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ALPINE WINTER 
 
 IN ITS MEDICAL ASPECTS: 
 
 WITH NOTES ON 
 
 DAVOS PLATZ, WIESEN, ST. MORITZ, 
 
 THE MALOJA. 
 
 BY 
 
 A. TUCKER WISE, M.D., L.R.C.R, M.R.C.S., 
 
 Formerly Visiting Fhysicianlo the Infirmary for Consumption, Margaret Ht., Cavendish Sq. ; 
 
 Physician to the Western Uerural Disfcnsary; Honorary Medical Ogiccr to the 
 
 Kilhurn and Maida Vale Dispensary ; 
 
 Uoiise Physiiwn, House Surgeon, and liesidini Obstetric Officer, St. Mary's Hospital, London; 
 
 Member of the Harveian Society ; Fellow of the Royal Meteorological Society, tC-c.,- 
 
 Aullior of "Davos Platz, and the Effects of High Altiliule on Phthisis;" " Wiesen as a Health 
 
 Resort in Early Phthisis;" c&c, cDc. 
 
 SECOND EDITION, 
 
 LONDOII: 
 & A. CHURCHILL, NEW BURLINGTON STREET, W, 
 
 1885. 
 
^JL- 
 
 LONDON : 
 T. BANKS, S.TEAM PRINTER, GREAT WINDMILL STREET, W. 
 
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. 
 
 The First Edition of this book appeared under the title 
 "Alpine Winter Cure," this has now been changed to 
 " Alpine Winter in its Medical Aspects." 
 
 The progress which has been made in the study of micro- 
 organisms, draws attention t,o the immense importance of 
 the quality of air breathed within doors at all stations 
 frequented by persons in search of health. This is of great 
 moment in the Alpine winter stations, where so many hours 
 out of the twenty-four have to be spent in the house. The 
 climate does not admit of free ventilation by open windows, 
 and consequently, in spite of the general examples of remark- 
 able cures, many of the advantages of breathing mountain air 
 are curtailed unless efficient means arc adopted to effect 
 constant changes of air indoors. 
 
 As tlie Belgian enterprise of building the Maloja Kursaal 
 is the tirst true attempt to construct a residence in these 
 
IV PKEFACE, 
 
 cold climates, with an efficient and costly system of venti- 
 lation and warming, luithout the aid of stoves, a special 
 portion of the book has been devoted to its description. 
 It is to be hoped that the example set in sanitary matters, 
 in this undertaking, may be imitated by other hotel-com- 
 panies and proprietors, so that the ventilation and drainage 
 of dwellings may meet with the scrutiny which such 
 important points demand. 
 
 In addition to the st.eps taken for renewing the air 
 in this new establishment by artificial means, a plan has 
 been adopted, at my suggestion, of introducing ozone into 
 the building. This is effected by electricity in connection 
 M'ith the electric lighting of the Kursaal, the fall of the 
 river Inn being the motor-force employed for the purpose. 
 It is also possible, by a simple contrivance, to volatilise 
 remedial agents in the hot air of the ventilation tubes, 
 and distribute the drug in any single chamber without 
 infecting other rooms by its odour. The extreme cleanness 
 of the internal atmosphere, however, renders such a jDro- 
 ceeding quite superfluous, as the frequent changes in the 
 whole building, produce with the ozonised currents, a state 
 of purity perhaps never before attained in any large habi- 
 tation. Coupled with the large quantities of solar light 
 received by the Maloja the results on the quality of the 
 blood (especially in ansemic persons dwelling at these 
 altitudes) can only be highly beneficial. 
 
PREFACE. V 
 
 The sudden change which the air, sunlight, and scenery 
 of the mountains give to physical and mental depression is 
 little short of marvellous ; marked improvement usually 
 setting in after a short stay : unlike the results of a sojourn 
 in the South, where not uufrequently the full force of 
 " change " is unperceived until a return is made to the 
 cooler climate at home. 
 
 The intentioD in the present volume is to exhibit the 
 remarkable curative and health-giving properties of Alpine 
 climate in their true light, avoiding exaggeration or an 
 omission of those minor details termed " drawbacks," so 
 necessary to be pourtrayed in the consideration of any 
 foreign or home health-resort. 
 
 The omission of the analysis of a mineral water, in the 
 present edition, is by reason of the subject being in abeyance. 
 Mr. Haineau, who professes to be an expert as regards 
 discovering the situation of mineral springs, declares that a 
 chalybeate water exists on the property of the MaJoja. 
 During liis visit in the year 1883, water collected by him 
 and purporting to be derived from the Maloja, was analysed 
 by Professor Reiclihardt, of Jena University ; on the strength 
 of these assurances, coupled with the arrangements for 
 constructing an etahlisscrnnit de haivs, I gave in my last 
 edition the analysis of the water. Owing to the sum 
 demanded by Mr. Haineau, for disclosing the locality of 
 the water, not meeting with the approval of the Company 
 
VI PEEFACE. 
 
 no steps were taken to captivate the spring, and other 
 matters of importance replaced the further consideration of 
 the subject. 
 
 Some suggestions having been made that a short descrip- 
 tion of the excursions in the vicinity of the Maloja would be 
 welcomed by many visitors to the Kursaal, I have subjoined 
 a brief sketch of the various walks and drives, Altliough 
 this is a departure from the main theme of the book, it is 
 added for the purpose of affording information to those who 
 desire to make use of it. Further acquaintance with out- 
 lying districts can be gleaned from the J.E.M. Guide to 
 Switzerland, which is a serviceable and easily understood 
 handbook. 
 
 A. T.W. 
 
 Haute Engadine, 
 July, 1885. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Intkoduction ... ... ... ... ... ... 9 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 The Health Eesorts — Davos Platz and Dorfli, Wiesen, St. 
 
 Moritz, Pontresina, Samadeo, Silvaplana, Andermatt, Arosa ... 13 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Water and Soil — Atmosphere in the High Alps— Ventilation of the 
 Hotels — Dust — Therapeutic Effects of "Cold" — Sunlight — 
 Barometric Pressure — Increased Combustion — Ozone — Oxygen 23 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 "Cold" as a Sensation and as Temperature — Characteristics of 
 Alpine Climate and its Effects on the \^ascularity of the Lungs 
 and on Nutrition ... .. ... ... ... ... 41 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 The " Drawbacks " of Alpine Winter Stations— Coire as an Inter- 
 mediate Resting-place ... ... ... ... ... 49 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 Winter Clothing — Diet in the Swiss Alps — Exercise, Meals, 
 
 Sleep, &c. ... ... ... ... .. ... 59 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 The Maloj a— Necessity for Sanitary I'recautions in the High Valleys 
 of Switzerland— The Hfttel-Kursaal de la Maloja— Drainage— 
 The Plateau : its Mountain-Screen— Rarity of the Fohn Wind- 
 Duration of Sunlight, and Advantages of Solar Rays in Anamia 
 
Vin CONTENTS. 
 
 — Level Promenades and Healthy Amusements— Facility in 
 Reaching Lower Levels from the Maloja— A Description of the 
 Heating and Ventilating Arrangements used in the Hotel- 
 Kursaal — Summer Alpine Climate for Early Phthisis — Duration 
 of the "Summer Season," and Length of Time Necessary for 
 Renovation of Lost Health — Contra-Indications of High Eleva- 
 - tions— Healthy Indoor Amusements possible in the Maloja 
 Hotel ... ... ... 72 
 
 Tabular Comparison of the Health Resorts in Grisons — Com- 
 parison in Sunshine of the Maloja with other Stations, and 
 Mean Temperature ... ... ... ... ... 88 
 
 The Journey from England ... ... ... ... ... 91 
 
 The Meteorology of the Maloja— Drying Power of the Air ... ... 94 
 
 Meteorological Observations taken in the Maloja during Winter ... 100 
 
 Hygrometric Comparison of the Maloja with Egypt ... ... 110 
 
 Summary of Meteorological Observations taken at Maloja during 
 
 Winter ... ... .. ... . ... ... Ill 
 
 Attractions in the Neighbourhood of the Maloja ... ... ... 113 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The first impression on beholding a snow-clad landscape 
 in a cold climate during fine weather is one of surprise and 
 admiration. Conscious of excessive cold by external appear- 
 ances rather than by disagreeable sensations of chilliness, one 
 almost doubts the reality of the low temperature. A bright 
 sun and blue sky overhead, a clear and quiet atmosphere, 
 distant sounds transmitted to the ear through the still air, 
 combine with the charms of the scenery to produce such 
 buoyancy of spirits that a man is braced and invigorated for 
 almost any exertion. 
 
 An Englishman inured to a damp and windy climate, and 
 with an inherent love for outdoor sports and exercises, feels 
 new life and energy as he views the glassy expanse of a frozen 
 Canadian lake surrounded by dense forest, or makes his way 
 through the rugged boulders and pines of Nova Scotia. A 
 blazing sun above would almost persuade him it was summer, 
 whilst he recognises the sing-song of the sleigh-bells in the 
 distance, miles away it may be, and tastes the keen atmo- 
 sphere of a bright winter's day. 
 
 There may be several degrees of frost, but there is seldom 
 that piercing raw cold experienced in England, which depends 
 mainly on the quantity of moisture in the air and the force 
 of the wind rather than on tlio pitch of the thermometer. 
 
 The effects on the Anglo-Saxon race of living in a cold 
 climate may be seen in Canada and some of the Northern 
 States of America, where the race is pliysically superior and 
 
 B 
 
10 INTKODUCTION. 
 
 more vigorous than that of the parent stock. This, no doubt, 
 depends to a large extent on the mode of life, quality of food, 
 and outdoor exercise taken, in addition to an artificial selec- 
 tion of species in emigration. Nevertheless, such is the fact 
 that these cold climates, with wide ranges of temperature, 
 Harden the European constitution by invigorating the whole 
 frame, and rendering the body less susceptible to changes in 
 temperature, privation, or disease. 
 
 What the eventual results will be on the English race by 
 the growth of population and consequent increase of indoor 
 employment, it is difficult to foretell. Certain it is that 
 dwellers in large towns, employees in factories, workshops, 
 warehouses, offices, &c., are not exposed to the most favourable 
 conditions of life in regard to health and robust development ; 
 and although the "survival of the fittest" will select the 
 strongest and most suitable being to withstand what maj'' 
 almost be termed the ravages of civilisation, even the selected 
 one will scarcely be improved by the deteriorating effects of 
 over-crowding, impure air, improper food, want of sunlight 
 and equable exercise of all the organs of the body. 
 
 With examples before us of the health-giving properties of 
 cold regions, it may seem an oversight that cold climates as 
 " change " never received the attention they merited until 
 within recent years. 
 
 One of the first to foreshadow the track which is now 
 being pursued by many of the leaders of medicine in England, 
 France, and G-ermany, was Dr. Bodington, a practitioner in 
 Warwickshire, w^ho recommended "dry, frosty air" in the 
 treatment of pulmonary consumption. In a small hrochure, 
 published by him forty-five years ago on this subject, he said : 
 " To live in and breathe freely the open air, without being 
 deterred by the wind or weather, is one important and 
 essential remedy in arresting its progress — one about which 
 there appears to have generally prevailed a groundless alarm 
 less the consumptive patient should take cold . . . The 
 
INTEODUCTION. 11 
 
 abode of the patient should, be in an airy house in the 
 country — if on an eminence, the better. The neighbourhood 
 chosen should be dry and high ; the soil generally of a light 
 loam, a sandy, or gravelly bottom. The atmosphere is in 
 such situations comparatively free from fogs and dampness. 
 The patient ought never to be deterred by the state of the 
 weather from exercise in the open air ; if wet and rainy, a 
 covered vehicle should be employed, with open windows. 
 The cold is never too severe for the consumptive patient in 
 this climate. The cooler the air which passes into the 
 lungs the greater will be the benefit the patient will derive. 
 Sharp, frosty days in the vnnter season are most favourable. 
 The application of cold, pure air to the interior surface of the 
 lungs is the most powerful sedative that can be applied, and 
 does more to promote the healing and closing of cavities and 
 ulcers of the lungs than any other means that can be em- 
 ployed . . . Many persons are alarmed and deterred 
 from taking much exercise in the open air from the circum- 
 stance of their coughing much on their first emerging from 
 the warm room of a house, but this shows that the air of the 
 room was too warm, not that the common atmosphere was too 
 cold." As adjuncts, he advocated the use of milk, wine, and 
 generous diet, (a) In these remarkable sentences are clearly 
 signalised the indications for residence at such health resorts 
 as the high Swiss Valleys, and they anticipate in an unmis- 
 takable manner the treatment of pulmonary disease or weak- 
 ness, by wliat is now termed somewhat euphoniously, " the 
 high altitude cure." 
 
 This P^nglish practitioner appears to have been the first, or 
 among the first, to introduce to notice as a therapeutic agent 
 " dry, frosty air," which has proved itself to be a remedy of 
 practical value and application in the treatment of disease. 
 
 (a) " Essay on the Treatment and Cure of Pulmonary Conauraption." 
 By George Bodington. 1840. 
 
 B 2 
 
12 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 In more recent years Dr. Hermann AVeber, with eventual 
 success, drew attention to high, cold altitudes as presenting 
 favourable conditions during winter months for the arrest or 
 amelioration of phthisis. To him undoubtedly belongs the 
 credit of having brought the subject prominently before the 
 profession in a clear and intelligible manner, with results on 
 patients who had wintered in the mountains. In 1864 Dr. 
 Hermann Weber wrote : " The question of the influence of 
 Alpine Climate — i.e., localities in Switzerland elevated beyond 
 5,000 feet above the level of the sea — on the tendency to 
 consumption, and on the very first stage of this disease, is one 
 of such vast importance that I cannot help asking for the 
 co-operation of the whole medical profession in its further 
 examination and decision." It may appear surprising that so 
 many years elapsed before the medical profession began to 
 take notice of climates with low temperature. In England 
 this can be readily accounted for, as probably the majority of 
 persons would judge a low temperature from their own ex- 
 perience of cold in the mother country. For about seven or 
 eight years Davos Platz has attracted large numbers of 
 poitrinaires, and from reports published by English physicians 
 at home the efficacy of mountain air in some cases of 
 phthisis is now undeniable, (a) 
 
 As may be expected, there are numerous sheltered spots in 
 Switzerland where health may be sought with advantage, and 
 where the benefits of living amongst a scanty population at a 
 hish altitude are associated with clean air and sunlight. 
 
 (a) Dr. Clifford AUbutt, Lancet, 1879 ; Dr. C, Theodore Williams, 
 International Medical Congress Transactions, 1881 ; Dr. Burney Yeo, 
 " Health Resorts and their Uses ; " Dr. Drysdale, British Medical 
 Journal, 1882 ; Dr. Marcet, Symes Thompson, Professor Jaccoud of 
 Paris, and others. 
 
ALPINE WINTER STATIONS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Davos Platz, Wiesen, and St. Moritz, Pontrcsina, 
 Samaden and Silvaplana. 
 
 The district of Davos (an elevated valley of the Canton 
 des Grisons, in Switzerland) extends to about fourteen miles 
 in length, and contains between 3,000 and 4,000 inhabitants. 
 The three miles of valley, with the health-resorts Davos Platz 
 and Dorfli,has an altitude of 5,100 feet, and is surrounded by 
 Alps ranging to 9,000 and 10,000 feet above sea-level. This 
 portion of the valley is effectually sheltered from the north 
 and west winds ; rather less so from the south and east. The 
 larger village, Platz, is situated on the north-western side of 
 the valley, and consists of hotels, " pensions," and shops. Of 
 these tliere are four or five large hotels, seven or eight 
 smaller ones, and several houses affording fair accommoda- 
 tion. 
 
 Some years ago the place was frequented principally 
 by Germans and Swiss, but in recent times many English 
 and French have wintered there, also ]]elgiaus, liussians, 
 Spaniards, Dutch, and even Americans. 
 
 The scenery is picturesque and grand to a stranger in 
 Switzerland, altliough somewhat limited in extent, the 
 
14 ALPINE WINTEK. 
 
 breadth of the valley being from 500 to 1,000 yards across. 
 Numerous pine trees cover the steep slopes, and a winding 
 stream, the " Landwasser," which is now undergoing canali- 
 sation, receives the overflow from a lake situated to to the 
 iN.E. of Davos Dorfli, is fed by numerous mountain rivulets, 
 and acts as the main recipient for the drainage of Davos 
 Platz. 
 
 The soil is dry and thin, excepting the central portion 
 or bed of the valley, where it is of a peaty character 
 Nearly the whole extent of land is used for cattle-grazing 
 and hay, and the sides of the valley are quite free from 
 surface moisture. 
 
 Lateral dales — Tluela, Dischma and Sertig — lead into 
 the main floor of the Davos Valley and^ afford pleasant 
 walks and excursions when the snow is not too deep. Skating 
 and " coasting " are the prime amusements as with all the 
 other Alpine winter resorts. Those who are not strong 
 enough for these exertions, take walks, sit in the sun on 
 balconies, and amuse themselves on their own resources. 
 Crowded rooms with a smoky or stale atmosphere must of 
 necessity be shunned if the winter visitor be in quest of 
 health. 
 
 The present system of drainage has undergone alteration, 
 none too soon, as within the last two or three years the 
 increase in the winter population of Davos has been so large 
 that this subject has forced itself on the notice of those most 
 interested in attracting visitors to the place. It is a duty a 
 successful health-resort owes to its clientele to be liberal in 
 any outlay relating to sanitation, the disregard of which will 
 inevitably be a false economy in the end. A costly effort 
 has been made in the present instance, that adds greatly to 
 the attractiveness of Davos as a sanatorium and reflects great 
 credit on those who originated the scheme. As far as external 
 drainage is concerned it cannot be denied that the town now 
 stands amongst the first rank of health-resorts, and in 
 
DAVOS. 15 
 
 appearance presents a cleanly and favourable contrast 
 to what it did formerly. The roads in summer and winter 
 are well swept, many paths are available for short or long- 
 walks, and what may be styled the metropolis of Alpine 
 stations now assumes an aspect of surprising neatness 
 combined with not unmerited pretensions to some beauty. It 
 is impossible for one who has known the locality for even 
 a few years, not to be struck with the many vast improve- 
 ments the place has undergone. Hotels have been enlarged 
 and added to ; new ones built, and handsome villas erected. 
 The Kurhaus of Mr. Holsboer which nearly every year shows 
 some important supplement to the main building, is no^Y 
 with its theatre-salon, large caf«, handsome recreation rooms, 
 and the construction of a winter-garden, one of the finest 
 hotels in Switzerland. 
 
 The spacious billiard and smoking rooms of the Belvedere, 
 also deserve notice, as they will undoubtedly conduce to the 
 health and comfort of the smoking portion of society. A new 
 and plentiful water supply has also been brought into the 
 town from the Fleula Valley. 
 
 Davos, however, like all the winter stations with the 
 exception of Maloja, is not conspicuous in being provided 
 with efficient house ventilation. It is true that the Kurhaus 
 possesses a calorifere which ventilates the caf^, theatre-salon, 
 &c., with fresh warm air, and that another hotel is fitted 
 with Tobin's tubes in the salons ; but the latter system is 
 scarcely suited to Alpine winter climate, and the former is only 
 applied to a limited part of the hou5e in which it is placed. 
 
 Xo one has at any time seriously made the attempt to 
 uphold Davos as faultless; nevertheless, in the present 
 instance, it will serve a very convenient purpose to recognise, 
 in the well-known Alpine station a suitable standard for 
 comparison. A great deal has been said for and against the 
 place, both by those who understood something of the 
 climate, and by others who based their observations ou short 
 
16 ALPINE WINTER. 
 
 visits, or on accounts gleaned second-hand. In this way 
 although some error has crept in, much truth and information 
 has been elicited, greatly to the benefit of those who had 
 never seen the place, and who have eventually experienced 
 the curative properties of its climate. 
 
 The reputation of the little Alpine town although of many 
 years standing, did not begin to grow with any very great 
 rapidity until a well-known Englishman, now for some years 
 a resident in Davos, visited the place for his own health ; his 
 experiences and friendship towards the valley have probably 
 done more for its true appreciation by the English public, 
 than the efforts of any other person who has interested himself 
 on mountain health resorts. 
 
 Some misunderstanding still prevails on the problem of 
 " cold " as a sensation, many believing that the low tempera- 
 ture must necessarily be unbearable, and the thought of being 
 surrounded with snow for the whole winter awakens visions 
 of peril to invalids. The results which have been obtained at 
 Davos on patients with pulmonary complaints have been 
 highly satisfactory, and even remarkable. Dr. C. Theodore 
 Williams, who has published the details of many cases, has 
 shown that the principal features noticed in persons who 
 have undergone the Alpine cure, are unusual expansion 
 of the chest, gain in flesh, and improvement in sanguifica- 
 tion. 
 
 DAVOS DORFLI lies at the entrance to the Eluela Pass, 
 about one mile from Platz in the direction of the Davoser 
 See, is a few feet higher, and being situated opposite the 
 Eluela Valley, receives the morning sun earlier than Davos 
 Platz, but at the same time loses it sooner during the after- 
 noon. In other respects no great differences exist as to climate. 
 
 Davos, like all the other mountain resorts in the Grisons 
 can be reached by diligence from Coire, at which place a few 
 days may be spent en route with benefit. Landquart, the 
 railway station in advance of Coire, is nearer Davos, but the 
 
WIESEN. 
 
 17 
 
 hotel accoiuuiodalion is not very good, and a stay there coukl 
 scarcely be made with any comfort. In winter the post 
 leaves Coire at 7 a.m., passes Leuz at r.oon, where a rest is 
 made for dinner ; at 1 p.m. arrives at Wiesen, and 4 p.m. 
 Davos Platz. From Landquart the diligence leaves at 
 1.10 p.m., and, traversing the Prattigau Valley, gets into Davos 
 at 8 o'clock, the distance being tv/enty-nine miles instead of 
 thirty-four miles from Coire ; but the Landwasser route from 
 the latter place is well worth seeing, and the opportunity 
 should not be missed of travelling over an interesting and 
 wonderful road. 
 
 WIESEN (4,771 ft. above sca-kvcl from Dufours trigono- 
 metncal measurements). 
 
 This small village stands about twenty-four miles from 
 Chur (Coire), on the picturesque Landwasser route. About 
 11 miles further on, after presenting several structural diffi- 
 culties and passing through the Zuge gorge, the road winds 
 into Davos. 
 
 The position of "Wiesen exhibits many peculiarities and 
 advantages as an Alpine health resort in winter. Situated 
 on the slope of the Wiesener Alp. facing south and protected 
 on the X. and E. by mountain ranges of 8,000 ft. and 10,000 ft. 
 (Sandhubel, Foppa, Alteingrat, Leidbachhorn), it is effec- 
 tually screened from the cold winds of winter. Sheltered 
 equally on the southern and western aspect by the Buhlenhorn 
 and huge Stulsei'grat (S,30O ft.), the Tinzenhorn (10,278 ft.), 
 and Piz St. ]\Iichel (10,374 ft.), and continuing the circle by 
 the Motta Palusa, Piz Toisa and Piz Curver (9,760 It.), a 
 land-locked region is formed, radiant in winter with dazzling 
 .sunbeams. A thousand feet below is the Landwasser chafing 
 througli a narrow course to join the Albula, a mile or so 
 beyond. 
 
 Covering the slopes are innumerable pine trees. The 
 
18 ALPINE WINTEE. 
 
 odour from these is frequently perceived by new comers, and 
 the antiseptic vapours exhaled presumably contribute to cure. 
 The most noteworthy feature of the vicinity is an extensive 
 plateau partially filling up the IST.W. side of the basin, and 
 jutting out towards the centre, forming an excellent and 
 picturesque promenade. The view from the border of this 
 plateau is seldom excelled on a small scale. Far down at 
 one's feet is seen the floor of the gorge, with the rushing of 
 the Landwasser audible. A peep at the Albula Valley is 
 gained, and beyond rises the Curver. On the left lies the 
 little village of Jenisberg, the Stulsergrat towering above.. 
 Behind to the east is the Alteingrat, Leidbachhorn, &c., and on 
 the right the two hotels separated from the plateau by a small 
 vale down which the road descends to the Zuge, passing, 
 the Kiinzeli waterfall. 
 
 Distant 11 miles from Davos, 334 ft. lower in altitude, 
 and with a different contour of land, slight modifications 
 in the meteorological details may be anticipated ; whilst the 
 general character of a cold, bracing, and stimulating climate 
 is maintained. The chief points of variation from Davos 
 are — its position on the side of a hill, sparser population, 
 slightly higher and more equable temperature, with perhaps. 
 a little less wind. Wiesen may be considered to be about 2. 
 or 3 degrees warmer than Davos, and, although an increase of 
 mean temperature might lead to the belief that dangers would, 
 arise from thaws recurring, the periods of liability to actual 
 snow-melting seldom take place with more frequency than in 
 the latter valley. The intense heat of the sun sometimes 
 renders parts of the main road damp under-foot when the 
 snow is discoloured, but this could be greatly remedied by 
 removing or covering all dirty patches as soon as formed. 
 The plan of cleaning the roads in this manner is adopted at 
 Davos, and would no doubt, be undertaken at Wiesen if the 
 visitors demanded it. 
 
 With a higher mean temperature, of course the winter is- 
 
WIESEN. 1^ 
 
 shorter compared with Davos : — this might be two or three 
 weeks at the commencement of cold weather, and about the 
 same at the termination of the winter. During the worst 
 time of snow-melting in Davos (which happens either in 
 March or April, according to the mildness or severity of the 
 season), Wiesen clears of snow rapidly ; and there being no 
 marshy valley below, like at Davos when the snow melts, 
 injurious consequences, if any, proceeding from evaporation 
 are avoided. The hard frosts at night during this period 
 depend much on terrestrial radiation and gravitation of cold 
 air; the larger sky expanse pres(mted to the Davos Valley 
 favours the former, whilst the situation of the village is low. 
 The bad part of the winter season is then x^rolonged, as the 
 warmth of mid-day and afternoon causes a thaw : the evening 
 and night change the wet snow into ice, and so delay its speedy 
 disappearance. An early clearance of snow makes Wiesen a 
 desirable locality for a change from Davos towards the end of 
 the season. Or, by judiciously-timed transits from one place 
 to the other, much of the bad weather can be escaped at either 
 station in the months of October and March. The journey 
 can be made within two hours, and if a tolerably fine day 
 be selected, little risk is incurred, even in an open sleigh. 
 Covered sleighs may be chosen ; but with plenty of wraps, 
 in bright weather an open vehicle is nnich to be preferred. 
 Neither would it be at all a perilous test if the experiment 
 were made of sending cases here when Davos was found 
 to be unsuitable for them. If satisfactory progress were 
 not induced, the patient would be spared the long drive to 
 Chilr or Landquart. On the other hand, the advisability of 
 making a rapid descent from a high altitude to the low lands, 
 even for convalescents is questionable. Many xmtients, when 
 leaving Davos for the plains, lose much of the ground they 
 have gained, in consequence, it may be, of the fatigues of 
 travelling, exposure to windy or damp weather, neglect of 
 ordinary precautions or care in personal management. 
 
20 
 
 ALPINE WINTER. 
 
 ST. MORITZ.— Leaving the Davos Valley with its three 
 stations — Davos Dorfli, Davos Platz, and Wiesen — three 
 passes are available for a journey to the Engadine, — viz., 
 the Fluela (7,890 feet), Albula (7,582 feet), and the Julier 
 (7,504 feet). Strange as it may seem to those ignorant of 
 the winter climate of these regions, a passage fraught with 
 but little risk can be undertaken in the depth of winter, and 
 the journey to St. Moritz or the Maloja made in one day, 
 even by persons who are not in robust health. It is advisable 
 however to break the journey either at Zernetz or Zuz. Many 
 change their locale in this way, and when tired of one place seek 
 the novelty and freshness of new quarters. There seems to be 
 no objection to the practice, always provided the wanderer is 
 in a fit state of health for the trip. St. Moritz lies in the 
 Upper Engadine, over 6,000 feet above the level of the sea, 
 is surrounded by lofty mountains, and fairly well sheltered 
 from wind ; it possesses the climatic characteristics of an 
 Alpine health resort ; the air is similar in quality and effects 
 to that of other Alpine stations. Situated nearly 1,000 feet 
 higher than Davos Platz, the barometric pressure is lessened 
 to about 3 lbs. on the square inch, instead of about 2h lbs. at 
 at the latter place. The winter season is longer, and a larger 
 quantity of snow generally falls. Dr. Burney Yeo represented 
 the advantages of this cold and dry climate in 1866, but at 
 that period the high lands in Switzerland were not appre- 
 ciated as they are now, and the experiment of sending patients 
 there failed through a misunderstanding of the requirements 
 of such cases. 
 
 Since then Di-. Symes Thompson has written an interest- 
 ing brochure on winter residence at St. Moritz, embodying his 
 experiences of the place and of the progression of several 
 pulmonary cases, which he had sent there with marked benefit. 
 
 Two hotels are open to receive those who winter at St. 
 Moritz, two ice rinks are in constant use, and several tracks 
 are kept in good order for coasting and tobogganing. 
 
ST. MOPJTZ. 
 
 21 
 
 PONTRESINA.— (5,915 feet), about three miles east of 
 St. Moiitz, at the foot of the Bernina pass, has a few visitors 
 during winter-time, but it is mostly in the summer months 
 that this attractive spot is frequented. The chief features of 
 Tontresina is its sunlight. The village being placed on the 
 slope, and having a magnificent mountainous but compara- 
 tively open view to the east and south, receives the first rays 
 of the sun at 8.10 a.m., and 8.30 a.m., during December and 
 January ; whilst the sunset varies in these months from 
 3.5 p.m., to 3.30 p.m. The air is bracing and dry ; the day- 
 temperature is said to be abouc the same as Davos. 
 
 SAMADEN (5,000 feet).— The principal village in the 
 Upper Engadine containing over 300 inhabitants and several 
 shops, has been patronised by a few visitors in winter, mostly 
 as a change from other resorts. Skating rinks are kept in 
 good order and level walks are available. This spot may be 
 said to have entered a claim to be considered an Alpine 
 winter station as well as Silva^Dlana (5,958 feet), situated 
 below the Julier Pass, and fronting the meadows which 
 divide the lakes of Camfer and Silvaplana. The splendid 
 mountainous views of the valley of the Inn surround both 
 these villages, and their climate varies but little from other 
 parts of the Upper Engadine. 
 
 Another place which has been set forth as a winter 
 health resort is Andermatt (4,738 feet), situated in the 
 Urseren Valley. From the unu.sual facilities offered by the 
 St. Gothard line, this spot deserves to be noticed, being only 
 29 hours from London, with a drive of less than an hour for 
 mounting from Gcischenen. The position of this locality is 
 excellent for convenience in travelling either to England or 
 to the Iiiviera, if the mountain air is found to be unsuitable, 
 but no personal experiences can be given here extending over 
 sufficient time to warrant an opinion on its meteorology, or of 
 its fitness for a winter .station. 
 
■22 ALPINE WINTER. 
 
 One of the most picturesque little spots in the Grisons — 
 '" that mysteriously hidden wrinkle in the stern grey hills, 
 with its fairy lakes, solemn pine -forests, and emerald 
 meadows" — Arosa; must not be omitted from notice. 
 Although no strangers are known to have wintered there, 
 reliable accounts seem to point to its being the perfection 
 of winter climate. In summer the few inns are filled with 
 Swiss fugitives from the heat of the plains near Coire, who 
 preserve the secret of the unassuming beauty and charming 
 climate of the concealed nook. Arosa is reached by a 
 bridle path from Langwies, 2| hours on foot. The construc- 
 tion of a road from Langwies or from Coire would soon 
 develop Arosa into a well-patronised abode. One portion of 
 the valley stands at an altitude of 6,207 feet above the sea- 
 level, the whole area appears well-protected from all winds, 
 but as regards sunlight in the depth of winter, no observations 
 have been noted. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 Water and Soil — Atviosphere in the Hir/h AIjJs. — Ventilation 
 oj the Hotels. — Dust. — Therapeutic Effects of Cold, Sun- 
 light, and Barometric Pressure. — Oxygen. — Ozone. 
 
 Water and Soil. — ^The water suiDply of the dwellings at 
 aU the high level stations is upland surface water, and 
 appears to be of wholesome and excellent quality. It falls 
 on the extensive summits and slopes of lofty mountains, 
 mostly as snow, and undergoes filtration in its descent to 
 the vaUeys, where it makes its appearance in small streams 
 and springs. The rivulets selected to supply the houses are 
 protected from cattle, Sec, and the water conveyed in pine- 
 tree tubes and iron pipes to the hotels. In winter it is con- 
 stantly running to prevent the pipes freezing. The likeli- 
 hood of contamination is then at a minimum, as no storage 
 takes place in the houses, nor are there any habitations above 
 the level or in the vicinity of the mountain streams. The 
 water itself is without odour or flavour, and has a bright 
 sparkling appearance from the carbonic acid taken up in the 
 interstices of the rocky soil, through which the springs 
 percolate. Although deprived of its oxygen in winter, by 
 freezing, when falling as snow, it becomes sufficiently aerated 
 in its course to the lower elevations. At Wiesen the water 
 is drawn from sandstone, which makes it considerably softer 
 than if obtained from the Dolomite limestone, as is generally 
 the case at these levels. An analysis has been made of the 
 water at Davos Platz, by Charles P. Holland, F.C.S., of Man- 
 chester, who found a somewliat considerable proportion of 
 
24 ALPINE AVINTEK. 
 
 magnesium carbonate (4-506 gr. to the gallon), but considered 
 the water to be exceptionally pure. 
 
 The condition and nature of the soil in the Swiss moun- 
 tains, and its bearings to health, present an interesting subject 
 of study, but one which it is impossible to deal with, at any 
 length, in the limits of the present work. One or two of the 
 salient features connected with the temperature, and quality 
 of the land must not, however, be passed over. 
 
 The soil of these mountain pastures is thin, of a rich, 
 fertile character, and absorbs roughly 1"4 (a) times its weight 
 of water, underneath is the solid rock, mostly Dolomite lime- 
 stone, except in the centre and at the edges of the valleys or 
 ravines, where lie the moraines of ancient glaciers composed 
 of rubbish or deep earth, intermixed with smooth blocks of 
 rock and pebbles. 
 
 From the steep declivities on which moisture falls no in- 
 jurious collection of water can take place. The drainage 
 both of the surface and subsoil is rapid and effective. Being 
 also of shallow depth, the danger arising from a heavy rain- 
 fall pressing up effluvia from the deeper strata is obviated ; 
 and having also no stagnant underground sheet of water, the 
 evolution of organic emanations, forwarded by constant 
 moisture, is not aided ; or if these decompositions do occur, 
 it is probable that absorption of their deleterious properties, 
 is mainly affected by contact with comparatively dry earth. 
 Vegetation also, as short thick grass covering the slopes, 
 speedily absorbs the products of decomposition. But the 
 condition of the land with which we are principally concerned 
 during the winter season, takes on altogether a changed 
 aspect, and one which until recently has attracted little atten- 
 tion. Uninterruptedly covered with snow for about four 
 months during the year, the ground itself assumes the nature 
 
 (a) 2,500 grms. of soil taken from a garden at Wiesen and dried, 
 weighed 1,850 grms. On being wetted again and allowed to drain, 
 weighed 2,600 gims. 
 
ATMOSPHERE. 25 
 
 of "sub-soil," whilst the layer of thick snow above the actual 
 service, modifies in a marked degree the effects of telluric 
 influence. 
 
 Atmosphere. — As the purity, freshness, and stimulating 
 properties of the air are important points for consideration, 
 attention must be directed to its particular characters of 
 humidity, temperature, barometric pressure, sunlight, wind, 
 &c., &c. 
 
 The quantity of moisture in the atmosphere affecting the 
 rate of evaporation from the lungs and skin is a point which 
 requires much consideration ; but at present observations 
 have been so limited that we have not much data to go 
 upon. Certainly, warm moist air, is sometimes very grateful 
 to cases of congestion and irritability of the bronchial tubes ; 
 but a more permanent condition of moisture, of which our 
 English winter affords an example, undoubtedly has an in- 
 jurious influence on the majority of lung diseases ; the 
 watery vapour abstracting an undue amount of heat from 
 the respiratory tract, and giving rise to catarrhs, coughs, or 
 perhaps inflammations. It is a generally accepted fact that 
 dampness of soil, apart from hereditary tendency, favours 
 the development of phthisis. This dampness supplying the 
 atmosphere with large quantities of moisture, shows what an 
 important observation in climatic influences " humidity " be- 
 comes, in its results on the mitigation or development of many 
 diseases. Now, it may be expected that in places where the 
 surface formation is favourable for the rapid escape of surface 
 water, where dry snow covers the ground, 'and the rainfall 
 is slight, the reverse of this condition may be expected. 
 Such is the case in the high altitudes of Switzerland ; although 
 an occasional tliaw or fall of snow may saturate the air v/ith 
 moisture, the actual quantity of watery vapour Iicld in 
 suspension during winter time is extremely small, from the 
 fact that air, at a low temperature can contain but little. 
 
 C 
 
26 ALPINE WINTEE. 
 
 What the precise pathological effects are, of the habitual 
 breathing of moist air is not yet quite clear ; but Miquel has 
 clearly affirmed that microbes are not found to be so nume- 
 rous in moist weather at the Montsouris Observatory, Paris, 
 as during dry weather ; nor are they present at any time in 
 the actual vapour of water. 
 
 As regards phthisis, however, Havilaud's map shows 
 plainly that the distribution of that malady is in favour of 
 damp places, {a) Excessive cooling of a part of the respiratory 
 tract from moisture, on account of the conduction of heat being 
 more free (b) in a damp atmosphere, is frequently experienced 
 breathing a cold London fog, the sensation of cold being 
 then felt some times as far down the trachea as the notch of 
 the sternum, and even lower. The result on the skin is to 
 abstract an undue amount of heat, and retard the normal 
 evaporation of waste products, thereby throwing more work 
 on the lungs and kidneys. Although there is a diminished 
 death-rate from phthisis in some parts of Scotland and Ire- 
 land, where excessive moisture prevails, the people there 
 are mostly employed in out-door pursuits, which makes up 
 for a great deal in the matter of health ; but if a phthisical 
 patient courted extreme ventilafion in a damp climate the 
 result would not be so satisfactory as exposure to drier sur- 
 
 (a) During the progress of cutting the St. Gothard Tunnel the 
 workmen employed were exposed to a high temperature (80'' to 90S F.) 
 and an excessively damp atmosphere. Their health in consequence, 
 suffered severely, one of the principal complaints being accompanied 
 by an intestinal parasite. Catarrhs with unusual dyspnoea were con- 
 stant, and the colour and appearance of the men indicated imperfect 
 aeration of the blood, and consequent aneemia. Their strength and 
 appetite failed them, and the body temperature was raised. There 
 was great mortality also amongst the horses used within the tunnel. 
 
 (6) It takes a great deal more heat to raise the temperature of 
 watery vapour than that of dry air, the apparent specific heat of which 
 is, according to Eegnault, '2379 with pressure constant. Specific heat 
 of vapour of water "4750. Water I'OOO, all at 32 deg. Fah. 
 
VENTILATION. 57 
 
 roundings. Perhaps it is hardly necessary to mention that air 
 containing less than 35 per cent, of moisture, with a tempera- 
 ture of 60? Fahr. is too dry for health, and might give rise 
 to irritation of the air passages. 
 
 The freedom, or otherwise, from micro-organisms, mechan- 
 ical irritants, noxious gases, or animal exhalations, necessitates 
 but little discussion, as it is well know that the presence of 
 these contaminations renders the air impure in proportion t© 
 their quantity. 
 
 The localities under consideration are shut in by .high, 
 mountains, glaciers, and snow-fields ; and however laden with 
 organisms currents of air may be, it is not impossible that 
 distant winds may be partially or wholly sterilised by be- 
 coming attenuated and cooled to a low temperature in their 
 passage towards these valleys. 
 
 Ventilation. — Intimately connected Avith the subject of 
 pure air is that of ventilation. Eeceiving, as it does, some 
 scientific attention, many persons would be led to expect that 
 a perfect system existed in any place laying claim to the 
 appellation of " health resort." This is by no means the case 
 generally in Switzerland. Like elsewhere, much depends on 
 the individual as to the amount of air which he considers ad- 
 vantageous. In his private rooms he may exercise discretion 
 at will ; but in corridors, dining and sitting-rooms, and 
 especially in smoking-rooms, a difficulty always presents itself. 
 Deserving as the subject is of the greatest consideration. iii 
 the Alps, it is to be regretted that so little real attention k, 
 paid to it. The purity of air in the interior of dwellings, 
 both in health and disease, and especially in the treatment 
 of chest affections, demands every scrutiny when we take inte 
 account the number of hours spent indoors. On the shortest 
 day of mid-winter the sun remains but five or six hours in 
 the valley.s, therefore delicate jjersons must be content to pass 
 
 C! 2 
 
28 ALPINE WINTEE. 
 
 19 or 20 hours in the house, (a) It is obvious that some of 
 the benefit derived from open air exposure will then be 
 neutralised unless constant currents of fresh air are supplied 
 for respiration. 
 
 Dust. — The great depth of snow buries all impurities, the 
 noxious emanations of which are destroyed or lie dormant 
 until the spring thaw. Frequent falls of snow during the 
 winter keep any surface refuse, as it were, below ground, and 
 assist to free the atmosphere also, from aerial germs and 
 mechanical irritants, fixing them in a freezing medium ; the 
 former being destroyed or absorbed by the soil and vegeta- 
 tion, at the time of thaw ; the latter being washed into, and 
 mixed with the earth. Under these circumstances it is ap- 
 parent that the air above is as pure as Nature can possibly 
 produce it — clean, dry, calm, and laden with balsamic 
 vapours from the pines. There is almost complete freedom 
 from dust, with the exception of the carbon, &c., from the 
 chimneys, which, of course, depends on the number of habi- 
 tations, and the stillness of the air. 
 
 Taken as a whole, these conditions are healthy and ex- 
 hilarating, and the mental effect of the sunlight on many 
 patients who have been habitually spending much of their 
 time indoors at home, is most cheering and beneficial. The 
 value of exposure to fresh air in many diseases is becoming 
 more widely known and appreciated, and its benefit to 
 phthisical cases, provided they escape attacks of catarrh 
 and bronchitis, &c., cannot be doubted, whilst the tonicity of 
 mountain air in anaemia, debility, dyspepsia, some uterine 
 complaints, &c., and convalescence from acute diseases, are 
 too well known by Anglo -Indians to require repetition. 
 
 Therapeutical Effects of Cold.— Cold increases the ap- 
 
 (a) For the sun-hours of the Maloja, Davos, Wiesen, St. Moritz, 
 vide page 90. 
 
THEKAPEUTICAL EFFECTS OF COLD. 29 
 
 petite probably from its exhilarating powers, and the re- 
 quirements in the body of more hydro-carbons to meet a 
 normal increase in combustion, A well-known writer on 
 therapeutics remarks that the most vigorous health is 
 maintained by a rapid construction and destruction of 
 tissue within certain bounds, provided these processes are 
 fairly balanced. Cold, when judiciously applied, is well- 
 known to be a powerful tonic. A cold climate and cold 
 bathing are tonic and bracing. The theory of the tonic 
 action of cold may, perhaps, be stated thus : — During 
 exposure to cold the loss of body-heat, as tested by the 
 thermometer, is by no means the measure of the quantity 
 withdrawn. Many observers have shown that at such times 
 increased combustion occurs, whereby much of the lost heat 
 is compensated, and the temperature is maintained as soon as 
 restored. This increased oxidation of tissue is demonstrated 
 by the greatly increased quantity of carbonic acid thrown off 
 by the lungs on exposure to cold (Ringer). Moderate cold 
 may also be considered a nervine tonic, as it stimulates the 
 nervous system, abolishing that languor and want of energy 
 that heat produces ; the most striking example being the 
 " plunge " or " cold douche " after a Turkish bath, and also 
 the capacity for exertion that one possesses in a cold climate. 
 "With regard to sanguification, a low temperature causes the 
 lungs to absorb more oxygen, and by thus inducing quicker 
 change in the blood corpuscles, exerts a highly beneficial 
 influence on amcmia. 
 
 It has been noticed that many patients have lost their 
 night sweats and higli temperatures in the Alps — sometimes 
 after a few days' residence. It is not unlikely that the 
 lower temperature of the surrounding medium, viz., the 
 atmosphere, influences this to some extent, and also, in the 
 case of perspiration, that its stimulating properties brace up 
 the coats of the cutaneous vessels and promote a healthy 
 action of the skin and sudoriparous glands. Some analogy 
 
so ALPINE WINTER. 
 
 appears to exist between the action of cold on temperature, 
 and the effects of quinine and salicylic acid : these agents 
 often reduce a high temperature, but have a markedly dimi- 
 nished action on the normal heat of the body. 
 
 Moderate cold appears to influence the desire, as well as 
 the capability, for movement and exercise ; thereby main- 
 taining the body in working order or training deficient 
 organs up to a state of physiological activity by the stir 
 which Nature urges, for the comfort, satisfaction, or warmth 
 of the individual. It can be readily understood that the 
 employment of the various organs and limbs of the human 
 frame is essential to their efficiency. From disuse, man 
 has lost the grasping power of the foot, and the toes of the 
 present species are atrophied, although the tendons remain. 
 It becomes a question to be considered wdiether the sedentary 
 occupations of modern civilisation wil! not eventually favour 
 a pseudo-atrophy of organs connected with the respiratory 
 and circulatory systems. How many men, dwellers in any of 
 the large cities, having reached the term of years generally 
 styled the " prime of life," could run a hundred yards with 
 comfort, or mount a staircase rapidly without breathiessness 
 or palpitation? With women the case is even worse, an 
 additional curb being placed on the act of respii-ation by 
 modern listlessness and fashionable attire. 
 
 The value of cold high climates in puhnonary complaints 
 is) in a great measure, the consequence of a gentle training of 
 the respiratory functions, the lungs becoming expanded with- 
 out calling for the usual stimulus of muscular effort, which in 
 many conditions of disease would be injurious or perhaps 
 dangerous from the consequent force given to the pulmonary 
 circulation. 
 
 Eattray has made observations on the weight and height 
 of forty-eight naval cadets, aged from 14| to 17 years, during 
 four successive changes of climate during a voyage. The 
 results show that in the Tropics they increased in height more 
 
BAKOMETEIC PKESSIIRE. 31 
 
 rapidly than in cold climates, but that they lost weight very 
 considerably and, in spite of their rapid growth, Kattray 
 concludes that the heat impaired the strength, weight, and 
 health of these lads. His figures seem conclusive on these 
 points, and show the beneficial influence of cold on youths 
 belonging to races long resident in temperate climates. 
 (Parkes' "Hygiene," p. 436.) 
 
 Sunlight.— That light has an action on the blood 
 corpuscles may be easily proved by observing the large 
 number of workers in mines and dark factories, shop girls, 
 clerks, &c., who suffer from ansemia ; likewise stokers on 
 board ship and sailors employed entirely between decks or 
 in the hold of a vessel, where the amount of light is 
 necessarily limited, or perhaps entirely absent ; these men, 
 if contrasted with the workers on the upper deck, compare 
 unfavourably in healthy appearances, although as regards 
 diet and sea-air, some of them are very nearly under 
 the same conditions. Eeferring to Arctic experiences, there 
 is every reason to expect the converse of the depressing 
 influence exercised by the prolonged and intense darkness 
 of the Arctic nighc. 
 
 Dr. W. Hammond contributed a paper in the "Medico- 
 Chirurgical Transactions," on the influence of light, showing 
 that the development of tadpoles may be retarded by 
 depriving them of light; and that in an experiment with 
 two kittens, where one was confined in a dark box and the 
 other in a box to which light was admitted, the weight was 
 perceptibly increased by light, while the growth of the 
 other was retarded. Various experiments demonstrate that 
 the action of light is of benefit in many conditions, anaemia, 
 chlorosis, and jihthisis being among the number. Other 
 factors enter largely into the cause of anaemia, &c., but the 
 want of sunlight bears on it very strongly. The aspect of 
 health whicli is created by the sun's rays speaks for itself, 
 showing that light is a therax^eutic agent of much value. 
 
82 ALPINE WINTEE. 
 
 The cliemical action in plants depends greatly on the 
 presence of sunlight with the chlorophyl. Some gases also 
 which do not combine in darkness, immediately do so on 
 exposure to strong light. 
 
 Barometric Pressure. — In approaching the subject of 
 barometric pressure, it will be interesting to lirst quote the 
 experiences of Glaisher, Gay Lussac, and others, of its result 
 on the action of the pulse and respiration. 
 
 Balloon ascents of Feet. Increase in pulse. 
 
 Biot and Gay Lussac . . 9,000 . 18 to 30 
 
 Glaisher 17,000 . 10 to 24 
 
 24,000 . 24 to 31 
 
 An ascent by Glaisher and Coxwell on the I7th July 
 1862, gave these results : 
 
 Mr. Glaisher's pulse . . .76 
 
 Mr. Coxwell's pulse . . .74 
 
 At 17,000 feet, Glaisher . . 100 
 
 „ „ Coxwell . . 84 
 
 2lst August at 1,000 feet. At 11,000. 
 
 Mr. CoxweU . . 95 . 90 
 
 Mr. Ingelow . .80 . 100 
 
 Captain Percival .90 . 88 
 
 The humidity of the air was found to decrease with the 
 height in a wonderfully decreasing ratio, till at heights ex- 
 ceeding five miles the amount of aqueous vapour in the atmo- 
 sphere was found to be very small indeed, {a) 
 
 The number of pulsations usually increased with elevation, 
 as also the number of respirations, (b) 
 
 Armieux, in the case of eighty-six invalids removed from 
 the plains to Bareges at a height of 4,000 feet, satisfied 
 himself, after a residence of four months, the respirations were 
 
 («) " Lectures in Exeter Hall," by Glaisher. 
 (6) Glaisher's " Travels in the Air," 1871. 
 
OXYGEX. 33 
 
 increased by two, and the beats of the pulse reduced by four. 
 He had also found on careful examination that the eighty-six 
 men had in four months gained on an average one inch in 
 girth round the chest. 
 
 Dr. Kellett found that the invalids at Landour gained one 
 inch, chiefly during the first two weeks, (a) 
 
 Jourdanet has asserted (" Du Mexique," page 76) that the 
 usual notion that the respirations are augmented in number 
 in the inhabitants of high lands is " completely erroneous ; 
 that the respirations are, in fact, lessened ; and that from time 
 to time a deeper inspiration is involuntarily made as partial 
 compensation." 
 
 But Coindet from 1,500 observations on French and 
 Mexicans does not confirm this. The mean number of 
 respii'ations was — 
 
 19"3G per minute for the French, 
 20-297 „ „ Mexicans. 
 
 (Paekes.) 
 From these and more recent observations, evidence is in 
 favour of a slight increase both in the pulse and respirations 
 in persons first dwelling at high altitudes, but the length of 
 time these phenomena last has not been noted with much 
 accuracy. It must not be forgotten, however, that the 
 increase in the measurements of the chest, and the excursions 
 forward of the sternum, after a short residence in Alpine 
 valleys, may also in a great measure be explained by the gain 
 in flesh and strength, for we know that on convalescence from 
 many diseases at loiv altitudes this event is a consequence of 
 retuniing health, and a token of general improvement. 
 
 Oxygen. — Tlie difference in the amount of oxygen inhaled 
 at an ascent of 0,000 feet is as follows : — 
 
 In a cubic foot of dry air at 32*^ Fall., and 30 inches 
 
 (a) "M. R.," vol. Iviii., 187C. 
 
34 ALPINE WINTEE. 
 
 barometric pressure, we find 130,375 grains of oxygen. A 
 man draws on an average when tranquil 16-6 cubic feet of air 
 into his lungs per hour, 130'375 x 16"6 = 2164'2 grains of 
 oxygen (Parkes). An ascent (about 6,000 feet) where the 
 barometer stands at 24 inches, will reduce this l-5th, or 
 C^ ^30 ^" ^ ) = 104'32 grains, lessening the quantity per hour by 
 432-4 grains. 
 
 Without allowing for a slight difference of oxygen at 
 high altitudes, owing to the small amount of moisture in the 
 air, about four additional respirations per minute would be 
 necessary to compensate for a barometric fall of six inches, 
 but by experiments on animals it has been found that as long 
 as the percentage of oxygen was not below 14, the same 
 quantity was absorbed into the blood as when the gas was in 
 normal proportion. The quantity of oxygen in the atmo- 
 sphere surrounding animals appears to have very little influ- 
 ence on the amount of this gas absorbed by them, for the 
 quantity consumed is not greater, even though an excess of 
 oxygen be added to the atmosphere experimented with 
 (Regnault and Eeiset). It therefore dees not seem at all 
 probable that the lessened loeight of oxygen taken into the 
 lungs, when breathing rarefied air at 6,000 feet, necessitates 
 any increase in the number of respirations. This is not 
 unworthy of notice when we reflect that in phthisis and some 
 forms of anaemia there is diminished respiratory function. 
 
 The explanation why breathing mountain air should 
 increase the number of respirations and expand the lungs 
 cannot be satisfactorily accounted for by the laws of mechani- 
 cal pressure, as the diminution is everywhere the same, both 
 internally and externally, and such an equilibrium of force 
 being established disposes of any theory which attributes 
 increased thoracic capacity, directly to diminished barometric 
 pressure. 
 
 The rhythm of the involuntary movements of the chest- 
 walls and diaphragm depend entirely on nervous influence. 
 
OXYGEN. 35 
 
 and it would appear that the cause of extended respiratory 
 movements depends on the excitation of the respiratory- 
 centres, influenced, amongst other causes, by certain fibres 
 which run in the course of the pneumogastric. Earefied air 
 irritating these fibres would therefore account for the addi- 
 tional number of respirations and extended chest-movements. 
 An increased proportion of blood in the lungs would also tend 
 to this result. 
 
 In the cold high altitudes we may, then, attribute the 
 change to both these causes, but whether this phenomenon 
 occurs in persons whose lungs are already quickened in 
 action by disease is a matter for observation. In these cases 
 the exciting cause of respiratory rhythm depends more on the 
 proportion of carbonic acid and oxygen in the blood than on 
 the density of the air breathed. 
 
 The following facts prove that this condition of the blood 
 influences the respiratory movements :— 1. The respiratory 
 movements can be totally arrested if, either by a forced 
 artificial respiration (by blowing air into the lungs) or by 
 forced voluntary breathing, the blood becomes saturated with 
 oxygen and poor in carbonic acid ("apnoea"). 2. Eespi- 
 ration becomes stronger, and the more accessory muscles take 
 part in it ("dyspnoea "). The poorer in oxygen and the richer 
 in carbonic acid the blood is, as, e.g., on the entrance of air 
 or fluid into the pleural cavities, causing a collapse of the 
 lung, or when, by inflammation, &c., the lungs are unfit for 
 respiration (Herman's " Physiology "). 
 
 There are three causes at high altitudes which advance 
 the combination of the carbon and hydrogen of the body with 
 the oxygen of the air, viz., cold air, sunlight, and lessened 
 pressure ; therefore, it is conceivable that the additional 
 weight of oxygen absorbed by the blood does not become 
 such an overplus as would, when reaching the medulla, 
 induce a tendency to apnoea, but may be sufficient to exert 
 some inhibitory influence and balance irritation of the peri- 
 
36 ALPINE WINTEE, 
 
 pheral fibres of the pneumograstic in the lungs. Or, to 
 summarise thus : 
 
 1. Earefied air and larger proportion of blood in the lungs, 
 increasing respiration. 
 
 2. Oxygen in blood circulating to medulla, retarding 
 respiration. 
 
 The balance being a little in favour of No. 1 in healthy 
 persons ; but in impaired lungs with quickened action 
 (owing to excess of carbonic acid in the blood) the increased 
 quantity of oxygen absorbed by the blood at high levels seems 
 to have a proportionately stronger inhibitory influence. This 
 appears to be borne out by the fact of many patients 
 breathing comparatively freely when leaving the plains who 
 again experience dyspncea on their return from the 
 mountains. 
 
 From the experiments of Dr. Marcet at high altitudes in 
 Switzerland and the Island of Teneriffe, it appears that more 
 air in bulk, but less in weight, is breathed at high altitudes, 
 and that a larger proportion of carbonic acid is excreted in 
 the cold altitudes of Switzerland (showing that more oxygen 
 has been absorbed). 
 
 At Teneriffe the carbonic acid was not increased in 
 amount, whereas in the Swiss altitudes of 13,000 feet an 
 increase of 15 per cent, was discovered. We can attribute 
 this to the lower temperature of the latter country (as Dr. 
 Marcet observed), and also to the larger amount of sunlight, 
 and in a cold high climate there would be a greater volume 
 of blood in the lungs to avail itself of the absorption of the 
 oxygen. 
 
 One may be said to live quickly at these altitudes, and 
 the most perfect health is maintained by a rapid waste and 
 repair of the tissues of the body. This increased combustion 
 does not mean shortened existence, but improved health, pro- 
 vided that repair and loss are equally balanced. 
 
 Theoretically, lungs which would be incapable of perform- 
 
OZONE. 37 
 
 ing the respiratory functions completely at sea-level would, 
 on the patient rising to higher cold levels, utilise more 
 oxygen in proportion to the weight of the air inhaled the 
 higher they ascend, within ordinary limits, and that the 
 functions of the skin would also be promoted by reduced 
 pressure, favouring the action of osmosis, {a) 
 
 Although, perhaps, not quite so much fresh air is breathed 
 in a cold climate by those who sleep with closed windows as 
 is breathed in the warmer health resorts by persons who 
 sleep with the windows open, the three conditions of exces- 
 sive sunlight, cold atmosphere, and lessened barometric pres- 
 sure, may partly compensate for the advantage in that respect. 
 Indeed, it is difficult everywhere to persuade many patients 
 to ventilate their rooms at night. 
 
 Before leaving this subject, it will be interesting to note 
 the diminution of barometric pressure, in the Eugadine, viz., 
 677,476 lbs. of the whole of the human body. Although 
 the considerable reduction of three tons (b) taken off the 
 fluids, and solid parts of the skeleton carries with it no 
 remarkable phenomenon, it is not illogical to assume that 
 such a declension in the weight of the atmosphere must exert 
 some peculiar powers. "Whether these affect physiological 
 actions, or influence the animal economy in any way other 
 than favouring the interchange of gases ; increasing the beats 
 of the pulse and the number of respirations ; rendering 
 
 (a) There is evidence that the interchange of gases between' the air 
 and the blood through the skin has an important share in keeping up 
 the temperature of the body, and we find the temperature of the surface 
 much elevated in cases of pneumonia, phthisis, &c., in which the lungs 
 seem to perform their function very insufficiently (Carpenter's " Human 
 Physiolooy''). 
 
 (/y) The barometer is lowered about 6 inches, l/5th of the capacity of 
 the mercurial column at sea-level. A cubic inch of mercury weighs 
 3,4335 grains, or "49 lb. The surface of an ordinary sized man is about 
 16 square feet ; therefore the calculation can be easily made. 
 
38 ALPINE WINTEE. 
 
 muscular exertion less fatiguing ; may be elucidated by future 
 observations. 
 
 Ozone. — This peculiar condition of oxygen is generally 
 found in healthy localities. Sea-air and mountainous tracts 
 especially give indications of its presence, whilst in densely 
 populated districts or unhealthy places, ozone is observed only 
 in small quantities. In a work on " Ozone and Antozone " 
 Dr. Cornelius Fox states as follows : — " The salubrity of a 
 town or city may be pretty accurately estimated by the 
 effects of its air on ozonoscopes, as the feebleness and slug- 
 gishness of the re-action is a very good gauge of the amount 
 of impurities which it contains. Ozone is a deodorising and 
 purifying agent of the highest order, resolving and decom- 
 posing into innocuous forms. The oils of the cod's liver, the 
 cocoa-nut, and sun-flower, ^vhen ozonised, have been found, by 
 Drs. Theophilus and Symes Thompson, to be very useful in 
 reducing the rapidity of the pulse, and exerting at the same 
 time an invigorating influence on the heart's action in con- 
 sumption. Last in order, but first in importance, ozone has 
 been considered to be probably concerned in a work most 
 gigantic in magnitude and of vital consequence. It has been 
 thought to be influential in the modification of climate, to 
 exercise a beneficial action on animal and vegetable life, and 
 to be indispensable to the relief and cure of functional dis- 
 order and disease. It has been doubted whether life could 
 continue to exist on this planet, according to the present con- 
 stitution of terrestrial laws, if the formation of ozone should 
 cease in nature." 
 
 It is, perhaps, too soon to say that ozone is obnoxious tc 
 micro-organisms, nevertheless, the latter diminish with 
 increase of ozone. In the elevated Alps, where there is 
 constantly recurring atmospheric states of electrical high 
 tension, large quantities of air become ozonised, and it is in 
 
OZONE, 89' 
 
 these regions that micro-organisms have been found by- 
 Pasteur, Miquel, Tyndall, and others, to be greatly diminished 
 in numbers and at some heights, as for instance on the 
 Aletsch gLacier, at an altitude of 2,300 metres, Tyndall found 
 that sterilised infusions were unaltered when the flasks when 
 opened and closed again ; but, in a hay-loft, twenty- one flasks 
 out of twenty-three showed living organisms, when manipu- 
 lated in the same manner. 
 
 The researches of M. le Professeur Yung, of Geneva,. 
 and Edouard de Preudenreich. of Bern, carry with them some 
 valuable evidences of the purity of mountain air, in com- 
 parison with that of the plains. M. de Preudenreich has 
 evidently devoted much time to these important investigations. 
 In the summer of last year many delicate experiments were 
 made by him at the Col de St. Theodule (3,322 metres), 
 Aletsch glacier, Niesen (2,366 metre). Lake of Thun, &c. 
 
 The methods of procedure were similar to those originated 
 by Miquel, of Paris, the director of the Montsouris Observa- 
 tory. INI. de Preudenreich after demonstrating the entire 
 absence of germs in the quantity of air examined (300 to 
 1,500 litres), at such altitudes as the Eiger (3,975 m.). 
 The foot of the Eiger (2,100 m.). The Strahlegg and the 
 Schilthorn, attributes the diminution in the number of 
 microbes in the high regions, to the following causes : — 
 
 1. To the progressive disappearance of productive foci 
 for bacteria, according to height, until the zone of eternal 
 snow is reached, when the disappearance of these foci are 
 absolute. 
 
 2. To the lessening density of the atmosphere, which 
 becomes less able to hold microscopic particles in suspension ; 
 at tlie same time a diminution of dust from the same and 
 other causes. 
 
 In an interesting brochure on " Living Organisms of the 
 Air," he also mentions the recent researches of M. le 
 Commandant Moreau, published in the Scrnaine Medicale, 
 
40 ALPINE WINTEK. 
 
 of 6th March, 1884, by Dr. Miquel. These researches show- 
 that only five or six bacteria were found by Moreau, in 
 sea-air. 
 
 Now, there can be little doubt from these and other obser- 
 vations that the relation of micro-organisms to ozone is in an 
 inverse ratio : for on the sea and in mountain air where ozone 
 abounds, microbes diminish. Although temperature, a thin 
 atmosphere, and absence of productive forci clearly affect 
 the development of micro-organisms, the power exerted in 
 this direction by an ozoniferous atmosphere is well worthy of 
 careful investigation. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 " ^oW as a Sensation o.nd a ^ 
 
 '/« lunas ana „„ ^"^;!i,;^^ ^^^"'^ "» ''« VasaUarity of 
 
 h-gh cold region fro,„ an EM^„ t "tf > . '";''"""' "' " 
 possibly that tvrenty de-^rees of It i '""' """"^'"S 
 of chilliness, and that a^; tel t ^"f ' T"'^ ^^=--« 
 
 can be de,, ontsCtVr™:^. J''^ ^^^ 
 
 eithL^id:t^:r,as:r"^' ^^^"^ eoldI/.„hstances, 
 
 2. By evaporation from the surface of H, , ■ 
 n.uco„. naembrane of the respiratory act ""' '""^ "'^ 
 
 ^^^S:^r^'"^ ''' ''^■°-'>-™ ^'ate of 
 evaporated from the skin 1^' '^"""'''^ "' ■"»«'-"-o is 
 -e.s,, this variation play:^.::^'--;^^^^^^ 
 
 baJancing agencies of phjsiolodcal «p ; n ^ conservative and 
 
 ^tnnge or diJate the cutaneous fc "'""««' ^*^- things con- 
 or exertion, &c. capiiJanes in response to cold or heat, rest 
 
42 ALPINE WrNTEE. 
 
 reducing the temperature of the body compared to the 
 abstraction of heat by conduction ; or, in other words, 
 contact with cold air in movement. This latter cause is the 
 one which principally bears on the question of sensation, 
 inasmuch as cause No. 3 is too insignificant to be felt, 
 and No. 4 can be guarded against to a great extent by 
 clothing. 
 
 The physical sensibility of cold is produced by the 
 amount of heat rather suddenly abstracted from the body 
 (which does not always depend on the temperature in contact 
 with it). For example, if the hand be placed on fur at SO'* 
 Tahr., it feels warm in comparison with iron at the same 
 temperature. The former being a bad conductor — owing to 
 the motionless air in its interstices — does not abstract much 
 heat from the hand ; the metal, being a good conductor of 
 heat, appears intensely cold to the touch. 
 
 If, therefore, cold-motionless-dry air surrounds the body, 
 heat is not abstracted nearly so readily as it would be by 
 somewhat warmer air in movement. It must be remembered 
 that the sensation of cold cannot be accurately gauged by 
 reference to the thermometer. Two other conditions are 
 intimately connected with temperature in causing impressions 
 of cold or heat — viz., wind and moisture, for it is these that 
 cool the body, by conduction. If their temperature is lower 
 than ours, they appear colder than they really are, because 
 from their conductivity heat quickly passes away from us. 
 
 In the high valleys of the Alps, although the thermo- 
 meter may register some 15° or 20^ of frost, this low tem- 
 perature is by no means disagreeable, as the calm air and 
 intense solar heat enable many persons to sit in the open and 
 bask in the sun during the depth of winter without feeling 
 the slightest sensation of chilliness. Even excessive tannincr 
 ^nd reddening of the skin takes place with almost everyone 
 who takes plenty of outdoor exercise : ladies, who are 
 generally well protected by sunshades or umbrellas, do not 
 
COLD, ETC. 43 
 
 escape a healthful aspect. This is mostly owing to the 
 reflection of light from the snow, which coming in upward 
 and parallel directions, cannot be well screened from the 
 face. The habit and necessity of wearing smoked-glass 
 spectacles aho enables persons to face the glare, and thereby 
 receive a much larger proportion of light than in England, {a) 
 According to Dr. Cornelius Fox, ozone also causes a healthy 
 colouration of exposed parts of the body. The speedy 
 tanning that one undergoes when crossing a mountain pass, 
 or driving in an open sleigh, supports this view. As more 
 ozone is brought into contact with the skin by movement 
 through air when driving, or on the passes where there is 
 generally a breeze present, so a greater colouration ensues : 
 whereas one may be exposed to the influence of wind in 
 large cities (where there is an absence or great diminution of 
 ozone) without wearing a rosy or tanned appearance. 
 
 The general climatic characteristics are — 
 
 1. Dryness of the air {h) and its comparative freedom 
 from micro-organisms, mechanical irritants, and 
 noxious gases. 
 
 (a) It has been frequently noticed that dark-complexioned individuals 
 become sunburnt more readily than "blondes." This depends 
 principally on the sensitiveness of the retina and the colour of the eyes. 
 For instance, "fair" people cannot face the light with such ease and 
 comfort as those who have plenty of pigment in their ires ; for the 
 pigment absorbing the rays of light, protects the retina, and even 
 enables some with very " dark " eyes, to gaze on the sun itself. On the 
 other hand, a person with a grey or pale iris averts and screens the eyes 
 from the sunlight as much as possible, and in this way escapes the effect 
 of the rays on the face. 
 
 (I) The drying and preserving of meat hung in the air, has been 
 alluded to as an illustration of the dryness of these climates. This 
 takes place in an analogous manner to the drying of turtle in the sun in 
 the West Indies, viz,, evaporation of moisture before putrefaction takes 
 place. In the Swiss mountains the vitality of germs being rendered 
 inert by a low temperature, thick masses of meat can be gra»luillv 
 dried. 
 
 I) 2 
 
44 ALPINE WINTER. 
 
 2. Low temperature. 
 
 3. Profusion of sunlight. 
 
 4. Diminished barometric pressure. 
 
 5. Ozoniferous atmosphere. 
 
 The results on pulmonary complaints, antemia, and allied 
 disorders, may be stated thus : — 
 
 1. By breathing aseptic air free from dust, irritation or 
 
 perhaps, recurrence of infection by microbes in the 
 respiratory tract, is greatly lessened. 
 
 2. Vaporisation of morbid secretions in the lungs takes 
 
 place, promoted by reduced barometric pressure and 
 dryness of the atmosphere. 
 
 3. Increased oxidation of blood and tissue, from sunlight, 
 
 cold air, and reduced pressure. 
 
 4. Increased quantity of blood circulating in the lungs — 
 
 caused by tlie low temperature — the freedom of the 
 circulation being aided by extended chest move- 
 ments. 
 
 5. Increased activity in the pulmonary lymphatics (de- 
 
 pending on circulation and expansion) and a general 
 improvement in nutrition and glandular secretion; 
 also an exhilarating effect on the nervous system. 
 Some of these results are obtainable under no other 
 conditions than those presented at high cold regions. With 
 regard to the increased quantity of blood circulating in the 
 lungs (presumably influencing the nutrition of those organs), 
 it may be contended that this is not a desirable sequence. 
 Perhaps it is not in haemorrhagic phthisis ; but in some 
 other forms, especially early tubercular deposits, it would not 
 seem to be disadvantageous. "What would lead one to 
 suppose this, is the rare occurrence of tubercular phthisis in 
 persons affected with mitral disease. Even when hsemoptysis 
 takes place, and when some of the blood presumably gravitates 
 into the air cells, tubercular disease rarely follows ; whilst, 
 on the other hand, phthisis is not an uncommon consequence 
 
COLD, ETC 45 
 
 after hfiemoptysis from other causes. This would appear to 
 indicate that a general hyperfemic condition of the lungs 
 impedes the deposition of tubercle and restrains phthisical 
 processes. Support is also lent to this view by tubercle 
 generally attacking the apices of the lungs, which parts 
 contain rather less blood, owing to gravitation. 
 
 Conversely, where the quantity of blood circulating in 
 the lungs is diminished, as in hot climates, phthisis is 
 frequently seen to run a very rapid course. 
 
 It is not improbable that this increased volume of blood 
 moving in an impaired and imperfect lung at a high altitude 
 plays an important part in the nutrition of the tissues and in 
 augmenting the movement of lymph through the pulmonary 
 lymphatics, so removing by absorption many of the smaller 
 morbid cell growths. With the lessened barometric pressure 
 accelerating the action of osmosis, compensation to some 
 extent is made for the loss in pulmonary capacity, for we 
 know that a more rapid interchange of gases talces place 
 under reduced pressure. 
 
 On the other hand, the emphysematous signs presented by 
 patients who may be said to be cured, after a prolonged 
 residence at high stations, may seem to contra-indicate any 
 theor}' based on this assumption. It must be conceded, 
 however, that with the expansion of the chest obtained, it is 
 doubtful if emphysema occasions such compression of the 
 pulmonary capillaries as to decrease the ivltole volume of 
 blood circulating in the lungs. 
 
 That the lungs contain more blood in a cold climate is 
 pretty clear, if we accept the evidence of Dr. Francis (Bengal 
 Army), who found from a large number of observations, that 
 th(5 lungs are lighter after death in Europeans in India than 
 the European standard. Parkes confirms this, and also 
 Eattray, in his observations of diminished respiratory 
 function in hot climates. 
 
 "When the activity of any organ of the body is augmented. 
 
46 ALPINE WINTEK. 
 
 more blood is attracted to it than when at rest, or during 
 lessened exertion. By breathing rarefied air at high levels 
 the respiratory movements are usually quickened and ex- 
 tended, especially on taking exercise. 
 
 The liability, also, of the natives of these high valleys to 
 pneumonia, whilst exempt from phthisis, would seem to point 
 to some alteration in the vascular condition of the organs 
 affected. What result any variation in the vascularity of the 
 lungs would have on the bacillus tuberculosis is rather prema- 
 ture to surmise. No bacilli have, however, up to the present 
 time been discovered in the blood of tubercular subjects. It 
 appears, therefore, that either they do not enter the vessels in 
 the form of a bacillus, or if entering, are changed in character 
 or destroyed. That the state of the blood, chemical or patho- 
 logical condition, or functional activity of the tissues must be 
 agencies governing the suitability of the soil for the reception 
 of a bacillus, is supported by the fact that infection is very 
 rare, although there are numberless cases in which bacilli 
 have undoubtedly been inhaled. 
 
 There is, however, no decided criterion for the determina- 
 tion of the question whether — 
 
 1. A major quantity of blood in the lungs, such as may 
 be diffused through these organs in a high cold climate, with 
 slightly augmented freedom (from acceleration of respiratory 
 and cardiac movements) and more complete oxidation, is or 
 is not less disposed to bring about pulmonary haemorrhage 
 than — 
 
 2. A minor proportion of blood at sea-level, circulating 
 with less facility, and not so effectually oxidised. 
 
 The problem also appears to present itself as one of 
 " nutrition of the lung," viz., whether slight hyperemia (under 
 those circumstances) is not a more desirable sequence than 
 the inclination to slight blood stasis of No. 2. 
 
 It is well known, also, that the hygrometric and baro- 
 metric states of the atmosphere modify the process of evapo- 
 
COLD, ETC. 47 
 
 ration from the lungs and skin. The evaporation of morbid 
 secretions in the lungs was pointed out in 1881 (a) as being 
 one of the circumstances which probably has an important 
 bearing on phthisis. The process of evaporation in dry 
 climates, acting on ulcers, cavities, or suppurating surfaces, if 
 not analogous to the dry treatment of wounds (so successfully 
 carried out by Mr. Gamgee, of Birmingham), brings about a 
 less moist and watery condition of the secretions from dis- 
 eased bronchial tubes or cavities of the lung ; virtually 
 imitating expectoration without the patient undergoing the 
 effort of coughing. 
 
 The effects on the body of sunlight and reduced pressure 
 are doubtless those facilitating the interchange of gases in the 
 blood and tissues, whilst the cold air necessitates the require- 
 ment of a larger absorption of oxygen and assimilation of 
 hydro- carbons to maintain the heat of the body. It may be 
 conjectured that this contributes to the sudden and consider- 
 able push given to nutrition on arrival at a cold high altitude , 
 when the appetite is, in most cases, at once improved in a 
 remarkable way, and animal food that could hardly be thought 
 of previously without disgust is eaten promptly. Where 
 improvement begins it is difficult to say ; indeed it is only to 
 a combination of causes that the variety of effects can be 
 attributed. This push to nutrition is a reliable feature in the 
 first evidences of progression, and assures a certain amount of 
 hopefulness in the case. 
 
 The exhilarating feeling produced by the consciousness of 
 moving about amid snow and ice, without taking cold or 
 feeling pinched, is not to be despised as contributing towards 
 cnre. The contrast of this with the life in England during 
 winter, where every change of weather has to be guarded 
 
 (a) " Davo3 Platz, and the Effects of Altitude on Phthisid."— (TTie 
 Author.) 
 
48 ALPINE WINTEK. 
 
 against, is so marked that the hope of recovery presents itself, 
 and despondency is banished. 
 
 There is every reason to suppose that under the many 
 favourable circumstances presented by these climates the 
 treatment of suitable cases of ansemia and its allies, scrofula, 
 consumption, and affections of the chest, and some cachectic 
 states of the system, can be undertaken with greater confi- 
 dence, and those measures which have of late years prolonged 
 many valuable lives, are certainly more likely to be efficient 
 and successful, when supported by the curative effects of 
 mountain air ; whilst for the somewhat minor maladies, such 
 as debility, either from physical causes, or from mental 
 fatigue and worry, malaria, &c., some forms of dyspepsia, 
 chronic discharges or suppurations (that do not incapacitate 
 the patient from taking gentle exercise), and during conva- 
 lescence from many acute diseases, the renovating power of 
 these remarkable climates are, in suitable cases, doubtless far 
 superior in rapidity of effect, to warmer and lower latitudes. 
 
 It is not for a moment implied that climatic conditions, 
 "rateful at all times in health and disease, are not found in 
 certain localities, where the range of the thermometer is 
 generally from 50° to 65°, or thereabouts. This equality of 
 temperature with dryness, &c., enables patients to be con- 
 stantly in the open air, and if not out of the house, to be 
 able to avail themselves of a system of " hyperventilation " 
 day and night ; but, on the other hand, it is now well known 
 that other places can be found as favourable, if not more so, 
 for these complaints in cold climates, although the range of 
 the temperature is not so limited ; whilst the languor and 
 depression of strength felt in warm climates is altogether 
 escaped. 
 
CHAPTER lY. 
 
 Indudinrj the Draichacls of the Aljjine Winter 
 Stations. 
 
 After leaving Coire (a) for the ascent to Churwalden 
 (4,976 ft.) and Parpan (4,938 ft.) the beauties oi the mountain 
 journey begin. The rise in the altitude gives a sensation of 
 lightness and elasticity to the frame. All the surroundings 
 cheer the spirits — the tinkling music of the cow-bells, the 
 autumnal changes in foliage, golden larclies and aspens 
 contrasting with the dark green of the firs, topped here and 
 there by brilliant sun-beams, imdulating into gorges and 
 hollows of obscure impenetrable shades — whilst in the dis- 
 tance are occasionally seen the higher peaks crowned witli 
 dazzling snow of snowy whiteness. After a railway journey 
 perhaps from foggy London, these scenes alone stimulate and 
 recruit the strength. It is well to be cautious at this stage, 
 that the powers are not overtaxed by fatigue ; for this sudden 
 vigour is not yet permanent, but may permit a delicate 
 person unconsciously to out-run the supply of force. It is, 
 in some instances, desirable that the journey from London 
 for example, should be broken at various points, so that the 
 patient shall not reach his destination in a wearied and 
 jaded state. 
 
 The transformation scene after the winter snow has 
 
 (a) Davoa Platz and Davos Duifli can be reached from Landquait, 
 the Btation before CbUr {vide page 16). 
 
50 ALPIKE WINTEE. 
 
 fallen intensifies all the virtues of mountain air. With the 
 sudden covering of the earth by a non-conducting material an 
 entirely new condition of the climate is established. Fresh 
 breezes have died away, packs of cumulus cloud have been 
 condensed into snow, the moisture in the atmosphere is of 
 the smallest quantity, whilst the sun shines with the lustre 
 and power of the South, and the sky presents an almost 
 unclouded surface of azure blue. 
 
 There are, however, maiiy cases of advanced disease 
 buoyed up with false hopes, in real ignorance of their true 
 condition, who, instead of seeking the soothing and languid 
 influences of a Southern clime, or the comforts of home, 
 venture to face suddenly the stimulating and force-producing 
 powers of tlie keen mountain air. To countenance the recep- 
 tion of unsuitable cases with the chance of recovery that 
 occasionally presents itself in pulmonary disease, is not only 
 reprehensible and bad, but detracts from the value of 
 " climate " as a remedy of even limited application. We 
 cannot but think that this is one of the reasons which has 
 somewhat retarded the frank reception by the medical faculty 
 of Alpine regions, as offering a means of cure to many who 
 can arrange to spend the winter amidst the snow and sun- 
 light of the Swiss mountains. 
 
 The great drawback to some of these health-resorts, as 
 with many others in the South, is defective sanitation. As 
 long as overcrowding does not take place, the cold and snow 
 will, to a great extent, mitigate the evils of bad drainage and 
 impure emanations ; but when hotels get filled with a large 
 number of visitors, many of whom may be in delicate health, 
 the air within will not (except by artificial ventilation and 
 good house drainage) be free from the usual indoor impuri- 
 ties, as sewer-gas, kitchen and basement air, exhalations from 
 the lungs and skin of organic matter, scales of epithelium, 
 fibres of cotton, wool, wood, &c., the products of combustion 
 from gas, lamps, and candles ; bacteria and fungi ; and, what 
 
DRAWBACKS, ETC. 51 
 
 is, perhaps, more important still in the case of delicate lungs 
 bacilli floating about in the air. Patients must, therefore 
 exercise their own discretion in opening windows and airing 
 their rooms as much as possible. During fine weather a fair 
 quantity of fresh air can always be permitted to enter the 
 bed-rooms, according to the desire of the individual; but in 
 other parts of the houses the means of admitting pure air and 
 providing for the escape of foul are very imperfect. Until 
 appliances are introduced into the hotels (as is done in the 
 Maloja Kursaal) to clean the air, warm, moisten, and medicate 
 it if necessary, every high altitude station can scarcely be 
 designated " air-cure place," for most of the patient's time is 
 spent indoors, where the conditions in some of the hotels are 
 no better than at home — perhaps worse, if the house should 
 be full of people, " The breath of even healthy persons often 
 contained microbes, and the moisture in the breath, if col- 
 lected, was putrescible, and when condensed upon the walls 
 of an aj)artment or elsewhere, doubtless formed productive 
 foci for micro-organisms." — (G. V. Poore, M.D., Cantor Lec- 
 tures.) 
 
 By boxing-up soiled air for the sake of warmth, the 
 pollution of the interior of dwellings by organic matter can 
 be readily discerned by anyone who is familiar with its 
 peculiar odour. In crowded places of entertainment, on first 
 entering from the outside, a faint, musty smell is not uncom- 
 mon. This indicates an atmosphere loaded with organic 
 impurities, and the immediate effects of such commence with 
 faintness and headache. The quantity of carbonic acid 
 evolved is in no sense so dangerous as the animal matter, 
 although it gives a good clue in estimating the quantity of 
 the latter poison. 
 
 Where stoves are in use, attention should be given to 
 them to see that servants do not entirely close the valve 
 which regulates the Ikie. Occasionally this is done, when 
 the fuel is consumed and the remains are glowing red, with 
 
52 ALPINE WINTEE. 
 
 the intention of economising heat, which it effectually does, 
 by preventing air passing through and cooling the stove ; but 
 the most poisonous of all gases, viz., carbonic oxide, is slowly 
 evolved into the room from the dying embers and quickly 
 gives rise to headache, which is not rapidly shaken off even 
 by fresh air. (a) 
 
 It is essential, too, that some special employment should 
 be undertaken when persons remain several months abroad ; 
 languages can be studied, or the mind occupied with work of 
 some sort. By this means time does not drag heavily, ennui 
 is not experienced, and restoration to health is not retarded 
 by dejection of spirits. 
 
 The travelling also has to be considered. These who are in 
 pretty fair health can make the journey in three days, either 
 to Maloja, St. Moritz, Davos, or Wiesen, but a longer time is 
 recommended for those whose health does not admit of pro- 
 longed confinement in railway carriages. The journey may 
 be broken at Paris or Brussels, Bale, and Chur, Como, or 
 Promontogno, according to the route chosen by the traveller. 
 
 On first arrival it occasionally happens with some people 
 that they are unable to obtain a good night's rest for the first 
 night or so. This depends on the sudden rise which they 
 have made to high regions. The difficulty soon passes off; 
 but in the case of sensitive persons who sleep badly, it may 
 be met by remaining a few days at Chur (1,936 ft.). The 
 stay there will frequently help in training the system to the 
 new conditions. It must not be forgotten that the altered 
 form of bed may, in many instances, prevent sound and 
 refreshing sleep. The wedge-shaped hair bolster can some- 
 times be removed with great advantage to the sleeper, and 
 extra clothing be placed over the shoulders and upper part of 
 
 (ffl) Carbonic oxide replaces oxygen in the blood, and cannot be again 
 replaced by oxygen, but has to be slowly converted into carbonic acid, 
 before elimination. 
 
DEAWBACKS, ETC. 53 
 
 the body whicli is usually not covered by the eider-down 
 quilt. In addition to equalising the bed temperature in this 
 way, the head should not be raised at too great an angle from 
 the chest and shoulders, or compression of the vessels of the 
 neck will ensue, and so impede the ready return of blood 
 from the brain, keeping this organ active and full, when it 
 should be in the anaemic state which usually accompanies 
 sleep. 
 
 A little discomfort is sometimes caused by chilblains 
 during the winter time. To prevent these, walking exercise 
 should be taken immediately after breakfast, and the endea- 
 vour be made to keep the feet warm throughout the day by 
 this means. The parquet floors, although healthy and advan- 
 tageous in many respects, are, in a great measure, the cause 
 of cold feet and the source of chilblains, therefore all the 
 corridors and bed-rooms in hotels should be carpeted in these 
 climates during winter time. 
 
 What has been advanced as an objection to Alpine 
 stations is the use of the German stove as a means of warming 
 the interior of houses and hotels. The fault, however, does 
 not lie so much with the ponderous German Of en as with 
 improper management in neglecting to provide sufficient 
 ventilation for the rooms and moisture for the air. An 
 improvement on these stoves is the steam reservoirs in use at 
 the Kurhaus, Davos Platz, the admission of steam being 
 under the control of the occupant of the room in whicli they 
 are placed. But this plan also raises the temperature without 
 raising the " dew-point," or, in popular language, " dries the 
 air," creating a necessity for a supply of watery vapour to 
 render the atmosphere fit for healthy and agreeable respira- 
 tion ; for, although dryness of the climate is one of the main 
 features of the Swiss Alps, a limit can be reached beyond 
 which a dessicating effect may be produced. 
 
 The introduction to the briuht and calm winters of these 
 
54 AT.PINE WESTER. 
 
 regions is sometimes a little unsettled, but not dangerously 
 so. Ealls of snow occur and are apt to thaw again ; the 
 roads, however, soon dry, by reason of the sloping land and 
 rapid evaporation. Acclimatisation has frequently been held 
 up as a pre-requisite for visitors, but, as the winter is 
 generally bright, calm, with dry cold and plenty of sun, the 
 risk of arrival, even after the commencement of winter, is 
 in no wise greater than during the autumn. To become 
 acclimatised for one of the best seasons of the year, and one 
 which is regarded as a " cure " period, requires no inurement 
 — many persons even arriving in mid-winter and crossing 
 a mountain pass without inconvenience or harm resulting. 
 The selection of an Alpine station should certainly be 
 influenced by the opinion of physicians at home, even where 
 the intention is entertained of I'eturnins; for a second or third 
 winter. Perhaps this may seem to be written in the interests 
 of the medical profession, but those who have spent three or 
 four seasons at these places will have observed that some 
 cases return again who would do better in a southern clime. 
 An over- estimation of their own recuperative powers, or an 
 enthusiastic belief in the potency of the charming Alpine 
 climate to sweep away all maladies, is possibly the cause of 
 an injudicious decision. 
 
 Children over three years of age do extremely well in the 
 Alps, make healthy blood and muscle, gain flesh, and expand 
 their chests. Under this age, it is doubtful if sufficient 
 exercise can be taken by a child to ward off the cold, without 
 being swathed to such an extent in furs and flannels as would 
 impede the free motions of the limbs and thorax, so essential 
 to development in childhood. 
 
 It is also a moot question whether some invalids should 
 not quit the Alps immediately the end of the winter seems 
 approaching, as the changeable weather, with wet roads, 
 winds, &c., is likely to upset many of the benefits gained 
 
DRAWBACKS, ETC. 
 
 55 
 
 during the dry season. In this case, it would probably be 
 well to go south, Lugano (982 ft.), Como (705 ft.), Sorrento 
 &c. ; but if spring has set in, the shores of Lac Leman 
 (1,230 ft.) offer a fairly safe change. Thusis (2,448 ft.), 
 has attracted many persons from Davos, it is a pretty 
 place, with agreeable walks and fairly comfortable hotels. 
 Eagatz (1,709 ft), Mels (1,637 ft.) are reached easily, but a 
 residence at these latter has seldom been attended with 
 much improvement in health. Promontogno (2,700 ft.) is 
 very convenient for the Engadine ; its position and climate 
 go a great way in recommending it as a halting-place ; 
 measures are being taken by the proprietor of the 
 hotel there to warm the rooms and corridors, as it i& 
 well-known that much depends on the comfort and 
 equable temperature within doors during springtime. Coire 
 (1,900 ft.) according to Dr. Killias shows a dry climate in the 
 spring. This town, for some reason or another, has been 
 overlooked, although it has many recommendations as a half- 
 way station. 
 
 1872 
 
 to 
 
 1875 
 
 March, ' Thusis 
 
 April, ] Chiir 
 
 and ! Ragatz 
 
 May. I 
 
 Barometric 
 Height. 
 
 746" 
 603" 
 541" 
 
 Mean 
 Tempera- 
 ture. 
 
 9.U 
 9.27 
 9.22 
 
 Mean 
 Cloudiness 
 
 per cent. 
 56 
 63 
 
 44 
 
 Rainfall in 
 Millemfe- 
 
 tres. 
 
 214.9 
 149.7 
 335.9 
 
 A month might be spent at any of these, previous to 
 returning liome, provided the weather is fine, but it is well to 
 be impressed with the necessity of the great personal care 
 needed during this migratory period, especially with regard 
 to clothing. Tliick flannels, socks, &c., should not be 
 
56 ALPINE WINTEE. 
 
 dispensed with hastily, and it would be well to guard against 
 the change from the calm regions by adopting outer 
 garments of close texture, impervious to the chilling effects 
 of wind. 
 
 Any remarks on the climate of Switzerland would be 
 incomplete without reference being made to the fdhn 
 wind, (a) 
 
 Altitude and low temperature modify, to some extent, the 
 noxious qualities of the wind. 
 
 The fohn is a moist southerly aerial current. Its tem- 
 perature in Switzerland becomes elevated from various 
 causes, the chief of which is probably atmospheric pressure. 
 By this accession of heat the capability of the fohn for 
 holding more moisture in suspension is at once augmented. 
 The " absolute " humidity may remain the same, but by a 
 rise in temperature the percentage of relative humidity (i.e., 
 humidity in relation to the point of saturation), is con- 
 siderably reduced, for warm air can contain more watery 
 vapour ; therefore, the fohn seizes with avidity on any 
 moisture which is present. The extreme dryness is again 
 advanced by the stoves in use, further raising the tem- 
 perature to a dessicating point. In this way many bad 
 
 (a) Dr. Wild says, the fohn as such is known only in the north- 
 eastern valleys of Switzerland, and it is there distinguished by its 
 great heat, and still more by its peculiar dryness before which the snow 
 disappears both by rapid melting and also by that rapid evaporation 
 which has obtained for it the appropriate name of the snow- eater 
 (Schneefresser). 
 
 But while the fohn proper is blowing in the valleys of the north- 
 east eating away the snow in winter, or in summer and autumn drying 
 the hay or ripening the grapes, over the south-west of Switzerland a 
 warm and wet wind blows, which precipitates its moisture in a heavy 
 down-pour, and floods the country with rain and melted snow. The 
 distinctly fohn stations named by Dr. Wild are, Glarus, Aueu. Altdorf, 
 Engleberg, Schwyz, Chur, and Klosters. 
 
DRAWBACKS, ETC. 57 
 
 symptoms are aggravated and vaporisation of organic 
 matter takes place, which is doubtless re-inhaled by the 
 occupants of a room badly ventilated or unprovided with 
 sufificient water near the stoves to bedew the air. 
 
 The nervous system of most persons becomes remarkably 
 depressed by this wind ; the inclination to undergo exertion 
 is diminished ; sleep and digestion are disturbed ; the 
 animals, too, seem to suffer — effects which closely resemble 
 those caused by the "Vent d'Espagne," in the Pyrenees 
 (Hermann Weber). Indisposition is usually attributed to 
 this wind at Davos, and in several instances with justice. 
 
 After one or two days, sometimes longer, the second 
 phase of the fcihn is developed. The thermometer falls and 
 with the cooling process the air is gradually brought below 
 the dew-point, and what a few days before was an exceed- 
 ingly dry wind, becomes converted into an atmosphere satu- 
 rated with moisture, which falls as snow or rain, according 
 to the time of the year, and temperature. 
 
 The days of invasion by the fohn wind are about equal 
 at Davos and Wiesen. On the Maloja plateau, 1,000 feet 
 higher, this wind is rarely felt, and its noxious qualities are 
 greatly modified by the higher altitude, extended width of 
 the valley, and the proximity of immense glaciers to the S. 
 and S.AV. 
 
 Tlie teeth are apt to cause some trouble in the Alps, if 
 any disposition to caries be present. A good dental surgeon 
 .should be consulted previous to leaving home, and the habit 
 be acquired of breathing tlirough the nose as much as 
 possible, even when taking exercise. The rapid changes in 
 the temperature of the teeth occurring to persons who 
 breathe with the mouth, give rise to a variety of derange- 
 ments, especially in cold climates. Among the natives of 
 Switzerland tlie noticeable deterioration of the teeth may 
 probably be due to the consumption of the rough wines of 
 the country, which doubtless contain much acetic acid, 
 caries being very marked in the lake districts. 
 
 E 
 
58 ALPINE WINTER. 
 
 In conclusion, it may not be superfluous to remind those 
 interested that the high cold regions are not yet proved to be 
 the best for all cases. The varieties of chest and other affec- 
 tions and the individual differences of affected persons denote 
 that one general climatic panacea is quite inadmissible, and 
 what may be a suitable climate for one, may prove of very 
 Tittle value to another. "Whilst some misconception prevails 
 en these points, cold mountain air will not receive the 
 appreciation it merits. It would be inconsistent to contend 
 that any particular health resort had not its drawbacks. It 
 is misleading to make light of these, and most essential in 
 the recommendation of foreign health-resorts that their 
 disadvantages be clearly stated, as well as the probable 
 benefits likely to accrue tq persons visiting these places. 
 Much disappointment is thereby averted, and many, who 
 otherwise would expect impossibilities, do not become discon- 
 tented. In spite of much misunderstanding and opposition, 
 high altitude treatment is gaining ground with the medical 
 profession, and will, no doubt, some day take its right place 
 in climatic therapeutics. Time is needed for the subject to 
 be well threshed out by advocates and opponents alike. 
 
 Doubtless nutritious food and properly ventilated houses 
 in good sanitary condition, are indispensable adjuncts to the 
 pure air of the mountains ; in these particulars it would 
 conduce more to the advantage of the various health- 
 stations in the Orisons, and to the appreciation of the 
 migrating public, if the numerous resorts vied with each 
 ether in attaining to sanitary perfection, rather than in 
 circulating bad opinions and false reports of neighbouring 
 places, pretending to strangers that the climate of no other 
 locality equals or resembles their own. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 Winter Clothing. 
 
 The selection of suitable clothing for an Alpine climate 
 will contribute greatly to health as well as to comfort. 
 
 The first advice tendered to ladies who seek restoration to 
 health from lung disease is : — Abandon corsets absolutely, 
 and wear the loosest ceinture on the waist. This injunction 
 cannot be emphasised too strongly. One prominent sign of 
 what may be termed " cure " of phthisis, at high altitudes, is 
 the almost invariable expansion of the whole or portions of 
 the chest walls. To impede such a beneficial result is to 
 limit the advantages of breathing mountain air. No one 
 could wittingly be guilty of such an irrational procedure as to 
 curtail the actual physical improvement they travel many 
 miles to secure. Yet usually, whilst the upper regions of the 
 chest are allowed free play, the most mobile section, the 
 diaphragm, is fettered and confined in its movements by an 
 unyielding investment pressing on the abdominal viscera. 
 In this way an opposite conformation is maintained against 
 what physiology and common sense would indicate ; for in 
 many instances where damage exists in the superior thoracic 
 regions, limitation of movement is desirable in these situa- 
 tions, rathcr'^than in the lower and sounder parts of the 
 lung. 
 
 The substitute for corsets should be a thick flannel 
 
 E 2 
 
60 ALPINE WINTEK. 
 
 waistcoat or jersey. Flannel should also be worn next the 
 stin over the trunk and extremities. Chamois leather may- 
 be substituted when over-sensitiveness of the skin renders 
 the use of flannel unbearable ; generally, however, a fine 
 texture can be procured which is not too irritating. A good 
 stock should be taken, as frequent changes are beneficial. 
 
 The coverings for the feet and legs require attention. In 
 all cases woollen socks or stockings are indispensable. 
 Mannel pants should be made long enough for socks to be 
 drawn over them. By enveloping the whole body in flannel 
 the patient is spared the necessity of loading the exterior with 
 thick weighty dresses or heavy overcoats, which fatigue the 
 wearer and confine the act of respiration. Those who are 
 liable to suffer fiom cold feet, or are susceptible to chilblains, 
 will find thick worsted socks and cloth gaiters a necessity, or 
 thickly lined cloth boots, to come well up the leg. As a 
 prophylactic against chilblains, bathing the feet in salt and 
 water, avoiding tight boots, wearing digitated socks, and 
 changing them whenever the feet are damp from perspiration, 
 &c., keeping the arms warm and the hands dry, will carry 
 many through the winter of a cold climate, who might other- 
 wise suffer much inconvenience and pain from these minor 
 bat troublesome ailments. 
 
 Ordinary stout skating boots, with broad toes, low heels, 
 and plenty of room inside them, which may be filled up with 
 a cork sock, are suitable both for ladies and gentlemen ; they 
 should be well greased every day and always changed imme- 
 diately after a long walk. Goloshes are useful for short 
 journeys, but cannot be recommended for constant use, on 
 account of confining the perspiration. All clothes should be 
 light in colour, as near grey as the taste will allow. A light 
 colour does not absorb nor radiate heat so much as black ; 
 therefore a wearer of grey will be comfortably free from the 
 heat of solar radiation and warmer in the shade. Waistcoats 
 should be lined in the back with flannel, as with modern 
 
WINTER CLOTHING. 61 
 
 garments all the protection is in front of the body, (a) If 
 men endeavoured to'dispense with the use of braces greater 
 play would be given to the muscles of inspiration. Hats 
 may be of straw for the sunny weather, but light-coloured 
 thin felt answers very well. Furs should not be worn when 
 taking exercise. Thejladies' fur tippet can be discarded as 
 superfluous at any time, from the fact of its covering the 
 shoulders only, causing that part of the body to become over- 
 heated, and thereforeliable to chill. A short list is appended 
 of articles found to be serviceable for these climates : — 
 
 One fur or railway rug. One warm ulster, with hood or 
 fur-lined coat for travelling and sleighing. One thin overcoat, 
 a Shetland shawL Two or three suits of clothes (waistcoats 
 lined). Thick flannel vests and flannel shirts. Flannel night- 
 shirts. Half-a-dozen or more worsted socks. Flannel pants. 
 Cloth or fur gloves with gauntlets. Cork socks. A pair of 
 dark neutral tint spectacles. A few rough bath towels and a 
 flesh glove. One woollen muffler. Two pairs of stout boots 
 (one pair smooth for skating, the other with a few spikes in 
 the soles). A pair of leggings are required for " coasting," 
 unless long boots are taken. One or two pairs of shoes, or 
 thick slippers with heels can be worn indoors with spatts over 
 them. Bootlaces, dubbin, and skates may be added, and for 
 ladies a sunshade and goloshes with cloth tops. A fur foot- 
 warmer or large fur-lined boots are also very useful. 
 
 Diet in the Swiss Alps. — The food almost everywhere in 
 Swiss hotels, consists largely of azotised or nitrogenous 
 matter. !Many who have visited Switzerland will recollect 
 that much lean meat is eaten, whilst the proportion of 
 animal fats is very small. 
 
 (a) With double-breasted apparel a man may have from ten to 
 thirteen thicknesses of woollen clothing in front of laim, whilst his back 
 is covered with three layers of wool only. 
 
62 ALPINE WINTEE. 
 
 It is essential to the health and well-being of individuals 
 that a proper proportion of nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous 
 food should be consumed. The latter consists chiefly of 
 starch, fats, sugar, saline substances, and water, which in the 
 ordinary way with meats form the mixed dietary most suitable 
 for man ; as the structure of his teeth and past experience 
 indicate. But whilst an almost exact estimate can be formed 
 of the elements necessary for the system to ingest, it must 
 not be forgotten that the quantity and kind of food taken will 
 depend very much on the condition or idiosyncrasy of the 
 consumer. As a general rule, few delicate persons would be 
 capable of effectually digesting the quantity of bread, pastry, 
 milk, and root vegetables, &c., which would be requisite to 
 constitute with the meat eaten, a fair combination of nitro- 
 genous and non-nitrogenous matter, and as there is a marked 
 absence of palatable fat at these places, a little consideration 
 of the means for balancing the needful combination, will 
 conduce to the recovery of health and avert many ill-effects 
 arising from perverted nutrition — as dyspepsia, troubled sleep, 
 a loaded tongue, vitiatedfsecretions, &c. 
 
 " Many people," Dr. Pavy remarks, " seem to look upon 
 meat almost as though it formed the only food that really 
 nourished and supplied what is wanted for work. The 
 physician is constantly coming across an expression of this 
 view." 
 
 The greatest importance must be attached to the use of 
 fats during winter in the Alps ; for it is well-known that the 
 inhabitants of Siberia, Greenland, &c., and all cold countries, 
 eat enormous quantities of these heat-producing materials, 
 without which they would be unable to resist the intense cold 
 of the frigid climate. Sir John Eoss observes — "■ It would be 
 very desirable, indeed, if the men could acquire the taste for 
 Greenland food, since all experience has shown that the large 
 use of oil and fat meats is the true secret of life in these frozen 
 countries." 
 
DIET, ETC. 63 
 
 Dr. Cheadle also lays much stress on the value of fats in 
 cold climates. "One effect of the cold was to give a most 
 ravenous appetite for fat. It is the most valuable part of 
 food in winter, and horses and dogs will not stand work in the 
 cold unless fat," («) 
 
 Besides forming the chief articles of diet which are 
 required for a calorifacient or heat-producing agent, they may 
 almost certainly supply a pabulum for the oxidising process 
 of fever in phthisis to act upon, thereby not only restricting 
 the waste of tissue in that process, but perhaps in some way 
 diverting its occurrence, as is witnessed when cod-liver oil is 
 taken. "With an increase in animal food, which can be readily 
 eaten at high cold levels, the appetite being sharpened by 
 exercise and low temperature, tlie necessity for fats is by no 
 means abated ; on the contrary, a physiological demand is 
 created for additional food capable of undergoing the process 
 of oxidation, which cannot be wholly supplied by the lean 
 meat or by starchy and saccharine bodies. 
 
 " It appears from the experiments of Pettenkofer and Voit 
 that increasing the proportion of nitrogenous matter in the 
 food determines an increased absorption of oxygen by the 
 Jungs. Nitrogenous matter it is which starts the changes 
 occurring in the system, and the suggestion presents itself 
 that upon the amount of nitrogenous matter may, to some 
 extent, depend the application of oxygen to the oxidation of 
 fatty matter. Under this view the success of Mr. Banting's 
 system may be due, not exclusively to the restriction of 
 the principles that tend to produce fat, but in part, also, to 
 an increased oxidising action promoted by the large amount 
 of nitrogenous matter consumed." (Pavy). 
 
 Let us draw attention to the substances at these health 
 resorts that furnish the calorifacient group of alimentary 
 
 {a) " Tho North West Passage by Land." Viscount Milton and 
 Dr. Cheadio. 
 
64 ALPINE WINTER. 
 
 principles. Disregarding the fat produced by a complicated 
 metamorphosis of the carbo-hydrates and a small part of the 
 nitrogenous food ingested (a) the main articles of diet from 
 which fat is derived, would be butter and milk. About 1 oz. 
 of the former at breakfast, and 2 pints of milk during the 
 twenty-four hours together furnish at the most 2-6 ozs, of fat, 
 allowing from J oz. to 1 oz. for that contained in the lean 
 meat with gravies, &c., 3 to 3|- ozs., are obtained. It is 
 doubtful if this is sufficient with exercise and low tem- 
 perature, nor is it to be recommended that those with poor 
 appetites should drink more milk. Persons should eat plen- 
 tifully of butter at breakfast, especially as that meal is not a 
 substantial one. 
 
 It would also be very advantageous to continue taking 
 cod-liver oil if it had been found to agree in England, for 
 reasons that are plainly apparent. Should the stomach have 
 been unable to digest it hitherto, trial should again be made 
 in a cold climate, as it might be then more easily assimilated, 
 its oxidation being assisted by the increased proportion of 
 nitrogenous material ingested. A good time for taking it is 
 immediately after lunch or dinner in a glass of marsala, or 
 in milk half an hour after a meal, commencing with one tea- 
 spoonful, and gradually increasing the dose. 
 
 Pancreatine and pancreatine emulsion are sometimes 
 valuable in assisting the digestion, and malt extracts also. 
 All these substances can be looked upon as supplementary 
 to diet, and not as medicines. If cod-liver oil is objection- 
 able, butter should be eaten at every meal, or cream be made 
 use of. 
 
 To further demonstrate the virtue in cod-liver oil, fat, and 
 
 (a) It is questionable, if with the low temperature in the Alps, 
 phthisical persons should be physiologically compelled to maintain 
 much of the body-heat by the carbo-hydrates, as the changes in their 
 principles previous to their becoming calorifacient take place in the 
 liver ; and the function of that organ is often impaired in phthisis. 
 
DIET, ETC. 
 
 65 
 
 butter, the following table taken from Frankland, will give 
 a clear idea of their force-producing value. 
 
 
 Per 
 
 Force 
 
 producing value. 
 
 
 
 lu kilogramm^tres 
 
 Xanie of Food. 
 
 cent. 
 of 
 
 
 of Force. 
 
 
 Water 
 
 In units 
 
 
 
 
 present. 
 
 of heat. 
 
 Wlien 
 burnt in 
 oxygen. 
 
 MHien oxi- 
 dised in 
 tlie body. 
 
 Cod-liver oil... 
 
 
 9107 
 
 3857 
 
 3857 
 
 Beef-fat 
 
 — 
 
 9069 
 
 3841 
 
 3841 
 
 Butter 
 
 — 
 
 7264 
 
 3077 
 
 3077 
 
 Cocoa-nibs ... 
 
 — 
 
 6873 
 
 2911 
 
 2902 
 
 Cheese (Cheshire) 
 
 24 
 
 4647 
 
 1969 
 
 1846 
 
 Isinglass ... ... 1 
 
 — 
 
 4520 
 
 1914 
 
 1550 
 
 Bread-crust ... 
 
 — 
 
 4459 
 
 1888 
 
 — 
 
 Oatmeal 
 
 — 
 
 4004 
 
 1696 
 
 1665 
 
 flour 
 
 — 
 
 3936 
 
 1669 
 
 1627 
 
 Pea- meal 
 
 — 
 
 3936 
 
 1667 
 
 1598 
 
 Arrowroot ... 
 
 — 
 
 3912 
 
 1657 
 
 1657 
 
 Ground rice . . 
 
 — 
 
 3813 
 
 1615 
 
 1591 
 
 Yolk of egg ... 
 
 47-0 
 
 3423 
 
 1449 
 
 1400 
 
 Lump sugar ... 
 
 — 
 
 3348 
 
 1418 
 
 1418 
 
 Grape sugar (commercial) 
 
 — 
 
 3277 
 
 1388 
 
 1388 
 
 Hard-boiled egg 
 
 62-3 
 
 2383 
 
 1009 
 
 966 
 
 Bread-crumb... 
 
 44-0 
 
 2231 
 
 945 
 
 910 
 
 Ham, lean (boiled) 
 
 54-4 
 
 1980 
 
 839 
 
 711 
 
 Mackerel 
 
 70-5 
 
 1789 
 
 758 
 
 683 
 
 Beef (lean) ... 
 
 70-5 
 
 1567 
 
 664 
 
 604 
 
 Veal (lean) ... 
 
 70 9 
 
 1314 
 
 556 
 
 496 
 
 Guinness's stout 
 
 88-4 
 
 1076 
 
 455 
 
 455 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 73-0 
 
 1013 
 
 429 
 
 422 
 
 Whiting 
 
 80-0 
 
 904 
 
 383 
 
 335 
 
 Bass's ale (alcohol reckoned) 
 
 88-4 
 
 775 
 
 328 
 
 328 
 
 White of egg 
 
 86-3 
 
 671 
 
 284 
 
 244 
 
 Milk 
 
 87-0 
 
 662 
 
 280 
 
 266 
 
 Apples 
 
 82-0 
 
 660 
 
 280 
 
 273 
 
 Carrots 
 
 86 
 
 527 
 
 223 
 
 220 
 
 Cabbage 
 
 88-5 
 
 434 
 
 184 
 
 178 
 
 In the event of high temperature supervening, the diges- 
 tion of meats is greatly interfered with, and the usual diet 
 
66 ALPINE WINTEK. 
 
 stands in need of modification, as the nitrogenous matter will, 
 if excessive, embarrass the digestive powers, and prove an 
 encumbrance to the stomach, leading to further complica- 
 tions, which may be avoided by substituting food of a dif- 
 ferent nature that has not to undergo such a complicated 
 process of absorption and elimination. For this purpose, 
 milk and raw eggs are to be chiefly relied on, with beef-tea,, 
 soups, jellies, light puddings, toast, biscuits, and farinaceous 
 substances, as arrowroot, or one of the numerous " foods." 
 By this regimen, bearing in mind that the system requires- 
 much less nourishment when the body is at rest, an ample 
 dietary is furnished. During bad weather, also, when but 
 little exercise can be undertaken, and confinement indoors is- 
 called for, diminished diet proves of some service, not only 
 to the comfort of the patient, but to his general condition,, 
 and, consequently, the local state of disease. 
 
 On the cold, dry days, with outdoor exercise, the appetite 
 can be wholly satisfied, with safety and advantage, for it is 
 on these occasions that the " push " is given to nutrition, and 
 any excess in nourishment is more likely to be burnt up or 
 assimilated in the system, to maintain heat, produce force, or 
 counterbalance waste or change. 
 
 As the breakfast is not a substantial meal, it will be per- 
 ceived that the latter part of the day, between noon and 
 8 p.m., is the period principally occupied by the digestive 
 process, the remaining sixteen hours, therefore, will, in the 
 case of delicate persons, prove to be a great tax on the force 
 and heat-producing powers unless sustained in some way 
 or other. Although it is impossible to lay down rules tO' 
 apply to every one, a short dietary table for an ordinary case 
 of loss of flesh can be modified to suit the temperament or 
 capacity of any individual, bearing in mind that in many- 
 instances " suitable diet " is a matter of experiment. 
 
DIET, ETC. 67 
 
 Regimen at the Swiss Health Resorts. 
 
 7 or 7.30 a.m. — Warm milk, I litre. 
 
 8 or 8.30 a.m. — Breakfast : Tea, coffee, or chocolate, | litre ; 
 bread, butter, honey. Extras not provided en ])ension — eggs, 
 cold meat, bacon, omelette, &c. 
 
 Noon or 1 p.m. — Luncli : Soup, meals, fresh vegetables, 
 sweets, cheese, a glass of red wine, or wine and water 
 (ipint). 
 
 4 or 4.30 p.m. — Warm milk, h pint, with a biscuit, or 
 other light refreshment, as tea, coffee, with bread and butter. 
 
 5.30 or 6 p.m. — Dinner : Soup, fish, or entries, meats, 
 vegetables, sweets, cheese, red wine or wine and water 
 
 (^ litre). 
 
 9 p.m. — Supper not provided en 'pension. Milk, h pint,. 
 
 with biscuit, &c., or beef-tea, or some " food " prepared with 
 milk. 
 
 A glass of mUk, with a biscuit, may also be taken some- 
 times at 11 a.m. if it is found to agree. 
 
 If night-sweats occur, nourishment should be taken at 
 frequent intervals, especially during the night. Stimulants 
 are efficacious at these times — whisky, rum, or cognac ; but 
 spirits should always be mixed with milk or egg, or both 
 combined. Their efficiency seems to be increased in this way. 
 Neat spirits as a " petit verre " cannot be recommended with 
 much benefit unless there is food in tlie stomach. Brand's 
 extract of meat and Liebig's, are suitable also. These can be 
 mixed together, when they form a better and more natural 
 beef-tea, than when taken separately. The Veltliuer wine 
 drunk with meals will act as a good astringent. A frequent 
 cause of perspiration at night is an excessive quantity of 
 clothes on the bed. The usual eiderdown quilt should not 
 cover the patient if night-sweats are frequent. A fiannel 
 night-shirt is of great service on these occasions, and the 
 
6S ALPINE WINTEEj 
 
 temperature of the bedroom ought never to rise over fifty-five 
 degrees. Fifty to fifty-five degrees is generally found to be a 
 comfortable temperature in winter. 
 
 Exercise, Meals, Sleep, etc — It is unnecessary to point 
 out the need for individual management in this matter. 
 Much will depend on the state of health and capability for 
 exertion. One rule can, however, be laid down — viz., keep 
 in the open air as much as possible. This will of itself 
 entail a fair amout of movement, but if the state of the 
 lungs does not preclude skating, coasting, tobogganing, (a) or 
 walking ascents — care must, of course, be taken in beginning 
 exercise gradually. A state of breathlessness or fatigue must 
 never be permitted, nor must the body be allowed to cool 
 rapidly if perspiring. 
 
 The time available at these altitudes in the depth of 
 winter is somewhat limited for delicate persons, as the sun at 
 this time of the year remains but a short time in the valleys 
 (five or six hours). It is therefore incumbent on those 
 seeking health to make the most of this time, and when 
 in-doors to breathe as much fresh air as can be admitted with 
 comfort. Bedroom windows can be left a little open if the 
 nights are clear, and the heat of the stoves regulated accord- 
 ingly. In giving an outline of personal hygienic manage- 
 ment a description of how the day may be passed will be of 
 some assistance. 
 
 At 6.30 or 7 a.m. the stove should be lighted, and a 
 half-litre of milk, warm from the cow, be brought to the 
 bedside of the patient. After drinking this, an hour's sleep 
 may be had. If a cold bath be prohibited, a rapid sponging 
 
 (a) The term " toboggan " for the Canadian sled has grown into use 
 in Switzerland, but is entirely a misnomer. The toboggan may be 
 described as a flat plank turned up at one end, and is used for travelling 
 over snow slopes, but the " sled" is in all respects a minature sleigh and 
 runs on frozen roads or hardened snow. 
 
EXEKCISE, ETC. 69 
 
 of the chest and back, followed by friction, is of great 
 service in keeping the skin in a healthy condition. A fairly 
 vigorous patient may have a cold bath, or the chill may be 
 taken off; but precaution must be observed in having the 
 air of the bedroom at this time fresh and warm (not below 
 55 degs. r.), so that the deep inspirations caused by the 
 shock of cold to the skin shall not take in the used-up 
 bedroom air. A bath or sponging may be tolerated in many 
 cases, provided it takes place immediately on rising, while 
 the body is hot. If the skin be allowed to cool down by 
 tardiness in preparing for the bath the water will feel in- 
 tensely cold. Slight dumb-bell movements may be executed 
 when dressed, throwing the shoulders back and taking deep 
 inspirations. Soon after breakfast, which is taken 8.80 or 
 9 a.m., the patient should get out for a walk, making a slight 
 ascent if not too short of breath ; and returning at 11 a.m. 
 for a glass of warm milk. The afternoons are mostly spent 
 in sitting out of doors, skating, coasting, walking or sleighing, 
 the latter is not to be recommended in very cold weather. 
 Another half-pint of milk can be drunk in the afternoon, or 
 a little light refreshment such as tea or coffee will do no 
 harm, the patient being generally able to determine if it can 
 be taken with benefit. If he finds it too much fluid, a less 
 quantity of thin cream might be substituted. Dr. Symes 
 Thompson gives a short piece of advice free from mysticism 
 on the subject of exercise in the Alps {a) : — " Those in health 
 need few restraints, but for those with active lung disease 
 sudden exertion on arrival should be discouraged lest it lead 
 to haemorrhage. If there is active disease or luumorrhagic 
 tendency or moist sounds in the lung, the patient should sit 
 out in the sun till dry sounds replace moist ones. He may 
 then walk on the level, or skate, or gently stroll up and down 
 
 (a) "On the Winter Health Resorts of the Alps." E. Symes 
 Thompson, M.D. 
 
70 ALPINE WINTER. 
 
 hill, thus causing deep inspiration. Quiet skating can be 
 indulged in by almost all. Tobogganing is more severe, as 
 patients are apt to talk and laugh when walking up hill. 
 This is very good for the vigorous, as it expands the chest. 
 Lawn tennis is suited only for the strongest, in whom lung 
 disease is quiescent." 
 
 The dinner hour varies in different hotels from 5 "30 to 
 7 o'clock ; 6 or 6-30 p.m. is a very good hour. Food should 
 be taken leisurely, and masticated well. Half an hour's rest 
 before and after meals facilitates digestion. The evenings are 
 spent in various ways. Davos possesses a theatre and concert 
 room (a) and amateur theatricals are got up at the hotels 
 with concerts, tableaux vivants, &c. It would be a great boon 
 if, on the occasions of such gatherings, artificial means were 
 provided for the purification of contaminated air similar to 
 those used in the recreation-rooms of the Maloja. With the 
 intense external cold, air cannot be plentifully admitted to 
 dilute the effete products of respiration, &c., therefore, 
 although entertainments in crowded rooms generall}- 
 conduce to a healthy frame of mind, and tend to banish 
 despondency, evils originate if sanitary precautions are 
 neglected. 
 
 With respect to the length of time for sleep, the tempera- 
 ment and habits of the individual will have to be considered. 
 The old dictum of six hours for a man, and seven for a woman 
 will scarcely commend itself to most people, nor does expe- 
 rience teach us that any definite duration of time for mental 
 and physical rest can be determined with exactitude. The 
 intensity of muscular, mental, or nervous exhaustion during 
 the day will in all cases influence the desire for repose. Cold 
 also predisposes to sleep, as may be witnessed in hybernating 
 animals. Some human beings also hybernate. It will not be 
 too much to say that eight or nine hours slumber in winter, at 
 
 (a) Thip handsome Salo7i at the Kurhaus is ventilated by a 
 calorifere. 
 
EXERCISE, ETC. 71 
 
 these cold stations, is near tlio mark ; remembering that 
 nothing is to be gained by remaining in bed in a semi-state 
 of wakefulness after this time is past. 
 
 If smoking cannot be entirely given up, the quantity of 
 tobacco used should be cut down as low as possible. Cigarette 
 smoking should certainly be discontinued by those whose 
 lungs are affected, as the habit generally acquired of inhaling 
 the smoke or passing it through the nasal passages, proves 
 very irritating to the mucous membrane, and is more injurious 
 to the throat and lungs than the same portion of tobacco 
 smoked in a pipe. 
 
CHAPTEE VI. 
 
 The South West End of the Upper Engadine. 
 
 The MALOJA. — Since the development of Davos Platz 
 into an Alpine Winter resort and a rapid growth in size and 
 population, other places have sprung up having strong claims 
 to be considered equal, if not superior, to that well-known 
 but rather well-filled little town. St. Moritz revives an 
 ancient effort to attract people in winter, this time with some 
 success, the Kulm Hotel having more than a hundred and 
 fifty guests living there during the past season. Wiesen the 
 picturesque, with its ponderous flanks and countless pine trees, 
 is on a fair way to offer health to a limited number who 
 desire quietude and the charms of country life. The milder 
 temperature and extreme calmness give a special character to 
 this resort, which renders it suitable as a change at the end of 
 the winter season for those who have been living at a higher 
 level. 
 
 It is indispensable for the reputation of the high valleys 
 in Switzerland that more places spring up for the '• winter 
 cure," as it is notorious to those who give real attention to 
 the subject that, although these places increase in size, popu- 
 lation, and independence, individual and collective energy is 
 needed to keep pace with overcrowding and to preserve the 
 
THE MALOJA. 73 
 
 clean air of the Alpine heights free from contamination. As 
 hut few hours can he spent out of the house in winter, it is 
 imperative that hotels which harbour a number of delicate 
 individuals in search of health within their walls should be 
 rendered perfect in a sanitary point of view, both as regards 
 drainage and ventilation. Of how much therapeutic value 
 must that air be, which in five or six hours can not only 
 neutrahse the ill-effects of a contaminated atmosphere for the 
 remainder of the day and night, but can, in numerous 
 instances, favour an almost miraculous recovery. Heretofore, 
 the curative properties of these climates have only been 
 developed to a fraction of their full power ; and whilst the 
 restorative agent has lien at the closed doors and double 
 windows of over-loaded hotels, patients have been sent home 
 cured in spite of what would seem to be to on-lookers either 
 an under estimation of the true antidote or the popular 
 disinclination to incur any expense for efficient sanitary 
 arrangements. 
 
 These drawbacks, however, have now been met by the 
 construction on the Maloja plateau of a large Kursaal 
 (designed especially for winter residence by M. Jules Eau, a 
 Belgian architect), fitted with arrangements for the propulsion 
 and extraction of air throughout the building, as well as for 
 the addition of ozone to the atmosphere of the corridors and 
 some of the large salons. The latter is effected by the surplus 
 electricity at command in use for the electric lighting of the 
 building. The Kursaal, which may be considered unique in all 
 sanitary arrangements, faces the lake of Sils, between which 
 and the N.E. fa9ade lies the jparc, and the S.W. side of the 
 building a large garden (in all, 13 acres), with skating- 
 rink, pavilions, &c. A theatre-salon is semi-detached 
 from the main corridor to guard against any transmis- 
 sion of sound to the interior of the house. This structure 
 is also warmed and ventilated by propulsion and extrac- 
 
 F 
 
74 ALPINE WINTEK. 
 
 tion, but in a slightly modified manner to tliat of the 
 general plan. 
 
 An entirely new departure has been taken as regards the 
 drainage of these mountain resorts, a plan has been adopted 
 by which it is impossible for any sewer-gas to enter the 
 dwelling. The main difficulty in these climates — viz., the 
 freezing of the water supply to cabinets, has been overcome, 
 and each cabinet, urinoir, &c., is efficiently trapped, 
 ventilated with the external air, and warmed in winter. 
 
 It is anticipated, and with some reason, that what has 
 been termed the air-cure will be exhibited in its true 
 meaning, and that results hitherto unattainable where " air- 
 nourishment" is the essentiality will be achieved with 
 greater rapidity and success than in many other . health- 
 resorts where but little mindfulness is bestowed on a point 
 of such signal importance. 
 
 As much attention is devoted at the present time to all 
 matters connected with hygiene, notably that section relating 
 to ventilation, a description of the system in use at the 
 Kursaal Hotel will be given further on. 
 
 MALOJA. — The meaning of this word has caused much 
 speculation, and as various constructions have been put on 
 the origin of " mal " and '' loggia," the opinions of two Swiss 
 authorities on such subjects will be interesting. Dr. Killias, 
 of Coire, who was kind enough to furnish the author with 
 information on the subject, writes as follows : — " The mean- 
 ing of the word Maloja or Maloggia (locally Maloja or 
 Maloggia, pronounced Malogia) is as difficult of explanation 
 as innumerable other local names. The Ehaetic names are 
 mostly of very old origin, being derived, it is said, from the 
 Etrusk, Keltic, and other antique Ehaetic origins. As regards 
 receiving the apparently Italian or Latin origin, one must be 
 very cautious, much nonsense having been already published 
 
MALOJA. 75 
 
 thoughtlessly, e.g., the explanation of Celerina as " celer " 
 oenus. Now there the river Inn does not run any faster than in 
 the neighbourhood. This name has simply been changed in 
 favour of the well-sounding Italian word, the real and true 
 name being Eomansch, " Schlarina," as found on all old maps, 
 but falsely explained latterly by a Latin etymology. The 
 first mention of the name Maloja I find in a list of references 
 of the Bishopric at Coire (edited between 1290 and 1298 
 where it is written Maloggia). Campell, in 1572, writes 
 Malogia, and explains the name after the manner of the 
 scholars of that time, ' Majores Juliae, videlicet alpes.' Now 
 the name of Julier has nothing to do with Julius Ctesar, who 
 never came to Ehaelia. Sererhard (1742) speaks of Maloja, 
 and mentions an inn which stood there. No doubt at those 
 times no first-rate lodgings could be had, but in all proba- 
 bility no worse than at the villages round about ; therefore 
 the explanation of ' bad-lodging ' is an idle word-play. The 
 root ' mal ' has clearly two meanings — I. Latin, in which 
 case it is often found at the end : Via mala. Pass mal, Val 
 mala ; not Malvia, Malpass, Malval. 11. There must be 
 quite another word at the bottom, probably Celtic, as there 
 are a great number of names with the ' mal ' at the begin- 
 ning, and where the meaning of ' bad ' has no sense at all — 
 Malenco, Maladers, Malans, Mais, Malenz (Vintschgau), 
 Malaer ; then others not in the Canton of the Grisons, 
 Malbun, to be explained, ' bad good ' ! Malfrag, Malgera, &c., 
 &c. I cannot say absolutely that the ' mal ' is derived from 
 the Celtic ' mael,' a moimtain, is right or not, but I deci- 
 dedly refuse the Latin signification in these cases. 
 
 " Some time since a Mr. Pallioppi, of Celerina, compiled 
 a Eomansch vocabulary, which ought to have been prmted ; 
 unfortunately the author died before this could take place, 
 his son, however, occupies himself with the subject, and 
 would be able to give you more exact details." 
 
 The Eev. Emil Pallioppi writes ; — 
 
 F 2 
 
76 ALPINE WINTEE. 
 
 "My late father takes the name Maloja from the 
 Celtic. Maldgia, Maloggia, Maloja, either takeu from the 
 Cymric ' moelang ' or ' moelog,' which means a place rich of 
 Cills, as is the case in that part of the Engadine, or synony- 
 mous with ' muUach,' top of a mountain or culm ; wherefrom 
 also comes the word * mualach ' (molac) with the significa- 
 tion of road, pass. The transitions from u or o to a, and 
 vice versa, have no difficulty at all, because those three 
 vowels in Celtic are often used one for another {oide 
 PaUioppi). Or the word is composed from 'mala' a hill, 
 mountain, top of a mountain, culm, and ' oiche,' water. In fact 
 is, the small hill or pass on the Lake of Sils, or not far away." 
 
 The MALOJA PLATEAU is situated at the higher 
 extremity of the Upper Engadine, and is well protected from 
 northerly, easterly, and southerly winds. Facing the plateau 
 is the lake of Sils ; the largest in the chain of lakes between 
 Maloja and St. Moritz. In contrast with the glassiness of its 
 tranquil waters, and the clear blue of the sky, are 
 the rugged crags of the higher Alps, clothed below 
 with red firs and larches. The site is considered by 
 many to be the most romantic and picturesque part of the 
 Engadine. 
 
 On the eastern wing of the lake and plateau lie the 
 Bernina chain: comprising the loftiest mountains of the 
 Grisons and the whole of Switzerland, matted with glaciers 
 and snow fields to an extent of more than 350 square miles. 
 The slopes of the Corvatsch, Surlej, and Delia Margna (their 
 peaks elevated to ten and eleven thousand feet), abut on the 
 lake of Sils, and eastern side of the plateau, protecting the 
 lower ground. Opposite and rounding towards the north- 
 east the rough broadside of Lunghino, Gravasalvas, and 
 Materdell are in close proximity. To the south the Muretto, 
 Dei Eosso, Del Forno, and Salecina rear their summits to 
 
THE MALOJA PLATEAU. 77 
 
 heiiihts of 10,000 feet, whilst a mile or so to the south-west 
 is seen the prominent Piz Lizzone and the serrated crests on 
 the eastern ridge of the Val Bregagiia. 
 
 By these shelters the plateau is screened from harsh 
 tipper currents of air. The thalwind or valley-wind, which 
 blows in every Swiss valley, seldom exceeds a force of one 
 degree Beaufort scale, is by no means insupportable, aiid dies 
 away in force and frequence when snow covers the adjacent 
 regions. At this season, and when the lake of Sils freezes, 
 greater calm prevails, and the locality partakes of that 
 Alpine stillness and sunshine which allows the most delicate 
 individuals to be exposed to a low temperature without 
 feeling the sensation of cold. 
 
 Precedincr and during a fall of snow in the mountains of 
 Switzerland, storms are not uncommon, alternating with lulls 
 and blasts of wind. Commonly these proceed from a 
 southerly or south-westerly direction and bring with them 
 the peculiar changes in the atmosphere, which have given 
 rise to a special name for southerly currents of air, viz., fohn 
 wind. This fohn, which is considered the pernicious wind 
 for invalids is rarely perceived at the S.W. end of the 
 Engadine, its peculiar characteristics being tempered by the 
 high altitude, and by passage over a portion of the Bernina 
 snow fields and glaciers. In this way the temperature of a 
 southerly current is greatly reduced, and tlie commencement 
 of the fohn shorn of its sultriness. The rapid rise in tempera- 
 ture at the onset of a southerly wind were not at all common 
 during tlie past two winters, nor was there ever noticed 
 within the Kursaal an atmosphere too dry for healthy 
 respiration in doors. 
 
 One of tlie most important features of Alpine climate — 
 and one which unquestionably acts as an adjuvant in the 
 chemical process of tlie natural and healthy change taking 
 place in the blood discs — is the amount and duration of sun- 
 light. Were it not for the transparent air and powerful sun 
 
78 ALPINE WINTER. 
 
 the high Alps would be quite unsuited to delicate people. 
 By reason of the direct chemical action of light, and the 
 increased time afforded for out-door amus ement and exercise 
 which a longer day admits of, an additional hour's sunlight 
 during the short days of December and January is an incon- 
 ceivable advantage, both for the mind as well as the body. 
 The inequality, in this respect, of Davos, Wiesen, and St. 
 Moritz, with the Maloja, is due, as may be supposed, to the 
 configuration of the surrounding mountains . If a slice could 
 be taken off' the Jacobshorn at Davos, and the Stulsergrat, at 
 Wiesen, the sun would flood those districts before half-past 
 ten, on the shortest day. 
 
 St. Moritz at this time loses the sun at 3 p.m., and 
 although it rises during the middle of February at a quarter 
 to eight, it sets at 3.50 p.m. The sunset of the Maloja on 
 this date takes place at 4.30 p.m., and during the months of 
 December and January the Hotel-Kursaal has more than one 
 hour's sunshine longer than Davos, AViesen, or St. Moritz. 
 In respect of duration of sunlight, Pontresina still exceeds the 
 Maloja, but does not enjoy the late sunset of tlie latter. At 
 the end the reader will find the sun-hours given for the 
 various health resorts during the winter months. Sunrise 
 and sunset take place on the first day of January as follows : 
 
 
 Sunrise. 
 
 Sunset. 
 
 Maloja 
 
 9.35 
 
 3.45 P.M. 
 
 Wiesen 
 
 10.35 
 
 3.45 „ 
 
 {a) Pontresina 
 
 8.30 
 
 3.10 „ 
 
 \a) St. Moritz 
 
 10.0 
 
 3.5 „ 
 
 Davos Platz 
 
 10.3 
 
 3.0 „ 
 
 (b) Andermatt 
 
 11.45 
 
 3.15 „ 
 
 (a) Taken from the houses on the main road of the village (Dr. 
 Ludwig's " Ober-Engadin "). 
 (6) Reported by Dr. Schmid. 
 
THE MALOJA PLATEAU. 79 
 
 It will be seen that Wiesen and Pontresina stand next to the 
 Maloja, the late departure of the sun being of most 
 consequence. 
 
 The necessity for exposure to Alpine solar rays in the 
 treatment of various complaints, is well illustrated by cases 
 of ansemia among some of the domestics employed in hotels 
 at these levels. Attracted by the rumours of cure in ansemia 
 they seek employment at some health station, but 
 being principally confined to kitchens and shady places 
 their ansemia rests with but little improvement. The case 
 with nurse-girls is different as they very soon gain a healthy 
 tint, being constantly in the open air. 
 
 Another advantageous feature of this part of the Enga- 
 dine, is the vast extent of level ground which admits of 
 exercise being taken without fatigue. After the breathing 
 becomes freer and there is a tendency for the chest to 
 expand, tobogganing and gentle ascents can be undertaken. 
 For the more vigorous a descent into the Bergell Valley on a 
 sled is one of the finest runs in Switzerland. Skating of 
 course, can be indulged in by those who are equal to the 
 pastime ; a good rink is in course of preparation, whilst the 
 lake of Sils is but 300 yards from the Hotel. It is in 
 the choice of amusements and graduation of exercise where 
 judgment ought to be shown. During summer-time more 
 variety in out-door sports and games can be pursued, moun- 
 taineering, boating, fishing, lawn-tennis, &c., and consequently 
 more care must be taken in refraining from over-exertion. The 
 long evenings of winter can be enlivened by healthy indoor 
 amusements, as fresh air and ozone are supplied to the theatre- 
 salon as well as to other recreation rooms, and a clean atmo- 
 sphere is breathed day and night. 
 
 The climate can be described in the general terms of all 
 Swiss high level stations, viz., a stimulating, bracing, tonic, 
 and cold climate; increasing the power of the heart and other 
 muscles, expanding the chest and exciting the nervous and 
 
80 ALPINE WINTER. 
 
 glandular systems into healthy activity. The Maloja shows a 
 more equable temperature than Davos, and the winter season 
 lasts a little longer, which is a great advantage to those who 
 make a change to lower levels, as the weather would probably 
 be more settled the further spring is advanced. The rapid 
 rises in temperature caused by the fohn in mid-winter are by 
 no means so frequent or so high as in the narrower situations. 
 It is not pretended that any part of the Upper Engadine is, 
 on the whole, as calm as the Davos valley : the latter is so by 
 reason of its being narrower (limiting the sunshine, and 
 favouring stagnation of air) ; but what one health resort loses 
 on one hand it gains on the other. 
 
 Omitting the occasional storms that sweep over the whole 
 of the Alps, the gentle and bracing currents of air which move 
 everywhere in the Upper Engadine, although not suited to 
 serious forms of illness, are pleasant by reason of their dryness, 
 and prove of the greatest benefit to those who have sufficient 
 strength to walk. In all the narrow valleys it must 
 not be forgotten that the dead-calm days and burning 
 sun are usually precursors of the fohn wind, which 
 has peculiarities of so much importance to delicate 
 persons. 
 
 During mid-winter a dip of over 3,200 feet can be 
 made in an hour and a-half to Promotongno, where there is a 
 good hotel ; and the Italian climate of Chiavenna (1,090 feet) 
 can be reached in less than three hours, if the upper level 
 appears to disagree. This facility in being able to quit the 
 highlands without a prolonged, and in cases of illness, a 
 dangerous journey from any other Alpine station, cannot be 
 over-rated. Doubtless there are instances in which any 
 climate, either cold or temperate, does not always effect the 
 Salubrious change anticipated ; it then becomes a question of 
 the utmost importance to an invalid, how to escape without 
 incurring risk. In the present instance the dangers of 
 moving, even in the depth of winter, are at a minimum. A 
 
THE MALOJA PLATEAU. 81 
 
 chive to the lake of Como requires less time than it takes to 
 reach Davos from Landquart, 
 
 The soil and vegetation of the Maloja are of the usual 
 character found at these altitudes, a thin, rich, dark incrusta- 
 tion of the former, rapidly absorbing moisture. The bed of 
 the plateau (formed by an ancient recession of the lake of 
 Sils) consists of peaty mould, resting on a layer of gravel. Up 
 to a height of 1,000 feet and 2,000 feet above the level ground 
 the slopes on the eastern side are covered with larches and 
 red pines. The western side is rugged, large boulders and 
 crags being interspersed with patches of nutritious short grass. 
 On the plateau itself, and the little hills adjoining, are dwarf 
 melezes (red pines), heath, and cranberry bushes. 
 
 The coldest part of the Engadine is near Bevers ; the 
 temperature in winter becomes a little higher as we approach 
 the Maloja, owing to the fact that its south-west end termi- 
 nates in an abrupt fall of 1,200 feet (a) into the extensive 
 valley of Bergell, which after passing Promontogno terminates 
 near Chiavenna in Italy, eighteen miles distant ; the Italian 
 frontier being twelve miles from the Maloja. To the proximity 
 of a channel at this end for milder air to mount and replace 
 the denser and colder strata, the deviation in temperature 
 may be attributed. 
 
 The difference, however, with the several Alpine health 
 resorts lies, not so much in their grades of temperature, as in 
 their sanitary characters, especially as regards the purity of 
 internal air. As the term "air-cure" (luft kurort) has rightly 
 or wrongly grown into use, it will be expedient to include in 
 this chapter a description of the special appliances which have 
 been placed in this modern building with a view of furnishing 
 a larger breathing space to its inmates. 
 
 The system admits of being adjusted to suit any tempera- 
 ture or degree of humidity of external atmosphere. The 
 
 (a) The precipitous descent is cut by a road with sixteen zig-zags. 
 
 F 3 
 
82 ' ALPINE WINTEE. 
 
 calculation by M. Cortella of the volume of air provided for 
 each individual, shows the possibility of supplying 100 metres 
 cubes (3,500 cubic feet) per hour for each person, supposing 
 the Kursaal to contain 500 individuals. By the double means 
 of propulsion and extraction furnished to each chamber this 
 breathing space exceeds by 0"6 times the estimate given by 
 one of the greatest authorities for ventilating soldiers' barracks 
 at night, (a) and the same care has been exhibited in venti- 
 lating the basement of the house as in ventilating the bed 
 and sitting rooms. 
 
 Tn the basement beneath the theatre and concert room, 
 situated apart from the main building, are placed three 
 chaudieres in which steam is generated to a low pressure 
 (one to three atmospheres). This steam is conveyed to forty- 
 nine hattcries, distributed throughout the basement, where 
 it traverses a series of pipes and flanges attached to 
 increase the surface of heat. A hatterie is made up of 
 twenty pipes enclosed in a case, through which air is drawn 
 from the outside of the building, previously passing through 
 wire gauze. This air receives heat by passing over the steam 
 pipes, whilst the steam is condensed, and returns as tepid 
 water to the chaudiere for the economy of fuel. Within 
 these latteries are contrivances for moistening the dry ex- 
 ternal air to a healthful degree of humidity in harmony with 
 the increase of temperature and hygrometric condition of the 
 atmosphere ; and by a simple contrivance the air of 
 one or more rooms can be medicated with volatilised 
 remedial agents, as leading from each hatterie are 
 tubes supplying the rooms with air, the quantity being 
 controlled by valves below and a sliding valve in each 
 chamber. 
 
 (a) In barracks, 30 metres cubes, per hour during the day ; 60 by 
 night. Workshops, 60 metres cubes. Schools, 30. Hospitals, 80. 
 
 (Movin). 
 
METRE 
 
 PLAN DU S 
 
'hotel-kursaal de la maloja 
 
 SUR i. BliUXELLES, 
 
 JS-SOL, 
 
THE MALOJA PLATEAU. 83 
 
 The ascending power of the warmed air at a temperature 
 of 50^ centigrade (122° Fahr.) raises it through the conduits 
 to each room in the house, where it enters a dormitory at the 
 topmost storey, having an agreeable temperature, and at a 
 sufficient rate to change the air of a bedroom once every two or 
 three hours. In the theatre, smoking and billiard rooms, and 
 public salons, a necessary number of conduits are provided 
 for renewing the atmosphere at least once every two hours. 
 
 Each delivery tube is fitted with a sliding valve which 
 can be adjusted at pleasure according to a degree of heat 
 desirable for comfort. 
 
 To allow of the escape of used-up air two tubes of exit 
 are placed in a chamber, one under the bed for the winter 
 ventilation, another near the ceiling, used in summer to 
 exliaust from the warmer stratum of air. These exit tubes 
 are in connection with an iron casing surrounding the main 
 flue of the chaucUercs, that acts as an extraction shaft for the 
 foul air of the central portion of the building. The kitchen 
 chimney acts in this manner for another part of the liouse 
 and together with the flue of the confectionery and that of 
 the bakehouse, placed in the basement, aspirate the air of other 
 rooms into the double chimneys. As the upward motion in 
 these extraction shafts would scarcely be forcible and rapid 
 enough during summer time to effectually withdraw the air 
 from so many chamljers, and as perchance some air might 
 find its way back again to the upper stories, a contrivance 
 with steam tubes is fixed in the space beneath the roof to 
 again heat and thereby promote the ascent of foul air and so 
 accelerate its escape externally. 
 
 Every corridor, salon, bed-room, and cabinet in the 
 house is thus ventilated, and the atmosphere of any 
 special chamber can be medicated at will by placing 
 an antiseptic agent in the air-tube supplying the 
 apartment : being volatilised at a temperature of 50^ 
 centigrade, the product is rapidly carried to its destination 
 
84 ALPINE WINTEE. 
 
 without tainting the air of other rooms by its odour, as the 
 escape will take place in the exit shafts, each chamber having 
 its own separate ventilation by three channels — one inlet and 
 two outlet (one for the escape of warm impure air, the other 
 for the cooler air near the floor). By the simple adjustment 
 of the valves in a room, the temperature can be regulated 
 with nicety. Even in summer, if the batteries are not heated, 
 extraction will go on as usual ; and the windows may 
 be opened without interfering in any way with the general 
 ventilation of the house. 
 
 It will easily be seen that with this system various thera- 
 peutic agents of undoubted importance are placed under 
 immediate control, viz. : — 
 
 1. Temperature. 
 
 3. Moistened fresh air. 
 
 3. Volatilised remedial agents. 
 
 In addition, ozone generated by a powerful apparatus 
 placed in the vestibule, permeates the corridors, &c., and 
 passes to the theatre-salon by means of a " blower " and 
 tubes. 
 
 The ozoniser draws off its electricity from the main 
 current of the incandescent lights. After passing through an 
 inductorium, a current of enormous tension (300,000 volts) 
 is produced and distributed over the surface of numerous 
 glass plates coated with tin-foil. Air is forced between 
 the glass plates and through the ozoniser by means of a 
 " blower " driven by a water-motor. 
 
 In no sense does there appear to be a contra-indication of 
 the summer Alpine climate for persons with chest complaints, 
 that is with some of the early phases of phthisis, not those 
 with hopeless advanced symptoms, and who are in a feeble 
 irritable condition, with high fever, and incapacity for gentle 
 exercises. The determination of suitable cases for the high 
 altitudes, both in summer and winter can be roughly gauged 
 by the amount of physical power conserved, taken in con- 
 
COUPE TEANSVERSALE SUR L'ARRIERB DE aAUCHE. 
 
 Entree de Fair exterieur. 
 
 Air cliauffe. 
 
 Air vicie. 
 
 Conduit de vapeur. 
 
 Eau Condencee. 
 
 H Ventilation d'hiver. 
 
 E Ventilation d'ete. 
 
COUPE ET DETAILS D'UNE BATTERIE. 
 
 COUPE SUTVANT I. 
 
 J. 
 
 □ 
 
 A 
 B 
 C 
 D 
 E 
 
 F 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 MaQonnerie. 
 
 Enveloppes des batteries. 
 Appareils de chauffage. 
 Attaclies tt su[>pnrts. 
 
 Vase de saturatioa. 
 
 Prise d'air. 
 
 Conduit de vapeur. 
 
 Purgeur. 
 
 Eobinet. 
 
 Tuy;u d'tcoulement de I'eau. 
 
 Trajipe moulee a charnieres. 
 
 Eegistres pour modertr. 
 
 Valve ds melange. 
 Conduits d'air. 
 Idem aux eta(;es. 
 
 wm 
 
COUPE ' SUIVANT K. L. 
 
 fr^n 
 
 Plan 
 
THE :maloja tlateau. 85 
 
 junctiou with the duration and apparent rate with which 
 consolidation or softening is advancing. The slow scrofulous 
 forms and fibroid conditions receive undoubted benefit, but 
 these must not be complicated with secondary lesions. 
 
 A little misapprehension exists on the duration of what is 
 known as the '' summer season." Fashion has led the custom 
 of visiting the Eugadine in the months of July and August : 
 the majority of persons entertaining an impression that those 
 are the only months to see the Engadine in all its beauty, 
 and at the same time acquire the succour of its restorative 
 climate. This is quite a false notion formed on no foundation 
 of reality. The mouths of June and September are sometimes 
 among the best that can be spent in the Alps at these 
 altitudes, and the air at the same time carries with it the 
 remarkable invigorating agencies which characterise the 
 mountain climate. The worst period of the year is the snow- 
 melting, occurring some time during the month of April ; but 
 this can scarcely be termed a dangerous season, even to the 
 most delicate persons, provided that ordinary precautions are 
 taken in keeping the feet dry and not incurring thoughtless 
 exposure to inclement weather. This applies equally to the 
 introductory snow-lalls and storms preceding the settled 
 weather of winter. Invalids must guard against unnecessary 
 exposure everywhere, both on the Riviera and in the Alps, 
 although it would perhaps be less injurious to face a mikl 
 Alpine snow-storm than remain shut up in a badly ventilated 
 room in a southern health resort. 
 
 The length of time, also, needed for a permanent recovery 
 of lost strength or health, has ever been considered too short 
 to carry witli it a firm re-establishment of exhausted energy. 
 A summer month spent in the Engadine — with assiduous 
 regard to diet, exercise, sleep, and medical treatment — should, 
 in almost every instance, be prolonged to six weeks at least ; 
 longer if time permitted. The lengthened stay would in the 
 long run, be an economy of time as far as health was con- 
 
86 ALPINE WINTEE. 
 
 cerned, and prove a greater satisfaction to doctors aod patients 
 alike. Force of a more lasting and durable nature would be 
 accumulated, the system settle down in a more staple con- 
 dition, with enlarged powers of resistance to morbid impres- 
 sions than if the treatment be suddenly relinquished to return 
 to old occupations and former habits. 
 
 It is true that physiological changes take place with great 
 rapidity and completeness. A good indication of such being 
 the case is the demand made by nature for more fuel, shown 
 by the increased appetite, by the skin acting under the 
 stimulus of baths, the kidneys and the whole glandular 
 system being awakened into activity, blood changes quickened 
 and amplified, and above all, the perception that the 
 capacity for mental and physical exertion is extended, but 
 if a departure is made immediately improvement of the 
 health is attained and strength begins to be felt, some 
 disappointment may eventually be experienced, and the 
 climate be discredited by the transient effects of too short a 
 stay to allow the frame to be seasoned in the new conditions, 
 or undergo the peculiar alteration known as acclimatisation. 
 This is especially noticeable in anaemia and chlorosis, where 
 the blood changes take place rather rapidly, and a hue of 
 health is acquired in a few weeks leading to an erroneous 
 conclusion that a permanent cure is effected, whereas a 
 further time is needed for its completeness. In chronic 
 cases, either of catarrhs (pulmonary, gastric, or uterine), 
 phthisis, ansemia, some abdominal affections, and even dys- 
 pepsia, a medical mind is aware of the value of prudent 
 management after the disappearance of symptoms. Whilst 
 it is evident that in constitutional affections, such as scrofula, 
 rachitis, &c., patience and persistent care are a sine qua non, 
 it is doubtful if anyone would be bold enough, from the 
 comparatively limited number of observation s at our disposal, 
 to lay down a clear indication for patients who should go south, 
 and those who should mount the Alpine heights. At present 
 
THE MALOJA PLATEAU. 87 
 
 the same can be said of the mountains as of the South — a 
 variety of cases have improved in a most remarkable manner. 
 It is also undoubtedly true that in the high altitudes some 
 rapidly advancing symptoms have been arrested when 
 scarcely any hope of a return to health could be held out by 
 physicians. 
 
 Patients with the following diseases should, however, 
 refrain from seeking health at high elevations : — 
 
 1. Diseases of the brain, heart, or large vessels . 
 
 2. Tendency to articular rheumatism, 
 
 3. Kidney diseases (during winter). 
 
 4. Acute inflammations of throat or larynx. 
 
 5. Some diseases of bladder or prostate. 
 
 6. Persons somewhat advanced in years should not visit 
 the mountains, unless the circulatory system is sound. 
 
 In every instance the body should be clothed in flannel, a 
 thin, fine texture for summer wear. No great coats or heavy 
 mantles will then be necessary, except for driving or sitting 
 out. Even the danger in summer evenings from a fall in 
 temperature, or from change of wind, is by no means serious, 
 for the dry atmosphere does not carry with it the chilliness 
 and cold which is felt in climates where the absolute humidity 
 is greater. Moreover, the concert room, salons, corridors, &c., 
 within the Maloja hotel permit of in-door recreation, with 
 ample breathing space, whilst in the pare and gardens, 
 numerous pavilions afford shelter externally, the mind being 
 enlivened by variety in amusements and magnificent scenery. 
 There is no lack of walks or drives either in St. Moritz direc- 
 tion — passing the villages of Sils, Silvaplana, and Campfer. 
 with their superb lakes, or down by the steep incline of the 
 Maloja Kulm into the beautiful Bergell Valley. 
 
88 
 
 TABULAR COMPARISON OF THE FOUR 
 
 Maloja. 
 Position. — Situated at the S.W. 
 end of the Upper Engadine. Eeceives 
 more sun than any other Alpine 
 Station, Ko morning nor evening 
 mist. The Kiirsaal is placed on the 
 western side of the plateau, and in 
 this situation escapes most of the 
 valley draught (thalwind). Ex- 
 tremely picturesque scenery at this 
 part of the Engadine. Mountain 
 screen, 3,000 to 6,000 feet. 
 
 Proximity to Glaciers. — Partially 
 surrounded by glaciers* Bernina 
 glaciers, W. ; Murtel, 10 kilometres; 
 Fedoz, Eorno, and Albigna, 7 to 10 
 kilometres distant, on the S.W. 
 and S. 
 
 * The effects of glacial air on the respi- 
 lation has been noted by Dr. Burney Yeo, 
 vrho considers tbat its condensed state 
 gives a sensation of freedom in breathing. 
 — "Health Resorts and their Uses." 
 
 WiESEN. 
 
 Wiesen is located on the hillside, 
 the Landwasser being about 1,000 
 feet below the houses. The moun- 
 tain screen ranges from 3,000 to 
 0,000 feet above. There is in fine 
 weather no morning nor evening 
 mist ; a constant but imperceptible 
 current of cold air travels down the 
 declivities. Notwithstanding that 
 this motion of the atmosphere is un- 
 felt, it is sufficient to obviate any 
 tendency to stagnation. 
 
 Scaletta, 13 miles to the E. (Small 
 glacier.) Silvretta Glacier, 20 miles 
 to N.E. 
 
 Pernicious Winds. — South-west 
 wind. Fairly well sheltered from 
 South wind. The sultry characters 
 of the fohn appear to be extremely 
 rare, probably from the influence of 
 the surrounding glaciers. 
 
 South and south-west currents, 
 know locally by the name of " fohn.' 
 
 Tltalioind (valley wind). — Blows 
 from the I^.E. principally on the 
 eastern side of the plateau, in a line 
 with the Bergell valley, and is mostly 
 noticed on the Kulm, about one mile 
 distant from the hotel. 
 
 This wind, which blows in every 
 Swiss valley, is infrequent, as the 
 village is situated far above the bed 
 of the gorge, and consequently out 
 of the zone of commotion of air, 
 caused by the descending cold cur- 
 rents which converge and flow down 
 the "or^es and ravines. 
 
HEALTH RESORTS OF THE ORISONS. 
 
 Davos. 
 Situated on rising ground in the 
 valley itself. The mountain screen 
 ranges from 3,000 feet to 5,000 
 feet. The mist which sometimes 
 covers the bed of the valley in the 
 early morning, is soon dissipated 
 by the sun, but the usual haze seen 
 over villages and small towns is 
 visible unless moved by wind. 
 
 89 
 
 St. Moritz. 
 The Ivulm Hotel is about 300 feet 
 above the lake. A thin mist hangs 
 over the lake in the morning, but 
 below the level of the dwellings. 
 The aspect is more open than Davos, 
 and there is more wind. 
 
 Scaletta, 8 miles to S.E. Silvretta, 
 12 mUes N.E. by E. 
 
 Extensive Beruina glaciers to S, 
 and S.W. Piz Bernina is 15 kilo- 
 metres distant. 
 
 South and south-west winds, as at 
 "Wiesen. 
 
 South and south-west wind. 
 
 Thalwind is often felt between 
 2 and 3 p.m. from the N.E. 
 
 No regular valley wind, blowing 
 from a definite direction, indepen- 
 dently of the upper current. K'ever- 
 thcless, the wind rises regularly in 
 the course of tJie day, and is un- 
 pleasant from eitlier the north or 
 south (Mr. Waters' (bservations). 
 Thalwind felt on the St. Moritz 
 Kulm. 
 
90 
 
 NUMBER OF HOURS OF POSSIBLE SUNSHINE DURING WINTER. 
 
 
 Maloja.1- 
 
 -w 
 
 "WlBSEN. 
 
 Davos. 
 
 St, Moritz.* 
 
 1 Nov. 
 
 . 7|- hours 
 
 ... 7i hours 
 
 . . . 1^ hours . 
 
 . — hours , 
 
 15 „ 
 
 . Qi „ 
 
 ... — 
 
 5> 
 
 • •• J) 
 
 . 6 „ 
 
 1 Dec. 
 
 •^ H „ 
 
 ... H 
 
 J» 
 
 ... 51 „ . 
 
 . 6i „ 
 
 15 „ 
 
 . 6i „ 
 
 ... 5tV 
 
 >> 
 
 
 
 1 Jan. 
 
 • "To " 
 
 ... 5i 
 
 » 
 
 ... 5 „ . 
 
 • 5tV„ 
 
 15 „ 
 
 • ^ „ 
 
 ... 5| 
 
 5> 
 
 ... 5i „ 
 
 
 1 Feb. 
 
 • H ,> 
 
 ... 7i 
 
 JJ 
 
 ... 6i „ . 
 
 7 1 
 
 'T2- » 
 
 15 „ 
 
 71 
 
 ' S " 
 
 ... 71 
 
 » 
 
 ... 7f „ . 
 
 . 81V » 
 
 Das Oberengac 
 
 in (Dr. J. M. 
 
 Ludwig). 
 
 
 
 
 t These observations were taken froni one spot on the Maloja (The Kursaal) ; if the 
 chalets or grounds of the hotel had been included, a very much larger duration of sunshine 
 would be recorded. 
 
 MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURE AT 7 a.m.. GIVEN IN DEGREES CENTIGRADE. 
 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 for the whole 
 ■winter '83-84. 
 
 *Maloja (6,000 ft.) 
 
 —3-2 
 
 —6-3 
 
 —6-5 
 
 —7.9 
 
 —5-9 
 
 fWiesen (4,771 ft.) 
 
 —1-5 
 
 —5-3 
 
 —3-3 
 
 —3-1 
 
 —3-3 
 
 fDavos (5,105 ft.) 
 
 —3-7 
 
 —7-1 
 
 —5-9 
 
 —5-5 
 
 —5-5 
 
 f Andermatt (4,738 ft.) 
 
 —3-4 
 
 —8-1 
 
 —5-5 
 
 —5 
 
 —5-5 
 
 * Calculated from the observations of M. Kuoni. 
 
 + Furnished to the author by Professor Billwiller, Director of the Meteorological Stations. 
 
THE JOUENEY FEOM EI^GLAKD. 
 
 The quickest route from London to the Maloja during winter 
 is by Dover, Calais, Boulogne, Amiens, Tergnier, Laon, Kheims, 
 Belfort, Bale, and Coire. 
 
 The tidal boats from Folkestone to Boulogne are more agree- 
 able to travel by, and the luggage by this route is taken care of, 
 and not so roughly handled as between Dover and Calais. 
 Inquiries mu^t be made of the South-Eastern Eailway Company 
 for the hours of departure, as these boats depend on the tide. 
 
 Via Dover and Calais, a start is made at 10 a.m. or 8 p.m. 
 from London, In the former case lunch can be obtained at Calais 
 at 2 p.m., dinner at Tergnier at 6 p.m., and Bale reached at 
 
 6 a.m., where breakfast is taken at the railway station. From 
 Bale the journey is continued, after breakfast, either to Como by 
 the St, Gothard line, and from thence to Colico by steamer, 
 then by diligence to Chiavenna and Maloja ; or leaving Bale at 
 
 7 a.m. Coire is reached at noon. (A stay of two hours can be made 
 at Ziirich, if desired, and Coire reached later.) 
 
 From Coire the diligence leaves in the early morning for Maloja, 
 vid the Julier Pass and Silvaplana. 
 
 It is advisable for delicate persons to break the journey either 
 at B41e or Coire. Those who are unable to obtain any slee^) in a 
 train would do well to alight at Bale and go to bed ; otherwise a 
 break at Ziirich for two hours, partaking of a dinner at one of the 
 numerous hotels in that interesting town, will be kufhciently 
 refreshing to allow of a continuation of the journey witliout 
 fatigue. A telegram might be sent to Hotel Steinbock, requesting 
 a room to be warmed, as the air at Chilr will feel chilly in autumn 
 after sitting still in the train. Should the weather be fine, a few 
 
92 ALPINE WINTER, 
 
 days' stay can be made •with benefit, previous to mounting. A 
 private conveyance should then be taken for a short journey 
 to Miihlen, spending the night there. From Miihlen the 
 dihgence leaves at 2 p.m. for Silvaplana, and Maloja is reached at 
 6 p.m. 
 
 (Should the route by the St. Gothard railway be chosen (?;/« 
 Como, Colico, Chiavenna, Promontogno) the train leaves B^le at 
 7.30 a.m. for Como, where the night is spent, after which the boat 
 is taken to Colico, and diligence to Chiavenna, where another rest 
 is made ; or an agreeable stay can be made at Promontogno, 
 situated in a picturesque part of Val Bregaglia, and only four hours 
 from Maloja (ascent). 
 
METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS 
 
 TAKEN IN THE MALOJA. 
 
 A. TUCKEK WISE, M.D. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 94 
 SUMMARY 
 
 OF 
 
 OBSERVATIONS 
 
 (^PuUished in detail 
 
 
 At 9 A.M. 
 
 At Noon. 
 
 
 Air Tempe- 
 rature. 
 
 Maximum. 
 
 Minimum. 
 
 ■s 
 
 ti 
 
 < 
 
 Air Tempe- 
 rature. 
 
 Maximum. 
 
 
 
 Minimum. =^ g 
 
 SO 
 < 
 
 
 Fahr. 
 26.4 
 19-3 
 19-3 
 17-3 
 
 Centi- 
 grade. 
 
 —31 
 —7 
 -7 
 -8.1 
 
 JFahr. 
 
 44 
 45 
 40 
 
 37 
 
 Centi- 
 grade. 
 
 6.7 
 
 7.2 
 
 44 
 2.8 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Centi- 
 grade. 
 
 Ito 
 10. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Centi- 
 grade. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Centi- 
 grade. 
 
 Fahr 
 
 Centi- 1 to 
 grade. 10. 
 
 -9.4 4 
 
 17.8 4-2 
 
 -17-8 3-3 
 
 —189 4.3 
 
 Nov. 1 883 
 Dec. ,, 
 Jan. 1884 
 Feb. „ 
 
 II 
 
 — 2 
 
 —4 
 -7-5 
 
 — II.7 4 
 
 — 183 4.1 
 —20 4 
 
 — 22 4 
 
 30.5 
 25 
 
 25-7 
 26.5 
 
 -0.8 
 —3-9 
 -3-S 
 —3 
 
 43 
 43 
 39 
 38 
 
 6.1 
 6.1 
 3-9 
 
 3-4 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 — 2 
 
 
 20.6 
 
 -6.3 1 45 1 7.2 
 
 -7-5 
 
 —22 4 
 
 26.9 
 
 -2.8 
 
 43 
 
 6.1 
 
 —2 —18.9 4 
 
 Mean Temperature for the Winter = 25° Fahr, ( — 3°.9 Centigrade). 
 Average weight of Moisture = 12 grains per 10 cubic feet of Air, 
 Average drying Power of Air = 5.4 grains per 10 cubic feet of Air. 
 Average daily quantity of Ozone, with 6 hours exposure (scale 0° to 20°) 7^.4 
 Highest Maximum Thermometer = 45° Fahr. {^°.2 Cent.), 26th December. 
 Lowest Minimum Thermometer = — 7°.5 Fahr. (— 22° Cent. ), 19th February. 
 Highest Solar Radiation = 143" Fahr. (6i°.6 Cent.), 13th February. 
 
 
95 
 
 FOR THE WINTER OF 1883-4 
 
 in the last Edition). 
 
 
 At 3 P.M. 
 
 
 Weight of 
 moisture in 10 
 cul). ft. of air. 
 
 Drying power 
 
 of air per 10 
 
 cubicfeet. 
 
 Air Tempe- 
 rature 
 
 Maximum. 
 
 ) 
 
 Minimum. 
 
 
 
 0° 
 
 go 
 
 < 
 
 Ito 
 10. 
 
 
 Mean Solar 
 Radiation. 
 
 Rain 
 Gauge. 
 
 mm. 
 
 S now. 
 
 
 Jrains. Grains. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Centi- 
 grade. 
 
 Fahr, 
 
 Centi- 
 grade. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Centi- 
 grade. 
 
 1 to 12. 
 
 Fahr . 
 
 Centi- 
 grade. 
 
 Centi- 
 metres. 
 
 1 to 
 10. 
 
 14 
 II 
 II 
 12.2 
 
 6 
 
 54 
 5-4 
 4-7 
 
 30.5 
 24.8 
 
 27-3 
 27.5 
 
 -0.8 
 —4 
 
 —2.4 
 —2-5 
 
 42 
 43-5 
 41 
 38 
 
 5-6 
 6.4 
 
 5 
 3-3 
 
 19-5 
 7 
 
 13-5 
 15 
 
 7 
 
 — 7 
 —13-9 
 — 10.2 
 
 — 94 
 —13-9 
 
 4 
 
 4.8 
 2.8 
 4-3 
 4 
 
 0.7 
 I 
 
 1-3 
 0.7 
 
 113 
 
 89 
 
 105 
 108 
 
 45 
 
 31-7 
 40.6 
 42.2 
 
 53-2 
 26.2 
 
 13-3 
 21.4 
 
 56 
 
 29.5 
 
 26.2 
 
 34 
 
 7 
 7 
 6.6 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 5-4 
 
 27.5 
 
 —2.4 
 
 43-5 
 
 6.4 
 
 0.9 
 
 104 
 
 40 
 
 X14.1 
 
 145-7 
 
 7-4 
 
 The Maximam and Minimum Thermometers were noted three times a day, 
 for the purpose of determining the variation of temperature during forenoon and 
 afternoon. 
 
 The Dew-point and Weight of Vapour in the atmosphere were calculated 
 from Glaisher's tables, in conjunction with Apjohn's formula : — 
 
 F = f - X - 
 
 •' 88 30 
 
 when the temperature of the wet bulb was above 32^ ; 
 
 and iJ' = / ^ X i when below 32° Fahr, 
 
 and the force of the wind noted according to the Beaufort scale, judged from the 
 readings in miles, of an anemometer placed on high ground in an exposed part 
 of the plateau, 14 feet above snow. 
 
 The "Drying Power of the Air," noted in the tables, is the weight of 
 vapour which ten cubic feet of air were still capable of absorbing at the time of 
 observ&tiocu 
 
METEOROLOGICAL NOTES- 
 
 The winter of 1884-5, in the Upper Engadine, resembled 
 the previous winter as regards the limited snow-fall for the 
 months of November and December. Such a thin coat of 
 snow had not been known for nearly forty years, and as the 
 qualities of Alpine Winter Climate depend greatly on the 
 depth of the early snow-covering, typical Alpine Winter did 
 not make its appearance until about the middle of January. 
 Sleighs could scarcely run, and although much fine weather 
 was experienced, the snow was so light and powdery that 
 it could be easily removed with the foot, and dust kicked 
 up along with it from off the ground beneath. Owing to 
 this condition many slopes and rocks were left bare, as 
 in the preceding winter, favouring absorption of solar heat 
 by the earth, to be again radiated off into space during the 
 night, and in this way causing local movements of air. 
 
 The temperature in November closely followed the average 
 of the year previous, viz. 29°-o ; for November, 1884, 29°.'l, 
 for November, 1883, the highest maximum was 53'^"8 Fahr. ; 
 agamst 44'^ Fahr., November, 1884. The lowest " minimum" 
 8° Fahr. and 11° for November, 1883. The months of 
 January and February were on the whole colder than the 
 last year. No rain fell during the whole winter. Fog was 
 noted on four days in November, one for December, one 
 
IVIETEOROLOGICAL NOTES. 97 
 
 for January, one for February, and five in March. The 
 wet and dry bulbs indicated saturation on eleven days only. 
 Hygrometric observations, although the most important in 
 the study of climate, cannot, without the aid of the chemical 
 hygrometer, be taken with precision at the lower tempe- 
 ratures. It is therefore doubtful if the calculations of 
 " Weight of moisture," and " Drying power of air," are ab- 
 solutely exact, but they approach as near correctness as 
 possible with the means at our present command, I am 
 in accord with my friend, Mr. A. W. Waters, who has had 
 long experience of Alpine climate, that there is a point where 
 August's Psychrometer fails to indicate accurately the humi- 
 dity of the air. 
 
 It may be noticed that the "minimum" temperatures 
 (which as a rule occur about 7 or 8 a.m.) are often consider- 
 ably below the " Dew Point " of 9 a.m. on the same day 
 and 3 p.m. of the day previous, without any fall of moisture 
 occurring. As a partial explanation for this it may be 
 inferred that in clear weather the upper stra,ta of the atmos- 
 phere contain but an infinitesimal amount cf watery vapour, 
 the air having passed over extensive areas of land, and its 
 moiscure having been condensed by the frozen peaks which 
 impede the course of aerial currents towards this part of 
 Switzerland, in which case evaporation from the snow- 
 covering of the country slowly supplies the lower stratum 
 of air with moisture, evaporation from the snow increasing 
 with rise of temperature and diminishing with the fall ; 
 and although the " Dew Point " throughout the day and in 
 the evening is generally much higher than the " minimum " 
 of the night no deposit of moisture takes place when the 
 temperature falls, as the invisible vapour is dissipated into 
 space, diffusion ensuing speedily with the lessened barometric 
 pressure at these heights. That these climates contain an 
 extremely small (quantity of watery vapour in the air is 
 
98 ALPINE WINTER 
 
 a well-established fact, but the precise measurement presents 
 a little difficulty. To illustrate the excessive dryness in the 
 depth of winter the mean weight of moisture at noon in 10 
 cubic feet of air was but 9*1 grains for January ; even this 
 is probably too high a calculation, as the result was arrived 
 at by the formula shown at page 93, which is not quite suitable 
 for low temperatures. At Kew during the same month the 
 mean, as given to me by G. M. Whipple, Esq., Superintendent 
 of the Observatory, was 25 grains. 
 
 To the absence of moisture suspended in the air may 
 be ascribed the capability of wild animals to support the 
 cold in these high regions, and human beings the changes 
 in temperature. It is by no means rare for individuals to 
 quit a room and proceed out of doors with a difference 
 of 50*^, and occasionally 60° Fahr,, without feeling any 
 pressing need of gloves or extra clothing. On the Dright 
 days of mid-winter, surrounded by snow and ice, the new 
 visitor marvels that the low temperature is unperceived, 
 and that the sun's rays carry with them the heat of sum- 
 mer. Combined with dryness the cold restrains the life and 
 development of micro-organisms in the external air ; ordinary 
 catarrh is almost unknown, except in badly ventilated 
 houses, where a " cold in the head," or a " sore throat " 
 seems liable to be communicated to others. During the 
 whole winter at the Maloja no person suffered from the 
 former complaint ; and but two cases of sore throat occurred 
 brought on through indiscreet exposure, although the daily 
 average of persons inhabiting the Kursaal was between 60 
 and 70. It can be demonstrated that a drier layer of air 
 surrounds animals and is inhaled by them in these climates, 
 than in Egj^t (which has generally been considered the driest 
 air for consumptive patients). By respiration a rise in the 
 temperature of the air takes place, and whatever the tempera- 
 ture inhaled may be, the exhaled air approaches that of the 
 
METEOROLOGICAL NOTES. 99 
 
 blood. On the other hand the atmosphere in immediate 
 contact with the skin and between garments becomes 
 warmed, consequently what would be expressed by a 
 " relative " humidity of 90 per cent, at 26*^ Fahr. (the mean 
 temperature for the winters 1884-5) becomes 8 per cent, near 
 the temperature of the lungs, and 13 per cent, in contact 
 with the body, if we calculate the air underneath the clothing 
 at 80° Fahr. 
 
 In Egypt the " relative " humidity for the month of June, 
 1884, was 73, February 70, this has a drying power at the 
 temperature of the body (say 98'6 Fahr.) of 160 and 156 grs. 
 per 10 cubic feet, which is seen to be actually a less dry air 
 when taken into the lungs than that of an Alpine height. 
 Although I have mentioned the " relative " humidity for 
 contrast, this observation in the comparison of cold climates 
 with other places, requires a further calculation to afford a 
 definite idea of the hygrometric state of the atmosphere, for 
 with variation in the temperature the standard varies, and 
 what may be a damp climate at 90 per cent, in one locality, 
 is a dry climate in another with regard to animals, for at 
 Cairo 90 per cent, relative humidity represents in January, 
 1884, 37 grains of vapour in 10 cubic feet, whereas at 
 Maloja for the same month but 14 grains are suspended in 
 the air at 90 per cent. Therefore, in a medical aspect there 
 can be no hesitation in saying that the " absolute " humidity 
 should on no account be neglected, the drying power of the 
 air being given in grains of vapour, then some approximate 
 estimate of evaporation from the lungs and skin might 
 perhaps be made. 
 
IOC 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 METEOEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS 
 
 
 A 
 
 r 9 A.M. 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 Clou( 
 
 a 
 
 M 
 
 i. 
 
 
 
 At Noon. 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 .q" 
 
 "3 
 
 Cloud. 1 
 
 £■"3 
 III 
 
 lis 
 
 2^ 
 Grains 
 
 
 ^3 
 
 .S"3g 
 
 
 a 
 s 
 
 
 
 1884 
 
 Nov. 
 
 I 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 
 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 35 
 
 31 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 41-5 
 
 38. 5 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .205 
 
 24 
 
 35-2 
 
 6 
 
 
 2 
 
 32.S 
 
 30 
 
 over 
 
 10 
 
 32 
 
 31 
 
 fog 
 
 10 
 
 .165 
 
 19 
 
 29.7 
 
 2 
 
 
 3 
 
 28.8 
 
 27 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 37-3 
 
 33-5 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 ■ 157 
 
 18 
 
 28.6 
 
 7 
 
 
 4 
 
 31 
 
 27 
 
 cir 
 
 I 
 
 39-5 
 
 32 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .118 
 
 14 
 
 22 
 
 14 
 
 
 5 
 
 33-5 
 
 30 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 43 
 
 35 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 •131 
 
 15 
 
 24.4 
 
 17 
 
 
 6 
 
 31-8 
 
 27.4 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 35 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 • 113 
 
 13 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 
 7 
 
 31 
 
 27-5 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 46.6 
 
 36 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 •115 
 
 14 
 
 21.4 
 
 22 
 
 
 8 
 
 36.6 
 
 31.2 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 40.5 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .165 
 
 19 
 
 29.7 
 
 22 
 
 
 9 
 
 34 5 
 
 315 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 47.2 
 
 40 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .181 
 
 21 
 
 32 
 
 16 
 
 
 10 
 
 37-2 
 
 32 
 
 cir 
 
 I 
 
 50 
 
 40 
 
 c.c. 
 
 5 
 
 .156 
 
 18 
 
 28.5 
 
 23 
 
 
 II 
 
 36.5 
 
 32.5 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 45-8 
 
 37-5 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .149 
 
 17 
 
 27-3 
 
 18 
 
 
 12 
 
 34 
 
 31 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 46 
 
 36 
 
 cir 
 
 I 
 
 • 131 
 
 15 
 
 24.4 
 
 20 
 
 
 13 
 
 26 
 
 24 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 25 
 
 fog 
 
 10 
 
 • 135 
 
 16 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 
 «4 
 
 22 
 
 20 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 24.2 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .081 
 
 10 
 
 13-8 
 
 9 
 
 
 15 
 
 24 
 
 22 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 35 
 
 26.5 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .066 
 
 8 
 
 9-5 
 
 16 
 
 
 16 
 
 21.8 
 
 19.6 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 27.8 
 
 23 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .083 
 
 10 
 
 14-4 
 
 8 
 
 
 17 
 
 23.2 
 
 21.4 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 26.5 
 
 24-5 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 • 115 
 
 H 
 
 21.5 
 
 3 
 
 
 18 
 
 23.8 
 
 21.2 
 
 c.c. 
 
 8 
 
 27-5 
 
 21.2 
 
 cum 
 
 8 
 
 .o5i 
 
 7 
 
 7.8 
 
 II 
 
 
 19 
 
 23 
 
 21.5 
 
 en. 
 
 8 
 
 25 
 
 21 
 
 cum 
 
 2 
 
 .079 
 
 10 
 
 13-4 
 
 6 
 
 
 20 
 
 14.6 
 
 12.6 
 
 c.c. 
 
 I 
 
 21 
 
 17.8 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .070 
 
 9 
 
 10.9 
 
 4 
 
 
 21 
 
 15-5 
 
 15 
 
 c.c. 
 
 5 
 
 22 
 
 18 
 
 c.n. 
 
 6 
 
 .064 
 
 8 
 
 8.8 
 
 6 
 
 
 22 
 
 15-4 
 
 14.2 
 
 c.c. 
 
 2 
 
 19 
 
 18 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .089 
 
 II 
 
 15-8 
 
 I 
 
 
 23 
 
 17.8 
 
 16.2 
 
 c.c. 
 
 3 
 
 21 
 
 20 
 
 c.c. 
 
 4 
 
 .099 
 
 12 
 
 18.3 
 
 I 
 
 
 24 
 
 13.2 
 
 12 
 
 c.c. 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 13 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 •053 
 
 6 
 
 4-5 
 
 5 
 
 
 25 
 
 17 
 
 15-5 
 
 c.c. 
 
 4 
 
 23.8 
 
 18.8 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .060 
 
 7 
 
 7.2 
 
 8 
 
 
 26 
 
 13-5 
 
 12 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 19 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .069 
 
 8 
 
 10.5 
 
 6 
 
 
 27 
 
 21 
 
 20 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 23 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .081 
 
 10 
 
 139 
 
 8 
 
 
 28 
 
 15.2 
 
 14 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 29.6 
 
 23.8 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .079 
 
 10 
 
 13-4 
 
 9 
 
 
 1:9 
 
 22 
 
 21.8 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 22.8 
 
 22.2 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 .114 
 
 14 
 
 21.3 
 
 h 
 
 
 30 
 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 23 
 
 19-5 
 
 over 
 
 10 
 
 ■075 
 
 9 
 
 12.3 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 24.9 
 
 
 
 2.2 
 
 32.3 
 
 
 
 2.2 
 
 
 16.2 
 
 
 9.8 
 
OF THE MALOJA. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 101 
 
 At 3 P.M. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 s 
 
 a 
 
 s 
 
 Cloud. 
 
 
 Wind. 
 
 
 0.2 
 
 
 
 bo 
 
 s 
 
 C3 
 
 C5 
 a 
 
 'i 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 s 
 p 
 
 & 
 
 P 
 
 a 
 
 ad 
 
 H 
 
 £a" 
 
 ^5 
 
 
 
 ^0 
 
 III 
 
 So g 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Falir. 
 
 ctm. m.m. 
 
 40.2 
 
 35 1 45 
 
 29-5 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 NE 
 
 SW 
 
 I 
 
 109 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 31 
 
 34 
 
 29-5 
 
 cum 
 
 9 
 
 SW 
 
 SW 
 
 0.5 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 
 34-8 
 
 31 i 39-2 
 
 =5-5 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 NE 
 
 S 
 
 0.5 
 
 III 
 
 
 
 
 38.7 
 
 32 
 
 41.8 
 
 24 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 NE 
 
 SW 
 
 I 
 
 114 
 
 
 
 
 46.1 
 
 41 
 
 47 
 
 23-5 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 NE 
 
 NE 
 
 2 
 
 114 
 
 
 
 
 44 
 
 39 
 
 46 
 
 25.S 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 SW 
 
 SW 
 
 I 
 
 "3 
 
 
 
 
 45-6 
 
 36 
 
 48 
 
 25-5 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 SW 
 
 w 
 
 0.5 
 
 114 
 
 
 
 
 51 
 
 42 
 
 53-8 
 
 30 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 NE 
 
 NE 
 
 I 
 
 114 
 
 
 
 623.3 
 
 SI 
 
 42 
 
 53-5 
 
 30.5 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 NE 
 
 NE 
 
 
 
 97 
 
 
 
 625.2 
 
 51.8 
 
 42 
 
 53 
 
 34 
 
 c.c. 
 
 2 
 
 N 
 
 SW 
 
 I 
 
 102 
 
 
 
 624.4 
 
 41 
 
 35-5 
 
 46.5 
 
 33 
 
 c.c, 
 nim 
 
 9 
 
 ssw 
 
 SSW 
 
 
 
 65 
 
 
 
 623 
 
 45-3 
 
 36.3 47 
 
 30 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 SW 
 
 0.5 
 
 "5 
 
 
 
 620 
 
 24.5 
 
 24.5 26 
 
 21.5 
 
 fog 
 
 10 
 
 SW 
 
 SW 
 
 2 
 
 81 
 
 
 
 616.8 
 
 22 
 
 22 
 
 30.5 
 
 18 
 
 fog 
 
 10 
 
 NEE 
 
 SW 
 
 I 
 
 92 
 
 
 
 617 
 
 34 
 
 25-5 
 
 36.5 
 
 17 
 
 blue 
 
 u 
 
 NE 
 
 W 
 
 I 
 
 102 
 
 
 
 617-5 
 
 27 
 
 24 28 
 
 15-5 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 NE 
 
 NE 
 
 I 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 614.4 
 
 22 
 
 21.8 29 
 
 16 
 
 fog 
 
 iO 
 
 SW 
 
 SW 
 
 I 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 613-7 
 
 24.8 
 
 21 27 
 
 14-5 
 
 c.n. 
 
 8 
 
 NW 
 
 SW 
 
 0.5 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 611. 4 
 
 22.8 
 
 20.1 1 27.1 
 
 19-5 
 
 C.C. 
 
 2 
 
 W 
 
 w 
 
 2 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 612.7 
 
 22.2 
 
 19.2 24.2 
 
 12.5 
 
 c.c. 
 
 I 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 I 
 
 92 
 
 
 
 611.8 
 
 20 
 
 19-5 
 
 24 
 
 8 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 SW 
 
 SW 
 
 o.s 
 
 80 
 
 
 0.5 
 
 606.9 
 
 19 
 
 18 
 
 22.5 
 
 8 
 
 over 
 
 10 
 
 SW 
 
 SW 
 
 o.S 
 
 50 
 
 
 0-5 
 
 606.4 
 
 20.2 
 
 18 
 
 21 
 
 135 
 
 over 
 
 10 
 
 NE 
 
 SW 
 
 3 
 
 84 
 
 
 
 606.9 
 
 17-5 
 
 15 ] 18.S 
 
 10.5 
 
 c.n. 
 
 8 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 I 
 
 85 
 
 
 0.5 
 
 6u.8 
 
 23 
 
 20 { 25 
 
 10 
 
 c.n. 
 
 4 
 
 w 
 
 SW 
 
 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 613 
 
 24.8 
 
 20. 5 26. 5 
 
 10 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 NE 
 
 NK 
 
 I 
 
 95 
 
 
 
 614.5 
 
 28 
 
 24 
 
 285 
 
 14 
 
 c.c. 
 
 4 
 
 NE 
 
 W 
 
 I 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 616 
 
 26.5 
 
 23 
 
 30 
 
 9 
 
 cir 
 
 2 
 
 NE 
 
 NE 
 
 I 
 
 91 
 
 
 
 613 
 
 22 
 
 22 23 
 
 20 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 SW 
 
 SW 
 
 z 
 
 51 
 
 
 I 
 
 607 
 
 22 
 
 19.S 26 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 4-3 
 
 SW 
 
 SW 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 4 
 
 605.3 
 
 3M| 
 
 
 53-8 
 
 
 
 
 0.9 
 
 90 
 
 
 6.5 
 
 
102 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 METEOROLOGICAL 
 
 OBSERVATIONS 
 
 
 AT 9 A.M. 
 
 AT Noon 
 
 
 
 5* 
 
 p 
 
 2 
 
 Cloud. 
 
 1 
 >• 
 p 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Cloud. 
 
 ^^ a 
 
 S"Sa 
 
 l-H 
 
 J3 '"^ MH 
 
 1 
 
 p 
 
 a«*H 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 1 884 
 Dec. 
 
 S 
 (-1 
 
 
 .wo 
 
 So 
 «3 
 
 1 
 
 So 
 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 rahr. 
 
 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 
 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Grains 
 
 
 I 
 
 7-5 
 
 7 
 
 c. 
 
 I 
 
 18.5 
 
 14.6 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .051 
 
 6 
 
 3-5 
 
 6 
 
 
 2 
 
 17.9 
 
 16.8 
 
 en. 
 
 7 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .081 
 
 10 
 
 13-8 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 
 
 18.5 
 
 17 
 
 c. 
 
 3 
 
 28.8 
 
 23.8 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .086 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 8 
 
 
 4 
 
 27 
 
 24 
 
 c.n. 
 
 3 
 
 28.2 
 
 23.6 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .086 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 8 
 
 i 
 
 5 
 
 23 
 
 2I.S 
 
 over 
 
 10 
 
 25-5 
 
 22 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .088 
 
 II 
 
 155 
 
 5 
 
 , 
 
 6 
 
 28.8 
 
 27-5 
 
 over 
 
 10 
 
 33-5 
 
 30 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 •137 
 
 16 
 
 25-3 
 
 6 
 
 
 7 
 
 30 
 
 29 
 
 St. 
 
 I 
 
 37.8 
 
 32 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .132 
 
 15 
 
 24-5 
 
 10 
 
 
 8 
 
 27.1 
 
 24 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 31-8 
 
 29.8 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .149 
 
 17 
 
 274 
 
 3 
 
 
 9 
 
 29 
 
 28.8 
 
 over 
 
 10 
 
 28 
 
 28 
 
 fog 
 
 10 
 
 .153 
 
 18 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 24.2 
 
 21.5 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 27-5 
 
 22 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .072 
 
 9 
 
 II-3 
 
 8 
 
 
 II 
 
 20.8 
 
 19 
 
 over 
 
 10 
 
 29.8 
 
 25 
 
 St. 
 
 I 
 
 ■095 
 
 II 
 
 17-3 
 
 8 
 
 
 12 
 
 28.1 
 
 27.1 
 
 c.c. 
 
 4 
 
 35 
 
 30 
 
 c.c. 
 
 S 
 
 .125 
 
 15 
 
 234 
 
 9 
 
 
 13 
 
 28.8 
 
 23-5 
 
 cum 
 
 4 
 
 35 
 
 29 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .110 
 
 13 
 
 20.4 
 
 10 
 
 
 14 
 
 27-5 
 
 24-5 
 
 cum 
 
 I 
 
 365 
 
 32 
 
 c. 
 
 I 
 
 •143 
 
 17 
 
 26.3 
 
 7 
 
 
 15 
 
 27.5 
 
 25 
 
 c.c. 
 
 6 
 
 35 
 
 31 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .140 
 
 17 
 
 25-9 
 
 6 
 
 
 i6 
 
 30 
 
 28 
 
 c. 
 
 6 
 
 33 
 
 30 
 
 c.c. 
 
 4 
 
 .142 
 
 17 
 
 26.2 
 
 5 
 
 
 17 
 
 27 
 
 26.8 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 27.2 
 
 27 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 .145 
 
 17 
 
 26.6 
 
 
 
 
 i8 
 
 19-5 
 
 18 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 18.5 
 
 15 
 
 cum 
 
 3 
 
 .056 
 
 7 
 
 5-7 
 
 5 
 
 
 19 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 c. 
 
 I 
 
 27 
 
 21 
 
 c. 
 
 I 
 
 .063 
 
 8 
 
 8.5 
 
 9 
 
 
 20 
 
 22.5 
 
 22 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 21.2 
 
 20.5 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 .104 ' 
 
 12 
 
 19.2 
 
 I 
 
 
 21 
 
 21.8 
 
 20 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 22.8 
 
 19.8 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 .082 
 
 10 
 
 14.2 
 
 4 
 
 
 22 
 
 20 
 
 19 
 
 cum 
 
 4 
 
 21.8 
 
 19 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 .079 
 
 9 
 
 13-3 
 
 4 
 
 
 23 
 
 20 
 
 19 
 
 over 
 
 10 
 
 25 
 
 22.8 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 .103 
 
 12 
 
 19.0 
 
 4 
 
 
 24 
 
 24.6 
 
 23 
 
 over 
 
 10 
 
 26.8 
 
 24-5 
 
 over 
 
 10 
 
 .112 
 
 13 
 
 20.8 
 
 4 
 
 
 25 
 
 12 
 
 II 
 
 c.n. 
 
 I 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .065 
 
 8 
 
 9.0 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 26 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 over 
 
 10 
 
 25 
 
 22.8 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 .103 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 27 
 
 14.8 
 
 14.4 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 22 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 •093 
 
 II 
 
 16.7 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 28 
 
 22.5 
 
 21.S 
 
 c.n. 
 
 5 
 
 26.5 
 
 25-5 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 .129 
 
 15 
 
 24 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 29 
 
 26.8 
 
 26.5 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 27 
 
 26.5 
 
 over 
 
 10 
 
 •139 
 
 16 
 
 256 
 
 I 
 
 V 
 
 9 
 
 12.2 
 
 12 
 
 c. 
 
 4 
 
 24 
 
 21 
 
 cum 
 
 6 
 
 .088 
 
 10 
 
 15.5 
 
 5 
 
 
 31 
 
 20-5 
 
 19-5 
 
 en. 
 
 4 
 
 22 
 
 20.4 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .096 
 
 II 
 
 17.5 
 
 3 
 
 A 
 
 
 23.3 
 
 
 
 5.6 
 
 27 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 12.3 
 
 
 5 
 
OF THE MALOJA. 
 
 103 
 
 AT 3 P.M. 1 
 
 
 
 5' 
 "3 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 a 
 
 '3 
 
 Cloud. 
 
 
 Wind. 
 
 
 a 
 0.2 
 
 CO -3 
 
 i 
 
 "3 
 
 
 
 a 
 03 
 
 .02 
 
 El 
 
 "3 
 
 g 
 
 "§2 
 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 as 
 ^3 
 
 Lower 
 Current 
 
 
 111 
 
 cq « 
 
 OH 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 
 Ctm. 
 
 m.m. 
 
 17 
 
 13.5 
 
 20 
 
 5 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 NE 
 
 NE 
 
 I 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 608.8 
 
 23 
 
 20 
 
 23 
 
 -05 
 
 cum 
 
 3 
 
 W 
 
 W 
 
 
 
 81 
 
 
 
 6x1. 4 
 
 282 
 
 24 
 
 29 
 
 85 
 
 c.n. 
 
 8 
 
 sw 
 
 SW 
 
 0-5 
 
 85 
 
 
 
 615-5 
 
 27.6 
 
 25 
 
 29 
 
 22 
 
 over 
 
 10 
 
 svv 
 
 SW 
 
 2 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 615 
 
 27.8 
 
 23.6 
 
 28 
 
 20 
 
 c.c. 
 
 2 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 05 
 
 65 
 
 
 4 
 
 614.2 
 
 35 
 
 31.8 
 
 37 
 
 18 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 NE 
 
 SW 
 
 0-5 
 
 90 
 
 
 5 
 
 617-5 
 
 41 
 
 37 
 
 42 
 
 19 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 NE 
 
 NE 
 
 
 
 96 
 
 
 
 620.8 
 
 29.8 
 
 28.8 
 
 36 
 
 20 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 NE 
 
 NE 
 
 I 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 622.1 
 
 28 
 
 28 
 
 30 
 
 25-5 
 
 fog 
 
 10 
 
 SW 
 
 SW 
 
 2 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 620.3 
 
 27 
 
 22.5 
 
 29 
 
 22.5 
 
 c.n. 
 
 2 
 
 NE 
 
 NE 
 
 2 
 
 100 
 
 
 I 
 
 618.4 
 
 27.2 
 
 24 
 
 30. 5 
 
 "•5 
 
 c.n. 
 
 4 
 
 SW 
 
 SW 
 
 2 
 
 97 
 
 
 
 616.7 
 
 33 
 
 29 
 
 36 
 
 17.5 
 
 c.n. 
 
 5 
 
 w 
 
 W 
 
 I 
 
 72 
 
 
 5 
 
 612.3 
 
 37 
 
 30 
 
 39-5 
 
 21 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 NW 
 
 NW 
 
 I 
 
 85 
 
 
 
 622 
 
 36.8 
 
 32 
 
 40 
 
 24 
 
 c. 
 
 I 
 
 N 
 
 N 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 622.7 
 
 28.8 
 
 26 
 
 37 
 
 22.5 
 
 c. 
 
 2 
 
 NE 
 
 NE 
 
 I 
 
 85 
 
 
 
 6183 
 
 32.2 
 
 29 
 
 35 
 
 23-5 
 
 c.n. 
 
 4 
 
 SW 
 
 SW 
 
 0-5 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 614.5 
 
 27 
 
 26.8 
 
 27 
 
 20.5 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 SW 
 
 SW 
 
 2 
 
 55 
 
 
 
 612 
 
 18.8 
 
 IS 
 
 21 
 
 16.S 
 
 cum 
 
 I 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 2 
 
 60 
 
 
 10 
 
 613 
 
 27-3 
 
 23 
 
 29 
 
 10 
 
 n. 
 
 4 
 
 SW 
 
 SW 
 
 I 
 
 91 
 
 
 
 611. 6 
 
 21.5 
 
 21 
 
 26 
 
 13 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 2 
 
 50 
 
 
 5 
 
 601 
 
 22 
 
 20 
 
 23 
 
 19-5 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 NW 
 
 NW 
 
 I 
 
 52 
 
 
 2 
 
 595 
 
 21 
 
 19 
 
 22 
 
 18 
 
 c.n. 
 
 4 
 
 E 
 
 W 
 
 2 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 601.6 
 
 25.2 
 
 23.2 
 
 27 
 
 16.5 
 
 over 
 
 10 
 
 NE 
 
 SW 
 
 
 
 49 
 
 
 
 60s 
 
 24. 5 
 
 23 
 
 28 
 
 12 
 
 over 
 
 10 
 
 NE 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 606 
 
 18.S 
 
 16 
 
 20 
 
 95 
 
 over 
 
 10 
 
 NE 
 
 NE 
 
 I 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 605.3 
 
 22 
 
 21.8 
 
 27 
 
 II. 5 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 SE 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 609.5 
 
 24.2 
 
 22 
 
 27 
 
 12.8 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 NE 
 
 N E 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 
 5 
 
 615 
 
 26.8 
 
 26 
 
 29 
 
 8 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 S 
 
 S 
 
 0.5 
 
 62 
 
 
 
 615 
 
 26 
 
 25.8 
 
 27 
 
 24 
 
 cum 
 
 7 
 
 NK 
 
 NE 
 
 I 
 
 50 
 
 
 5 
 
 609.9 
 
 26.5 
 
 24.5 
 
 27 
 
 2 
 
 over 
 
 10 
 
 NE 
 
 NE 
 
 
 
 51 
 
 
 
 610-5 
 
 34.2 
 
 22 
 
 26 
 
 17 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 NK 
 
 NE 
 
 
 
 85 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 615 
 
 27 
 
 
 42 
 
 '-0.5 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 0,9 
 
 70 
 
 '45 
 
 1 
 
104 
 
 
 
 
 
 METEOEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS 
 
 
 
 At 9 A.M. 
 
 
 
 At Noon. 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 R 
 
 ,0 
 
 a) 
 
 Cloud. 
 
 
 
 
 Cloud. 
 
 Hi 
 
 SB 3^ 
 
 P 
 
 t-iO 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 02 
 §0 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 i88s 
 Jan. 
 
 T 
 
 Fahr. 
 14-5 
 
 Fahr. 
 13 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 21 
 
 Fahr. 
 18 
 
 cir 
 
 2 
 
 •073 
 
 Grains. 
 9 
 
 Fahr. 
 II.8 
 
 Grains. 
 3 
 
 
 2 
 
 16. 
 
 15 
 
 fog 
 
 10 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 fog 
 
 10 
 
 .103 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 13-8 
 
 13.2 
 
 over 
 
 10 
 
 18.8 
 
 18.2 
 
 over 
 
 10 
 
 .094 
 
 II 
 
 17 
 
 I 
 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 21.5 
 
 18 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .068 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 
 5 
 
 13-5 
 
 12 
 
 cir 
 
 3 
 
 19 
 
 17 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .077 
 
 9 
 
 12.8 
 
 2 
 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 19 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .069 
 
 8 
 
 10.3 
 
 4 
 
 
 7 
 
 22 
 
 20 
 
 en. 
 
 8 
 
 23 
 
 20 
 
 en 
 
 7 
 
 .083 
 
 10 
 
 14-3 
 
 3 
 
 
 8 
 
 4-5 
 
 3-8 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 8.8 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 •054 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 I 
 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 IS 
 
 12.2 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .051 
 
 6 
 
 3-5 
 
 3 
 
 
 TO 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 15 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .061 
 
 7 
 
 7.6 
 
 3 
 
 
 II 
 
 16.5 
 
 16 
 
 sn 
 
 10 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 sn 
 
 10 
 
 .098 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 3-5 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 •057 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 
 13 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 over 
 
 10 
 
 14.2 
 
 12 
 
 cum 
 
 8 
 
 •OSS 
 
 7 
 
 S-3 
 
 2 
 
 
 14 
 
 8.2 
 
 7.8 
 
 sn 
 
 10 
 
 10.8 
 
 9 
 
 over 
 
 10 
 
 .050 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 IS 
 
 88 
 
 8 
 
 over 
 
 10 
 
 IS 
 
 13.2 
 
 sn 
 
 10 
 
 .063 
 
 8 
 
 8.5 
 
 I 
 
 
 i6 
 
 24.8 
 
 24.2 
 
 sn 
 
 10 
 
 26 
 
 24 
 
 sn 
 
 10 
 
 .112 
 
 13 
 
 20.9 
 
 2 
 
 
 17 
 
 19.8 
 
 18 
 
 over 
 
 10 
 
 26 
 
 24.2 
 
 over 
 
 10 
 
 .IIS 
 
 14 
 
 21.4 
 
 2 
 
 
 i8 
 
 30 
 
 27-5 
 
 over 
 
 10 
 
 3S 
 
 30.2 
 
 c.c. 
 
 6 
 
 .128 
 
 IS 
 
 23.8 
 
 4 
 
 
 19 
 
 12 
 
 IO-5 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 19 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .078 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 
 20 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 ii-S 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 •059 
 
 7 
 
 6.7 
 
 I 
 
 
 21 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 13-5 
 
 cir 
 
 
 
 .050 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 22 
 
 4 
 
 3-5 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 188 
 
 16 
 
 blue 
 
 I 
 
 .066 
 
 8 
 
 9-3 
 
 2 
 
 
 23 
 
 6.5 
 
 S-S 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 18.5 
 
 16.3 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .072 
 
 9 
 
 11.4 
 
 2 
 
 
 24 
 
 —I 
 
 -1-5 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 16.5 
 
 14 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .061 
 
 7 
 
 7.6 
 
 3 
 
 
 25 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 18.8 
 
 15.2 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .056 
 
 7 
 
 5-7 
 
 3 
 
 
 25 
 
 3 
 
 2.5 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 17.8 
 
 IS 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .062 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 
 27 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 18.5 
 
 IS 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .056 
 
 7 
 
 S-7 
 
 3 
 
 
 28 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 2S-S 
 
 21 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .07s 
 
 9 
 
 12.3 
 
 7 
 
 
 29 
 
 II-5 
 
 10.5 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 25.8 
 
 22 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .086 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 
 30 
 
 6.7 
 
 6 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 28.8 
 
 25 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .103 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 6 
 
 
 31 
 
 23 
 
 22.5 
 
 sn 
 
 10 
 
 27 
 
 26 
 
 sn 
 
 10 
 
 .132 
 
 16 
 
 24- S 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 10-9 
 
 
 3.6 
 
 19.8 
 
 
 
 3-3 
 
 
 9.1 
 
 
 2.6 
 
 
OF THE MALOJA. 
 
 105 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 AT 3 P.M. 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "3 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 Cloud. 
 
 Wind. 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 6 
 1 
 
 a 
 P4 
 
 1.^2 
 
 "3 
 
 >> 
 
 Q 
 
 |- 
 
 
 -8 
 
 tj 
 
 ^8 
 
 *^ 
 
 Snow. 
 
 Baromet( 
 CoiTected 
 Temperatv 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 ctm.^ m.ni. 
 
 20 
 
 17 
 
 24 
 
 9 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 NE 
 
 NE 
 
 
 
 82 
 
 
 1 617.3 
 
 18.5 
 
 18.2 
 
 20 
 
 9-5 
 
 cum 
 
 8 
 
 S 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 
 ! 616.2 
 
 22.8 
 
 21 
 
 24 
 
 9-5 
 
 over 
 
 10 
 
 NE 
 
 SW 
 
 
 
 35 
 
 
 i 615.4 
 
 21.5 
 
 17.8 
 
 23 
 
 4-5 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 NE 
 
 NE 
 
 0.5 
 
 90 
 
 
 616.7 
 
 23 
 
 19 
 
 26 
 
 4-5 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 NE 
 
 NE 
 
 
 
 88 
 
 
 
 615.6 
 
 20 
 
 17 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 0.5 
 
 91 
 
 
 
 616.6 
 
 22 
 
 20 
 
 24 
 
 5-5 
 
 c.c. 
 
 9 
 
 S 
 
 NE 
 
 3 
 
 72 
 
 
 
 617 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 20 
 
 3 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 NE 
 
 SW 
 
 
 
 85 
 
 
 
 615 
 
 20.2 
 
 16 
 
 .3 
 
 -3 
 
 en. 
 
 4 
 
 NE 
 
 NE 
 
 
 
 88 
 
 
 
 611. 4 
 
 20 
 
 17 
 
 24 
 
 4 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 NE 
 
 NE 
 
 
 
 91 
 
 
 612 
 
 18.8 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 10 
 
 sn 
 
 10 
 
 SW 
 
 SW 
 
 2 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 605 
 
 IS 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 2 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 NE 
 
 NE 
 
 0.5 
 
 81 
 
 
 15 
 
 605 
 
 14.6 
 
 12.2 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 over 
 
 10 
 
 NE 
 
 W 
 
 I 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 599.4 
 
 12.2 
 
 10.3 
 
 12.5 
 
 6 
 
 over 
 
 10 
 
 W 
 
 W 
 
 I 
 
 45 
 
 
 2 ' 598.3 
 
 16.2 
 
 155 
 
 16.5 
 
 —I 
 
 sn 
 
 10 
 
 NE 
 
 W 
 
 I 
 
 40 
 
 
 605.5 
 
 245 
 
 23.2 
 
 26.5 
 
 14-5 
 
 sn 
 
 10 
 
 SW 
 
 SW 
 
 o.s 
 
 50 
 
 
 5 606.3 
 
 31-5 
 
 28 
 
 32 
 
 II 
 
 over 
 
 10 
 
 w 
 
 E 
 
 I 
 
 60 
 
 
 30 611,4 
 
 33 
 
 29 
 
 36.5 
 
 17 
 
 cum 
 
 6 
 
 s 
 
 NE 
 
 0-5 
 
 85 
 
 
 2 612.7 
 
 20 
 
 17 
 
 25 
 
 8.5 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 NE 
 
 NE 
 
 
 
 91 
 
 
 
 613 
 
 17.8 
 
 15 
 
 19 
 
 2 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 NE 
 
 NE 
 
 
 
 86 
 
 
 
 612-6 
 
 21.6 
 
 13s 
 
 24.5 
 
 -6.5 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 NE 
 
 NE 
 
 0.5 
 
 87 
 
 
 
 610.4 
 
 21.5 
 
 155 
 
 24 
 
 1-5 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 NE 
 
 NE 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 613.7 
 
 22 
 
 19 
 
 26 
 
 —I 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 NE 
 
 NE 
 
 
 
 92 
 
 
 
 614.4 
 
 21 
 
 17 
 
 22.5 
 
 -5 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 NE 
 
 NE 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 615-5 
 
 25 
 
 21 
 
 26 
 
 2.5 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 NE 
 
 NE 
 
 0.5 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 614.3 
 
 21 
 
 18 
 
 25 
 
 —2 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 NE 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 614 
 
 22 
 
 18 
 
 23 
 
 -1-5 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 NE 
 
 NE 
 
 I 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 615-3 
 
 305 
 
 255 
 
 33 
 
 1-5 
 
 c.c. 
 
 4 
 
 NE 
 
 NE 
 
 0.5 
 
 92 
 
 
 
 618.3 
 
 28.5 
 
 25 
 
 31 
 
 3 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 NE 
 
 NE 
 
 
 
 94 
 
 
 
 616.3 
 
 27.5 
 
 25 
 
 29.5 
 
 —4 
 
 cir 
 
 2 
 
 SW 
 
 SW 
 
 2 
 
 94 
 
 
 
 614.5 
 
 24-5 
 
 24 
 
 27.5 
 
 22 
 
 sn 
 
 10 
 
 SW 
 
 SW 
 
 I 
 
 54 
 
 
 5 
 
 611 
 
 21.7 
 
 
 36.5 
 
 6.5 
 
 
 3-6 
 
 
 
 0.6 
 
 76 
 
 
 59 
 
 
106 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS 
 
 
 At 9 A.M. 
 
 Ar Noon 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 Cloud. 
 
 cq 
 
 s 
 
 i 
 
 n 
 
 Cloud. 
 
 Up 
 
 ^^1 
 
 43 
 
 a 
 ■3 
 a 
 
 Q 
 
 ho 
 
 Is-s 
 
 
 
 
 
 Is 
 
 
 CJrH 
 <)0 
 
 
 (885 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 
 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 
 I 
 
 25.2 
 
 24.8 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 28.8 
 
 28 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 .146 
 
 17 
 
 26.9 
 
 I 
 
 
 2 
 
 17 
 
 16.8 
 
 fog 
 
 10 
 
 29.2 
 
 27.2 
 
 over 
 
 10 
 
 •131 
 
 IS 
 
 24.4 
 
 4 
 
 
 3 
 
 29 
 
 28.8 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 ,188 
 
 22 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 24.8 
 
 23.8 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 27 
 
 24.8 
 
 over 
 
 10 
 
 •IIS 
 
 14 
 
 21.5 
 
 3 
 
 
 5 
 
 7-5 
 
 7 
 
 c.c. 
 
 4 
 
 24.6 
 
 22 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .096 
 
 II 
 
 I7.S 
 
 S 
 
 
 6 
 
 23-5 
 
 21.8 
 
 c.c. 
 
 4 
 
 30.5 
 
 26 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .103 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 7 
 
 
 7 
 
 6.5 
 
 5-5 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 23.2 
 
 19.8 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .078 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 
 8 
 
 18 
 
 16.5 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 24. 5 
 
 cum 
 
 I 
 
 .094 
 
 II 
 
 17 
 
 7 
 
 
 9 
 
 9-5 
 
 9 
 
 over 
 
 10 
 
 25 
 
 22 
 
 over 
 
 10 
 
 •093 
 
 II 
 
 16.8 
 
 5 
 
 
 10 
 
 "•5 
 
 10 
 
 cum 
 
 I 
 
 23-5 
 
 19.5 
 
 cum 
 
 6 
 
 .071 
 
 8 
 
 II 
 
 7 
 
 
 II 
 
 II. 8 
 
 10 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 19-5 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .059 
 
 7 
 
 6.9 
 
 9 
 
 
 12 
 
 32 
 
 30 
 
 c.n. 
 
 7 
 
 35 
 
 31 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 ,140 
 
 16 
 
 25-9 
 
 7 
 
 
 13 
 
 19 
 
 17 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 27.8 
 
 23 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .083 
 
 10 
 
 14.4 
 
 8 
 
 
 14 
 
 4-5 
 
 3-2 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 30.6 
 
 24.6 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .083 
 
 10 
 
 14.4 
 
 10 
 
 
 IS 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 30.3 
 
 25 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .090 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 9 
 
 
 i6 
 
 26.5 
 
 23 
 
 over 
 
 10 
 
 31 
 
 29 
 
 over 
 
 10 
 
 ■ 143 
 
 17 
 
 26,3 
 
 3 
 
 
 17 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 • 174 
 
 20 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 
 i8 
 
 29 
 
 28.5 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 32.2 
 
 31 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 .164 
 
 19 
 
 29,6 
 
 2 
 
 
 19 
 
 13 
 
 II-5 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 34-5 
 
 27 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .084 
 
 10 
 
 14.5 
 
 13 
 
 
 20 
 
 28.5 
 
 28 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 30.5 
 
 29-5 
 
 sn. 
 
 :o 
 
 •IS4 
 
 18 
 
 28,2 
 
 I 
 
 
 21 
 
 31 
 
 30 
 
 cum 
 
 6 
 
 42 
 
 38.S 
 
 cum 
 
 4 
 
 .201 
 
 23 
 
 34-7 
 
 7 
 
 
 22 
 
 24 
 
 23 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 35-5 
 
 31.2 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .136 
 
 16 
 
 25.1 
 
 8 
 
 
 23 
 
 29.8 
 
 27 
 
 cum 
 
 5 
 
 33 
 
 30 
 
 cum 
 
 6 
 
 .142 
 
 17 
 
 26.2 
 
 S 
 
 
 24 
 
 21.8 
 
 20 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 37-5 
 
 32 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 •135 
 
 16 
 
 25.2 
 
 9 
 
 
 25 
 
 21.8 
 
 19-5 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 37 
 
 31.8 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 •135 
 
 16 
 
 25 
 
 9 
 
 
 26 
 
 28 
 
 25 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 32 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 ,114 
 
 13 
 
 21.2 
 
 15 
 
 
 27 
 
 27 
 
 25.2 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 41 
 
 32 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .106 
 
 12 
 
 19.6 
 
 17 
 
 
 28 
 
 24 
 
 22 5 
 
 cir 
 
 2 
 
 38 
 
 32 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 ■131 
 
 15 
 
 24.4 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 20.8 
 
 
 
 4.2' 
 
 31.6 1 
 
 
 
 4.1 
 
 1 
 
 14. 1 
 
 
 6.6 
 
 
OF THE MALOJA. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 107 
 
 
 
 At 3 
 
 P.M. 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 J2 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 (3 
 
 i 
 
 ■3 
 
 Cloud. 
 
 Wind. 
 
 a" 
 -of 
 
 '1 
 
 Rain Gauge. 
 
 Snow. 
 
 g"2| 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 if 
 
 |1 
 
 ^5 
 
 o2 
 
 ■*3 ^ 
 
 a <» 2 
 
 ill 
 cs f< a 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 
 Ctm. mm. 
 
 27.2 
 
 27 
 
 29 
 
 19 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 sw 
 
 SW 
 
 I 
 
 57 
 
 
 8 615.5 
 
 30 
 
 29 
 
 32 
 
 IS 
 
 fog 
 
 10 
 
 sw 
 
 NE 
 
 I 
 
 109 
 
 
 10 617 
 
 I 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 34-5 
 
 25 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 sw 
 
 SW 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 5 1 607.7 
 
 25 
 
 23 
 
 31 
 
 21 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 sw 
 
 sw 
 
 I 
 
 107 
 
 
 40 606 
 
 27 
 
 24 
 
 32 
 
 —10 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 sw 
 
 NE 
 
 
 
 1204 
 
 
 609.4 
 
 30 
 
 25.2 
 
 32 
 
 14 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 NE 
 
 I 
 
 109 
 
 
 
 613-3 
 
 27 
 
 22 
 
 34-5 
 
 —4 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 NE 
 
 NE 
 
 
 
 105 
 
 
 
 604.5 
 
 298 
 
 2; 
 
 31.S 
 
 7 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 NE 
 
 I 
 
 103 
 
 
 
 616.8 
 
 25 
 
 22 
 
 26 
 
 -8.5 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 SW 
 
 NE 
 
 I 
 
 69 
 
 
 
 610.5 
 
 23 
 
 19 
 
 26.5 
 
 8.5 
 
 over 
 
 10 
 
 N 
 
 NE 
 
 0.5 
 
 "3 
 
 
 I 
 
 6II.6 
 
 27.8 
 
 22.5 
 
 30 
 
 9 
 
 cum 
 
 4 
 
 N 
 
 N 
 
 OS 
 
 IIS 
 
 
 
 6IS-S 
 
 32.8 
 
 28 
 
 37 
 
 19 
 
 cum 
 
 7 
 
 N 
 
 NNE 
 
 I 
 
 no 
 
 
 S 
 
 616.5 
 
 32.5 
 
 25 
 
 36 
 
 16.5 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 sw 
 
 o-S 
 
 108 
 
 
 
 615.8 
 
 32 
 
 24.2 
 
 35-5 
 
 -5-5 
 
 cir 
 
 I 
 
 NE 
 
 SW 
 
 
 
 107 
 
 
 
 616 
 
 26.4 
 
 23 
 
 34 
 
 5-5 
 
 cum 
 
 6 
 
 NE 
 
 NE 
 
 o-S 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 615.6 
 
 32 
 
 30 
 
 33 
 
 7-5 
 
 cum 
 
 8 
 
 SW 
 
 SW 
 
 0.5 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 615 
 
 29 
 
 29 
 
 33 
 
 15 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 SW 
 
 sw 
 
 I 
 
 70 
 
 
 5 
 
 613.2 
 
 32.2 
 
 32 
 
 34 
 
 24 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 SW 
 
 SW 
 
 I 
 
 79 
 
 
 15 
 
 606,5 
 
 30.2 
 
 25.5 
 
 36.S 
 
 8 
 
 over 
 
 10 
 
 E 
 
 SW 
 
 I 
 
 i27i 
 
 
 2 
 
 611. 5 
 
 30 
 
 29 
 
 32 
 
 23 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 SW 
 
 SW 
 
 2 
 
 75 
 
 
 8 
 
 610.6 
 
 39 
 
 36.S 
 
 44 
 
 27 
 
 cum 
 
 I 
 
 W 
 
 SW 
 
 
 
 140 
 
 
 15 
 
 611. 6 
 
 33 
 
 30.8 
 
 38 
 
 21 
 
 cum 
 
 I 
 
 N 
 
 NE 
 
 0.5 
 
 115 
 
 
 
 617.8 
 
 32 
 
 28 
 
 35 
 
 23 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 NE 
 
 2 
 
 121 
 
 
 
 617.3 
 
 41 
 
 35-5 
 
 46 
 
 II 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 NE 
 
 NE 
 
 o-S 
 
 118 
 
 
 
 621.5 
 
 42.8 
 
 33.8 
 
 47-5 
 
 12 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 120 
 
 
 
 619.7 
 
 43 
 
 34.8 
 
 45 
 
 22 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 o-S 
 
 "5 
 
 
 
 621 
 
 45-5 
 
 38 
 
 46 
 
 18 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 £ 
 
 o-S 
 
 114 
 
 
 
 619.6 
 
 385 
 
 32. s 
 
 43 
 
 16 
 
 cir 
 
 2 
 
 S 
 
 NE 
 
 0.5 
 
 119 
 
 
 
 615.2 
 
 g2 
 
 
 47-5 
 
 — 10 
 
 
 4-3 
 
 
 
 0.7 
 
 103.4 
 
 
 114 
 
 
108 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 METEEEOLOGICAL OBSEKVATIONS 
 
 
 Al 9 A.M. 
 
 AT HOON. 1 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 n 
 
 "3 
 
 cq 
 
 Cloud. 
 
 4 
 
 s 
 
 (0 
 
 Cloud. 
 
 lis 
 
 ■S> 
 
 ^ a 3! 
 
 p 
 
 Pi . 
 0-r: 
 
 Q° 
 
 
 i88s 
 Mar. 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Fall!'. 
 
 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 
 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 
 I 
 
 3° 
 
 29 
 
 cum 
 
 5 
 
 32.5 
 
 29 
 
 cum 
 
 2 
 
 .130 
 
 15 
 
 24.2 
 
 6 
 
 
 2 
 
 25.8 
 
 24.5 
 
 cum 
 
 4 
 
 33 
 
 28 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .III 
 
 13 
 
 20.6 
 
 9 
 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 25 
 
 cum 
 
 4 
 
 .101 
 
 12 
 
 18.6 
 
 7 
 
 
 4 
 
 25-5 
 
 25-5 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 27 
 
 26.5 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 .139 
 
 16 
 
 25.6 
 
 I 
 
 
 5 
 
 27,8 
 
 26 
 
 over 
 
 10 
 
 33 
 
 30.5 
 
 over 
 
 10 
 
 .149 
 
 17 
 
 27.4 
 
 5 
 
 
 6 
 
 33 
 
 32 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 32.5 
 
 32 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 .176 
 
 20 
 
 31-^ 
 
 I 
 
 
 7 
 
 24.8 
 
 23 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 39 
 
 32 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .122 
 
 14 
 
 22.8 
 
 13 
 
 
 8 
 
 20 
 
 19 
 
 cir 
 
 I 
 
 36 
 
 31 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .132 
 
 15 
 
 24-5 
 
 9 
 
 
 9 
 
 30.5 
 
 30.5 
 
 fog& 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 31-5 
 
 31-5 
 
 fog & 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 .177 
 
 20 
 
 31-5 
 
 
 
 
 lO 
 
 30.2 
 
 29 
 
 cum 
 
 6 
 
 40 
 
 33 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .124 
 
 15 
 
 23.2 
 
 13 
 
 
 II 
 
 24 
 
 23 
 
 cum 
 
 4 
 
 34-5 
 
 31 
 
 cum 
 
 3 
 
 .144 
 
 17 
 
 26.5 
 
 6 
 
 
 12 
 
 28.2 
 
 26 
 
 cir 
 
 2 
 
 36.8 
 
 31 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .125 
 
 15 
 
 233 
 
 10 
 
 
 13 
 
 17.S 
 
 16 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 30.1 
 
 25.9 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .105 
 
 12 
 
 19-5 
 
 7 
 
 
 14 
 
 26.5 
 
 25 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 27 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .097 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 
 ID 
 
 
 IS 
 
 21 
 
 19 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 27-3 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .118 
 
 14 
 
 22 
 
 6 
 
 
 i6 
 
 21.5 
 
 18.8 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 37-2 
 
 30 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .107 
 
 13 
 
 20 
 
 12 
 
 
 17 
 
 21.2 
 
 20 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 38.5 
 
 30-5 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .104 
 
 12 
 
 19.2 
 
 14 
 
 
 i8 
 
 25 
 
 24 
 
 fog 
 
 10 
 
 27 
 
 25-5 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 .138 
 
 15 
 
 23.5 
 
 2 
 
 
 19 
 
 29.8 
 
 28 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 36.2 
 
 33 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 .158 
 
 18 
 
 28.8 
 
 7 
 
 
 20 
 
 25.2 
 
 24 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 39-8 
 
 34.8 
 
 blue 
 
 
 
 .156 
 
 18 
 
 28.5 
 
 10 
 
 
 21 
 
 34.5 
 
 31 
 
 c.c. 
 
 I 
 
 42.5 
 
 32 
 
 c.c. 
 
 4 
 
 •093 
 
 II 
 
 17 
 
 21 
 
 
 22 
 
 30.2 
 
 29 
 
 cum 
 
 5 
 
 35 
 
 30 
 
 cum 
 
 6 
 
 .125 
 
 15 
 
 23-3 
 
 8 
 
 
 23 
 
 30 
 
 29 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 33 
 
 31 
 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 
 .156 
 
 18 
 
 28.5 
 
 4 
 
 
 24 
 
 13-5 
 
 12 
 
 cum 
 
 4 
 
 145 
 
 12 
 
 cum 
 
 3 
 
 .054 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 
 25 
 
 II 
 
 10 
 
 over 
 
 10 
 
 18.8 
 
 16.8 
 
 cum 
 
 8 
 
 .076 
 
 9 
 
 12.5 
 
 3 
 
 
 26 
 
 25 
 
 23-5 
 
 cum 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24.7 
 
 
 
 4-3 
 
 32.8 
 
 
 
 3-8 
 
 
 14.4 
 
 
 7-5 
 
 
OF THE MALOJA. 
 
 109 
 
 At 3 P M 
 
 Cloud. 
 
 Wind. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 s 
 o 
 
 u 
 
 B 
 
 li. 
 
 < 
 
 o is 
 
 Fahr. j Fahr. 
 30 29 
 
 33 
 28.5 
 29 
 32.2 
 
 32 
 40 
 
 34 
 
 31.8 
 
 38-4 
 
 32 
 
 40.2 
 
 395 
 32.5 
 30.2 
 
 28 
 
 25 
 27.8 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 31 
 
 31.8 
 
 33 
 
 30.5 
 
 33 
 
 32 
 
 29 
 
 27.2 
 
 415 1 32 
 
 36.5 
 29 
 
 32 
 26.5 
 
 30.8 30 
 
 ! 
 
 40 33-4 
 
 45 
 35 
 34 
 14 
 27 
 
 33 
 31 
 32.5 
 
 I 12 
 
 I 
 
 24 
 
 Falir. 
 35 
 
 37 
 
 34 
 
 32 
 
 34 
 
 34 
 
 44 
 
 38 
 
 33 
 
 42.5 
 
 42 
 
 41-5 
 40 
 
 36 
 
 35 
 42 
 40 
 29 
 39 
 43 
 48 
 38 
 36 
 33 
 27. 5 
 
 Fahr. 
 26.5 
 
 19 
 4 
 
 7-5 
 3 5 
 
 29 
 
 21 
 
 II 
 
 29 
 
 235 
 20 
 
 24 
 13 
 17 
 13 
 10 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 235 
 17.5 
 18 
 21 
 20 
 II 
 
 5 
 15 
 
 over 
 cum 
 cum 
 over 
 over 
 fog 
 c.n. 
 
 c n. 
 
 fog& 
 
 sn. 
 
 cum 
 
 sun-fog 
 blue 
 blue 
 cir 
 cum 
 blue 
 blue 
 sn. 
 
 10 
 I 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 I 
 
 10 
 o 
 o 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 10 
 
 over 10 
 
 blue 
 cir 
 
 c.n. 
 fog 
 
 cum 
 
 cum 
 
 XX E 
 N\V 
 
 sw 
 sw 
 
 w 
 
 \v 
 
 w 
 sw 
 sw 
 sw 
 
 w 
 
 NE 
 E 
 X 
 
 SW 
 
 E 
 
 XE 
 
 SW 
 
 sw 
 
 E 
 SW 
 SW 
 SW 
 
 xw 
 
 E 
 
 XX E 
 
 W 
 SW 
 SW 
 SW 
 
 w 
 
 XE 
 
 XE 
 SW 
 XE 
 XE 
 XE 
 
 E 
 XE 
 SW 
 
 E 
 XE 
 SW 
 XE 
 SW 
 
 X 
 
 sw 
 sw 
 xw 
 
 XE 
 
 E 
 
 3 
 
 O.S 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 0-5 
 
 0-5 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 OS 
 o 
 
 0-5 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 o 
 
 0-5 
 
 0.5 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 Fahr. 
 112 
 
 "3 
 no 
 
 77 
 no 
 60 
 
 1435 
 123 
 96 
 132 
 127 
 122 
 U8.5 
 "5 
 "3 
 119 
 
 "5 
 
 122 
 
 140 
 
 127 
 
 128 
 
 121. 5 
 
 130 
 
 107 
 
 109 
 
 uHB 
 
 334 
 
 48 
 
 35 
 
 5-2 
 
 i-S II5-6 
 
 ctm. 1 lu.ni. 
 611.5 
 
 6X2 
 
 611 
 
 6x1. 7 
 6x1 
 603.6 
 611. 5 
 616.4 
 
 6137 
 
 612.5 
 
 6x6 
 
 6x5 
 
 6x4.7 
 
 614 
 
 6x7 
 
 62X.5 
 
 618 
 
 613-5 
 
 609.2 
 
 6x0.2 
 
 6x0.2 
 
 608.5 
 
 607 
 
 607 
 
 6058 
 
 6x0 
 
 45 
 
 H 
 
HYGROMETRIC COMPARISON OF THE MALOJA WITH EGYPT. 
 
 
 Mean 
 Temperatiu:e. 
 
 Weight of 
 
 Moisture in 
 
 10 cubic feet of 
 
 Air. 
 
 Drying Power 
 of Air at the 
 
 Mean Tempera- 
 ture of the 
 
 Atmosphere for 
 10 cubic feet. 
 
 Drying Power 
 of Air at the 
 Body Tempera- 
 ture, for 
 10 cubic feet. 
 
 * Egypt.— 
 
 Fahr 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 January, 1884 
 
 SO. 5 
 
 30 
 
 II 
 
 160 
 
 February, ,, 
 
 54-5 
 
 33.6 
 
 14.4 
 
 156.4 
 
 November, „ 
 
 63.5 
 
 40.3 
 
 23-7 
 
 149-7 
 
 Deeember, ,, 
 
 58 
 
 38.3 
 
 15-7 
 
 151-7 
 
 January, i88'5 
 
 54-5 
 
 32.6 
 
 15-4 
 
 157-4 
 
 February, ,, 
 
 57 
 
 33-2 
 
 18.8 
 
 156.8 
 
 Means 
 
 56.3 
 
 34-6 
 
 16.5 
 
 155.3 
 
 + Maioja.— 
 
 
 
 
 
 January, 1884 
 
 25.7 
 
 II 
 
 5-4 
 
 179 
 
 February, „ 
 
 26.S 
 
 12.2 
 
 4.7 
 
 177-8 
 
 November, „ 
 
 32.3 
 
 16.2 
 
 9.8 
 
 173.8 
 
 December, „ 
 
 27 
 
 12.3 
 
 5 
 
 177.7 
 
 January, 18S5 
 
 19,8 
 
 9.1 
 
 2.6 
 
 180.9 
 
 February, „ 
 
 31.6 
 
 14. 1 
 
 6.6 
 
 175.9 
 
 Means 
 
 27.1 
 
 12.5 
 
 5.6 
 
 177.5 
 
 * Calculated from eight observations during the twenty-four hour?, (L'Observatoire 
 Khedivial du Caire.) 
 
 + Calculated from the noon observations. 
 
SUMMARY OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS TAKEN AT MALOJA 
 DURING THE WINTER 1884-5.— Bt A. TUCKER WISE, M.D. 
 
 Month. 
 
 9 A.M. 
 
 Noon. 
 
 3 P.M. 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 ■§ 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 "tio 
 
 U . 
 •0 en 
 
 '* 
 
 Ph a 
 6x1' 
 
 .3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 1 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 a 
 a 
 a 
 3 ' 
 
 ■a 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 02 
 
 
 a 
 
 CO 
 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 
 Fahv. 
 
 
 
 Falir. 
 
 Fahi-. 
 
 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 ctm. 
 
 November, 1S84 
 
 24.9 
 
 2.2 
 
 32-3 
 
 2.2 
 
 16.2 
 
 9.8 31.4 
 
 53-8 
 
 8 
 
 4-3 
 
 0.9 
 
 90 
 
 6.5 
 
 December, ,, 
 
 22.3 
 
 5-6 
 
 27 
 
 4 
 
 12.3 
 
 5 27 
 
 42 
 
 -0.5 
 
 5 
 
 0.9 
 
 70 
 
 45 
 
 January, 1885 
 
 10.9 
 
 3-6 
 
 198 
 
 3-3 
 
 9.1 
 
 2.6 21.7 
 
 36.5 
 
 -6.5 
 
 3-6 
 
 0.6 
 
 76 
 
 59 
 
 February, ,, 
 
 20.8 
 
 4.2 
 
 31.6 
 
 4.1 
 
 I4.I 
 
 6.6 32 
 
 47-5 
 
 -10 
 
 4-3 
 
 0.7 
 
 103.4 
 
 114 
 
 March, ,, 
 
 24.7 
 
 4-3 
 
 32.8 
 
 3.8 
 
 14.4 
 
 7-5 33-4 
 
 48 
 
 4 
 
 5.2 
 
 1.5 
 
 115.6 
 
 45 
 
 
 20.7 
 
 4 
 
 28.7 
 
 3-5 
 
 13.2 
 
 1 
 6.3 29.1 
 
 53.8 _io 
 
 4.5 
 
 0.9 
 
 91 
 
 269.5 
 
 Mean Temperature for the Winter 
 Average Weight of Moisture 
 Average Drying Power of Air 
 Highest Maximum Thermometer 
 Lowest Minimum Thermometer 
 Highest Solar Radiation 
 
 26° Fahr. 
 
 13.2 grains per 10 cub. ft. of Air. 
 
 6-3 •> >> >» 
 
 53.8 Fahr. (8th November). 
 -10° Fahr. (5th February), 
 I43°.5 Fabr. {7th March). 
 
 H 2 
 
Millimetres for barometer. The same numbers indicate in grains the quantity of 
 watery vapour in 10 cubic feet of air. Barometric tracing — black. 
 
 l ' ■ ■ ' I ' ' ' ■ I ; , ■ I ' j ■ ■ ! ■ I ■ t ' I I 
 
 ' i 1 Ti ft y > > I ti l I i 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 I ] 
 
 ^ 1 I I ( I I I I 1 I r ' l I I I irt ' t I I M 1 
 
ATTEACTIOiNS 
 
 NEIGHBOURHOOD OF THE MALOJA. 
 
ATIRACTIONS IN THE NEIGHBOUEHOOD 
 OF THE MALOJA. 
 
 No part of Switzerland offers a greater variety in attrac- 
 tions and easy excursions. The elevation of the Engadine 
 permits the ascension of some of the highest peaks and 
 glaciers in Switzerland without much difficulty. 
 
 The chief objects of interest which surround the valley 
 are as follows : — 
 
 The Forno Glacier. A splendid glacier; 2 hours 
 distant. Take the road westward of the Kursaal in the 
 direction of the ornamental chalets, pass the Osteria Vecchia, 
 keeping on the main road until the Maloja Kulm is reached. 
 In front of Hotel Kulm is a rock, with an iron railing on it, 
 from whence a magnificent view may be obtained of the 
 Bergell Valley. This point of view is only excelled by that 
 seen from the Chateau Belvedere, on the hill to the right and 
 hidden by the Mont des Chevres, to be described further on. 
 Following the main road agam to its first turning, a bridle 
 path is taken in the direction of Piz Eossi (the peak with a 
 small glacier on the face of it beyond which, and to the right 
 is seen a small snow-capped angle of the Cima di Eosso). 
 Descend in a south-westerly direction, cross a small bridge 
 over the river Ordlegna and follow the road to the left, after 
 about 50 minutes the Lac de Cavloccio, is reached. This 
 lake is remarkable for its placid waters and its curious green 
 shade. A somewhat rugged path leads in the direction of 
 Muretto wlien, on emerging from the gorge, the Forno Glacier 
 
116 ATTKACTIONS IN THE NEIGHBOUEHOOD 
 
 is seen on the right hand, the best path to which, must not 
 he taken too high on the mountain side. 
 
 Monte Sissone, from whence is a fine view of Monte 
 della Disgrazia (12,000 feet). 
 
 Monte Rosso (9,800 feet). 
 Monte Forno (10,546 feet). 
 Monte Muretto (10,197 feet), 
 Monte della Disgrazia (12,057 feet). 
 
 All difficult, especially Disgrazia; but within ordinary- 
 reach of mountaineers. 
 
 Piz Margna (10,354 feet), with a steep glacier, 4 or 5 
 hours. A good view obtained of the snow-clad peaks of 
 Monte del Forno, Kosatsch. Fex, Eernina, Morteratsch, &c. 
 
 Piz Corvatsch (11,345 feet), fronting Silvaplana, 9 or 
 10 hours. From the summit is seen an imposing view of the 
 Eernina group, the valley of the Engadine, the Eoseg Glacier. 
 and nearly all the higher peaks of Switzerland. 
 
 Piz Snrlej (10,456 feet), 7 or 8 hours. 
 
 Piz Julier (11,106 feet), 7 or 8 hours. 
 
 The Forno Pass. Over the Forno Glacier to St. 
 Martino in the Yal di Masino, 5 hours, difficult. 
 
 The Muretto Pass (8,389 feet). Approached by taking 
 the route on the left bank of the river Ordlegna up to near 
 the base of Monte Rossi which we leave on the right, 8 or 9 
 hours to Chiesa, 
 
 From Chiesa, (4,282 feet), to Sondrio, the capital of the 
 ValteUina, and from thence to Colico, returning to Maloja 
 by Chiavenna and the Bergell Valley, Poschiavo can also 
 be reached by crossing the Canclano Pass from Chiesa, or 
 Sils, by the Tremoggia Pass (9,900 feet) and the Fex Glacier, 
 or Pontresina, over the Scerscen and Caputschin passes. 
 
 The Yal Malenco is well worthy of a visit, and also the 
 ValteUina, famous for its wine of which there is so large a 
 consumption in Switzerland. 
 
OF THE MALOJA. 117 
 
 The Muretto Glacier. Near the summit of the Pass, 3 
 hours from Lac Cavloccio. Splendid view of ^lonte della 
 Disgrazia, Forno, Sissone, Eosso, &c. 
 
 Monte Salicina, situated S.S.W. of Maloja, 4 or 5 hours 
 distant. View obtained from the summit, of the Val Bre- 
 gaglia and the mountains of Lombardy, &c. 
 
 Piz Lissone, a prominent peak to the W.S.W., 5 to G 
 hours distant. The Piz Duan is seen to the right and behind 
 this peak, the Gletscherhorn still further to the right. 
 
 The Septimer Pass (7,582 feet). One of the oldest 
 historical routes traversed by the Romans. Descend from 
 Maloja Kulm into the Bergell Valley and bear to the right 
 behind Lunghino, crossing the Valle di Campo on its old 
 paved military road. 
 
 Piz Longhinus (9,100 feet), W.S.W. of the Kursaal, 
 where the Danube, the Po, and the Pthine take their sources. 
 3 hours from Maloja. 
 
 Fourcla da Lunghino. A pass leading into the Sep- 
 timer and Forcellina to the Avers Valley. 
 
 Piz Gravasalvas (9,500 feet), 4 or 5 hours, difficult. To 
 the X.AV. of the Kursaal. Septimer Pass to the N.W., and N. 
 
 Motta Rotundo (8,100 feet), 3 hours. To the K of the 
 Kursaal. 
 
 Piz Materdell (9,700 feet), 4 or 5 hours distant. N.N.E. 
 of the Kursaal. 
 
 Piz Lagrev (9,721 feet). The rugged pointed peak to the 
 N.E., very difficult and dangerous to mountaineers unaccus- 
 tomed to rock-work. 7 or 8 hours. 
 
 Piz Pulaschin (9,898 feet), N.E. of Lagrev, 5 or G hours. 
 
 From many of the peaks can be seea a panorama of entire 
 Switzerland — Mont Blanc, Todi, Ptussein, Finsteraarhorn, 
 Monte Posa, Jungfrau, &c. 
 
 If desired, carriages conduct one near the paths of ascent, 
 and, with the assistance of guides, the interesting points of 
 
118 ATTEACTIONS IN THE NEIGHBOUEHOOD 
 
 view can be attained. For delicate persons or others who do 
 aiot care to make ascents, more or less difficult, there are in the 
 neighbourhood, several pleasant walks. 
 
 Casaccia. A small village at the junction of the 
 Septimer and Forcellina Passes. Descend the zig-zag road 
 after passing Maloja Kulm. The ruins of a church, St. 
 •Gaudenzio, said to have been constructed in the fourteenth 
 centur}'-, are seen on the right, before entering the village. 
 Time required from Maloja to Casaccia about 50 minutes. 
 
 The Cascade de I'Ordlegna, 25 minutes distant. When 
 illuminated at night produces a startling effect. Situated 
 half-way down the zig-zag road to Val Bregaglia, a directing 
 post indicates the path to the Falls which are 5 minutes distant 
 from the main road. 
 
 Belvedere. 15 minutes distant. Take the road to the 
 N.W. of the Osteria Vecchia and follow its windings. From 
 the rear of the Chateau is obtained one of the most magnifi- 
 'Cent views in the whole of Switzerland, far surpassing 
 anything in the Engadine. On the left the Muretto Pass, 
 leading to the Val Malenco (8 or 9 hours) and Yaltellina. 
 In front the picturesque Bergell Valley enclosed by high 
 jagged mountains. To the right the Septimer Pass and Piz 
 Lunghino ; on the latter mountains are the sources of three 
 great rivers, the Inn, the Maira, and Oberhalbstein Ehein, 
 which take their rise here, and respectively flow into the 
 Danube, the Po, and the Ehine. 
 
 Chemin des Artistes. This most charming of walks is 
 on the western side of the Belvedere, winding between huge 
 rocks and pines, away to the Val Pila (45 minutes). The 
 most varying and romantic scene is passed, and many objects 
 of interest present themselves, amongst which are the 
 ■Gletschermiihle, the track of the stone-avalanches from the 
 Lunghino, the Falls of the Inn, the serrated peaks of Val 
 Bregaglia, and the zig-zag road leading to Casaccia. 
 
OF THE MALOJA. 119 
 
 Colline du Chateau. This hill is approached by crossing 
 the wooden bridge to the right of the Belvedere. On its 
 summit a different view is obtained of all the points of 
 interest mentioned in the last route, as well as a view of the 
 Maloja Lake, stretching away to Sils IMaria and shut in by 
 the Bernina and Albula^chains. 
 
 Lac de Cavloccio, 50 miautes, vide route to Forno 
 Glacier. 
 
 Sils Baselgia, 50 minutes. A little village, situated in a 
 wild and picturesque spot, at the N.E. end of the lake. 
 
 Sils Maria, 1 hour. At the entry of the valley of Fex, 
 surrounded by hills covered with larches and red pines. 
 
 Crestalta, about 2 liours distant. Extensive view from 
 the summit of a cone of the lakes of Sils and Silvaplana, with 
 the ]Maloja plateau on one hand and St. Moritz on the 
 other. 
 
 Chaste. In front of Maloja at the opposite end of the 
 lake, on an islet where are found the ruins of an ancient 
 castle. 
 
 Isola. A small hamlet seen on the S.E. side of the lake. 
 The falls formed by the water from the Eedoz Glacier are 5 
 minutes from the village. A quaint old house with curious 
 paintings on the walls, is open to strangers for view. Take 
 the road S.E. of Kursaal, passing the group of chalets named 
 Cresta. The walk, a very beautiful one, will occupy about 
 an hour. 
 
 Crap da Chiiern. An enormous perpendicular rock, 
 crowned with forest, dominating the lake and forming a high 
 precipice. It may be ascended from the road by passing to 
 the left and behind. Time required, about 1^ hours from hotel. 
 
 Platz de la Peninsule, 25 minutes distant. Situated at 
 the base of the Crap da Chiiern, covered with rocks and 
 pines, Fedoz Glacier to the south. Following the main road 
 the little valley of Gravasalvas opens out from the Lake of 
 
120 ATTKACTIONS IN THE NEIGHBOUEHOOD 
 
 Sils. The villages of Gravasalvas and Blaunea are situated 
 here, and Lac ISTair (8,000 feet) is gained from the valley. 
 
 Val Pila, 15 minutes. A hidden green valley at the base 
 of Lunghino, the path to which is on the right hand side of 
 the quarry. A return journey can be made by traversing the 
 valley and mounting towards the Belvedere. 
 
 Lac Langhino, 2 hours. Situated to the N.W. of the 
 Hotel Kursaal, in the saddle formed by Piz Lunghino and 
 Piz Gravalsalvas. 
 
 Lac Nair (8,000 feet). May be reached from the main 
 road in the direction of the Crap da Chiiern. A path will be 
 discovered on the left about half a mile from the Hotel. 
 
 Fedoz Glacier. Between Piz Margna and Piz Guz 
 (10,397 feet) is seen from near Isola and from the main road 
 leading to Sils. 
 
 Fex Glacier. In continuation with the Val Pex at Sils 
 Maria. A carriage takes one near the Glacier. 
 
 Ordeno, 30 minutes. A group of chalets situated on a 
 grassy plateau overlooking the banks of the river Ordlegna. 
 The continuation of the route on this side of the river leads 
 to the Muretto Pass. 
 
 Albigna Water-fall. Seen from below Casaccia before 
 entering Vicosoprano. 
 
 Gravasalvas, 1 hour. After passing Capolago, the village 
 in front of the Kursaal, a road branches off at the first 
 rivulet which leads to Gravasalvas. On the road are Spluga 
 and Buera, hamlets secreted from the outer world, in the 
 massive clefts of the Albula range. By branching off at 
 Buera, the second village, and pursuing the track along the 
 banks of the Ova del Mulin, Blaunea is reached. Prom this 
 small cluster of habitations, there is also a mountain path to 
 Gravasalvas and from thence to the main road, where the 
 return to the Maloja, will occupy about three-quarters of an 
 hour. 
 
OF THE MALOJA. 121 
 
 A short promenade of 80 minutes can be made by- 
 taking the path on the S.E. of the Kursaal, passing through 
 the hamlet of Cresta, and making for the church, after a few 
 windings one emerges by the Osteria Vecchia. Longer walks 
 in the direction of St. JNIoritz or down the Yal Bregaglia 
 towards Promontogno, are available, and in winter the 
 descent on a toboggan to Yicosprano, and even Promontogno 
 (12 miles) is easily made. The charms of these winter 
 excursions in the glistening snow and iDrilliant sunshine, 
 with deep blue sky, are unknown to summer visitors. In 
 winter, also, good skating can be had, both on the Maloja 
 Lake (3 miles long), and on the ice rink at the rear of the 
 Hotel. 
 
 Distances. 
 
 Chiavenna to Samaden and Pontresina by the Val 
 Bregaglia and Maloja Pass : — 
 
 Mile?. 
 
 Chiavenna ------ 
 
 Castasegna ------ (3 
 
 Promontogno ----- 2 
 
 Stampa . - _ _ . _ o 
 
 Borgonouvo ------ i 
 
 Yicosoprano ----- 2 
 
 Casaccia ------ 41 
 
 MALOJA (Kursaal) - - - - 4" 
 
 Sils - . 31 
 
 Silvaplana ------ 3 
 
 Camfcr - - - - - - l^- 
 
 St. Moritz - - - - 3 
 
 Cresta ----..- Of 
 
 Celerina - - - - - - 0} 
 
 Samaden ------ 2 
 
 Pontresina - - - - - - 3^ 
 
THE ALPINE CLIMATE SERIES, 
 
 By the same Author. 
 
 DAVOS PLATZ, 
 
 AND THE EFFECTS OF HIGH ALTITUDE ON PHTHISIS, 
 
 Fcap. 8vo. 
 
 "As far as we can see. Dr. Wise has collected all the information invalids 
 need in a convenient form." — Saturday Review. 
 
 "A good deal of useful information is aSovA.edi." — Edinburgh Med. Journal. 
 
 "This is about the best of the many books on Davos which we have read. 
 There can be no doubt that Davos is an invaluable resort for many young and 
 active people with incipient phthisis. Dr. Wise's little book will be found full of 
 useful information." — Lancet. 
 
 "The remarks on the therapeutical effects of cold are excellent, and in a few 
 words show the why and the wherefore of a dry cold air being so eminently 
 beneficial to a large class of consumptive patients. It will not take long for any- 
 one to read Dr. Wise's book through, and we should advise all contemplating a 
 visit to Davos to get the work and study it well." — Medical Press and Circular. 
 
 "Contains a great deal of information." — British Medical Journal. 
 
 J. & A. Churchill, 11 New Burlington Street, London. 
 
 The following Works are published by Bailubre, Tindail, & Cox, 
 20 King William Street, Strand, W.C. 
 
 WIESEN AS A HEALTH EESOET in EARLY PHTHISIS, 
 
 " We can recommend Dr. Wise's Handbook for Wiesen as full of practical 
 details, and bristling with statistics." — Saturday Review. 
 
 "It is the first treatise written with strict impartiality by a physician of experi- 
 ence, who has taken the trouble to visit the places of which he speaks, to reside 
 many months in each of them, and to compare the results of his observations with 
 candid frankness. Dr. Wise does not puff any one locality. He does not flatter 
 existing institutions, as is proved by his severe remarks on hotel ventilation 
 (pp. 6, ;j7). He is no one-sided enthusiast, as may be gathered from his chapter 
 on _' The Drawbacks of High Altitude Stations.' His plain-spoken criticism adds 
 weight to what he finds to say in favour of each place he treats of, and is calcu- 
 lated to inspire the intending visitor with confidence in the substantial soundness 
 of the system." — Pall Malt Gazette. 
 
 " Those seeking information concerning new health resorts for consumption 
 should read this guide-book." — New York Medical Record, 
 
 "It abounds in interesting and useful infonnation, Physiological, Local, 
 Hygienic, Sanitary and Meteorological." — Canadian Practitioner. 
 
 THE ALPINE WINTER CURE, 
 
 WITH NOTES ON DAVOS PLATZ, WIESEN, ST. MORITZ, 
 AND THE MALOJA. 
 
 " The author has succeeded in making a very readable and attractive book, and 
 one which will no doubt be of great value to physicians in Great Jiritain. On this 
 continent we have so many excellent winter resorts that it is not necessary to send 
 
patients across the Atlantic. In the first two or three chapters a very good 
 description of the various places mentioned in the title is given, as well as how- 
 best to reach them from England. The advantages of these high altitudes as a 
 winter resort consist in the pure air, cold, which within certain limits acts as 
 a tonic, greater absorption of oxygen by the system, the presence of ozone in the 
 atmosphere, and finally, freedom Irom dust. The bright sunlight has also a 
 beneficial effect. The drawbacks are also given, viz., defective sanitation- 
 imperfect methods of heating and ventilation in the dwelling-houses. The author 
 describes the ' fohn ' wind— a moist, southerly serial current, which resembles 
 very much the Chinook winds in the neighbourhood of Calgary, in the North- 
 West Territory. This wind has a very depressing eifect on some constitutions. 
 The author is of opinion that cases should not be removed from warm climates to 
 high latitudes. He also gives the following conditions as contra-indicating a 
 residence in these places : — 
 
 " (1.) Diseases of the heart and large vessels. 
 
 " (2.) Tendency to articular rheumatism. 
 
 " (3.) Kidney diseases (during the winter). 
 
 " (4.) Acute infiammation of throat or larynx, 
 
 " (5.) Some diseases of the bladder and prostate, 
 
 " (6.) Persons somewhat advanced in years should not visit the mountains 
 unless the circulatory system is sound."— Canadian Practitioner. 
 
 " Dr. Wise has made a special study of certain mountain health- stations, and, 
 writing without bias or exaggeration of any kind, what he says may be accepted 
 as true without hesitancy. The remarkable curative and health-giving properties 
 of the Alpine climate are abundantly shown in this unpretentious little volume." — 
 Society. 
 
 " Within the memory of a very large proportion of the readers of these lines, 
 consumptive patients were invariably dispatched to a warm climate for the relief 
 or cure of the fell disease with which they were attacked. Now the pendulum 
 has swung to the opposite extremity of the arc, and intense dry cold appears to 
 be the latest remedy for phthisis. Dr. Wise's book is a guide to a few winter 
 resorts in the Engadine, and he decides in favour of the Maloja as the most 
 salubrious spot, and that furnished with the greatest number of conveniences and 
 appliances for the patient afflicted with incipient consumption. He gives 
 exhaustive meteorological details in connection with this locality, and explicit 
 directions for getting there," — Knowledge. 
 
 " For persons suffering from pulmonary complaints Dr. Tucker Wise has 
 written ' The Alpine Winter Cure.' He describes thoroughly, from a medical 
 standpoint, the Swiss health resorts — Davos Platz, Wiesen, St. Moritz, and the 
 Maloja. The author seems to make his case clear that high altitudes and a dry 
 cold climate with plenty of fresh air are essential to the relief and cure of 
 diseases of the lungs, and consumptive patients cannot do better than study what 
 he has written," — Graphic. 
 
 "A short time ago we gave a brief account of winter health-resorts, and 
 mentioned the success which has attended the treatment of consumption in Swiss 
 Alpine localities. Dr. Wise's work is intended to give an exact account of the 
 curative properties of an Alpine climate, with its advantages and disadvantages ; 
 and a special description is given of the new resort, the Maloja, The author gives 
 a number of useful practical hints in regard to clothing and diet, and we heartily 
 recommend the book both to patients who are thinking of visiting the Swiss 
 health-resorts and to doctors who desire precise information regarding them." — 
 Fractitioner. 
 
'■■^;: 
 
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