ee bse For el cnt en Xd 3 Pn) 2 es: ‘Sige a m7 nt MUNAANULUNUEUeenEnUstat {HUAN ] | ae a oe 3 ne bail - eae * i : = ie ; i ‘a Ai ; . her re . . ee THE BOARD OF FOREIGN MISSIONS | OR. THE | : ca erecta eg sear ee a roe ee 2 _ UNITED LUTHERAN CHURCH IN AMERICA = aa ii 2 er : = : ! $s ; a . Me. a at “ 1a Roost ee ome es Re = ie 15 cents a copy. — More than one copy to the same a address, 10 cents a copy- = HU 0T8 Tl! iii iit ntTTTTANKTTNAKN RI ATTNKaNRRNKNRIES . g: : =; = Bea Po eles ABROAD OUR FOREIGN MISSIONS IN i einer tA, SNE SOU LE vAMERIGA By the Secretaries CHARLES L. BROWN GEORGE DRACH LULA ERSBS WOLER Hees ERATE |) Lift up your eyes and look on the fields, for they are white already to harvest. John 4:35. OOMPLIMENTS OF THE;BOARD OF FOREIGN MISSIONS OF THE UNITED,LUTHERAN CHURCH IN AMERICA 601 Cathedral Street, BALTIMORE, MD. 1926 (In Making Wills, use the Corporate Name) New Missionaries—1920 REV. W. F. ADOLPHSEN MRS. W. F. ADOLPHSEN India India REV. HARRY GOEDEKE India India MISS ELEANOR A. LANGE MISS ANNIE POWLAS India Japan New Missionaries—1920 REV. JENS LARSEN MRS. JENS LARSEN Africa Africa CayHe NIELSEN, M.D. MRS. €: H. NIELSEN Africa Africa REV. MEADE A. RUGH MRS. MEADE A. RUGH British Guiana British Guiana MULTITUDES BATHING IN THE GANGES RIVER STRIVING TO WASH AWAY THEIR SINS BURNING GHAT, BENARES, INDIA Notice the funeral pyre at the edge of the water. The waters of the Ganges river are supposed to be holy beyond measure for the living, dying and dead. TRAINED ELEPHANT CARRYING A LOG TELUGU FIREWOOD CARRIERS THE “ZOE” A NATIVE PATH IN LIBERIA, AFRICA She is the head of the Women’s Secret Society Missionaries use this path to interior stations. Called Mi nemGre! Grom dey ai nan hacia one A NATIVE LIBERIAN HUNTER LIBERIAN CARRIERS LOADED FOR THE PATH The charms hanging from his neck are sup- This is the only way the missionary can trans- posed to prevent harm from evil spirits. port his goods. TORII ENTRANCE TO MIYAJIMA TEMPLE, JAPAN IMAGE OF BUDDHA DAIKOKU, GOD OF LUCK IN JAPAN JAPANESE IDOL, WITH SIGN INDICATING OFFERINGS | e id & ‘ * 3 REV. N. YAMANOUCHI IN HIS STUDY FOREWORD ‘7. ‘HE United Lutheran Church in America joined in one organi- zation 45 synods, 2700 ministers, 3700 congregations and 775,000 church members. This organization, on November 14-18, 1918, in New York City, created one Board to administer all the for- eign missions of the uniting bodies. The common task embraces six mission fields in five foreign countries: India; Japan; Liberia, Africa; British Guiana and Argentina, South America. The descriptions of these Missions have been written by the Sec- retaries of the Board of Foreign Missions of the United Lutheran Church in an endeavor to present our foreign mission work as a common obligation, demanding the full strength of our united effort. Our most productive fields are in India, where the American Lu- theran Church began its foreign mission work seventy-seven years ago. The Guntur Mission in India is our oldest and most fruitful field. Next in size and nearly as old is the Rajahmundry Mission in the same country. The fields in Africa and Japan, each in its own way, promises rich harvests for the kingdom of God. The Missions in South America are still unfamiliar to many of our con- stituency. One of them, the Mission in Buenos Ayres, Argentina, was transferred to our care after the merger. The other has a his- tory of 175 years. The smaller fields must be strengthened and en- larged; the larger fields must be developed to the full measure of their opportunities. The Board of Foreign Missions is anxious to gain the loyal support of every part of the United Lutheran Church for every one of its mission fields. It desires the intelligent and increasing cooperation of every member of our Church in the common for- eign mission task. With this end in view it publishes this illustrated pamphlet. May He who gave us the great commission to disciple the na- tions and Who promised to be with us in our endeavor to carry it out, add His blessing to our work and make this pamphlet His in- strument for the development of greater foreign mission interest and the performance of better foreign mission service in our United Lu- theran Church in America! GEORGE DRACH. . eres | ~ > ‘aie INDIA HIS Land of Culture and the Home of Religions must com- al mand the attention and study of everyone. Its sacred books warrant us in claiming for it an historic place, next to Egypt and China. Even a brief study of the “Land of Ind” is sure to awaken a desire to learn more of this wonderland of “story and song”. Its peoples are the result of past invasions. When our Aryan an- cestors came down through the Himalaya passes, they found the aboriginal tribes in the land. By conquest and superior culture, they subdued them. Their great national poems show clearly, how the Aryan invaders dealt with the ancient dwellers cf the land, and how in turn these invaders became divided into great social castes,— priest, warrior, and merchant, together with the agricultural classes and a vaste horde of outcastes, whose social condition depended on those above and around them, and on the work they did in the community. Religion and philosophy, entering into the whole frame work gradually developed a most complex form of society. Hindu civilization is at once the most remarkable and interesting. For centuries great dynasties held sway from the North to the South, and the sciences flourished-under the patronage of rich and powerful kings. Chandragupta, contemporaneous with Alexander the Great, may be noted as one who greatly influenced India’s civilization. From the rise of Buddha to the beginning of the Christian era, more re- liable historical data are available. Asoka, his great descendant, made Buddhism the religion of the State in 263 B. C., and pub- lished his “Religion of Humanity’, in edicts carved on stone pillars. During this time, Greek influence began to penetrate India. Hindu- ism was greatly modified by Buddhism. Buddhism was superseded by modified Hinduism, and the later in all its ancient forms, with its Puranic excrescences, its philosophical culture, and rationalism, as well as its gross idolatry is now in final struggle with Him whose conquering arm will not fail, until He, and He alone shall reign in all lands, and be crowned Lord of all. The book that modern Hindus follow most is the code of Manu. It is based on the social laws in vogue in the past, and adheres to Vedic sacrifices. It is not committed to idol worship, and was pre- pared and compiled to meet Buddhism. ‘The great epoch of Hindu history embraces the first 800 years of Christian history. Vikramaditya the Great, among the kings and great literary lights like Kalidasa, arose and set forth the best in Hindu thought and science. Then followed the dark ages, until the rise of new political powers and the beginning of the new infusion of culture under Mohammedan rulers, followed in turn by European influence and modern India. 12 HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD Modern India is characterized by a further mixture of all races. Its civilization is the result of a combination of many forms of culture. Its religious life is compounded of early Hinduism, Bud- dhism, Mohammedanism, and later Hinduism with faint touches of early Christianity and an admixture of Animism, or aboriginal na- ture worship and fetichism. Nationally—India is a mixture of tribal elements, familiarly called “Hill Tribes”, because they receded from the plains to the moun- tains before the superior invader, Aryans, Parseges, Persians, and a modern development, the issue of all these commingling strains, so that it is difficult to determine the exact race characteristic in many instances. The Aryan is the most dominant, followed by the Parsee or Persian as a good second, with a vast underlying class of Dravidian and subordinate elements. Socially—the land presents the most rigid form of society, known to the world—the caste system, a development of Hinduism from the time of the Aryan invader. This system like an octupus has laid hold of every unit that composes India’s social life, and in greater or less degree, left its impress on all. The Mohammedan element has been markedly affected by it, and it will be a wonder if even Christianity escapes it! Governmentally,—India is ruled by the King-Emperor of the British Isles. It forms one of the fairest parts of his Empire. A viceroy, or governor-general, is appointed by the Crown. ‘He presides over a Council composed of European and Indian mem- bers. The country is divided generally, for administrative purposes, into Presidencies and Provinces, over each of which is set a gov- ernor, or lieutenant governor, who holds office for five years, under Crown appointment. These provinces are again divided into districts presided over by a judge, on the judicial side, and a collector on the revenue side. The districts are sub-divided into lesser units for administration purposes. Education, railroads, canals, forestry, sanitation, the salt and abkari, and the police, are directed by bureaus, over which well- trained Europeans and Indians preside with a vast army of petty officials under their direction. It may safely be claimed that In- dia is the most perfect and effective bureaucracy: in the world, and has worked out economic, social, industrial, educational and agri- cultural problems of India—in fact, all its many problems, in a most efficient manner, in the interests of the people and for the ad- vancement of civilization. The habits and customs of modern India are a very interesting study. The vast majority of the people live in villages. This was made necessary in former times, by the unsettled condition of the country. The simple houses of the lower classes and farmers, that compose over 50 per cent. of the population, bespeak the poverty of the people, and furnish a fruitful soil for the frequent famines, which HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 13 occur, when rains fail and crops are ruined. In Hindu houses of the masses, there are few comforts, and no luxuries. They are fur- nished with a simplicity in marked contrast with our American homes. They can get along comfortably in their homes without chairs, ta- bles, knives, forks, spoons, and a thousand and one things, which we use every day; and yet, they are civilized and, while they eat with their fingers, their art of cooking is a surprise to everyone. Even a bed it not always in evidence, and Mother Earth furnishes the most used couch. The higher classes of Hindus are vegetarian, and only the lower and the Mohammedan, eat flesh and fish. The killing of cattle is a great offense to the Hindu,*and the meat-eat- ing foreigner and Mohammedan are anathema to him. Their farming implements are most primitive. The moderni- zation of farming methods yet waits to be undertaken. In the great deltas of the rivers rice is cultivated in great quantities; while in the uplands, the dry crops are planted in the same crude way, in which their ancestors farmed 1,000 years before Christ. In the large towns and cities, up to recent times, no industries or manufactories existed. Everything raised was sent out of the land and the finished goods came back to be sold. A change is slowly coming and within recent times the manufacturing of goods is be- ginning. | India has 150 languages and dialects. All the chief ones are re- duced to scientific form, with alphabet, grammar, and a consider- able literature. Our Mission fields lie in the Telugu area, within the Madras Pres- idency, in South India. Telugu is called the Italian of the East, and is spoken by about 20,000,000 people. L. B. 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» B '=\9 * _ > ry MAP OF THE FIELD IN INDIA: OF THE : J am AMERICAN : fina EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN ( ° MISSION ) PALNAD TALUK GENERAL SYNOD RENTACHINTALA VINUKONDA MARKAPUR 431 DARSI TALUK KANTOIRI e@GIDDALWWAR KANIGIRI TALUK BAPATLA ¢/ REPALLI A MX TALUK > o 190 10s S1928 Baptized Membership ....... 160 335 1056 6159 169538 26037 Communicantice ee ee eee Vee Da ke 978 3000 9926 13834 Foreign Missionaries ....... 2 4 4 5. 12 24 Indian Christian Workers ... 9 16 OOnpiml AD mold 642 Pupilspinss chool geyser: 188 440 1473 .3500 6099 11970 WHAT THE RAJAHMUNDRY MISSION NEEDS FOR ADVANCE WoRK 1. Ten men and ten women misionaries in 1920, and after that one or two men and as many women each year for a number of years. Among the men to be sent out in the near future one should be a physician and surgeon, another should be qualified to establish in- dustrial mission work along the lines of agricultural and construc- tion work. Among the women one should be a doctor, another a nurse, the rest teachers. It will cost $400 to send a single man or woman and twice as much to send a married man to the mission field. HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 37 2. Missionaries’ residences at three stations, two in the Bhima- waram district, which is to be divided, and the third at Jaggampetta. Each will cost about $4,000. 3. Church buildings at Rajahmundry and Dowlaishwaram, the one to cost $20-25,000, the other $5-8,000. The church at Rajah- mundry must have adequate equipment for Sunday school work. 4. A Dispensary building in Rajahmundry, costing approximately $5,000, and a chapel in connection with the Hospital, costing about $1,500. 5. A building in Rajahmundry to be used as a Reading Room and Lecture Hall, with a Book store and a printing establishment. The right kind of a building, including the site, would cost $20,000. 6. The elevation of the Girls’ Central School in Rajahmundry to the grade of a High School for Girls with adequate buildings and equipment. This would cost at least $10,000. 7. A Church Extension Fund for each district. Fifteen thousand dollars would make a good beginning in each of three districts, $5,000 for each. Money could then be loaned to native Christian congre- gations for their chapels and prayer-houses. 8. The Extension of the Women’s Work in the districts. At Bhimawaram a residence for women missionaries, a boarding school for girls and a dispensary. Ten thousand dollars would give the Mission a chance to make a beginning in this direction. 9. A Bible Women’s Training School and a Home for the Care of Unprotected. Christian Women. This institution should be erected as a Charlotte Swenson Memorial. Fifteen thousand dollars will be needed. 10. Boarding Schools at district headquarters. From these schools more Indian Christian helpers would come. Each school would cost about $4,000. 11. An Industrial School with a qualified industrial mission worker at its head. Industrial mission work is becoming more imperative every year. 12. A Hostel or Dormitory for Hindu students at Bhimawaram and another at Peddapur, where the Mission High Schools are lo- cated. In these dormitories Hindu students would come under the influence of the missionaries and Christian teachers all the time. As long as the students are housed in the homes of non-Christians, there is little hope for their conversion. Each dormitory would cost about $3,000.00 13. A Theological Seminary, in which to give graduates of the High Schools and the College a course in theology which will make them able ministers of the Gospel, pastors of congregations and leaders of the people. The buildings, including dormitories and pro- fessors’ houses, would cost at least $50,000.00. Such an institution, whether located at Rajahmundry, Guntur or Madras, is beyond ques- tion the most imperative need in our Missions in India. 38 HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD None of:the above described needs are included in. the regular budget of the Mission, on which the Church’s apportionment is based. The payment of the foreign mission apportionment will barely pro- vide for the mission work already established. There are two ways of making provision for future expansion: first, by increasing the apportionments from year to year, and sec- ondly, by special gifts in excess of the apportionment. Will you undertake the support of a missionary as your substitute in the foreign mission field? Will you help to finance one of the special enterprises of the Board of Foreign Missions? The Board will gladly give you further information and advice. Do not lay: aside this pamphlet until you have reached the de- cision to make a special sacrifice for the speedier fulfilment of the great commission of the Lord Jesus Christ. Remember His promise and your obligation. Let your hope of the redemption of the whole world find expression in your foreign mission gifts, and in your daily supplications to God through Jesus Christ, Redeemer of the world. GEORGE DRACH. RAW MATERIAL IN LIBERIA, AFRICA yee ae ed Op R ei Jgeertes H ie DEREOU | Reefer mA ror : se cg 9! IV a a | MAP LIBERIA SCALE 1: 500,000 ° ‘0 20 2 SF Les ) mmmamm BOUNDARY OF MISSION FIELO MISSION STATION ecmmecarce TERRITORIALLIMIT LARGE NATIVE TOWNS FOOT TRAILS IMPROVED ROADS Bore’ SCHOOL LEMMA V. DAY. GIRLS’ SCHOOL MT, COFFEE OUT-STATION BaTHEs STATION MUHLENBERG MISSION FIELD, LIBERIA, AFRICA 0. HOG. VERCNE PRAALE 0. ae ot NGUEDATALA veLeue JOSP ( TONGUES 5. KPOLO PELLE CBREAD HOUSE) O STATION 6. SANOGHIE STATION 7.8.9, LARGE INTERIOR NATIVE TOWNS-PROSPECTIVE LOCATIONS AS SOON AS IMPROVEDMEANS OF TRAVEL - PERMIT OCCUPATION . KPOLO KPELE STATION, MUHLENBERG MISSION CONFIRMED LIBERIAN LUTHERANS Compare this group with the one on the preceding page. HENRY STEWARD AND HIS SCHOOL : LIBERIA Mt. Coffee, Liberia BOYS’ DORMITORY, MUHLENBERG, DRYING COFFEE AT THE HENRY STEW- : = ARD SCHOOL MISSIONARIES’ HOME—BOYS SCHOOL The small building is the tailor and shoe shop. MISSION BOYS AS CARRIERS CROSSING ST. PAUL RIVER FROM BOYS’ Ready for a journey on foot into the interior. SCHOOL TO GIRLS’ SCHOOL PREPARING FOOD, “DUMBOY’”, FOR THE BOARDING BOYS, AT MUHLENBERG STATION flats IGA MUHLENBERG MISSION dred thousand square miles is second only to that of Asia. The general outline of the Continent is like the human ear. Again, it has been likened unto an inverted saucer. Its average height above sea level is 2,000 feet. Its temperature ranges from 72 to 64 degrees Fahrenheit. Its climatic influences are greatly effected by its “dry and wet” seasons. Its great tropical forests are the chief home of the palm-oil and wine. Its civilization is the highest and lowest in the world. Up to recent times little was known of the larger part of the interior. In Dean Swift’s quaint words: £ | ‘HE African continent with an area of eleven million, five hun- “Geographers in Afric’s maps, Put savage beasts to fill up gaps, And o’er inhabitable downs, Put elephants for want of towns”. In 1884 the Powers of Europe established protectorates over nearly the whole continent, but it is not a protectorate so much that Africa needs,—it is a free Gospel. Europe must give Africa her best, and when she gives her best, Africa’s redemption will begin to dawn. Race, language, and religion always form interesting topics of study. The sons of Shem and Ham and Japeth wandered in this great continent. The highest forms of Christianity and lowest fet- ishism prevailed at one time or another, in different parts of the Continent. The various races have been influenced by those without. The whole population is little short of two hundred million. The American Lutheran Church has no large work in Africa al- though it entered the continent on the West Coast in 1860. Conti- nental Lutheran Bodies have undertaken large responsibility in vari- ous parts of the continent. LIBERIA. The United Lutheran Church has its work in Liberia. The Mis- sion was started in 1860. Liberia is an Africo-American experiment in colonization. It is an attempt to answer the question,—is the colored man capable of self-government? . Paul Coffey saw the vision of a home for the freed colored pop- ulation of the United States of America, and set out to found a re- public to wipe out an ugly stain on our American Republic’s fair escutcheon. 5 44 HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD President Monroe was instrumental in making effective an Act of Congress by which repatriated Africans who were captured on American and foreign’ vessels might live under their own sun, and work out their own destiny. The first band left America for the west coast of Africa under the leadership of Rev. Samuel Bacon in the year 1890. They tried to settle in Sierra Leone, but were not permitted to land. Within a few weeks their white leader and twenty-two of the band died of fever on Sherbro Island. Nothing daunted, year after year other bands followed, until in 1847, they founded the Republic of Liberia, on July 26th, modelled after the Government of the United States. PEOPLE. Generally speaking, two classes divide the population between them—Liberians and Africans. The former are descendants of the original settlers from America and of captured slaves taken from “Slavers” on the high-seas. The latter are aboriginal tribes among which are the following: The Dai, the Vai, the Bassa, the Golah, the Pesseh, the Kroo, the Fish and the Grebo. Liberia is about as large as the State of Pennsylvania. It has a coast line of three hundred and fifty miles from the mouth of the river Mano to Cape Palmos. It extends from the 8th parallel to the 4th parallel North Latitude. Its climate is rather inhospitable to the white man. Some regard September and October especially unhealthy. Others regard June, July and August the best months in the year to enter the country. MoRRIS OFFICER. The Mission was started by Morris Officer. The church was not ready for it. He waited, but while he waited he worked. When America began her struggles to free the slave civilly, he began his mighty task to free him spiritually. Almost within the sound of the guns of Fort Sumter, he sailed for Africa. He was made of the same heroic material as Livingston. He lived to suffer. He founded the present boys’ school in 1860. Since its founding, it has been the center of the mission’s life. A school for girls named after Emma V. Day was opened by Dr. Day in 1897. For twenty- three years, the Mission was known as the Day Mission. Dr. Day was the life of the whole work. Interior work was always the goal, but the smallness of the missionary force prevented its being pushed. In 1908, Missionary Pedersen pushed into the Interior and established the Kpolo-Pelle work. At this interior station, subsequently Rev. and Mrs. Neibel, Rev. Brosius, Rev. and Mrs. Leonard and others of our mission- aries have lived for a longer or shorter time. HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD i 45 SANOGHIE. Yet further into the Interior the Sanoghie Station has been opened, now occupied by Rev. and Mrs. Curran. The whole tendency of the Mission is to push interiorward with Muhlenberg Station as the base of supplies and the educational center. BETHEL STATION. Rev. and Mrs. Ayers, independent misionaries in Liberia, joined the Mission in August, 19138. Their work for a time was carried on at Bethel Station. This station became one of the stations of the Mission where, subsequent to the withdrawal of Rev. Ayers from the work, Rev. Mr. Buschman lived and labored. INDUSTRIAL. From the beginning of the Mission the industrial feature of mis- sionary endeavor was emphasized. The boys in the school learned to farm. The girls in turn, learn house-keeping. Some of the older boys work at trades—carpentry, tailoring, shoe-making. The Mis- sion has a printing press. For many years past a coffee farm has been cultivated. At one time, there were 50,000 coffee bearing trees. In recent years, Arfican coffee has brought a very high price in the American market. L. B. WoLrF. ae ee 2% . - ily dk 1 ote, > - =a: Sa ait ~ te = bi / s » * ‘ asi nate ook Gh ae: aes \ soegimoiatin pabrocohet samee | S RAPES By —— oe ‘elite | i oe _ atatates oe - ae pags tMhge. Gri ah geo si elie ae Bae Sates ollade: cae ’ as mee acta qihen 164 ¢ cet eet ae fara pear ert oe : ee gh erat eal ote: as ‘RUSSIAN EMPIRE) miameme HOKKAIDO OR YEZO covering JAPAN —e © OMAT OU ore verant YAPAN FIRST LUTHERAN oe oe oe OKInAwA yy J Bana .y ishurk lung dTaihoeku Shinchiku on Brasco o 4 VORIGARL EXTENSION TO RYU KYU ISLANDS andFORMOSA CHURCH BUILT IN JAPAN (SAGA) ‘[OOYDS ey} pucezyV Sjuepnig 009 Jnoqy OLOWVWOM “IOOHOS HDIH SNOISSIW AHL NIONMVD OHSOAM ‘ONIGTING NIV MISSES BOWERS AND AKARD BEING SERVED TEA IN JAPANESE HOME MISSIONARY LIPPARD, PASTOR YAMANOUCHI AND HELPERS Sign Advertises Public Preaching Within. JAPANESE GIRLS TYPICAL JAPANESE HOME GROUP OF CHRISTIANS IN FRONT OF KUMAMOTO CHURCH JAPAN NYTHING we might say of Japan will have to be modified in less than ten years. It is generally admitted that no na- tion in all history has presented to the world such a spectacle of rapid and continuous change. The one thing stable seems to be a mysterious something which, for want of a better term, we call pa- triotic devotion. In the last analysis, nothnig counts with the aver- age Japanese but his Emperor and his country. Wife, child, parents, property, honor, religion, all become unimportant when compared with loyalty to His Imperial Majesty or native land. And yet, even at this point the impact of Western thought and habits of life is slowly moving the mass of Japanese society. The streams from the West laden with the products of our intellectuar, religious, po- litical and commercial life, swiftly flowing through this Land of the Rising Sun, are carrying before them well nigh every obstruc- .tion and the age-long accumulations of superstition and conserva- tism. The missionary literature of the day is filled with declarations of the serious attention Japan ought to receive. The Methodists have just completed a big drive for missions; and though they already have in Japan a splendidly equipped Mission, over $1,000,000 of the drive money goes to Japan. One need only reflect for a moment on Japan’s position with reference to China geographically, historically, intellectually, morally and religiously, and also her position in the society of nations as one of the Big Five, to be deeply impressed with the necessity of winning Japan for Christ. Whatever may be our personal opinion of Japan as an independent political power there can be but one interpretation of her position in the Far East. We cannot detach this Empire from the whole gigantic problem of the Eastern races. Japan is the center of a great development in human history and the church will do well to exercise here its choicest mis- sionary statesmanship. Japan is “fearfully and wonderfully made”. Living volcanoes, earthquake shocks, tidal waves, and typhoons are familiar to all who reside in the land. A rugged back bone of a mountain range runs through the islands from Northeast to Southwest. The Scotch High- lander sometimes looks at these with a queer sort of grin, but the average man will shed his coat long before he reaches the summit of the topmost peaks. The highest point in Japan proper is the tip of Mt. Fuji, 12,3800 feet. Many of the large mountains are called sacred and become the goal of thousands of religious pilgrims every year. Holy places are districted, as it were, so that a certain number come within a radius of say, 50 or 100 miles. He who makes the circle annually for a certain number of years accumulates to him- self a great fund of merit. a2 HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD On these volcanic islands live 55,000,000 people, and the food they eat must come from only 23,000 square miles of arable land. No wonder every foot of possible ground is carefully tended like a pri- vate garden. Every: hillside is terraced for the cultivation of rice, the most important food product of the soil, and of more value than all the other grains and vegetables combined. Foreigners have criticized the Japanese for not adopting more modern methods of farming. But heavy machinery such as is fa- miliar to the large Western farmer, is impossible in Japan, owing to the limited size of each farm and the conditions of cultivation. While the horse and plow are used to a considerable extent, a fatal limi- tation is imposed by the stern fact that it costs more to feed a horse than a man, and “feed” is a serious problem in Japan at all times. Fortunately for Japan the surrounding seas abound in fish. The people are expert fishermen and they relish the fish, cooked, or plain - raw, heads and tails on or off, whale or minnow, cat fish or devil fish. One of the most important developments in recent years is the cul-. tivation of Western fruits-and berries and vegetables. All the year round some luscious fruit may be had from the market, and often, too, a good variety of vegetables familiar to the foreign taste. A thousand and one things should be said of the Japanese parks with their flowering trees and shrubbery, their well-kept roads and the little tea houses by the way, their dwellings of odd construction, and their wearing apparel; but the reader should go to some larger work to satisfy his curiosity in regard to such matters. Things Jap- anese are interesting enough, but the Japanese people should inter- est uS more. The origin of the Japanese race is still a mystery. One theory links them with the ancient Greeks, another with the ten lost tribes of Israel. The most reasonable explanation traces them through Korea to the South Sea Islands. The Japanese themselves object to being classed as Mongolian, but certain it is that in their veins flows a Mongolian strain. Wherever they may have come from they: landed on the Southern island of Kyushu and slowly pushed northward, driving before them and superceding the aboriginal Ainu tribes. The physiognomy of the people as they are to-day would in- dicate the blending of two races, the general type of each remain- ing more or less distinct... The one is more slender in general ap- pearance with longer face and nose, while the other is of more sturdy stock with well rounded features. The traditions of the race as embodied in the Kojiki and Nihongi, ancient histories compiled under official sanction, trace the ancestry of the Japanese to the “great high plane of heaven”. The divine right of kings, therefore, is a doctrine familiar to all Japan. Amaterasu, the Sun-Goddess and great projenitor of the Imperial line, is still the object of divine worship offered by the multitudes. HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 53: A catalogue of the more clearly defined characteristics of the Jap- anese must include patriotism, filial piety, politeness, self-control, thirst for knowledge, aptness to learn, and a desire for progress. The patriotism of Japan in our Western sense is of recent origin. Previous to the Restoration in 1868 the country was divided into many daimiates frequently hostile to each other and governed by opposing lords. The one who controlled the strongest lords with their retainers, was the master of Japan. Scant regard was had for His Imperial Majesty, who was held in seclusion by the great Toku- gawa and other ruling families. The every-day affairs of govern- ment control were considered too commonplace and vulgar for the direct interference of the Son of Heaven! It must be said in all candor, however, that the man in power held his place only so long as he was able to make it appear that he ruled by the authority and with the approval of the Son of Heaven. Control of His Maj- esty’s person therefore was of great importance. Patriotism for the average man however was synonomous with loyalty to one’s own local lord. : The aggressions of the white man among non-white races had the effect of changing the old order in Japan. The wise men of the land, who knew something of the white man’s expansion in the past seventy-five years, foresaw that the only hope for continued political independence in Japan’s case, lay in uniting all scattered forces into one central power. Hence the restoration of the Em- peror and the abolition of feudalism. Modern patriotism was then first born in Japan. To-day it is a most potent force and appears to be stronger even than religion. Filial piety is political loyalty carried into the family, and the family itself is verily an wmperium in wimperio. Personal affection is not the guiding principle. In fact an orthodox interpretation would not permit of personal affection, in the Western sense, from son toward father. The attitude must be one rather of respect and unquestioning obedience. Love implies for them too great familiarity. The father is the head, and next in succession is the eldest son. The single group is merged into other groups bound by the ties of blood and adop- tion. It is very serious for any individual member to break the law of the group. Filial piety consists in obedience to the family order. Japanese etiquette maintains itself with difficulty under the con- ditions of modern Japan. It is not so easy as in former years to stop still in the road and bow several times before passing a friend, or to spend hours in social conversation with no particular business in mind. Also, in the rush of modern life even the Japanese nerve gets on edge and a curt reply to some friendly question is occa- sionally heard. But on the whole, formal politeness is still the order edge that is supernatural. The system is an elaboration of princi- ples that should govern man in his relations to man. 54 HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD of the day. One does not meet with the indifference and brevity in public intercourse which is so common in. America. Self-control is ingrained through centuries of experience and re- ligious teaching. The conditions of life for the masses have not been favorable. The struggle for existence is usualiy very hard. Famine and pestilence made their frequent visits, before modern commerce and medicine came to relieve the strain. It is for this rea- son, in part, that a fatalistic philosophy tinges the thought life of all Japan, as of the rest of the mysterious East. It is felt that what is to be will be. Destiny has fixed our limits. Personal initiative cannot change the final result. Therefore it is shikata ga nai (no help for it). A special code called Bushido the “way of the warrior”, crystal- lized the ethics of conduct and self-control for Japan. Patience un- der suffering, endurance of great pain without manifestation of dis- comfort, in fact, the suppression and control of all outward expres- sion of inward emotion, are virtues enjoined by the Warrior Code. The Japanese have been apt pupils in the school of Bushido. Not that they are without emotion. They feel, as other men, but some- how the eye of a Japanese does not function as the window of the soul. The foreigner is often at a loss to know just how a Jap- anese feels. Thirst for knowledge, aptness to learn, and the desire for progress are abundantly evidenced by every development in modern Japan. By Imperial command every. Japanese is enjoined to seek knowledge throughout the wide world. The famous Imperial Rescript on Edu- cation, embodying these admonitions, is frequently read before every student body in the land. The public has so heartily responded to the initiative of the Government that the higher schools are always crowded. It has become necessary to double the number of High Schools, leading to the Universities, and work on the new buildings is even now proceeding. Not only does the Government maintain a strong system of compulsory education at home but also grants lib- eral scholarships for advanced students abroad. There is no Boxer Indemnity Fund for the education of Japanese in America, but the students are here by the thousands just the same. For thirty years after 1868, Japan employed 3,000 foreigners to teach her the arts and sciences of the West. Surely the world has never seen a peo- ple more willing to learn. RELIGION. The charge is made sometimes that Japan is a country of atheists. True, atheism here finds a fertile soil. “Much learning” has made many students mad. But if St. Paul could stand in the heart of Japan to-day and preach to the people, it is quite probable that he would say: “Ye men of Japan, I perceive that in all things ye are HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 55 too religious.” At the same time, in this land of many religions and innumerable gods, covered with temples and simple shrines, the great need is yet for a true religion. Shinto is an ancient politico-religious cult, indigenous to Japan, its® essence being nature and ancestor worship. The emphasis to-day is centered about the Throne. Loyalty to the Imperial house and di- vine reverence to the Imperial ancestry are the cardinal doctrines of modern Shinto. Buddhism has had more influence over the masses than any other religion. Introduced from Korea in the sixth century, it soon be- came the chief religion of the country. Education came under Bud- ‘dhist control; art and medicine were introduced through Buddhist influence. The country’s folk-lore and poetry are its creation. Bud- dhism is the schoolmaster under whose instruction the nation grew up. Even to-day, Buddhism has a powerful influence over the masses. Multitudes blindly obey the priests. But the spell is broken. People are more alert to the abuses of the priesthood, and the public press is continually calling attention to their serious offenses. The Japanese found pure Buddhism in its higher philosophic forms too difficult to be practical, and hence they developed their own nu- merous sects and interpretations. Shinran, one of the great leaders, advanced a line of thought resembling the Christian doctrine of salva- tion by faith in another. He is interesting to us because of the sup- position by some scholars that he came in contact with Nestorian Christians in China and was there influenced in his teachings. Pure Buddhism is philosophic and atheistic. It is the doctrine of self-help. Life with its desires is an evil. True happiness can be attained only by the destruction of positive desire. When one loses his self-consciousness through thought-concentration on the higher truths, he reaches a state of absolute rest, loses personal identity, and is absorbed into universal deity. This is Nirvana. Buddhism knows no supreme Being to whom one should pray, and in this sense is atheistic. Yet there are innumerable Buddhas receiving divine worship, who were. only men believed to have reached their perfect state by self-denial; and thus Buddhism in Japan has become poly- theistic. Nor is Buddhism free from the pantheistic tendencies com- mon to the religious thought-life of all the East. Confucianism came to Japan from China and Korea early in the Christian era and flourished until the period of the Middle Ages when Buddhism became more popular. At the beginning of the 17th century, Confucianism again rose to great prominence. Then it was that the classics were printed in Japan for the first time. Un- til the Restoration in 1868, they became the medium of every boy’s education and the basis of the nation’s whole mental development. Even to-day instruction in ethics is based largely on the teachings of Confucius and Mencius. Confucianism lays no claim to knowl- 56 HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD The system of Confucius revolves about the “five relations’, that. is, the obligations and duties existing between sovereign and min- ister; father and son; husband and wife; elder brother and younger ‘brother; friend and friend. The family system and the social customs of Japan are built around the ethics of Confucius. Christianity entered Japan with Francis Zavier in the 16th Cen- tury. Within a hundred years a million souls were classed as Chris- tian. It seemed as though all Japan would speedily come under the power of the Roman See. But the quarrels of the Spanish priests and the Dutch traders in South Japan, and the indiscretions of the mis- sionaries with reference to political affairs, led to deep suspicion on the part of the Government, later to a cruel persecution of the Chris- tians, and finally their practical extermination. After 250 years, Christianity again entered Japan with the coming of both Protes- tant and Catholic missionaries following the year 1858. Two thou- sand Christians soon made themselves known to the Catholic priests: at Nakasaki. They had kept their faith alive for more than two cen-. turies by secret and oral transmission of the Commandments, the Creed, the Lord’s Prayer and a few of the Church’s prayers. All Bibles and Christian books had been utterly destroyed. With the exception of a very serious reaction, from 1888 to 1900, Christian- ity in modern Japan has made steady and commendable progress. In Japan, as elsewhere, the total effects of mission work are never registered in statistical tables. It is well to bear this in mind, for the actual number of communicants in the various churches, after sixty years of effort, seems to some persons discouraging. However, if we carefully study the whole impact of Christianity on Japanese society it will appear that there is no mission field in the world where the faith of Jesus Christ has exercised a greater power, in so short a time. Christians come from all classes, and the leadership of the Church more from the upper than the lower orders of Society. The statistics that follow are for the year 1917, and give an idea of the present numerical strength and equipment of Christian mis- sions. The figures include Protestant and Catholic. Missionaries, 1,427; Japanese workers, 3,353; communicant mem-: bership, 213,819; churches, 1,581; Sunday schools, 2,473; Scholars, 156,245; Middle (High) Schools, 21; enrollment, 8,123; Girl’s schools, 61; enrollment, 9,947; Colleges 11; enrollment, 1,503; Theological and Bible Schools, 40; enrollment, 849; Japanese aid to educational work, $95,055; Mission aid, $216,798; value school property $3,858,990; Japanese aid to evangelistic work, $337,382; Mission aid, $175,488. LUTHERANS IN JAPAN. In 1892 the United Synod in the South sent to Japan the first Lutheran missionary, the Rev. J. A. B. Scherer. Only a few months: later he was joined by the Rev. R. B. Peery. Both missionaires lo- HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 57 cated in Saga, South-west Japan, a city of 35,000, and opened there the first Lutheran station. This was in 1893. No serious attempt was made at further expansion until 1898, when the larger city of Kumamoto, (70,000) was entered by one of our Japanese evangelists. Rev. C. L. Brown reached Japan the same month that Kumamoto was opened, and, after two years of language study in Saga, was transferred to the new station. In the same year, 1898, Rev. J. M. T. Winther came to Japan and began the work that later developed into the Mission of the United Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church of America. On June 11, 1919, by action of the Convention at Cedar Falls, Iowa, this Mis- sion was merged with the Mission of the United Lutheran Church. The City of Kurume (40,000) near Saga, was the first, and has remained the central station of the Mission of the United Danish Church. The year 1908 marks the entrance of the Gereral Council into Japan. Rev. F. D. Smith was their pioneer. He introduced Luther- anism to the Capital city, Tokyo, and is still in charge of the work there. ; Each of the missions has been reinforced during the passing years until now the United Mission numbers, including wives, thirty mis- sionaries. Their names, the year of arrival in Japan, the number of years in the service of the Board, and their mission connection previous to the Merger, are given below. For the sake of refer- ence, Drs. Scherer, Peery and Brown, no longer connected with the Mission, are also included. Dra ANG eV ESety Garey DCHETCT Lt. wae n= 1892-1896 U. Synod DPeeand rece teers COL Vite ccc ake piety oas 1892-1903 U. Synod Dr. and Mrs. Charles L. Brown ....... 1898-1916 U. Synod Rey; and Mrs Jo 3M TT) (Winther oro... 1898-1919 Danish Dr sand 1 CS. soe ema) DEO Stent gs ele in « 1900-1919 U. Synod Revenant smc) se Lirewolte. sa ae. 1905-1919 U. Synod TeV, cand ei teen os Gomer i. ees. s 1907-1919 U. Synod Rev. and Mrs. Frisby D. Smith ........ 1908-1919 Council Revisandemvirsa J. Peo Nielsenh at. canl. sor. 1909-1919 Danish Rev. and Mrs. Edward T. Horn ........ 1911-1919 Council Rey. and + Mrs Gaws Hepnerisi8 . boc. 1912-1919 U. Synod MissavMiartnag bo. AKATCs. .esy. ste ca. 2. 1913-1919 U. Synod Miss: Marve-bous.Bowersy®@. eis 5 1913-1919 U. Synod Revi-andaMirs ae @ 5,000.. 25,000.00 New Church*at7Rajanmund ry oreo tetra te eee 20,000.00 Hospital Chapel soon tees ote een ee, ee 2,000.00 NewChurch* at: -Dowlaishwardam' 2). ert 8,000.00 Boarding schoolssatestations =.) ce stiel ener 10,000.00 Boys’ Boarding School; Bhimawaram «>............ 8,000.00 Hostel’ Boarding Schools Bhimawaram =...) 7. 3,000.00 Girls’ Boarding School; *Samulkot) 2. -- ane 10,000.00 HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 73 Training School for Masters, Rajahmundry ........ 5,000.00 Bible Women’s Training School, Rajahmundry ....... 15,000.00 Theological Seminary, Rajahmundry ................ 7,900.00 Christian Home for Women, Rajahmundry ........ 7,000.00 Reading and Lecture Hall, Rajahmundry ............ 5,000.00 Reinting Officerand Book. Bindery ....4¢-2 3,000.00 2 Dispensaries at Rajahmundry and Dowlaishwaram .. 6,000.00 40 Prayer Houses of Worship in District @ $ 500.. 20,000.00 100 Village School Houses <..........20/ 2. @ LOO0se 10,000.00 PU POINONUGSGRL Ole MISSION’ WOLKad. os ot atcad cee cle B ks odes 6,000.00 HeeCHAION Ot MVMOINEN Se W OLK acts 0. cies Fas See's es sealer atu 10,000.00 Pa riaand = Gncen vine An GOONS a. 62.0 «14s oyeae hts no, 0 10,000.00 Penrense POUMOUOCE LEIP EIVG LY CATS ©. ivi. sce ec ee 55 24,000.00 $ 347,750.00 JAPAN. Missionaries: 18 Missionaries with their wives, average service Ba VC MEECIO TE cpt PS A ase ako ok wo sheck c 3 @ $ 1,500..$ 48,750.00 16 Single Missionaries, average service 2% years ae @ 7002 28,000.00 raven; LOsield,u4e 1 PeTSONS siesicie cess 3 > @ 350.. 14,700.00 Outfit Allowance, 42 persons ......:..... @ LOO 4,200.00 Buildings: 6 Missionaries’ Homes, incliding land sv. 0.00027. &. 55,500.00 TEND Sayaaa eh Rey FERTTG Ded OUv GA Ee EUG yee eet A alae a a a 25,000.00 PeMCIONPE ATE BANC SD UIGIN OSs wo. 8 oo ck eele 6 0 4 68% O48 15,000.00 eevee LOM aT ILC S va. ols cus cit teeic a0 he ct ate 15,000.00 UNGrOape eels cer reny cree ee enka: @ 10,000.. 50,000.00 TE ATS CB SENT ATE Leer eg Pe) ag ee 22,000.00 UCN TOE INIAS COUN ME HER ose iara: Ad 5 sore whe so 4 se o 0 oe cote 20,000.00 Diner e sous DULdMmromerats. .Luciions| . carionensell 10,000.00 BANOLOArEeTIOINGULA "(Gl Yo ss cites sat Poa Te Coes eee 15,000.00 Unc b Ted CRED ged BO Re a ale i eA eet Pa ae Aa 14,000.00 First Building for Theological School .............. 25,000.00 EES GS Pa SUS 1 Ea pe fala ar A 100,000.00 $ 462,150.00 74 HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD AFRICA Missionaries: 10 Married Missionaries, average service 24% years @ $ 1,200..$ 30,000.00 5 Single Missionaries (women), average service 2% VWEATS sis FA Vees pee bat ke eee reteiee @ 600.. 7,500.00 Travelling to field, 25 persons ......... @ 350.. 8,700.00 Outht= Allowance Ve ssa stie hae ok ete @ 100%% Sev22,500500 Buildings: 5 INGW Oba trOls. rr ese Glee remens Onee ame @ 4,000.. 20,000.00 10 School Houses, 5 for Boys & 5 for Girls @ 2,000... 20,000.00 $ 88,700.00 SOUTH AMERICAN FIELD BRITISH GUIANA Missionaries: 5 Married Missionaries (10 persons) average service 26 SV CALS ys ois ie a stale © + oaereie Wenta ve rent @ $ 1,500..$ 18,250.00 3 Single Missionaries (women) average service 21% VEATS OE CE ne oe @ 600.. 4,500.00 Travelling to field (13 persons) ........ @ 300.. 3,900.00 Outfit Allowance (13 persons) ......... @ LOU0as 1,300.00 Buildings: 3 rouses, foreDwellinges,. ona ee @ 4,000... 12,000.00 3 School; Building sien... ee eee ee eee @iaeL,000T 3,000.00 3= Churches sacsern rset or eect eee ee reas (ae, U002r 6,000.00 Continuation-School Buildings we san ie ee ee 10,000.00 Incréase Riri bud? ete ets ee ee a 2, 0007s 10,000.00 $ 68,900.00 ARGENTINA Missionaries : 10 Married Missionaries (20 persons) average service 2° YOATSs Eos Peers se eee hee as @ $ 2,000..$ 50,000.00 5 Single Missionaries, (women), average service 2) VOARTS lala, ccs ee te ee Irate ae teen @) weal. 000i. 12,500.00 Travelling Expenses (25 persons) ...... @ 500. . 12,500.00 Budgets: cadssiams eee ince. eee nee @ 10,000.. 50,000.00 Buildings: School and ‘Chipsch sRutloin oS is ct. eee ene 50,000.00 $ 175,000.00 HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 75 Expansion Summary INDIA ECU hs LTD oo yo, Sea 09 eee $ 551,750.00 [SC pe araahebekebde? IC Sng BSS AE eee aoe ns 347,750.00 JAPAN UB Ye ME A os ocr cesyen! ae dei a Ie ROO R Ra a ea 462,150.00 AFRICA APPiCt ee Ge Vitnlenpere es MISSION) fies oh ss oe eae 88,700.00 SOUTH AMERICA PSG ache Tae TETHER GLY DOVE Mls OPO SRS Oe ae ter en 68,900.00 Argontiniag Wield ig. (oo. . aes ol. ees care GR eee 175,000.00 CED BS UO OM bes add na Re ean ae a $1,694,250.00 po “é wy ~= ee a sath y - mf : ear - . ] ah yw - { ¢ x o @ " . .a — v ai oat a is = . = =), ° ) il e “ie : iad a a ge Oe ' ae "i cate - ve - ~ Z ; fing » 4 (Woe? ritie Ss 5 i ms ns Gt r¢ P ~ (a J , 4 ae te . ¥ 3 * " is a s -¢ Hi) OAT Cane? ' j wus tp be te > ** fe - * ‘ ~ + y= Spe * j 2 : h eae 72 ad ‘ag ao a es a ; oo i ) > DET. 7" . = —= a . a : .? ° ; ~~ . a) ; A : Fs ; f rh Sr37 + ee hal ee rs - . aa > SEE a = oe ae ee oe 4 4 8 te el eae eae ee ae CC) ald a4 = ; = c a é fi 4 es x ~ ” € i = ‘4 ee all _*. Sebel 5 eee AGEL ; ee » 7 EWA S, REUSE ge Meee alate eae , OO GOR Bie Sere eer ee eee wiodarlteaih 8 Per at a , a alae ’ sy Ge dene eek | peQLhaM dT ORS ae or ‘ is , 2% - £3 a REO: w Linus iy) ‘ as ~ i ee Puamet aslbiess vos rtp my ¢ ve ai “pth ere ‘ (nd, eG ed 4 Se ee Be a) é« ~ ewe gag Os 237 Se al bier ary j 4 * ~ . se <4: a % veil o, * = wane GAP VE eh Gi - t= ~ 4 “v® 7 lew ‘te = . . aT ease lee) See ‘ 5 rae ‘ a5 = 2 oe enti s 2 - ; i - ‘ © 2 r é ~ ebage eure i r < > > “2° a +e ; . ~ ‘ - E » bed ~ x, ie - : f+) “oes 3 ae oS — : a AS . a > “ r * . 5 , t , « ou 3 P i y : .-« ¢ .© r - als — i. ay ae : , . ox “ - , ey = +A opt} a Pig 4 z rt> -& cra 4 ve) a [a 0 "Y. Ane TS Pree an: i THD S a *¢ ie 5 7h de sads one : ris : a oa sivas 3 co gael aaa ah | 1a eee ' , : Pm ; a > jas bce can Saeed aa > sige, ee be * ane ny i - Wes a’? : « r “s aS A a fa ay aiy.? Cm | = se 2 j oft ee . a ha e ,3 - wa! — ‘ ae ic. ke hee ‘ a, -. a ye 4 ou © : ‘s be P are r f hg we ‘ y ' is AE > a va 4 —- < ot oe 4 ys ; aA = vee : i t - * - Nis a t H 4 nd | ; bf one Age i x y “ ' tua® is) = : ‘ aa baa nl ~ > » wae aa at re 3. LIST OF MISSIONARIES | I. INDIA. (The figures in parenthesis indicate date of arrival and end of service.) 1. THE GUNTUR MISSION FIRST PERIOD. . 1842-1849. From the Foundation to Union with the Rajahmundry Mission. Rev. Christian Frederick Heyer, M.D. (1842-1846; 1848-1855). Rev. Walter Gunn (1844. Died in India, 1851). Rev. George J. Martz (1849-1852). SECOND PERIOD. 1850-1869. From Union with the Rajahmundry Mission to Separation from the Rajahmundry Mission. 4. Rev. Charles W. Groenning (1850-1858; 1860-1865). 5. Rev. William J. Cutter (1852-1856). 6. Rev. William E. Snyder (1852-1856; 1858—Died in India 1859). ts Rev. Urias Unangst, D.D. (1858-1896. Died in U. S. A. 1903). THIRD PERIOD. 1870-1918. From Separation from the Rajahmundry Mission to Union with the Rajahmundry Mission. ORDAINED MISSIONARIES. 8. John H. Harpster, D.D., (1872-1901). 21. Allen O. Becker (1898-1915) 9. L. L. Uhl, D.D. (1878-Still serving). 22. E. H. Mueller (1899-1919) 10. A. D. Rowe (1874—Died in India, 28. Edwin C. Harris (1899-1909) 1882). 24. Isaac Cannaday (1902 11. Charles Schnure (1881-1885). 25. J. Roy Strock (1908 12. Luther B. Wolf, D.D. (1883-1907). 26. M. Edwin Thomas (1908 138. W. P. Schwartz (1885-1887). 27. Roy M. Dunkelberger (1909 14. John Nichols (1886—Died in India, 28. Henry R. Spangler (1910 1886). 29. John Finefrock (1911 15. John Aberly, D.D. (1890 30. George R. Haaf (1912 16. J. G. W. Albrecht, Ph.D. (1892-1919) 81. Harry E. Dickey (1914 17. Noah E. Yeiser (1892-1898). 382. Carl Kemner (1915-1916) 18. Samuel C. Kinsinger (1894—Died in 88. George Rupley (1915 India, 1900). 84. John Graefe (1915 19. Sylvester C. Burger (1898 85. Alfred Pfitsch, M.D. (1918 20. Vietor McCauley, D.D. (1898 86. Harry Goedeke (1919 WOMEN MISSIONARIES 1. Kate Boggs (1881-1882) 13. Mary E. Lowe, (1903-Died in U. S. 2. Anna S. Kugler, M.D. (1883 A., 1918) 3. Fanine M. Dryden (1883-1894) 14. Elsie Reed Mitchell, M.D. (1903- 4. Susan R. Kistler (1888-1895) 1917) 5. Amy L. Sadtler (1890-Married, Dr. 15. J. H. Wunderlich (1907-1919) G. Albrecht, 1896) 16. Florence May Welty (1912 6. Katharine Fahs (1894 17. Louisa A. Miller (1913 7. Jessie Brewer (1894 18. Olga Brauer (1913-1915) 8. Mary Baer, M.D. (1895 19. Tille E. Nelson (1914 9. Anna E. Sanford (1895 20. Eleanor B. Wolf, M.D. (1914 10. Mary Knauss (1895-1918) 21. Rebekah Hoffman (1914 11. Ellen Barbara Schuff (1900 22. Florence M. McConnell (1914-1915) 12. Jeanne L. Rolier (1903-1912) 23. Helen Brenneman (1915 78 10. sO 13. 14. 15. 16. ie 18. oe 20. 21. wn OTP Tp HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 2. THE RAJAHMUNDRY MISSION FIRST PERIOD. 1844-1850. Under the North German Missionary Society Rev. Louis P. M. Valett. 3. Rev. Ferdinand August Heise. Rev. Charles William Groenning. SECOND PERIOD. 1850-1869. Under the Foreign Missionary Society of the General Synod Rev. Louis. P. M. Valett (1850) 6. Rev. William E. Snyder (1855-Died Rev. Ferdinand August Heise (1850- in India, 1856) 1862) 7. Rev. Adam Long (1857-Died in In- Rev. W. J. Cutter (1852-1855) dia, 1866) Rev. Christian Frederick Heyer, Rev. Charles William Groenning M.D. (1855-1857) (1862-1865) THIRD PERIOD. 1869-1918. Under the General Council ORDAINED MISSIONARIES C. F. Heyer (1869-1870; died in 22. E. H. Mueller (1896-1899) Philadelphia, 18738) 23. P. Holler (1897-1901) Cc. F. J. Becker (1870-Died in In- 24. G. B. Matthews (1900-1901) dia, 1870) 25. Ernst Neudoerffer (1900 Hans Christian Schmidt, ‘D.D. 26. John H. Harpster, D.D., (1902-Died (1870-1908, Died in India, 1911) on furlough, U. S. A., 1911) Iver K. Poulsen (1871-1888) 27. . Frisby D. Smith (1908 16. Clarence E. Norman (1917 80 bo HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD WOMEN MISSIONARIES Martha B. Akard (1918 8. Maude O. Powlas (1918 Mary Lou Bowers (1913 4. Annie P. Powlas (1919 IV. BRITISH GUIANA, SOUTH AMERICA Rev. Ralph J. White (1916 Rev. Meade A. Rugh (1920 V. BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA Rev. S. D. Dougherty (1908-1912) 8. Rev. Efraim Ceder (1917 Rev. J. R. Enger (1910-1911) 4. Rev. E. H. Mueller, D.D. (1920 GEORGE DRACH. ERROR. The two bottom lines on page 53 should be at bottom of page 55. The Board of eae Wiions es he Subd Lutheran Church in America 6or Cathedral Street, Baltimore, Md=—=——==== —— OFFICERS President: Rev. tee K. Bell, D.D. Vice-President: Rev. Prof. C. Theodore Benze, DD. Recording Secretary: Rev. George Drach Treasurer: Rev. L. B. Wolf, D.D. 2” SECRETARIES Rev. Charles L. Brown, D.D.—Rev. George Drach—Rey. Luther B. Wolf, D.D. MEMBERS OF THE BOARD (Term Expires in 1924) Rev. Ezra K. Bell, D.D. Rev. seo C. Theodore Benze, - D JEN John A. Singmaster, D ; ‘Ds: Mr. J ames M. Snyder Rev. Monroe J. Epting, D.D. Mr. William H. Menges. Rev. Reinhold C. G. Bielinski (Term Expires in 1922) Rev. John A. Weyl Mr. Henry P. Boyer, M.D. Rev. August Steimle, D.D. Mr. Matthias P. Méller Rev. Lewis C. Manges, D.D. Mr. Hezekiah L. Bonham. Jacob S. Simon, D.D. Rev. (Term Expires in 1920) Rev. Michael M. Kinard, D.D. Mr. Wm. Fred Monroe Rev. John E. Byers Mr. Charles Baum, M.D. Rev. George A. Greiss Mr. Augustus J. Herrlich. Rev. William E. Frey Rev. Lars CO-OPERATING MEMBERS REPRESENTING THE SWEDISH AUGUSTANA SYNOD: G. Abrahamson, oe Prof. C. W. Foss, Ph.D. Rev. Fr. Jacobson, Ph.D. REPRESENTING THE UNITED DANISH CHURCH: Rev. V. W. Bondo - Rev. N. Julius Bing “ : REPRESENTING THE WOMEN’S MISSIONARY SOCIETY: Mrs. Charles Hay Po Miss Mary A. Miller.