lEx ICtbrtB SEYMOUR DURST When you leave, please leave this hook Because it has heen said "Ever thing comes t' him who waits Except a loaned book." Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library Gift of Seymour B. Durst Old York Library Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2014 https://archive.org/details/indiansofgreaterOOwiss THE INDIANS OF GREATER NEW YORK AND THE LOWER HUDSON. EDITED BY CLARK W15SLER. AMS PRESS NEW YORK ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS OF THE American riuseum of Natural History. Vol. III. HUDSON-FULTON PUBLICATION. THE INDIANS OF GREATER NEW YORK AND THE LOWER HUDSON. EDITED BY CLARK WISSLER. NEW YORK: Published by Order of the Trustees. September, 1909. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Wissler, Clark, 1870-1947, ed. The Indians of Greater New York and the Lower Hudson. Reprint of the 1909 ed. published by the Trustees of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, which was issued as v. 3 of Anthropological papers of the American Museum of Natural History, and which was a Hudson-Fulton publication. Includes index. CONTENTS: Skinner, A. The Lenape Indians of Staten Island.— Finch, J. K. Aboriginal remains on Manhattan Island.— Bolton, R. P. The Indians of Washington Heights.— Skinner, A. Archaeology of Manhattan Island, [etc.] 1. Indians of North America— New York (State). 2. New York (State)— Antiquities. 3. Indians of North America— New Jersey. 4. New Jersey— Antiquities. I. Title. II. Series: American Museum of Natural History, New York. Anthropological papers; v. 3. E78.N7W8 1975 974.7 004 97 74-9017 ISBN 0-404-11914-X 1 v/o/.3 )°lo °j Reprinted from the edition of 1909, New York First AMS edition published in 1975 Manufactured in the United States of America AMS PRESS INC. NEW YORK, N. Y. 10003 CONTRIBUTORS. Alaxsox Skixxer. James K. Fixch. Reginald Pelham Bolton. M. Raymond Harrington. Max Schrabisch. Frank G. Speck. CONTENTS. PAGE Introduction ............. xiii The Lenape Indians of Staten Island (Plates I-XII). By Alanson Skinner. Introduction ............ 3 Archaeological Sites .......... 4 1. West New Brighton, Upper or Pelton's Cove .... 4 2. West New Brighton, Ascension Church ..... 5 3. Mariners' Harbor, Arlington ....... 5 4. Mariners' Harbor, Bowman's Brook 6 5. Mariners' Harbor, Old Place 8 6. Bloomfield (Watchogue) . . . . . . . 9 7. Chelsea 9 S. Long Neck (Linoleumville), north side ..... 9 9. Long Neck (Linoleumville), south side ..... 9 10. New Springville, Corson's Brook 10 11. Green Ridge, near Richmond Plank Road ..... 10 12. Green Ridge, Lake's Island ....... 10 13. Woodrow 10 14. Rossville 11 15. Tottenville, "Burial Ridge" 11 16. Huguenot 16 17. Arrochar . . . . . . . . . .16 18. New Brighton, Harbor Hill Golf-Links 16 19. New Brighton, Silver Lake, etc 16 20. New Brighton, Harbor Hill . . . ' . . . .16 21. New Brighton, Nannyberry Hill 16 22. Richmond ' 16 23. Oakwood 17 24. Tompkinsville 17 Collections of Specimens . . . . . . . . . .17 Descriptions of Specimens .... .... 18 Stone Implements . . . . . . . . . .18 Hammerstones ........... 19 Rubbing or Polishing Stones . . . . . . . .19 Knives, Drills and Scrapers ........ 19 Banner Stones ..... ..... 20 Plummets ....... ... 20 A Stone Mask 21 Bone and Antler Tools . . . . . . . . .21 Pottery 23 Pipes 26 Copper 28 Trade Articles 28 History and Ethnography of Staten Island 29 Cultural Reconstruction 38 Personal Appearance and Costume .39 iii iv Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. Ill, Page. Vegetable Resources .......... 42 Hunting ............ 43 Fishing ............ 44 Food Materials ........... 45 Habitations ........... 46 Transportation 48 Mortuary Customs .......... 49 Social and Religious Organization ....... 51 Mythology ........... 53 Art as Shown in Pottery 53 Resume ............. 58 Bibliography ............ 62 Aboriginal Remains on Manhattan Island. By James K. Finch. Introduction 65 Location of Archaeological Sites ........ 66 Fort Washington Point ......... 68 The Knoll 68 Cold Spring ........... 68 Inwood Station Site .......... 69 Harlem Ship Canal .......... 70 Harlem River Deposit ......... 70 Isham's Garden .......... 70 Academy Street Garden ......... 70 Dog Burials found in 1895 ........ 70 Shell Pockets at 211th Street 71 Historical References .......... 72 The Indians of Washington Heights (Plates XIII-XVII). By Reginald Pelham Bolton. Introduction ............ 77 Aboriginal Remains on Washington Heights ... 85 Relations with the First Settlers . . . . . . . .94 The Town of New Haerlem and the Passing of the Red Man . . . 102 Archaeology of Manhattan Island. By Alanson Skinner . . . .113 The Rock-shelters of Armonk, New York (Plates XVIII-XX). By M. R. Harrington. Introduction ............ 125 Finch's Rock House .......... 125 Nebo Rocks 132 Helicker's Cave ........... 132 Leather Man's Shelter .134 Little Helicker's 134 Mahoney Shelter ... ....... 134 Quartz Quarry Rock-shelter 135 Riverville Shelter . . . . . . . . . . .136 Indian Rock-shelters in Northern New Jersey and Southern New York. By Max Schrabisch. Passaic County, New Jersey . . . . . . - .141 Upper Preakness . . . ..... 141 Pompton Junction ..... . 143 1909.] The Indians of Greater New York. By M. K. Harrington Morris County, New Jersey Pompton Plains Bear Rock Towakhow Rockland County, New York Tome Brook Torne Mountain Ramapo River . Pound Hill Mine Hill . Orange County, New York Tuxedo Horsestable Rock Goshen Mountain Ancient Shell Heaps near New Y'ork City Notes on the Mohegan and Niantic Indians (Plates XXI-XXIV). By F. G. Speck. Introduction The Mohegan Indians Local Traditions Material Life Clothing and Ornaments Customs and Miscellaneous Notes Shamanism Beliefs and Folk-lore . Myths .... The Scaticook Indians The Western Niantic Indians . Archaeology of the New York Coastal Introduction Chipped Articles Arrow Points Spear Points and Knives Scrapers Drills Rough Stone Articles Hammerstones Net-sinkers Hoes Hand Choppers Grooved Axes Celts Adzes Gouges Pestles Mullers, Grinders, and Polishing Sinew Stones Stone Mortars Pigments, Paint-cups, etc Algonkin. Stones By Alanson Skinner Page 145 145 149 150 154 154 156 157 158 159 159 159 160 163 169 183 184 185 187 191 193 195 200 203 205 206 213 213 213 214 214 214 214 214 215 215 215 215 216 217 218 219 219 219» 219 219 vi Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural H istory [Vol. Ill, Stone Plummets Stone Masks Semilunar Knives Stone Beads Polished Stone Article Gorgets Amulets Banner Stones Pipes Steatite Vessels Articles of Clay Pottery Pipes Pottery Vessels Articles of Metal Beads Articles of Shell Wampum . Pendants Scrapers Pottery Tempering Pottery Stamps Fossils Articles of Bone and Antle Bone Awls Bone Needles Bone Arrow Points Harpoons . Bone Beads and Tubes Draw Shaves or Beaming Worked Teeth . Turtle Shell Cups Turtle Shell Rattles Antler Implements Cylinders . Pottery Stamps Trade Articles . Conclusion Index .... Tooli ILLUSTRATIONS. Plates. I. Bowman's Brook Site. II. Grave of a Child — Tottenville. Grave of Adults — Tottenville. III. Position of Points in Bones, Tottenville. Fig. 1 (Museum No. 20-3198), Human clavicle showing puncture; Fig. 2 (20-3194-5), Stone arrow point found between fourth and eighth rib of skeleton; Fig. 3 (20-3156- 1909.] The Indians of Greater New York. vii 7), Bone arrow point found near vertebrae of skeleton; Fig. 4 (20-3155- 6), Antler arrow point found near lumbar vertebrae of skeleton, as indicated by its position; Fig. 5 (20-3182), Left femur of skeleton show- ing puncture; Fig. 6 (20-3160-1), Fibula of skeleton fractured by stone arrow point, found in position; Fig. 7 (20-3192-3), Rib of skeleton per- forated by antler arrow point, found in place; Fig. 8 (20-3162-3), Argillite arrow point found among ribs of skeleton in one of which it made an incision; Fig. 9 (20-3158-9), Tip of antler arrow point as found among vertebrae; Fig. 10 (20-3164—5), Bone arrow point found with point resting against scapula; Fig. 11 (20-3196), Flint arrow point found under sternum. IV. Stone Implements. Fig. 1. Grooved ax, type 1, class A; Mariners' Harbor; Fig. 2. Grooved ax, type 2, class A, Chelsea; Fig. 3. Grooved ax, type 3, class A, New Brighton; Fig. 4. Grooved ax, type 4, class A, Mariners' Harbor; Fig. 5. Grooved ax, type 4, class A, Mariners' Harbor; Fig. 6. Grooved ax, type 4, class A, Kriescherville ; Fig. 7. Grooved ax, type 5, class A; Fig. 8. Celt, Moravian Cemetery; Fig. 9. Incipient grooved ax, class A, Mariners' Harbor; Fig. 10. Grooved ax, class B, Chelsea; Fig. 11. Grooved ax, class B, Chelsea; Fig. 12. Hand chopper, Tottenville; Fig. 13 (Museum No. T-24118), length 8 cm., Grooved ax, class B, Tottenville; Fig. 14. Grooved ax, class B, Mariners' Harbor; Fig. 15. Grooved adze, Elm Park; Fig. 16. Notched ax, Tottenville; Fig. 17. Celt, Tottenville; Fig. 18. (Museum No. 20- 8113), length 22 cm., Celt, Watchogue. Figs. 1-6, 8-12, 14-17 from the Staten Island Association of Arts and Sciences: Fig. 7 from the William T. Davis Collection. V. Stone Implements. Fig. 1. Grooved maul, Richmond; Fig. 2. Grooved maul or club, Mariners' Harbor; Fig. 3. Pitless hammerstone; Fig. 4 (Museum No. T-23005), length 12 cm., Double pitted hammerstone, Tottenville; Fig. 5. Muller or grinder, Mariners' Harbor; Fig. 6. Muller or grinder, Arrochar; Fig. 7 (Museum No. T-24117), length 8 cm., Net sinker made of broken grooved ax, Tottenville ; Fig. 8. Grooved net sinker, Tottenville; Fig. 9. Grooved net sinker, Mariners' Harbor; Fig. 10 (Museum No. T-23012), length 7 cm., Notched net sinker, Tottenville; Fig. 11 (Museum No. T-24107), length 9 cm., Notched net sinker, Tottenville; Fig. 12. Polishing or rubbing stone, Tottenville; Fig. 13. Gouge, Mariners' Harbor; Fig. 14. Notched hoe (?), Kries- cherville; Fig. 15. Notched hoe (?), Tottenville; Fig. 16. Plain hoe, Old Place; Fig. 17 (Museum No. 20-3304), length 16 cm., Pottery smoothing stone (?) or polisher, Tottenville; Fig. 18. Pestle, Arrochar. Figs. 1-7, 9, 12-16, 18 from the Staten Island Association of Arts and Sciences; Fig. 8 from the William T. Davis Collection. VI. Drills, Scrapers and other Objects. Fig. 1. Round flint scraper, Fig. 2. Flint scraper; Fig. 3. Flint scraper made from broken arrow point, Rossville; Fig. 4. Stemmed flint scraper; Fig. 5. Stemmed scraper, unusually large, Mariners' Harbor; Fig. 6. Scraper, very large, Totten- ville; Fig. 7 -(Museum No. 20-3296), length 5 cm.; Fig. 8. Scraper, serrated, Rossville; Fig. 9 (Museum No. 20-6613), length 4 cm., Mari- ner's Harbor; Fig. 10. Scraper, stemmed, made from broken arrow viii Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. Ill, point, Mariners' Harbor; Fig. 11. Drill, Kriescherville ; Fig. 12. Drill, very small, double pointed, Mariners' Harbor; Fig. 13. Drill, very- small, double pointed, Linoleumville ; Fig. 14. Drill, rough-based, Mariner's Harbor; Fig. 15. Drill, argillite, Mariners' Harbor; Fig. 16. Drill, argillite, very large base, Mariners' Harbor; Fig. 17. Drill, Old Place; Fig. 18. Drill, Mariners' Harbor; Fig. 19 (Museum No. 20-6607), length 5 cm., Drill, red jasper, Old Place; Fig. 20 (Museum No. T- 24061), length 5.5 cm., Drill, argillite, Tottenville; Fig. 21 (Museum No. T-24055), length 5 cm., Drill, Tottenville; Fig. 22 (Museum No. T- 2406), length 3.3 cm., Drill, rare type, Tottenville; Fig. 23. Drill, Mariners' Harbor; Fig. 24. Drill, Mariners' Harbor; Fig. 25. Drill; Fig. 26. Museum No. 20-3105), length 5.4 cm., Broken pottery, showing drilling to facilitate mending, Tottenville; Fig. 27. "Sinew Stone," so- called, Tottenville; Fig. 28. "Plummet stone," so-called, Watchogue; Fig. 29. Brass arrow point, "trade" article (perforated), Watchogue; Fig. 30. Brass arrow point, "trade" article (non-perforated), Old Place; Fig. 31. Pewter ring, "trade" (?), Old Place; Fig. 32. Perforated frag- ment of brass or copper, Old Place; Fig. 23. Brass thimble, "trade" object, Rossville; Fig. 34. Fossil shark's tooth, Watchogue. Figs. 1-6, 8, 10-13, 15-18, 23-25, 28-34 from the Staten Island Association of Arts and Sciences, Figs. 14, 27 from the William T. Davis Collection. VII. Knives and Scrapers. Fig. 1. Large flint knife, New Brighton; Fig. 2. Large flint knife or spear head, Lake's Island; Fig. 3. Argillite knife, Watchogue; Fig. 5. Chert knife, West New Brighton; Fig. 6. Yellow jasper knife. Watchogue; Fig. 7. Yellow jasper knife, New Brighton; Fig. 8. Flint knife covered with oyster spots, Fresh Kill; Fig. 9. Round flint knife, Tottenville; Fig. 10 (Museum No. T-24051), length 8 cm., flint knife or spear Tottenville; Fig. 11. Flint knife or spear, Watchogue; Fig. 12. Flint knife, Tottenville; Fig. 13. Flint knife, Lake's Island; Fig. 14. Flint knife, Linoleumville; Fig. 15. Flint knife, Lake's Island; Fig. 16. Fragment, semilunar knife, Mariners' Harbor; Fig. 17. Fragment, semilunar knife. Old Place; Fig. 18 (Museum No. 20- 3286), length 9 cm., Cache blade, Tottenville; Fig. 19 (Museum No. 20-3231), length 7 cm., Cache blade, Tottenville; Fig. 20. Unfinished semilunar knife, Mariner's Harbor; Fig. 21. Cache blade, Old Place; Fig. 22. Cache blade, Old Place. Figs. 1-4, 6-8, 11-17, 20-22 from the Staten Island Association of Arts and Sciences, Figs. 5, 9 from the William T. Davis Collection. VIII. Banner Stones. Fig. 1. Double holed gorget, Old Place; Fig. 2 (Mu- seum No. 50-7189), Double holed gorget, Canadian Lenap£; Fig. 3 (Museum No. 20-3302), length 8.5 cm., Single holed gorget, two previous perforations broken out, Tottenville; Fig. 4. Single holed gorget, broken, Tottenville; Fig. 5 (Museum No. 20-3280), length 10 cm., Irregularly shaped mica object, perforation started, Tottenville; Fig. 6. Unfinished gorget or banner stone, Tottenville; Fig. 7. Fragment grooved banner stone, Mariners' Harbor; Fig. 8. Fragment perfo- rated banner stone, Tottenville; Fig. 9. Broken perforated banner stone, Mariners' Harbor; Fig. 10. Broken perforated banner stone, Mariners' Harbor; Fig. 11. Broken perforated banner stone, Mariners' 1909.] The Indians of Greater New York. ix Harbor. Figs. 1, 6-11 from the Staten Island Association of Arts and Sciences, Fig. 4 from the William T. Davis Collection. IX. A Stone Head — Grasmere. Tobacco Pipes: Fig. 1. Rude straight clay pipe (fragment), Rossville; Fig. 2. Flat sided angular clay pipe (fragment), Mariners' Harbor; Fig. 3. Decorated fragment clay pipe bowl, Watchogue; Fig. 4. Deco- rated fragment clay pipe bowl, Watchogue; Fig. 5. Decorated frag- ment clay pipe bowl, Watchogue; Fig. 6 (Museum No. 20-3270), length 6 cm., Steatite pipe, monitor type, Tottenville; Fig. 7. Straight clay pipe, plain partially restored; Mariners' Harbor; Fig. 8. Bent clay pipe, plain (fragment), Mariners' Harbor; Fig. 9. Decorated clay pipe stem reworked into bead, Watchogue; Fig. 11. Decorated clay pipe stem, Tottenville; Fig. 12. Decorated clay pipe bowl (fragment), Mari- ner's Harbor; Fig. 13. Decorated clay pipe, broken, bent stem, Totten- ville; Fig. 14. Decorated clay pipe stem, Mariners' Harbor; Fig. 15. Decorated clay pipe stem, Mariners' Harbor; Fig. 16. Decorated clay pipe stem, flat type, Watchogue; Fig. 17. Plain clay pipe stem, flat type, Richmond Valley. Figs 1, 2, 7-10, 12-17 from the Staten Island Association of Arts and Sciences; Figs. 3-5, 11 from the William T. Davis Collection. X. Bone and Antler Tools. Fig. 1 (Museum No. 20-3306), length 12 cm.; Fig. 2 (20-3308), length 8.3 cm.; Fig. 7 (20-3191), length 7.5 cm.; Fig. 8 (20-3166), length 6.3 cm.; Fig. 9 (20-3199), length, 6.9 cm.; Fig. 10 (20-3167), length 6.1 cm.; Fig. 13 (20-3318), length 5.5 cm.; Fig. 14 (20-3315), length 20.7 cm.; Fig. 22 (20-3133); Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 (Staten Island Association of Arts and Sciences). XI. Shell Objects. Figs. 7-14 (Museum No. 20-3278); Fig. 18 (20-4986), length 2.7 cm.; Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 15, 16, 17 (Staten Island Association of Arts and Sciences). XII. Arrow Points. Fig. 52 (Museum No. T-^4059), length 3.5 cm.; Figs. 20, 21, 27 (William T. Davis Collection); Figs. 1-20, 22-37, 38-52, 53-65 (Staten Island Association of Arts and Sciences). XIII. A Shell-Pit on Seaman Avenue. The Core of a Shell-Pit. XIV. A Cut on Seaman Avenue showing relic-bearing Strata. Uncovering an Indian Pot at 214th Street and 10th Avenue. XV. Pottery Vessel found at 214th Street and 10th Avenue. (Bolton and Calver Collection), length 34 cm. XVI. Inwood Rock-shelter, Manhattan. An Indian Burial on Seaman Avenue. XVII. Relics from Manhattan Island. Fig. 2 (Museum No. 20-3247), length 10.7 cm.; Fig. 4 (T-23272), length 9.7 cm.; Fig. 8 (20-3411), length 15 cm.; Fig. 10 (20-3437), length 14.7 cm.; Fig. 12 (1-4088), length 12 cm.; Fig. 1 (Bolton and Calver Collection), length 3.7 cm.; Fig. 3 (Bolton and Calver Collection), length 3.5 cm. ; Fig. 5 (Bolton and Calver Collection), length, 3.8 cm. ; Fig. 6 (Bolton and Calver Collection), length 10.4 cm.; Fig. 7 (Bolton and Calver Collection); length 7.8 cm.; Fig. 9 (Bolton and Calver Collection), length 8.4 cm.; Fig. 11 (Bolton and Calver Collection), length 33 cm. X Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. Ill, XVTTT A. \ 1 1 1 . r linn s auik nuusc. JTHrllLKtrl S v_d.\tr. XTX ^. v. i. v • T p^tthpr \T*itV< T? r»pL~- O'Callaghan, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 282. 2 De Vries, op. cit., p. 155. 3 O'Callaghan, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 282. 1909.] Skinner, Staten Island. 49 without mast or sail, and not a nail in any part of it, though it is sometimes fully forty feet in length, fish hooks and lines, and scoops to paddle with instead of oars." A wooden dug-out, probably of Indian make, was found in the mud of Hackensack River near Haekensaek, New Jersey, some years ago, and is now the property of Dr. F. G. Speck of the University of Pennsylvania. Beauchamp, in his "Aboriginal Use of Wood in New York," gives a description and figure of a wooden dug-out canoe. He says: — " In what is considered the earliest view of New York City in 1635, attributed to Augustine Hermann, is a strange form of the dug-out which may possibly be the artist's fancy. It is a long boat, manned by five men, which has sloping ends rising far above the sides. From the highest point are long horizontal projections, termi- nating in large balls. There are smaller canoes of a common type. Figure 27 shows this form from an engraving of 1673, precisely like the former, but propelled by women. The figure is entitled Navis ex arboribus trunco igne excavata. No early writer has described this in New York, nor does it at first seem probable that the Indians would have made one of this form. Moulton accepted it, and suggested a fair explanation. He described the earlier figure. There was at each end, he said, 'what may be termed a bowsprit finished by a spherical head about the size of a man's. These bowsprits or handles seem an ingenious contrivance for lifting the canoe and carrying it on the land, by two men hoisting it on their shoulders, and thus as on a pole, carrying it from place to place with ease and expedition.' Moulton, vii. " If it were light, two men might suffice, but for a heavier one four men might use crossbars, one at each end, and the balls would prevent these from slipping. When left by the tide, something of the kind might have proved very useful. Pictures and descriptions, however, usually represent a heavy and clumsy boat, useful but neither handsome nor swift, with straight sides and sloping ends, rather a trough than anything else." 1 The form above described is no doubt a truly aboriginal type. Mr. M. R. Harrington found dug-out canoes of a very similar form among the Muskhogean Indians of the Southeast, and the ends were used for the purpose suggested. We have met with no records of land transportation. Doubt- less pack straps and baskets of a type similar to those now found among the surviving Lenape were in use. Mortuary Customs. Three methods of burial seem to have been com- mon among the Lenape Indians of Staten Island. They are: (a) flexed burials without objects, (b) flexed burials with objects, and (c) bone burials. A fourth method, that of burying the body at full length, seems to have occurred occasionally at Tottenville. In regard to the first of these forms, the flexed burial (i. e. the body laid 1 New York State Museum, Bull. 89, Archaeology 11, p. 144. 50 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. Ill, on one side and the arms and legs flexed, the knees and hands drawn up to or near the chin) is probably most common. The average depth for such a burial is from one and a half to three feet. Some are very near the surface and the writer has exhumed at least one that was very deep down. Apparently it was the custom to hold a "Feast of the Dead" at the time of interment, as in almost all instances the earth above and about the skeleton contains particles of charcoal, fire-cracked stones, split and charred animal bones, potsherds, bivalve shells and the like. Sometimes a foot or more above the body will be a pit containing great quantities of oyster shells, etc., as though, when the departed was out of sight of the living beneath a thin layer of earth, a feast was held and the refuse, etc., cast into the still open grave. In one very deep grave, at a depth of seven and a half feet, and some distance below the skeleton, the remains of a pottery vessel were found upon which lay stones, apparently thrown in to break it, possibly that it might never be used again. Animal bones lay about; then, in a layer of dark and practically refuse-free earth, the flexed skeleton; and above this again a bowl-shaped deposit of oyster shells, etc., extended to the surface. On rare occasions, thick layers of oyster shells, the sharp cutting edge up, have been found packed regularly above the skeleton, perhaps to prevent the wolves or dogs from digging up the body. As a general thing, burials occupy a knoll or section near to, but not among, the dwelling sites. However, skeletons are sometimes found in shell or fire pits, and this may perhaps be accounted for by the fact that, if the death occurred in winter when the ground was frozen, digging graves with the primitive tools at the command of the Ivcnape" was a serious if not impossible matter; hence, the corpse may have been placed in a refuse pit and covered with debris, an easier process than grave digging. All the graves seen, opened by, or reported to, the writer on the north shore of Staten Island were of this type of "Bone Burials," and contained no objects whatever except such discarded tools, etc., as may have found their way by accident into the grave. Flexed burials with objects are in every respect, save the placing of objects with the dead, the same as the first form described. On Staten Island, these seem to have been confined to the Burial Ridge at Tottenville, described elsewhere in this paper, and to one or two graves on the Wort Farm at Woodrow. Mr. George H. Pepper informs the writer that graves with objects have been disinterred at Morgan's Station on the New Jersey mainland opposite Tottenville; but apparently such burials are rare through- out the Algonkin region of southeastern New York, Long Island and neigh- boring Xew Jersey, in marked contrast to the Iroquoian cultural area to the north and west. 1909.] Skinner, Staten Island. 51 Almost as common as the first class described are "bone" or "bunched" burials. In this case the flesh has rotted or been removed from the body before interment, and the dry bones thrown or laid in a hole, usually without order and generally with the skull on top. The writer has opened graves of this type at Bowman's Brook site, Mariners' Harbor, under conditions which precluded the taking of photographs. At the same site, a single grave was found to contain the heaped-up bones of a number of individuals, per- haps as many as half a dozen. Burials at full length are said to have been found at Tottenville, in Burial Ridge or the immediately adjacent fields. At the famous Bowman's Brook site at Mariners' Harbor, the writer found the skeleton of a dog which had received regular interment. A few inches above this skeleton (which, by the way, was in the heart of the village proper and not in the cemetery) was a deposit of oyster shells such as was often found above human remains on the same site. Perhaps this was the skeleton of some pet animal. Dogs' skeletons have also been found at Tottenville. The writer believes those who have attributed a ceremonial origin to these dog burials, which are not uncommon on New York Algonkin sites, are in error. With the skeleton of an old woman, found by the writer at Bowman's Brook site, were the remains of a tiny lynx (Lynx ruff us) kitten, still with its milk teeth. Quoting again from De Vries' Journal, we learn : — "They make a large grave, and line it inside with boughs of trees, in which they lay the corpse, so that no earth can touch it. They then cover this with clay, and form the grave, seven or eight feet, in the shape of a sugar loaf, and place palisades around it. I have frequently seen the wife of the deceased come daily to the grave, weeping and crying, creeping over it with extended body, and grieving for the death of her husband. The oldest wife by whom he has children does this; the young wife does not make much ado about it, but looks about for another husband. They keep a portion of the dead in the house. ***** They then bury the bones in the grave, with a parcel of Zeewan (wampum), and with arrows, kettles, knives, paper, and other knick-knacks, which are held in great esteem by them, and cover them with earth, and place palisades around them, as before related. Such is the custom on the coast in regard to the dead. The chief doctrine held among them is the belief in the immortality of the soul by some. Others are skeptical on this point, but not far from it, saying, when they die they go to a place where they sing like the ravens; but this singing is entirely different from the singing of angels." 1 The fact that "they keep a portion of their dead in the house" may account for subsequent "bone burials." Social and Religious Organization. In the "Remonstrance of New Netherland," we find: — 1 De Vries, op. cit., p. 164, et seq. 52 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. Ill, " Traces, and nothing more, of the institution of marriage can be perceived among them. The man and woman unite together without any special ceremony, except that the former, by agreement previously made with the latter, presents her with some wampum or cloth, which he frequently takes back on separating, if this occur any way soon. Both men and women are exceedingly unchaste and lascivious, without the least particle of shame; and this is the reason that the men so frequently change their wives and the women, their husbands. They have, usually, but one wife: sometimes even two or three, but this mostly obtains among the chiefs. They have also among them different ranks of people, such as noble and ignoble. The men are generally lazy and will not work until they become old and of no considera- tion; then they make spoons and wooden bowls, traps, nets, and various other such trifles; in other respects, they do nothing but fish, hunt and go to war. The women must perform the remainder of the labor, such as planting corn, cutting and hauling firewood, cooking, attending the children, and whatever else has to be done. "They are divided into various tribes and languages. Each tribe usually dwells together, and there is one among them who is chief ; but he does not possess much power or distinction, except in their dances and in time of war. Some have scarcely any knowledge of God; others very little. Nevertheless, they relate very strange fables of the Deity. In general, they have a great dread of the Devil, who gives them wonderful trouble; some converse freely on the subject and allow themselves to be strangely imposed upon by him; but their devils, they say, will not have anything to do with the Dutch. Scarcely a word is heard here of any ghost or such like. Offerings are sometimes made to them, but with little ceremony. They believe, also, in an Immortality of the soul; have, likewise, some knowledge of the Sun, Moon and Stars, many of which they even know how to name; they are passable judges of the weather. There is scarcely any law or justice among them, except sometimes in war matters, and then very little. The next of kin is the avenger; the youngest are the most daring, w ho mostly do as they like. "As soldiers they are far from being honorable, but perfidious, and accomplish all their designs by treachery; they also use many stratagems to deceive their enemies and execute by night almost all their plans that are in any way hazardous. The thirst for revenge seems innate in them; they are very pertinacious in self defence, when they cannot escape; which, under other circumstances, they like to do; and they make little of death, when it is inevitable, and despise all tortures that can be inflicted on them at the stake, exhibiting no faintheartedness, but generally singing until they are dead. They also know right well how to cure wounds and hurts, or inveterate sores and injuries, by means of herbs and roots indigenous to the country, and which are known to th'jm." 1 Of marriage customs, De Vries says, after stating that the women are marriageable direc tly after arriving at puberty: — "Whoever gives the most zeewan is the successful suitor. They go home with him, and remain sometim :s one, three, or four months with him, and then go with another; sometimes remaining with him, according as they are inclined to each other. The men are not jealous, and even lend their wives to a friend. They are fond of meetings to frolic and dance; but the women are compelled to work like asses, and i O'Callaghan, op. cit., Vol. I, pp. 281-2. 1909.] Skinner, Staten Island. 53 when they travel, to carry the baggage on their backs, together with their infants, if they have any, bound to a board. "The girls consider themselves to have arrived at womanhood when they begin to have their monthly terms, and as soon as they have them, they go and disguise themselves with a garment, which they throw over their body, drawing it over the head so they can hardly see with their eyes, and run off two or three months, lament- ing that they must lose their virginity; and they therefore do not engage in any diversion by night, or other unseasonable time. This period being over, they throw away their disguise, and deck themselves with a quantity of zeewan upon the body, head, and neck; they then go and sit in some place, in company with some squaws, showing that they are up for a bargain." 1 In speaking of a "Long House" and its inhabitants at Fort Hamilton, Long Island, Dankers and Sluyter observed that the dwellers in such a communal house were "all of one stock, as a father, mother and their off- spring. " Mythology. Naturally little of the folk lore and mythology of these people has come down to us, but to Dankers and Sluyter we are again indebted, this time for the Hackensack creation myth which is as follows: — " 16 Oct., 1679. In the morning there came an Indian to our house, a man about 80 years of age, whom our people call Jasper, who lived at Ahakinsack [Hackensack] at Akinon.* * * * * We asked him where he believed he came from? He answered from his father. 'And where did your father come from?' we said, 'and your grand- father and great grandfather, and so to the first of the race?' He was silent for a little while, either as if unable to climb up at once so high with his thoughts, or to express them without help, and then took a piece of coal out of the fire where he sat, and began to write upon the floor. He first drew a circle, a little oval, to which he made four paws or feet, a head and a tail. 'This,' said he, 'is a tortoise, lying in the water around it,' and he moved his hand round the figure, continuing 'this was or is all water, and so at first was the world or the earth, when the tortoise gradually raised its round back up high, and the water ran off it, and then the earth became dry.' He then took a little straw and placed it on and in the middle of the figure, and pro- ceeded, ' the earth was now dry, and there grew a tree in the middle of the earth, and the root of this tree sent forth a sprout beside it, and there grew upon it a man, who was the first male. This man was there alone, and would have remained alone; but the tree bent over its top and touched the earth; and there shot therein another root, from which came forth another sprout, and there grew upon it the woman, and from these two are all men produced." Art as shown in Pottery. In the absence of their fabrics, leather or wooden utensils, the sole remaining place where we may seek to reconstruct the art of the Staten Island Lenape is in their pottery. Considering first the forms used by these prehistoric potters, we find by examination of fragments and the reconstruction of vessels that at least five classes of pottery may be 1 De Vries, op. cit., p. 155, et seq. 54 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. Ill, mi differentiated: of these, three are distinctly native; a fourth exotic; and a fifth intermediate, representing a transitional stage between the native and foreign types. On one site, considered by the writer to be the oldest of all the Algonkin remains on Staten Island, situated at the junction of the Shore Road and Western Avenue at Bowman's Point or Holland Hook, Mariners' Harbor, pottery is exceedingly rare, only four or five sherds having been found. However, these were enough to show that the vessel from which they were broken was of rude and heavy workmanship, possessing a plain undecorated rim and sloping downward to a pointed bottom. They were accompanied by large fragments of steatite vessels, and a large scraper of very unusual form described elsewhere in this paper. The general appearance of the site itself suggested relative antiquity and the writer is inclined to consider it the oldest Al- gonkin site on the Island. It is situated about a quarter of a mile from the great Hackensack village on Bowman's Brook, which was evidently a much more recent settlement. On all the older sites this type of vessel occurs, sometimes plain, but often ornamented, while fragments are also found on sites having undoubted traces of the historic period. In form, it is a cone with the sides below the apex somewhat swollen and rounded. From what the writer has seen among the local collections from the Muncey and Hacken- Sack region and from Mr. Ernest Yolk's splendid collection made for this Institution in the Dela- ware Valley, this type must be considered the typical Ivenape" vessel. It was not restricted to those people, however, as it was comparatively universal among the coastal Algonkin from Virginia northward to New England. A second type found in this region and apparently derived from the former, intermediates being found, has a slightly more rounded base and an overturning flaring lip with a slightly constricted neck. The third and last typically Algonkin type has a still more rounded bottom and a somewhat constricted and narrow neck with a flaring lip, the latter feature being somewhat less conspicuous than in the second type. The fourth type is found only on sites showing historic traces or advanced Fie. Pottery seum. 2. Fragments of Staten Island Mu- 1909.] Skinner, Staten Island. 55 degrees of prehistoric culture, and is more abundant on the northern than on the southern shore. It is a somewhat modified form of the graceful vessels found throughout the Iroquois country of central New York, more especially, perhaps, in the Mohawk Valley, inhabited by a people who, during the latter part of the prehistoric and the historic existence of the coastal Algon- kin of New York, are known to have had great influence over them. This **** JL** 5i*n" 5 e i^. Of, H C (1 N 0, f "'" «j* S> H ' * x 1 I V fi {) i\ fl VI ft tt t i « o «M • t l» 5,01 "mBPDIO Mil II |M| t [ M l' C lM«( ft » Fig. 3. Pottery Designs and Rims, Staten Island Museum. form in the Mohawk Valley is characterized by a bottom so rounded that it can stand by itself, a deeply constricted neck, a raised collar or rim, often square in shape with an angle at every corner and a raised point at every angle. In some instances the mouth is rounded, which obliterates the corner angles; but the raised peaks or points are still present at regular intervals. This type occurs, as has been said, on Staten Island sites where historic articles are found or where the comparatively high quality of the ware 56 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. Ill suggests a later period of prehistoric development. It is not present on the older sites, nor is it found so plentifully as we progress southward in Lenape territory through the Island into the mainland where Iroquois influence was perhaps less keenly felt. The variety having the rounded rather than the square and angular mouth, is apparently the only type found here. The fifth and last form is an intermediate between the Iroquoian and Algonkian type. It occurs only on sites where the Iroquoian form is found, and so far as the writer has been able to ascertain possesses a rounded bot- tom, constricted neck, and thin collar with no peaks or humps. The re- semblance seems to lie between the third Algonkin type described and the c Fig. 4. Fragments of Pottery, Staten Island Museum. Iroquoian. A single fragment of a clay vessel possessing an ear, lug, or knob (Fig. 2d), comes from Watchogue. Before proceeding further, it may be said that the vessels of Iroquoian type are usually better made than the others, and are often washed or sized with colored clay before firing. In size, the vessels from Staten Island vary in capacity from a few pints to a number of gallons. Unfortunately, in treating the designs applied to earthenware in this region, we must at once eliminate one interesting and important element, that of symbolism. There is now nothing whatever to show how greatly this element influenced design. So far as the writer is aware, no painted pottery has been obtained from Staten Island; although we have been shown 1909.] Skinner, Staten Island 57 some sherds, possibly painted with red ochre, from Hackensack territory near what is now Bayonne. The forms of decoration now to be found were applied by incision and stamping, the latter process including the roulette. Only the rim was decorated, usually outside, but quite commonly inside as well. Throughout this region, life forms are exceedingly rare. A single ex- ample (Fig. 3e), has been obtained, showing a design found upon a vessel of the first Algonkin type mentioned, where rude raised faces (probably human) were found at intervals in connection with a crude pattern of in- cised lines running an unusually long way down the rim. The specimen is unique, not only from Staten Island, but from the coastal Algonkin region of the Eastern United States. While probably Lenapian, it may show Iroquoian influence; since, on Iroquois sites, whole series of similar heads and faces may be found from the crudest conventional forms to those which approximate portraiture. The typical decoration applied to Lenape jars of the first type was the incised chevron design and its variations, as shown in Fig. 3a from the Bowman's Brook site. The writer has but rarely seen stamp or roulette designs on vessels of this type. Fig. 3i demonstrates this form, however, and in addition appears to have a raised design in stucco parallel to the edge. Fig. 3c shows a rather ornate design from Old Place made with a stamp or roulette. All the incised designs from this region are straight or angular, no rounded forms being known. Fig. 3b from Tottenville shows a combi- nation of net and zigzag designs not found elsewhere. Fig. 3d shows a design made by marking with a clam shell the edge of a plain Algonkin pot in parallel lines. The second Algonkin type described is not so common as the first and the designs applied were both incised and stamped. Fig. 3h shows an incised pattern from a vessel obtained from the Bowman's Brook site, Mariners' Harbor, as does Fig. 3j. Fig. 3f is decorated with impressions apparently made with a twine-wrapped stick, as was Fig. 2c. Fig. 2b shows a fragment of vessel apparently decorated by gouging or by small incisions made in the clay. Fig. 3g represents the design on a vessel of the third Algonkin type, from a grave at Bowman's Brook site, Mariners' Harbor. It was decorated by pressing cord-wrapped sticks on the clay when still wet. Fig. 3f repre- sents the design of a vessel of Algonkin type, made by the cord-wrapped stick process, consisting of a series of parallel impressions around the rim and neck. Fig. 5i shows a design taken from a partially restored Iroquoian vessel excavated years ago in the Tottenville shell heaps by Mr. William Oliffe. In Iroquoian pottery hereabouts, the angle where the collar leaves the neck 58 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. Ill, is usually notched, a characteristic of the true Iroquois potter's art, espe- cially in the Mohawk valley. Figs, of and 4c represent specimens of this type from AYatchogue, and Fig. 4b is an Old Place specimen having an unusually narrow rim. Fig. 5g from Watchogue resembles Fig. 4c also from that site; but the latter has a design apparently made with a carved stamp, while the former is decorated by incision. Fig. oh from Bowman's Brook site, Mariners' Harbor, shows a very rude incised design and the collar is less thick than usual. Fig. 5e is a design taken from the rim of an Iroquoian vessel, black without, but sized within with a bright red wash, and decorated by the typical coast Algonkin method of pressing the fluted edges of a scallop shell into the wet clay. This is from Mariners' Harbor. Fig. 4a from Old Place shows roulette decoration on an Iroquoian rim. Figs. 5a, b, c, and d show four designs taken from the vessels of the fifth, or intermediate class. They are all decorated by means of a cord- wrapped stick, save Fig. 5d. Fig. 2c shows a curious profile from an other- wise typical vessel. In Fig. 2a, from Mariners' Harbor the method of decoration is indeterminate but was probably done by stamping. Steatite or soapstone vessels are very rare in comparison with pottery, and such vessels must have been brought a long way. One specimen from Lake's Island is unique in being rudely decorated by scratching or incising along the edge. These seem to be of the Atlantic Coast Algonkin type, oblong with a lug, or handle, at each end. As steatite is not native to Staten Island, it must have been transported from some distant point, the nearest aboriginal quarries being in Connecticut. R£sum£. In reviewing the archaeological remains from Staten Island, one is struck by a few slight, though perhaps significant, differences in culture between the sites probably occupied by Hackensack on the northern shore and Raritan sites on the southern. The great shell heaps at Tottenville are nowhere duplicated; but facilities for shell fishing were far greater in this neighborhood than elsewhere. However, the sites on the south shore are far more abundant in net sinkers and hammerstones than those of the north where the former are rare and the latter not at all common. On the other hand, arrow points, deer bones, etc., though occurring in both places, seem comparatively more abundant on the north shore sites, which may indicate that these sites were inhabited more by a hunting population, and those on the south by a fishing people. The ungrooved axe, hatchet, or •celt, is exceedingly uncommon on all north shore sites, some of the largest, 1909.] Skinner, Staten Island. iff & w*Tirwp , »Wit f I V V t i C ( c i "••"SEE? »• as ■„ ^„,v< ***** WW p Pi ( ( % c 3 J jllj: juuuu jLUj nPSSg^^^^B ImtLLHL Fig. 5. Pottery Designs, Staten Island Museum. 60 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. Ill, as Bowman's Brook site, having none at all ; whereas celts are found, though not in great abundance, on almost all south shore sites. Pottery showing Iroquoian influence occurs on south shore sites; but it is much more abun- dant on those of the north shore. The Hackensack, throughout their range were much more on the line of travel for Iroquois war parties than the Raritan. In no graves on the north shore, so far opened by the writer or reported by reliable authority, have there been found objects intentionally placed with the dead for spirit use; but at Tottenville, in Burial Ridge, and at Woodrow, Mr. George H. Pepper and others found some splendid material — a fact most unusual in Algonkin burials of coastal New York. Mr. Pepper informs the writer that at Morgan's Station, New Jersey, nearly opposite Tottenville, similar objects were found in graves some years ago. This is also in Raritan territory. Stone pipes, of which a number have been found on the south shore, have never been reported from the north; and so far no bone or antler arrow points come from the latter region; yet this is negative evidence, for the conditions under which so many were found at Tottenville may not occur on the north shore. In the main, however, all other articles are more or less common to both districts. The archaeological remains, taken as a whole, differ from those of the Mahican of the Hudson Valley, and the tribes speaking Algonkin dialects in New England and Long Island in a number of ways. The stone gouge and adze, so typical of those regions occur but rarely; one gouge and four or five adzes being known. The typical stone pestle is more common, but is rarely so long or well made as the typical New England article. Again, bone and antler implements are apparently more common in this region than in the New England area. Steatite is quite uncommon, while the abundant pottery differs in form and decoration from that of Long Island and New England. The region of Manhattan Island and the nearby mainland was anciently the point of contact between the Lenape' and New England Algonkin peoples, who doubtless differed culturally as their archaeological remains testify; and it is in this Manhattan region that we find many evidences of a mixed culture. When, however, we examine remains from the Hackensack region, both on the mainland and Staten Island, it appears that as we draw southward the typical Lenape" culture begins to assert itself until in the Raritan remains on the south shore of Staten Island and on their sites along the Raritan River on the New Jersey mainland, we find the influence of the New England culture entirely wanting, Iroquois traces faint, and the material in question almost identical with remains found by Abbot and Yolk in the Delaware Valley at Trenton. 1909.] Skinner, Staten Island. 61 On the whole, by comparison with such contemporary writers as De Vries, Van Der Donck, Dankers and Sluyter, and later with Heckewelder, we find that the prehistoric culture of Staten Island Indians was that of the coast Algonkin of the middle states and typically that of the Lenape or some people of very similar culture. Comparison with the ethnology of still existing Delawares of Canada has shown many similarities and doubtless, if a complete study of the Lenape of Indian Territory and the West were made, still further evidences of unity might be found. In summing up, therefore, it is apparent from this study of archaeological remains of the region in question, that the prehistoric culture of Staten Island was identical with that of the Algonkin Lenape, Hackensacks, Raritans and Tappans of the historic period. 62 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural Historg. [Vol. III. BIBLIOGRAPHY. In preparing this paper, the writer wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to the Staten Island Association of .Arts and Sciences for the loan of specimens, the permission to reproduce photographs for illustration, and the details of the text, especially in regard to many of the sites; to Mr. William T. Davis of New Brighton, for the loan of specimens for illustration, the use of personal notes and many other courtesies; to Mr. George H. Pepper of the University of Pennsylvania, for the loan of personal notes and information; to Mr. Peter Decker of Watchogue for information, specimens and assistance; and to Messrs. Isaac, Sr., Isaac, Jr., George and Samuel Wort of Woodrow, Rossville, for the loan of specimens for illustration, personal notes and information. The writer also wishes to acknowledge the kind- ness of Messrs. Charles Benedict, Almar Decker, Max Bedell, and Isaiah Merrill for information and the privilege of viewing their collections. The following addi- tional sources of information may be noted: — Abbott, C. C. Primitive Industry. Salem, 1881. Allen, Dr. J. A. Identification of animal bones found in shell pits, etc. Beauchamp, Rev. Wm. New York State Museum Bulletins. Ar. 1-13. Brinton, D. G. The Lenape and their Legends. Philadelphia, 1885. Bayles, R. M. History of Staten Island. Calver, W. L. Personal notes and information. Clute. J. J. Annals of Staten Island. New York, 1877. Dankers and Sluyter. Journal of a Voyage to New York, etc., in 1679-80. (Memoirs of Long Island Historical Society, Vol. I., 1875.) Davis, Wm. T. (a) Papers in Proceedings Natural Science Association of Staten Island. (b) "Staten Island Names; Ye olde Names and Nicknames." De Vries, David Peterson. Voyages from Holland to America. New York, 1853. Harrington, M. R. Letters to writer. Heckewelder, John. An account of the History, Manners and Customs of the Indians, etc. Philadelphia, 1876. Hollick, Dr. A. Papers in Proceedings Natural Sciences Association of Staten Island. Loskiel, George H. History of the Missions among the Indians of North Amer- ica. London, 1794. Montanus, Arnoldus. Description of New Netherland, Amsterdam, 1671. Ocallaghan, E. B. Documentary History of New York. Parker, A. C. Personal notes and letters. Pepper, G. H. Papers in Proceedings Natural Science Association of Staten Island. Ruttenber, E. M. History of the Indian Tribes of the Hudson River. Albany, 1872. Sluyter and Dankers. See Dankers. Wainwright, Capt. N. Papers in Proceedings Natural Science Association of Staten Island. Anthrop. Pap. A. M. N. H. Vol. III. Arcileoloqical Map op Staten Island. ABORIGINAL REMAINS ON MANHATTAN ISLAND BY JAflES K. FINCH. Introduction. The first field work done on Manhattan Island is of very recent date. Doubtless many articles of Indian manufacture and evidences of their occupation were found as the city grew up from its first settlement at Fort Amsterdam, but of these specimens we have very few records. The first specimens found which have been preserved, to the knowledge of those now interested in the subject, were found in 1855, and consisted of a deposit of Indian arrow points found in Harlem during excavation for a cellar on Avenue A, between 120th and 121st Streets. Some of these are spoken of by James Biker 1 as being in the author's cabinet. Riker also speaks of shell heaps near here. 2 The next specimens preserved were found at Kingsbridge Road (now Broadway) and 220th Street in 1886, and are in the John Xeafie Col- lection at the Museum. 3 These consist of an arrow point and a few bits of pottery. The next work was begun in 1889 by Mr. W. L. Calver of this city, and has led to the discovery of much valuable material which has been pre- served. The following account of the work is taken mainly from Mr. Calver's note-book: — In the autumn of the year 1889, while exploring the heights of Blooming- dale (now called Cathedral Heights) for any relics that might have remained from the Battle of Harlem, Mr. Calver discovered one arrow point at 118th Street, east of Ninth Avenue, and immediately afterwards a circular hammer- stone. On a later trip to the same locality, he found a small grooved axe or tomahawk. 4 In February, 1890, while hunting for Revolutionary relics in the vicinity of Fort Washington, he made a trip to the northern part of the Island in search of British regimental buttons, many of which were said to have been found in that vicinity. There he met an old acquaintance, Mr. John Pearce, a policeman then on duty there, by whom he was introduced to Mr. James McGuey, a youth residing in the vicinity of 198th Street and Kingsbridge Road. To Mr. Calver, Mr. McGuey presented several relics 1 History of Harlem (1881), footnote, p. 137. 2 Ibid., p. 366. 3 Catalogue 20, Nos. 2558-2559. 4 The writer found an arrowhead on South Field, in front of Columbia University Library, on September 30, 1904. 65 66 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. Ill, found by himself on camp sites and made an appointment to meet him early in March to explore for Indian remains. The same day, Mr. Pearce took Mr. Calver to be introduced to Mr. Thomas Reefe who resided near Kingsbridge Road and Isham Avenue, and, while crossing the orchard at Academy Street and Seaman Avenue, Mr. Calver saw that the ground was thickly strewn with shells which afterwards proved to be of Indian origin. The first Sunday in March, Messrs. Calver and McGuey explored this part of the Island for Indian remains. At the junction of Academy Street and Prescott Avenue, they found an Indian potsherd whose importance Mr. McGuey seemed to realize, for, a week later, Mr. Calver met him again and was presented by him with a number of fragments of Indian ware. He assured Mr. Calver that he had found it by digging in an Indian graveyard. The two men dug again at this place, now known as "the Knoll," and found more pottery. They then went to Cold Spring, a point on the extreme northern end of the Island, and in a shell heap there they found more Indian work. Mr. Alexander C. Chenoweth, an engineer, then on the Croton Aqueduct, hearing of these discoveries, obtained a permit from the property owners and began to explore "the Knoll" for Indian remains. Having finished here, he went to ('old Spring and made some further discoveries. All his specimens were purchased in 1S94 by the Museum, and some (if them are now on exhibition. 1 Since this time, several interesting relics have been found and, as the work of grading streets, etc., at this part of the Island is carried on, more relics will probably come to light. An account of the recent finds will be found in another part of this volume, the time of this writing having been 1904. Location of Archaeological Sites. The onlv Indian remains left on the Island, so far as known to the writer, are situated at the extreme northern end at Inwood and Cold Spring.- They consist of the so-called shell heaps or refuse piles from Indian Camps, and three rock-shelters at Cold Spring. But we have evidence to show that this was not the only part of the Island occupied by the Indians. Mrs. Lamb 3 says that the Dutch found a large shell heap on the west shore of Fresh Water pond, a small pond, mostly swamp, which was bounded by the 1 Catalogue 20. Nos. 2066-2069, 3407-3533 and 6579-6602. 2 Mr. Reginald Pelham Bolton, in cooperation with the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society, has been trying to have the site at Cold Spring included in a small park. This would save the last traces of the primitive Manhattanite and it is to be hoped that the plan will go through. See 9th Annual Report of the Society. 3 History of New York City, p. 36. 1909.] Finch, Manhattan Island. 67 present Bowery, Elm, Canal and Pearl Streets, and which they named Kalch-Hook or shell-point. In course of time, this was abbreviated to Kalch or Collect and was applied to the pond itself. This shell heap must have been the accumulation of quite a village, for Mrs. J no. K. Van Ren- sellaer 1 speaks of a castle called Catiemuts overlooking a small pond near Canal Street, and says that the neighborhood was called Shell Point. Hem- street refers to the same castle as being on a hill "close by the present Chatham Square," and says that it had once been an "Indian lookout." 2 Excavations at Pearl Street are said to have reached old shell banks. 3 "The Memorial History of New York" says that a hill near Chatham Square was called Warpoes, which meant literally a "small hill." 4 According to the same authority, "Corlear's Hoeck was called Xaig-ia-nac, literally 'sand- lands.' It may, however, have been the name of the Indian village which stood there, and was in temporary occupation." This is the only reference we have to this village, but there are references to another on the lower end of the Island. Janvier 5 says that there was an Indian settlement as late as 1661 at Sappokanican near the present Gansevoort Market. According to Judge Benson, 6 Sapokanican was the Indian name for the point afterwards known as Greenwich. "In the Dutch records references are made to the Indian village of Sappokanican; and this name . . . .was applied for more than a century to the region which came to be known as Greenwich in the later, English, times. The Indian village probably was near the site of the present Gansevoort Market; but the name seems to have been applied to the whole region lying between the North River and the stream called the Manetta Water or Bestavaar's Kill." 7 Benton says that the name of the village was Lapinican. 8 Going back to the old Dutch records might lead to some results in finding the actual names, etc., of these places. Most of the specimens found on Manhattan Island, as already stated, come from the northern part. We have a few from the central portion, however. There are the arrow-heads spoken of by Riker, and in Webster Free Library there is a fine specimen of a grooved stone axe found at 77th Street and Avenue B. Mr. Calver has found an arrow-head at 81st Street and Hudson River and the specimens from Columbia College have been already mentioned. 1 Goede-Vrouw of Manahata, p. 39. 2 Hemstreet, Nooks and Corners of Old New York, p. 46. 3 Bulletin. N. Y. State Museum, Vol. 7, No. 32, p. 107, Feb. 1900. 4 James G. Wilson, op. cit., p. 52. 5 Evolution of New York. 6 N. Y. Historical Society Collection, S. II, Vol. II, Pt. I. p. 84, 1848. 7 Thos. A. Janvier, In Old New York, pp. 85-86. 8 New York, p. 26. 68 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. Ill, Doubtless the northern part of the Island was inhabited for the longer period; but it is probable that all along the shore, wherever one of the many springs or small brooks, shown on old maps, emptied into the Hudson or East River, there were small, temporary Indian camps. It is likely that these camps were used only in summer, while the primitive occupant of Manhattan retreated to the more protected part of the Island, as at Inwood and Cold Spring, during the winter. Or it may be possible that, as Ruttenber 1 states, the villages on Manhattan Island were only occupied when the Indians were on hunting and fishing excursions, while their permanent villages were on the mainland. Bolton, 2 however, says their principal settlement was on Manhattan Island. Fort Washington Point. There is a small deposit of shells, on the southern edge of the point, in which the writer found some small pieces of pottery and a few flint chips, thus proving its Indian origin. This was probably a summer camp as it was too exposed for winter use. The Knoll. "The Knoll" was the name applied to a small rise of land, at the southwest corner of Dvckman Street and Sherman Avenue, which ran out into Sherman Creek from the eastern edge of the hill at that place. As already stated, Messrs. Calver and McGuey found potsherds here; then Mr. Chenoweth obtained permission of the property owners to make excavations. He found numerous fragments of arrow points and pottery in some refuse deposits from an Indian camp and also uncovered what were thought to have been "paved fireplaces." The newspapers of the time had accounts of the finds, with pictures of the pottery and other objects found. 3 Mr. Chenoweth also uncovered a number of skeletons. It is stated that these graves were marked with rough headstones, and there are pieces of a coffin from here in t he Terry Collection in the American Museum, as are also a number of lead buttons found with one interment. Everything seems to point to these as being burials of early settlers, but Mr. Chenoweth holds that they are Indian. Several of the skeletons have been preserved in the Museum. So far as is known the only Indian burials yet discovered in this locality were found by Mr. J. Bradley James, Jr., at Van Cortlandt Park.' A parallel condition to this at the Knoll was found at 211th Street and will be spoken of later. The Knoll site had undoubtedly been an ancient Indian camp. Probably Sherman Creek was open up to this point to Indian canoes. Cold Spring. Cold Spring is situated at the extreme northern end of 1 Indian Tribes of Hudson's River, p. 78. 2 History of Westchester County, p. 25. 3 New York Herald, January 14, 1894; also Illustrated American, September 19, 1901. * Popular Science News, August, 1896, and April, 1897. 1909.] Finch, Manhattan Island. 69 Manhattan Island on the southern shore of Spuyten Duyvil Creek. The Indian remains consist of three rock-shelters and three refuse heaps. The rock-shelter is a formation where the overhanging rocks form a small cave or shelter which the Indians used as a dwelling place. All their rubbish, such as oyster shells, broken pottery and broken arrow-heads, were dumped near by, forming the so-called shell heaps. Messrs. Calver arid McGuey explored the shell heaps; but Mr. Chenoweth was the first to suspect the existence of the shelters. There is only one which is likelv to have been used as a dwelling place, the others being places where food was stored or shelters for fires used in cooking. These shelters face east, and are at the foot of the hill (formerly called Cock Hill) which forms the most northern part of Manhattan Island. The largest one was formed by several of the rocks breaking off the cliffs above and falling in such a manner that, by digging out some of the earth from beneath them, the Indians could make a small shelter. Probably it was occupied by one family, while the others lived in bark wigwams near by. 1 Another of the shelters is simply an excavation under the end of a huge fragment which also dropped from the cliffs above, and the third is a large crevice in the foot of these cliffs. When Mr. Cheno- weth first explored them, all these shelters were completely filled with earth which had gradually worked its way in since their occupation, and much credit is due him for suspecting their presence. In them he found frag- ments of pottery and stone implements, together with the bones of turkey and deer. The largest of the refuse heaps is situated on a rise directly in front of these shelters. It consists of a layer of shells, in places several inches thick, found under a layer of fine loam, a black earth which has been deposited since the shells which are scattered over the original sandy yellow soil. The sheltered position of this place made it an especially de- sirable camp site. The hills to the south and west formed a protection to the camp from winds, and by Spuyten Duyvil Creek access could be had to either Hudson or East Rivers; while the Cold Spring, from which the place takes its name, furnished an abundant supply of fresh water. Inwood Station Site. At the foot of Dyckman Street and Hudson River, there existed a large deposit of shells most of which were removed when the rocks on which they lay were blasted away for grading the street. A few arrow points and bits of pottery, as well as several Revolutionary objects, were found here. Part of the deposit is still left on the northern shore of the small bay just below Inwood station. There are photographs of this deposit in the Museum. 1 Memorial History of New York, Vol. I, p. 33, for picture of houses, and p. 39 for descrip- tion. 70 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. Ill, Harlem Ship Canal. Formerly at 220th Street and Kingsbridge Road was a large deposit of shells on the westerly side of the road. This was destroyed when the ship canal was put through. As with the Inwood Station site, no systematic examination of this place was ever made.' Mr. John Xeafie found some potsherds here in 1886, and Mr. Chenoweth also has some potsherds from here. 1 Mr. Calver says that this was a large deposit, and that the peculiar thing about it was that the shells were so wedged and packed together that a pick would hardly penetrate them. They lay on the bare rock surface in cracks in the rock. Harlem River Deposit. Mr. Calver says, "Extending from 209th Street to 211th Street on the west bank of the Harlem River and almost on a line with Ninth Avenue was another large deposit of oyster shells lying just beneath the top soil of the field. These shells had nearly all been dis- turbed by the plow and are interesting only for their color, which was red. Pieces of horn of deer and split bones of the same animal were common among the shells; but, in spite of the apparent antiquity of the deposit, there was, even in the lowest strata of it, some small fragments of glass which proved that either the whole mass had been disturbed or else the shells had been left dtiring the historic period. There are several stone sinkers and hammerstones from this spot in Mr. Culver's collection and at the Museum. Ishams Garden. This is a large garden about on the line of Isham Street and Seaman Avenue. The soil is white with small fragments of shells. A number of arrow points, flint chips, hammerstones, sinkers and a few bits of pottery have been found here. Mr. Calver has found several shell pockets with small deposits of pottery, etc., on the hill to the south of this garden. Academy Street Garden. This is a small garden between Academy and Hawthorne Streets, running through from Seaman Avenue to Cooper Street. It was a British camp site during the Revolution, and a number of buttons, gun-flints and bullets have been found there as well as numerous Indian remains. It seems to have been the workshop for a red jasper-like stone of which no finished implements have been found but numerous chips. The shells at this point were first noticed by Mr. Calver in 1890. They may not all be of Indian origin as some may be due to soldiers. Dog Burials found in 1895. In January, 1895, Mr. Calver found two interesting "dog burials." The first burial was unearthed at the summit of a ridge of soft earth at 209th Street, near the Harlem River. The ridge, which was about twelve feet high, had been partly cut away for the grading of Ninth Avenue. It was at the highest part of the hillock that a pocket of oyster and clam shells was noticed, from which a few fragments of Indian 1 John Neafie Collection, 20-2558; Chenoweth. 20-3498. 1909.] Finch, Manhattan Island. 71 pottery which lay on the face of the bank had evidently fallen. The shells, upon inspection, were found to have served as a covering for the skeleton of a dog or wolf. Another burial was found on May 18th within fifty yards of the first burial. It had been covered with shells just as the first one, but had been disturbed by workmen. Mr. Calver says: "The two canine burials were situated at a point just without the borders of the Harlem River shell heap and were distinct from it. The shells were found to be matched, hence it was concluded that they were thrown in unopened or eaten on the spot. As the skeletons were intact and the bones uninjured, all probability of the animals having been eaten is disposed of." These burials are com- mon in this vicinity. No satisfactory explanation of them has been given; but Mr. Calver thinks they were for some religious purpose, and suggests a relation to the "White Dog Feast" of the Onondagas of this State. 1 It is certain that the pockets were in many cases used as fireplaces. Shell Pockets at 211th Street. In March, 1903, there was considerable excitement over the reported discovery of an Indian graveyard at 211th Street. 2 The graveyard proved to have been that of some slaves, and was situated on the western end of the rise between 210th and 211 Streets, on the eastern end of which is the old Xeagle Burying Ground. This discovery was interesting because under the negro graves several shell pockets of undoubted Indian origin came to light. The workmen, in grading Tenth Avenue, cut into this hill to obtain material for filling, and uncoVered the graves and pockets. It seems almost certain that the deposits were made some time ago; then the wind blew the sand over the deposits to a depth of four or five feet, and negroes later used this place as a burial ground. In support of this theory is the fact that the pockets were four or five feet under 'the surface, that the soil above showed no signs of having been disturbed, and that this rise is put down on the Government maps of this section as a sand dune. 3 During the summer of 1904, Mr. Calver with Messrs. Hall and Bolton uncovered nine more pockets to the southwest of the graveyard. 4 These pockets all seem to have been of the same period as the others, and all appear to have been on the original ground surface, although those farther up the hill were some four feet under the present surface. In one of these pockets, Mr. Calver found the complete skeleton of a dog; in another, a turtle shell; two others contained complete snake skeletons; while a fifth held the fragments of a small pottery vessel. The pockets were small, being about three feet in diameter and of equal depth, showing no 1 N. Y. Herald, May 26, 1895. 2 Evening Telegram, March 14, 1903. 3 New York Geologic Folio. * New York Tribune, Oct. 30, 1904, and New York Sun, Dec. 14, 1901. 72 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. Ill, signs of having first been used as fireplaces and then filled up, though charcoal was scattered among the shells. Almost all the relics from Van Cortlandt Park were found by Mr. James in pockets similar to these. Historical References. Historical references to the Indians who occupied this territory in the early days are very confusing and contradictory. There seems to be a great deal of trouble in the use of the word Manhattan. Van der Donck in 1633 classified the Indians of this section by language, and said, "Four distinct languages — namely, Manhattan, Minqua, Savanos and Wap- panoos" — are spoken by Indians. "With the Manhattans we include those who live in the neighboring places along the North River, on Long Island, and at the Neversinks." 1 It is probable that "it was. . . .this clas- sification by dialect that led the Dutch to the adoption of the generic title of Manhattans as t he name of the people among whom they made settle- ments." 2 De Laet wrote that "on the east side, on the mainland, dwell the Manhattans," and in 1632 Wassenaer adds that they are "a bad race of savages, who have always been unfriendly to our people" and that "on the west side are the Sanhikans, who are the deadly enemies of the Manhat- tans." 3 "When Hudson returned from his trip up the River which now bears his name, he was attacked by Indians in birch or dug-out (?) canoes at the mouth of Spuyten Duyvil Creek. These Indians were a sub-tribe of the Wappingers or Wapanachki, called the Ileckgawa wanes." 4 This name seems to have been given to the Indians who inhabited Manhattan Island, while the term Manhattans as already stated was a classification of dialect only. Ruttenber says that the Reckgawawancs were named after their chief Rechgawac; 5 and the name also seems to have been applied to part of the Island for Hiker says that, — "The Indians still [in 1669] laid claim to portions of the Harlem lands,. . . .one of the tracts being their old and favorite haunt Rechcwanis, or Montagne's Point. The chief claimant was Rechewack, the old Sachem and proprietor of Wickquaskeek, who, as far back as 1G39, had been a party to the sale of Ranachqua and Kaxkeek." 6 This sale was made to Bronck by "Tackainack" 7 and his associates and ' Wilson, Memorial History of N. Y, Vol. I, p. 34. 2 Ibid., p. 49. 3 Ibid., p. 34. « Ibid., p. 46. 6 Ruttenber, op. cit., p. 78. e History of Harlem, p. 287. 7 This should be Tackarew, according to Ruttenber who says that his descendants were residents of Yonkers as late as 1701: see, Indian Tribes, p. 78. 1939.] Finch, Manhattan Island. 73 included a "large tract of land called by them Ranachqua, lying between the great Kill [Harlem] and the river Ah-qua-hung, now the Bronx." 1 During Indian troubles in 1675, the Wickquaskeeks at Ann's Hook, now Pelham Neck were told "to remove within a fortnight to their usual winter quarters within Hellgate upon this island." Riker says, "This winter retreat was either the woodlands between Harlem Plains and Kings- bridge, at that date still claimed by these Indians as hunting grounds, or Rechawanes and adjoining lands on the Bay of Hellgate, as the words * within Hellgate' would strictly mean, and which, by the immense shell- beds found there formerly, is proved to have been a favorite Indian resort." 2 A little later the Indians asked to be allowed to return to their maize lands on Manhattan Island and the Governor said that they, "if they desire it, be admitted with their wives and children, to plant upon this Island, but nowhere else, if they remove; and that it be upon the north point of the Island near Spuyten Duyvel." 3 Mrs. Mary A. Bolton Post, in writing to the editor of "The Evening Post," June 19th of the year of the opening of the Harlem Ship Canal (1895), speaks of some Indians who were allowed to camp on the south side of Spuy- ten Duyvil Creek on the Bolton property in 1817. Ruttenber says that the Reckgawawanos had their principal village at Yonkers, but that on Berrien's Neck (Spuyten Duyvil Hill) was situated their castle or fort called Nipinich- sen. This fort was protected by a strong stockade and commanded the ro- mantic scenery of the Papirinimen, or Spuyten Duyvil Creek, and the Mahicanituk (Hudson River), the junction of which was called the Shor- ackappock. It was from this castle that the Indians came who attacked Hudson on his return down the river. 4 Some small shell deposits occur on Spuyten Duyvil Hill, but as yet this "castile" has not been definitely located. The village site at Yonkers, according to Mr. James, is now covered by buildings; but several relics found near the site years ago are now in the Manor Hall at that place (1904). Judging from these references, we might conclude that the territory occupied by the tribe commonly known as Manhattans included Manhattan Island and that part of the mainland which is west of the Bronx River north to Yonkers, and that these Indians were a sub-tribe of the Wappinger division of the Mohicans. 1 History of Harlem, p. 151. 2 Ibid., p. 366. 3 Ibid., p. 369. * Ruttenber, pp. 77-78. THE INDIANS OF WASHINGTON HEIGHTS. BY REGINALD PELHAM BOLTON. Introduction. The earliest history of the City of New York is especially associated with the northern portion of the Island of Manhattan, and it is a remarkable fact that the long-retarded development of the locality has preserved to this late date many of the actual evidences of aboriginal life, of which, in the lower and middle part of the island, all traces were long since swept away. It is therefore, not only with a particular degree of definiteness, but with the peculiar interest attaching to many visible remains of the past, that the his- tory of Washington Heights is fraught. Three hundred years have elapsed since that period when, prior to the advent of Henry Hudson, Manhattan was the undisturbed domain of the Red man. The rugged heights from Manhattanville to Spuyten Duyvil, which bore the native name of "Penad- nic," or perhaps more properly, "Pen-atn-ik," "the sloping mountain," whose densely wooded sides formed a refuge for innumerable wild beasts and birds, were traversed by the natives on a trail, which, following the line of least resistance, mounted from Harlem, on the present general course of Avenue Saint Nicholas, to 168th Street, and thence, as Broadway now runs, to Dyckman Street. At this point, it is most probable that the trail divided, leading in several directions to the residential localities or camp-sites of the natives around the Inwood valley, two of which paths probably extended to the Spuyten Duyvil Creek, at points available for crossing to the mainland. Of these, one was a shallow place long thereafter known as "The Wading Place," close to the present Kingsbridge, at that portion of the creek which was known to the natives as Pa-pir-i-nemin, "the place where the stream is shut," a term which was applied to the water way, as well as to the abutting lands on Marble Hill, and at Kingsbridge. Another, and perhaps a more important path, led to that secluded and still undisturbed dell below the east side of the end of Inwood Hill, which is now known locally, as the "Cold Spring Hollow," where, among overhang- ing masses of rocks detached from the lofty cliff, a secure refuge was afforded from winter's storms and from hostile observation, a spot known to the Red Man as, Sho-ra-kap-kok. or "the sitting-down place." This has been ren- dered, "a portage," and may well have been so, since it was in direct line between the Harlem and the Hudson River. The marshy bed through 77 78 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. Ill, which the creek then wound (and in part still winds) its devious way, was shallow enough near the spring to permit communication with the mainland at Spuyten Duyvil Hill, on the crest of which was a large native village, strongly protected by a girdle of palisades and known as " a small water- place," or Nip-nich-sen. The native occupants of this part of the Island of Manhattan were mem- bers of a local band, known as Weck-quas-kecks or Wick-quas-keeks. Their speech was Algonkian, their group Mohican, their tribe, Wapanachi, their sub-division, Siwanoy, and they and their neighbors, the Reck-ga-wa-wancs, divided the nomadic occupation of lower Westchester County and of the Upper part of Manhattan Island. The term Manhattans, it may be noted, was merely indicative of those Indians from whom the name was learned, and to whom it was applied, being the men encountered upon Man-ah-atn, "the island of hills." The Reck-ga-wa-wancs, whose chief in 1639 was Rechewack, seem to have made their headquarters at Ran-ach-qua, a considerable village on the Acquehung, or Bronx River, and at a fishing headquarters, of which they made great use in certain seasons, at Rech-a-wan-is or Montagne's Point, on the shore of the Bay of Hell Gate, near 110th Street, and also at another site at 121st Street and Pleasant Avenue, in the same locality. The Wick-quas-keeks' chief village was Nip-nich-sen, the defensible and palisaded position on the summit of Spuyten Duyvil Hill, which was located where the public school building now stands; but recent discoveries indicate that a large part of the band made their home, and their resort for oystering, fishing and ceremonial observances, in the sheltered valley of the Dvekman tract, now generally known by its modern title of Inwood. This favored valley, affording several very desirable positions for native residence, bore among them the general title of its tribal occupants, Wick- quas-keek, or, as the name became corrupted in colonial times, Wickers- creek. Situated between the noble Mai-kan-e-tuk, or Hudson, the great "river of ebb and flow," on the west, and placid Muscoota, or Harlem, on the east, and lying in a basin surrounded by the Pen-atn-ik Hills to the south and west, the Nip-nich-sen and Papirinemin Hills on the north, and the range of Kes-kes-kick, or Fordham Heights, to the east, no more ideal place could well be found for native occupancy. It is not therefore surprising, that at a number of points in and around this valley, the remains of Indian occupation have been, and at this date are still numerous, and that it appears to have been inhabited by quite a considerable population, and for a great length of time. As in later years of military strife, the commanding heights of Fort George Hill overlooked the*entire scene, and afforded a wide range of vision 1909.] Bolton, Washington Heights. 79 in all directions. Native objects taken from the soil in the area between 191st and 196th streets, and Amsterdam and Eleventh (or St. Nicholas) Avenue, indicate its use as a place of residence and probably of observation while a large crevice in the rocks on Fort George Avenue, may have afforded a shelter for an outlook. Across the vale to the west, at 181st Street, was a large clearing in the woods, on which the natives raised maize to such an extent, that it was known to the early settlers as the ''Great Maize Land," or Indian Field, and on Jeffrey's Hook, now known as Fort Washington Point, deposits of shells, in which fragments of native pottery have been found, attest the use of this bold promontory as a place of occupation. The little brook, rising in the high ground at 180th Street just west of Fort Washington Avenue, made its way down the present line of Bennett Avenue, to 194th Street, and crossing the trail at that point, entered the marshy lowland on its way to that deep indentation of the Harlem below Fort George Hill, the Dutch Half-kill, now known as Sherman's Creek, into which another stream entered, rising in the neighborhood of Seaman Avenue. Where the brook and trail crossed at 194th Street and Broadway a favor- able sloping bank still used for truck farming, was utilized as a camp-site by natives, and perhaps the massive overhanging rocks below Fort Tryon between 194th and 198th Street on the west side of Broadway, may have afforded them some shelter in winter. Along the east side on Inwood Hill, from Academy Street to the Creek, numerous remains indicate a considerable occupation, easily traced at present along the recently-opened line of Seaman Avenue. Between Academy and Hawthorne Streets, many evidences of the work of native artificers in the manufacture and repair of spear and arrow-heads point to long continued residence. In the field, still farmed upon the estate of Mr. William B. Isham, at Seaman and Isham Avenues, a planting ground was evidently cultivated, the native tools therein found, the rich soil and favored location combining to indicate its use. In the middle space of the valley, in full sight of the surrounding heights, and of the Nipnichsen village, the tribal ceremonies were probably held, for at 211-213 Streets, just west of 10th Avenue, pits containing oyster shells, packed over and around the remains of a dog, and accompanied by broken pottery, suggest the observance of the long-surviving aboriginal ceremony of the White Dog feast and burial. Along the bank of the Spuyten Duyvil Creek, now largely wiped out by the ship canal, were, and in some places are still, certain shell deposits, and along the west bank of the Harlem, at 219th, 213th, 210th and 202nd Streets various objects of interest attest the one-time presence of the Indians. An- other such favorite spot for the fisherman of the tribe, as it was long after Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. Ill, 4 4 4 Hi 4 4 o 3- 4 "C* "Or, i" o « O <0 Z O < h h h < D X u z N < z O is; < u a 0- 2 1o K ^ v) SO o £ o o JO "0 < 0 v) n io I) < 1909.] Bolton, Washington Heights. 81 for his colonial successors, was the "Little Sand Bay" at Tubby Hook, just south of Dyckman Street, on the east side of the Hudson River Railroad, where, amid the still existent remains of primeval occupation, and surrounded by the same wild rocks that sheltered their rude huts of bark, the interested visitor may stand to-day and view the same noble scene of flowing river and palisaded background. It is, however, at Shora-kap-kok, among the romantic tangle of wildwood and precipice, through which a woodland foot- path winds towards the "Spouting Spring," that the most extensive shell deposits may be found, massive heaps covered by the acres of brushwood, out of which, hard by the spring, a magnificent tulip tree has reared its lofty form, the largest and perhaps the oldest tree in the upper part of the island. Here too, the interested investigator will find the actual rock-shelters under the cliff, from which were taken by Mr. Alexander Chenoweth, in 1895, suc- cessive layers of aboriginal pottery and implements, and remains of food which are now in the Museum. Here, in the solitude of wild nature, it will take but little efforts of the imagination to bring before the mind the scene, when the bustling horde of Wick-quas-keeks swarmed about the rocks, through the woods, and along the bank of the creek, the men hauling from their log canoes, "napsia" baskets filled with oysters, opening and drying their succulent contents for the purpose of food or trade; the squaws mending grass nets and fishing lines, filling the cooking pots with red-hot stones from the wood fires, the smoke of which blackened and the heat of which split the sides of the rocks beneath which they were kindled; the children bearing water from the spring, playing games of skill with knuckle bones, or shooting with favorite toy bow and arrow, while the papooses, with baby stolidity, were perched near the crackling fires, sucking the bones of the latest toothsome addition to the larder, be it deer or dog. Or amid the wintry snows, when the fires were kindled inside the rock-shelters, and in the bark-huts erected on the shell heaps, one can readily picture the same occupants wrapped in furry bear, downy beaver, or silky deerskins, huddled around the crackling logs pounding corn, boiling sapsis, scraping hides, splitting pebbles and flints, and longing for the spring's return. Into this peaceful and simple existence, one bright afternoon in Septem- ber, in 1609, came the astonishing news of the advent, on the broad bosom of the Mai-kan-e-tuk, of the Sea-Monster Or devil-canoe, which had arrived ten days before in the lower bay, and of which no doubt stories, almost unbelievable, had already reached their band, on which craft were re- ported to be white-faced men dressed in strange clothing, and possessing the most fascinating objects, hatchets and knives, alluring to mankind, and colored beads fascinating to squaws, which might be procured from them 82 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Xatural History. [Vol. Ill, by exchange. The "Remonstrance" of 1649, recites that "even at the present day, the natives of the country (who are so old as to remember the event) testify: that on seeing the Dutch ships on their first coming here, they knew not what to make of them, and could not comprehend whether they came down from Heaven, or whether they were Devils. Some among them, on its first approach even imagined it to be a fish, or some sea-monster, so that strange rumor concerning it flew throughout the whole country." As the Halve Maen floated up with the tide towards Xip-nich-sen, the community no doubt turned out in a body and swarmed to points of vantage on Inwood and Spuyten Duyvil Hills, under shelter of trees and rocks, as the vessel came to an anchor off the shore, probably at a point just south of Fort Washington Park, in view of the loftiest point of the Palisades up-stream, "which showed out to us," as the ship's log runs, "bearing north by east five leagues off us." The next morning, before the southeast breeze, she went up river, followed by many a wondering gaze; and then came news from the native neighbors on the lower part of the island that two of their number had been detained on the ship, and were now carried off upon her, while another, who had been taken in similar manner had escaped. On the first of October, the vessel re-appeared, coming down the river before a northwest wind, but, meeting the flood tide off the mouth of the creek, came to anchor there. The occurrences which followed, are told in detail by Robert Juet, in the Journal of Hudson's Voyage. "Then came one of the savages that swamme away from us at our going up the river, with many others, thinking to betray us, but we perceived their intent, and suffered none of them to enter our ship." The revengeful nature of the Red Man, however, had been aroused by the detention of the hostages whom Hudson had seized, and, as the ship lay with her head down-stream, waiting the turn of the tide, they made an attack upon the vessel. "Two canoes full of men, with their bows and arrows shot at us after our sterne: In recompence whereof we discharged six muskets, and killed two or three of them." Thus was started the blood feud between the Red and White man on our island, and the stupidly revengeful action, immediately aroused the whole local community, so that, as the ship weighed and slowly floated down river on the ebb, "above an hundred of them came to a point of land to shoot at us." The ship would have passed close to Fort Washington Point, so that the natives swarmed the woods at close range. "There I shot a falcon at them," the first cannon that ever woke the echoes of our hills, "and killed two of them, whereupon the rest fled into the woods," scared no doubt by the thunderous explosion. "Yet they manned off another canoe with nine or ten men," "which came to meet us," probably from the little cove below 1909.] Bolton, Washington Heights. 83 the Point, "So I shot at it also a falcon, and shot it through and killed one of them. Then our men with their muskets, killed three or foure more of them. So they went their way." We may well imagine the excitement and rage of the Wiek-quas-keeks after this affair, and the descriptions of it which would be spread abroad and handed on to the younger members of the tribe, to perpetuate a distrust and enmity which would bear fearful fruit a third of a century later. We are not without detailed description of our primeval predecessors upon the island of Manhattan, for the Hollanders recorded many of their impressions of aboriginal peculiarities. We may assume that they possessed the usual characteristics, the stolid demeanor, the crafty methods, and revengeful nature of the Indian, all of which were exhibited in their dealings with the White intruders. These local bands appear to have had, in addition, some particular local habits. They painted their faces with red, blue, and yellow pigments, to such a distortion of their features, that, as one sententious Dominie expressed it, "They look like the devil himself." Their depend- ence on supplies of game and fish caused their removal from one place to another, semi-annually, and we read of their removal to a summer "hunting- ground" in Westchester, whence the band returned to "Wickers Creek," for the winter shelter, and to resume their occupation of oystering and fishing in the Harlem and Spuyten Duyvil Creek. As for dress, "They go," said Juet, "in deerskins, loose well-dressed, some in mantles of feathers, and some in skins of divers sorts of good f urres. They had red copper tobacco pipes, and other things of copper they doe weare about their neckes." No copper objects have been found in upper Manhattan, probably their metallic stock was bartered away with the early colonists, for in 1625, De Laet described their use of "Stone pipes for smoking tobacco." As regards their food, the evident abundance and size of the local oyster shells shows that they possessed in them a ready source of subsistence. As soon as Hudson's ship reached the neighborhood of Greenwich, where the Indian Village Sappokanikan, was located, the natives "brought great store of very good oysters aboard, which we bought for trifles." De Laet (1625) says, "their food is maize, crushed fine and baked in cakes, with fish, birds and wild game." Van der Donck and others wrote in 1649: — "Their fare, or food, is poor and gross, for they drink water, having no other beverage; they eat the flesh of all sorts of game that the country supplies, even badgers, dogs, eagles and similar trash, which Christians in no way regard; these they cook and use uncleansed and undressed." "Moreover, all sorts of fish; likewise, snakes, frogs and such like, which they usually cook with the offals and entrails." 84 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. Ill, "They know also, how to preserve fish and meete for the winter, in order then to cook them with Indian meal." "They make their bread, but of very indifferent quality, of maize, which they also cook whole, or broken in wooden mortars." "The women likewise perform this labor, and make a apa or porridge called by some, Sapsis, by other, Duundare, which is their daily food, they mix this also thor- oughly with little beans, of different colors, raised by themselves; this is esteemed by them rather as a dainty than as a daily dish." Their weapons were, of course, the usual aboriginal bow, arrow 7 , spear, club and tomahawk, though but a few years later, they had acquired from the settlers enough fire-arms to become exceedingly expert in their use. "Now, those residing near, or trading considerably with the Christians, make use of fire- locks and hatchets, which they obtain in barter. They are excessively fond of guns; spare no expense on them, and are so expert with them, that in this respect they excell many Christians." Many of their discarded neolithic weapons have been found, and these exhibit a wide variety of material and workmanship, indicating considerable acquisitions from other tribes and localities. Their household utensils included "mats and wooden dishes," and Juet refers to their "pots of earth to dresse their meats in," and speaks also of the women bringing "hempe." The character of the grass mats which the women wove is to be seen in the imprints made with such material upon the outer surface of some of the local pottery. They also made the grass baskets, often referred to in early records, as "napsas." The pots of earth were the large earthenware vessels made by the Indian women, on the decorations of the rims and upper portions of which, these poor creatures expended all their ingenuity and sense of art. Of these objects, there remain a number of interesting examples dis- covered in upper Manhattan, the most complete, and at the same time, most artistic, being the fine Iroquoian vessel discovered by Mr. W. L. Calver, on the south side of 214th Street, about 100 feet east of 10th Avenue, in the fall of 1906. The large vases found in broken condition in the cave at Cold Spring, are of the cruder and therefore, earlier design of the original, Algonkian inhabitants, who at a later period, probably by barter, and perhaps by inter-marriage, acquired or learned the art of Iroquoian design and decoration. Of the period during which the race occupied this locality, we can only make conjectures. The extent and character of the shell heaps at Cold Spring and the pits and burials at Seaman Avenue, certainly indicate a settlement of large numbers or of considerable age. The ceremonial pits at 212th Street, and certain remains of aboriginal feasting, such as fish bones and oyster shells, appeared to exist at a level below the graves of the slaves of the settlers, buried at that place. 1909.] Bolton, Washington Heights. 85 While these conjectures may carry back the period of occupancy to antiquity, the tools and weapons are all of the modern order, and no objects of true paleolithic character have been discovered, so that we have as yet, nothing definitely reaching back into the remote ages of the most primitive mankind, although on Hunt's Point in the Bronx, at no great distance away from our island, a very interesting rude ax and a hammer were discovered by Mr. Calver in a gravel-pit, near the old Hunt burying-ground. Aboriginal Remains on Washington Heights. The objects of an aboriginal character, which have been discovered upon the upper part of Manhattan Island, afford a good deal of infor- mation as to the nature and habits of the natives. The story of the first discovery of aboriginal objects in this locality is worth preserving, and may show on how slight a matter may hinge the direction which is given to archaeological attention, which in this instance, if not given at the time, would in all probability have resulted in the destruction, by building and street opening, of most of the evidences of primeval life, which the work of Mr. W. L. Calver has preserved. It was in the spring of the year 1890, that, during a search for Revolutionary relics, he became acquainted with James McGuey, a resident of Inwood, with whom a casual observation of the ground at Seaman Avenue and Academy Street was made. Here, a number of arrow-heads and a hammerstone, were discovered together with a fragment of Indian pottery. This little surface find started the explorers' interest in this direction and McGuey extended his investigations to the land on the south side of Dyckman Street which was then being opened, where he secured a number of fragments of pottery. At this place, which is known as "The Knoll," there were a number of rude stones set in such positions as to indicate the presence of graves. The information of these finds spreading, they were dug into by several residents who found therein a number of skeletons which the newspaper accounts described as abo- riginal. The presence of buttons and other colonial objects, however, disproved this fanciful theory, and the discovery of the first indisputable Indian burial was not made until 1907 by W. L. Calver and the writer, in Seaman Avenue. (Fig. 6.) The wanderings of the first two explorers led them to the shell heaps at Cold Spring Hollow where their search was soon rewarded by many objects of aboriginal character. Others were found by them, at the foot of Dyckman Street near the Hudson River bank, and at large shell heaps near the then Kingsbridge Road (Broadway) on the line of the present 86 Anthropological Papers American Museum oj Natural History. [Vol. Ill, J L Fig. 6. Location of Burials, Pits and Shell-beds near Inwood. 1. Human remains. 2. Shell pit, deer antler. 3. Shell pit. 4. Shell pit, pottery. 5. Shell pits. 6. Shell pit, sturgeon below. 7. Shell pit, sturgeon scales. 8. Shell pit. 9. Shell pit. 10. Human remains. 11. Fire pit. 12. Shell pit. 13. Dog burial, puppy. 14. Shell pit. 15. Part of a jar. 16. Shell pit. fish and meat bones. 17. Shell pits. 18. Two dogs in shell pit. 19. Human skeleton, 1907. 19a. Female skeleton, 1908. 20. Human remains when house was built. 21. Small fire pits, Revolutionary. 22. Large shell pit. 23. Large shell pit. 24. Shell pit. 25. Dog burial. 26, 27, 28. Shell pits. 29. Two human skeletons, male and female. 30. Revolutionary fireplace "Royal Mariners" and "17th" 31. Skeleton and infant, female. 32. Skeleton (Chenoweth, 1908). 33. Revolutionary fireplace, 71st, officers' buttons. D, Dyckman dwelling. R 1 , R 2 . Revolutionary fireplaces. R 3 . Revolutionary well. 1909.] Bolton, Washington Heights. 87 Ship Canal. The soapstone pipe, Plate xvn, Fig. 4, was also found near the same highway, bearing upon it a rude representation of a human face. At 209th to 211th Streets along the shore of the Harlem River, a number of shell deposits proclaimed the one-time presence of the Indian, and with them were found bones of deer and split bones of other animals, although the surface of these deposits had been much disturbed by the plows\)f the Dyckmans. Near this spot, on January 27, 1895, Mr. Calver found the first of the dog burials (250) 1 which have since then been discovered in a number of places around In wood Vale. This skeleton, together with fragments of pottery was found beneath a compact mass of oyster shells about eighteen inches deep. The skeleton was incomplete and evidently disposed at the Fig. 7 a (1-3942), b (1-3944), c, d (Bolton and Calver Collection). Implements of Bone and Horn, Van Cortlandt Park. Length of a, 14.5 cm. bottom of the pit with - intention and care, probably indicating that the animal was sacrificed in some such ceremonial as the "White Dog Feast" of the Onondagas, which has survived to recent times. Of these burials one (250) was found at 209th Street and 9th Avenue, another (251) at 210th Street and 10th Avenue, another among a series of pits around the base of the hillock in which were found the remains of the negro slaves of the early settlers, at 212th Street and 10th Avenue. This latter was opened by Messrs. Edward Hagaman Hall and W. L. Calver and was found to con- tain with the skeleton of a dog, fragments of a vase, Fig. 8. Other pits at this place contained the bones of a turtle and a snake, and one con- tained large fish bones (281), possibly the remains of a necklace. During the year 1907 Mr. Calver and the writer discovered numerous 1 Reference numbers are those of the Calver Collection. 88 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. Ill, shell pits in Seaman Avenue, (Plate xiii), one of which, not far from the first human burial (291) contained the skeletons of two dogs (252), one much smaller than the other, which, together with some pottery, lay under a mass of oysters, and nearby was a rather shallow pile of oyster shells, below which lay the remains of a puppy (253). Across the avenue, close to the human burials (291, 292) a shallow pit of shells and debris contained the skeletons of two puppies (254). These dog burials may have been not an uncommon feature of the aboriginal life of a local tribe. The opening, by Mr. Alexander Chenoweth, of the interior of the cave at Cold Spring, disclosed a large number of objects, showing its extended occupation by the Red man. These objects are now in the Museum, where they form an interesting collection. Around this spot many other objects were found indicating the use of this sheltered glade by the wild animals of the forest, by the Indians, and by their successors, the soldiery of the Revolution. The mixed character of such objects is shown by No. 268, a group of aboriginal and civilized debris taken at one time from the soil beneath an overhanging rock, the surface of which still bears traces of the fires it once sheltered. One of the most interesting places, which was examined with consider- able thoroughness, is the site of the one-time "Century House," or the Nagel homestead, and perhaps also the site of the home of Tobias Teunis- sen, the first white settler in this locality (p. 98). Here, on the river bank at 213th Street, around and below quantities of colonial, Revolutionary and more modern relics, were found many evidences of Indian occupation. The interesting "banner stone" or ceremonial (Plate xvn, Fig. 6) was found here, almost two feet below the ground in 1906; its state indicating long use, its fracture and repair, and final second breakage. Among oyster shells of abnormal size and shape were found a fine stone tomahawk (Plate xvn, Fig. 11) which appears to have been utilized as a rubbing stone or pestle, a beautifully formed war arrow-head of black chert, a flint boring- tool (211) and the small paint cup (229) in the form of a hollow pebble such as are found on the beaches of Long Island, but having two distinct nicks on its edge. Quite near this cup was a piece of brown ochre or paint stone. A pestle (212) was found in one wall of the old building, long buried within its foundation, and close to the dwelling, but well below the sods was the bone needle (Fig. 7c). Another curious find of a needle was number 239, which was found in the shell pit which contained the remains of the two puppies on Seaman Avenue (254). These finds culminated in the discovery, by Mr. W. L. Calver, at 214th Street, about one hundred feet east of 10th Avenue, of a fine jar of Iroquois pattern, about 13 inches in diameter and height. This interesting object 1909.] Bolton, Washington Heights. 89 slightly protruded from the surface of a newly graded bank and had been missed by the spades of the laborers by no more than an inch (Plate xiv). It lay upon its side, about eighteen inches below the sods and was quite intact. It has an old break in the rim which may have been utilized as a spout, and a hole about three quarters of an inch in diameter in the body. This jar has the four characteristic prominences of rim, around which the decoration is incised in diagonal and vertical lines, with a band of four lines following the contour (Plate xv). These finds and particularly those of the dog burials, stimulated in- terest in the search for some traces of the actual aboriginal residents of this section; and •' ; manv w r ere the laborious efforts ; made to locate such remains. < These were not rewarded until : ■ the grading away of the base of i ; : the east side of Inwood Hill for ; ■ the opening of Seaman Avenue, \ j disclosed a large number of shell pockets or pits and the \ ! hasty operations of the laborers threw out with these a few frag- ments of human bones. By the number and variety of objects found on the line of Seaman Avenue, it would appear that this favored spot was the site of a considerable encampment or village. It occupies the sandy slope at the base of the east side of Inwood Hill, and is sheltered from north and west winds and from observation from the Hudson River. Its advantages were recognized in the Revolution by its selection as one of the largest camps of that period; w r here we learn from Washington's own observations, upwards of a hundred tents were placed. So, remains of Revolutionary warfare, buttons, badges, weapons, missiles and camp debris are found scattered over the same area with aboriginal stone weapons, implements and pottery, while the camp fire of the British soldiery trenches upon the fire pit of the Red man, or may even be found to have been dug into the shallow grave of an Indian warrior. All around this place were found, in recent years, numerous surface indi- Fig. 8 (Bolton and Calver Collection). Bottom of an Algonkin Vessel, Showing a Peculiar Point. Manhattan Island. 90 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. Ill, cations of Indian occupation, including a large number of fragments of the red indurated shale of New Jersey, worked in part into weapons, while arrow-heads of varied material and character were scattered over the same space (99-102 to 110, 168) a good club-stone (193) was found here. Here also were found articles of less sinister character such as stone axes (125- 142) hammerstones (111 to 114-120-141) used for pounding nuts and corn, sinkers (118-144-145) used for fishing nets, pestles (150), a celt (119), a gouge (149) and a tool (158) of unknown character. These objects were scattered over the area extending westward from Academy Street to and beyond Isham Street and were particularly in evidence in a strip of ground, extending from Seaman Avenue to Cooper Street, cultivated by a gardener named Corbett. The excavations referred to (1907) destroyed a number of shell pits or pockets ere they could be investigated, but enough remained to establish the long continued use of the location by the abo- rigines. At the bottom of several of these shell pits were found quantities of Fig. 9 a (20-3461), b (20-6 ">*»•>). Incised and Stamped Fragments of Algonkin Pottery. Manhattan Island. sturgeon scales c22~) and 259) accompanied by deer prongs in one case and by pottery in another. Other pits contained evidences of fire, fire- stones, pottery and animal bones (2(i() and 261). Among the debris thrown into the street, the writer found the first evidence of human remains (284), a fragment of a skull and a vertebra?. The. find excited attention and other fragments were soon found at the corner of Academy Street and Seaman Avenue (283). Among them were a tooth and a fragment of a jaw. A few other fragments (285) were thrown out at Hawthorne Street. It thus became evident that there were human interments in the vicinity, and in August 1907 the first burial (291) was discovered under a shell pit in Cor- bett's garden. The grading process had been extended only about eight- een inches below the sod, but had sufficed to destroy the jaw of the skeleton which extended upwards, as did also the foot bones. The bones lay in and upon a close mass of oyster shells, some of which were unopened, the 1909.] Bolton, Washington Heights. 91 skeleton reclined on its right side, facing west. The arms were flexed and crossed, the knees bent and the head thrown back. No traces of weapons were found, nor were there any other objects found, save a fragment of an animal bone. The location and position led to further exploration which early in 1908 led to still more interesting discoveries. Sunday, March 22nd, being the first day in the field for exploration for the season for 1908, W. L. Calver and the writer met at Seaman Avenue and Hawthorne Street, Manhattan, to discuss plans for further excavations on this Indian village site. The rains of the winter 1907-8 had washed the west bank where the layer of oyster shells and black dirt lay along the hill, and a patch of red burnt earth was observed, which on digging out, disclosed a fireplace, evidently of the period of the Revolution, having some large burnt stones, ashes, wood charcoal, brick, broken rum bottles, a wine glass nearly complete, a large open clasp-knife with bone handle, a hoop-iron pot-hook, various forged head nails, and a curious folding corkscrew. Gold buttons of Revolutionary pattern and an officer's silver button of the Royal Mariners, together with pewter buttons of the 17th Regiment disclosed who had occu- pied the spot. At one part of this fireplace, we came upon a pocket of oyster shells, evidently Indian, about two feet deep, and on removing some of these had the good fortune to uncover a human thigh-bone. We worked carefully into the shells and under the pocket, gradually disclosing the complete remains of a full grown man (293) lying on its right side, feet to the north, head facing east, knees doubled, up, the left arm extended down through the thighs. The feet had been within the area of the hole in which the Revolutionary fireplace had been made, and only one or two foot bones were found. At a later period other foot bones were found on the oppo- site side of the Revolutionary fireplace, evidently having been displaced in its construction. The right arm was flexed, and the hand was under the head, the latter was intact and every tooth was in place. Shells had been packed over the body, and some around it. We were much puzzled by a number of human bones, lying compactly together by the skeleton, in a position that would have been in its lap had it been upright (Plate xvi). We removed the skull, covered the remains, and on Sunday, March 29th, renewed the work. We went carefully to work upon the cluster of mixed bones (293b) in front of the large skeleton, and soon found them to be rather compactly arranged in a rectangular form about 14 by 26 inches, the long bones parallel. The vertebrae abruptly ended parallel with the head of the larger skeleton, and after working some time, we found a skull placed below, beneath the pile of bones in a vertical posi- 92 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. Ill, tion, facing north, the lower jaw of which was disengaged, and was placed sideways in front of the face. The back of the skull was broken in, and was black with marks of burning. The lower jaw was burned, and some of the teeth split by fire. The arm and leg bones were charred at the joints. Inside the skull was a burned toe bone. There were some ovster shells among the charred remains. A significant fact was that the right arm bones of the large skeleton were below the pile of burned bones. This feature, and the compact arrangement of the latter within the space in front of and at the same level as the large skeleton, seem to point strongly towards an intentional arrange- ment of these bones, in front of the large corpse and to indicate the simul- taneous burial of the two bodies. On examination, the large skeleton proved to be that of an adult male, and the dismembered remains those of a female of about 35 years of age. No implements were found with the remains but a part of a stone pestle (231) and a rude celt (232) lay under the sod among the oysters above the large skeleton. On Sunday, June 14, 1908, another burial was found about 20 feet north of the above. This burial consisted of an adult skeleton doubled up and its back much curved, and was apparently that of a female of mature age. Between the knees, the remains of a small infant were laid, the skull of the latter being fragmentary. The right hand of the adult was below the infant and the left hand around the throat. The skull was intact and had nearly all the teeth. One finger bone had grown together at the joint in a crooked position apparently due to disease. On lifting the ribs of the right side, an arrow-head of Hint fell out between the fourth and fifth bones. These skeletons lay about two and a half feet below the grass, and a pocket of oyster shells was over the head. The woman's remains lay within a space about 31 inches long by 50 inches wide, flat in the hard red sand bed facing east. Shortly after these remains were discovered, Mr. Chenoweth extended the excavation previously made by the explorers at the side of a large oyster shell pit in the same bank of sand, and uncovered a male skeleton of which he preserved the skull. Some small fragments of the skeleton (287) were afterwards found by the writer on this spot. Contractors for the sewer in Seaman Avenue also uncovered the remains of a young female (290) close to the position of several of the shell pits previously described. These interments have some curious features. The position of the remains facing east, sometimes west, the absence of weapons or other objects and the oyster shells packed with or above them are subjects for interesting discussion on which future finds may throw much light, as also upon the peculiar double burial and the burnt state of the female remains. 1909.] Bolton, Washington Heights. 93 The general result seems to indicate that the Wick-qu as -keeks had special customs and ceremonies of which the dog-burial was one, and the possible suttee of the widow of a sachem, another. The use of the shell pits partly for shells only, partly for the debris of feasts, partly for dog or fish burials and partly to cover human remains is a subject open to conjecture. The continued disturbance of the surface may yet bring to light other / //////////////// //////7/////T7 J. UIJ.J- i ) i i J M i I □ i i 1 1 sssBtBrnrjKi uo.o//(>(ir. o Jf Fig. 10 (Bolton and Calver Collection). Designs from Vessels found on Manhattan Island. remains and objects which may afford information as to the purposes of some of these discoveries, but enough has been found to indicate the char- acteristics of the early Manhattanites and to add to the interesting fact of their association with the island upon which our great city was founded; peculiarities, which in themselves are of particular interest to archaeolo- gists. 94 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. Ill, Relations with the first Settlers. The story of the relations of the European settlers with these early owners of Upper Manhattan, is a tale with many of the same characteristics, as that of the contact of the two races in other parts of our country, where the White man, finding a foothold by courtesy, or by some nominal purchase, eventually excites the Indian's jealousy by his encroachments, and then pursues with the native, a course of expropriation, with or without warrant, returning an exterminating vengeance on every attempt of the native to resist the advance of "civilization." So, on Manhattan, the first White arrivals, by courtesy of the natives, who were "hospitable when well treated," as De Laet says, "ready to serve the White man for little compensation," became squatters at Battery place, a tenure which in 1626, was, by the so-called "purchase" of the island by Director Minuit, exchanged for an ambiguous ownership, the extent of which, as well as the authority of those Indians who entered into the bargain were promptly repudiated by the natives as soon as the White man advanced to their home locality, and made his appearance at Harlem and the Heights. It appears from their objections, frequently repeated from this time forward, that the Indians had at least regarded that sale as extending no further than Yorkville on the east and Manhattanville on the west, at which part of Manhattan in those early days, the watery marshes of Harlem plain, the deep indentation of Reehewa's creek on the east (the later Harlem Creek) and the rivulet in the Manhattanville ravine on the west, practically cut oh" the island from the Heights. That this view not only prevailed, but was recognized by those of the Hollanders, whose sense of justice was added to a consideration of self-interest, is shown by the tact that Stuyvesanl entered, in 164!), into an additional deed of purchase of some portion of the upper end of the island, which deed also recognized the then, and future Indian title to ownership of the westerly half of the upper end of the present Borough. It was in the year 1636, that Doctor de La Montagne, the first White settler of Harlem, arrived, in a dug-out canoe, at Rechewas' Point, or 105th Street, on the East River, bringing with him, his wife, two babies, and some farm hands, and soon made a clearing for a bark cabin, at 7th Avenue and 115th Street. His authority for settlement was a "grant" from Kieft, of about two hundred acres, extending from 109th to 124th Streets and from 5th to 9th Avenues, through which extended the Indian trail to the Heights. To this locality, De la Montagne gave the name of Vredendal or "Quiet Dale," and to it were soon attracted other hardy settlers who pre-empted practically all the large tract of low-land which is now covered by Harlem, all settling thereon without further consideration of, or consent by, the natives. 1909.] Bolton, Washington Heights. 95 Jonas Bronck arrived in 1639, but crossing the Harlem to Morrisania, he made a new purchase of the tract then known as Ranachqua, now part of the Bronx, by a regular deed, in which Rechewac and other sachems joined. One of the most important of these early squatters of Harlem was Bronck's friend and fellow-countryman, Captain Jochem Pietersen Kuyter, who secured from the Dutch authorities in July, 1639, the right to settle upon the Indian "Schorrakin," a large tract along the bank of the Harlem, from the line of 1st to 5th Avenue, which he re-named Zegendal, the "Vale of Blessing," and to which he added a sort of claim to the lower end of Wash- ington Heights, which became known to the scanty settlers, as "Jochem Pieter's hills." It was but natural, if the Red Men regarded these Harlem settlements as trenching upon their property rights, and as interfering with their very means of subsistence, that they would resent a continual enlargement of the settlement, and as each succeeding settler was followed by others, and their favorite haunts, fishing and oystering places were appropriated, their sus- picious nature was aroused, and it only needed some overt act on the part of the White Man, to precipitate an outbreak. Every inducement of ad- vantage, as well as of security, lay in the direction of conciliating the natives, who surrounded the pioneers on every side, and at first the accommodation of each to the other was mutually recognized. The settler often needed the Red Man's labor, his venison, oysters and furs, and at times even his maize, for all of which he paid in objects of small value, or bartered his old guns and ammunition. On the other hand, to the native, the settler represented a market for these materials, and a source whence could be obtained beads for his squaw, and fire-water for his own enjoyment. Thus the settlers had come to regard the Wick-quas-keeks as no novelty, and their visits to the bouweries or their appearance on the trail, or their passage on the broad waters, as matters of no special importance. Kuyter wrote, that the settlers "pursue their out-door labor without interruption, in the woods, as well as in the field, and dwell safely, with their wives and children, in their houses, free from any fear of the Indians." How different might have been the history of this locality, had this mutual confidence been maintained. The breach was precipitated by Director Kieft's own ill-judged course of action. Attempting in 1639, to impose and collect a Tax upon the Red Men, he followed this futile act by an attack, with very slim excuse, on the Raritan Indians, by a force of soldiers, in July, 1640, which act excited all the neighboring tribes. A Wick-quas-keek, who from boyhood, had harbored a grudge against the Hollanders, because his uncle had been killed, and his beaver skins stolen by three of Minuit's men some years before, took a long- 96 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. Ill, deferred revenge one mid-summer day, by murdering old Claes Swits, one of the Yorkville settlers, in his house at Turtle Bay, which stood "on the road over which the Indians from Wick-quas-keek passed daily." It was a brutal act, and the murderer was known, for he had worked for Swit's son, and it was accompanied too, by theft, for the savage, "stole all the goods," for some of which he was bargaining with the old man when the deed was done. A yacht was sent to Wick-quas-keek to demand satisfaction, and the sur- render of the murderer, but the Indians, regarding the act as entirely justi- fiable from their point of view, refused, and their head Sachem expressed the general feeling of their growing resentment, by saying that he "wished twenty Swannekins (Dutchmen) had been murdered," instead of the one who had fallen. Xo satisfaction could be obtained, and the more peaceable spirits among the Hollanders postponed action in revenge, urging that at any rate, an attack on the Indians should not be made, "till the maize trade be over," and should be attempted " in the harvest when the Indians were hunting." When that period had arrived, a conference took place (November 1, 1641) as to the advisability of using force with the savages. Jochem Kuyter, whose bouwerie was the most advanced and exposed to retaliation, advised patience, and suggested that the Indians who were alert, should be lulled into security before an attack should be made upon them. So no action was taken, until scouts reported early in 1642, that the natives "lay in their village suspecting nothing," and the deplorable decision was then reached to seize this opportunity of sending an armed force upon them. Accordingly, a body of 80 men, commanded by Ensign Hendrick Van Dyck, marched to the neighborhood of Vonkers, under the guidance of Tobias Teunissen, a farmer employed by Montagne, who knew the locality. The expedition failed to surprise the natives, and losing their way in the darkness, the Hollanders returned, fortunately without conflict. Their appearance, however, had effected sufficient impression, to lead the sachems to agree to a peace treaty, which was formally entered into in Bronck's house in Morrisania. The ties of mutual confidence had now been broken between the Red and White Man, and as the ill luck of both would have it, the enemies of the former, the Mohawks of the Albany district, chose the succeeding win- ter for an incursion upon the Wick-quas-keeks, for the purpose of reducing them to their ancient condition of tributary vassalage. An overwhelming horde of Mohawks, equipped with firearms, descended upon Westchester County, and slaughtered the unfortunate clansmen in Yonkers, Spuyten Duyvil and probably at Inwood, captured many of their women and chil- 1909.] Bolton, Washington Heights. 97 dren, and forced the survivors, a fugitive crowd, to make their way in the deep snow of that bitter winter season, to Fort Amsterdam, there to seek the protection of the White intruders. To the everlasting shame of Kieft, of Tienhoven and others among the Hollanders, the White men repaid this confidence by a murderous act of treachery, of which the history of civilization contains few equally barbarous examples. On the night of February 25, 1643, the wretched W T ick-quas- keeks, then huddled in temporary shelters at Van Corlear's Point, and at Pavonia, on the Jersey side of the Hudson River, were massacred in cold blood by "civilized" soldiers and citizens, and so indiscriminate was the slaughter, that even Indians of friendly tribes were put to death. The cruel act brought a prompt punishment. Joining hands, the outraged na- tives of all neighboring clans, took issue against the settlers, and all around the new City and especially at Harlem, they attacked the outlying settle- ments, slaughtered the farmers, captured their families, killed or drove off the live stock, and burned their houses, their grain and hay. The rest of the winter "passed in confusion and terror," but in the spring, a mutual desire for a truce, which would enable both parties to sow their fields, led to a doubtful peace, which was formally agreed to on April 22, 1643, a peace which, as soon as their crops were harvested, was broken by the Red Men, who again drove the settlers off their holdings, and chased them within sight of the walls of the fort. Privation, if not starvation, now stared the colonists in the face, so that even the most peaceful among them joined in expeditions, by which during the winter of 1644, the territory of the Wick-quas-keeks was scoured, and the natives driven from their homes bv sword and fire. Amidst all the destruction, Zegendal, the Harlem home of Captain Kuyter, had been preserved, protected as it was by a strong palisade, and a guard of men stationed within, but on March 5, 1645, it too was set on fire by a blazing arrow, and the house, barn and crops were entirely destroyed. This act was no doubt the crowning revenge of the tribesmen, directed against Kuyter, for his share in the conflict, as a Captain of troops, and the ineffec- tiveness of the guard and of the defenses of palisades in protecting this important property, created so widespread an impression, that all further efforts to colonize our locality, were, for the time being, abandoned. Never- theless, a system of passive resistance to the active savages eventually wearied them to such an extent, that the tribes became willing to bury the hatchet, and on August 30, 1645, at a grand council in Fort Amsterdam, a peace was concluded, in which "Little Ape," the chief of the Mohawks, spoke as the representative of their tributary tribe, the Wick-quas-keeks and pledged them to the treaty obligations, of which that which most affected the local clan, w T as, that no Indian should "come with weapons on Manhattan Island, nor in the vicinity of Christian dwellings." 98 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. Ill, Adriaen Van der Donck, the first lawyer among the settlers, and a man of some substance, had, in 1647, received as a grant from Governor Kieft, but had also honorably secured by purchase from the Sachem Tacharew, that tract of marsh and meadow, some thirty or forty morgen in extent, bordering on the north side of Papparinemin, which we now know as Kings- bridge, intending there to build and till, " since his inclination and judgment led him to that place." The features of marsh and meadow, so dear to a Dutchman's heart, led others to look with interest upon the very similar features upon our Island, in the charming vale which to-day comprises the Dyckman tract. It thus came about that the settlers had barely summoned the necessary courage to start back to their abandoned holdings, and the aborigines had recovered enough sense of security to return to their lair under the Inwood hills, ere, undeterred by the failure of his previous course of action, and disregardful of the unextinguished right of livelihood and residence of the Red Man, Governor Kieft, in 1646, entered upon a course of extended grants of unsettled lands, selecting the very centre of Indian home- life for distribution to the favored recipients. To Matthys Jansen Van Keulen, he gave, August 18, 1646, a ground brief of all Marble Hill, the "Papparinemin," and to the same enterprising land-grabber and his friend Aertsen, a patent was issued for the entire 200 acres of the choice marshes of the Dyckman tract extending from 211th Street, south to Dyckman Street, a tract known later as the Ronde-vly, or Round Meadow. On this land, which the patentees did not attempt personally to occupy, a hardy pioneer now took up his abode. Tobias Teunissen, who, as the representative or lessee of the patentee-, thus became the first squatter at Inwood, had been employed by Dr. De la Montagne on his farm in Harlem, and now taking to himself a new Vrouw, the couple ventured into the very heart of the Red Men's home, and established themselves on the Harlem west bank, probably at or near the site of the later, Xagel or Century, house. There is some reason to suppose their little dwelling may have been that of which the writer discovered the foundation, fireplace and floor, beneath the surface of the garden ground in front of the site of the Century house, a little half basement built of rough stone, the upper part in frame, half sunk in the crest of the river bank, around which were also found a number of interesting Indian objects. Teunissen's situation was not without peril, for he had been the guide in the unsuccessful expedition to Yonkers, in 1642 and was thus a marked man among his savage neighbors, with whom an injury was nursed but never forgotten. The appearance among them of this pioneer, and still 1909.] Bolton, Washington Heights. 99 more, the appearance of the surveyors, deliberately staking out these claims in the immediate vicinity of their winter home, must, we may well imagine, have filled the natives with forebodings of the inefficacy of the peace they had so recently concluded, and have stirred again in their breasts the sense of resentment. Kuyter, whose bouwery at Zegendal lay still in ruin, had been engaged in a controversy with Kieft, which eventually resulted in the departure of the latter, and his replacement by Stuyvesant. The removal of Kieft, however, at first brought no improved policy towards the Indian rights, for his successor, following the same course, began by allotting to Isaac de Forest, another large section of Harlem lands, between that of Jochem Pietersen Kuyter, and the Van Keulen hook. Stuyvesant, however, event- ually recognizing the ill-success and difficulty besetting these continued efforts to settle the lands of which the Red men still maintained their owner- ship, entered, in 1649, into a remarkable deed of purchase, evidently intended to quiet those claims and to avoid further restlessness on the part of the natives. This deed ran as follows: — " On this day the date underwritten appeared before the Noble Lords the Director General and the Council, Megte-gich-kama, Ote-yoch-guo, Wegta-koch-ken, the right owners of the lands lying on the North River of New Netherland on the east shore called Ubiequaes hook in the breadth through the woods, 'till a certain Kill called Seweyrut diverging at the East River, from thence northward and southward to a certain kill named Rechawes, the same land betwixt two kils one half woods betwixt the North and East Rivers so that the western half to the aforesaid is still remaining and the other Easterly half with a south and north directions middle through the woods the aforesaid owners acknowledged that with the consent of the Chief Sachem they have sold the parcel of land and all their oystering, fish, &c. unto the Noble Lord Petrus Stuyvesant Director General of New Netherland for and in consideration of certain parcels of merchandize which they acknowledge to their satisfaction to have received into their own hands and power before the passing of these presents, viz : In consideration of which the before-mentioned owners do hereby the said land convey transport and give over to the aforesaid Noble Lords the Director General and to his successors in full, true and free ownership. To the said land We the Grantors neither now nor hereafter shall ever present any claim for selves, or heirs and successors desisting by these presents from all action, either of equity or jurisdiction, but conveying all the same to the said Director Gen- eral and to his successors to do therewith as it may seem proper to them without their 6 Fathoms cloth for jackets 6 Fathoms Sea want 6 kettles 6 Axes 6 Addices 10 knives 10 Harrowteeth 10 Corals or Beads 10 Bells 1 Gun 2 lbs. Lead 2 lbs. Powder 2 Cloath Coats. 100 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. Ill, the Grantors, or any of them molesting the Grantee of the aforesaid land whether in his property or in his family. It is also agreed that the most westerly half just as the Lord Director pleases, shall go with this for so many goods as in ... . can be, and they the Grantors promise at all times to induce their Rulers on the North River to take the matter over and not to sell any without the knowledge of the Lord Director General; the Grantors promising this transport firmly to maintain as in equity they are bound to do. Witness these presents by them respectively signed in the Fort Amsterdam in New Netherland this 14th day of July A. D. 1649. Meg-te-gich-kama Ote-yoch-guo Weg-ta-koch-ken The land boundaries herein loosely defined, evidently covered some large portion of the upper end of the island, from a point on the north side of Rechewa's Creek (or Harlem Creek) at 109th Street on the East River and was intended perhaps to extend as far north as the Sherman Creek, though possibly only as far as the then inlet at 155th Street and 8th Avenue. In either case, the right of the natives to the "westerly half," the wooded hills of the Heights, was clearly conceded, and the consent of the Mohawks "their rulers on the North River," was required for any further concession. This bargain still left, undealt with and unpaid for, the Dyckman tract and Marble Hill, and the continued presence of Teunissen and his little family of wife and child in that area, within sight of their winter home, and upon the very ground on which their crops were grown and their cere- monies conducted, must have kept alive a resentment which lost nothing by the passage of time. In this connection, the following statements of Riker are worthy of notice: — "The Indians were resolved upon expelling the Whites from this end of the Island, upon the ground that they had not been duly paid for their lands. It is certain that the Indians did not recognize the sale (to Minuit) as a surrender of all their rights and privileges on this part of the Island. Perhaps, grown wiser in a generation, they saw that the trivial price then paid them ($24.) was no equivalent for their rich maize land and hunting grounds." " But they probably claimed to have reserved (as they often did in their sales) the right of hunting and planting, because in after years the Harlem people so far admitted their pretensions as to make them further compensation. Well had it been for the Colonists had they earlier given heed to the dissatisfaction of the Indians, and done something to remove it." Riker does not seem to have observed the foregoing deed of 1649, in which Stuyvesant did make an effort in part to effect such a settlement, though it evidently did not go far enough, and I think the secret of the continued dissatisfaction lay more in the trenching upon their home lands of Inwood, 1909.] Bolton, Washington Heights. 101 and in the practice of hunting within their wild woods on the Heights, than upon their expropriation from Harlem, though they must naturally have suffered from the loss of their important fishing and oystering stations (121st Street and Pleasant Avenue, and on Montagne's or Rechewa's point 105th Street and Avenue A). Be the immediate provocation one or the other, the dissatisfaction of the Red Men so increased, that their threats and evidence of hostility caused general alarm and distrust among the White settlers, and in the year 1654, a fresh outbreak of savage vengeance resulted. Among those who had returned to their abandoned holdings was Kuyter. Finding difficulty in securing help for the restoration of his farm, as many of the settlers still feared a re-settlement of the outlying bouweries, "through dread of the Indians and their threats," he at last undertook to occupy his farm himself, and marked man as he was, it was little to be wondered at, that in March, 1654, he fell an early victim to the savages, whose growing resentment against the re- occupation of their property now broke out afresh. An organized effort now began on the part of the Red Men to sweep away, once and for all, the White intruders. On September 15, 1655, hundreds of braves, gathered at Inwood, embarked in sixty-four canoes, and reaching New Amsterdam, scattered through the town before daybreak, intent on plunder and killing. Governor Stuyvesant was absent, but the leaders of the townspeople, parleying with the savages, induced them temporarily to withdraw, probably because the savages never loved a day- light engagement. A skirmish, however, ensued in the evening, in which the Dutch soldiers drove off the invaders, who, in the same dread night of darkness, took their revenge upon the helpless settlers in the outlying dis- tricts, and commenced a terrible slaughter. "Miserably surprised by the cruel barbarous savages," Tobias Teunissen, and full fifty others, were murdered, and more than a hundred terrified women and children were carried off into captivity, among them Teunissen's wife and child. The recent settlers in Kingsbridge, on the land which had been bought by Van der Donck, and those also on Jonas Bronck's land across the river, were driven away and their lands laid waste. The canoes of the Red Men prowled about Hellgate, waiting favorable opportunities of attack by their favorite method of surprise, and ere a few days had passed, every settlement was denuded by death, captivity, or flight, of its White occupants. Glutted with revenge, and having fully accomplished their main purpose, the savages sent in two captives, in October, offering to return others for ransom. In this offer, the families of Teunissen and of Swits, the son of the unfortunate colonist whose murder had resulted from the old grudge, were not included, both significant of a particular resentment felt by the natives towards these settlers. 102 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. Ill, Stuyvesant returned, and a council was called, at which the weakness of the little colony in the face of Indian numbers, was weighed against the desire for vengeance. The soldiers were therefore sent out only to bury the dead and gather in the scattered herds. They were stricken to the heart by the scenes of slaughter, devastation and ruin which every bouwery presented. It was not until the end of November, that the widows of Teun- issen and Swits, with their children, were ransomed from their savage captors. What tales the poor women could have told of the wild life, habits, shelter and fare, which they had been forced to share for those weary weeks of captivity. Thus perished poor Teunissen, the first settler of our Heights, a man of humble but sterling character, whose very determination and fearlessness brought about the sacrifice of his own life and of many others. So thorough was the effect of this dreadful massacre, that by an ordinance of January 18, 1650, all further settlement upon outlying farms was forbid- den, and all attempt for the time being, to colonize the island by separate farms was definitely abandoned, and the Red Men were left for a time, in undisputed possession of their wild home among the rocks of Inwood hill and to their whilom undisturbed occupations of fishing, oystering, and hunting on Washington Heights. The Town of New Haerlem and the passing of the Red Man. "The Director (leneral and Council of New Netherland guarantee hereby, that for the further promotion of agriculture, for the security of this Island, and the cattle pasturing thereon, as well as for the further relief and expansion of this City Amsterdam in New Netherland, they have resolved to form a New Village or Settle- ment at the end of the Island, and about the land of Jochem Pietersen, deceased, and those which are adjoining to it." Thus was ordered the establishment of the Village of New Haerlem, and the inducements of allotments of ground, for a dwelling, for a garden, and for a farm, with an accompanying slice of salt meadow soon attracted a little body of settlers, whose homes were laid out in August, 1658, along the line of that branch of the Indian trail which led from McGown's Pass, at Central Park near 110th Street, and afforded a beaten track to the Harlem River at 125th Street and First Avenue. Confidence was to be established by the community life, and the mutual protection it afforded against the treachery of the natives. The public, however, was doomed to further alarm when news arrived on September 23, 1658, of the fierce outbreak of savage warfare at Esopus, so that many fled from their newly established homes, into the city, and a state of unrest 1909.] Bolton, Washington Heights. 103 existed all that winter. Farming operations were brought almost to a stand- still, notwithstanding the precautions which the settlers employed, of farm- ing in common, even planting their contiguous fields in strips of similar crops, so that the workers could always be near each other, and always having their weapons handy. In March 1660, a military company was formed in Harlem, under the command of Jan Pietersen Slot, as Sergeant, which was furnished with a supply of powder, and the inhabitants were thus prepared for defense. Another Indian attack and massacre at Esopus was reported, January 7, 1663, and started a fresh alarm at Harlem. The village folk again as- sembled into military companies, and proceeded to place palisades around their little village home, within which, two 7-lb. cannon were mounted, and a strict military watch was kept. The savages at Esopus were soon put to rout by the Dutch armed force under Stuyvesant, and part of the Harlem force having volunteered, took part in the campaign. In July, a body of Wick-quas-keeks, including about 80 warriors now professedly friendly, fearing an attack from the armed parties of Mohawks upon the war path, moved from their usual haunts, for their better security, into the woods of our Height, and caused alarm and panic among the settlers. Their Chief, Sau-wen-a-rack, with his brother, came into Harlem and ex- plained the reason for their proximity, stating that they feared an attack by the Esopus Indians, who were advancing 50 or 60 strong, to attack them and also to wipe out the Harlem settlement. The threatened incursion failed of accomplishment, but the Sachem and his people, taking advantage of the common feeling of danger, seized the opportunity to ask permission to fish near the village, which was conceded, on condition that they should bear no weapons near the town. To identify the friendly from the hostile, they were given copies of the official seal of the West Indian Company, printed on wax in small billets, to be shown on necessary occasions. In 1664, 16 May, a new treaty with the tribes of the Hudson, was con- cluded, and the Harlem people were relieved by the fact that Sau-wen-a- rack, head sachem of our local tribe, renewed his pledge of friendship, by signing it. In September of this eventful year, the British fleet arrived, and the Dutch dominion was exchanged for the English, under the Governorship of Col. Richard Nicolls, one of whose first orders, addressed "to the Schout and present magistrates of Harlem," ran as follows: "To the Schout and present Magistrates of Harlem: A Warrant to the Magistrates of Harlem for the Prohibition of the sale of Strong Liquors to Indians. Whereas: I am informed of several abuses that are done and committed by the 104 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. Ill, Indians, occasioned much through the liberty some persons take of selling Strong Liquors unto them; These are to require you, that you take especial care that none of your Town presums to sell any Sort of Strong Liquors, or Strong Beer, unto any Indian, and if you shall find any person offending therein, that you seize upon such Liquor and bring such person before me, to make answer for the offense. Given under my hand, at Fort James in New York, this 18th of March, 1664, (1665. New Style). Richard Nicolls." Governor Nicolls, on October 11, 1067, issued to the growing township of New Haerlem, a charter, which, entirely ignoring any of the rights or claims of the aboriginal owners, granted to the new community the entire area of Upper Manhattan, northward from a line drawn across the island, from 74th Street at the East River, to 130th Street at the Hudson, with "all the soils, creeks, quarries, woods, meadows, pastures, marshes, waters, lakes, fishing, hawking, hunting, and fowling. . . .and freedom of commonage for range and feed of cattle and horses further west into the woods, upon this Island as well without as within their bounds and limits." This ( barter further empowered the town to establish a ferry, at 125th Street, to the Bronx, and authority was later given, in order to divert the traffic to the ferry, that the road to Spuyten Duyvil should be stopped up. This course was pursued, and fences were built for the purpose, but the growing number of travelers to and from the Westchester side, found the tolls of the ferry excessive, and continued to drive their cattle and horses through the "wading place" at Kingsbridge, a shallow place still traceable at 230th Street. So persistent was the public in preferring its own line of travel, that in 166S, a change of policy was decided upon, and preparations were made for removing the ferry to Kingsbridge. Johannes Verveelen, the ferry-man, was, in 1G69, authorized to establish the ferry there, and was further given a grant of all or great part of Papparinemin (Marble Hill) and of land on the Kingsbridge side, on the latter of which he proceeded to erect a habitation for himself, and for the accommodation of travellers, probably on the site of the later hostelry, which occupied the site of the Macomb house, still standing at 230th Street, and in 1670, he commenced, as part of his agreements required, the making of a bridge, "over the marsh between Papparinemin and Fordham." At the latter locality, an enterprising proprietor, John Arcer (later known as Archer) had established a community of settlers. The Wick-quas-keeks, though many of them had been "beaten off by the Maques," from their resort at Inwood and Westchester County, and ■were mostly at this time, in hiding in the wild forests of the Ramapo, still from time to time, reasserted their rights to the Harlem lands. Rechewack, 1909.] Bolton, Washington Heights. 105 Sellers of the Point • the sachem who in 1639, had been party to the sale of Morrisania to Bronck, was still insistent on his claim to the old haunt of his particular clan, upon Rechwa's or Montagnes' point, and in order to quiet this claim, Jan la Montagne made a bargain with him, by which, for some consideration not stated, he secured the acknowledgment of its sale to him, as follows : — 1669. "On this date, 20th August, old style, the underwritten Indians (willden) have sold to me, Jan la Montagne, the Point named Rechwanis, bounded between two creeks and hills, and behind, a stream which runs to Montagne's Flat, with the meadows from the bend of the Helle-gat to Konaande Kongh Rechkewacken Achwaarowes Sacharoch Pasach keeginc \ Tappan Niepenchan Kouhamwen Kottaren This was by no means all of the Indian claim. On April 9, 1670, when several Sachems were concluding a deal with Governor Lovelace, for the sale of Staten Island, "some of the Indians present laid claim to the land by Harlem," and repudiated, when it was exhibited to them, the deed, of 1626, or its effect. Some of those who signed Montagne's deed, just recited, also became parties to another sale of lands along the east shore of the Harlem, as far as "Bronxland," by which their proprietorship in that borough was recognized to have been still existent. In 1673, the Dutch re-captured New York, a short-lived triumph for in 1674, Sir Edmund Andros arrived with the news of the cession of the Colony to England, and the Harlem township settled down under British rule which continued until the end of the Revolution. In 1675, the disquieting news arrived of the great outbreak of the Xarra- gansett Indians, under King Philip, and as a precaution, some of our local Sachems were invited to an interview for the purpose of securing the con- tinuance of their friendship and neutrality. As a further precautionary measure, in the fall of that year, orders were issued that the canoes of Indians along the Westchester shores of the Sound, should be laid up where they could not be used, and the Wick-quas-keeks at their summer haunt on Pelham Neck, then known as Ann's hook, were directed "to remove within a fortnight to their usual winter quarters within Hellgate upon this island." "This winter retreat," says Riker, "was either the woodlands between Harlem Plains and Kingsbridge at that date still claimed by these Indians as hunting grounds, or Rechewanes on the Bay of Hellgate." 106 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. Ill, We have seen, however, that they had already definitely parted with Reehewane's point. Thus, the winter retreat, of which we now know more particularly, was no doubt the Inwood resort, and the rock-shelters in Cold Spring Hollow. That this was the case, seems also to follow from the action of the Indians referred to, who in obedience to this order and their usual habits, attempted to pass up the Harlem River in their canoes, stating that they were going to "Wickers Creek." They were stopped by the local force of watchmen or militia, under the direction of Town-constable Demarest, who, in reporting his action to the Governor, received from him a reply as follows: "Mr. Constable: I have just now seen, by your of this day sent express by Wm. Palmer, of your having stopt 10 or 12 Indian canoes, with women, children, corn and baggage, com- ing as they say from Westchester, and going to Wickers-creek, but not any Pass mentioned; So that you have done very well in stopping the said Indians and giving notice thereof. There are now to order all the said Indians to stay in your Town, and that you send some of the chiefest of them to me early to-morrow, and one of your overseers for further orders; and that it may be better effected, you are to order them some convenient house or barn to be in, and draw up their canoes until the return of them you shall send; and that you double your watch. Your loving Friend, E. Andros. N. York, October the 21, 1675. These unwelcome guests were soon permitted to pass on, but the distrust of their actions continued, and a close watch appears to have been kept upon their movements. On Jan. 7, 1(>7(>, however, some eighteen members of the tribe, headed by one known as "Claes, the Indian," 1 voluntarily visited the Governor, assuring him of their friendship, by word of mouth, confirmed by a present of venison and deer skins, and asking for protection against their fellow redskins. The Governor promised them all the help in his power, and offered them a present of "coates, but they desired drink, which is ordered for them.' 1 The natives thereupon shrewdly seized the opportunity to demand official permission for cultivating their old maize lands on Man- hattan Island, which they would have to leave again the next spring if they were compelled then to remove to their summer haunts at Ann-hook, and their request being brought formally before the Council, it was: — i Claes or Claus De Wilt (Willden Indians') was also described as Longe Clause or Claes, and as a "native Indian." With a squaw, named Kara-capa-co-mont, he entered into a deed in 1707, confirming the title to the Van Cortlandt lands at Kingsbridge. 1909.] Bolton, Washington Heights. 107 "Resolved, That the Wickers-creek Indians, if they desire it, be admitted with their wives and children, to plant upon this Island, but nowhere else, if they remove, and that it be upon the north point of the Island near Spuyten Duyvil." This must have referred to the planting field, to which reference has been made, at Seaman Avenue and Isham Avenue, and the grudging per- mission evidently conceded to some extent, the Indian's claim to that locality. The tribe proved the sincerity of their profession of friendship, and the defeat of King Philip and his warriors in August of 1676, brought greater sense of security to the colony, and evidently a less regard for the Indians and their claims, so that in 1677, the free-holders of New Haerlem began to divide up between themselves available common lands included in the wide terms of their Charter. First they surveyed, and then divided up Marble Hill and the remainder of the Matthys Jansen property down to the line of 211th Street, staking the property off in five allotments, which were "given out by lot." These fell to Vermilje, Boch, Nagel, and Dyckman, the two latter of whom pur- chased the shares of the others, and thus formed the tract which afterwards became the Nagel farm. Of this property they made a lease to Hendrick Kiersen and Michael Bastidensen, conditioned upon their planting sundry apple and pear trees yearly, and for the first seven years as an acknowledgment of title, a quit rent of "each one hen every year." The same two owners subsequently acquired the Jansen and Aertsen tract, or Round Meadow, being all lands between 211th Street and Dyckman Street, and east of the present Broad- way to the Harlem River, with the exception of some patches of meadow land, already granted to other owners, Myndert Iouriaen, and Pierre Cresson. October 26, 1677, the long-abandoned home of Tobias Teunissen, was thus again the scene of the White man's husbandry, and the natives again found their home locality invaded by the White settler. No attempt has been made, however, so far, to till or to allot lands lying around Inwood hill, nor in the wild woods of Washington Heights, which the wolves and other wild creatures still infested. By official command, Aug. 1, 1685, Governor Dongan, granted "liberty and licence" to any of the inhabitants " to hunt and destroy the said wolves," and a general foray resulted in wiping out the dangerous creatures, which had shared with the Red Man the actual possession of Washington Heights. The desire to increase the town revenues, and to extend the area of available cultivable lands, led the township authorities to appropriate the Indian clearing known as the great Maize Land, south of 181st Street, lying, probably, west of the trail, which is now the course of Broadway. 108 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. Ill, Jan Kiersen, who may have vacated the rather dangerous lease of Xagel's lands at 211th Street, undertook the task with his father-in-law, Captain Jan Gerritsen Van Dalsen, and the town entered, March 30, 1686, into a lease of "The great Maize Land, belonging under the jurisdiction of New Haerlem," for a period of twelve years, the first seven, at the rent of a fat capon yearly, and the last five, at two hundred guilders in good wheat, rye, peas, or barley, at the market price; "from each parcel the just fourth to be given to God the Lord." The lease, rather than the partition or the sale, of this Indian planting ground, may have been due to a recognition of the lack of moral if not of actual warrant for its appropriation from its original owners, who, now that their right of planting was restricted to the north end of the island, were no longer able to continue the use of the 181st Street tract. James, Duke of York, and proprietor of Manhattan, became James II., king, in 1685, and his representative, Governor Dongan, looking out for an increase in the emoluments of the Colony, now asserted his intention to appropriate all common lands not yet purchased of the Indians, which could be construed as belonging to the King, who was not to be regarded as bounden by his own acts as Duke. A new Charter was therefore solicited by the Harlem settlers, and was issued on March 7, 1686, under terms of a new quit rent. Once again, then, was confirmed to the free-holders of New Harlem, their heirs, and assigns, all lands included in the original area, without any reference to, or regard for, the claims or unextinguished title of the aborigines. The woodlands of Washington Heights were as yet unbroken from Man- hattanville to the Creek, except by the road which wound its way up the line of the old Kings Bridge road, now St. Nicholas Avenue, and of Broadway to the Inwood flat-lands, on which the Nagel and Dyckman meadows were partly opened to cultivation. The time, however, had come when the townspeople realized that a final adjustment must be made witli the Indians, or their charter rights would stand a good chance of being affected, so on February 28, 1688, Colonel Stephen Van Cortlandt, acting on behalf of the town of New Harlem, delivered to the representatives of the Wick-quas-keeks, "Sundries" in exchange for their surrender of their entire claims, with a cash or "Sundry" balance to be paid to them later. This full settlement was not effected, by reason of the negligence or poverty of the townspeople, until March 1, 171.5, when a special tax was levied for the purpose, and the amount thus raised, we must suppose, was paid to the dwindling remnant of the tribe. Thus passed away the native ownership of Washington Heights, and their occupation of the primeval homes, fields and fisheries of the Red Man 1909.] Bolton, Washington Heights. 109 on our Island. Scattered over their one-time busy village sites, and around the wide mounds of shells, the traces of many a generation of occupancy lay abandoned, till the plough of their supplanters, or the veil of growing vegetation hid them from sight. Below the sods of the Nagel farm and along the bank of the Harlem, the remains of tribal ceremonies and the treasured pottery of the squaws, lay concealed. Over these grazed the cattle of the Colonial farmers, and among them were buried the dead of the colonists and of their slaves. The tide of Revolutionary warfare swept over the scene, and for seven long years thereafter, the armies of Britain and Hesse-Cassel camped around and upon the vestiges of neolithic man, yet failed to discover or disturb them, and thus two hundred years elapsed before the inquisitive antiquarian, prying into the shell heaps, and among the rocks of Inwood, re-discovered the home and unearthed the bones, the debris, the pottery and implements of the long-forgotten Wick-quas-keek. ARCHAEOLOGY OF MANHATTAN ISLAND. BY ALANSON SKINNER. Owing to the fact that a large part of the original surface in Manhattan has been destroyed, the statements and deductions here given are based on the remains obtained from but a few sites, notably those mentioned by Messrs. Bolton and Finch in their parts of this volume and from one site excavated by Mr. J. A. James at Van Cortlandt Park. Fortunately, these collections are comprehensive enough to give us a fair view of the pre- historic culture of the Island. The remains may be divided into three classes: objects of stone, objects of clay, and objects of bone and antler; varying in abundance in the order named. Of the stone material, by far the most abundant here, as elsewhere, are the chipped arrow points, knives, drills, and scrapers. Arrow points of two general types, the triangular and notched, or stemmed forms, occur. They are made from a variety of materials mostly obtained in the immediate vicinity, an impure white quartz, red jasper, and a black or bluish flint, or chert. The latter is the most frequent. A few stones of exotic origin occur, and points made of the typical purple Trenton argillite are not infrequent. The notched and stemmed points seem to be more common than the trian- gular variety, a fact which may go to bear out the idea that the latter were used for warlike purposes in the coastal Algonkin region of New York, although in this instance none of them have been found (as in the case of Staten Island where triangular flint points were found in and among the bones of three human skeletons at Burial Ridge, Tottenville) to prove the certainty of this supposition. Antler arrow points have been found on Manhattan Island. Fig. 7d shows one obtained by W. L. Calver in a shell heap at Spuyten Duyvil. Notched and stemmed arrow points with notched or bifurcated bases are not at all a common form hereabouts, although they occur sparingly in most regions. The projectile points from Manhattan Island are precisely similar to those shown on Plate xn. Notched pebbles, probably used as weights or sinkers for nets are very frequent. They are of several varieties, those notched on the opposite sides of the long axis, which are the least common of this type, and those Fig. 11 (1-3940). Piece of Worked Bone. Van Cortlandt Park. Length, 3.8 cm. 113 114 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. Ill, notched across the short axis. Figs. 10 and 11, Plate v, show both types. Net- sinkers pitted and used secondarily as a hammerstone, or vice versa, are occasionally found. Figs. 8 and 9 Plate V, show the rarer grooved form of the net-sinkers. They are grooved either across the short or the round axis. These are found sparingly in this section. Agricultural implements, or articles used in preparing vegetable food are few in number. The collection contains a rudely chipped hoe, pol- ished slightly on the blade from use, from Van Cortlandt Park. Fig. 12, a large chipped implement also from Van Cortlandt Park, may have had a similar use. The long stone pestle has been found in this region. Stone mortars, slabs slightly hollowed out on one side, in which corn may have been ground with small round flat stone, are found. The long stone pestle seems to have been used with the wooden mortar. Shell, bone, and wooden hoes, may have been used by the Manhattan, Fig. 12 (1-4090). Stone Implement. Van Cortlandt Park. Length, 38 cm. but none have survived to the present day. Fragments of clay pipes, and one or two stone pipes that have been found in this region, suggest the cultivation of tobacco, which the early contemporary writers mention as having been raised in this vicinity. Fig. 4, Plate xvn shows a steatite pipe with a crude incised human face on the front of the bowl, collected by Bolton and Calver. Two forms of the grooved axe occur in Manhattan territory. The first is grooved on three sides and the fourth side is flat. Fig. 11 Plate xvn represents the other type which is grooved entirely around the butt, and is in the Bolton and Calver Collection. Fig. 13 Plate xvn represents an unusual form of the notched axe of better finish than most specimens of this class, and with the notches worn until they appear as grooves on the opposite sides of the butt. This specimen is from Inwood. Specimens of the ungrooved axe or celt occur on Manhattan Island and are similar to those shown in Figs. 8-17 Plate v. In case of the grooved axe, the haft was split for the reception of the blade which was fitted in the 1909.] Skinner, Manhattan Island. 115 groove and bound above and below, but the celt was set in a hole at one end of the handle, with the larger forms, the butt protruded from the upper side; but with the smaller kind, the blade was merely set in like a spike. Some celts in process of manufacture by means of chipping have been found, showing, as do all the finished implements at hand, that some care was bestowed in their making. In many parts of this locality, selected peb- bles were merely grooved or sharpened to serve as axes and celts. Several rude chipped objects collected may have been crude chopping tools or skin fleshers, but are probably unfinished implements or rejects. Figs. 11 to 25 Plate vi show chipped drills very similar to those from Man- hattan Island. Such drills were used in perforating stone, wood, bone or pottery. In the latter case, a series of parallel holes was made on either Fig. 13 a (20-6546), b (20-3533), c (1-4008), d (6546). Incised Designs from Iroquoian Vessels. Manhattan Island. side of the injury on a cracked or broken vessel and the sides were tightly laced together by means of thongs or cord. Knives of chipped stone, as shown in Figs. 1 to 15 Plate vn occur in several forms. Some are like exaggerated arrow points, others are leaf shaped. So far as known, no specimens of the slate semilunar knife have been found in this region. Pitted, so-called "hammerstones," are abun- dant. Fig. 8 Plate xvn illustrates one of these. The usual form has two pits, one on either side, perhaps to facilitate gripping with the thumb or fore-finger. This specimen has three such finger pits. Many of these specimens have worn and battered edges but others have the edges per- fectly smooth and apparently unused. A single double-holed "gorget" Fig. 2 Plate xvn is in our collection from Manhattan territory. This form is still used by the Lenape Indians 116 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. Ill, of Canada as a hair ornament. 1 The single-holed pendant type was doubt- less once common as it occurs all about this region. b £ I i I I I i j I 1 I I I i I I I < I □ | i Fig. 14 a (20-3498). ft (20-3463(. c (1-4006). d (1-4018), e (20-3495) g (20-6580), h (20- 3533). Incised Designs from Iroquoian Vessels. Manhattan Island (a, 6, e, g, h) and Van Cortlandt Park (c, d). Fig. 15 a (20-2557). 6 (1-4039). Incised Designs from Iroquoian Pottery Vessels, Showing Conventional Faces. Kingsbridge (a) and Van Cortlandt Park (ft). The interesting and little known class of polished stone articles known as " banner stones" is represented by a fine specimen of the perforated 1 See If. R. Harrington, American Anthropologist, Vol. 10, p. 414, 1908. 1909.] Skinner, Manhattan Island. 117 type from the Bolton and Calver Collection and is shown in Fig. 6 Plate xvn. One "wing" of this specimen is broken and perforations have been made near the point of fracture for mending it by lacing the parts together. There are also rude incised lines upon it which may have had ornamental or other significance. No specimen of the notched form is at hand, though perhaps such specimens have occurred. Fig. 4 Plate xvn is a rude banner e 4 f / / * * / ? .« * / f / / 4 / / *< * S 4 4" # * •* * * « 4/ 4 s J £ j? |l(«rilll''*l'l'' l ''"''''''''l(ll'l''t"(««l'lft(llh'l((l(l/IV/l1(/()/((il»(|«n»tt,. Hi.. Klin,,. 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