. Visiting Gynaecologists. Albert H. Ely, M.D. Ramon Guiteras, M.D. J. Riddle Goffe, M.D. Henry S. Stearns, M.D. Assistant Visiting Gynaecologist. Charles G. Child, Jr., M.D. Visiting Genito-Urinary Surgeons. Eugene Fuller, M.D. Robert H. Greene, M.D. Charles L. Gibson, M.D Prince A. Morrow, M.D. Assistant Visiting Genito-Urinary Surgeon Martin J. Echeverria, M.D. Visiting Ophthalmologists. W. Whitehead Gilfillan, M.D. Edward. S. Peck, M.D. Richard Kalish, M.D. Alfred N. Strouse, M.D. Visiting Dermatologists. Edward B. Bronson, M.D. John A. Fordyce, M.D. Follen Cabot, M.D. William S. Gottheil, M.D. 108 Assistant Visiting Dermatologist. Jerome Kingsbury, M.D. Visiting Neurologists. Graeme M. Hammond, M.D. Smith E. Jelliffe, M.D. James E. Hunt, M.D. William B. Pritchard, M.D. MATERNITY HOSPITAL. Consulting Surgeons. J. Clifton Edgar, M.D. Henry J. Garrigues, M.D. Visiting Surgeons. Joseph B. Cooke, M.D. Simon Marx, M.D. Franklin A. Dorman, M.D. Leonard S. Eau, M.D. Assistant Visiting Surgeons. Gustav G. Fischlowitz, M.D. William E. Stone, M.D. Visiting Laryngologist. Francis J. Quinlan, M.D. Assistant Visiting Laryngologist. Daniel S. Dougherty, M.D. Resident Pathologist. Horst Oertel, M.D. Anaesthetist. James T. Gwathmey, M.D. Visiting Dental Surgeons. William C. Deane. William Carr. 109 House Physicians and Surgeons. C. L. Boyd, M.D. W. C. Garvin, M.D. C. W. Chapin, M.D. L. W. Pollock, M.D. R. Ferguson, M.D. D. Symers, M.D. Senior Assistants. L. H. Finch, M.D. S. L. Higgins, M.D. C. Z. Garside, M.D. R. E. Pick, M.D. A. H. Garvin, M.D. J. L. Pomery, M.D. Junior Assistants. E. P. Bradley, M.D. A. Lynch, M.D. J. B. Dinnan, M.D. H. C. Becker, M.D. T. E. Lilly, M.D. I. B. Talmage, M.D. Pathological Interne. B. C. Crowell, M.D.C.M. no VISITING PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. Alphabetically Arranged. f In 1895, by action of the Commissioner of Charities, the Medical Board of City Hospital was abolished. Resigned or Died. . W. T. Alexander 1885 . C. W. Allen t . T. H. Allen 1896 Appointed Consulting, 1896 . J. A. Andrews 1898 Appointed Consulting, 1901 . G. C. Arnold t . L. B. Bangs 1895 Appointed Consulting, 1895 . G. E. Brewer . G. L. Broadhead 1899 . E. B. Bronson . J. D. Bryant 1882 . C. A. Budd . C. H. Bull (?) . C. S. Bull 1879 . F. J. Bumstead 1871 Appointed Consulting, 1879 . P. S. Burchard (?) . F. A. Burrall 1868 . F. Cabot . . P. A. Callan 1881 . C. N. B. Camac . C. G. Campbell 1899 111 Appointed. Resigned rr or Died. 1867 . . . W. H. Carmalt 1871 1871 . . . Wm. M. Chamberlain 1885 Appointed Consulting, 1885 . . d. 1887 1874 . . . C. Cleveland 1881 1885 . . . H. C. Coe f 1895 . . . W. Coleman 1899 1895 . . . J.Collins 1895 . . . J. E. Conway d. 1899 1901 . . . J. B. Cooke 1877 . . . D. M. Corey 1879 1891 . . . J.B.Cosby f 1898 . . . E. H. M. Dawbarn 1883 . . . G. A. Dixon 1889 1866 . . . J. B. Done 1868 1903 . . . F. A. Dorman 1875 . . . F. E. S. Drake 1882 1895 . . . W. K. Draper 1901 1866 . . . W.B.Eagen 1874 1869 . . . G. Echeverria 1871 1866 . . . M. G. Echeverria 1866 (?) . . . J. C. Edgar 1903 Appointed Consulting, 1904. 1883 . . . C. Edson 1885 1866 . . . G.T.Elliot 1866 1876 . . . L. Ellsburg d. 1885 1895 ... A. H. Ely 1878 ... E. S. Ely 1883 1870 . . . H. C. Eno 1874 1895 . . . J.F.Erdman t 1902 . . . E.Evans 1872 . . . J. F. Ferguson 1892 1881 ...... M. D. Field 1884 1895 . . . E.D.Fisher 1904 (?) ... A. Fitch 1899 1866 ... A. Flint 1870 Appointed Consulting, 1870 . . d. 1886 112 Appointed. Resigned or Died. 1896 . . . A. Flint, Jr , , 1899 1 QQQ loot? i on a Appointed Consulting, 1889. 1 QQQ low • . 1 Q09 J -l QOO loyo (?) . . P! T, ^ih«rm 1 QQQ ioyy 1 Q££ tjvt t? r^n^+i- Appointed Consulting, 1881. 1 QQ1 1 QQ£ 1 Q77 lo/ ( A 1 QQ1 1 QQ1 iyui ITT Q r TT ri v/ . nT1 1 QQQ looy 1 QQ1 loyz 1 QQ1 lool 1 QQQ 1 Q££ lODD TP TT TTo-rv^il + i-k-n 1 Q71 1 QQQ loyy 1 QQQ loyo T T> TToTT/^AM 1 QQQ ±OCf'± . . 1 Q££ lODD TT T TT^-rrr^+4- A 1 Q7Q Q. loi o 1 Q71 lo/l T TST IJattta 1 QQQ xxppomteQ L^onbuiiing, 1000 • . (1. 10i7W T ~R TTnni 1 Q£Q lOOo 1 Q£Q 1868 . . 1871 1Q09 (?) . . 1889 . . Appointed Consulting, 1893. 1892 1901 . . . S. E. Jelliffe 113 Appointed. Resigned r or Died. 1881 . . . E. Kalish 1888 . . . J. E. Kelly 1899 1870 . . . E. L.Keyes 1876 Appointed Consulting, 1877. 1873 . . . H. Knapp 1874 1868 ... C. C. Lee 1880 Appointed Consulting, 1880. 1894 . . . E. LeFevre (?) 1885 . . . J. B. Linehan d. 1890 1866 . . . A. L. Loomis 1874 1895 . . . G. E. Lockwood 1899 1870 . . . W. T.Lusk 1871 1884 . . . C. McGuire f Appointed Consulting, 1896. (?) . . . D. H. MeAlpin 1902 1866 . . . B. W. McCready 1866 Appointed Consulting, 1866. 1866 . . . E. Mason 1874 1897 . . . S. Marx (?) ... E.A.Maxwell 1886 Appointed Consulting, 1886. 1884 ... P. A. Morrow 1866 . . . A. B. Mott 1870 1880 . . . P. F. Munde 1884 1880 . . . E. A. Murray t (?) . . . W. T. Nealis 1867 1902 . . . V. H. Norrie 1902 1882 . . . H. S. Norris 1894 1866 . . . H. D. Noyes 1873 1875 . . . F.N.Otis 1888 Appointed Consulting, 1888. 1893 ... W. K. Otis 1895 Appointed Consulting, 1896. 1875 . . . M. A. Pallen 1878 1883 . . . E. L. Partridge 1885 1880 . . . E. S. Peck 114 Appointed. Resigned or Died. 1872 . . . J. G. Perry . . 1881 \*) tV T' a ■f £lt*cs rvn i Qfrt A 1VT "PVl £kl Y"kC3 r! 1 QA9 1 Q71 lo/l Appointed Consulting, 1885. 1 QQX. 1 £279 1 Q70 1874 . . . C. T. Poore . . 1881 "NT "R Pnffpr 1 QOJ. JLOc/O . . W T? Prvnr Appointed Consulting, 1896. r\ 1 Q01 1 QQ^ loVD 1899 . . . Francis J. Quinlan .... . . JlOZJO < • 1; T T?QT18f>m T, SI T?nn 1 £77 T T T?^irl xxppoinieu i^oiibuii/iug, iocjo. J. • • T io/O 1 QQ£ 1876 . . . 1892 lOUU Ti A Sqwd 1874. TT Q ^1 1 ; -AP 1 Q79 lODO T T Qm^li Appointed Consulting, 1894. 1 QQ1 iOUU . . Si ftmifh 1870 TT Q CJ4-A,, *m c 1 871 A "W Q+^in xxppOlllLtiQ v^OlloUILlLlg, ±0*10, J.OC/U . . A "NT StmncQ ( • . 1 ftQQ 1874 . . . F. K. Sturges • • t 1R80 TT W"nTQC!£kT7' 1866 . . . F. Swift 1872 JLOUVJ . . T Tf! Tnvl nr Appointed Consulting, 1872. 1872 1875 . . . R. W. Taylor Appointed Consulting, 1893. 1893 115 Appointed. 1866 . (?) . (?) . Resigned or Died. . W. H. Thomson 1874 . E. A. Tucker 1899 . W. H. Van Buren 1866 Appointed Consulting, 1866. 1885 . . . S. 0. Vanderpoel, Jr 1889 1875 . . . W. H. Van Wyck d. 1891 1899 . . . J.B.Walker 1900 1890 . . . W.B.Wallace d. 1895 1889 . . . S.J. Walsh f 1889 . . . F. M. Warner d. 1895 1866 . . . E. Watts 1876 Appointed Consulting, 1877. 1871 . . . J. P. P. White 1875 1883 . . . J. B. White f 1876 . . . W. T. White d. 1893 1885 . . . E. Gr. Wiener 1890 1892 . . . F. H. Wiggin 1866 . . . J.E.Wood 1874 Appointed Consulting, 1874. 1876 . . . L. deF. Woodruff L 1876 1895 . . . E. H. Wylie 1899 1871 . . . L.M.Yale 1877 Assistant Visiting Physicians and Surgeons. 1902 . . . C. G. Child, Jr 1900 . . . H. D.Collins 1903 • . . . D. S. Dougherty 1902 . . . M. J. Echeverria 1902 . . . E. Evans 1902 1901 . . . G. G. Fishlowitz 1902 . . . T. C. Janeway 1902 1902 ... J. Kingsbury 1900 . . . O. K. Newell 1901 . . . W.E.Stone 1902 . . . M. Tierney 1903 116 Appointed. Visiting Dental Surgeons. or i)1ed d 1901 . . . F. L. Bogue 1903 1901 . . . W. C. Deane 1903 . . . "W. D. Carr Chiefs-of-Staff. 1869 . . . E. G. Janeway, M.D 1870 1870 . . . H. D. Burlingham, M.D 1871 1871 . . . A. E. Macdonald, M.D 1874 1874 . . . Daniel H. Kitchen, M.D 1877 1877 . . . C. E. Estabrook, M.D. ..... 1881 1880 . . . James J. Delaney, M.D 1880 1881 . . . Lonis L. Seaman, M.D 1886 Warden. 1886 . . . Eobert Eoberts 1895 Superintendents. 1895 . . . James S. Knowles . 1896 1896 . . . G. Edwin Leet 1898 1898 . . . Joseph Schilling d. 1904 117 New York City Training School for Nurses, BlackwelTs Island. Attached to City, Maternity, Gouverneur, Harlem and Fordham Hospitals. Officers of the School. Miss Mary S. Gilmour Superintendent Miss J. Amanda Silver . . . Associate Superintendent Miss Theodora H. Lef ebvre . 1st Assistant Superintendent Miss Elizabeth A. Greener 2d Assistant Superintendent Miss Emily E. Gilmour .... Night Superintendent Miss Jessie A. Stowers, Supervising Nurse, Gouverneur Hospital Miss Carrie Gray, Supervising Nurse, Fordham Hospital Miss Sarah Gainsforth, Supervising Nurse, Harlem Hospital Miss Florence R. Corbett . . . Department Dietitian Advisory Board of the School. Mrs. Cadwalader Jones Chairman Miss Eleanor Agnew, Secretary Mr. Everett P. Wheeler, Ex-officio, Mayor George B. McClellan Dr. Edward G. Janeway. Mr. Joseph H. Choate. Dr. Francis P. Kinnicutt. Examining Board of the School. Dr. Edward S. Peck, Chairman. Dr. J. Eiddle Goffe. Dr. Howard Collins. Dr. E. Milton Foote. Dr. Joseph B. Cooke. Dr. Nathaniel B. Potter. Dr. William R. Stone. Dr. Charles G. Child, Jr. 118 NEW YORK CITY TRAINING SCHOOL FOR NURSES, EX-HOUSE PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 1864 TO 1904. Died in the Discharge of Duty. John Calvin Mead, M.D., August 24, 1868. Charles Culver, M.D., September 7, 1868. Joseph Meyers, M.D., July 6, 1871. Edward Southworth, M.D., August 15, 1882. Charles Nott Willis, M.D., April 2, 1883. John Ehea, M.D., July 2, 1883. Frank Duane Kimball, M.D., April 12, 1900. 120 House Staffs. October, 1864. *W. deF. Day. W. A. Lockwood. H. C. Eno, * H. G. Piffard. *E. D. Everett. J. W. Southack. * E. G. Janeway. April, 1865. *W. H. Birckhead. W. H. Harrison. J. C. deVarona. # W. Lee. F. D. Edgerton. H. L. Smith. E. Farrell. October, 1866. P. Inches. . W. 0. Taylor. E. Macomb. L. M. Yale. *R. V. Pell. W. Bradford. April, 1867. R. L. Sykes. *F. A. Castle. October, 1867. A. M. Amabile. W. A. Hawes. C. A. Carle. D. W. Searle. *De"W. Harrington. April, 1868. P. A. Callan. W. Schoonover. L. B. Edwards. J. D. Sullivan. *J. O'Dwyer. 121 October, 1868. *C. Culver. G. E. Sherman. W. C. Guinlock. D. M. Stimson. R. J. McGay. J. P. Sugg. L. P. H. Gouley. April, 1869. D. R. Ambrose. C. Inches. # A. Asadoorian. * J. C. Meade. P. W. Cremin. F. C. Wilson. # L. P. H. Gouley. October, 1869. J. A. Blake. J. L. Robertson. W. J. G. Dawson. # W. H. Ross, Jr. J. H. Dew. T. H. Tripler. C. H. Leonard. April, 1870. G. P. Davis. *E. A. Maxwell. U. G. Hitchcock. *H. R. Williams. October, 1871. C. Cleveland. R. deJ. Flores. *F. R. S. Drake. Aug. C. Kinney. April, 1872. W. T. Bacon. *E. L. Pardee. Alfred C. Kinney. *G. W. Teakle. October, 1872. E. Z. Derr. J. H. Neff. *C. A. Fortune. W. H. Potter. H. R. Huntington. C. F. Rodrigez. 122 A. W. Ford. April, 1873. *W. S. Whitwell. J. A. McKinney. October, 1873. N. H. Drake. W. E. Ford. *G. 0. Fiset. W. 0. Moore. April, 1874. F. Anderson. J. H. McBride. E. H. Green E. Norfleet. C. W. Nutt. October, 1874. A. S. Dana. A. M. Pierce. E. L. Partridge. D. H. Smith. April, 1875. J. Anway. H. Hughes. N. F. Curtis. October, 1875. *H. T. Carpenter. *N. C. Jobs. W. A. Jayne. W. D. Spencer. April, 1876. D. B. Delavan. J. H. Swasey. T. W. Fullilove. F. Trask. J. J. Larew. October, 1876. G. S. Knickerbocker. A. Mayer. W. W. Knight. G. Rucavado. *J. B. Linehan. 123 April, 1877. # W. H. Booth. # V. Pinto. 0. Hoffman. October, 1877. Le G. N. Denslow. C. R. Estabrook. H. S. Oppenheimer. *F. Parsons. C. Richard. C. W. Rush. A. H. Smith. *F. Townsend, Jr. April, 1878. 0. A. Gorton. C. R. Lee. J. H. Hillyer. J. Meyer. De W. Hitchcock. A. G. Paine. S. Kohn. April, 1879. W. E. Cladek. R. C. Newton. P. G. Culpepper. C. C. Rice. W. B. Hewett. A. Rupp. *H. T. Lyttle. J. Thomlinson. October, 1879. E. Blondell. A. M. Leon. W. Z. Powers. *H. Levy. J. H. Bryan. C. S. Witherstine. E. Friedenberg. B. Wood. April, 1880. F. Burt. E. G. Maupin. *S. C. Devan. B. Pereira. A. B. Farnham. L. C. Swift. W. B. Johnson. M. C. Wyeth. 124 October, 1880. A. E. Adams. S. D. Harrison. H. P. Allen. F. J. Ives. T. W. Corwin. E. A. Judson. J. M. Ferrer. D. H. Wiesner. April, 1881. *W. C. Holmes. T. H. Steers. E. W. Johnson. *F. M. Wells. G. F. Lydston. J. Wiggin. *F. Merriam. October, 1881. W. J. Brandt. N. G. Richmond. R. C. Dunne. J. F. Russell. P. R. Egan. *F. M. Urquhart. *A. T. Muzzy. *A. B. Van Home. April, 1882. M. J. Barrios. T. T. Grant. C. H. French. W. L. Hamilton. R, E. Giffen. J. F. Terriberry. October, 1882. F. B. Carpenter. M. C. O'Brien. C. R. Jewett. *E. Southworth. J. 0. McChesney. April, 1883. H. M. Brace. A. S. Polhemus. A. B. Breese. F. K. Priest. W. S. Gottheil. R. Waldo. S. Pierson. 125 October, 1883. *A. Van N. Baldwin. C. F. Gardiner. K. P. Battle, Jr. *G. D. Holstein. W. L. Carr. W. G. Hoyt. H. L. Collyer. W. L. Stowell. April, 1884. *A. P. Garnett. W. H. Slabaugh. E. Giles. D. H. Stewart. H. A. Leipziger. G. C. Weiss. *D. P. Pease. F. H. White. October, 1884. J. B. Bissell. S. C. Gravs. A. Brinckinan. G. D. Hamlin. A. N. Clark. W. F. Milroy. G. H. Donohue. S. Mnrtland. April, 1885. G. Banks. T. S. Bullock. H. Bacon. T. F. Heller. C. W. Bellows, A. I. Miller. L. E. Bertine. J. H. Stewart. October, 1885. A. C. Bridges. C. E, Park. *B. T. Embree. W. H. Rassman. A. Manning. B. H. Wells. S. Marx. H. H. Young. April, 1886. *P. H. Malleson. A. Talbot. W. Moore. C. N. Thompson. 0. Rafferty. G. M. White. E. Stieglitz. 126 October, 1886. J. L. Gaston. J. L. Newbnrgh. F. R. Glover. W. J. Schuyler. H. W. Harrison. S. Tynberg. *E. R. Lyon. April, 1887. W. L, Baner. N. W. Lynde. * J. A. Bosch. W. T. McMannis. W. C. Gilley. T. L. Schlierbach. R. Guiteras, D. E. Walker. October, 1887. W. H. Clancy. H. St. John. M. Katzenberg. A. P. Woodward. J. B. Kennedy. April, 1888. J. Dunn. K. Ruffin. G. R. Harris. H. H. Schroeder. H. Jarecky. D. H. Sprague. A. J. Primrose. O. W. Stark. October, 1888. A. W. Billings. E. Pratt. J. M. Maghee. T. H. Rockwell. M. Manges. F. C. Wells. H. G. Myers. J. S. Wilson. April, 1889. R. W. Baker. G. H. Mallett. W. Brill. T. D. Merrigan. C. S. Cole. F. R. Percival. J. M. Kennedy. O. Van Winkle. 127 October, 1889. A. Abrams. C. M. Ford. J. W. Bettinger. G. B. McAuliffe. E. W. Buckley. F. L. Wells. J. T. Clarke. April, 1890. C. Gillan. W. 0. Plympton. H. A. Higley. *H. B. Trask. A. Lyle. F. L. Waite. L. M. Michaelis. October, 1890. J. L. Andrews. E. Y. Hill. J. F. Burns. J. H. P. Hodgson. G-. D. Farwell. S. M. Landsman. I. S. Feinberg. J. Van Rensselaer. April, 1891. J. H. Coughlin. E. D. Pomeroy. H. R. Heydecker. J. H. Pratt. J. B. Huber. C. D. Roy. A. M. Newman. E. L. Smith. October, 1891. S. R. Dunlop. C. I. Proben. C. S. Jewett. W. M. Robertson. E. P. Mallett. C. Stephenson. P. Meirowitz. W. W. Stewart. April, 1892. T. R. Carter. A. Rosenthal. C. B. Fitzpatrick. H. P. Woley. H. S. Goodall. J. B. Woods. G. Harrison. 128 April, 1893. A. Kohn. F. L. Taylor. W. W. Quinlan. *A. M. Thompson. W. H. Stewart. A. C. White. October, 1893. B. G. Blackmar. W. W. Quinton. M. L. Carr. W. S. Reynolds. C. R. Dudley. W. L. Somerset. J. P. Haney. R. T. Wheeler. April, 1894. H. L. Barker. W. H. Manison. *A. W. Greenway. J. E. Shrady. C. R. Grandy. R. F. Williams. A. M. Kane. October, 1894. J. B. Carson. A. E. Meyer. N. L. Deming. F. Overton. H. S. Hutchinson. G. B. Worth. April, 1895. S. G. Frank. J. S. Irwin. J. Grice. J. McDermott. A. Heger. G. P. Shears. G. G. Holladay. B. Torrens. December, 1895. H. B. Deady. W. Steinach. D. M. Hall. G. Story. J. J. Herschel. J. H. Waterman. A. P. Shellman. June, 1896. W. W. Dunn. W. V. Kellogg. J. J. Gillan. J. F. Sullivan. J. S. Taylor. 129 December, 1896. W. E. Buist. W. W. Ludbrook. J. Freeland. B. W. Moore. # A. Hazen. P. G. Taddiken. June, 1897. T. Alsop. M. McH. Hull. W. A. Boyd. J. Mann. A. V. Grafstrom. H. Old. B. L. Hardin. W. H. Spiller. December, 1897. C. S. Chapin. T. F. Reilly. B. Ferguson. E. P. Wolf. C. S. Goodwin. D. W. Wynkoop. R. W. Reid. June, J. F. Connors. A. M. Johnston. L. L. Meyer. A. A. Moore. 1898. J. D. Osborn. " A. S. Pike. A. V. Rockwell. J. Watkins. December, 1898. H. L. K. Carey. E. P. Livingston. R. Fraser. C. F. Lynch. J. H. Holloway. L. Tobias. G. L. Kessler. *E. W. Woolworth. G. Arellano. B. F. Corwin. H. D. Johnson. L. Marcus. June, 1899. *F. W. Nolan. R. Tousey. E. G. Wherry. A. L. Wilson. December, 1899. G. Arellano. J. W. D. Maury. G. E. Gallaway. E. W. Murray. J. J. Guilshan. C. C. Einard. W. C. Klotz. M. A. H. Thelberg. August, 1900. M. G. Burgess. *D. Kimball. C. G. Child, Jr. *D. W. Martson. W. Donovan. S. Phelps. W. P. Earl. E. M. Sill. H. T. Kelly. April, 1901. A. S. Boyde. A. E. Munson. S. K. Foote. C. Ogilvy. P. B. Hough. V. E. Quin. J. A. McCafferty. W. E. Stone. December, 1901. C. L. Anthony. J. L. Hughes. J. A. Bartley. D. 'Brien. W. P. Cornell. P. A. Potter. M. Guillin. J. G. Wells. August, 1902. H. B. Breckwedel. C. N. Howard. G. L. Bunnell. J. O 'Dwyer. J. H. Conklin. C. W. Ottley. W. P. Healy. W. G. Quinby. April, 1903. P. L. Cocke. J. F. Quinn. T. G. Foster. N. B. Saunders. E. G. Haddad. J. G. Smillie. H. W. Little. J. E. Welch. 131 September, 1903. L. C. Bulkley. J. M. Leney. A. L. C. Gilday. N. M. Stark. G. McCartney. A. F. Toole. E. L. McGill. J. G. Yocum. June, 1904. E. F. Ashley. F. C. Matthews. C. J. Dillon. H. D. Meker. N. D. L. Fletcher. 0. A. Province. J. McCabe. H. B. Siglar. * Deceased. 132 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF THE EX-HOUSE PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS OF City (Charity) Hospital. 1864-1904. ABRAMS, Alexander, 314 East One Hundred and Nineteenth Street, New York City. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1888. Interne April, 1888-October, 1889. ADAMS, Alpheus Eli, 44 Grand Street, Newburgh, New York, born June 26, 1857, New Fairfield, Connecticut. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1897. Interne April, 1879-October 1, 1880. Ophthal- mic and Aural Surgeon, St. Luke's Hospital; Consulting Ophthalmologist and Aural Surgeon, Matteawan Gen- eral Hospital and Highland Hospital. Specialty, Oph- thalmology and Otology. Author " Diagnosis, Diseases of the Eye," published 1894. Formerly Assistant Sur- geon Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital and Instructor in Ophthalmology in Post Graduate Medical School, New York; Member American Ophthalmological and Oto- logical Societies; Ex-President Orange County Medical and Newburgh Bay Medical Societies ; Fellow New York Academy of Medicine; Member Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. ALDRICH, John, 164 West 81st Street, New York City, born Ehode Island, 1860. Brown University (A.B.), 1883; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1889. Interne April, 1891— October, 1892. Assistant 133 Attending Physician New York Hospital, O.P.D. ; Clinical Assistant, Department Dermatology, Vanderbilt Clinic Specialty, Dermatology. Member New York County Med- ical Society and Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. ALLEN, Harlan B., Interne April, 1879-October, 1880. Died at Columbus, Ohio, 1895. ALSOP, Thomas, New Brunswick, New Jersey, bom Richmond, Virginia, October 14, 1872. University Vir- ginia (M.D.), 1895. Interne December, 1895- June, 1897. Visiting Physician and Surgeon Wells' Memorial Hos- pital. Specialty, Diseases of Children. Member Middle- sex County Medical and New Jersey State Medical Societies. AMBROSE, Daniel R., 334 West Thirtieth Street, New York City. University New York (M.D.), 1868. Interne April 1, 1868— April 1, 1869. Specialty, Eye and Vene- real Diseases. Formerly House Surgeon and Assistant Surgeon Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital; Attending Surgeon Northwestern, Northern and Central Dispen- saries. AMABILE, A. M., Interne October, 1866— October, 1867. ANDERSON, F. Interne October, 1872-April, 1874. ANDREWS, John Lyman, 1332 Lexington Avenue, New York City, born December 16, 1866, Bethel, Con- necticut. University New York (M.D.), 1889. Interne April, 1889— October, 1890. Specialty, Diseases of the Skin. Formerly Assistant Visiting Surgeon Kandall's Island Hospital; Attending Surgeon Bellevue Hospital, O.P.D. Member New York County and State Asocia- tions and Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. ANTONY, Charles Leonard, 220 East One Hundred and Twenty-third Street, New York City, born October, 134 1876. College of Physician and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1899. Interne December, 1899— December, 1901. Attending Physician University and Bellevue Medical College, Department of Medicine; Member Clinical So- ciety University of Bellevue Medical College and Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. ANWAY, Joseph, 103 State Street, Chicago, 111. In- terne April, 1874- April, 1875. ARELLANO, G., University New York (M.D.), 1898. Interne June, 1898— December, 1899. ASADOORIAN, A., died while on duty, 1869. New York University (M.D.), . ASHLEY, Edward Fiske, 99 Hillside Avenue, Water- bury, Connecticut, born January 4, 1875, at Waterbury, Connecticut. Yale University Ph. B. '97 (M.D.), 1900. Interne August, 1902— June, 1904. \ BACON, Henry, 401 West Duval Street, Jacksonville, Florida. Bellevue (M.D.), 1883. Interne October, 1883 —April, 1885. Surgeon General State of Florida, with the rank of Colonel. Formerly Member County Health Board and Physician and Surgeon, St. Luke's Hospital. Member Medical Society of State of Florida and Duval County Medical Society. BACON, William Turner, Hartford, Connecticut, born August 27, 1846. Yale University (A.B.), 1868; (A.M.), 1871. University New York (M.D.), 1871. Interne, Octo- ber, 1871— April, 1872. Ophthalmic and Aural Surgeon, Hartford Hospital ; Consulting Surgeon, St. Francis Hos- pital; President Hartford Medical Society, 1903. For- merly House Surgeon Eoosevelt Hospital ; Curator Char- ity Hospital; Surgeon New York Eye and Ear Infirmary. Specialty, Ophthalmology and Otology. Member Ameri- 135 can Ophthalmological and American Medical Associa- tions; Connecticut State, Hartford County and Hartford Medical Societies. BAKER, Robert W., 1816 I Street, N. W., Washington, D. C, University of Virginia (M.D.), 1887, Interne October, 1887— April, 1889. Attending Physician, Gar- field Dispensary. Specialty, Internal Medicine. For- merly Acting Assistant Surgeon United States Army, Spanish War; Secretary Board of Pension Examiners; Attending Physician Foundling Hospital. Post Gradu- ate Study in Vienna, Berlin and Paris, 1889-1890. Mem- ber District of Columbia Medical and Pathological So- ciety; American Medical Association. BALDWIN, A. V. N., Interne, April, 1882-October, 1883. Practiced in New Brunswick, New Jersey. De- ceased. BANER, William L., 72 West Forty-fifth Street, New York City, born December 15, 1861, New York. Swarth- more (A.B.), 1882; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1885. Interne, October, 1885— April, 1887. Assistant Visiting Physician St. Vincent's Hospi- tal; Founder and Member Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital (President 1900, Secretary 1889) ; Member of the Academy of Medicine; New York County Medical Society and Hospital Graduates Club. BANKS, George, Patterson, Putnam County, New York, born August 1st, 1858, New York City. College of Phy- sicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1883. Interne, October, 1883— April, 1885. Formerly Health Officer of Patterson (1887-1899) ; Member Fairfield County Medical Society. BARRIOS, M. J., Central America. Interne October, 1880- April, 1882. 136 BARKER, Herbert L v Woodside, New York, born August 27, 1866, Antrim, New Hampshire. Cornell Uni- versity (Ph.D.), 1890; College of Physicians and Sur- geons, New York (M.D.), 1893. Interne April, 1893— April, 1894. Visiting Physician St. John 's Hospital, Long Island City. Formerly Assistant Post-Graduate Hospital, Vanderbilt Clinic and New York Dispensaries; Member Queens County Medical Society and Associated Physi- cians, Long Island. BARTLEY, John A., 1046 Ogden Avenue, New York City, born March 16, 1878, New York City. University of Bellevue (M.D.), 1899. Interne December 1, 1899— De- cember, 1901. Interne New York Infant Asylum, 1901. BATTLE, Kemp Plumber, Jr., Raleigh, North Carolina, born March 9, 1859, Raleigh, North Carolina. University of North Carolina (A.B.), 1879; University of Virginia, 1881; Bellevue (M.D.), 1882. Interne April, 1882-Octo- ber, 1883. Professor of Diseases of the Ear, Nose and Throat, University of North Carolina. Formerly Interne BlackwelPs Island Lunatic Asylum and Assistant Sur- geon United States Marine Hospital Service. Specialty, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat. Member State Board of Medical Examiners; Board of Health; Surgeon Leonard and St. Agnes Hospital. Member of the Academy of Medicine and North Carolina State Medical Society. BELLOWS, Charles Waterman, 433 Nostrand Avenue, Brooklyn, born July 8, 1862, Brooklyn, New York. Belle- vue (M.D.), 1883. Interne October, 1883-April, 1885. Surgeon Kings County Elevated Eailway. Specialty, Surgery. Member Kings County Medical and Pathologi- cal Societies. BERTINE, Louis Edgar, born Mount Vernon, New York, September, 1860. Died May 30, 1898. Bellevue (M.D.), 1881. Interne October, 1883-April, 1885. For- merly President Mount Vernon Board of Health ; Visiting Physician and Surgeon Mount Vernon Hospital. 137 BETTINGER, Joseph W., 383 Endicott Arcade, St. Paul, Minnesota. College of Physician and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1888. Interne May, 1888-Octoher, 1889. Clinical Professor Diseases of the Ear, Nose and Throat, Hamlin University; Staff St. Joseph and Beth- seda Hospitals. Specialty, Ear, Nose and Throat. BILLINGS, Albert W., Second Avenue and Seventy- fourth Street, Bay Ridge, Brooklyn, New York. Bellevue (M.D.),1887. Interne April, 1887-October, 1888. Mem- ber Kings County Medical Society. BIRCKHEAD, Wm. Hunter, Interne April, 1864-1865. Died in Newport, Rhode Island. BISSELL, Joseph Bidleman, 46 West Fifty-fifth Street, New York City, born 1859. Yale University (Ph.D.), 1879; College of Physician and Surgeons (M.D.), 1883. Interne April, 1883— October, 1884. Visiting Surgeon Bellevue and St. Vincent Hospitals. Specialty, Surgery. Member Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital (Presi- dent 1894). Member American and New York State As- sociations and New York State Medical Society, Patho- logical Society, Hospital Graduates Club, Celtic Medical and Medico-Chirurgical Society, Fellow of the Academy of Medicine, Member American Urological Association, and Associated Physicians of Greater New York. BLACKMAR, Bruce Gould, 313 Ovington Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, born February 19, 1868, Woodbury, Connecticut. College of Physicians and Surgeons (M.D.) , 1892. Interne April, 1892 -October, 1893. Assistant Visiting Physician Norwegian Home and Hospital. Mem- ber Kings County Medical Society. BLAKE, J. A., 352 Jefferson Avenue, Brooklyn, New York. Albany (M.D.), 1868; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1869. Interne October, 1868— October, 1869. Member Kings County Medical and Brooklyn Pathological Societies. 138 BLONDELL, E. Deceased. Interne April, 1878— Oc- tober, 1879. BOISE, Eugene, Grand Bapids, Michigan, born No- vember 29, 1846, Wellington, Connecticut. Oberlin Col- lege (A.B.), 1867; University of Michigan, 1869; College of Physicians and Surgeons (M.D.), 1870. Interne April, 1870— October, 1871. Visiting Staff Butterworth Hospi- 'taJL Specialty, Gynecology. Posit-Graduate Study in Vienna, 1871-1872. Member American Medical Associa- tion. American Gynecological; Ex-President Michigan State Medical Society; Member American and Grand Rapids Academies of Medicine. BOOTH, Wilbur Hiram, Interne April, 1876— April, 1877. Died September, 1897. BOSCH, J. A., Deceased. Interne April, 1886— Octo- ber, 1887. BOWERS, W. Z., Bridgeport, Conn. Interne April, 1878- October, 1879. BOYDE, August Samuel, 75 West Fifty-fifth Street, New York City, born Panama, South America, 1877. Col- lege of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1899. Interne, June, 1899— April, 1901. Post-Graduate Study in Europe, 1902. Attending Physician New York Dis- pensary. Specialty, Genito-Urinary Diseases. Member Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital, American Medi- cal and New York State and County Associations. BOYD, William A., 362 Willis Avenue, New York City, born May 29, 1872, Brooklyn, New York. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1895. In- terne December, 1895— June, 1897. United States Pen- sion Surgeon and Examiner for Mutual Life Insurance Company. Member New York County Medical and Bronx Medical Society, Medical Association of Greater New York, Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. 139 BRACE, H. M., Perth Amboy, New Jersey. Interne Oc- tober, 1881— April, 1883. BRADFORD, W., Interne April, 1866— April, 1867. BRADLEY, Mark S., South Manchester, Connecticut, born January 16, 1868, East Jaffrey, New Hampshire. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1892. Interne April, 1891-October, 1892. Health Officer. Post-Graduate Study Berlin and Vienna. Member Hart- ford Medical Society. BRANDT, Washington J., 379 Union Street, Brooklyn, New York. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1880. Interne April, 1880-October, 1881. Member New York State and Physicians ' Mutual Aid As- sociations, Society for the Belief of Widows and Orphans of Medical Men, Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. BRECKWEDEL, Harry Benjamin, 313 West Eighty- seventh Street, New York City, born November 6, 1873. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1900. Interne August, 1900— August, 1902. Assistant Attending and Instructor in Physical Diagnosis, Univer- sity and Bellevue Medical College. Specialty, Diseases of the Stomach and Functional Nervous Disorders. Mem- ber Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. BREESE, A. B., Syracuse, New York. College of Phy- sicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1881. Interne October, 1881— April, 1883. Surgeon Syracuse Hospital for Women and Children. Specialty, Abdominal and Pel- vic Surgery. Member Syracuse Academy of Medicine, Onondaga County Medical Society, State Medical Asso- ciation, Central New York Medical Society. BRIDGES, Arlanden Clay, 344 West Twenty-eighth Street, New York City, born Greencastle, Indiana, De- cember 29, 1861. Bellevue (M.D.), 1884. Interne April, 140 1884— October, 1885. Formerly Volunteer Surgeon Ser- vian Army; Assistant Surgeon Demilt Dispensary. Mem- ber New York County Medical, German Medical and Phy- sicians 9 Mutual Aid Societies, and Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. BRILL, William, 341J Spring Street, Los Angeles, Cal. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1887. Interne October, 1887— April, 1889. f BRINCKMAN, Albert, 176 Bergen Street, Brooklyn, New York, born July 16, 1861, New York City. Univer- sity of New York (M.D.), 1883. Interne April, 1883— October, 1884. Visiting Physician Brooklyn Eye and Ear Hospital. Specialty, Eye and Ear. Formerly Visiting Physician Brooklyn Central and Brooklyn Dispensaries. Member Kings County Medical Society, American and State Medical Associations. BRYAN, Joseph Hammond, 818 Seventeenth Street, Washington, District of Columbia. University of Vir- ginia, 1877; University of New York City (M.D.), 1878. Interne April, 1878, to October, 1879. Surgeon Garfield Memorial and Episcopal Eye, Ear and Throat Hospitals. Specialty, Laryngology and Otology. Formerly Past Assistant Surgeon United States Army. BUCKLEY, Edward W., Ernst Building, St. Paul, Min- nesota, born October 12, 1860, Minnesota. College of Phy- sicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1886. Interne April, 1888— October, 1889. Member St. Joseph's Hos- pital Staff, Eamsay County Medical Society, Minnesota State Medical Society, American Medical Association. BULKLEY, Lucius C, 531 Madison Avenue, New York City, born 1877, New York City. Columbia University (A.B.), 1898; (A.M.) 1901; (M.D.) 1901. Interne August, 1901-September, 1903. 141 BUIST, William Edward, Nashville, Tennnessee, born December 27, 1871. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1894. Interne April, 1895— December, 1896. Attending Physician St. Thomas' Hospital. For- merly Interne Willard Parker and Riverside Hospitals, New York City. Member American Medical Association and Nashville Academy of Medicine. BULLOCK, Thomas Stapleton, Lexington, Kentucky, born June 5, 1859, Lexington, Kentucky. University of Kentucky (A.M.), 1878; College of Physicians and Sur- geons, New York (M.D.), 1883. Interne September, 1883 —April, 1885. Specialty, Abdominal Surgery. Formerly Lecturer on Obstetrics and Assistant to Chair of Gyne- cology, University of Louisville. Visiting Surgeon Louis- ville City Hospital. Member Kentucky State Medical So- ciety, Medical-Chirurgical Society of Louisville, and Mississippi Valley Medical Society. BUNNELL, George L., 2044 Madison Avenue, New York City, born July 31, 1870, Bridgeport, Connecticut. Yale (Ph.B.), 1896. Cornell (M.D.), 1900. Interne April, 1901— August, 1902. Clinical Assistant Cornell Medical School. BURGESS, Maynard Gooding, Herkimer, New York, bom Havana, Cuba, April 12, 1876. College of Physi- cians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1898. Interne December, 1898— December, 1899. Visiting Surgeon and Gynecological Emergency &nd C^ty General Hospital. Formerly Assistant Surgeon, United States Army. Mem- ber Herkimer County, American and State Medical Asso- ciations, Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. BURNS, John Francis, 462 Jackson Avenue, Borough of Queens, New York City. University of New York (M.D.), 1889. Interne April, 1889— October, 1890. As- sistant Medical Superintendent Fort Hamilton Asylum. 142 Visiting Surgeon St. Johns Hospital. Attending Physi- cian St. Joseph's Orphan Home. Specialty, Surgery and Diseases of Children. Member American Medical Asso- ciation. BURT, Franklin, Norwalk, Ohio, born 1853, Ontario, Canada. College of Physicians and Surgeons, Canada (M.D.), 1878; (M.B.) University of Toronto, 1879; (M.D.) 1889. Interne October, 1878— April, 1880. Surgeon Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Eailway. Member City Board of Health. Formerly Surgeon to Episcopal and Roman Catholic Hospitals, Minnesota, Minn. Member Northern Ohio and Central Medical Societies. CALLAN, Peter A., 35 "West Thirty-eighth Street, New York City. University of New York (M.D.), 1867. Interne October, 1866— April, 1868. Surgeon New York Eye and Ear Infirmary and Ophthalmologist to St. Vin- cent's and Columbus Hospitals. Specialty, Ophthalmol- ogy. Formerly Surgeon United States Navy. Member New York State Medical Society. Academy of Medicine and Pathological Society, Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. CAREY, Henry L. K., 251 East Thirtieth Street, New York City. Bellevue (M.D.), 1894. Interne June, 1897— December, 1898. CARLE, Charles A., Stanton, Mich., born June 21, 1844. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1866. Interne October, 1866- October, 1867. Member Shiawassee County Medical Society. CARPENTER, Frank Blish, 17 East Thirty-eighth Street, New York City, bom September 15, 1853, Law- renceville, New York. "Williams College (A.B.), 1878; University of New York (M.D.), 1881. Interne April, 1881— October, 1882. Consulting Dermatologist Orphans' 143 Home. Specialty, Dermatology. Formerly Instructor in Dermatology New York Post-Graduate Medical School. Member Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital, County Medical Society. CARPENTER, H. T. Deceased. Interne October, 1874-October, 1875. CARR, Mathew Lawrence, 353 West Fifty-seventh Street, New York City, bom October 24, 1870, Castoria, North Carolina. Wake Forest College, North Carolina (A.B.), 1889; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1892. Interne April, 1892-October, 1893. Clinical Assistant Vanderbilt Clinic, Department of Otol- ogy- Specialty, Eye, Ear, Nose, Throat. Formerly At- tending Otologist Northeastern Dispensary and West Side German Clinic. Member Society Alumni City (Char- ity) Hospital. CARR, Walter Lester, 68 West Fifty-first Street, New York City, born November 21, 1859, Lafayette, New Jer- sey. Rutgers College (A.M., Honorary) ; University of New York (M.D.), 1882. Interne, April, 1882— October, 1883. Post-Graduate Study in London, 1886. Consulting Physician, French Hospital; Visiting Physician Randall's Island Hospital. Specialty, Diseases of Children. For- merly Physician to Bellevue and St. Luke 's Dispensaries. Editor Archives of Pediatrics. Member American Pe- diatrical, County Medical, Pathological and Physicians ' Mutual Aid Societies, New York Academy of Medicine, Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital (Founder, Pres- ident 1893, Vice-President 1892). CARSON, James B., Farrel, Mississippi, born March 9, 1869, Stovall, Mississippi. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1893. Interne June, 1893- October, 1894. Member American Medical Association. CARTER, Theophilus Ransom, 57 South Second Ave- nue, Mount Vernon, New York. College of Physicians 144 and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1890. Interne October, 1891— April, 1892. Visiting Physician, Mount Vernon Hospital. Member Westchester County Medical Society. CASTLE, F. A., Deceased. Interne April, 1868— April, 1869. CHAPIN, Clifford Samuel, Great Barrington, Mass., born January 25, 1873, Bernardstown, Mass. Bellevue (M.D.), 1896. Interne, June, 1896— December, 1897. Member Board of Health. Member American Medical Association and Massachusetts Medical Society, Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. CHILD, Charles Gardner, Jr., 61 West Forty-fifth Street, New York City, born March 14, 1873. Yale Uni- versity (M.D.), 1895. Interne, June, 1899— August, 1900. Lecturer on Gynecology, New York Polyclinic Med- ical School; Assistant Gynecologist City Hospital; Trustee Northern Dispensary; Examining Board New York City Training School for Nurses. Specialty, Obstetrics and Gynecology. Formerly Interne, Rotunda Hospital, Dub- lin; Assisant Surgeon, Roosevelt Hospital, 0. P. D. Post- Graduate Study in Berlin, 1895-1896. Member American Medical and New York State and County Medical Asso- ciations, Polyclinic Medical Society. Society Alumni City Charity Hospital (Secretary, 1903, 1904). CLADEK, Walter E., Rahway, New Jersey, born May 14, 1856. University of New York (M.D.), 1877. Interne April, 1877— April, 1879. Surgical Staff Newark Eye and Ear Infirmary. Specialty, Eye and Ear. Member Dis- trict Medical Society, Union County, New Jersey, Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. CLANCY, William H., 80 Otis Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, born August 6, 1865, Boston, Mass. Uni- versity of New York (M.D.), 1885. Interne April, 1886— October, 1887. Medical Inspector Public Schools. For- 145 merly Surgeon Costa Rica Railway. Member Cambridge School Board. Staff New York City Insane Asylum, 1888-1900. Member Massachusetts Medical Society for Medical Improvement and Costa Rica Medical Society. CLARKE, Joseph Taylor, Major and Surgeon United States Army, Fort Ethan Allen, Vermont, born October, 24, 1862, Washington, District of Columbia. University of Virginia (M.D.), 1887. Interne, October, 1887-Oc- tober, 1889. Formerly Interne New York Orthopedic Hospital and Major and Surgeon 47th Infantry, United States Volunteers. CLARK, Arthur Norman, South Norwalk, Connecticut, born July 16, 1860, Southampton, Massachusetts. In- terne June, 1883 -October, 1884. Visiting Staff Clark Hospital. Member Fairfield County Medical Society. CLEVELAND, Clement, 59 West Thirty-eighth Street, New York City. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1871. Interne April, 1870-October, 1871. Consulting Gynecologist General Memorial, St. Vincent's and Woman's Hospitals. Member American Gynecological, County Medical and Obstetrical Societies, and Academy of Medicine, Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. COCKE, Paul L., Birmingham, Alabama, born Mont- gomery, Alabama, June, 1875. University of Virginia (M.D.), 1899. Interne April, 1901- April, 1903. Ex- Interne Post-Graduate Hospital, New York. Formerly United States Navy. Member Jefferson Medical Society, Birmingham. COLE, Carter Stannard, 122 West Seventy-third Street, New York City, born December 8, 1862, Culpeper, Vir- ginia. University of Virginia (M.D.), 1887. Interne October, 1887— April, 1889. Adjunct Professor, Surgery 146 and Attending Surgeon New York Post-Graduate Hospital; Attending 0. P. D. New York Hospital, House of Eelief. Ex-Interne House of Relief, Chambers Street. Member New York State Medical Society, Academy of Medicine and Society Alumni New York and City (Char- ity) Hospitals. COLLYER, Herman Livingston, 153 West Seventy- seventh Street, New York City, born March 9, 1857, Brooklyn, New York. Bellevue (M.D.), 1881. Interne April, 1881 -October, 1883. Treasurer New York Acad- emy of Medicine. Specialty, Gynecology and General Surgery. Formerly Lecturer New York Polyclinic, Gyne- cologist West Side and German Dispensaries; Assistant Gynecologist French Hospital. Member New York State Association. Eastern Medical and Metropolitan Medical Society, Academy of Medicine, Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. CONKLIN, James Harvey H., 51 Pratt Street, Hart- ford, Connecticut, born December 21, 1860, at Madison, Connecticut. University of Vermont (M.D.), 1899. In- terne August 1, 1900— August 1, 1902. New York Post- Graduate October, 1899— January, 1900. Visiting Physi- cian Home for Incurables, Newington, Connecticut. Mem- ber Hartford Medical Society. CONNORS, John Francis, 117 West Eighty-third Street, New York City. University of New York (M.D.), 1895. Interne December, 1896— June, 1898. Attending Surgeon Almshouse Hospital. Member County Medical Society. CORNELL, William Paterson, 217 Rutledge Avenue, Charleston, South Carolina, born May 27, 1878, Perth Amboy, New Jersey. Medical College, State South Caro- lina (M.D.), 1898. Interne December, 1899— December, 1901. Visiting Physician, City Hospital; Instructor in 147 Physical Diagnosis Charleston Medical School. Formerly Interne St. Francis Xavier Infirmary. Acting Assistant Surgeon United States Army, 1898. Secretary Medical Society, South Carolina; Member Charleston Medical Club. CORWIN, B. F., Amersfort Place, Flatbush Avenue, Brooklyn, New York. Yale University (A.B.), 1895; (M.D.) 1897. Interne December, 1897-June, 1899. In- structor Long Island Medical College. CORWIN, Theodore Wellington, Newark, New Jersey, born June, 1857, Newark, New Jersey. College of Phy- sicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1879. Interne April, 1879-October, 1880. Visiting Physician, St. Bar- nabas Hospital; Throat Surgeon St. Michael's Hospital. Specialty, Nose, Throat and Lungs. Member American Medical Association; State Medical, Essex County Dis- trict Medical, and American Laryngological and Otologi- cal Societies; Practitioners' Club and Academy of Medi- cine, New York; Newark Medical and Surgical Society, Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. COUGHLIN, John Henry, 307 East Broadway, New York City, born May 30, 1854, London, England. Uni- versity of New York (M.D.), 1888. Interne April, 1889 —April, 1891. Visiting Physician Gouverneur Hospital. Formerly Assistant to Chair of Diseases of Children, University Medical College; Attending Physician of Bellevue, O. P. D.; Assistant Demonstrator in Anatomy, University Medical College. Member American Medical, New York County and State Associations, County Society and Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. CREMIN, Patrick Wallace, 856 Lexington Avenue, New York City, bom January 31, 1841, Ireland. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1866. Interne April, 1868-April, 1869. Formerly Interne 148 Northeastern Dispensary and Bellevue Hospital. Mem- ber County Society and Society for Relief of Widows and Orphans. CULPEPPER, P. G., Portsmouth, Va., born Septem- ber 25, 1856. University of Virginia, 1876; University of New York (M.D.), 1877. Interne April, 1878— April, 1879. Surgeon Atlantic Coast Line, Norfolk, Portsmouth and Newport News Railways. Member Virginia State Board of Health, Medical Society of Virginia, Seaboard Medi- cal Society, Tri-State Medical, Portsmouth and Norfolk County Medical Societies. CULVER, Charles. Died while on duty at City Hospi- tal, September 7th, 1868. CURTIS, Newton Freeman, White Plains, New York, born July 13, 1849, Hampden, Maine. Bowdoin College (A.B.), 1871; (A.M.), 1874; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1874. Interne October, 1873 —April, 1875. Visiting Physician, White Plains Hospi- tal; Health Officer, White Plains. Member New York State Medical Association, New York State and West- chester Medical Societies. DAKIN, Frank Caryl, 1419 Chicago Avenue, Evans- ton, 111., born 1868, Chicago, Illinois. College of Physi- cians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1890. Interne April, 1891— October, 1892. Visiting Physician Evanston Hospital. DANA, Alfred S., Yonkers, New York. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1874. In- terne April, 1872— October, 1874. Health Commissioner Yonkers. DAVIS, G. Pierpont, Hartford, Connecticut, born June 16, 1845, Litchfield, Connecticut. Yale University (A.B.), 1866; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York 149 (M.D.), 1869. Interne April, 1869- April, 1870. Visit- ing Surgeon Hartford Hospital; Member Hartford Medi- cal and Connecticut State Medical Societies. DAWSON, William James Gremley Eldridge, Sonoma County, California, born January 12, 1846, New Bruns- wick, Canada. University New York (M.D.), 1867. In- terne May, 1868— October, 1869. Medical Superinten- dent, California Home for Feeble Minded Children. Specialty, Neurology. Formerly Assistant Physician New York City Lunatic Asylum; Member American Medical and California State (President, 1902) Medical Associations; Napa County Medical Society. DAY, W. DeForest, bom October 26, 1835, died Novem- ber 27, 1889. Williams College (A.B.), 1859. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1863. In- terne October, 1863— October, 1864. Medical cadet at Alexandria during Civil War. Professor Botany and Materia Medica, New York College of Pharmacy, 1869 to 1889. Sanitary Superintendent New York Board of Health, 1873 to 1889. DEADY, Henderson B., 321 East Fifteenth Street, New York City. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York. Interne June, 1894— December, 1895. DELAVAN, D. Bryson, 1 East Thirty-third Street, New York City. Yale University (A.B.), 1872; College of Phy- sicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1875. Interne October, 1874— April, 1876. Professor Laryngology and Khinology, New York Polyclinic Medical School; Con- sulting Laryngologist St. Luke, Mount Sinai, General Memorial, Skin and Cancer and Ruptured and Crippled Hospitals. Formerly Curator and Assistant Pathologist, New York Hospital ; Attending Surgeon, Workhouse and Almshouse Hospital. Specialty, Laryngology and Rhi- nology. Member American Laryngological and Honor- 150 ary Member British Laryngological Societies; Hospital Graduates Club; Alumni Society Presbyterian Hospital; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital (President, 1890- 1892). New York Academy of Medicine and American Medical Association. DEMING, Nelson Lloyd, Fort Wayne, Indiana, born November 21, 1868, Danbury, Connecticut. Yale Univer- sity (Ph.B.), 1890; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1893. Interne May, 1893-October, 1894. Practiced one year in New York City. Member Allen County Medical, Tri-State Medical Society and American Medical Association. DENSLOW, LeGrand Norton, Bretton Hall, Broadway and Eighty-fifth Street, New York City, born New York City, June 26, 1852. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1876. Interne April, 1876— October, 1877. Post-Graduate Study in Vienna, Berlin and Lon- don, 1877—1878. Specialty, Skin and Genito-Urinary Diseases. Formerly Professor Diseases of Skin and Genito-Urinary Surgery, and Secretary St. Paul Medical College; Visiting Physician, Bellevue Hospital, 0. P. D.; New York Dispensary. Member Academy of Medicine and New York Dermatological Society, German Surgical Society, Berlin; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. DEVAN, S. C, deceased. Interne October, 1878— April, 1880. Formerly Marine Hospital Service. DE VARONA, Jose 0., Interne April, 1864— April, 1865. DERR, Ezra Z., Medical Inspector, United States Navy, Navy Yard, Boston, Massachusetts, born January 12, 1851. University of Virginia, 1870; University of New York (M.D.), 1872. Interne April, 1871 -October, 1872. 151 Formerly Assistant Surgeon and Surgeon United States Navy. Member Military Surgeons United States. DEW, J. Harvie, 65 West Sixty-eighth Street, New York City, born October 18, 1843, Newton, Virginia. Uni- versity of Virginia (M.D.), 1867. Interne April, 1868- October, 1869. Surgeon, Confederate Veterans' Camp. Specialty, Obstetrics. Formerly Professor Anatomy, Physiology and Hygiene New York Evening High School. Surgeon Central Dispensary. Member New York State Medical Association, Academy of Medicine, County Medi- cal Society and Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. DILLON, Charles J., 218 West Seventy-first Street, New York City. Interne August, 1902 -June, 1904. DONAHUE, George H., Northport, Long Island, New York, born Brooklyn. Eochester (A.B.), 1877. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1882. Interne April, 1883— October, 1884. Formerly Health Officer Huntington and Northport. Member Queens, Nassau, Medical Society, Associated Physicians of Long Island. DONOVAN, William, 125 East One Hundred and Sixth Street, New York City, born March, 1868, Cork, Ireland. Bellevue (M.D.), 1898. Interne December, 1898— August, 1900. Formerly Acting Assistant Surgeon United States Army. Ex-interne Haekensack General Memorial Hospi- tal. Member County Medical, Physicians ' Mutual Aid and Celtic Medical Societies, Society Alumni City (Char- ity) Hospital. DRAKE, Nelson Henry, United States Navy, born Chester, New Jersey, April 2, 1850. College of Physicians and Surgeons (M.D.), 1873. Interne April, 1872— Octo- ber, 1873. Major-Surgeon, United States Navy. Formerly Assistant Attending North western Dispensary; Surgeon 152 Eye and Ear Infirmary and Attending Physician North- ern Dispensary, New York. DRAKE, F. R. S., Deceased. Interne April, 1870- October, 1871. DUDLEY, Clifton R., 4612 Finney Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri. Bellevue (M.D.), 1891. Interne April, 1892— October, 1893. Assistant to Chair of Obstetrics Beaumont Medical College, St. Louis, and Visiting Physician to Methodist Baptist Sanitarium. DUNLOP, Samuel Robert, Mount Morris, New York, born June 12, 1868, New York City. University of New York (B.S.), 1887; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1890. Interne April, 1890-October, 1891. Formerly Surgeon United States Army, Superin- tendent Medico-Chirurgical Hospital, Philadelphia. Member Society of Military Surgeons. DUNN, John, Richmond, Virginia, born November 14, 1862, Petersburg, Virginia. University of Virginia (A.M.), 1884; (M.D.), 1886. Interne April, 1887— April, 1888. Post-Graduate Study in Paris, Berlin and London, 1888—1889. Professor Diseases of Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat, University College of Medicine; Surgeon, Rich- mond Eye, Ear and Throat Infirmary. Specialty, Dis- eases of Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat. Contributor to ' 1 Knapp 's Archiv. Otology and Ophthalmology. ' 1 Mem- ber Richmond Academy of Medicine, Richmond State Medical, Tri-State Medical, American Laryngological, and Otological and Rhinological Societies. DUNN, William W., Richmond, Virginia. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, N. Y. (M.D.), 1894. Interne October, 1894— June, 1896. Adjunct Professor Children's Diseases, University College. 153 DUNNE, Russel C, died at Westerly, Rhode Island, 1901. University New York (M.D.), 1879. Interne, April, 1880-October, 1881. Member School Committee. Ex- President Washington County Medical Society. EARL, William Petry, Little Falls, New York, born February 7, 1874, Herkimer, New York. Cornell Uni- versity, 1896; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1898. Interne March, 1899-August, 1900. Acting Assistant Surgeon, U.S.A., 1899. Member Amer- ican, New York State and Herkimer County Medical Association; Herkimer County Medical Society; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. EDGERTON, Francis D., Middletown, Connecticut, born August 26, 1838. Wesleyan College (A.B.), 1861; (A.M.), 1864. University Vermont (M.D.), 1863; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1864. In- terne October, 1864— April, 1865. Ex-Interne Bellevue Hospital. Visiting Physician Connecticut Industrial School. President Middlesex County Medical Society. Post Surgeon State of Connecticut. Delivered Annual Address in Medicine, Yale Medical School, 1878. Presi- dent Connecticut Medical Society, 1894. Honorary Mem- ber Connecticut Pharmaceutical Association. Member Bellevue Hospital Alumni, Connecticut and Middlesex County Medical Societies. EDWARDS, Landon Brame, Richmond, Virginia, born September 20, 1845, Prince Edward, Canada. University New York (M.D.), 1867. Interne April, 1867-April, 1868. Editor Virginia Medical Semi-Monthly. Clinical Professor Practice of Medicine and Dean, University Medical College. Physician Virginia Hospital. Founder Medical Society of Virginia ; Secretary since 1870. Mem- ber American Medical Association ; Virginia Medical and Tri-State Medical Societies ; Richmond Academy of Medi- cine; Honorary Member Medical Society of Western Virginia. 154 EGAN, Peter Ralph, Major and Surgeon, U. S. A., Cebu, Isle of Cebu, Philippine Islands. College of Physi- cians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1880. Interne April, 1880-October, 1881. Post-Graduate Study in Boston and New York. Formerly Distributing Officer, Board of Charities, Porto Rico, 1899. Member Associa- tion of Military Surgeons. EMBREE, Richard J., died at Colorado Springs, 1889. Interne April, 1884— October, 1885. ENO, Henry Clay, Saugatuck, Connecticut, born 1840. New York City. Yale University (A.B.), 1860; (A.M.) 1863; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1864. Interne April, 1864— October, 1864. For- merly Ophthalmic Surgeon, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary; Surgeon St. Johns ' Hospital; Surgeon Charity Hospital ; Curator Charity Hospital Museum. Ex-Interne Bellevue Hospital. Retired from active practice in 1884. Member New York County Medical and Roman Medical Societies. ESTABROOK, C. R., 9307 Flatlands Avenue, Brooklyn, New York. Interne April 1876— October, 1877. FARNHAM, Alden Bradford, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, born 1844, Bath, Maine. Harvard, 1868. Bellevue, (M.D.), 1874. Interne October, 1878-April 1880. Spe- cialty, Nose and Throat. Chairman, Board of Censors, Founder and Former President, Milwaukee Medical Society. FARRELL, Edward, Nova Scotia. Interne April, 1864 -April, 1865. FARWELL, George E., Elmhurst, Borough of Queens, New York. New York University (M.D.), 1889. Interne April, 1889— October 1890. Member Queens Nassau Medical Society. 155 FEINBERG, Israel S., 316 East Seventy-ninth Street, New York City. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, (M.D.), 1888. Interne April 1889-Oetober, 1890. Assistant Surgeon Mount Sinai and Lebanon Hos- pital Dispensaries. FERGUSON, Burr., Interne June, 1896— December, 1897. FERRER, Jose M., 441 Park Avenue, New York City. Manhattan College (A.B.), 1876; (A.M.), 1879; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1879. Interne April, 1879-October, 1880. Post-Graduate Study in Vienna, 1891-1892. Visiting Physician St. Vincent and French Hospitals; Attending Physician Manhattan College. Formerly Assistant Eoosevelt, St. Vincent and Bellevue Dispensaries. Specialty, Internal Medicine. Ex-President Manhattan College Alumni. Fellow Acad- emy of Medicine. Member County Medical, Northwest- ern Medical and Surgical and Physicians' Mutual Aid Societies. Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. FISET, G. 0., Deceased. Interne April, 1872— October, 1873. FISKE, James Porter, 1692 Broadway, New York City. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1891. Interne April, 1891-October, 1892. Formerly Ob- stetric Surgeon, Church Hospital; Attending Physician, Northwestern Dispensary; Assistant Surgeon, Eoosevelt Hospital, 0. P. D.; Orthopedic Surgeon, New York Post- Graduate Hospital. Specialty, Orthopedic Surgery. Member Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. FITZPATRICK, C. B., 350 West Seventy-first Street, New York City. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1890. Interne October, 1891- April, 1892. Member Academy of Medicine and Pathological Society. 156 FLETCHER, Norton De L., 180 East Ninety-third Street, New York City, born October 11, 1876, New York City. Columbia (A.B.), 1899; (M.D.), 1902. Interne August, 1902— June, 1904. FLORES, R. G. D., Costa Rica. Interne April, 1870— October, 1872. FOOTE, Sherman Knevals, 207 West One Hundred and Third Street, New York City, born January 5, 1874, New York City. Yale University (A.B.), 1895; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1899. In- terne June, 1899— April, 1901. Assistant Surgeon, Roosevelt Hospital, O.P.D. Formerly Physician Wilkes ' Dispensary. Member New York State and County Med- ical Associations, Society Alumni City (Charity) Hos- pital. FORD, Charles Milton, 523 West One Hundred and Forty-fifth Street, New York City, born Belfast, New York. Hamilton College (A.B.), 1885; (A.M.), 1888; University of New York (M.D.), 1888. Interne April, 1888-October, 1889. Dean of Faculty and Professor of Anatomy and Histology, New York Dental School; Attending Surgeon, Randall's Island Hospital. For- merly Instructor in Anatomy and Surgery, University Medical College. Member New York County Medical and Physicians' Mutual Aid Societies. Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. FORD, Willard Ellis, Utica, New York, born Belfast, New York. Madison University (A.M.), University of New York (M.D.), 1872. Interne February, 1872— Octo- ber, 1873. Medical Director, St. Luke's Hospital. Spe- cialty, Gynecology. Formerly Assistant Physician, New York State Hospital for Insane. Member American Gyne- cological, American Climatological and American Elec- tro-therapeutical Associations, and State, County, and City Medical Societies. 157 FORD, A. W., 244 Clinton Street, Brooklyn, New York. University of New York (M.D.), 1872. Interne April, 1872— April, 1873. Member American and New York State Medical Associations. FORTUNE, C. A., Died in Cuba. Interne April, 1871- October, 1872. FOSTER, Thomas Gardner, Assistant Surgeon, United States Navy, bom October 1, 1875, Montgomery, Ala- bama. University of Virginia (M.D.), 1899. Interne April, 1901— April, 1903. Ex-Interne Post-Graduate Hospital, New York. FRANK, Simon G., 1885 Lexington Avenue, New York City. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1893. Interne October, 1893— April, 1895. FRASER, Roderick, 55 West One Hundred and Fourth Street, New York City, born 1870 Nova Scotia. St. Fran- cis Xaviers College (B.A.), 1894; Bellevue (M.D.), 1897. Interne June, 1897— December, 1898. Assistant Attend- ing Physician, Bloomingdale Clinic. Ex-Interne Lying-in Hospital. Member Physicians ' Mutual Aid Association. FREELAND, John, 45 West Thirty-second Street, New York City. Bellevue (M.D.), 1894. Interne June, 1895 —December, 1896. FRENCH, Charles H., Pawtucket, Ehode Island, born 1859, "Westbury, Connecticut. Bellevue (M.D.), 1880. Interne April, 1880— April, 1882. Ex-President Provi- dence Medical Association. Formerly Lieutenant-Colonel Medical Director, Ehode Island Militia. Vice-President Providence County Savings Bank. Member Connecti- cut Medical Association; Providence Medical Pawtucket Medical and American Medical Associations; Ehode Isl- and Medical and Medico-Legal Society of Ehode Island, Association of Military Surgeons, United States. 158 FRIDENBERG, Edward, born 1855 New York City, died December, 1903. College of Physicians and Sur- geons, New York (M.D.), 1878. Interne April, 1878— October, 1879. Member Academy of Medicine, American and New York State Medical Associations; American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society; American Otological Society, County Society, Ophthal- mological Society, Otological Society, Oplithalmological and Aural Surgeon, German Hospital. FULLILOVE, Thomas Weir, Vaiden, Mississippi, born July 31, 1851, Carroll County, Mississippi. Emory and Henry College, Virginia (A.B.), 1872; Bellevue (M.D.), 1875. Interne April, 1875— April, 1876. Post-Graduate Study at New York Polyclinic. Retired from active practice in 1900. Health Officer. Vice-President and Sec- retary Mississippi State Medical Association; Member American Medical, Mississippi State Medical, and Tri- State Medical Associations. GALL AW AY, George E., Rah way, New Jersey, born May 26, 1876, Ancram, New York. University of New York (M.D.), 1898. Interne December, 1898— December, 1899. Member American Medical, Union County Medical Society, Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. GARDINER, Charles Fox, Colorado Springs, Colo- rado, born October 12, 1857, New York City. Bellevue (M.D.), 1882. Interne September, 1882— October, 1883. President United States Pension Examining Surgeons; Visiting Staff, St. Francis Hospital; Ex-President El Paso County Medical Society. Specialty, Tuberculosis and Climatology. GASTON, J. L., Montgomery, Alabama. Interne April, 1885-October, 1886. GAUNT, Thomas Townsend, 11 West Twenty-sixth Street, New York City, born September 29, 1857, New York City. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New 159 York (M.D.), 1881. Interne October, 1881— April, 1882. Ex-Interne Marion Street Maternity. Formerly Physi- cian-In-Chief, New York Eastern and Good Samaritan Dispensaries; Member Medical Society Greater New York. GILES, Richard, Cold Spring, New York, born 1861, New York City. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1882. Interne October, 1882- April, 1884. Consulting Surgeon Highland Hospital, Fishkill, New York. Post-Graduate Study at Vienna, Berlin and Eotunda Hospital, Dublin. GILLAN, Cuthbert, Charlottesville, Virginia, born No- vember 9, 1865, Baltimore, Maryland. University of Vir- ginia (M.D.), 1887. Interne October, 1888- April, 1890. Member Board of Health, Austed, West Virginia. Post- Graduate Study Polyclinic and Post-Graduate Hospitals, New York. Formerly Assistant Surgeon, United States Navy; Major and Surgeon, West Virginia National Guard. GIFFEN, Robert Emmett, Lincoln, Nebraska. Belle- vue (M.D.), 1880. Interne October, 1880- April, 1882. Surgeon, St. Elizabeth's Hospital; Colonel and Surgeon, Nebraska National Guard. Specialty, Surgery. GILDAY, A. Lome C, 7 Seymour Avenue, Montreal, Canada, born July 20, 1878. McGill University (B.A.), (M.D.), (CM.), 1900. Interne December, 1901-Decem- ber, 1903. Ex-Interne Euptured and Crippled Hospital and New York Lying-in Hospital. GILLEY, William Cantine, 245 West Eleventh Street^ New York City, born August 23, 1851, New York City. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1885. Interne October, 1885— April, 1887. Attending Surgeon, New York Dispensary. Clinical Assistant, Van- 160 derbilt Clinic. Formerly Attending Physician Northern Dispensary. Member Physicians' Mutual Aid and New York County Medical Society. Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. (Founder.) GILLIAM, J. J., Interne October, 1894— June, 1896. GLOVER, F. R., Mount Vernon, New York. Univer- sity of New York (M.D.), 1885. Interne April, 1885- October, 1886. GOODALL, Henry S., Bennington, Vermont, born May 28, 1866, at Greensboro, Vermont. Williams (A.B.), 1887; Columbian University of Washington (M.D.), 1890. Interne October, 1890— April, 1892. Formerly Assistant Eye and Ear, Emergency Hospital, Washington. Mem- ber Vermont State Medical, Bennington County Medical Societies. GOODWIN, Chas S., 527 State Street, Bridgeport, Con- necticut, born November 10, 1873, Westboro, Connecticut. University of New York (M.D.), 1896. Interne June, 1896— December, 1897. Formerly Interne, New York Ly- ing-in Hospital. Member City, State and County Medical Societies. GORTON, Orren A., Sherburne, New York, born July 30, 1849, East Lyme, Connecticut. University of New York (M.D.), 1877. Interne October 1876- April, 1878. Retired from active practice. Formerly Attending Northern Dispensary and Lecturer on Medicine, Univer- sity Medical College, New York. Ex-Member New York Academy of Medicine. Member Chenango County Medi- cal Society (President 1903), New York County and State Medical Societies. GOTTHEIL, William S., 144 West Forty-eighth Street, New York City, born Berlin, Germany. Cornell University, 1879; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1882. Interne October, 1882- April, 1883. Vis- 161 iting Dermatologist, City and Lebanon Hospitals. Con- sulting Dermatologist Beth Israel Hospital. Formerly Professor Dermatology, New York School of Clinical Medicine, and Lecturer on Dermatology, "New York Poly- clinic. Specialty, Dermatology. Author, " Illustrated Skin Diseases;" " Syphilis, Its Diagnosis and Treat- ment " Treatment of Skin Cancers; " " Normal His- tology. ' ' Member American Medical Association ; County Medical Association and Society; Academy of Medicine, Harlem Medical and Manhattan Dermatological Asso- ciation; Physicians ' Mutual Aid and Eastern Medical Societies. GOULEY, L. P. G., Died 1878. New York University (M.D.), 1868. Interne April, 1868- April, 1869. GRANDY, Charles Rollin, Norfolk, Virginia. Univer- sity of Virginia (B.A.) (M.D.), 1892. Interne October, 1892— April, 1894. Post-Graduate Study in Germany. Attending Physician, St. Vincent's Hospital; Ex-Interne Hudson Street Hospital, New York City. Formerly Path- ologist to St. Vincent 's Hospital, New York City. Mem- ber and Ex-President Norfolk Medical Society; Eastport Medical Society; Medical Society of Virginia and Ameri- can Medical Association. GRAFSTROM, Alex. V., Jamestown, New York, born September 30, 1858, Sweden. Orebro College, Sweden (B.S.), 1879; Royal Army Academy, Carlberg, Sweden, 1881; University of New York (M.D.), 1893. Interne December, 1895— June, 1897. Attending Physician, Gus- tavus Adolphus Orphanage. Specialty, Diseases of Throat and Lungs. Formerly Second Lieutenant Royal Grenadiers, Swedish Army; Assistant, Demilt Dispen- sary, New York. Author Text-book on Mechano Therapy. Member New York Physicians' Mutual Aid Association. GRAVES, Spencer 0., Interne October, 1883— October, 1884. 162 GREEN, Edward H., Medical Inspector, United States Navy, born April 18, 1853, Baltimore, Md. Calvert Col- lege (B.A.), 1869; University of Virginia (M.D.), 1872. Interne December, 1872— April, 1874. Post-Graduate Study New York Polyclinic and Bay View Hospital; Sur- geon on Greely Relief Expedition, 1894; Member Society Military Surgeons. GREENWAY, A. W., Died 1897. Interne October, 1892— April, 1894. GRICE, Joseph, Portsmouth, Virginia. Interne Octo- ber, 1893— April, 1895. GUILLEN, Mateo W., Interne December, 1899-De- cember, 1901. GUITERAS, Ramon, 75 West Fifty-fifth Street, New York. Harvard (M.D.), 1883. Interne October, 1885— April, 1887. Consulting Surgeon, French Hospital; Vis- iting Surgeon, City, Columbus and Manhattan Hospitals. Member American Medical, New York State Medical As- sociations; Academy of Medicine; New York County Medical Society; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospi- tal. (Founder; President, 1889; Vice-President, 1890- 1901.) GUILSHON, Joseph John, 236 West One Hundred and Twenty-second Street, New York City, bom January 17, 1877, Westchester, Massachusetts. Yale University (M.D.), 1898. Interne June, 1898— December, 1899. Ex- Interne, New York Lying-in Hospital. GUINLOCK, W. C, Seaforth, Ontario. College of Phy- sicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1865. Interne April, 1867— October, 1868. Retired from practice and entered business. 163 HADDAD, Risq. G., 84 State Street, Brooklyn, New- York, born May 21, 1873, Syria. Syrian Protestant Col- lege (A.B.), 1891; Bellevue (M.D.), 1901; New York Uni- versity (Ph.D.), 1903. Interne August, 1901— April, 1903. Formerly Editor Lissan ul Hal, Beirut, Syria. HAGAN, H. L., 200 West Seventy-sixth Street, New York City. University of New York (M.D.), 1886. HALL, D. M., Interne June, 1894— December, 1895. HAMILTON, W. L., Interne October, 1880- April, 1882. Ketired from practice; now in the real estate business. HAMLIN, George D., 143 Kent Street, Brooklyn, New York, born 1868, Naples, New York. New York University (M.D.), 1883. Interne April, 1883-October, 1884. Attend- ing Physician University Medical College ; Commissioner of Education, New York City. Formerly Board of Educa- tion, Brooklyn. Attending Physician, Methodist Hospi- tal. Fellow New York Academy of Medicine. Member Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. HANEY, James Parton, 500 Park Avenue, New York City, born April 16, 1869, New York City. University of New York (B.S.), 1888; (M.D.), 1891. Interne March, 1892— October, 1893. President Council of Supervisors and Director of Manual Training, New York Public Schools. Formerly Lecturer on Medicine, New York University School of Pedagogy. Eetired. Member So- ciety Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. HARDIN, Bernard Lauriston, 1132 Connecticut Ave- nue, Washington, D. C, born 1870, Virginia. Military Institute (B.S.), 1890; Columbian University (M.D.), 1895. Interne October, 1895— June, 1897. Professor Physical Diagnosis, Columbian University, Washington; Chief of Dispensary, Columbian University Hospital. Specialty, Internal Medicine. Ex-Interne Willard-Par- 164 ker Hospital. Member Medical Society and Medical As- sociation, District of Columbia; Clinical and Pathological Societies, Washington. HARRINGTON, De Wolfe, Deceased. Interne Octo- ber, 1866- October, 1867. HARRIS, G. W., Marshalltown, Marshall County, Iowa. Interne October, 1886— April, 1888. HARRISON, Gessner, 63 West Fifty-first Street, New York City. University of Virginia (M.D.), 1889. In- terne October, 1890— April, 1892. Formerly Inspector Health Department and Attending Physician, Northwest- ern Dispensary. Member Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. HARRISON, Stephen Decatur, Cornwall on Hudson, New York. Yale University (B.A.), 1876; University of New York (M.D.), 1879. Interne April, 1879— October, 1880. Consulting Physician, St. Luke's Hospital, New- ark. Formerly Physician, Northeastern Dispensary, Eoosevelt Hospital, 0. P. D., Bellevue Dispensary. Mem- ber Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. HARRISON, Henry William, Eoanoke, Virginia, born September 15, 1849, Virginia. Bellemont Academy (B.A.), 1873. Eichmond Medical College (M.D.), 1882. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, 1884. Interne April, 1884— October, 1886. Attending Physi- cian, Eoanoke Hospital; Ex-President Board of Health; Medical Society of Virginia and Eoanoke. Formerly Lieutenant of Artillery, United States Army. HARRISON, William H., Interne April, 1864- April, 1865. HAWES, Walker Aylett, 787 Lexington Avenue, New York City, born March 27, 1840, David County, Canada. University of Virginia (M.D.), 1866. Interne October, 165 1866— October, 1867. Formerly Visiting Physician, Almshouse and Workhouse Hospital; Assistant, New York Polyclinic. Member Davis County Medical Society. HAZEN, Allen, born May 12, 1867, Jericho, Vermont, died November, 1903, in New York City. University of Vermont (A.B.), 1888; College of Physicians and Sur- geons, New York (M.D.), 1895. Interne April, 1895— De- cember, 1896. HAZEN, Henry Comstock, 66 West Fifty-sixth Street, New York City, born September 26, 1867, Haddock, Con- necticut. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1891. Interne April, 1891-October, 1892. At- tending Physician, New York Infant Asylum; Attending Podiatrist, Columbus Hospital; Consulting Physician, French Hospital. Specialty, Pediatrics. Ex-Interne New York Lying-in Hospital. Member Academy of Medicine, County Medical and Medico-Chirurgical Societies. So- ciety of Medical Jurisprudence ; Greater New York Medi- cal Association; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. HEALY, William Charles, 346 West Fifty-seventh Street. New York City, born March 24, 1876, Stratford, Connecticut. Yale University (Ph.B.), 1896. Johns Hop- kins University (M.D.), 1900. Interne August, 1900— August, 1902. Assistant Gynecologist, Vanderbilt Clinic. Specialty, Gynecology. Ex-Inteme Roosevelt Hospital. Member Roosevelt Hospital Alumni. Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. HEGER, Anton, 49 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York City. University of Virginia (M.D.). 1893. Interne Oc- tober, 1893— April, 1895. Member County Medical So- ciety. HELLER, Theodore Francis, 109 West Eighty-eighth Street, New York City, born March 1, 1861, New York City. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.). Interne October, 1883— April, 1885. 166 HERSCHEL, J. J., Interne June, 1894— December, 1895. HEWETT, William Beech, 227 Furman Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, born March 23, 1852, Albany, New York. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1877. Interne October, 1877- April, 1879. Ke- tired from practice and entered banking business. Mem- ber Kings County Medical Society. HEYDECKER, Henry R., 61 Fifth Avenue, New York City, born February 25, 1864, New York City. Trinity College (A.M.), 1886; Harvard (A.B.), 1889; (M.D.), 1889. Interne October, 1889— April, 1891. Genito-Urin- ary Surgeon, Post-Graduate Hospital. Formerly Acting Assistant Surgeon, United States Army. Member Massa- chusetts Medical Society; County Medical Society and Academy of Medicine. HIGLEY, Henry A., 227 Park Avenue, Brooklyn, New York. College of Physicians and Surgeons (M.D.), 1888. Interne October, 1888— April, 1890. HILL, Edwin Wilkinson, 600 Doan Street, Glenville, Ohio, born June 19, 1848, Rochdale, England. Univer- sity of New York (M.D.), 1874. Interne April, 1874- April, 1875. Health Officer, Salem, New York. Member Washington County Medical Society; Academy of Medi- cine. HILL, Edmund Y., Ill West Seventy-first Street, New York City. Bellevue (M.D.), 1889. Interne April, 1889 —October, 1890. Member County Medical Society. HILLYER, Joseph H., Interne October, 1876-April, 1878. HITCHCOCK, DeWitt, South Oxford, New York. Uni- versity of New York (M.D.), 1876. Interne October, 1876 April, 1878. Practiced in Long Island City, where he was Police Surgeon until 1891. 167 HITCHCOCK, Urban G., 51 West Twenty-ninth Street, New York City, born February 24, 1845, North Wayne, Maine. University of New York (A.B.), 1865; (A.M.), 1868. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1869. Interne April, 1869 -April, 1870. Sur- geon Throat Department, New York Eye and Ear In- firmary. Formerly Attending Surgeon, New York Dis- pensary; Assistant Surgeon, New York Orthopedic Hos- pital. Dispensary Instructor in Laryngology Vanderbilt Clinic. Specialty, Laryngology. Member American Laryngological, County Medical, State Medical Societies ; Academy of Medicine. HODGSON, John H. R., 29 Washington Square, New York City. University of Virginia (M.D.), 1888; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1889. Interne April, 1889— October, 1890. Physician, New York Hospital, 0. P. D.; Assistant Dermatologist, Vanderbilt Clinic. Member Society Alumni City (Charity) Hos- pital. HOFFMAN, Oscar, 566 South Thirty-eighth Street, Omaha, Nebraska. Interne October, 1875— April, 1877. HOLLO WAY, James Hillyer, Assistant Surgeon, United States Navy, Navy Yard, Brooklyn, born June 21, 1873, Winchester, Kentucky. Wesslyn College (B.S.), 1894; Bellevue (M.D.), 1897. Interne June, 1897 —December, 1898. Formerly Acting Assistant Surgeon, United States Army. HOLLADAY, Gray Goodwin, Portsmouth, Virginia. Bellevue (M.D.), 1893. Interne October, 1893— April, 1895. Coroner, City of Portsmouth. Member Medical Society of Virginia and Norfolk Medical, Seaboard Medi- cal Societies. HOLMES, W. C, Deceased. Interne October, 1879- April, 1881. 168 HOLSTEN, George Dedric, Died August, 1896. Uni- versity of New York (M.D.), 1882. Interne June, 1881 —October, 1883. Dermatologist, Brooklyn Throat Hos- pital; Brooklyn Eastern District Hospital. HOUGH, Perry Bartlette, 123 East Seventy-sixth Street, New York City, born February 27, 1874, Alimont, Michigan. University of New York (B.S.), 1896; Belle- vue (M.D.), 1899. Interne December, 1899-April, 1901. Clinical Assistant, Ophthalmology, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary and New York Polyclinic. Ex-Interne New York Eye and Ear Infirmary. Specialty, Diseases of the Eye. Member Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. HOWARD, C. Norman, 1936 Cincinnati Street, Wash- ington, D. C, born September 23, 1875, Bethlehem, Pa. Columbian University (M.D.), 1898. Interne April, 1900 —August, 1902. Specialty, Eye and X-ray. Member Medical Association of District of Columbia and Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. HOYT, W. G. Interne April, 1882-October, 1883. HUBER, John Bessner, 44 East Sixty-fourth Street, New York City. Hamilton College (B.A.), 1887; (M.A.), 1890; Bellevue (M.D.), 1889; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1890. Interne April, 1889 —April, 1891. Assistant Surgeon and Captain 12th Kegi- ment, National Guard, New York. Attending Vander- bilt, Eoosevelt and New York Hospital Dispensaries. Specialty, Internal Medicine. Formerly Coroner's Phy- sician, New York County. Author, " Eecognition and Prevention of Disease. ' ' Member New York County Med- ical Society; Academy of Medicine; Society of Medical Jurisprudence. HUGHES, Henry, Long Branch, New Jersey, born Mount Alto, Pa., 1848. Pennsylvania State College, 1868; Cornell University (M.D.), 1869; College of Physicians 169 and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1873. Interne October, 1873— April, 1875. Post-Graduate Study in London and Paris, 1879. Formerly Attending Physician, Monmouth Memorial Hospital. Member County Medical Society. HUGHES, John Lawrence, 21 Archer Avenue, Mount Vernon, New York, born October 20, 1876, New York City. College of Physicans and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1899. Interne, December, 1899— December, 1901. Ex-Interne New York Infant Asylum. Specialty, Gyne- cology and Pediatrics. Member Mount Vernon Medical Society; Medical Society of Westchester County; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. HULL, Marion McHenry, Atlanta, Georgia, bom Athens, Georgia, February 9, 1872. B.S., 1891; M.S., 1892; M.D., 1895. Interne December, 1895- June, 1897. Pediatrist to Sheltering Arms; Visiting Surgeon and Chairman Medical Board, Presbyterian Hospital. Spe- cialty, Pediatrics. Member State Medical Association; Medical Society Presbyterian Hospital. HUNTINGTON, H. R., Died 1897. Interne April, 1871 -October, 1872. HUSTACE, Frank, 413 Madison Avenue, New York City, born September 6, 1850, New York City. Columbia University (A.B.), 1871; (A.M.), 1874; College of Physi- cians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1874. Interne October, 1873— April, 1875. Ex-Interne Woman's Hos- pital. Formerly Attending Physician, New York, East- ern and Northern Dispensaries. Member County Medical Society; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. HUTCHINSON, Henry Sinclair, 15 Grand Boulevarde, Binghamton, New York. College of Physicians and Sur- geons, New York (M.D.), 1893. Interne April, 1893— October, 1894. Member Broome County Medical Society. 170 IRWIN, James Scales, Danville, Virginia, born June 9, 1867, Reidsville, North Carolina. University of Vir- ginia (M.D.), 1893. Interne October, 1893— April, 1895. Post-Graduate Study, New York Polyclinic. Visiting Physician, Danville General Hospital. Ex-President Danville General Hospital. Ex-President Danville Acad- emy of Medicine; Member Virginia State Medical and Tri-State Medical Associations. IVES, Francis Joseph, United States Army, born July 19, 1857, Boston, Massachusetts. University of Virginia (M.D.), 1878. Interne April, 1879-October^ 1880. Major and Surgeon, United States Army. Chief Sanitary In- spector Provinces Matanzas and Santa Clara, Cuba. Chief Surgeon China Eelief Expedition, 1900-1901. Mem- ber Association Military Surgeons, United States. INCHES, Charles, Scribner, Nebraska. University of New York (M.D.), 1868. Interne October, 1868-Octo- ber, 1869. Ex-President Nebraska State Medical Society. INCHES, Peter, Interne, October, 1865 -October, 1866. JARECKY, Herman, 115 West One Hundred and Twenty-first Street, New York City, born June 13, 1863, New York City. University of New York (A.B.), 1883; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1886. Interne October, 1886 -April, 1888. Visiting Otologist, Harlem Hospital; Ophthalmic Surgeon, Syden- ham Hospital; Assistant Surgeon, Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital. Specialty, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat. Member Academy of Medicine; American Medical Asso- ciation; State, County and Eastern Medical Associations; Harlem Medical Society; Medical Association of Greater New York; Alumni Association College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Society Alumni City (Charity) Hos- pital. JAYNE, Walter A., Denver, Colorado, born, 1853, Orange, New Jersey. College of Physicians and Sur- geons (M.D.), 1875. Interne June, 1874— October, 1875. m Ex-Interne Hudson Street Hospital. Post-Graduate Study Johns Hopkins 1892-1893. Formerly Professor of Gynecology University of Colorado and Denver Medical College. Gynecologist to Arapahoe County and St. Luke's Hospitals, and Professor of Gynecology Denver and Gross College of Medicine. Specialty, Gynecology. Member American Medical Association; American Climatological Association; American Association of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Colorado State Society, City, County, Clini- cal and Pathological Societies of Denver. JEWETT, Carleton R., 1299 Main Street, Buffalo, New York, born March 5, 1852, Moravia, New York. Tule Academy (B.A.), 1878; College of Physicians and Sur- geons, New York (M.D.), 1881. Interne April, 1881— October, 1882. Visiting Physician, Sisters of Charity Hos- pital. Member Erie County Medical Society and Buffalo Academy of Medicine. JEWETT, Charles Sherman, 892 Main Street, Buffalo, New York, born March 16, 1865, Olympia, New York. Yale University (Ph.B.), 1887; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1890. Interne April, 1890- October, 1891. Post-Graduate Study, Dresden, Vienna, Berlin and Prague, 1892-1899. Visiting Surgeon, Erie County Hospital; Clinical Pathologist, Sisters of Charity Hospital; Instructor in Obstetrics, University of Buffalo. Member Buffalo Academy of Medicine; Erie County Medical and State Medical Associations; Buffalo Medical Society. JOBS, N. C, died 1889. Interne April, 1874-October, 1875. JOHNSTON, Arthur M., 89 Kossuth Avenue, Utica, New York, born December 1, 1873, Utica, New York. University New York City (M.D.), 1896. Interne Decem- ber, 1896— June, 1898. Visiting Surgeon, St. Elizabeth's Hospital; Member Oneida County Medical Society. 172 JOHNSON, Harry Dash, Bretton Hall, Broadway, 85th and 86th Streets, New York City, born 1876, Jersey City, N. J. Bellevue (M.D.), 1897. Interne December, 1897— June 1899. Formerly Physician to St. John's Guild, New York. Member Newark Medical Society; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. JOHNSON, Richard W., Major and Surgeon, United States Army, born January 15, 1855, Fort Duncan, Texas. Princeton University (A.B.), 1876; (A.M.), 1879; Uni- versity of New York (M.D.), 1879. Interne October, 1879-April, 1881. JOHNSON, Walter Buckley, Paterson, New Jersey, born January 3, 1856. College of Physicians and Sur- geons, New York (M.D), 1878. Interne October, 1879- April, 1880. Visiting Surgeon Paterson General and St. Joseph's Hospitals; Surgeon Paterson Eye and Ear In- firmary. Formerly Assistant Diseases of the Eye, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York; Manhattan Eye and Ear Infirmary; House of Eelief. Specialty, Diseases of the Eye and Ear. Member American Opthalmological and American Otological Society; Fellow New York Academy of Medicine. Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. (Vice-President, 1897; President, 1898.) JUDSON, E. A., Interne April, 1879-October, 1880. KANE, Arthur M., 349 West Thirty-fourth Street, New York City. Columbia (A.B.), 1888; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1892. Interne October, 1892— April, 1894. Formerly Assistant, Medical Depart- ment, Vanderbilt Clinic; Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospi- tal. Member County Medical Society. KATZENBERG, Meyer, 1315 Madison Avenue, New York City, born June 9, 1863. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1885. Interne April, 1886— 173 October, 1887. Physician, Mount Sinai Hospital, 0. P. D. Member County Medical Society and Society of Medical Jurisprudence. KELLOGG, W. V., Interne October, 1894- June, 1896. KELLY, Henry T., White Plains, New York, born Jan- uary 11, 1875, New York City. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1898. Interne December, 1898— August, 1900. Visiting Surgeon, White Plains Hos- pital. Member American Medical Association ; New York State and Westchester County Medical Associations and Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. KENNEDY, J. B., 139 Fifth Street, Long Island City, New York. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1886. Interne April, 1886-October, 1887. KENNEDY, John Miller, 168 W T est Ninety-seventh Street, New York City. College of Physicians and Sur- geons, New York (M.D.), 1887. Interne October, 1887- April, 1889. Assistant Gynecologist, Vanderbilt Clinic. Member County Medical Society and Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. (Vice-President, 1901.) KESSLER, George L., 588 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, born 1869, New York City. University of New York (M.D.), 1897. Interne June, 1897— December, 1898. Visiting Surgeon and Pathologist, Eastern District Hos- pital of Brooklyn. Member Kings County Medical So- ciety. KIMBALL, Duane, Interne December, 1899— April, 1900. Died while on duty, April, 1900. KINNEY, Alfred Coleman, 259 Commercial Street, As- toria, Oregon, born January 30, 1850, West Chehalem, Oregon. Bellevue (M.D.), 1872. Interne October, 1870- April, 1872. Mayor of Astoria. Post-Graduate Study, 174 New York Polyclinic, 1900. Formerly Surgeon-in-Chief, St. Vincent 's Hospital, Portland ; Medical Director, Ore- gon National Guard. Vice-President Astoria and Colum- bia River Railroad. First President Oregon State Medi- cal Society; Vice-President Oregon State Board of Health. Member Clatsop County Medical and Oregon State Medi- cal Societies. KINNEY, Augustus C, Astoria, Oregon, born July 26, 1845, Muscatine, Iowa, Bellevue (M.D.), 1870. Interne April, 1870- October, 1871. State Health Officer 1878- 1882. Formerly Physician-in-Charge, St. Mary's Hospi- tal. Specialty, Diseases of the Lungs. Post-Graduate Study in Chicago 1891. KLOTZ, Walter Carl, 126 West Forty-fifth Street, New York City, born July 29, 1875, New York City. Col- lege of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1898. Interne June, 1898— December, 1899. Post-Graduate Study, Germany, 1899-1900. Assistant Surgeon, Roose- velt Hospital, O. P. D. Attending Genito-Urinary Sur- geon, Cornell University Medical School Dispensary. Member New York County and German Medical Socie- ties; Physicians Mutual Aid Association; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. (Treasurer, 1904-1905.) Col- laborator Medical Review of Reviews and Journal for Cutaneous Diseases. KNICKERBOCKER, George S., 145 West One Hun- dred and Twenty-eighth Street, New York City. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1876. In- terne April, 1875— October, 1876. KNIGHT, William Ward, 96 Trumbull Street, Hart- ford, Connecticut, born September 15, 1852, Choplin, Con- necticut. University of New York (M.D.), 1876. Interne September, 1875— October, 1876. Visiting Physician Hartford Hospital. Hartford Medical Society and Asso- ciation of Life Insurance Directors. 175 KOHN, Albert, 122 East Fifty-eighth Street, New York City, born 1869. (A.B.), 1888; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1891. Interne October, 1891— April, 1893. Adjunct Professor Clinical Medicine, New York Polyclinic; Adjunct Visiting Physician, Mount Sinai Hospital. Member Harlem Medical, County Med- ical, Metropolitan Medical Societies; New York State Medical, American Medical Associations, and German Medical Society. KOHN, Samuel, 13 East Seventy-fifth Street, New York City. University of New York (M.D.), 1876. Interne April, 1876— October, 1878. Chief, Department Nose, Throat and Ear, German Polyclinic. President Board of Directors, Sanitarium for Hebrew Children. Formerly Visiting Physician, St. Mark 's Hospital. Member Acad- emy of Medicine; County Medical; Physicians' Mutual Aid Associations ; German Polyclinic and German Medical Societies. LANDSMAN, Samuel Marks, 220 East Nineteenth Street, New York City, born May 10, 1866, New York City. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1889. Interne, April, 1889-October, 1890. For- merly Assistant Surgeon Eandall ? s Island Hospital ; Sur- geon East Side Dispensary; Lecturer on Surgery, Post- Graduate Medical School. Member New York County, New York State and Eastern Medical Societies; New York State Medical Association. LAREW, John J., 1110 North Carson Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri. Bellevue (M.D.), 1875. Interne April, 1875— April, 1876. Professor Surgical Anatomy and Clinical Surgery and Secretary of Faculty, Beaumont Hospital Medical College. LEE, Charles Rowe, Fulton, New York, born April 15, 1856, Phoenix, New York. University of New York (M.D.), 1878. Interne, April, 1877-April, 1878. Retired 176 from practice in 1898. Formerly President Oswego County Medical Society; Physician to Batopilas Mining Company, Mexico. Member Oswego County, New York State Medical and American Medical Associations. LEIPZIGER, Henry A., Burlington, Iowa, born April 3, 1859, New York City. Bellevue (M.D.), 1881. Interne October, 1882 -April, 1884. Surgeon Chicago, Eock Isl- and & Pacific Eailroad. Formerly Health Officer, Pension Examiner and Surgeon, St. Francis Hospital; Lecturer on Surgery, Training School, Burlington Hospital; Gen- eral Medicine, Iowa State University. Specialty, Sur- gery. Member American Medical and Iowa Medical As- sociations; Eastern Iowa and Des Moines Medical Societies. LENEY, John M., Winnipeg, Canada, born Montreal, Canada, 1877. McGill University (B.A.), 1896; (Ph.D.), 1897; (M.D.), (CM.), 1901; (L.R.C.P.), (M.B.C.S.), Lon- don, 1903. House Surgeon Guy's Hospital, London, June, 1901— June, 1902. Specialty, Brain Surgery. Interne June, 1901 -September, 1903. LEON, Alexis Marcy, 79 East Fifty-sixth Street, New York City, born March 25, 1857; Manhattan College, New York City (A.B.), 1875; (A.M.), 1878; College of Physi- cians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1878. Interne April, 1878— October, 1879. Formerly Consulting Physi- cian, French Hospital; Attending Physician, Northeast- ern and Northwestern Dispensaries. Member New York County, Manhattan Medical and Surgical Societies, and Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. LEONARD, Charles Henry, 154 Broad Street, Provi- dence, Ehode Island. Yale University (A.B.), 1865; (A.M.), 1871; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1868. Interne April, 1868-October, 1869. Consulting Physician, Providence Lying-in Hospital; For- 177 merly Physician to State Workhouse and Insane Hospi- tal, Cranston; Physician, Providence Keform School Pathologist, Ehode Island Hospital. Ex-President Provi- dence Medical Association. LEVY, Henry, born February 14, 1857, New York City, died May 5, 1904, Perth Araboy, New Jersey. College City of New York (A.B.), 1875; (M.D.), 1878. Interne April, 1878— October, 1879. Surgeon, Perth Amboy City Hospital; Assistant Sanitary Inspector, New York City. LINEHAN, J. B., Deceased. Interne, 1876 to April, 1877. LITTLE, Harry Wilson, Evansville, Indiana, born August 28, 1875, Wabash, Indiana. Johns Hopkins Uni- versity (M.D.), 1900. Interne April, 1901— April, 1903. Post-Graduate Study, Johns Hopkins University, 1900- 1901. Specialty, Gynecology. LIVINGSTON, Ernest Perry, 189 Convent Avenue, New York City, bom July 31, 1864, New Haven, Connec- ticut. University of New York (M.D.), 1892. Interne June, 1897— October, 1898. Post-Graduate Study, Lying- in Hospital. Member County Medical Society; Greater New York Medical Association; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. LUDBROOK, W. Wallis, 426 Lenox Avenue, New York City. Bellevue (M.D.), 1895. Interne April, 1895- December, 1896. LYDSTON, G. Frank, 100 State Street, Chicago, Illi- nois, born March 3, 1858, California. Interne October, 1879— April, 1881. Professor Genito-Urinary Surgery, Illinois State University; Surgeon, St. Mary's and Sama- ritan Hospitals. Author Text-book on Genito-Urinary Surgery. Member Chicago Medical Society and Ameri- can Medical Association. 178 LYLE, Alexander, 1043 Madison Avenue, New York City, born February 9, 1866, New York City. University of New York (M.D.), 1888. Interne October, 1888- April, 1890. Adjunct Professor of Surgery, New York Polyclinic. Formerly Assistant Surgeon, Presbyterian Hospital, O. P. D. Specialty, Surgery. Member American Medical Association; Lenox Medical Society; Ex-President Clini- cal Society, New York Polyclinic; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. (Secretary, 1893; Vice-President, 1903; President, 1904.) LYNCH, Charles Francis, Springfield, Massachusetts, born August 18, 1871, Waltham, Massachusetts. Univer- sity of New York (M.D.), 1897. Interne June, 1897-De- cember, 1898. Attending Surgeon, Mercy Hospital. Mem- ber Massachusetts Medical Society; American Medical Association; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. LYNDE, Nathaniel White, 55 West Ninety-first Street, New York City, born January 4, 1859, West Brookfield, Massachusetts. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1885. Interne October, 1885- April, 1887. LYON, E. R., Deceased. Interne April, 1884— October, 1886. LYTTLE, H. T., died December 1, 1891. Interne October, 1877— April, 1879. McAULIFFE, George B., 57 East Sixty-fifth Street, New York City, born September 20, 1864, New York City. College City of New York (A.B.), 1885; College of Phy- sicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1888. Interne April, 1888-October, 1889. Adjunct Professor Otology, New York Polyclinic; Throat Surgeon, Metropolitan Throat Hospital; Assistant Surgeon, Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital; Oculist to Harlem Hospital and Mothers' Home and Red Cross Hospitals; Consulting Aurist, Metro- 179 politan Hospital. Specialty, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat. Member American, State and County Medical Associa- tions; State Medical Society; Society for the Relief of Widows and Orphans of Medical Men, and Physicians ' Mutual Aid Society; Celtic, Harlem, Eastern, Polyclinic and Medico-Chirurgical Societies; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. McBRIDE, James H., Pasadena, Calfornia, born Janu- ary 23, 1849. Bellevue (M.D.), 1873. Interne October, 1872— April, 1874. Dean of the Medical Department, Southern California University. Formerly Professor of Neurology, Chicago Polyclinic, and Superintendent Mil- waukee Hospital for Insane; Superintendent Milwaukee Sanitarium for Mental and Nervous Diseases. Member American Medical, American Medical-Psychological, American Climatological, and Neurological Associations ; State Medical and California Medical Societies ; Southern California Medical Association. McOABE, John, 78 Washington Place, New York City, born July 26, 1878, New York City. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1902. Interne August, 1902— June, 1904. Resident Physician Nursery and Childs' Hospital. McOAFFERTY, John Aloysius, 205 West One Hun- dred and Ffth Street, New York City, born June 21, 1874. Manhattan College, New York (A.B.), 1895; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1899. In- terne June, 1899— April, 1901. Medical Inspector, De- partment of Health, New York City. Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. MCCARTHY, P. F., Marlborough, Massachusetts. In- terne April, 1891 -October, 1892. McCARTNEY, G., Toronto, Canada. Interne Decem- ber, 1901— September, 1903. 180 McCHESNEY, Joseph Quincy, Plumas County, Califor- nia, born April 1, 1858, Columbia, California. Hamilton College (A.B.), 1880; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1881. Interne October, 1881-October, 1882. Visiting Surgeon, Plumas Infirmary. McDERMOTT, James, 225 East Fourteenth Street, New York City, born July 6, 1870, Ireland. College of Phar- macy, New York, 1889; University of New York (M.D.), 1893. Interne October, 1893 -April, 1895. Member So- ciety Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. McGAY, R. J., 61 East Fifty-fourth Street, New York City. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1868. Interne October, 1867 -October, 1868. McGILL, E. Leavenworth, Petersburg, Virginia, born May 12, 1875. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1901. Interne December, 1901— September, 1903. McKINNEY, J. A., Interne October, 1871 -April, 1873. McMANNIS, Wm. T., 320 West Forty-fifth Street, New York City, born January 10, 1864, Rochester, New York. Manhattan College (A.M.) ; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1885. Interne October, 1885 —April, 1887. Instructor in Otology, New York Poly- clinic; Assistant Attending, Metropolitan Hospital; Medi- cal Director, Knights of Columbus. Formerly Inspector Health Department, New York. Ex-Interne, Gouverneur Hospital. Formerly Attending Children's Clinic, St. Mary's Hospital. Specialty, Diseases of Nose, Throat and Ear. Member Celtic Medical, County Medical, Phy- sicians 9 Mutual Aid Societies. MACOMB, Edward. Interne April, 1866-October, 1866. MAGHEE, James Minor, Orange, New Jersey. Yale University (Ph.B.), 1884; College of Physicians and Sur- geons, New York (M.D.), 1887. Interne April, 1887— 181 October, 1888. Visiting Physician, Orange Memorial Hos- pital; Consulting Physician, Orange Memorial Dispen- sary. Member New Jersey State Medical Society. MALLESON, P. H., Interne October, 1884- April, 1886. Deceased. MALLETT, Eugene Pierre, 404 Bryant Building, Kan- sas City, Missouri, bom New York. Hobart College (B.S.); Long Island Medical College (M.D.), 1889. In- terne April, 1890— October, 1891. Clinical Professor Gynecology, Medico-Chirurgical College, Kansas City. Ex-Inteme Roosevelt Hospital; Formerly Junior Gyne- cologist, Columbus Hospital; Gynecologist, Vanderbilt, Columbus, St. Bartholomew and Harlem Clinics; and In- structor in Operative Gynecology, New York Post-Gradu- ate. Specialty, Gynecology. Member New York County Medical, West End Medical, Virginia Medical and Jack- son County Medical Societies; Medical Society Greater New York; Roosevelt Hospital Alumni and Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. (Secretary, 1895, 96, 97.) MALLETT, George Hooper, 144 West Seventy-first Street, New York City, born May 5, 1864, Fayetteville, North Carolina. University of Virginia (M.D.), 1885. Interne September, 1887— April, 1889. Assistant Gyne- cologist, General Memorial Hospital; Assistant Surgeon, Harlem Hospital; Gynecologist, Woman's Hospital, 0. P. D., and Vanderbilt Clinic. Specialty, Gynecology. Member New York Obstetrical, West End Medical Socie- ties; Society Alumni Woman's Hospital; New York County Medical Association; Society Alumni City (Char- ity) Hospital (Vice-President, 1902; President, 1902). MANGES, Morris, 941 Madison Avenue, New York City, born, 1865, New York City. College City of New York (A.B.), 1884; (A.M.), 1887; College of Physicians 182 and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1887. Interne April, 1887— October, 1888. Professor Clinical Medicine, New York Polyclinic ; Attending Physician, Mount Sinai Hos- pital; Post-Graduate Study Abroad, 1888-1889. Formerly Attending Physician, Mount Sinai Dispensary. Lecturer on Diseases of the Stomach, New York Polyclinic. Spe- cialty, Internal Medicine. Translator and Editor Ameri- can Edition Ewald's "Diseases of the Stomach/ ' Fellow Academy of Medicine; New York County Medical Society and New York State Association; Pathological, German Medical, Metropolitan, Harlem Medical and Medico-Chi- rurgical Societies; American Medical, American Gastro- Enterological Associations; Society Alumni City (Char- ity) Hospital. MANN, John, Petersburg, Virginia, born September 6, 1871, Petersburg, Virginia. University of Virginia (M.D.), 1894. Interne December, 1895— June, 1897. Ex- Interne St. Vincent's Hospital, Norfolk. Formerly City Physician, Petersburg. Member American Medical Asso- ciation; Virginia Medical Association. MANNING, A., 70 Park Avenue, Plainfield, New Jer- sey. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1883. Interne April, 1884-October, 1885. For- merly City Physician and Secretary Board of Health. MARCUS, Leopold, 1215 Madison Avenue, New York City, born February 14, 1875, New York City. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1896. In- terne, December, 1897— June, 1899. Ex-Interne St. Fran- cis Hospital, New York. Member Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. MARX, Simon, 947 Madison Avenue, New York City, born January 21, 1864. College of Physicians and Sur- geons, New York (M.D.), 1884. Interne April, 1884- October, 1885. Attending Surgeon, New York Maternity 183 Hospital; Gynecologist, Sydenham Hospital. Specialty, Obstetrics and Gynecology. Member American Medical and County Medical Societies; Academy of Medicine. MARSTON, Daniel W., Died June 9, 1901. Bellevue (M.D.), 1898. Interne December, 1899 -August, 1900. MATTHEWS, Frank Cameron, 121 Lexington Avenue, born December 16, 1872, Pearl Creek, New York. Leland Stanford, Jr., University (A.B.), 1897; College of Physi- cians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1902. Interne August, 1902-June, 1904. MAUPIN, Edward Griffith, 151 East One Hundred and Twenty-seventh Street, New York City, born December 18, 1850, Portsmouth, Virginia. University of Virginia, 1877; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1878. Interne October, 1878- April, 1880. For- merly Physician-in-Chief, Emigrant Hospital, Wards Isl- and, April, 1880— October, 1881. Member American and New York State Medical Associations; Harlem Medical Society. MAURY, John William Draper, 264 West Fifty-sev- enth Street, New York City, born August 1, 1871, New York City. Harvard (B.S.), 1895; University of New York (M.D.),1898. Interne June 1, 1898— December 1, 1899. Assistant Surgeon, University and Bellevue Dis- pensaries. Formerly Instructor in Operative Surgery, New York Polyclinic. Member American Medical, New York State Associations; County Medical Society; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital (Editor 1904). MAXWELL, E. A., Deceased. Interne April, 1869— April, 1870. MAYER, Abraham, 40 East Sixtieth Street, New York City, born March 5, 1854, New York City. College of Phy- sicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1875. Interne 184 October, 1875— October, 1876. Attending Physician, Leb- anon Hospital. Formerly Attending Physician, Mount Sinai Dispensary. Specialty, Diabetes and Diseases of Metabolism. Member New York County Medical, Patho- logical, and Metropolitan Medical Societies; Physicians ' Mutual Aid Association; Academy of Medicine; State Medical Association; Medical Association Greater New York. MEAD, John C, Died from typhoid fever while on duty, August 24th, 1869. MEEKER, Harold D., 41 West Seventy-first Street, New York City. Interne June, 1902— June, 1904. MEIROWITZ, Philip, 202 West One Hundred and Thirty-fifth Street, New York City, born 1868, New York City. College of City of New York (B.S.), 1887; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1890. Interne April, 1890-October, 1891. Post-Graduate Study in Vienna, Paris and Berlin. Instructor in Neurology, New York Post-Graduate. Formerly Commissioner of Education New York City, 1895-1897. Specialty, Neu- rology. Member County Medical, Neurological Societies, and Harlem Medical Association. MERRIAM, Frank Warren, Died September 16, 1900. University of New York (M.D.), 1880. Interne October, 1880— April, 1881. Practiced in New York City for three years, and was connected with Northern Dispensary. MERRIGAN, Thomas D., West One Hundred and Six- ty-Seventh Street, and Kingsbridge Road, New York City. University of New York (M.D.), 1887. Interne October, 1887— April, 1889. Ex-Interne Gouverneur Hospital. Member American, New York State Medical Associations ; Alumni Society Gouverneur and Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. 185 MEYER, Alfred E., 146 West Ninety-fifth Street, New York City, born Hoboken New Jersey, August 27, 1867. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1893. Interne April, 1893— October, 1894. Assistant Surgeon, New York Polyclinic. Member County Medical Society, Physicians ' Mutual Aid and Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. MEYER, Joseph, 252 Vernon Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, born October 2, 1854. University of New York, 1872; College of Physicians and Surgeons (M.D.), 1877. Interne October, 1876 — April, 1878. Post-Graduate Study in Europe. Laryngologist, St. Catherine 's and Ger- man Hospital, Brooklyn. Specialty, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat. Member Kings County, Brooklyn and German Medical Societies. MEYER, Leon Leopold, Masonic Temple, Memphis, Tennessee, born June 10, 1873, Natchez, Mississippi. Bellevue (M.D.), 1897. Interne June, 1897— December, 1898. Visiting Surgeon, Memphis City Hospital; Visit- ing Gynecologist, St. Joseph's Hospital; Visiting Physi- cian, Orphan Asylum. Member Memphis Medical, Tri- State Medical and Tennessee State Medical Societies; American Medical Association. MEYERS, Joseph, Died while on duty at City Hospi- tal, July 6th, 1871. MICHAELIS, Ludwig M., 1090 Lexington Avenue, New York City, born 1863, New York City. College of Physi- cians and Surgeons, New York, (M.D.), 1888. Interne October, 1888— April, 1890. Ex-Interne Sloane Maternity Hospital, Formerly Attending, Mount Sinai Dispensary; Assistant Editor " Medical Critic." Member American Medical and New York County Medical Associations; Metropolitan, Harlem and Eastern Medical Society; Phy- sicians' Mutual Aid Association; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. 186 MILLER, Ansel I., Brattleboro, Vermont, born October 15, 1857, Dmnmerston, Vermont. Williams (A.B.), 1881; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1884. Interne April, 1884— April, 1885. Member Ameri- can Medical Association; Vermont, Windham County, Connecticut River Medical Societies ; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. MILROY, William Forsyth, 312 McCagne Building, Omaha, Nebraska, born December 28, 1855, at York, New York. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1882. Interne October, 1882— October, 1884. Professor Clinical Medicine and Physical Diagnosis, Uni- versity of Nebraska; Visiting Physician Emanuel Hos- pital, Omaha and Douglas County Hospitals. Specialty, Internal Medicine. First President and Member Omaha Medical Society; Member Nebraska State Medical So- ciety; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. MOORE, Albertus Adair, 48 East Thirty-first Street, New York City, born Camden, South Carolina, June 26, 1874. University of the South, 1895; South Carolina Medical College, 1896. Interne June, 1896-June, 1898. Assistant Attending, Lying-in Department, New York Post-Graduate Hospital. Instructor in Obstetrics, Cor- nell Dispensary. Ex-Interne Lying-in Hospital. Mem- ber American Medical, New York State Medical Associ- ations; County Medical Society; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. MOORE, Bernard Weiss, 3634 Washington Avenue, St. Louis, Mo., born Lynchburg, Virginia, April 12, 1871. Washington and Lee University (A.B.), 1892; University of Virginia (M.D.), 1894. Interne April, 1895-Decem- ber, 1896. Visiting Physician, Martha Parsons Hospital for Children; Chief of Clinic, Bethesda Maternity. Mem- ber St. Louis Medical, Obstetrical Society; Bethesda Pe- diatric Society. 187 MOORE, William, 320 Broadway, New York City. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1884. Interne October, 1884— April, 1886. Formerly Resident Physician, New York Hospital for Nervous Dis- eases; Member County Medical Society. MOORE, William Oliver, 42 East Twenty-ninth Street, New York City. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1872. Interne April, 1872— October, 1873. Summer Eesidence, Bayport, L. L, Ophthalmic Surgeon, Post-Graduate and Flushing Hospitals. Ex- Interne New York Eye and Ear Infirmary. Formerly Assistant Surgeon, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary; Professor of Diseases of the Eye, University of Ver- mont; Women's Medical College, New York. Charter Member Post-Graduate; Member New York Medical, County Medical and Ophthalmological Societies. Winner Joseph Mathers Prize, College of Physicians and Sur- geons, 1878— 4 4 Physiological and Therapeutical Effects of Salicylic Acid and Its Compounds." MORALES, Raphael, Costa Rica. Interne April, 1870 -October, 1871. MORRISON, William Howe, 163 West One Hundred and Fifth Street, New York City, bom December 15, 1868, St. Johns, New Brunswick, Canada. College of Physi- cians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1892. Interne October, 1892— April, 1894. Assistant Attending, Eoose- velt Dispensary. Member West End Medical, New York County Medical Societies; New York State and Physi- cians' Mutual Aid Associations. MUNSON, Alban Elliot, Davidson Avenue and One Hundred and Eighty-fourth Street, New York City, born April 28, 1874, Palisades, New York. University of New York (B.S.), 1896; Bellevue (M.D.), 1899. Interne De- cember, 1899— April, 1901. Phsician to Webbs Academy 188 and Home for Shipbuilders. Specialty, Surgery and Dis- eases of Nose and Throat. Member New York State and County Medical Associations, Society Alumni City (Char- ity) Hospital. MURRAY, Eugene W., 493 Summer Avenue, Newark, New Jersey. Northeastern University (Ph.B.), 1895; Syracuse University (M.D.), 1898. Interne December, 1898— December, 1899. Assistant Visiting Physician, City and Babies Hospital; Assistant Surgeon, Women and Children's Hospital; Assistant Surgeon, Nose and Throat, St. Michaels Hospital; Member Newark Medical Society; Practitioners' Club; Essex County Medical So- ciety. MURTLAND, Samuel, 14 West Forty-seventh Street, New York City, born March 15, 1850, Ireland. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1883. In- terne April, 1883— October, 1884. Formerly Clinical As- sistant in Medicine, New York Polyclinic. Member New York State and County Medical Associations; American Medical Association; New York Academy of Medicine. MUZZY, Arthur T., born 1851, Madura, India; died March 4, 1902. Amherst (A.B.), 1874; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1879. In- terne April, 1880— October, 1881. Visiting Ophthalmol- ogist, Christ Hospital, Jersey City, and Consulting Ophthalmologist, Isabella Heimath Home, New York; Assistant Surgeon, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary; Examining Surgeon, Department of Health, New York; Member Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital (Treas- urer, 1890-1894; Editor, 1898-1901; President, 1902). MYERS, Howard Gillespie, 175 West Seventy-third Street, New York City, born March 2, 1862, Mentz, New York. Princeton (A.B.), 1885; (A.M.), 1888; Bellevue (M.D.), 1887. Interne April, 1887-October, 1888. Ex- 189 Interne Hospital for Euptured and Crippled; Lecturer on Operative Surgery, New York; Polyclinic, 1891-1900; Member County Medical; West End Medical Societies; Physicians Mutual Aid Socity; Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. NEFF, J. H., Harrisonburg, Virginia, born October 11, 1843, New Market, Virginia. Koanoke College (A.M.), 1869; University of Virginia (M.D.), 1870; University of New York (M.D.), 1871. Interne April, 1871— October, 1872. Post-Graduate Study, New York City, 1892; Mem- ber Board of Medical Examiners; Virginia State Board of Health; Virginia Medical Society. NEWBURGH, J. S., 4500 Vincennes Avenue, Chicago, Illinois. Bellevue (M.D.), 1884. Interne April, 1885- October, 1886. NEWMAN, Alvah M., 110 West Seventy-fifth Street, New York City. Bellevue (M.D.), 1889. Interne October, 1889— April, 1891. Ex-Interne Roosevelt Hospital; Gynecologist, Eoosevelt Dispensary. Specialty, Gynec- ology. Member New York State Medical Association; Alumni Society, Eoosevelt Hospital and Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital (Secretary, 1899-1900). NEWTON, Richard Cole, 42 Church Street, Montclair, New Jersey, born July 23, 1851, Eoxbury, Massachusetts. Harvard (A.B.), 1874; College of Physicians and Sur- geons, New York (M.D.), 1877. Interne October, 1877— April, 1879. Visiting Surgeon, Mountainside Hospital. Formerly Assistant Surgeon, U.S.A.; Physician, Essex County Penitentiary; Ex-President, Essex County Med- ical Society; Member Essex District, and New Jersey Medical Societies; American Climatological and Ameri- can Medical Associations; Society Eelief Widows' and Orphans ' Medical Men; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital (Vice-President, 1893; President, 1895). 190 NOLAN, Frank W., died Greenfield, Massachusetts, 1901. Yale University (M.D.), 1898. Interne June, 1898 -June, 1899. NORFLEET, Ernest, Roxobel, North Carolina. Uni- versity of Virginia (M.D.), 1872. Interne October, 1872 —April, 1874. Formerly Assistant Surgeon, U.S.N. NUTT, C. W. Interne October, 1872-April, 1874. O'BRIEN, Dennis. Interne December, 1899— Decem- ber, 1901. O'BRIEN, Michael Christopher, 161 West One Hun- dred and Twenty-second Street, New York City. Man- hattan College (A.B.), 1878; (A.M.), 1881; Bellevue (M.D.),1881. Interne April, 1881— October, 1882. Physi- cian to the Academy of the Sacred Heart and the Miseri- cordia Hospital. Member American Medical Association and Academy of Medicine. O'DWYER, Joseph, deceased. Interne October, 1866— April, 1868. Formerly Attending Physician, New York Foundling, St. Vincent 's and Seton Hospitals. Originator of Laryngeal Intubation. O'DWYER, J., 359 West Fifty-seventh Street, New York City, born New York City, 1875. Montreal (B.A.), 1896; College of Physicians and Surgeons (M.D.), 1900. Assistant Attending Children's Department, Vanderbilt Clinic; Attending Physician St. John's Guild; formerly Interne New York Foundling Hospital and St. John's Guild Hospital. OGILVY, Charles, 125 West Fifty-eighth Street, New York City, born Montreal, Canada. McGill University (B.A.), 1894; (M.D., CM.), 1898. Interne June, 1899- April, 1901. Adjunct Professor, Orthopedic Surgery, 191 New York Post-Graduate; Attending Surgeon, Randall 's Island, New York, and Daisy Fields Hospitals, Engle- wood, New Jersey. Specialty, Orthopedic Surgery. Mem- ber County Medical Society; Medical Society of Greater New York; Academy of Medicine; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. OLD, Herbert, Norfolk, Virginia, born October, 8, 1871. University of Virginia (M.D.), 1895. Interne October, 1895— June, 1897. Attending Physician, Florence Crit- tenden Home; Kings Daughters ' Clinic for Children; Assistant Attending Physician, St. Vincent's Hospital. Ex-Interne Lying-in Hospital and Foundling Hospital, New York; Member Norfolk Medical, Virginia State Medical Societies; Eastport Medical Association and American Medical Association. OPPENHEIMER, Henry S., 16 East Thirty-second Street, New York City. College of Physicians and Sur- geons, New York (M.D.), 1875. Interne April, 1876— October, 1877. Ex-Interne New York Eye and Ear In- firmary. Oculist, Bellevue, O.P.D.; St. Mark's Hospital; Montefiore Home; Hebrew Orphan Asylum and German Polyclinic. Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. OPPENHEIM, Nathan, 50 East Seventy-ninth Street, New York City, born Albany, New York, 1865. Harvard (A.B.), 1888; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1891. Interne" April, 1891— October, 1892. Neurologist, Children's Hospital and Schools; Visiting Physician, Mount Sinai Hospital, Children 's Department ; Member American Medical and State Medical Associa- tions; Academy of Medicine; County Medical Society. Specialty, Pediatrics. Author, " Development of the Child,' ' " Medical Diseases of Childhood," " Care of the Child in Health," "Mental Growth and Control" (Macmillan). 192 OSBORN, Joseph Dunn, Petersburg, Virginia, born February 12, 1873, Petersburg, Virginia. University of Virginia (M.D.), 1895. Interne December, 1896— June, 1898. Visiting Physician, Home for the Sick; Post- Graduate Study in Children's Hospital, London, Member Petersburg Medical Faculty. OTTLEY, Charles Williams, Rogers College, Constan- tinople, Turkey, born Columbus, Mississippi, February 21, 1871. Princeton University (A.B.), 1893; (A.M.), 1903; Johns Hopkins (M.D.), 1899. Interne September, 1900— March, 1902. Director Department Physical Cul- ture, Rogers College. Author Anatomical Chapter, ' ' Kelly 's Operative Gynecology. ' ' OVERTON, Frank, Patchogue, Long Island, New York, born December 29, 1867, Bellport, New York. La- fayette College (A.B.) 1890; (A.M.), 1893; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1893. In- terne April, 1893 -October, 1894. Health Officer, Pat- chogue. Author " Applied Physiology for Public Schools/' Member New York County Medical Society; Associated Physicians of Long Island; New York State Medical Association; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hos- pital. PAINE Albert G., 3964 Drexel Boulevard, Chicago, Illinois, born April 10, 1848, East Woodstock, Connecti- cut. Amherst College (A.B.), 1872; (A.M.) 1875; Uni- versity of New York (M.D.), 1877. Interne October, 1876 —April, 1878. Ketired from active practice. PARDEE, Edward L., Died January 11, 1901, New York City, born Eomulus, New York, February, 1842. University of New York (M.D.), 1870. Interne October, 1870— April, 1872. Member New York Board of Health 1874-1894. Ex-Member New York County Medical So- ciety. PARTRIDGE, Edward Laselle, 19 Fifth Avenue, New York City, born December 27, 1853, Newton, Massachusetts. 193 Williams College (A.M., Hon.), 1880; College of Physi- cians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1875. Interne April, 1873— October, 1874. Consulting Physician, New York Hospital, Nursery and Child's Hospital; Con- sulting Obstetrician, New York Infant Asylum ; President Medical Board. Formerly Professor of Obstetrics, New York Post-Graduate; Adjunct Professor Obstetrics, Col- lege of Physicians and Surgeons, New York; Visiting Physician, Nursery and Child's Hospital, New York Ma- ternity Hospital, Sloane Maternity Hospital. Author "Manual of Obstetrics " (1884). Member New York County Medical, Pathological, Clinical, Obstetrical, State Medical, New York, Medico-Surgical Societies; Medical Instructors' Society, University of New York; Alujmni Society New York Hospital; Society Alumni City (Char- ity) Hospital; Honorary Member Alumni Sloane Mater- nity Hospital. PARK, Charles Rigg, 745 Quincy Avenue, Scranton, Pennsylvania. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1884. Interne October, 1884- October, 1885. Ex-Interne Hudson-Chambers Street Hospital. Post-Graduate Study in Vienna and Berlin. For- merly Assistant 0. P. D. Roosevelt Hospital; City Physician, Scranton; Visiting Physician, Lackawanna County Jail; Attending Surgeon, Lackawanna Hospi- tal, Moses Taylor Hospital. Member American Medi- cal Association; National Association Kailway Surgeons; Association of Military Surgeons, United States Army; Lackawanna Medical Society. PARSONS, Frank, died Orange, New Jersey, 1878. In- terne April, 1876-October, 1877. PEASE, Daniel P., Died December 7, 1902, Paris, France. Bellevue (M.D.), 1882. Interne October, 1882 —April, 1884. Kesident Physician, Riverside Hospital, 1885-1887. 194 PELL, Richard Varick, died August 27, 1866, Asiatic •cholera. Interne October, 1865— October, 1866. PERCIVAL, Francis Rollin, 2635 West Pico Street, Los Angeles, California, born February 22, 1860, Summers, Connecticut. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1888. Interne October, 1887— April, 1889. United States Anny Hospital Service, summer 1899. PEREIRA, B., Mompos, United States of Colombia. Interne October, 1879 -April, 1880. PHELPS, Sidney, Malone, New York. Interne Decem- ber, 1899 -August, 1900. PIERCE, A. Martin, New Bedford, Massachusetts, born March 18, 1852, New Bedford, Massachusetts. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1873. In- terne October, 1872— October, 1874. Surgeon, St. Luke's Hospital. Formerly City Physician, New Bedford. Mem- ber Massachusetts Medical Society; former Vice-Presi- dent. County Medical Society; Society for Medical Im- provement. PIERSON, Samuel, Stamford, Connecticut, born March 9, 1858, Morristown, New Jersey. College of Phy- sicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1881. Interne October, 1881— April, 1883. Visiting Physician and Sur- geon, Stamford Hospital. Ex-Interne Chambers Street Hospital. Member American Medical, Stamford Medical Associations; New York Academy of Medicine; County Medical Society. PIFFARD, Henry G., 256 West Fifty-seventh Street, New York City, born September 10, 1842, Piffard, New York. University of New York (A.B.), 1862; (A.M.), 1865; (M.D.), 1864; (LL.D.), 1899. Interne April, 1864- October, 1864. Consulting Surgeon, City Hospital. Em- 195 eritus Professor of Dermatology, New York University. Member Academy of Medicine, New York State Associa- tion; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. PIKE, A. Stanley, 303 Alexander Avenue, Bochester, New York, born April 15, 1869, Madrid, New York. University of New York (M.D.), 1896. Interne Decem- ber, 1896— June, 1898. Member Monroe County Medical and Bochester Dermatological Societies. PINTO, V., Died 1890. Interne October, 1876— April, 1877. PLIMPTON, Warren Oscar, 19 West Eighty-fourth Street, New York City, born July 24, 1858, Litchfield, Maine. Bowdoin College (A.B.), 1882; (A.M.); College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1888. Interne October, 1888— April, 1890. Professor Orthope- dic Surgery, Post-Graduate ; Surgeon-in-Chief, Daisy Fields Hospital, Englewood, New Jersey; Consulting Surgeon, Mary McLean Hospital, Jamaica. Member American Medical Association and State Medical Society. POLHEMUS, Adrian Suydam, Major and Surgeon United States Army, Surgeon-General's Office, Washing- ton, D. C, born January 3, 1857, Astoria, New York. Yale University (M.D.), 1879; Bellevue (M.D.), 1882. Interne September, 1881— April, 1882. POMEROY, Ralph David, 511 Nostrand Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, born New York City. "Wesleyan University (A.B.), 1887; (M.A.) 1889; Long Island Col- lege Hospital (M.D.), 1889. Interne October, 1889— April, 1891. Formerly Visiting Obstetrician, Kings County Hospital; Visiting Gynecologist, Woman's Hos- pital; Lecturer on Obstetrics, Long Island College Hos- pital; Adjunct Surgeon, Brooklyn Hospital. Specialty, Obstetrics and Gynecology. Member Kings County Medi- cal; New York State Medical; Brooklyn Gynecologi- cal; Long Island Medical Societies; Association of 196 Physicians of Long Island; Society for Belief of Widows and Orphans of Medical Men; Society Alumni City (Cha- rity) Hospital. POTTER, Palmer Augustus, 469 Main Street, East Orange, New Jersey, born August 13, 1873, New York City. Amherst (B.S.), 1895; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1899. Interne December, 1899— December, 1901. Ex-Interne St. John's Hospital; Assistant Surgeon, 5th Regiment, New Jersey National Guard. Specialty, Pediatrics. Member Essex County Medical Society; Pierson Medical Library Association; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. POTTER, Wallace W., Spokane, Washington, bom April 26, 1849, Providence, Rhode Island. Bellevue (M.D.), 1871. Interne March, 1871-October, 1872. For- merly Health Officer, Spokane, Washington. Member Spokane County and Spokane Medical Societies. PRATT, Elias, Torrington, Connecticut, born October, 1859, Essex, Connecticut. College of Physicians and Sur- geons, New York (M.D.), 1887. Interne April, 1887- October, 1888. Member General Assembly, Connecticut, 1889-1891. Health Officer for Torrington. Post-Gradu- ate Study at Polyclinic and Post-Graduate, New York. Member American Medical and Litchfield County Medi- cal Associations. PRATT, John Halm, Manchester, New York, born July 22, 1865, Manchester, New York. Bellevue (M.D.), 1890. Interne October, 1890— April, 1891. Member Central New York Medical Association; United Association of Eailway Surgeons; Ontario County Medical Society. PRIEST, Fred. K., Nashua, New Hampshire, born October 12, 1860, Nashua. University of New York (M.D.), 1882. Interne October, 1881- April, 1883. Re- tired from practice in 1891. 197 PRIMROSE, A. J., 118 West One Hundred and First Street, New York City. College of Physicians and Sur- geons, New York (M.D.), 1885. Interne October, 1886— April, 1888. Formerly Assistant State Physician for Insane. PROBEN, Charles Ignatius, 136 East Seventieth Street, New York City. New York College of Pharmacy (Ph.G.), 1883; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1890. Interne April, 1890-October, 1891. Visiting Physician, Home for Aged. Formerly Assistant Gynecologist, Post-Graduate Clinic. Specialty, Diseases of Children and Gynecology. PROVINCE, Oran A., 66 West Forty-sixth Street, New York City. Interne June, 1902— June, 1904. QUIMBY, William 'Gorman, 80 Columbia Street, Newark, New Jersey, born March 14, 1877, Newark, New Jersey. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1900. Interne August, 1900— August, 1902. As- sistant Visiting Physician Newark Eye and Ear Infir- mary. Specialty, Ophthalmology. Member Medical Society of New Jersey. Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. QUIN, Vincent Edward, 909 Cauldwell Avenue, New York City, born May 7, 1876, Bridgeport, Connecticut. University of New York and Bellevue (M.D.), 1899. In- terne June, 1899— April, 1901. Visiting O. P. D., Harlem Hospital; Visiting O. P. D., Post-Graduate Hospital; Ex- Interne Mothers' and Babies y Hospital. Member Bronx Medical Society and Society Alumni (Charity) Hospital. QUINLAN, William Wheelock, 103 State Street, Chi- cago, Illinois, born August 10, 1867, Lake Forest, Illinois. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.) 1891. Interne October, 1891 -April, 1893. Attending 198 Physician, Maurice Porter Children 's Hospital ; Associate Professor Pediatrics, Chicago Polyclinic. Specialty, Pe- diatrics and General Medicine. Member American Medi- cal Association ; State and Chicago Medical and Pediatri- cal Societies; Chicago Physicians' Club. QUINN, James F., 102 Waverley Place, New York City, born September 14, 1876, New Haven, Connecticut. Yale University (M.D.), 1900. Interne April, 1901- April, 1903. Assistant, Gynecological Clinic, St. Vin- cent's Hospital; Ex-Interne St. Vincent's and Mothers' and Babies' Hospital. QUINTON, William Warren, United States Army. Col- lege of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1892. Interne April, 1892— October, 1893. RAFFERTY, Ogden, Major and Surgeon, United States Army, born April 12, 1860, New Jersey. Prince- ton, 1882 ; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1885. Interne October, 1884— April, 1886. RASS3VIAN, William Henry, 71 Minor Avenue, Buther- ford, New Jersey, born October 23, 1861, New York City. University of New York (M.D.), 1883. Interne October, 1883 -October, 1885. Retired in 1895. REID, Robert William, 257 West One Hundred and Fourteenth Street, New York City. University of New York, 1896. Interne June 1896— December, 1897. REILLY, Thomas Francis, 204 West One Hundred and Forty-first Street, New York City, born May 30, 1871, Easton, Pennsylvania. Lafayette College (Ph.B.), 1893; (M.S.), 1896; Bellevue (M.D.), 1896. Interne June, 1896 —December 1897. Visiting Physician, St. Joseph's Hos- pital. Editor Medical Critic. President New York Celtic Medical Society. Member Manhattan and Harlem Med- ical Societies; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. 199 REYNOLDS, William Seymour, 61; West Seventy-first Street, New York City, bom July 22, 1^4, Albion, New York. University of New York (M.D.), 1892. In- terne April, 1892— October, 1893. Clinical Assistant, Genito-Urinary Department, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York; Assistant Surgeon, Bellevue Dispen- sary. Member New York County Medical Society; Soci- ety Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. RHEA, John, Died July 2, 1883, while on duty at City Hospital. RICE, Clarence C, 123 East Nineteenth Street, New York City. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1877. Interne October, 1877 -April, 1879. Professor of Rhinology, Post-Graduate Hospital Medical School. Formerly Surgeon, 0. P. D., Bellevue; Physician, Montefiore Home. Member Academy of Medicine; New York County Medical and Pathological Societies; Laryng- ological Associate; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hos- pital. RICHARD, Charles, Major and Surgeon, United States Army, born November 10, 1854, New York City. Univer- sity of New York (B.S.), 1874; (M.D.), 1876. Interne April, 1876— October, 1877. Formerly Assistant Physi- cian, EandalPs Island Hospital; Attending Physician, Essex Market Dispensary. Author " Transportation of "Wounded on Land;" " Medical Reference Hand-book of Medical Sciences.' ' Member American Medical Associa- tion; Associated Military Surgeons, United States Army. RICHMOND, Nelson G., Fredonia, New York, born March 31, 1857, Mount Upton, New York. Bellevue (M.D.), 1880. Interne April, 1880 -October, 1881. As- sistant Attending, Brooks Memorial Hospital. Post- Graduate Study at Polyclinic, New York, 1895. Member New York State, Lake Erie, Fredonia and Chautauqua County Medical Societies. 200 RINARD, Charles Cogan, 317 Eighth Avenue, Home- stead, Pennsylvania, born July 20, 1874, Johnstown, Pennsylvania. Bellevue (M.D.), 1898. Interne June, 1898— December, 1899. Ex-Interne Lying-in Hospital. Member American Medical Association; Alleghany Medi- cal Society; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. ROBERTS, Stephen M., Liasconset, Massachusetts. College of Physicians and Surgeons (M.D.), 1867. In- terne October, 1867 -October, 1868. ROBERTSON, James L., 409 Ninth Avenue, New York City. University of New York, 1868. Interne April, 1868 —October, 1869. Eetired from practice. ROBERTSON, William M., 2608 Locust Street, St. Louis, Missouri, born October 3, 1866 at Fayette, Ala- bama. University of Virginia (M.D.), 1889. Interne April, 1890— October, 1891. Associate Surgeon, Jewish Hospital and Mullanphy Hospital. Member St. Louis and State Medical Societies. ROCKWELL, A. Vincent, 4247 Third Avenue, New York City, born October 30, 1872, Plainfield, New Jersey. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1896. Interne December, 1896— June, 1898. Physician Peabody Home. Ex-Inteme Harlem Hospital. Member Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. ROCKWELL, Thomas Hawley, 6 Princess Street, Lon- don, England, born, 1865, Warsaw, Illinois. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1887. In- terne October, 1887— October, 1888. Life Insurance since 1890. Medical Director Equitable Life Insurance Asso- ciation of the United States for Great Britain, Ireland and New Netherlands. Member Society Alumni City (Cha- rity) Hospital. RODRIGUEZ, E. F., Cuba. Interne April, 1871-Oc- tober, 1872. 201 ROSENTHAL, Abraham, Farmington, New Mexico. College of City of New York (A.B.), 1887; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1890. In- terne October, 1890— April, 1892. ROY, Charles Dunbar, Atlanta Georgia, born Novem- ber 21, 1866, Atlanta, Georgia. University of New York (M.D.), 1889. Interne October, 1889- April, 1891. Clin- ical Professor Diseases of Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat, Atlanta College of Physicians and Surgeons. Post-Grad- uate Study in Leipzig, Vienna, Paris and London. Spe- cialty, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat. Member American Ophthalmological, Laryngological Societies; American Medical and Atlanta Medical Societies. RUCAVADO, Genaro, San Jose, Costa Eica, Central America, born September 19, 1848. Bellevue (M.D.), 1875. Interne October, 1875— October, 1876. Vice-Presi- dent Medical Faculty, San Jose, 1898; Secretary, 1894; Treasurer, 1903; President, 1896. Ex-Inteme Eandall's Island Hospital. Specialty, Obstetrics and Diseases of Children. RUFFIN, Kirkland, Norfolk, Virginia, born Hanover County, Virginia, March 22, 1866. University of Virginia (M.D.), 1886. Interne October, 1886- April, 1888. Visit- ing Physician and Gynecologist, St. Vincent de Paul's Hospital, Norfolk, Virginia. Member Virginia State, Seaboard, Virginia County and Norfolk Medical So- cieties. RUPP, Adolf, 359 West Thirty-fourth Street, New York City, born February 4, 1856, Brooklyn, New York. University of New York (M.D.), 1877. Interne October, 1877— April, 1879. Formerly Visiting Physician, North- ern Dispensary; Assistant Aural Surgeon, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary. Specialty, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat, and Internal Medicine. Translator Ziemssen's 202 Cyclopedia of General Medicine Post-Graduate Study in Vienna, Munich, Heidelberg, Leipzig. Fellow New York Academy of Medicine; Member County and State Asso- ciations; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital (Vice- President, 1884; President, 1885). RUSH, C. W., Deceased. Interne April, 1876- Octo- ber, 1877. RUSSELL, John F., 21 West Eleventh Street, New York City, born May 20, 1855, Washington, D. C. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1879. Interne April, 1880— October, 1881. Member Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. SAUNDERS, Norman Brown, 103 Barrett Street, Sche- nectady, New York, born June 20, 1875, Dunkirk, New York. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1900. Interne April, 1901— April, 1903. Attend- ing Physician, Children's Home; Bacteriologist, Board of Health. Formerly Assistant Eesident Obstetrician, Post-Graduate Hospital. Member New York State Medi- cal Association; Schenectady County Medical Society; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. SCHLIERBACH, Theodore Louis, 6558 Normal Ave- nue, Chicago, Illinois, born April 6, 1852, Pana, Illinois. Bellevue (M.D.), 1885. Interne October, 1885— April, 1887. Retired from active practice in 1900. I SCHOONOVER, Warren, 115 East Fifty-ninth Street, New York City, born February 17, 1838, Honesdale, Penn- sylvania. Union College (A.B.), 1864; (A.M.), 1867; Col- lege of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1867. Interne October, 1866— April, 1868. House Physician, Northeastern Dispensary; Secretary Board of Managers since 1873; Assistant Curator, Charity Hospital, 1869- 1870. Member New York County Medical Society and 203 Association; New York State Medical Association; New York Medico-Surgical Society; American Academy of Medicine ; American Medical and American Public Health Associations. SCHROEDER, Henry H., 32 Nassau Street, New York City, born March 30, 1860, New York City. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1886. In- terne October, 1886— April, 1888. Assistant Medical Di- rector, Home Office, Mutual Life Insurance Company; Formerly Assistant Gynecologist, Eoosevelt Hospital, 0. P. D. Eetired from practice 1903. Member County Medical Society, Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. (Treasurer, 1898, 1899, 1900; President, 1901.) SCHUYLER, William J., 3 Hopper Street, Utica, New York, born July 9, 1861, Westmoreland, New York. Uni- versity of New York (M.D.), 1885. Interne April, 1885— October, 1886. Visiting Physician, St. Luke's Hospital. Formerly on Staff of Bloomingdale Asylum and Butler Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island; Health Officer Utica, 1892-1894. Member Oneida County Medical, Utica Medi- cal Societies; Utica Medical Library Association. SEARLE, Dayton W., 8 West Sixty-seventh Street, New York City. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1866. Interne October, 1866— October, 1867. SHEARS, George Peaslee, 203 West One Hundred and Third Street, New York City, born January 15, 1860, Dutchess County, New York. University of New York (M.D.),1886. Interne October, 1893— April, 1895. Clini- cal Instructor in Obstetrics, Cornell University; Assist- ant Physician, New York City Asylum, Ward's Island. Formerly Assistant Attending Physician, Mothers' and Babies' Hospital. Specialty, Obstetrics and Gyne- cology. 204 SHELLMAN, Arthur P., 457 Chenango Street, Bing- hainton, New York, born October 30, 1869, Davenport, New York. University of New York (M.D.), 1894. In- terne April, 1894— December, 1895. Ex-Interne Bing- hamton State Hospital. Formerly Junior Physician, Manhattan and Willard State Hospitals, and Assistant Surgeon S. and S. Home, Bath, New York. Member Binghamton Academy of Medicine. , SHERMAN, George E., born Galena, Illinois, May 27, 1842; died September 20, 1881. College of Physicians and Surgeons (M.D.), 1868. Interne October, 1867— October, 1868. SHRADY, John Elliott, 140 West One Hundred and Twenty-sixth Street, New York City, born September 1, 1866, Stamford, Connecticut. Princeton University (B.S.), 1889; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1892. Interne October, 1892- April, 1894. Assistant Surgeon, Harlem Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Infirmary; Formerly Assistant, Vanderbilt Clinic, Roose- velt Dispensary; Member New York State Medical Asso- ciation; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. SIGLAR, Henry B., 206 West One Hundred and Sixth Street. Interne June, 1902— June, 1904. SILL, Elisha Mather, 222 West Fifty-ninth Street, New York City, born May 18, 1873, Geneva, New York. Uni- versity of New York (M.D.), 1898. Interne December, 1898— August, 1900. Ex-Interne, Nursery and Child's Hospital ; Chief of Clinic, Department of Diseases of Chil- dren, Good Samaritan Dispensary; Clinical Assistant, Dis- eases of Children, Cornell University Dispensary. For- merly Attending Physician, St. John's Guild. Specialty, Diseases of Children. Member Alumni St. John's Hos- pital; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. SLABAUGH, Warren Henry, Omaha, Nebraska. Bellevue (M.D.), 1883. Interne April, 1883- April, 1884. 205 SMILLIE, Joseph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, born December 26, 1872. Ontario University, Toronto (M.B.), 1901. Interne June, 1901— April, 1903. Ex-Interne, New York Lying-in Hospital. SMITH, Albert H., Camden, New York, born January 25, 1853. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1876. Interne April, 1876-October, 1877. Mem- ber Oneida County Medical Society. SMITH, Daniel H., 34 West Thirty-seventh Street, New York City, born April 12, 1852, Orange County, New York. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1873. Interne April, 1873 -October, 1874. Police Sur- geon, New York City; Member Medical Association of Greater New York; Physicians Mutual Aid Association. SMITH, Edward Leroy, Binghampton, New York, born September 1, 1862, Binghamton, New York. Cornell (B.S.), 1886; Bellevue (M.D.), 1889. Interne October, 1889— April, 1891. Surgeon, Binghampton City Hospital; Coroner, Broome County; Member Binghampton Acad- emy of Medicine; Broome County and Binghampton City Medical Associations. SMITH, H. Lyle, Hudson, New York. Interne April, 1864- April, 1865. SOMERSET, William L., 83 Lexington Avenue, New York City. Wesleyan College (A.B.), 1881; (A.M.), 1885; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1892. Interne April, 1892— October, 1893. SOUTH ACK, J. W., Interne April 1864- October, 1864. SOUTHWORTH, Edward, died while on duty in City Hospital, August 15, 1882. SPENCER, William Daniel, Saybrook, Connecticut, born July 5, 1862, New Haven, Connecticut. College of 206 Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1873. In- terne April, 1874— October, 1875. Curator, Charity Hos- pital, 1876-1881. Formerly Surgeon, Eastern Dispensary, and Clinical Assistant, College of Physicians and Sur- geons, New York. SPILLER, W. H., 307 Second Avenue, New York City, born, Virginia. University of Virginia (M.D.), 1894. In- terne December, 1895— June, 1897. Medical Super- intendent, New York Lying-in Hospital; Member New York County Medical Society; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. SPRAGUE, David H., Central Valley, New York, born December 7, 1863, Prince's Bay. New York University, New York (M.D.), 1886. Interne September, 1887— April, 1888. Member Orange Medical Society; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. STARK, Nathan Neuville, 221 West One Hundred and Twenty-eighth Street, New York City, born August 29, 1877, New York City. College City of New York (B.S.) ? 1897; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1901. Interne December, 1901— September, 1903. STARK, Oscar William, 11 H Eighth Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1886. Interne October, 1886- April, 1888. Sur- geon, Jewish Hospital; Consulting Oculist, Altenheim Hospital ; Consulting Oculist and Laryngologist, Widow 's Home, Jewish Home and Sick-Poor Society; Lecturer, Conservatory of Music. ST. JOHN, Hunter, died at Mobile, Alabama, 1901. Princeton University, 1883; University New York (M.D.), 1886. Interne April, 1886- October, 1887. Formerly Assistant Surgeon, Second Virginia Kegiment. 207 STEERS, Thomas H., 410 West Forty-third Street, New York City, born December 29, 1858. Manhattan Col- lege (A.B.), 1876; (A.M.), 1878; Belle vue (M.D.), 1879. Interne April, 1879— April, 1881. Ex-Interne St. Eliza- beth's Hospital; Member New York County Medical So- ciety and New York Medical League. STEINACH, William, 134 East Eighteenth Street, New York City, born October 27, 1871, New York City. Col- lege City of New York( B.A.), 1891; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1894. Interne April, 1894— December, 1895. Visiting Physician, Columbus Dispensary, and New York University, and Bellevue Medical College Dispensary. Formerly Assistant Phy- sician, Willard State Hospital, and Assistant Instructor in Histology, University Medical College. Specialty, Nervous Diseases and Insanity; Member New York County Medical, Physicians' Mutual Aid Associations; New York University Medical, Seneca County Medical Societies; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. STEPHENSON, Christian, 1227 Lexington Avenue, New York City, born January, 1855, New York City. Col- lege of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1889. Interne April, 1890— October, 1891. Ex-Interne, Hudson Street Hospital Medical Inspector, New York Health Department; Captain and Surgeon, Eighth Regiment, National Guard; Assistant Surgeon, Presbyterian Hos- pital Dispensary; Member New York County Medical Society; Society Alumni New York Hospital; Association Military Surgeons. STEWART, Douglas H.,121 West Eighty-eighth Street, New York City, born August 30, 1860, Brooklyn, New York. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1882. Interne October, 1882— April, 1884. Specialty, Obstetrics and Gynecology. Post-Graduate 208 Study in London, Paris and Rome; Member New York County, New York State, Harlem, Eastern Medical So- cieties. STEWART, Jacob Henry, 425 Portland Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota, born February 10, 1861, St. Paul, Minnesota. University of New York (M.D.), 1883. In- terne October, 1883— April, 1885. Oculist and Aurist, City and County Hospitals; Oculist, Bethesda Hospital; Associate Professor, Diseases of the Eye and Ear, Ham- line University. Specialty, Ophthalmology and Otology. Formerly Assistant, New York Ophthalmic and Aura! Institute; Ophthalmic Department, Polyclinic, Berlin; Member Minnesota Academy of Medicine; Ramsey County Medical and Minnesota State Medical Societies. STEWART, William H., 2017 Fifth Avenue, New York City, born September 3, 1868, Syracuse, New York. Uni- versity of New York (M.D.), 1891. Interne October, 1891 —April, 1893. Formerly Out-Door Physician, Harlem Dispensary; Member Harlem Medical Association; So- ciety Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. STEWART, William W., Columbus, Georgia. Bellevue (M.D.), 1890. Interne April, 1890-October, 1891. STIEGLITZ, Edward, 247 West One Hundred and Twenty-second Street, New York City, born April 8, 1863, New York City. Bellevue (M.D.), 1884. Interne Octo- ber, 1884— April, 1886. Visiting Physician, Mount Sinai Dispensary. Specialty, Obstetrics. Member New York State Medical Association; German Medical and Harlem Medical Societies. STIMSON, Daniel McMartin, 11 West Seventeenth Street, New York City, born January 2, 1844, Edinboro, New York. Union College (A.B.), 1864; (A.M.) ; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1868. 209 Interne May, 1867— October, 1868. Consulting Physician, Mount Sinai Hospital; New York Infirmary; Skin and Cancer Hospital; Northern Dispensary. Formerly Sur- geon, Presbyterian Hospital ; Mount Sinai Hospital ; New York Infirmary; St. Peter's Hospital, Albany; Professor of Anatomy and Surgery, Woman's Medical College; Member Academy of Medicine; County Medical, Harlem Medical, Medico-Chirurgical Societies; Associated Physi- cians of Greater New York ; Widows ' and Orphans ' Asso- ciation; and Physicians ' Mutual Aid Association. Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. STONE, William Ridgely, 66 West Forty-ninth Street, New York City, born September 2, 1871, Washington, District of Columbia. Princeton University (A.B.), 1895; Johns Hopkins University (M.D.), 1899. Interne June, 1899— April, 1901. Assistant Attending Surgeon, New York Maternity Hospital. Formerly Clinical Assistant in Obstetrics, Post-Graduate Hospital; Assistant Attend- ing Physician, Cornell Dispensary. Specialty, Obstetrics. Member Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital; New York State Medical Association; Alumni Society Johns Hopkins Hospital. STORY, George B., Portland, Oregon, born November 8, 1872, Portland, Oregon. University of Virginia (M.D.), 1893; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1894. Interne June, 1894— December, 1895. Act- ing Assistant Surgeon, U.S.A., 1898-1901. Professor of Physiology, University of Oregon. Visiting Phy- sician, St. Vincent's Hospital, O.P.D.; Member Port- land County, City, Oregon State Medical Societies; American Medical Association; Eastern Hospital Grad- uates' Club. STOWELL, William Leland, 160 West Seventy-third Street, New York City, born December 24, 1869, Wood- bridge, Connecticut. University of New York (M.D.), 210 1881. Interne October, 1881— October, 1883. Attending Physician, Randall's Island Hospitals. Formerly In- structor in Diseases of Children, University Medical Col- lege; Attending Physician, Woman's Dispensary; Pathol- ogist, Demilt Dispensary; Visiting Physician, Demilt Dis- pensary. Specialty, Pediatrics. Chairman Pediatric Sec- tion, New York Academy of Medicine. Author " The Doctor Outside of Medicine," Member New York Academy of Medicine; Physicians' Mutual Aid and County Medical Associations; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital (Treasurer, 1895-1897; Vice-Presi- dent, 1898; President, 1899; Editor, 1902-1903). SUGG, J. P., Kittrell, North Carolina, born December 7, 1841, Tarboro, North Carolina. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1867. Interne April, 1867— October, 1868. Retired from active practice in 1901 and entered pharmacy. SULLIVAN, John Daniel, 74 McDonough Street, Brooklyn, New York, born September 4, 1841, Middle- town, New York, University of New York (M.D.), 1867. Interne April, 1867— April, 1868. Attending Physician, St. John's Home; Surgeon, St. Mary's Hospital; Police Surgeon; Trustee Brevoort Savings Bank. Specialty, General Surgery. Member American Medical Associa- tion; Kings County, Brooklyn Pathologic Societies; Medical Society of Associate Physicians of Long Island; Associate Physicians of Greater New York. SULLIVAN, John F., 304 Exchange Street New Haven, Connecticut, born New Haven, Connecticut, October 3, 1867. Yale University (A.B.), 1890; College of Phy- sicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1894. Interne October, 1894— June, 1896. Ex-President and Member New Haven Board of Health; Member Connecticut State and New Haven Medical Societies. 211 SWASEY, John H., 34 East Twenty-eighth Street, New York City. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1875. Interne October, 1875— April, 1876. SWIFT, Lawrence C, Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Col- lege of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1878. Interne April, 1879— April, 1880. Attending Physician, House of Mercy Hospital, Pittsfield. Formerly Attending Physician, Cottage Hospital, Des Moines, Iowa; Attend- ing Physician, Des Moines Free Dispensary. Specialty, Gynecology. Member Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. SYKES, Richard L., Columbus, Mississippi, born January 27, 1840, Lowndes County, Mississippi. Uni- versity of North Carolina (M.A.), 1865; University of New York (M.D.), 1866. Interne April, 1866— April, 1867. Specialty, Eye and Ear. Member Mississippi State Medical Associations; Ondricas Academy of Medicine. TADDIKEN, Paul Gerald, Long Island State Hospital, born November 23, 1873. College of Physicians and Sur- geons, New York (M.D.), 1895. Interne April, 1895- December, 1896. Second Assistant Physician, Long Island State Hospital; Member New York County Medical; American Medico-Psychological Associations. TALBOT, Ambrose, 203 Rialto Building, Kansas City, Missouri, born April, 1860, South Freeport, Maine. Har- vard University (A.B.), 1881; (M.D.), 1885. Interne October, 1884— April, 1886. President Medical Board, St. Margarets Hospital; Professor Practice of Medicine, Medical College of Kansas City. Member Harvard Medical Alumni ; Jackson County Medical, Missouri State Medical Societies. TAYLOR, Fielding Louis, 173 West Seventy-third Street, New York City, born May 24, 1868, Virginia. Uni- 212 versity of Virginia (M.D.), 1891. Interne October, 1891 —April, 1893. Surgeon, O.P.D., Hudson Street Hospital; Ex-Interne Hudson Street Hospital. Member Academy of Medicine; West End and County Medical Societies; Alumni New York Hospital and Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital (Secretary, 1898; Vice-President, 1899-1900). TAYLOR, James Spotteswoode, Past Assistant Sur- geon, U.S.N., appointed, 1902, Navy Department, Wash- ington, District Columbia, born Charlottesville, December 10, 1870. University of Virginia (M.D.), 1894. Interne October, 1894— June, 1896. Ex-Interne, Orange, New Jersey. Memorial Hospital. TAYLOR, W. O., Interne April, 1866-October, 1866. San Francisco, Cal. TEAKLE, George W., deceased. University of Mary- land (M.D.), 1870. Interne October, 1870 -April, 1872. Formerly Physician, Baltimore General Dispensary; Visiting Physician, Baltimore General Hospital; Member State Board of Health. TERRIBERRY, Joseph Frederick, 120 West Seventy- third Street, New York City, born July 1, 1857, Clinton, New Jersey. Bellevue (M.D.), 1880. Interne October, 1880— April, 1882. Consulting Neurologist, Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital and Hospital for Ruptured and Crippled. Ex-Inteme, Hospital for Ruptured and Crip- pled. Specialty, Diseases of Mind and Nervous System. Member Academy of Medicine; New York Neurological Society; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital (Treasurer, 1902-1903; Vice-President, 1904). THELBERG, Martin A. H., Riddergartan 35, Stock- holm, Sweden. Bellevue (M.D.), 1898. Candidate of Medicine, Upsala, Sweden, 1903. Interne Dec., 1898— 213 December, 1899. Post-Graduate Study in Upsala and Stockholm, Sweden. Member New York County Medical, and State Associations; Upsala and Stockholm Medical Societies; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. THOMPSON, A. M., Died at Long Island City, 1894. Interne October, 1891— April, 1893. THOMPSON, Charles N., 100 West Eighty-second Street, New York City. Bellevue (M.D.), 1884. In- terne April, 1884— April, 1886. Instructor in Anatomy, Bellevue Medical College; Attending Surgeon, North- western Dispensary. THOMLINSON, Joseph, Bridgeton, New Jersey, born 1854, Bridgeton, New Jersey. Williams College (A.B.), 1875; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.),1878. Interne October, 1877-April, 1879. Visit- ing Surgeon, Bridgeton Hospital; Lecturer to Training School. Ex-President Cumberland County, Medical So- ciety; Member Medical Society State of New Jersey; American Medical Association; Academy of Medicine. TOBIAS, Leo, 326 East Fifty-second Street, New York City, born November 21, 1872, New York City. Univer- sity of New York (B.S.), 1891; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1894. Interne June, 1897- December, 1898. Assistant Surgeon, Mount Sinai Hospi- tal Dispensary; Ex-Interne, Massachusetts Hospital for Epileptics. Member New York County Medical Society. TOOLE, Arthur F., Birmingham, Alabama, born April 26, 1877, Taladega, Alabama. Washington and Lee Uni- versity (A.B.), 1897; University of Virginia (M.D.), 1900. Interne December, 1901— October, 1903. Ex-Interne New York Orthopedic Hospital. Specialty, Orthopedics. Member American Medical Association; Alabama State Association; Jefferson County Medical Society. 214 TORRENS, Benjamin, 44 West One Hundred and Fif- teenth Street, New York City, born New York City, 1872. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1893. Interne, October, 1893— April, 1895. Instructor in Gynecology, New York Polyclinic. Visiting Physician, Bellevue and Harlem Dispensaries. Member Academy of Medicine; Clinical Society, New York Polyclinic. Med- ico-Surgical, Harlem Medical and Harlem Clinical So- cieties. TOUSEY, Ralph, 259 West One Hundred and Thirty- ninth Street, New York City, born October 21, 1873, Brooklyn, New York. Yale University (B.A.), 1894; Col- lege of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1898. Interne June, 1898 — June, 1899. Member New York County Medical Society; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. TOWNSEND, Franklin, Jr., Died at Albany, October 31, 1895. Interne April, 1876— October, 1877. Formerly Professor of Physiology, Albany Medical College. TRASK, F., McGrange, Cook County, Illinois. Univer- sity of New York (M.D.), 1875. Interne April, 1875— April, 1876. TRASK, H. B., Died in 1890 at St. Luke's Hospital, New York City. Interne October, 1898— April, 1890. TRIPLER, Thomas Hall, Yokohama, Japan, born Jan- uary 2, 1846, New York City. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1868. Interne April, 1868— October, 1869. Formerly Sanitary Inspector for the United States and Surgeon to Imperial Railways in Japan. TYNBERG, Sigmund, 1329 Madison Avenue, New York City, born September 30, 1864, New York City. 215 (A.B.), (A.M.), (M.D.), 1885. Interne April, 1885-Oc- tober, 1886. Visiting Physician, German Dispensary; Visiting Physician, Skin and Cancer Hospital Dispen- sary; Surgeon, Hebrew Orphan Asylum; Visiting Physi- cian, Almshouse and Workhouse Hospital. Member County Medical, Eastern Medical, Metropolitan Medical Societies; County Medical and German Medical Associ- ations; Physicians' Mutual Aid. URQUART, F. M., Deceased. Formerly in Marine Hos- pital Service. Interne April, 1880— October, 1881. VAN HORNE, A. B., Deceased. Interne April, 1880- October, 1881. VAN RENSSELAER, John, Washington, D. C. Hobart College (A.B.), 1882; Columbian University, Washington (M.D.), 1889. Interne April, 1889-October, 1890. Ex- Interne Chambers Street Hospital. Formerly Attending Surgeon, Garfield Hospital and Sibley Memorial Hospi- tal; Attending Surgeon, Children's Hospital. Specialty, General Surgery. VAN WINKLE, 0., Oakdale, California, born March 8, 1863, Bergen County, New Jersey. College of City of New York (A.B.), 1884; College of Physicians and Sur- geons, New York (M.D.), 1887. Interne October, 1887— April, 1889. WAITE, Frank Louis, 68 Pratt Street, Hartford, Con- necticut. Bellevue (M.D.), 1888. Interne October, 1888 —April, 1890. Oculist and Aurist, St. Francis and Hart- ford Hospitals. Specialty, Ophthalmology and Otology. Member Connecticut State, Hartford County, and Hart- ford City Medical Associations; American Ophthalmo- logical Society. WALDO, Ralph, 59 West Fifty-fourth Street, New York City, born September 24, 1860, Scotland, Connecti- cut. University of New York (M.D.), 1882. Interne Oc- 216 tober, 1881— April, 1883. Professor Gynecology, New York Post-Graduate. Visiting Gynecologist, Lebanon Hospital. Specialty, Gynecology and Surgery. Member County and State Medical Societies; County and State Medical Associations; Lenox Medical, Harlem Medical, Obstetrical and Medico-Chirurgical Societies; Academy of Medicine; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. (Secretary, 1894.) WALKER, David Ernest, 254 West Forty-fifth Street, New York City, born February 8, 1859, South Carolina. Erskine College (A.B.), 1881; University of New York (M.D.), 1885. Interne October, 1885- April, 1887. Spe- cialty, Gynecology. Formerly Attending Surgeon, North- ern Dispensary; Assistant Attending Surgeon, Manhat- tan Eye and Ear Hospital and New York Polyclinic. Member New York Academy of Medicine; County Medi- cal Society; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. (Secretary, 1891; Treasurer, 1902; Vice-President, 1902; President, 1903). WARDLOW, Yeatman, 120 East Broad Street, Colum- bus, Ohio. College of Physicians and Surgeons, 189L Interne April, 1891— October, 1892. WARE, Lyman, 4424 Drexel Boulevard, Chicago, Illi- nois, born November 11, 1841, Granville, Illinois. North- western University (M.D.), 1866; University of Pennsyl- vania (M.D.), 1868. Interne October, 1866— October, 1867. Post-Graduate Study in Vienna and London. Spe- cialty, Ophthalmology. Formerly Ophthalmic Surgeon, Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary, Presbyterian Hospital and Orphan Asylum; Cook County Hospital . Translator Dr. Van Ailts ' 4 Diseases of the Eye. 1 ' Mem- ber American Medical, State Medical Associations; Chi- cago Medical Society; Chicago Gynecological Society. W ATKINS, W. B., College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1895. Interne December, 1896- June, 1898. j 217 WATERMAN, Jerome Hilton, 50 West Fifty-first Street, New York City, born London, Canada, May 31, 1871. Harvard (M.D.), 1893. Interne April, 1894-De- cember, 1895. Lecturer on Surgery and Instructor in Operative Surgery, New York Polyclinic; Assistant Sur- geon, Hospital Euptured and Crippled. Member Ameri- can Orthopedic Society; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital; Harvard Medical Society; County Medical Society. WEISS, George C, 154 Stevens Avenue, Mount Ver- non, New York. Bellevue (M.D.), 1882. Interne October, 1883— April, 1884. Visiting Surgeon, Mouot Vernon Hos- pital. Member American and New York State Medical Associations; New York State Medical Society; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. WELCH, Harry Little, 44 College Street, New Haven, Connecticut, born November 6, 1871, Winstead, Connecti- cut. Yale University (B.A.), 1894; (M.D.), 1897. Interne December, 1897— December, 1898. Post-Graduate Study in Vienna, Freiburg and Berlin. Instructor in Anatomy, Yale Medical School; Assistant Gynecologist, New Haven Dispensary. Member New Haven Medical, Connecticut State Medical Associations ; Yale Medical Alumni Associ- ation. WELCH, John Edgar, 120 East Thirty-first Street, New York City, born Bloomington, Illinois, 1872. Wes- leyan University (B.S.), 1896; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1900. Interne April, 1901— April, 1903. Instructor in Pathology, New York Uni- versity and Bellevue Medical College. Ex-Interne Lin- coln Hospital, New York. Member University and Belle- vue Medical Societies. WELLS, Brooks Hugh, 34 West Forty-fifth Street, New York City, born July 28, 1859, New Haven, Connecticut. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 218 1884. Interne April, 1884- October, 1885. Professor Gynecology, New York Polyclinic; Editor of American Journal of Obstetrics and American Edition of Pozzi's Gynecology. Specialty, Gynecology and Abdominal Sur- gery. Member American Gynecological, New York Ob- stetrical Societies; Academy of Medicine; Society Alufcnni City (Charity) Hospital (Vice-President, 1896; President, 1897). WELLS, Franklin C, 175 Belleville Avenue, Bloom- field, New Jersey, born May 5, 1860, Chicago, Illinois. Bellevue (M.D.), 1887. Interne March, 1887-October, 1888. Formerly Professor, Materia Medica and Thera- peutics, Women's Medical College, Chicago; Teacher, Protestant College, Syria; Member Therapeutics, Women's Therapeutical and American Medical Associa- tion; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. WELLS, F. M., deceased. Interne October, 1879— April, 1881. WELLS, Fred Lloyd, Des Moines, Iowa. Bellevue (M.D.), 1888. Interne April, 1888-October, 1889. At- tending Physician, Emergency Hospital; Physician, Board of Health. WELLS, Jonathan Godfrey, 109 West Eighty-second. Street, New York City, born January 1, 1877, Southport, Connecticut. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1900. Interne August, 1900— December, 1901. Clinical Assistant, New York Post-Graduate ; Mem- ber Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. WHEELER, Robert Taylor, 210 Lee Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, born November 15, 1868, Tannworth, Ontario, Canada. Yale University (Ph.B.), 1889; College of Phy- sicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1892. Interne April, 1892— October, 1893. Medical Inspector, Depart- 219 ment of Health. Member Kings County Medical Society; Brooklyn Medical Society; Secretary Section on Pedia- trics, Kings County Medical Society. WHERRY, Elmer George, 414 Clinton Avenue, New- ark, New Jersey, born November 3, 1869, Shanghai, China. Princeton University (A.B.), 1893; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1896. In- terne December, 1897— June, 1899. Assistant Visiting Physician, Babies' Hospital; Clinical Physician, Eye and Ear Infirmary. Specialty, Pediatrics. Member Newark Medical, Essex District Medical Societies; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. WHITE, A. Campbell, 537 Fifth Avenue, New York City. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1891. Interne October, 1891 -April, 1893. For- merly Resident Physician, Willard Parker Hospital. WHITE, Franklin H., Hackensack, New Jersey. Uni- versity of New York (M.D.), 1882. Interne October, 1883 —April, 1884. Visiting Surgeon, Hackensack Hospital. Member Jersey State Medical Society. WHITE, Granville M., 32 Nassau Street, New York City. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.),1884. Interne October, 1884- April, 1886. Mem- ber Academy of Medicine and County Medical Society; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital (Vice-President, 1889). Medical Director Mutual Life Insurance Com- pany. WHITWELL, William Scollay, born April 14, 1846, Keene, New Hampshire; died April 8, 1903, at Fishkill-on- the-Hudson. Harvard University (A.B.), 1869; (M.D.), 1872. Interne April, 1872— April, 1873. Post-Graduate Study in Vienna, Berlin and Breslau. Formerly on Resi- dent Staff, Utica Hospital for Insane; Ex-Inteme, Women 's Hospital, New York. 220 WIESNER, Daniel H., 162 East Forty-sixth Street, New York City, born April 6, 1859, New York City. Uni- versity of New York (M.D.), 1879. Interne April, 1879- October, 1880. Assistant Surgeon, Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital. Formerly Ophthalmic Surgeon, Post- Graduate Hospital; Demilt and Presbyterian Dispen- saries. Specialty, Eye and Ear. Member County Medical Society; Academy of Medicine; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital. WIGGIN, J., Interne October, 1879- April, 1881. WILLIAMS, H. R., died 1886. Interne April, 1869- April, 1870. WILLIAMS, Robert Findlater, 14 North Third Street, Richmond, Virginia, born May 23, 1869, Kichmond, Vir- ginia. University of Virginia (Ph.B.), 1890; (M.A.), 1891; (M.D.), 1892. Interne October, 1892- April, 1894. Professor, Materia and Medica and Therapeutics, Rich- mond Medical College; Visiting Physician, Memorial Hospital; Consulting Physician, Free Dispensary. For- merly Visiting Physician, Old Dominion Hospital, Post- Graduate Study in Vienna, 1894-1895. Member German Medical Society; American Medical Association; South- ern Surgical and Ophthalmological Societies; Richmond Academy of Medicine; Honorary Member Chesterfield County Society. WILLIS, Charles N., died while on duty in City Hospital, April 2, 1883. WILSON, Arthur Lee, Lynchburg, Virginia, born November 16, 1874, Washington, District Columbia. Columbian University (A.B.), 1894; Bellevue (M.D.), 1897. Interne December, 1897— June, 1899. Visiting Physician, Odd Fellows' Hospital, Home and Retreat. Member Medical Society of Virginia. 221 WILSON, Frank Caruthers, 405 West Chestnut Street, Louisville, Kentucky, born July 26, 1864, Lexington, Vir- ginia. Washington College, Lexington (A.B.), 1866; University of Virginia (M.D.), 1867. Interne October, 1867— April, 1869. Professor, Physical Diagnosis, Hospi- tal Medical College ; Consulting Physician, Louisville City Hospital; Visiting Physician, Gray Street Infirmary. Former] y Professor of Physiology, Hospital Medical Col- lege. Specialty, Diseases of the Chest. Author " Sylla- bus of Physiology. ' 9 Member American Medical Associa- tion; Kentucky State Medical, Jefferson County Medical and Medico-Surgical Societies. WILSON, John S., 22 South Hamilton Street, Pough- keepsie, New York, born January 10, 1855, Stuyvesant, New York. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1887. Interne April, 1887-October, 1888. Health Officer, Poughkeepsie. Formerly Major and Sur- geon, Twenty-second Regiment, New York Volunteers. Post-Graduate Study, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1903. Member Dutchess County Medical Society. WITHERSTINE, Christopher Sumner, 5450 German- town Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, born February 15, 1854, New York City. College City New York (B.S.), 1875; (M.S.), 1878; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1878. Interne April, 1878-October, 1879. Formerly Visiting Physician, Germantown Alms- house; Germantown Hospital; Home for Aged, Little Sis- ters of the Poor. Clinical Assistant, Jefferson College Hospital. Specialty, Laryngology and Ehinology. Edi- tor International Pocket Medical Formulary; Associate Editor, Universal Medical Science; Sajou's Annual Analytical Cyclopedia of Practical Medicine. Associate Member La Societie Francaise d 'Hygiene, Paris. His- torical Society of Pennsylvania. WOLEY, Harry Percival, 5509 Minerva Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, born June 8, 1864, Maquokuta, Iowa. 222 Hamilton College (A.B.), 1887; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1890. Interne October, 1890— April, 1892. Clinical Lecturer on Medicine, North- western University; Visiting Orthopedic Surgeon, St. Luke 's Hospital Dispensary. Member American Medical Association; Physicians ' Club; Chicago Medical, Orth- opedic Societies. WOLFE, Edwin P., Captain and Assistant Surgeon, United States Army, born Page County, Iowa, March 19, 1871. Amity College (B.A.), 1892; Columbian University, Washington (M.D.), 1896. Interne June, 1896— Decem- ber, 1897. Member Association of Military Surgeons. WOOD, Benjamin, Flushing, New York, born July 30, 1847. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1879. Interne April, 1878-October, 1879. For- merly Police Surgeon, New York City. Member Queens County Medical, Nassau Medical Societies; Physicians' Mutual Aid Association. Eetired from active practice in 1902. WOODS, J. B., Tsing-Kiang-Pu, China, born Charlotte- ville, Virginia, October 16, 1867. University of Virginia (M.A.), (M.D.), 1890. Interne October, 1890-April, 1892. Ex-Interne Hudson Street Hospital. Eesident Phy- sician, Hospital at Tsing-Kiang-Pu. Specialty, Surgery and Ophthalmology. WOODWARD, Albert Pierson, 312 Haight Street, San Francisco, California, born May 11, 1855, Pleas ant ville, Iowa. Pacific Methodist College (A.B.) ; (A.M.) ; Belle- vue (M.D.), 1868. Interne April, 1886-October, 1887. Professor Dermatology, College of Physicians and Sur- geons, San Francisco; Consulting Physician, Children's Hospital. Ex-Interne, Skin and Cancer Hospital. Spe- cialty, Dermatology. Ex-President, San Francisco County Medical Society; Member American Medical Association; City Medical Society. 223 WOOLWORTH, Earl W., died February 6, 1903. Uni- versity of New York (M.D.), 1897. Interne June, 1897- December, 1898. Practiced in Brooklyn. WORTH, G. B., China. Medical Missionary. Interne April, 1893-October, 1894. WYETH, Marlboro C, Major and Surgeon, U.S.A., born September 16, 1855, Woonsocket, Rhode Island. College of Physicians and Surgeons (M.D.), 1896. In- terne October, 1896— December, 1897. Attending Phy- sician, Northern Dispensary; Assistant, Vanderbilt Clinic. Member County Medical Society; Medical Association, Greater New York. YALE, Le Roy Milton, 432 Madison Avenue, New York City. Columbia University (A.B.), 1862; (A.M.), 1865; Bellevue (M.D.), 1866. Interne April, 1866-October, 1866. Formerly Attending Surgeon, City Hospital; Bellevue and Presbyterian Hospitals, O.P.D. Member American Pediatric Society; Academy of Medicine; County Medical Society; Society Alumni City (Charity) Hospital (Honorary). YOUNG, Howard H., Eiverhead, New York, born Sep- tember 27, 1861, Eiverhead, New York. Bellevue (M.D.), 1884. Interne October, 1884— October, 1885. Ex-Interne New York Eye and Ear Hospital. Specialty, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat. Member Suffolk County Medical So- ciety and Associated Physicians of Long Island. YOCUM, Joseph Grant, Presbyterian Hospital, New York, born August 26, 1877, Leland Stanford University, 1897; College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D.), 1901. Interne December, 1901— December, 1903. Ex-Inteme Presbyterian Hospital. 224 EX-HOUSE PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. Alphabetically arranged according to Counties, States, and Towns. UNITED STATES ARMY. Clarke, J. T. Derr, E. Z. Egan, P. E. Ives, F. J. Johnson, E. W. Polhemns, A. S. Quinton, W. W. Eafferty, 0. Eaymond, T. V. Eichard, C. Wolf, E. P. Wyeth, M. C. UNITED STATES NAVY. Drake, N. H. Foster, T. G. Green, E. H. Holloway, J. H. Taylor, J. S. CANADA. Montreal. Gilday, A. L. C, 71 Seymour Avenue. 225 Winnipeg. Leney, J. M. NOVA SCOTIA. Halifax. Block, J. F., 91 College Street. Farrell, E. ONTARIO. Guelph. Smillie, J. Seaforth. Gninlock, W. C. Toronto. McCartney, G. CENTRAL AMERICA. Costa Rica. Flores, K. G. Morales, E. San Jose. Eucavado, G. Tsing Kiang Pu. Woods, J. B. CHINA. ENGLAND. London. Eockwell, J. H., 6 Princess St., Bank. JAPAN. Yokohama. Tripler, T. H. SWEDEN. Stockholm. Thelberg, M. A. H. 226 TURKEY. Constantinople. Ottley, C. "W., Roberts' College. UNITED STATES OF COLOMBIA (South America) Mompas. Pereira, B. ALABAMA. CALIFORNIA. Birmingham. Toole, A. F. Cocke, P. L. Montgomery. Gaston, J. L. Oakdale. Van Winkle, 0. Eldridge (Sonoma Co.). Dawson, W. J. Gr. Los Angeles. Brill, W., 341* Spring St. Percival, F. R., 2635 W. Pico St. Pasadena. McBride, J. H. Quincy (Plumas Co.). McChesney, J. San Francisco. Woodward, A. P., 312 Haight St. COLORADO. Colorado Springs. Gardiner, C. F. 227 Denver. Jayne, W. A. CONNECTICUT. Bridgeport. Bowers, W. Z. Goodwin, C. S., 527 State St. Hartford. Bacon, W. T. Conklin, J. H., 51 Pratt St. Davis, Gr. P. Knight, W. W., 96 Trumbull St. Waite, F. L., 68 Pratt St. Middletown. Edgerton, F. D. New Haven. Sullivan, J. F., 304 Exchange St. Welch, H. L., 44 College St. Saugatuck. Eno, H. C. Saybrook. Spencer, W. D. South Manchester. Bradley, M. S. South Norwalk. Clark, A. N. Stamford. Pierson, S. Torrington. Pratt, E. Waterbury. Ashley, E. F. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Washington. Baker, R. W., 1816 I St., N. W. Bryan, J. H., 818 17th St. Hardin, B. L., 1132 Connecticut Ave. Howard, C. N., 1936 Cincinnati St. Van Rensselaer, J. FLORIDA. Jacksonville. Bacon, H., 401 W. Duval St. GEORGIA. Atlanta. Hull, M. McH. Roy, C. D. Columbus. Stewart, W. W. ILLINOIS. Chicago. Anway, J., 103 State St. Lydston, Gr. F., 100 State St. Newburgh, J. S., 4500 Vincennes Ave. Paine, A. G., 8964 Drexel Boulevard. Quinlan, W. W., 103 State St. Schlierbach, T. L., 6558 Normal Ave. Ware, L., 4424 Drexel Boulevard. Woley, H. P., 6509 Minerva Ave. Evanston. Dakin, F. C, 1419 Chicago Ave. McGrange. Trask, F. 229 INDIANA. Evansville. Little, H. W. Fort Wayne. f^^A^TCV; Deming, N. L. IOWA. Burlington. Leipziger, H. A. Des Moines. Wells, F. L. Marshalltown (Marshall Co.) Harris, G. W. KENTUCKY. Lexington. Bullock, T. S. Louisville. Wilson, F. C, 405 W. Chestnut St. MASSACHUSETTS. Cambridge. Clancy, W. EL, 80 Otis St. Great Barrington. Chapin, C. S. Marlborough. McCarthy, P. F. New Bedford. Pierce, A. M. Pittsfield. Swift, Z. C. Springfield. Lynch, C. F. 230 MICHIGAN. Grand Rapids. Boise, E. Stanton. Carle, C. A. MINNESOTA. St. Paul. Bettinger, J. W., 383 Endicott Arcade. Buckley, E. W., Ernst Bldg. Columbus. Sykes, E. L. MISSISSIPPI. Columbus. Sykes, E. L. Farrell. Carson, J. B. Vaiden. Fullilove, T. W. MISSOURI. Kansas City. Mallett, E. P., 404 Bryant Bldg. Talbot, A., 203 Eialto Bldg. St. Louis. Dudley, C. E., 4612 Finney Ave. Larew, J. J., 1100 N. Carson Ave. Moore, B. W., 3634 Washington Ave. Eobertson, W. M., 2608 Locust St. St. Paul. Stewart, J. H., 425 Portland Ave. NEBRASKA. Lincoln. Giffen, E. E. 231 Omaha. Hoffman, 0., 566 S. 38th St. Milroy, W. F., 312 McCagne Bldg. Slabaugh, W. H. Scribner. Inches, C. NEW JERSEY. Bloomfield. Wells, F. C, 175 Belleville Ave. * Bridgeton. Tomlinson, J. East Orange. Potter, P. A., 469 Main St. Hackensack. White, F. H. Long Branch. Hughes, H. Montclair. Newton, R. C, 42 Chnrch St. Newark. Corwin, T. W., 5 W. Park St. Murray, E. W., 493 Summer Ave. Quimby, W. O'G., 80 Columbia St. Wherry, E. G., 414 Clinton Ave. New Brunswick. Alsop, Thomas. Orange. Maghee, J. M. Paterson. Johnson, W. B. 232 Perth Amboy. Brace, H. M. Plainfield. Manning, A. Rahway. Cladex, W. E. Gallaway, G. E. Rutherford. Eassman, W. H., 71 Minor Ave. NEW MEXICO. Faxmington. Rosenthal, A. NEW YORK. Binghamton. Hutchinson, H. S., Grand Boulevarde. Shellman, A. P., 457 Chenango St. Smith, E. L. Brooklyn. Bellows, C. W., 433 Nostrand Ave. Billings, A. W., Second Ave and 47th St. Blackmar, B. G., 313 Ovington Ave. Blake, J. A., 352 Jefferson Ave. Brandt, W. J., 379 Union St. Brinckman, A., 176 Bergen St. Corwin, B. F., Amersfort Place, Flatbush Ave. Estabrook, C. R., 9307 Flatlands Ave. Ford, A. W., 244 Clinton St. Hamlin, G. D., 143 Kent St. Hewitt, W. B., 227 Furman Ave. Higley, H. A., 227 Park Ave. Haddad, R. G., 84 State St. Kessler, G. L., 588 Bedford Ave. 233 Meyer, J., 252 Vernon Ave. Pomeroy, E. D., 511 Nostrand Ave. Sullivan, J. D., 74 McDonough St. Taddiken, P. G., Long Island State Hospital. Wheeler, E. T., 210 Lee Ave. Buffalo. Jewett, C. E., 1299 Main St. Jewett, C. L., 892 Main St. Camden. Smith, A. H. Central Valley. Sprague, D. H. Cold Spring. Giles, E. Coming. Hutton, E. H. Cornwall-on-Hudson. Harrison, S. D. Flushing. . Wood, B. Fredonia. Eichmond, N. G. Fulton. Lee, C. E. Herkimer. Burgess, M. G. Jamestown. Grafstrom, A. V. Little Falls. Earl, W. P. 234 Long Island City. Kennedy, J. B., 139 Fifth Street. Malone. Phelps, S. Mount Morris. Dunlop, S. R. Mount Vernon. Bertine, L. E. Carter, T. R., 57 South Second Avenue. Glover, F. R. Hughes, J. L., 21 Archer Avenue. Weiss, G. C, 154 Stevens Avenue. Newburgh. Adams, A. E. New York City. Abrams, Alexander, 314 E. 119th St. Aldrich, J., 164 W. 81st St. Amador, M., 187 Park Ave. Ambrose, D. R., 334 W. 30th St. Andrews, J. L., 1332 Lexington Ave. Antony, C. L., 220 E. 123d St. Baner, W. L., 72 W. 45th St. Barker, H. L., Woodside. Bartley, J. A., 1046 Ogden Avenue. Bissell, J. B., 46 W. 55th St. Boyd, W. A., 362 Willis Ave. Boyde, A. S., 75 W. 55th St. Breckwedel, H. B., 313 W. 87th St. Bridges, A. C, 344 W. 28th St. Bulkley, L. C, 531 Madison Ave. Bunnell, G. L., 2044 Madison Ave. 235 Burns, J. F., 462 Jackson Ave. Callan, P. A., 35 W. 38th St. Carey, H. L. K, 251 E. 30th St. Carpenter, F. B., 17 E. 38th St. Carr, M. L., 353 W. 57th St. Carr, W. L., 68 W. 51st St. Child, C. G., Jr., 61 W. 45th St. Cleveland, C, 59 W. 38th St. Cole, C. S., 122 W. 73d St. Collyer, H. L., 153 W. 77th St. Connors, J. F., 117 W. 83d St. Coughlin, J. H., 307 E. Broadway. Cremin, P. W., 856 Lexington Ave. Delavan, D. Bryson, 1 E. 33d St. Denslow, LeG. W., Bretton Hall, Broadway and 85th St. Dew, J. H., 65 W. 58th St. Dillon, C. J., 218 W. 71st St. Donovan, Wm, 125 E. 106th St. Feinberg, J. S., 316 E. 79th St. Ferguson, B., Northern Dispensary, Waverly Place and Christopher St. Ferrer, J. M., 441 Park Ave. Fiske, J. P., 1692 Broadway. Fitzpatrick, C. B., 350 W. 71st St. Fleming, E. M., 1826 Madison Ave. Fletcher, N. De L., 180 E. 93d St. Foote, S. K., 207 W. 103d St. Ford, C. M., 523 W. 141st St. Frank, S. G., 1885 Lexington Ave. Fraser, R., 55 W. 104th St. Freeland, J., 45 W. 32d St. Gaunt, T. T., 11 W. 26th St. Gilley, W. C, 245 W. 11th St. 236 Gottheil, W. S., 144 W. 48th St. Guilshon, J. J., 236 W. 122d St. Guiteras, E., 75 W. 55th St. Hagan, H. L., 200 W. 76th St. Haney, J. P., 500 Park Ave. Harrison, G., 63 W. 51st St. Hawes, W. A., 787 Lexington Ave. Hazen, H. C, 66 W. 56th St. Healy, W. C, 346 W. 57th St. Heger, A., 49 St. Nicholas Ave. Heller, T. F., 109 W. 88th St. Henry, J. P., 329 W. 58th St. Heydecker, H. E., 61 Fifth Ave. Hill, E. Y., Ill W. 71st St. Hitchcock, A. G., 51 W. 29th St. Hodgson, J. H. E., 29 Washington Sq., N. Holmes, J. F., 1043 Boston Eoad. Hough, P. B., 123 E. 76th St. Huber, J. B., 44 E. 64th St. Hustace, F., 413 Madison Ave. Jarecky, H., 115 W. 121st St. J ohnson, H. D., Bretton Hall, Broadway and 85th St. Kane, A. M., 349 W. 34th St. Katzenberg, M., 1315 Madison Ave. Kennedy, J. M., 168 W. 97th St. Klotz, W. C, 126 W. 45th St. Knickerbocker, George S., 145 W. 128th St. Kohn, A., 122 E. 58th St. Kohn, S., 13 E. 75th St. Landsman, S. M., 220 E. 19th St. Leon, A. M., 79 E. 56th St. Livingston, E. P., 189 Convent Ave. Ludbrook, W. W., 426 Lenox Ave. 237 Lyle, A., 1043 Madison Ave. Lynde, N. W., 55 W. 91st St. McAuliffe, G. B., 57 E. 65th St. McCabe, J., 78 Washington Place. McCafferty, J. A., 205 W. 105th St. McDermott, J., 225 E. 14th S. McGay, E. J., 61 E. 54th St. McMannis, W. T., 320 W. 45th St. Mallett, G-. H., 144 W. 71st St. Manges, M., 941 Madison Ave. Marcns, L., 1215 Madison Ave. Marx, S., 947 Madison Ave. Matthews, F. C, Students' Club. Maupin, E. G., 151 E. 127th St. Maury, J. W. D., 264 W. 57th St. Mayer, A., 40 E. 60th St. Meeker, H. D., 41 W. 71st St. Meirowitz, P., 202 W. 135th St. Merrigan, T. D., 167th St. and Kingsbridge Road. Meyer, A. E., 146 W. 95th St. Michaelis, L. M., 1090 Lexington Ave. Moore, A. A., 48 E. 31st St. Moore, W., 320 Broadway. Moore, W. O., 42 E. 29th St. Morrison, W. H., 163 W. 105th St. Munson, E., Davidson Ave. and 184th St. Murtland, S., 14 "W. 47th St. Myers, H. G., 175 W. 73d St. Newman, A. M., 110 W. 75th St. O'Brien, M. C, 161 W. 122d St. Ogilvy, C, 125 W. 58th St. Oppenheim, N., 50 E. 79th St. Oppenheimer, H. S., 16 E. 32d St. 238 Partridge, E. L., 19 Fifth Ave. Piffard, H. G., 256 W. 57th St. Plimpton, W. 0., 19 W. 84th St. Primrose, A. J., 118 W. 101st St. Proben, C. J., 136 E. 70th St. Quin, V. E., 909 Cauldwell Ave. Quinn, J. F., 102 Waverley Place. Eeid, R. W., 267 W. 114th St. Eeilly, T. F., 204 W. 141st St. Reynolds, W. S., 61 W. 71st St. Rice, C. C, 123 E. 19th St. Rockwell, A. V., 4247 Third Ave. Rupp, Adolph, 359 W. 34th St. Russell, J. F., 21 W. 11th St. Schoonover, W., 115 E. 59th St. Schroeder, H. H., 32 Nassau St. Searles, D. W., 8 W. 67th St. Shears, Gr. P., 203 W. 103d St. Shrady, J. E., 140 E. 126th St. Sigler, H. B., 206 W. 106th St. Sill, E. M., 222 W. 59th St. Smith, D. H., 34 W. 37th St. Somerset, "W. L., 83 Lexington Ave. Spiller, W. H., 307 2d Ave. Stark, N. N., 221 W. 128th St. Steers, T. H., 410 W. 43d St. Steinach, W., 134 E. 18th St. Stephen .ii, C, 1227 Lexington Ave. Stewart, D. H., 121 W. 88th St. Stewart, W. H., 2017 Fifth Ave. Steiglitz, E., 247 W. 122d St. Stimson, D. McM., 11 W. 17th St. Stone, W. R., 66 W. 49th St. 239 Stowell, W. L., 160 W. 73d St. Swasey, J. H., 34 E. 28th St. Taylor, F. L., 173 W. 73d St. Terriberry, J. F., 120 "W. 73d St. Thompson, C. N., 100 W. 82d St. Tobias, L., 326 E. 52d St. Torrens, B., 44 W. 115th St. Tousey, E., 259 W. 139th St. Tynberg, S., 1329 Madison Ave. Waldo, B,, 59 W. 54th St. Walker, D. E., 254 W. 45th St. Waterman, J. H., 50 W. 51st St. Wells, B. H., 34 W. 45th St. Wells, J. G., 109 W. 82d St. White, A. C, 537 Fifth Ave. White, G. M., 32 Nassau St, Wiesner, D. H., 162 E. 46th St. Wynkoop, D. W., 128 Madison Ave. Yale, Leroy M., 432 Madison Ave. Yocum, J. G., Presbyterian Hospital. Northport. Donahue, G. H. Patchogne. Overton, F. Patterson (Putnam Co.). Banks, G. Poughkeepsie. Wilson, J. S., 22 S. Hamilton St. Riverhead. Young, J. H. 'HO Rochester. Pike, A. S., 303 Alexander Ave. Schenectady. Saunders, N. B. Sherburne. Gorton, 0. A. Syracuse. Breese, A. B. Utica. Ford, W. E. Johnston, A. M., 89 Kossuth Ave. Schuyler, W. J., 3 Hopper St. White Plains. Kelly, H. T. Yonkers. Dana, A. S. NORTH CAROLINA. KittreU. Sugg, J. P. Raleigh. Battle, K. P. Roxobel. Norfleet, E. OHIO. Cincinnati. Stark, 0. W., Hi 8th St. Columbus. Wardlow, Y., 120 E. Broad St. Glenville. Hill, E. W., 600 Doan St. 241 Norwalk. Burt, F. OREGON. Astoria. Kinney, Aug. C. Kinney, A. C, 259 Commercial St. Portland. Story, G. B., 115 Abington Building. PENNSYLVANIA. Homestead. Einard, C. C, 317 Eighth Ave. Philadelphia. Witherstine, C. S., 5450 Germantown Ave. Scranton. Park, C. E., 745 Quincy Ave. RHODE ISLAND. Pawtucket. French, C. H. Providence. Leonard, C. H., 154 Broad St. SOUTH CAROLINA. Charleston. Cornell, W. P., 217 Eutledge Ave. Edgefield Co. Croft, E. TENNESSEE. Memphis. Meyer, L. I., Masonic Temple. Nashville. Buist, W. E. 242 VERMONT. Bennington. Goodall, H. S. Brattleboro. Miller, A. 0. VIRGINIA. Charlottesville. Gillan, C. Danville. Irwin, J. S. Harrisonburg. Neff, J. H. Lynchburg. Wilson, A. L. Norfolk. Grandy, C. E. Old, H. Kuffin, K. Petersburg. McGill, E. L. Mann, J. Osborn, J. D. Portsmouth. Grice, J. Holladay, G. G. Richmond Dunn, J. Edwards, L. B. Williams, E. F., 14 North 3d St. Roanoke. Harrison, H. W. WASHINGTON. Spokane. Potter, W. W. WISCONSIN. Milwaukee. Farnham, A. B. 244