Magna Britannia Notitia: OR, THE O F Great Britain;' With diverfe REMARKS UPON The Ancient State thereof By John Chamberlayne, Elq; I Tile Thirty-fecond'Edition of the South'S art, called England, and the Eleventh of the North Part, called Scotland. To which is added, ACompleat Lift of theQjJE en’s Houshoed ; as alfo thofe of their Royal Highnefles the Prince and Princefs of Wales, the Duke of Cumberland ; their Highneffes the Princefs Emelia, the Princefs Carolina, the Princefs Mary, and Princefs Louifa. ' _ In Two Parts. __ ffliflligis flgaj eflp’g Kopal --- ‘paribus feLegibus ambts Inviffte Gentes aterna in Fatdera mittent. Pros, Ruttilufve fnat ; millo diferimine habebo. L 0 N 2) 0 N: Printed for D. Midwinter, B. Motte and C. B athurst, A. Ward, T. Wotton, S, Birt, H. Lintot, and J. and R. Tonson, 1756. TO HIS Molt Excellent Majesty GEORGE IE By the Grace of God, Of Great-Britain, France* and Ireland, King, Defender of the FAITH, Duke of Brun[wick-Lunenburg, Elector of HANOVER, And Arch-Treafurer and Elector of theSacredRoM an Empire; This Thirty-firft Edition Of the Trefent State of Great-Britain, Is moft humbly Dedicated* CONTENTS- PARTI. BOOK! A Defcription of the Southern Part of Great • Britain, called ENGLAND. & H A P 1 . 0 / the Name, Climate, Di- menfiotis, and Divifions of England^ Chap. II. Of the Bifioprickf of | Chap. III. Defcription of the federal Counties of | England, ' 5 Chap. IV. Of its Air, Soil, and Commodities, 30 Chap. V. Of its Inhabitants , their Number , Language , Cbaratter, 33 Chap. VI. Of Religion, 35 Chap. VII. Of‘trade, 38 BOOK II. GOVERNMENT. Chap. I. Of the Government of. England in ge¬ neral, 4 2 Chap. II. Of the King of England, and therein of his Name, Title, Perfon , Office, Supremacy A 4 The CONTENTS. Page | and Sovereignty, Power and Prerogative, Do- i minions, Strength, Patrimony , Arms and Re- ! fpeft, : 43 | Chap. III. Of Succeffion to the Crown of England, 1 and of the King's Minority, Incapacity and : Abfence, 54 j Chap., IV. Of the prefent King of Great-Bri- tain, Be. 55 Chap, V T Of the Sons and Daughters of En- ■. gland, 57 Chap. VI. Of the feveral Alts of Succeffion, by which the mofi Serene Houfe of Hanover is called to the Succeffion of the Crown of Great- B'ri.tain, Be. 60 Chap. VII. Of ECclefiaftical Government, 61 Chap. VIII. Of Ecclefiaflical Courts ; and firft, of the Convocation, 70 Chap.'IX. Of the Civil Government of England; : and firft, of the Great Officers of the Crown, 76 Chap. X. Of the Privy-Council, 82 Chap. XI. Of the Parliament of England, and | therein, of the Perfon fummoning, the Manner ofthe Summons, the Perfonsfummoned, theirPri- j •• vileges, the Place and Manner of Sitting, the j - Faffing of Bills in either Houfe, the Faffing of j • ; Ails of Parliament, of Adjourning, Proroguing, '■ and Diffolving of Parliaments , &c. . 85 Chap. XII. Of particular Governments 3 and 1 '.firft, of the Ecclefiaftical, Civil and Military j Government of the. King’s Houfhold, 96 Chap. XIII. Of the Civil Government of England in the refpeitive Courts of Judicature; and firft, of tbe-Court of juftice called the King’s- Bench, , 109 Chap. XIV. Of the Military Government of England,,:. 129 BOOK The CONTENTS. BOOK III. Of Manners, Cuftoms, Laws, Be. Page Chap. I. Of Religious Manners, viz. of the Clergy-, their Names, Orders, Privileges, Revenues, Magnificence, &c. 139 Chap. II. Of Englilh Computation, Numbering, Weights, Meajures, Money, ijs Chap. III. Of Names, titles of Honour, Privi¬ leges, &C. I go Chap. IV. Of the Commons of England, and therein of Baronets, Knights, Efquires, Gentle¬ men, Yeomen, Citizens, Handicrafts, &c. 170 Chap. V. Of the Women, Children and Servants in England, 178 Chap VI. Of the Laws of England, 1S3 Chap. VII. Of Humours-, Manners, Diet, Attire , Recreations, and Buildings, 187 Chap. VIII. Of Vices and Punijkments, 190 Chap. IX. Of Societies inftituted in England for the Advancement of Religion, whether in¬ corporated or voluntary, xpj Chap. X. Of the. City of London, 206 Chap XI f. Of the two Univerfities, 266 Chap. XIII. Of the reft of his Majefifs Do¬ minions, &c. 289 PART The CONTENTS. PART II, E O O K I. A Defcription of SCOTLAND in general. C HAP. I. Its Names, Climate, Dimenfions, and Divifions, Page 291 Chap-. II. A Defcription of the feveral Shires or Counties of Scotland, .alphabetically digefted , 294 Chap.-III. Of its Air, Soil andCommodities, 340 Chap. IV. Of its Inhabitants, their Number, Language and Charafter, 343 Chap. V. Of the Religion of Scotland. 34 ^ Chap. VI. Ofirade , 362 BOOK 1 L GOVERNMENT. Chap. I. Of the Government of Scotland in ge¬ neral, 364 Chap. II. Of the King of Scotland, and therein of bis Name , Title, I erf on. Office, Supremacy, and Sovereignty , Power and Prerogative , Dominions, Strength , Patrimony , Arms and Refpeft, 366 Chap. III. Of the Government of the Church of Scotland, 3^9 Chap. IV. Of the-Civil Government of Scotland; and firfi, of the Great Officers of the State and the Crown, as they food before and Jince the late happy Union, 390 Chap. V. Of particular Governments ■, and firfi, of the Ecclefiafiicai, Civil and Military Govern¬ ment of the King’s Houfhold in Scotland, 395 The CONTENTS. Page Chap. VI. Of the Civil Government of Scotland in the refpeffive Courts of Judicature, 399 BOOK III. Of Manners, Cuftoms, Laws, 0 c. Chap. I. Of Religious Manners, viz. of tie Clergy, their Names, Orders, Privileges, Re¬ venues ; alfo, ofDiffentersfrom the EjiahUJhed Church, 415 Chap. II. Of the Scotilh Computation, Number¬ ing, Weights, Meafures, Money, 418 Chap. III. Of the Commons of Scotland; and therein of the Knights of the Ibifile, of Ban¬ nerets, Baronets, Knights , Lairds, Scholars, Gentlemen, Lauded Men, Citizens, Burghers, &c. 419 Chap. IV. Of the Women, Children and Ser¬ vants in Scotland, 42a Chap. V. Of the Laws of Scotland, 424 Chap. VI. Of the Diet, Attire, Recreations, and Buildings of the Scots, 432 Chap. VII. Of Punijbmeuts ufed in Scotland, 434 Chap. VIII. Of Societies inftituted in Scotland fcr the Advancement of Religion, whether in¬ corporated or voluntary, 436 Chap. IX. Of Schools, and other Benefaftious for Studies in Scotland, 438 Chap. X. Of the City of Edinburgh, 439 The DESCRIPTION O F Great Britain; And First Of the Southern Part of it, CAL L’D ENGLAND . CHAP. I. Of tie Name, Climate, Dimenfions and Di-vijions of ENGLAND. jJJJaniL] I pgfjiPjl H 1^ whole Ifiand oi Great Britain was H$Pl ||^Pf lation is dill retained in Scotland by |pl|w the Defccndants of the ancient Celts, who {till cM-Scotland Alban, and the WjISsSSIgS Scott Albanach. Afterwards, as ap¬ pears in the Time of Lucretius and Julitls Cafar , this Ifland Was called B R IT'A N NI A, from Britb, which in the old Britijb Tongue dignifies Painted (for the fame Reafdn that the Extra-Provincial Britains were aftenvards called Pitts, front their retaining the ancient Cuftom of painting their Skins;) but about 8oc Years'.after the Incarnation of Chrifi (by a -fpecial Edift of King Egbert, who was defeended from the Angles, a People of the Lower Saxony, in whofe PofTeffion' the greateft Part of this Country then was) the South Part was called Angle Or Englelond, or, as we rto\v pronounce it, England: Climate."! !s l* tMoes round, which is thrice in one Minute, and 318,504,960 Yardsinone DayandNight; one Water-Wheel gives Motion to all the red of the Wheels and Movements, of which any one may be dopt feparately; one Fire-Engine conveys warm Air to every individual Part of the Machine, and pne Regulator governs the whole Work.] io .patent .-State Part i. Chief Seats are Chatfworth and Hardwick, the Dulce of Devm- Jbire’s-, Belv.-r Caftle, Duke of Rutland’s-, Belfovcr Cajlle and Haddon, the f .. ■; of Newcaftle's ; Bretby, Earl oiCheflcrfeld's-, Sutton. Earl of Stardale's-, Stavely, the Lord James Cavendijh's ; Ktdlejhn, Sir J. Curfon's-, Walton, Sir, Jonathan Jenkmfon’ s ; Calke, Sir John Harptirs ; Longford, Mr. Cook's ; Metier, Mr. Coke’s. Among the Wonders of this Shire, Buxton Well has two Springs, one of hot, and the other of cold Water: The Peak is famous for iis three (fringe Caves of prodigious Shapes and Dimenfions, called the Devil's-Arfe,Elden-Hole, and Poole’s- Hole, which has been plumbed to the Depth of 800 Fathom, and yet no Bottom found. iBefoonfljire, In the piocefe of Extter, zoo Miles in Circumference,.con- .tains about 1,910,000 Acres, and 56,310 Houfes. The Air iharp and healthful, the Soil hilly, woody and barren, but .manured with Earth fetched from the Sea-fide: Its Rivers, "lamer, Tttrridge, Ex, Taw and Dart. The Men arc flrong and active : Its Commodities are Corn, Cattle,Wool, Sea-Filh and Jow.1, Kerfies, Serges, and Bone-lace, befides the Production of .its Mines, Lead and Tin, and fome.Quantities of Silver and . ioad-itone formerly on Dartmore Rocks. It has divers ex¬ cellent Harbours for the Navy-Royal, as Dartmouth, Ply- pcutb and others. It contains 394 Parilhes, and 32 Towns.: The chief Town is Exeter, a very large weli built City, 13S Sides from London 3 a Bilhop’s See; hath a noble Cathedral .Church, and had adtrong ; Caft)e: It hath a good Trade for Serges efpeciaily, in v/hich they deal for 10000/. a Week. Its chief Scats are Cuiliten, Sir William Tonge's 3 P ■ dram Cajlle, Sir William Courtpey's, Bar. Shiite, Sir William t -■ s S Poltimore, .Sir John Bampfylde's ; A Jilt, Sir V/illiam Drake's ; Colomb .and Acitland, Sir Thomas Ashland's 5 Werrington, Sir William Jdorrite’Sj Pyns, Mr. Stafford's. , SDcyfetflure Is in the Diocefeof Brijtol, 150 Miles in Circumference, con¬ tains about 772,000 Acres, and 21,944 Houfes; 3 pleafant County; the Air healthy, the Soil rich both in Pafiurage and Corn-fields} the Rivers Stowre, Frome, &c. famed for Tenches! Its Commodities are Corn, Cattle, Wool, Fifh, Fowl, Hemp and Free-done, with fome Marble. In the Ifle of Purheck is Marble and Tbbacco-Pipe-Clay, worth at London 30s. a Tun: It hath 248-Parifhes, and igTojvns; the Shire-Town is Dor- ebejler, noted for a fine Situation, 112 Poft Miles from London ;• Shaftsbmy for its,fine Profpeft and Market; Sherbessrn fot the curious Workmanlhip of its Church; Bridport for Hemp and Cables; Poolis well built and rich. The chief Seats are Win- burn St. G/7«, the £ar! of Sbaftsbury's-,Shcrbourn, Lord Digby’s-, . Puddle-Tom, Lord Walpole's ; Cr itthill, Sir William Napier’s } >' Eajlbury, Book!. of Great-Britain. n Eajlbury, Mr. Dodington's ; Charboroughs Mr. Draw's ; Chettle, Ur. Chaffin's -,KingJion, bir. Pitt's ; Mclbury and Stinsford, Col. Horner's-, Litchett and Woolvcton, Col. Trenchard’s -, Lull-worth Cajlle, Mr. Weld’s-, Smedmore, Air. Clavell's-, King/lon-Hall , Mr. Banks’s-, High-Hill, Mr. Fitch's ; BryanJIone, Mr. "portman’s. Portland is anlfle near this County, eminent for its Quarries of durable Free-ftone. ©urljani. In theDiocefe of Durham, 107 Miles in Circumference, con¬ tains about fit 0,000 Acres, and 15,984 Houfes; is a County Palatine, the Royalty whereof belonging to the Bilhop, there¬ fore it is called The Bijhoprick of Durham. The Air is fharp, the Soil divetfe, the South rich, the Weft rocky and moorilh: ’Tis very rich in Coal-pits s hath fome Lead and Iron Mines, not without Silver in the Weft Parts. The Rivers in it are Tine, Ware, Derwent, Tees. It hath 118 Parillies and 6 Towns. The City of Durham is 250 Miles from London, the Bilhop’s See, vvhofe Palace is a fine Caftle: Bifhop-Awkland is noted likewife for its Caftle and good Air, belonging likewife to the Bilbop. Darlington lor three Pits near ir, cauled by an Earthquake in 1179, called Hell-kettles. The chief Seats, Lumlty Cajlle, Earl of Scarborough's ; Ravenfworth Cajlle, Sir Henry Lyddal’s, Bart. .Mr. Eowes’s. CfftT, In London Diocefe, 146 Miles in Circumference, contains about 1,240,000 Acres, and 54,819 Houfes: Its Air tempe¬ rate, but towards the Sea and Thames rnoift and aguilh. The Soil in fome Places is fo rich, that after 3 Years bearing Saf¬ fron, it will bear good Barley for almoft 20 Years together without dunging. Its Rivers are Thames, Stowre, Coin, Chel- mer. Lea, Crouch, Boding. At Stratford by Bow is a Bridge, the firft of Stone in England. This County has abundance of Corn, Cattle, Wood, Saffron, Fowl and Fiih: 'Tis noted like- ' wifefor Cloths, Stuffs and Hops. Here are 415 Parillies, and ii Towns: The moft noted are Cclchefier, which has a great Trade for White-Bays and Oillers, and is remarkable for the many Roman Antiquities found there. Chelmsford is the County Town : Harwich is noted lor its Harbour, nearett of any to Holland, and for a petrifying Spring near it; Walden lor Saffron. Here,over-againft Gravefend in Kent, Hands Tilbury-Port , a ftrong Block-houfe upon the Thames. Its chief Seats are Leighs, Earl of Mane heller's-, Audley End, Earl of Suffolk's ; Moulfam- Hall, Earl of pitzwalter's ; Shortgro-ve, Earl of Thomond’s s Wan- fled. Lord Vifcount Ca/llemain’s ; near Chelmsford, Lord Bar¬ rington's i Intatettone, Lord Petros's ; Copt Hall, Sir Thomas Web- jler’si Hill Hall, Sir Edward Smith’s ; Pelix Hall, Sir Anthony- ThomasAbdy’s-, Albyns, Sir Robert Abdy's ; Little Leighs Hal !, Sir George Alleyn's j Lijlon Hall, Sir Samuel Barnardtjlon’s ; st €!je i^efent State Part r. Giddy Hull, Sir John Eyles's ; Kexu Hall. Hr. Hoar's-, Halling- tiny Hall, HnHoublon’s ; March, Mr. Mildmay's. fSioticeficrfljirc,' In Ghucejler Diocefe, 13S Miles in Circumference, contains about 800,000 Acres, 26,704 Houfes, the Air fweet, the Soil fruitful. Its Rivers Severn, Wye, Stroud, ljis,Avon. Its chief Commodities are Corn, Wool, Iron and Steel, Timber, Bacon, Cyder and Salmon : Its Manufacture, Cloathing, the Trade of ■which amounts to 500,000 1. per Annum, for which the Sheep of Cotfwold have fo fine a Wool, that the Spanijh Strain (’tis laid) came from a Prelent of Edward 1. made of thefe Sheep to AlphonfoK-ingoi Spain. Here are 180 Parilhes, and26Totvns: The City of Gloucejler, 81 Miles from London, is a County of it felf, aBilbop’s See, and hath a fine Cathedral Church. In this County likewife (lands Part of Brifiol, one of the larged and bed trading Cities of England, which is a County of it felf, and contains above 5000 Houfes; Stroud is noted for fair Buildings, and dying of Scarlet; Tewksbury for Woollen Manufactory and Muftard Balls. Near Brijlcl is a Place called Si. Vincent's Rock, where are Plenty of hard tranfparent Stones, refemoling Diamonds, which forne take to be F lucres, or Spars ; At the Bottom thereof is a hot medicinal Well. Its chiet Seats are Badmington, the Duke of Beaufort's ; Berkley Caflle , Earl of Berkley's-, Camden Houfe, Earl of Gain,borough's-, Ktmsftrd, lord Weymouth’s-, Barr's Court, Sir 'John Newton's, Bart Rend- combtsni Elf more, Sir John Guife's ; Sherburne, Sit ‘John Dut¬ ton’s ; Durham, Mr. Bldlhwait's -, Fairford, Mr. Lamb’s ; Stoke, Mr! Barkley’s j King's Weflon, Mr. Southwell's 3 Sifion-Houfe, Mr. Trotman's , ipanf or pimpfljire. In the Diocefe ot Winchejler, ioa Miles in Circuit, contains about 1,312,500 Acres, and 26,851 Houfes5 theAirtempe- rate, the Soil rich. Here is Plenty of Corn, Cattle, Wool, Wood, Iron, Honey and Bacon. Its Rivers Stowrt, Avon, Itching, See. Its chief Manufactures are Kerfies and Stuffs. Here are 253 Parilhes, and 16 Towns; the Shire-Town (though, it be a County of it felf) is Southampton, a good Port, 60 Miles from London. Winchejler is a confiderable City, 54 Miles from London, theAflize Town: It has a fine Cathedral Chut ch, a noble College and Free-School, which hatha Warden, ioFel- lows, 2 School-Maders, and 70 Scholars, richly endowed ; Iike- wife here is a Palace begun by King Charles II. which he did notfinilh. Portfmouth is.a fortifiedTownandHarbour, and Royal Arfenal 3 Weymouth a fine Harbour. The chief Seats are Hackwood and Abbotjlone, the Duke of Bolton’s ; Quickfett, Earl of Salisbury's 5 Down-Husband, Lord Limmington's ; Chilton- Candover, Sir Robert Worjley's, Bart.- Mottisfont and Newton- Berry, Sir Richard Mill's -, Hide Hall, Lady Miller’s ; the Grange, Mr. Henley’s 5 Stratfeld-Sea, Mr.P/W’Sj Hermaid, Mr.’ Jervis'Si Book! of Great-Britajn. , i ? Jervis’ s Sobtrton, Mr. Lewis's ; Kelfcy, Mr. Pointer’s ; Ihroc- Isill, Mr. Allaway'S-, Moyle’s Court, Ur. Lip’s. . South'of this County, and belonging to it, lies the Ifle of Wight, 60 Miles in Circumference ; its Militia the beft difci- plinedinE»i;h»»d ; plentiful in Corn, Cattle, Fifli, Hares, Co¬ nies and wild fowl. Its Wool is next in finenefs to that of Cotfwold. It nas 36 Pariflies, and 3 Towns j 1. Newport, large and populous; Cowet and Carisbrook are two Places near it, fortified each with a Cafile; fo is, 2. Sanham, and 3. Yarmouth. Sphhead, between Portfmouth and the Ifle of Wight, is a Road where the Navy Royal frequently rendezvous; and fo alfo is St. Helen's, about two Leagues beyond the other, nearer the Ifland., The chief Seat, Appledoor-Come, Sir Robert Worjley's, Bare. v '* f&erfcfo^Dfiiire Is in theDiocefeof London and Lincoln, 130 Miles in Cir¬ cumference, contains about 451,000 Acres, and 16,569 Hottfes. The Air is fweet and healthful, the Soil for the mod part Gravel and Chalk, but fruitful enough in Corn and Wood 5 of which it is laid. That they who buy a Seat in Heufordftiire, pays Years Purchafe for the Air. Its Rivers Coin, Lea. Its chief Commodities are Wheat, Barley and Malt. It has 120 Parilbes, and lS Towns. The Shire-Town is Hertford, 20 Miles from London ; Barnet was noted for Medicinal Waters; Berkhamflcad for its ancient Caftle, chief Place of Refidence formerly of the Dukes of Cernwal ; Hitchin for its School; Ware for a Canal, which furniihes London with New-River Wlater. Its chief Seats are, Holywell, the Dutchcfs Dowager of Marlborough's ; ..Dutchefs of Leeds's ; Hatfield, the Earl of Salisbury's 5 Cajhiobury, Earl of Epx's ; Coley-Green and Hartimfcrdbury, Earl Cowper’s Langley, Lord Raymond's ; Gorrttmbery, Lord Grimfon’s-, Lammer, Sir Samuel Gerrard's, Bart, the Hoc, late Sir Harry O Scale's, Bart, now Mrs. Brand's-, Titenhanger, Sir Thomas-Pepe Blunt’s ; Cognedge, Sir John Jennings-, Beach - ■wood, Sir Thomas Seabright's-, Offlcy, Sir Henry Penrice’s ; Bell Bar,SirJofephJekyll’s- Northall, Sir William Lemon’s ; Gub-. hins, Mr. Sambroke's-, Balls, Governour Harrifon's-, Moore - Park, Mr. Stiles’s ; Appn Hall, Mr. Freeman's ; Bennington, Mr. Cefar's j Blakefware, Mr. Plummer's-, Hertford Caftle, late Go¬ vernour Collet's 5 "widgell Hall, Mr. Gttlfton's-, Ware-Park, Mr, Boyde’s ; Staghy-Hall, Mr. Heyjham's ; Tiling Water, Mr. Heat's-, Penly, Mr. Harcourt's- r Briggins, Mu Chefter's -, at Berkhamftead Magna, Mr. Roper's. igerefojDdjire, In the Diocefeof Hereford, 102 Miles in Circumference, con¬ tains about 660,000 Acres, and 15,000 Houfes. The Air is good, the Soil exceeding fruitful. Its Rivers arc Wye, Arrow, Lug, Frame,. This County exceeds in four Things, Wheat, Wood, Wool and Water, in which laft Salmons are plentiful. It is famous for Cyder, efpecially Red.ftreak, It hath 176 ' ' Parilhes, i4 €fjc piefeut State Part l Parilhes, and 8 Towns, the mod noted is the City of Hereford, the Shire-Town, aBilhop’s See, 105 Miles from London, Here is theBifhop’s Palace, a Cathedral Church, College and Hof- pital; Leominjler noted for Bread, and Wool equal to any in Ear. land ; Kyneton for narrow Cloths. At Marclay-Hill was that notable Earthquake in 1571. Chief Seats ar n Brampton-Bryan, Earl of Oxford’s ; Shopton Court, Lord Bateman's ; Hampton- Court, Sir Michael Newton’s, in Right of his Lady the Vifcoun- tefs Coningsly, Daughter of the late Earl Coningsby ; Croft- Cafile, Sir Archer Crofts’s ; Burhopc, Sir Edvjard Goodyer's-, Newpart, Mr. F dey’s ; Stoke, Mr. Auditor Foley’s ; Heywood, Mr. Auditor Harley's-, Mochas-Court, Mr. Cornwall's, igimtinstionfliire Is in Lincoln Diocefe, 67 Miles in Circumference, contains about 24o,oco Acres, and 8,217 Houfes. The Air is diverfe, for the moft Part moift. It is generally of a fertile Soil; in former Times very woody. Its chief River Onfc, and diverfe letter. Its chief Commodities are Corn and Cattle. It con¬ tains 79 Parilhes, and 6 Towns. The Shire and Attize-Town is Huntingdon, 50 Miles from London, having a good Free- School: St. Ives and St. Neots, eminent for Markets and Fairs, and for their neighbouring medicinal Waters; GodmancheJIer for good Husbandmen. Its chief Seats, Kimbolton-Cafllcj Duke of Manchefter’s ; Hinchinbroke, the Earl of Sandwich's j GreatGedding.Ratl of Rockingham’s-, Bttgden, Biihop of Lin¬ coln's-, Stoughton, late Sir Baldwin Conyers’s. Sent Has in ittheDiocefesof Canterbury and Rochejler, ifli Miles in Circumference. The People of it boaft they never were Bondmen, r. e. never held their Land in Villanage; contains about 1,24.8,000 Acres, and 39,240 Houfes. It was formerly a Kingdom of it felf. It is accommodated with two great Ri¬ vers, Thames and Medway, befides the Stowre, Tsarent, and other letter ones. Its chief Commodities are Corn, Cattle, Fruit, especially Pippins and Cherries, Woad and Madder for Dyers,Hops, Wood,Flax, Saintfoyn, Samphire; near Deaf, Fowl and Fifh. The Medway yields Precedence to no River, except the Thames, (ox choiceft Salmon; and Fordwich Trouts, hear Canterbuty, are incredible large. The Hies oiThanet and Sheppy are well ftored with Sheep and Corn. It contains 40S Parilhes, and 30 Towns. The City of Canterbury is the Arch- bifhop's See, and a County of it (elf, 54 Miles from London : Its Cathedral Church is one of the fineft in England, formerly noted for its rich Window (deftroyed in the Civil Wars) and Tomb of Thomas a Bechet. Here is a Dean and 12 Prebendaries, a Free-School of Royal Foundation, and feveral Hofpitals This City is partly inhabited by the Defcendants of Walloons. Rochejler is a City and Bilhop’s See, 27 Miles from London , noted for its Cathedral Church and ftately Stone-Bridge, the fecontf Book I. o£'Great-Britain. fecond for Magnificence in England, built by Sir Robert K,:dis in the Reign of Henry IV. At Chatham is a Station for li.c Kavv-Royal, and one of the belt’ Docks in the- Kingdom. Maidjlone is the County Town, noted for Thread and Hopsj Dover for its Cattle and Peer; Feverjham for its Trade by Hoys to London ; Tunbridge for its medicinal Waters; Wyet, its Free- School.; Sevenoke, its Free-Schooland Hofpital; Dover, Hitbt, Rummy and Sandwich are four of the Cinque-Ports, the fifth Hafl'mgs-, and two of their Appendages, Winchelfea and Rye, are in Sujfex. Thcfe Towns have all great and diftinfl Pri* vileges; their Burgeffes arc called Barons of the Cinque-Ports. In the Proceffion of a Coronation they fttpport the Canopies over the King and Queen, and afterwards have on that Day a Table at the King’sRiglit-Hand, and have the Canopy for their Fee. Chief Seats, are Greenwich, a Palace-Royal, of which more when we come to the Account of Hofpitals; Know!, the Duke of Dorfet’s ; Eafiwell, tite Earl of Winchelfea s 5 Hotchfeld, the Earl of Thamt’s ; Penjlmrft, the Earl of Lcicejler’s ; Chevening, Earl Stanhope's ; Fair-Lawn, Lord Bernard's ; Leeds- Cajlle, Lord Fairfax's ; .Lord Fane's ; Surrendcn, Sir Edward Deering's ; on Blachheath, Sir Gregm y Page's ; Met foam. Sir Windham Knaichbull's ; Leeds-Ally, Sir Roger Meredith's 5 Sutton, Sir Edward Ftlmer's ; Dover Cajile, Sir Baztl DixwclCse. Walderjhire, Sir Robert Fttrnes’s ; Chilham Cajile, Mr. Digg's ; Squirrels, bit. Ward’s- The Privileges of Gavel-kind belonging- to this County’are three-fold: 1. The Heirs Male lhare all the Lands alike. 2. The Heir is at 13 at full Age to fell or alienate. 3. Though the Father were convi&ed of Treafon, yet the San enjoys his Inheritance: Hence that Proverb, The Father to the Bough, and the Son to the Plough. Thefc three Privileges, granted and confirmed to them by William the Conqueror, are denominated Gavel-kind. K-ancadjire Is in the Dioccfe of Chejler, 170 Miles in Circumference, contains about 1,150,000 Acres, and 40,200 Houfes; a County Palatine. The Air is ferene and fharp, the Soil diverfe ; the itioorifii Part is not very fruitful; but this County is fiored With all Sorts of Provifions; the Rivers Merfey, Ribble, Lon, Irk and Irwcl. The Inhabitants are healthful, the Men are ftrong, the Women beautiful. The chief Commodities are Oats, Cat¬ tle, Oxen efpecially; thofe of this County and Somer/etpire are the ftatelielf in England • Fowl,Fi(li, particularly Chart, Pit- coals (which ferve not only for. Fuel, but to make curious Uten- fils, little inferior to Jet) and Flax. The chief Manufactures are Woollen Cloths.Coftons and Ticken. Here are 60 Parifhes, and 26 Towns. The Shire-Town i sLancajier, 187 Miles from London. Leverpool is a Sea-Port-Town, and of hire very much frequented: Manchester is a Town of very great Trade foe Woollen and Linnen Manufa(lures. Wigan hasmear it a ful- 1 phureous 16 mjz pjeretit State Parc L phureous boiling Weil. Chief Seats are Stoney-Hurfl, Duke of Norfolk' s; Ajhton-Hall, Duke Hamilton’s ; Knowlsby, the Earl of Derby's-, Dunkeyhalgh, Lord Petre' s; Haigh, Sir Roger Bradfhaigb’s, Bart. [In thisLordfhip are the fineft Works of Coals, called Cannell in England, greatly admired for its Heat and Brightnefs, with which abundance of Curiofities are made.] Hough-End, Sit JohnBland's-, Heaton, Sir Edward Egerton's. ideicellerflrire Is in Lincoln Diocefe, 96 Miles in Circumference, contains about 560,000 Acres, and 18,700 Houfes. The Air is mild and healthy, the Country champaign, the Soil dive ft, very rich in Failures 5 it abounds likewife with Peafe and Beans to a Proverb, Leicejlerfliire Bean-Belly ; Wood, Pit-coal, and Wool off thelargeft Sheep in England, Its River sStowre, Peek and Swift. It has aoo Parilhes, and 12 Towns; Leicejler the chief Town, 80 Miles from London. Afiby-dc-la-Zoitch is noted for its fine Tower. Its Chief Seats are Garenton, Duke of Montague'sAfhby-de-la-Zoucb and Dunnington-Park, Eart of Huntingdon's 5 Stanton-Harold, Earl of Ferrers’s ; Stanton » Brudenell.Esdl of Cardigan’s ; Broadgatc, Earl of Stamford' s s Bofworth, Sir Wolfian Dixie’s -, Stanford, Sir Verney Cave's 3 Kirkby-Mallory, Sir Clobery Noel's, JUncolnfljire _ _ - Is in the Diocefe of Lincoln, t8o Miles in Circumference, contains about 1,740,300 Acres, and 40,590 Houfes, divided into three Parts, Holland, Lindfey and Kefieven. The Air on the South and EafbParts is thick and foggy, and the Soil fenny and rich: The Well and Northern Parts are pleafant and fer¬ tile. The Rivers Welattd, Trent, Humber, Nen, Wythem. The chief Commodities are fat Cattle, Wool, Horfes, Fifh and Fowl in great Plenty. It contains 630 Parilhes, and 3 5 Towns. Lincoln, is the Shire-Town, the Bilhop’s See, a County of it felf, 104 Miles from London. Wainfieet is noted for its School; Btsfion tor its Port and Harbour, and Tower, one of the fineft in England; Grantham for its Steeple; Bourn and Walcot for Mineral Waters. The chief Seats are Normanby, Duke of Buck’s -, G rimfihorp and Earthy, Duke of Ancajler's ; Belton, Lord Tyrconnel’s ; NoSlon, Sir William Ellis's ; Doddington, late Sir Edward Huffy's, Bart. Gunby, late Sir William Maffenbeard's 3 Gainsbrottgh, Sir Willoughby Hickman’s ; Stanfield, Sir fohn Tyrwhit’s-, Afwarby,. Sir Francis Which cote's-, Ormsby, Mr. Maffenbeard’s-, Thoresby, Captain Wood's-, Harrington, Mr. jlmcourt’s. Ifle of 95an, Lying Weflward of Lancafisire and Cumberland, about 19 Miles long, and 9 broad, is a Principality held by the Earl of Derby of the Crown of England. The Proprietor was anciently" called King, but of late. Lord of Man. ’Tis a diftinfl Bifhoprick. The Bilhop, who is not reckoned among the 26 of EookL jlf GREAT-BRITAin. 17 of England, is nominated by the Lord of the Ifle, confirmed by the King, and confecrated by the Archbifhop of York ; but not holding his Temporalities immediately of the King, is not Lord of Parliament, The Air is cold, the Soil indifferent fruitful. Here is Plenty of Oats, Cattle, Fifh, and Fowl. It has 17 Pa- j rifiies, 2 Caflles, and 5 Towns. Its Government is peculiar. , . SJSiDDlffejc' Is in the Diocefe of London, 81 Miles in Circumference, con¬ taining about 247,000 Acres,and above i;o,6do Houfes, inclu¬ ding London and We/lminjler. It has a fweet and wholfome Air, and fertile Soil, much improved by Coiripoft brought from Lorldon. Its.Rivers Thames and Colne-, its Commodities Cattle, Corn, arid Fruit j has 73 Parifhesand .{Towns befides London and Weflm'mfler, of which fee more hereafter. Its Palaces are Hdmptotii-Coiirt, a riioft niagfiificerit Siruflure, Part of which king Willidth pulled down, and re-edify’d with great Magnifi." ceded arid! State j Ketifitigton late the Seat of the Earl of A 7 «- tjnghdmg boright.by King' William, greatly enlarg’d for Iris Re¬ sidence' in the Winter, and no lefs improved by her late Majd- ity c and great Additions made to the Garden's by his preterit Majefty, rieaf a Fourth of Hide-Park being taken into them. St; James's, arid Somirfet-Hdufe. Its chief. Seats-are Sion- Houfe, the Duke of Sdmerfets ; the Duke of Beaufort's, arid late Earl of Rdnelagh's HOufes at Chelfed-, Buckihgharh-Houfe, the Duke of Buckingham's ; Mount ague-'Ho'Ufe, the Duke of Mountar- gut's j Southampton-Houfe, the Duke of Rutland’s ; Be'rklej-Hoiife, the Duke of Devqnplre's-, Cahhotis, the Duke of Chandoss ; "Marlbdhiig/s-Hdufe, the Dut'chefs .DoWager of jtia'rl&orougb’s Ulrrard’s-Crofs, Duke of Portland's ; Villa Carey Parfons Green, Earl of .Peterborough's 3 Chifwick'ihdSultdn^Court, Earl of Bur. litigton'sBufhy-Park, Earl of Halifax's ; Haltiiibn, Earl of tiql- dernifs's ; Cranford, Earl qf Berkley’s ; Beilqfife, Earf of Chefltr- f eld's ; at Chtfwitk , Earl of Wilmington' S: Gunriersby, JLofd Hubbard'S;, Hawley, Lord Bolinbroke's-, Whitioit, La"dy t'a'ulk- larid's j Kemptoii-Park, Sir John Chardins"'s 5 at Harrow, Sir John s.tifiout’s \ Oiflerly-Park, Prams Child, Eiij; Barfield; sfiEd- ihqfd ffewdigati’s ; at Stinbury , Sir Soger fiudfon's, arid Air." turner's Blip-Hill, Sir Jertmy-Vdhaikef-Sahbrofk‘s ; Hdn- ittirth; Mr. Chambers's-, Forty-Hilt, W.-ltdlpiiholme's-, Hel- lakd-HoiiJeJNlt, Edwards's ; HenryBarkir’s, Efq; near Chifwick. ... ,...,. . ^onfnotifijdjirf . , Is iti the Diocefe of Landaff, 80 Miles iri Circumference, .contains about 340,000 Acres,' arid 6,499 Houfes. The Air 6 (faithful and' temperate; the Soil hilly arid woody, yet very fertile. Its Rivers Monm, Wye, Vsk, Ruttinej. Its chief Com¬ modities, Cattle and Corn. It hiif 27 Pa rifiies and7 Towns, Mohtnoutb, the Shird-Towri, is too Miles from London, a fair,' Mfge’, arid well’btiilt Town. Its chief Seats Troy-Heufe, the IJjrike mf Beqtifqft’si Lladgibby, Sir John Wltlidms's ; Tredegar,' Kt« Sir William Morgan's ; Pent-tool, Mr.' Hanbury’s, C jp.ojfolfc 18 €lje ^jetent iitate Part l •_ _ jjlojfolEt Is in Nflfiuit&Biocefs, 140 Miles in Circumference, contains about 1,148,000 Acres,and47,180 Houfes. The Air is (harp, the Soil diverfe, partly clayifh, and partly fandy: The Spring and Harveft are here not very forward. Its Rivers O; ife, Wa¬ vin'), Tare and Frin. The Commodities are Corn, Wool, Co¬ nies, Honey, Saffron, of which the bed is about Waljingham ; and on the Sea-coafts are abundance of Herrings. Jet and Am¬ ber are fometimes found on the Shore. Its chief Manufactures are Woollen and Worded Stuffs, which are faid to have that Name from Worjled, a Town in this County, and Stockings. It has 660 Parilhcs and 31 Towns; Norwich the Shire-Town, 90 Miles from London, a Bilhop's See, contains about 7000 Houfes, and 30,000 Souls; is cminenc for Norwich Studs made there, of which they vend yearly to the Value of 100,000 /. There is a Cathedral Church, and the Bilhop’s Palace. There is an Hofpital for 100 poor Men and Women; fairCloiders, and a fine Market-crofs, Yarmouth is a beautiful Town, and hath an excellent Harbour; Lynn is a fairTown, and weal¬ thy. Chief Seats are Norwich Palace, Duke of Norfolk’s ; Pajlon Nall, Earl of Yarmouth’s-, Stifcay and Raynham, Lord Townjhend’s-, ’Blickling, Lord Hobart's-, Houghton, Sir Robert Walple’Si Mellon Conftable, Sir Jacob Alley's, Bart. Ran- viorth Hall, Col. Sidney’s ; Garboldijham, Sir Edmond Bacon’s ; Kirby B edon. Sir Tho. Berney's ; Oxborough , Sir Henry Beding- Seld’s ; Hunfianton, Sir Tho. L’eft range’s. Is in the Diocefe of Peterborough, no Miles in Circumfe¬ rence, contains about 530,000 Acres and 14,80! Houfes. The Air is healthful, the Soil is rich in Tillage and Pafture, and claims the Honour of having more Noblemens Seats in it than any County in England. The Gentry likewife are numerous. Its Rivers Nen, Weland, and Oufe. Its chief Commodities, Corn, Cattle, and Salt-petre. It has 316 Panfhes and it Towns; the Shire-Town, Northampton, 55 Miles from London, having Jfuffered much by Fire, is rebuilt with great Splendor. Peter¬ borough is a Bilhop’s See. The chief Seats are Boitghton, Duke of Mountague’s -, Burleigh, Earl of Exeter’s-, Caftle-Ajhby, Earl of Northampton's'-, Althorp, Earl of Sunderland’s-, Eafton, Earl of Pomfret’s ; Eajlon Maudit, Earl of Sujfex’s ; Dean, Earl of Cardigan’s-, Rockingham, Earl of Rockingham’s-, Kirby, Lord ■ Hatton’s ; Drayton, Lady- Betty Jermain’s ; F indon, Sir John Dolbin’s, Bar. Farthingoe, Sir Edward Egertons ; Culworth, Sic John Danvers's-, Brampton, Sir William Norwich’s ; KM- marjh, Hc.Hanbury’s. jjJo^fiumlierlanti Isin theDiocefe of Durham, 155 Miles in Circumference, contains about 1,370,000 Acres, and 12,741 Houfes ;.,of a ftarp and piercing Air: The Soil is rough, hilly, and Hard-to Bo6k I. Of Great-Britain. jtp be manur’d, but ’tis'daily improved. Its Rivers are Twede and Tine. Its chief Commodities are Lead, Sea-coal, Fifh and Fowl. It is divided into 46 Paddies, which are large, having many of them Chapels of Eafe ; 11 Towns, the chief is Ncw- cajlle upon Tine, an Miles from London: It furnidies moft of . the Sea-port-towns of England with Coal, efpecially London, i with about 600,000 Chaldrons a Year. The Southern Part of ' the County, round a Market-Town called Hexham, is from . thence named Hexatn-fbire. ■ Berwick is a gre3t ftrong Town and Iflandon the Scots Side of the River Twidi. Near and belonging to this County are diverfe Iflands; the three moft notetfare, Crokct, Tarn, and Holy-lfand. Its chief Seats, Belfey, Sir William Middleton's j Gibjide, George Bowes's, Efq; Etfwick, Ralph Jenifon's, Efq; ijiottingljamfljiiT Is in York Diocefe, 90 Miles in Circumference, contains about 560,000 Acres, and 17,554 Houfes; has a wholefomo Air and different fort of Soil: The South-Eaft-Part is fertile, the Weftern woody. Its Rivers, Trent, Iddle, 8cc. The chief Commodities here are. Corn, Malt, Liquorice, Pit-coal, : Wood, Fifh, and Fotvl. It hath 168 Parifhes and 9 Towns; the Shire-Town is Nottingham, 96 Miles from London, a large ■ well-built Town, hath a fine Market-place. Mansfield is of Note for Malt, Worltfop for Liquorice : Nevoark upon Trent ; drives a confiderable Trade. Noble Families are here very « numerous; their chief Seats are Nottingham.CaJlle, Haughton / j and Welbeck Abbey the Duke of Nevscaflle’s ; Thor shy and Holmes- ] Pierre-Point, Duke of Kingfion's-, Wollaton-Hall, Lord Middle- :■ ton's ; Kelham, late Lord Lexington’s ; HewfieadAbbey, Lord By¬ ron's ; Warfhop, Lord Willoughby's of Parham ; Rufford Sic George Savil's-, Bunny, Sir Thomas Parkyns's . HDyfo^fljire Is in the Diocefe of Oxford, 130 Miles in Circumference, contains about 534,000 Acres, and 19,000 . Houfes. The Air | is Tweet and healthful; the Soil is fertile in Corn and Fruits, ; and rich in Paftures. Its Rivers Thames, and thofe two, Tame l and f/ir,from whence the efther has its Names, befides the Char- \ well, Windrttfh, and Evenload. Its chief Commodities, Corn, Malt, Cattle, Fruit. It has 280 Parifhes and 15 Towns, the 5 chief is the City of Oxford , 47 Miles from London, one of the .two nobleft Univerfities in the World; of which.fee more J hereafter. Wcodjlock is noted for its Park, walled in, faid to be the oldeft in England-, Tame for its Free-School; Henly for Malt, Witney for Blankets, Free-School, and Library. • The rich and fine Town of Banbury for Clieefe; Burford for Saddles. Its principal Seats are, Woodfiock, once a Palace Royal, now the Dutch efs Dowager of Marlborough's. A ftately Fabrick is now erefted, near the old Palace, called Blenheim Caftle, in Memory of that moft fignal Viftory gained over the Trench, Aug. a. 1704. uBlenheim near Hochflat, in theUppcr Palatinate, xo t£fje !??efen6 ©tate Part i. on the Banks of the Danube ; Hetborp; Duke of Shrewsbury’s ; pitchlty\"£zd of Litchfield's-, Cernbury, Earl of Clarendon's ; Kycstt.Earlof Abingdon’s -, Sherburne, Earl of Macclesfield's % Nerthbrcoi, Sir Robert Dijhwood’s ; Water-flock, late Sir Henry Afimrfl's, Barr. Chiflehampm, Sir John D’oyley’ s; Sarfdon, late Sir Robert Walters’s ; Waltone, Sir Robert Jenkmfon ’s ; Kidding- ton, Sir Charles Browne’s-, in which Gardens was an old Font; wherein Edward the Confejfor is faidto have been Baptized, being brought thither from an old decayed Chapel at Iflip, the Birth-place of that Religious Prince, where it had been put to an indecent Ufe, as Well as the Chapel. CamdensBrit. Edit, Nov. jEuflanodjire Is in the Diocefe of Peterborough, 40 Miles in Circumference, contains aboutiro.ooo Acres, and3i63 Houfes; hath a health¬ ful Air, and fertile Soil; and the rnofi Parks, for its Propor¬ tion of Land, of any Shire in England. Its Rivers are Welani zniWafh ; its chief Commodities are. Corn, Cattle, Wool, and Wood. It hath 48 Parilhes and 1 Towns : Oakham, the Aflize-Town, 74 Miles from London , in whofe Prccinft there is this Cuftom, that if any Nobleman enter it, he forfeits a Shoe from his Horfe, unlefs he redeems it with Money; the other Town is Uppingham-, both have Free-Schools and Hofpi- tals. Its chief Seats are, Burleigh onthe Hill, the Earl of Not¬ tingham's-, Exton-Brook, Earl of Gainsborough's -, AJhton, Earl of Cardigan’s. &l)IDpfl)ire Is in the Diocefe of Hereford, and of Coventry and Litchfield, 134 Miles in Circumference, contains about 890,000 Acres, and 13,184 Houfes. The Air is wholefome, the Soil fruitful, though hilly and mountainous towards the South and Weft Parts; the Inhabitants healthy : Old Parr of this County, lived 151 Years, and died Anno s 634. The Rivers Severn,- Culm, Rea, Roden, Time, Tern. Its Commodities are, Wheat, Barley, Cattle, Wood, Iron, Pit-coal. It has 170 Parilhes and 15 Towns. The Shire-Town is Shrewsbury, 114 Miles from London ; a large, neat, populous Town. Ludlow is like- wife well built. At Pitchford is a bituminous Well. This being a Frontier County to Wales, had the mod Caftles of any in England ; which are now the Houfes of Mobility and Gentry. The chief are, Htgh-Ercal, Earl of Bradford's ; Haughton, Sir Humphry Bridge's ; Watlesborottgh, Sir Edward Leighton's ; Long- rscr. Sir Richard Corbet’s-, Cond,Uc. Crefwell' s; Wallcot, Mr. Wallcot's- r Oakley. Park, Mr. Herbert's-, Stoke Cafile, Mr. Bald¬ win’s ; Henly, Mr, Pewit's. £omcrfetfi)ire Is in the Diocefe of Bath and Wells, 150 Miles in Circumfe¬ rence, contains about.1,075.000 Acres, and 44,686 Houfes: Has diverfe Sorts of Ait and Soil; but for the rnoft part this County BookI. of Great-Britain. 21 County is very rich in Soil and Pafttirage. Its Rivers, Se¬ vern, Avon, Frome, Parrot, Torr and Tone. Its chief Commo¬ dities are. Corn, Cattle, Lead, Woad for Dyers, and Brifid Stones. Mendip Hills were found rich heretofore in Lead, now in Lapis Calaminaris, and for a large Cave, called Ockie- Hole, with a petrifying Water in it. The Oxen in this Coun¬ ty vie with Lancajhire for the faired in England, Its chief Ma- nufaflures are Cloth and Serges. At Chedder are the bed and largeft Cheefes of England, made by the joint Stock of the whole Parilh. It has 385 Parifhes and 30 Towns; the chief Brifid, Part of which (lands in this County, and Part in Glou. cederfinre: Bath, a City eminent far its hot Baths, fovereign inPalfies. G mts, R.heumatifms, Weaknefi of Nerves, andall .fcrophulnus Diftempers; 94 Miles from London: Wells, a Ci¬ ty noted for its Cathedral Church,; the Streets well-built and populous. Thefetwo Cities jointly gaveaTitle to the Biflro- priclc: Taunton for Cloth, in making of which, 8,500 Perfons are here Weekly employ'd : Glaffenbury for its ancient Ab¬ bey i Bifitop’s-Chue for red Bolus found there ; Stanton-Drew, for.a Circular Monument of Stones-, jLhc/ler likewife for Antiquity ; Bruton for its fine Church, Free-School, and Hpf- pital. Chief Seats are, Hinton St, George, Earl Powlet's$ Hitm- Hotife, Lord Stowell's ; Kcnlecomb, Sir John Trevelyan ; Orch- ard.Wyndham, Sir William Wyndhams-, Brympton, Sir Philip Sydenham' s; Ford-Abbey, Mr. Gwyn's, Qrchard-Porwan, Mr. Perlman'S ; Fairfield, Mr. Palmer's. StagogDlta Is in the Diocefe of Coventry and Litchfield, 141 Miles.in Cir¬ cumference, contains about 810,000 Acres, ind 13,747 Houfes, The Air is (harp and healthful, the Soil diverfe. Its Rivers Trent, Charnel, Dove, Blithe, Line, Tean, Sow. Pink, Manifold, Its chief natural Commodities are Copper, Lead, Iron, Ala- bafter about Cafile-Hay, and Pit-coal, of which they make cu¬ rious poiilhed Otenfils. Its mod confiderable Manufaflure is Nails and Utenfils of Iron. It has 150 Panfries and 18 Towns; the mod eminent are Stafford, the Shire and A(fize-Town,well built, has a Free-School 10S Miles from London. The City of Litchfield, 54 Miles from London, jointly with Coventry, give f Title to the Bilhoprick; it hath a fine Cathedral Church, and Burton a famous Bridge. The chief Seats are, Beaudefert, Earl of Uxbridge's-, Chartley-Caflle, Lord Ferrars's -, Drayton, Lord Paget's ; Trentham, Lord Gutter’s; Dudley-Caftle, late Lord Dudley's ; Tixell, LotAAfion's ; Intflree, Lord Chtwtnd's ; Oakley, Sir John Chetwood ; Wrine-H'dl, Sir Edward Egerton's ; Patejhul, Sir John Ajlley’s ; Pillatm, Sir Edward Littleton's. 5 Wolfeley, Sir Charles}Volfeley's ; Keel-Hall, Mr. Snlyd's-, Okeover Mr. Okeover’s, gmSoffc Is tn the Diocefe of Norwich, 165 Miles in Circumference, contains about 995,000Acres, and 34,41a Houftv, Its Air ex- C } ' seeding %i Cljcfjefent dtate Parti. feeding good, except towards the Sea; its Soil various; its Ri¬ vers, SUnvre, Breton, Deben, Blithe, Orwell, &c. Its chief Com¬ modities are Butter, exceeding good, andCheefe in great Plenty; its Manufafture, Woollen and Linnen-cloth. It hath 575 Pa- lilhes and 30 Towns; the chief Ipfwich, 35 Miles from London, large and cleanly, hath a Free-School,and Library; St.Edmonds- bury, noted for its Free-School, and the majeftick Ruins of its magnificent Abbey ; Beetles, a fair Town oh the Wavenny, and -Buddefdale, Free-Schools of good Foundation, Hadleigh, Lavenham and Milden-Hall have fine Churches. This County hath above 40 Parks. Its chief Seats are Ewflon-Hall, Duke of Grafton’s ; Ichworth, Earl of Brijlol's ; Broom-Hall and C»l- ford-Hall, Lord Cornwallis's ; Milden-Hall, Sir Thomas Hau¬ nter's, Barr. Long-Melford, Sir Cordell Eirebrafs's ; Benhall, Sir Edward Duke’s -,Pakenham, Sir William Spring's ; Herittgfieet, Bit Edmund Bacon’s-, Ketton, and Brightwell, Bit Samuel Bar- nardijlon's, Bart.' Glembam-Hall, Mr. North’s. $urrp Is in theDiocekoiWinckeJler, 111 Miles in Circumference, contains about 391,000 Acres and 34,118 Houles. The Airis fiveet; the Soil not very fertile towards the Middle, being of a deep Sand, efpecially about Ejher, and Red-Hill, but rich in'the-Skirts! Its Rivers, Thames, Mole, which runs under Ground i Miles, Wandle-Way. Its Commodities, Corn, Box, Walnuts, and near Bigate Fuller’s-Earth; it is worth 4 d. per Bulhel at the Pit. It has 4oParilhes and 9 Towns; the chief- eft are the Borough of Southwark , containing above 10,000 Houfes; Guilford, or Guildeford, 15 Miles from London. King- jlon has a fine Bridge. Its Palaces are that of his Majefty’s at Richmond, and thofe of the Archbilhop of Canterbury’s at Lambeth and Croydon. Near the latter is a Free-School and Hofpital, founded by Archbifhop Whitgift-, Mo (Jutland's, Earl of 'Lincoln’s ; where is a Park, fine Gardens, and the longeft Terras-Walk in England. Here is Banjlead-Downs , much fre¬ quented for Hunting and Racing. Chief Seats are, New-Parh, Lord Walpole’s ; Claremont, Duke oiNewcafile’s ; Nonfuch, Duke of Grafton’sWimbleton, Dutchefs of Marlborough’s-, Wey- bridge, Earl of Portmore’ S; Albury, Earl of Aylesford’s-, Toot¬ ing, Lord Bateman's ; Eafl-Clanden, Lord Onflow's ; Ockham, Lord King’s-, at Epfom, Lord Guildford's, and Lord BaU timore's ; Sir Matthew Decker's, at Richmond ; Beddington, Sit'Hacket Carew's, Bart. Sheen, Sit John Buckworth's-, Wot- ton. Sir John Evelyn’s, Bart. Afited, Lady Fielding’s ; Wimble- ton, Bit-Theodore,Janffen'ss Cite, Mr. Molmeux's-,Row-Hampton % Mr. Jeffery’ s'; Cafhalton, Mr, Scawen‘s-,Eetcham, late Mr.More’s; Ajher-Place, U.t. Pelham's ; at Rygate, Alderman Parfons's. At Epfom are celebrated Medicinal Waters; fo likewife at Dul¬ wich, where is a College and Hofpital for a Matter, 4 Fellows, and 11 poor Men and Women, and as many poor Boys, a Chaplain, Book I. Of Great-Br.itain.' 2,3" Chaplain, School-Mafter, and Other. At Nonfich is a Vein of Earth fit ro make Crucibles. . Snffey Is in the Diocefeof Cbkhcjkr, 158 Miles in Circumference, contains about 1,740,000 Acres, and 21,5 57 Houfes. Tli eSouth Downs, which lie parallel to the Sea, are dry, bear good Grafs, and are pleafant; the low Lands, or Wild of Sujj'ex, bear Oats incredibly; the Soil rich and deep; the Forefts barren, and towards the Eafi, full of Iron Oar. Its Manufaflures are Call- Iron of a'l Sorts, for which there are many great Forges in the Eaftern Wild towards Kent. It has diverfe Rivers, but the mod confiderable is Anm. Its Commodities Corn, Cattle, Malt, Wool, Wood, Iron, Chalk, Glafs, Fiih and Fowl; among which the delicate Wheat-Ear bird is faid to be peculiar to this County. A Sttjfcx Carp, and Arundel Mullet, a Chichejler I,ob- fter, an Amerlty Trout, are famous. Its chief Manufactures are great Guns and Glafs. Here are 312. Earifhes and 16 Towns; the chief is Chichejler, a Bilhop’sSee, 50 Miles from London ; hath a fine Cathedral Church. Lewis is a large Town, where the Affizesare generally held. Chief Seats are, Petworth, Duke of Somerjct's ; Haland and Bijhopjlone, the Duke of New- caftle's ; Arundel Cajllc, Duke of Norfolk's-, Stoneland and Bticl:- kurjl, Duke of Dorfet's ; Goodwood, Duke of Richmond's-, Stan- Jlead, Earl of Scarborough's ; Eajlborne-Place, Earl of Wilming¬ ton's ; Broomball and Afhburnham, the Earl of Ajbburnham's ; Vp-Park, Earl of Tankcrville’s-, Cowdry, Lord Montacsite’s} Firle, Sir William Gage's-, Battle-Ably, Sir Thomas Webjler's ; Ration, Sir Walter Parker's-, Michel Grove, Sir John Shelly's ; Parham, Sir Cecil Bijhop's ; Htirfmonceiux, Mr. Hares, Son to theBifhop; Den, Mr. Eversfield's-, Stammer, Mr. Pelham’s ; Slaugham, Mr. Morton’s. anartoicltflnre Is in theDiocefe of Worcejler, and of Litchfield and Coventry, no Miles in Circumference, contains about 670,000 Acres, and 21,973 Houfes. The Air is excellent the Soil rich. Its principal River is Avon. Commodities, Corn, Malt, Wool, Wood, Iron, Coal, and Cheefe. The Medicinal Water of Newenham is purgative with Salt, and aftringentwith Sugar, It hath 158 Parifhes and 17 Towns; the Chief is the fair and large City of Coventry, a County of it felf, 7+ Miles from Lon¬ don ; Warwick, the Shire and Afnze-Town, 68 Miles from Lon¬ don-, hatha Free-School for Youth, and fome Hofpitals for poor Men, Women, and Children. Within two Miles of this Town is a fait and frelh Spring, within an Ell of one another, Birmingham i.s noted for curious Manufaflures in Steel, Pollefi- worth its School. Chief Seats are, TamworthCaftle, Earl of Ferrers' s; Ncwenham-Paddox, Earl of Denbigh’s ; Compton in the Hole, Earl of Northampton’s ; Hewel-Grange, Earl of Pli- tnottth’ s; Ettington, Earl of Ferrers's-, Cafile-Bromwich, Vif- C 4 count 3* Clje PieCent state part i. count Hertford's ■, Stonely, Lord Leigh's ; j Ugly and Popham, Lord Conway's ; Warwick Cajlle, Lord ilrook's ; Coleflnll, Lord pigby'Si Newhold-Hall, Sir Francjs Skipwith’s-, Arbury, Sir Edward tfewdigate's-, I atnworth, Mr. Archer's ; Ragly, Mr. Conway's. Is in the Diocefe of Cnefler and CarhjU, 1 to Miles ip Circum¬ ference, contains about 310,000 Acres, and' 6,so: Hpuies. The Air is lharp, the Soil not very good, rpoumainous and moory. The North Parts are belh Rivers, Eden, Can, Ea- mon,Lon. Its chief Commodities arid Manufacture is Cloth. Here’s 2.6 Parilhes and 8Tqvyns; the chief are Kendal, zoz Miles from London, a rich populous Town, has a Free-School well endow’d, and drives a great Trade in 'Woolleq-Clpti^ Cottons, Druggets, Serges, Hats and Stockings. Kirby Lanf- dal is a large Toyn, has a fair Church, Stone-Bridge, and a good Trade for .Cloth. Appleby lias a free-School and Holpital. Chief Seats, Pendragon-Cajlle, Earl of Thanet's ; Beltbam-CaJIle , Earl of Perby's ; Appliby-Cajlle, Earl of Thanet's ; Lowther-t Hall. Lord Lonfdale's ; Rydall, Sir William Flemings'? ; at White¬ haven', Sir %amts Lowther's,' ' Stliltfiiire Is in the JYiocpfe of Salisbury, 128 Miles in Circumference, co »Mns about |76,qoo Acres, and 27,093 Houles. A plea- fantjnd h.ealthlu! Air and Sojl. The Men are warlike and har¬ dy * its B-iyers, Ijis, Kennet, Avon, Willy and tXadde. Its chief CpiJtmodities are Sheep, Wool, Wood, and choice (Lab- bj'S St Auburn Chafe. Near Market-lavingtan is ICnot-.Grafs, ordinarily 15, fometimes 10 Foot loi}g; its longKnots will ftt Styipp. Tfhp Woollcn Manufacture of this Coumy is very great; it has '304. Parilhes and 23 Towns, befides the City of Salisbury, 70 Miles from London, yvhich has one of the fined Cathedral .Ci urches in the World, founded by Richard Poor, Btihop of §arum, in tbe Year iai6. It has as many Doors as Months, Windows as Days, arid Pillars as Hbuis in the Year.' Its Steeple is t|ie higheft Spire of England. Mod of the Streets of this City have Rivulets running all alopg thro’ them.. Near jr is the fam’.d wonder of Stonehenge ; the- ftrange.Caves be¬ tween Lucltingtbn and Badmington are fuppofed to have been the Tombs of fome’great Warriors. Henden and Chippenham have great Markets. Its chief Seats are, Tottenham, Du(teof Somerfet’s, Rdninpon,' Dpke of Belton's ; Wilton, Earl of Fern- broke's-, Trjlfbcad, Earl of Qodolphin's-, Longleat, the Lord Wey¬ mouth’s ; Wardour-Caftle, Lord Arundel’s of Wardour ; Maiden- Trad ley, Sir Edward'Seymmr’s i Standlinch, Sir Peter Vande- pu-'s ... . Sir Idlvard Deibouverit's ; Stourton-Caftle, Mr. Hoar's-, Madington, Mr. Prate's-, Barreford, Mr. Duncomb’s ; Compton. Mr. Hprthty’s, ■ ■ • ItiojcfSery Book I. Of £tK.eat t Britaln. 2} ffilojcpSetfljire Is in Wotceffier Diocele, 130 Miles in .Circumference, con¬ tains about340,000Acres, ?nd30,634Houfes. The Airfweer, the Soil rich'for Tillage and Eafturage, especially the Vale of Hvefham. Its Rivers, Severn.Amon, Team, See. Its Commo¬ dities, Lampreys, Cheefe, Syder, Perry, Cherries, Salt. Here are 131 Parilhes and 11 Towns; the chief is the City of Worcefter, 86 Miles from London , a Bilhop’sSee; has a fine Cathedral Church, a great Cloth-Trade.' Stowerbridge is noted For its Free-School and Library, and Iron and Gjlafs-Works, and Kidderminjtcr for Stuffs, and Droilwich for its Salt-Springs. The chief Seats are, Grafton, Cuke of Shrewsbury's ; Crorne, Earl of Coventry's-, Great Whitley, Lord Folly's; Lcncbwicb, Lord Craven's ; Weftwood, Sir Herbert Perrot Partington's, Barr. Hagley, Sir Thomas Lyttleton's ; Sodington, Sir Edward, Blount's ; Qmberjly, Mr. Sandf'S- fsN&flwe Is in York Diocefe, 360 Miles in Circuit, contains about 3,770,000 Acres, and 106,151 Houfes. The Air diverfe, the $bil generally rich. ’Tis diyidpd intp three Civilians, anci¬ ently called Iithings (;. e. Third Parts) now corruptly Ridings, Eaft, H°rth, and Weft, which is the largeft. Its Rivers, Humber (the Conflux of the following. Are, Ctfider, Van, Dsr- fer.t, Bale, Oufe, Swall-Youre. Warf) apd Tees. Its Commo¬ dities, Corn, Cattle, fine H°rfcs, Allorp, Jett, Lime, Filh, Her¬ rings near Scarborough-, Iron about Sheffield ; Goats at Surely. Its Manufaftures, Cloth, Stockings, tCnive^, and Spurs. In the Worth: ftihn'g is a Trp^ of f^nd called Qichintfdjhirt, whofp Hills afford'Lead, Copper, and Pitcoal. Its chief Town, Richmond. Here is in all 563 Earifb.Churches, with many Ghapels of Eafe, and 49 Tovyns. The Shire-Town York, 156 Miles from London, is reputed to be the fecond City of Eng¬ land, large, the Buildings old, and the Streets narrow, thoujli there’s.now Building there one of the fineft Rooms in England for anAJfemblyRoom, and by Siibfcription of the neighbour¬ ing Gentlemen, and is computed will coft upwards of 10,000 /. This City hath in the Middle of it a noble Stone-bridge over the RiverOa/e.confifting principally of one hugeArch: if is indofed witha ftrong Wall, contains 31 Churches and Chapels, where¬ of a.8 are (fill in Gfe. Ms a magnificent Cathedral Church, and is an Archbilhop’s Seel This City is governed by a Mayor, Who has the Title of Lord, which no other Mayor has but he of | London. Hull, otherwife c3.\[tiKingfionufon Hull, has beenone ! of theftrongeft Fortreffes of England , but now of little or no Strength, there being no Guns mounted at the Fort, which j daily runs to Decay. Sheffield is noted for Smiths Trade, Ro- [ iheram for three Schools, firft for Languages, fecond for Mu- | fick, third for Writing; Knaesborough for four medicinal j Springs of different Operations; one of which, called the Drop- | ‘ P in §“ 0je P?efeitt ©tats Part i. ping-well, is the molt famous of all the petrifying Springs-in Ei-gland} Doncafler for knit Watftcoats, Gloves and Stockings; Leedsiot Clothiers; Sherborn for its Free-School; Pontefra(l> Knaresborotigh, and Ripley for Liquorice 5 Rippon for Clothiers and Spur-makers. Borough-bridge lias near it four huge Pyrami- dal-ftones (called by the Vulgar, The Devil’s Arrows) a Monu¬ ment of Antiquity. Here, are many excellent Harbours, as Scarborough, famous like.wife for its medicinal Spaw-Waters, Burlington, See. Chief Seats are, Mulgrave■ Cajtle, Duke of Buck’s ; Sheffield Mannor, Duke of Norfolk’s ; Kivetcn, Duke of 1 Leeds's ; Caflle Howard, the Earl of Carlifle's ; Stasnsborough and Wentworth Caflle, the Earl of Strafford’s ; Londesburgh, the EarlofJJaWra^lon’S; Hornby Caflle, Earl of Holdernefs's; Went- vsorth Houfe, Lord Malion’s; Smith-Hall, Lord Downs's ; Tern pie-Is ewjam. Lord Irwyn’s-, Leadftone-Hatl, Lady Betty, Haftings’s;Newby, Sir Edward Bbacket’s, Bart. Conflable-Burton Sit Marm. Wyvill's, Bart. Great Ribfton, Sir Henry Goodrich’s, Bart. Swillington, Sir Williath I.owther's ; Spratborcugh, late Sir Godfrey Copely's, Bart. Acklam, Sir William Hufller’s ; Angleby Mannor, Sir William Fittles’s, Bart. Boynton, Sir William Strick¬ land's ; Scampflon, Sir William St, Sjjtintin’s ; Wheatly, Sir G. Cooke's; Albrough, Sir RogerBeckwith’s ; Calverley, Sit Walter Calverley’s; Noflell, Sir Rowland Wynne's; Nun Appleton-Hall, I Sir William Milner's; Kirkleatham, Mr. Turner’s; Whixley, f Mt.Tancred's; Gisborough, Mr. Chaloner's; Hemfley,Ut. Brown's ; near Beverly, Mr. Bradjhaw’s. Wales is generally divided into Twelve Counties. atiiglefep I S in the Diocele of Bangor, 60 Miles in Circumference, con¬ tains about 200,000 Acres, and t84oHoufes : An lfland encompaffed by the Iriflt Sea on all Sides but the South-Eaft, where it is parted from Caernarvar. by the River Menia, This lfland was anciently called Infula Opaca, from the great Quan¬ tity of Wood with which it was overgrown; but it is now fo bare, efpecially in the Northern and Weftern Parts, that very few Trees can be feen fit either for Timber, or Shelter. Its principal Commodities are Corn, Cattle, Fiflt, and Fowl. It has 74 Parilhes and 2 Towns; the chief Beaumaris, 184 Miles from London, well built, and a good Harbour for Ships, Chief Seat, Lord Bulkley’s, near Beaumaris. S?ecfmoc6fl)ire Is in Landaff Diocefe, 106 Miles in Circumference, contains t about 620,coo Acres, and 5,934 Houfes. Its Mountains are barren, but its Valleys are very fruitful. Its principal Commo¬ dities are. Corn, Cattle, Fifh, and i'omc Otter Furr. It hath 6t Parilhes and 4 Towns; the chief Brecknock, 124 Miles front London, at the Meeting of the Rivers Hodtey and Usk. It pjefent State Part l JYales, has a neat Church and lofty Steeple. The Chief Seat is Chirk-Cafllc, Mr. Middleton's , Lltwtnny, Sir Belert-Sakisbury Colton's ; Wynflay, Mr. Williams's. ifflintlijire Is moftly in the Diocefe of St. Afaph, and the reft in (fhefler. It is 40 Miles in Circumference,'contains about 160,000 Acres, and 3,1 so Houfes. Its Valleys are very fruitful, and its Inha¬ bitants long liv'd. The chief Commodities are. Cattle, But* yer, Cheefe, Pit-coal, Lead, Mill ftones and Honey, with Which they make good Store of Metheglin. It has 18 Parifh- es and 3 Towns. Flint, the Shire Town,' is fo fmal], that it hath not a Market. St. Afaph is an ancient Epifcopal See, upon the River Elwy, 159 Miles from Ijadon. Cqerwys is the chief Market-town in the County, every Village being well furnilh- «d of its felf. Chief Seats, Moyfton, Sir Roger Moyfion’s, near which are the famous Coal-pits of that Place, which go a great way to fupply Dublin with Coal ; and Llanerk, Mr. Davis's. fl-iire Is in three Diocefes; New Town, Pool, Llanvellin, and Ma¬ chynlleth, are in St. Afaph ; Llandylqs in Bangor; but the Town of Montgomery is in Hereford. It is 94 Miles in Circumference, contains about 560,000 Acres, and 5,660 Houfes, delightful with many Hills and fruitful Valleys; breeds very good Horfes, and Plenty of Goats. It hath 47 Parifhes and 6 Towns. Montgomery, the Shire-town, no Miles from London, fs plea- fantly feated, and has a ftrong Caftle. Its chief Seats are Pewit Cajlle, and Buttington Hall, Marquis of Pewit’s ; Llymort, Lodge and LlyJJin, Lord Herbert's of Cherhiry ; Vayner, Lord Hereford's ; LleydierdfAt.Wynnt's ; and Garth, Sir Charles Lloyd's. Book 1 . &£Great-Britain; 2^ iSemB^obEfljxre Is in the Diocefe of Si. David's, 93 Miles in Circumference t contains about 420,000 Acres, and 4329 Houfes. The Eaft Part is Very pleafant, and the whole County plentiful in all Neceffaries for Life. Part of it is inhabited by Flemings, pla¬ ced here by Ben. 1. Their Country is called Little Englandba- yond Wales. Here is Plenty of Fifh, Fowl, Pit-coal; and Marl. It has 43 Pariflles and 9 Towns; Pembroke the Shire-Town; J95 Miles ftom Union, is well inhabited by Gentlemen and Tradefmen, fortified with a Wall and ftrong Caftle; St. Da¬ vid’s the Epifcopal See : An ancient Seat in it, PiSton Caftle; belonging to Sir John Phillips, Bart. Qrielton, Sir Arthur Owen’s, Prendergrafs, Sir Thomas Stepney's. In this Shire is alfo con¬ tained the Town and County of Hdverfird-Weft, and Milfori- Haven, the largelt and molt capacious Harbour in the Kingdom.' Is in the Diocefe of Hereford, 90 Miles in Circumference; contains about 310,000. Acres, and 3138 Houfcs. Hath great Varieties of Air and Soil, ftored with Woods, Rivers, and Metes. Its chief Commodities are Cheefe and Horfes. It hath 32 Parifhes and 4 Towns. Radnor is the Shire-Town, 119 Miles from London, hath a Caftle. Preftigne is a large well- built Town, where the Affixes are-held 116 Miles from Lon¬ don. Chief Seats, Harnage-Grange, Sir William Fowler’s-, Maefyllwich, Sir Humphry Howard'sArtlis, and Harpton; Mr. Thomas Lewis’s ; There are in all, in' England and Wales together, 23 Cities, 750 great Towns, called Market-Towns, 9913 Parilhes, fome of 40 or 30 Miles Circuit, 61 Forefts, and about 300 Parks. . It appears from the Obfervations and Calculations of the late George King , Efq; publiihed by Dr. D'Avenant, that the Rents of the Lands, by the Produce of the late Taxes, feem to be near 10 Millions per Annum ; and that the Houfes (not let with the Lands) amount to 2 Millions per Annum : And all other Hereditaments to about 2 Millions more; in all 14 Milli¬ ons: So that the People and Territories of the King of Eng¬ land alone, may be valued for Wealth and Strength at above orte Half of thofe of France. And ftnee the whole annual Ex¬ pence of the King of. England's Sub\e&s is about 50 Millions [The annual Income I fuppofe is meant here inftead of the an¬ nual Expence, and no body ever yet fuppofed our whole an¬ nual Income to amount to more than 32,000,000. I hope our Expences don’t much exceed our Income at prefent] it will re¬ quire but. an-8th Part thereof to maintain 100,000 Foot, . 30,000 Horfe, 40,000 Seamen, and to defray all other Charges of the Government Ordinary and Extraordinary. [But if our an¬ nual Expences for the Support of the Government and paying the. Intercft of 50,000,000/. which the Nation is indebted, amounts to 5,000,0000 per Annum, in Time of Peace, and we Should be obligedtocnter into a Wav which would coft 6 or 30 Cfje pjeCent State Parti. 7 Millions more annually, in all, n or 12,000,000, per An¬ num, how long would the Nation be able to maintain fuch a" War, when her whole Income amounts to no more than 32 Millions per Annum ; 30 Millions whereof are funpofed to be expended annually in maintaining the People; whether in this Cafe we (hould not run out 10 Millions every Year be¬ yond our Income 1 ] England, without Wales, is divided into 6 Circuits, alloted to the 12 Judges to hold Aflizes twice a Year. It is alfo di¬ vided by the King’s Jultices in Eyre of the Forefts, and by the Kings of Arms, into North and South ; that is, all Counties upon the North and South-Jide of Trent, CHAP. IV. Of its Air, Soil and Commodities. 3 !ir*]'T < H E Air is far more mild and temperate, if not A more healthy, than any Part of the Continent un* der the fame Climate. By reafon of the warm Vapours of the Sea on every fide, and the very frequent Winds from the huge Weftern Ocean, the Cold in Winter is oftentimes lefs fharp than in fome Parts of France and Italy, which yet are feated far more Southerly. And the Heat in Summer is lefs fcorching than in fome Parts of the Continent that lie much more Northward, giOil.] It is blefled with a very fertile wholfome Soil, wa- tered abundantly with Springs and Streams, and in diverfe Parts with great Navigable Rivers; and feveralof late Years have been made fo. It hath few barren Mountains and craggy Rocks, but generally pleafant Hills, rifing with eafy Afcents and fruitful Valleys, apt for Corn, Grafs, or Wood. CommoaitiEB .1 As it is divided by the Sea from the reft of the World, fo if may, without the Afliftance of any other Part of the World, more eafily fubfift than any of its neigh¬ bouring Countries. Firft, For wholfome fubftantial Food (as well as Delicates) there is Plenty of Fowl, Fifh, and Flelh of all Sorts. England likewife abounds with Wheat, Barley, Rye.Pulfe, Beans and Oats, with excellent Butter and Cheefe, Honey, Saffron, and many other choice Commodities for Food, Me¬ dicine and Pleafure. The Fields are fufficientlyfullof every thing the Earth pro¬ duces for the Ufe of Life. For Drinks, we abound with Beer, Ale, Syder,Perry,Methe- glin and Mede, Brandy made either of Malt, or Apples, ere. Here is great Plenty of excellent Fruit of all Sorts; but in Orchards and Gardens you have Apples, Pears, Plumbs, Cher¬ ries, Peaches, Apricots, Neftarines, Strawberries, ere. Variety of all Sorts, and in as great Perfeftion as any of the faid Fruits, especially Pears, are found in the Kingdom of France. BookI. of Great-Britain.' 31 The Kitchen-garden affords us as great Plenty of all Sorts of Herbs and Roots, and they come to as great. Maturity as any of the fame Species in our neighbouring Nations. itisendlefsto reckon up the Varieties of theFlower-gardens: From all Quarters and Climates curious Plants have been brought, efpeciallyof late Years into England. AndinthePhy- fick-garden at Chelfea we may at once fee Specimens of every known Sort of the whole vegetable Kingdom, that at Oxford not being kept up in the Manner it ought. Now of all thefe Things there is fuch a conftant Continuance, by reafon of the Clemency of the Climate, that fcarce the leaft Famine, which frequenteth other Countries, hath been felt in England thefe 400 Years. Then for Raiment, England produceth generally very fine Wool, which makes our Cloth more lading than other Coun¬ try Cloth, and better conditioned againft Wind and Weather; and in fuch Abundance, that not only all forts, from the high- eft to the lowed, are cloathed therewith; but fo much hath been heretofore tranfported beyond the Seas, that in Honour of the Englijh Wool, which then brought fuch Plenty of Gold in¬ to the Territories of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy (where the Staple for Englifli Wool was in thofeDays kept) he inftituted that famous Military Order of the Golden Fleece, after the En¬ glijh Garter, the nouleft Order of Khightliood in Europe. This Abundance and Cheapnefs of Wool in England pro¬ ceeds not only from the Goodnefs of the Soil, but alfo from a Freedom from Wolves, and from exceffive Heats and Colds, which in other Countries create Charge and conftant guarding their Sheep, and houfing them by Night, and fometimes by Day alfo. And for advancing the Manufaftures of Cloth, that neceffarv Earth, called Fullers-Earth, is no where elfe produ¬ ced in that Abundance and Excellency as in England, It wants not Linnen for all Ofes, at leaft not Ground to pro¬ duce Flax and Hemp, and fine Paper made of Linnen, although there hath been much Linnen imported with much Paper, to the Shame and Damage of the Nation. But there are lately many Paper-mills erected, and tolerable fine Paper made in feveral Places of England, Eefides, there is in England great Plenty of excellent Lea¬ ther, for all forts of CJfes; infomuch that the pooreft People in England wear good Shoes of Leather; whereas in our neighbouring Countries, the Poor generally wear either Shoes of Wood, or noneat all. ■ For Building, it wants not Timber, nor Iron, Stone nor Slate, nor Ardoife, or blue Slate, Brick nor Tiles, Marble nor Alabafter, Mortar or Lime, Lead nor Glafs. For Firing, either Wood, Sea-coal, or Pit-coal, is almoft every where to be had at reafonablc Rates; and alfo Turf. For Shipping, nowhere better Oak, no where fuch Knee- Timber, as they call it, for which four Forcfts are eminent 3i ^Ije l^efent State Parti, j and convenient likewife for Portage, viz. New Eorefl in llamp- j /hire, near the Sea, Sherwood on the Trent, Dean, on the Severn, and Windfor-Vorejl nearth'e Thames, We have likewife great : Store of Iron, for War, for Coach and Waggon, for Travelling, ! Hunting and Racing, no where greater Plenty of Horfes, though ypur New-England Pads are efteenied as the fwifteft Pacers • 41fo for Plough and Pack-carriage ■ infotiiuch as Mules and Affes, ; fo generally made ufe of in France, Italy arid Spain, are utterly ; deipifed in England. , , I Here are Dogs of all Sorts, Sizes and Ufes, as MaliifFs, Grey¬ hounds, Spaniels for Land and Water, Hounds for Stag, Buck,’ Pox, Hare and Otter; Lurchers, Setting-dogs; ere. The Bear , arid Bull-dog MaftifFs feem to be the boldeft and tlrongeffc Creatures of their Size in the World; one of them will encoun¬ ter finglya Lion, Biar, Bull; or any Creature they are fet up- j bn, and riot give river to the laft Breath of Life. Our Gatne- Cocks likewife are fo flout and hardy, that if two of them are ' Well matched, they both becotrie dying Conquerors by flaying one anotherbut it is well known both of Englijh Cocks arid Hogs, that if thdy are carried into another Country; after fome confiderable Time they degenerate. Moreover, England produced), befides a mighty Quantity rif Tin; Lead and Iron, fome Brafs and Copperas, Copper, arid Lapis Calawindris to make Brafs 8 much Atllum, Salt, Hops; Liquorice, Wax; Tallow, Coney-furs, Salt-petre, Madder,' And Woadfor dying • all Sorts of Glafs, Flak, Hemp, ere. arid diverfe other beneficial Commodities. It wants not Mines of Silver; in Wales, Cornwall, Lancajhire, and theBilhopricIt of Durham, which yield ordinarily fix or eight Ounces per Cent, but moft of thefe lying deep, are hard to Come unto’ and Workmen dear. It wants not Hot Baths as in Stntcrfeljhife ; Derbyfhire-, and' abounds in Medicinal Springs, working either by Stool or Urine; as at Tunbridge, Epforo. Scarborough, Aftrop, A Cl on, Barnet, North-Hill, Dallidge, IJlington. ScUengej Cobham, Shooter's Hill, Richmond and Himpjleid. [Of late Years the Holt'Water has been much ufed; At Otters-Pool neir Watford in Hertfordfhirt is an excellent Cold Bath, which has done great Good to Per- fons affli&ed with the P-hcumatifiri, Scorbutick, Leprofy, and other Humours.] . Though fome Countries excel England in fonie Thirigs; yet t enefally there'is no one Country which hath greater Aburi- aiice of all Things neceflary for Man’s Life, and more efpeci- ally for all kindof Food-, infomuch that' it hath been judged, that there is yearly as much FlefH and Beer confirmed in Eng¬ land, by over-plemiful Tables; as Would fervC three times the Nunibefof People. Add to all this; that being enconipaffed with the Sea; and well furnifh'd with Ships, and abundance of commodious and excellent Havens and Ports; it excels' for Safety and Security all the neighbouring Countries. . chap; Book! of Great-Britain. 33 CHAP. V. Of its Inhabitants, their Number, Lan¬ guage, and Cbaraffer. Tntjabitimte] the firftlnhabitantsin England Were Bri- tons, defcended from the Cauls, whofe Language was once almolt theiame; fubdued after by the fitt- mans, whoby reafon of their Troubles nearer Home, Were conftrained to abandon this Country about 400 Yeats after Chrift; whereupon the Extra-provincial Britons, then called PiSls (from retaining the Cuftotu of painting their Bodies, once in common to the Inhabitants of the Whole Ifland) invading the Britains, theycajled to their Aid the Saxons, who calling away the PiSls, Toon made themfelves Mailers of the Britains: But thefc not able to endure the heavy Yoke of the Saxons, af¬ ter many Battles and Attempts to recover their loft Liberties and Country, retired, or were driven, fome of them into Bre- taigne in France, but molt of tl cm into the two utmoft Wefiern barren and mountainous Parts of this Country, called after¬ wards by the Saxons, Walijhland, as the Germans Bill call Italy Wclthland, becaufe inhabited by the Cifalpine Gauls 5 and the French call our Country of Britains, Le Pats tie Galles. Tht Saxons folely pcfTcfTed of all the bed Parts of thislfle, were for a long Time infeftec, and for fome Time almoftfttb- dued by the Danes, and afterwards wholly by the Normans, who drove not out the Saxons, but mixed With them ; fo that the Englijh Blood at this Day is a Mixture chiefly of Norman and Sa.viw.not without a Tinfture of Danijh,Roman,an93> 1)175,95* Houfes. Now allowing to each Houfe, one with another, 6Perfons, there Will be found in all 7,055,70(1 Souls, and amongft them i,ooo,soo of Fighting-men. All the Souls in France are. computed at 13,500,000, or at the moft 15,000,000 of which 170,000 are Churchmen, befides Nuns j the Clergy of England are not 15,000. Stfjcir language.] The Englijh Tongue is a Mixture, chief¬ ly of the old Saxon (a Dialeft of the Teutonic!:) and the old Norman (which was Part French, Part Danijh) with a large Mixture of the Bcittflt, Roman, and Danijh' Languages. The Names of Shires, Cities, Towns and Villages, Places and Men in England, are' generally Saxon ; and fo are moft i Nouns Appellative, and a great part of the Peris, In French, or rather Norman, are ftill written the Common Laws, and learned by young Students thereof; ail Reports, P Pleadings, 34 f ?efent Parti, Pleadings, all Moots and Law Exercifes, are wholly french ; Lome old Statutes are Hill in that Tongue; the Reports and Law-Books of late Date are all in Englijli : In Parliament the A (Tent or DilTent to Bills made by the King, Lords, or Com¬ mons, is in French: Almoft all our Terms in Hunting, Hawk¬ ing, Cookery, Dicing, Dancing, Singing, Heraldry, eye. are Bill French. . <£flatter.] The Natives of England are generally of a middle Stature: They are fair, especially the Women : The Men are.ftrong, couragious, warlike, refolute, enterprizing, liberal to Prodigality, open-hearted, eafy to be provoked, yer, when exafperated, ftomacbful till Satisfaftion be given, and then eafy to be reconciled: Sumptuous and fplendid, great Lovers of Hofpitality, magnanimous, beneficent, and learn¬ ed : They are thought to be induftrious (the Mechanicks being of all Nations the greateft Improvers) but want Caution, Suf- picion, Craft, Obfequioufnefi, and which is moll of all to be deplored, Content: Yet thefe Wants are fupplied by many eminent Qualifications,, as Dexterity, Sagacity, Eloquence 1 , fidelity, Priendlhip, Publick-fpiritednefs. The Daringnefs of the Soldier, the Profoundnefs of the Scholar, the Magnificence of the Gentry, and the Robuftnefs of the Labourer, are not furpafled, if equalled, by any Peo¬ ple in the World. The Women are not without Vanity, Pretentions to Satire, Railery, and the like; which Vices they have horrowed from their Neighbours the French: But no women out-do them in Modefty, Patience, Charity, providential Care, Temperance, Wit, good Humour, Cleanlinefs, and that which crowns all the reft, is the Sincerity and Zeal of religious Devotion. Good Nature is a Qualification peculiar to the Englijh , fo peculiar, that, as a noble Writer obferves, there is no Word for it in any other Language. ’ The Inhabitants are generally of folid Parts, apprellenfive and fagacious; fuccefsful in finding out newDifcoveries; but moftof all in improving of old, efpecially Mechanicks; there being few Curiofities of Art brought over from beyond Sea, but are here improved to a greater Height. , Here are the ,beft Clocks, Watches, Locks, Tarometers, Thermometers, Air-pumps, &c. in the Worid. The late Queen Mary had a Clock made by Mr. Watfon, late of Coventry, worth a thoufand Pounds, in which are all the Motions of the Cele- ftial Bodies, [and of late Years, Mr. Pinchheck has madefeve- ral Mufical, and other fine Clocks, which he has fold at 1000 Guineas.] Locks are here made of Iron and Brafs, of fifty Pounds a Lock. Watches fo curious, that one Part of the Movement of a Repeating-watch comes to ten Pound, which makes them ordinarily fifty or fixty Pounds a Watch ; and yet thefe prove profitable Merchandife when we fend them into ' : , foreign Book I. of GR E A T-B RIT A IN. 3 j’ foreign Countries, fo valuable and fo inimitable is the Work. Curious Telefcopes,Microfcopes,Perfpe£fives,Mirrors,Spheres, Globes,Charts,Maps, and all forts of Mathematical Inftruments, Dials, Balances, Sea-CompalTes, e n. The late great Improve¬ ment in making Glafs; of polifhing the Infides of great Iron Guns; of weighing up Ships that are funk to the Bottom of the Sea; in Fifhing, as they call it, for Money, loft it may be ioo Years ago; and many other noble Inventions and Improve- ments; as weaving Silk-Stockings, Mills of Copper, Gun-pow- ' der, polifhing Glafs, e n, Mortlack Tapeftry, Earthen-ware of luibam, Speaking-Trumpets, making of Luftring, Engines foe railing ot Glafs, (pinning of Glafs, cutting of Tobacco, print¬ ing Stuffs, Linnen, Paper; m iking Damask Linnen, watering Silks; the Way of feparating Gold from Silver ; Bolting-mills, Lanthorns of diverfe Sorts, Cane-Chairs, making Horn-Ware, CT. All thefe Inftances fhew how excellently the EngliJIt Nati¬ on is turned for all manner of mechanical Arts, The common People will endure long and hard Labour; in- fomuch that after tz Hours hard Work,thev will go in the Even¬ ing to Foot-ball,Cricket, Prifon-bafe, Wreftling, Cudgel-play¬ ing, orfomefuch like vehement Exercife for their Recreation. They areaslong-liv’d generally as the People of any Nation in the World. In the Reign of King James the Firft, 8 old Men danced a Morice-dance, all living in one Mannor in the Weft of England, wbofc Ages put together made 800 Years; and in the Year 16; 5, died old Par, aged 151: And in the Year 1671, di¬ ed Henry Jenkins of Torkjhire, aged 168 Years: But on the other Side, by reafonof Intemperance, there is no Part of theWorld Wherein People are more fubjeftto diefuddenly. CHAP. VI. Of Religion. C Hriftianity was very early planted in England ; but when, or by whom, is very uncertain; probably in the latter j End of the firft, or the Beginning of the fecond Century. In 1 Tersullian’s Time, even that Part of Britain which did not own the Roman Yoke, fubmitted to the Name of Chrift. Three Bri- ri/7; Bilhops of Caerleon,' as it is fuppofed, of London, and of Torh, fubferibed the Canons of the Council of Arles, A, C. 314. Under them were, as is faid, 2; other Bilhops; which Num¬ ber of Bilhops (confidering that the Province then reached as far as Graham's Dike) was much the fame as there are now. The BritiJIs Church, upon the Invafion of the Saxons, was. With its People,' driven into the Weftern Parts, as Wales, Glo- eejlerjhire, Somerfetjhin, Deyonjhire, and Cornual, where it con¬ tinued. When Astgujlm the Monk convened Etheliers, King D 2 of 3 6- %\)z peCettt State Fart i. of Kent, and his People to Chriftianity, M. C. 596. by Order of his Mailer, Pope Gregory the Great, he laboured to bring the Britijb Bilhops to acknowledge the Pope’s Authority, and him as their Archbilhop, This when they refufedto do, the Saxons , at his Indication, fell upon tioo Monks and Priefts of the Britijb Nation, and killed them. The Saxons, and after them the Normans, owned 5 Popes Authority; and after King John had bafely fubjefled his Crown to the Pope, the better thereby to free himfelf from his too powerful Barons, England was, till the Reformation, ■ one of the tamed Countries that any where fabmitted to the \ Roman Yoke. Our Parliaments indeed did many times exert i themfelves vigoroufly; but dill the Papal Yoke lay heavy i upon the Shoulders of the whole Nation: But in Henry the Eighth’s Time, when lather's Preaching had alarmed the greateft Part of the Kingdoms of the North, and infpired them with almod an univerfal Confent to fet their Confciences free at oncefrom the Romijh Tyranny, England joined in with the general Torrent, Henry VIII. himfelf being enraged at Pope Clement VII’s Ufage of him in the Matter of his Divorce from Queen Catharine, abolilhed the Pope’s Supremacy, and j feized upon all the Monaderies and other religious Houfes j in England, and divided their Lands amongft the Nobi- l lity and Gentry of the Kingdom; but in other Articles of | Religion he continued a Papift : So that the Reformation went on but lamely in his Time. Under his SonEdward VI. it gained more Ground; and the Superditions of Popery were almod entirely abolilhed. Queen Mary, who reigned but five Years, brought Popery in again : But the bloody Execu¬ tions of above 500 Protedants in her Time, who were burned j for their Faith, did fo alienate the People’s Affeftion from ! her, that Queen Elizabeth, who fucceeded her, found it no f difficult Matter to fettle the Reformation again upon that Foot j on which it dill continues. £ Bilhops were then confecrated by other Bilhops, whofe Sue- f cedion was unquedionable from the fird Planters ofChridia- | nityamongus, and placed in every See where there had been j Bilhops formerly. Articles of Religion were appointed, which I dill are required to befubferibed andaflentedto by every Man I that takes any Ecclefiadical Preferment in our Church: And j a Liturgy was’ enafted to be obferved in performing divine j Service in thtEnglip Tongues Afterwards, in King James's Time, a Book of Canons was alfo fet forth, by which the I Difcipline of the Church of England was fettled. And from j ail thefe any Man may framean Idea of our Church. • ! And tho’ there be feveral other Perfuafions in this Nation, thardiffer from the Church of England^ as edablifhed by Law, and who were liable to fome. Inconveniences becaufeof their Perdiafions, ’till of late, fuch as- Presbyterians, Independants, and Bookl of Great-Britain. !jjf and Anahaptiflt ; neverthelefs, fince the Revolution, all his jiajefty’s Proteftant Subjefts, diflenting from the Church 'of England,ire, by an Aft in the Firft ofKingWilliam and Queen Mary, exempted from die Penalties of certain Laws therein mentioned: So that no Man is to be molefted upon account of his Religion, that takes the Oath of Allegiance to his pre- fent Majefty, [and the Oath of Abjuration required by an Aftof 15 Will. III. and confirmed by feveral fubfequent Aids with fomefmall Alterations: Inftcad of which Oath and De¬ claration, the Quakers folemn Affirmation of the like Tenor is accepted; and by an Aft of S Geo. I. Cap. 6 . they were indulged fo far as to have the Name of God ftruck out of their Affirma¬ tion and Declaration. Rut in Cafe of Life and Death, they mufl fwear,orcan’tbe Witneffes] and fubfcribes the Declara¬ tion enjoined in an Aft of 30 Car, II. entitled. An AH to pre¬ vent Papiflt from Jiltin’ in either Hoitfe of Parliament, when ten- dredtothem. There is alfo a Toleration granted to the Quakers, whoferu* pie the taking of an Oath; and the Declaration every fuch Per- fon (hall make andfubferibe, is as follows: I a. b. 00 fincereIpp?omifeanD fofemnip Dedare&efo^c ©00 anD tlje ®o?lD, tijat 31 trill be SCruc anD Jfaitlj* ful fo King george : anD 1 folcrrmlp p?ofcfs aito tea clare, tijat 31 00 from mp fearf abijo?, octctf, ano re* nounce, as impious? ano heretical, tijat Oamnable Boc* trine anb Volition, ffijat^inre# ccpcommimicateo 0 ? Bep?ibeD bp tijc $opc, 0 ? aup Si!tljo?ifp from tijc See of Rome, map be BepofeD, or £j5urtl)e?cD bp tljeir &ub* jtaS, or anp otijer trijatfoeber: 3in0 3[ 00 Declare, tijat no tfo?eign B?iuce, Bcrfon, 3©?elate, State, o?Botens fate, ijatij, op ougljt fo ijabeanp ySotoer, lurifoittion, Superio?itp, preeminence, 0 ? 2lutijo?itp,<&;cleEa0ical 0 ? Spiritual, toitljin tljis llcaltn. And they mutt fubferibe aProfeffion of their Chriftian Belief in thefe Words: T a. b. p^ofefs jFaiti) in ffioD tiie fatijer, anD in llefas 1 Cljriff (jiff (Sternal Son, tije true @ob, anDintije ®olp Spirit, one 05 00 bleffen fo?. ebermore: 21no Do acfenotaleoge tlje ©olp Scriptures of tlje HMD anD $eto 9-cftamcnt to be gibc-n bp Bibine Infpivation, In C liver Cromwel's Time the fevit were in fome meafure tolerated in London, and they are fince continued, by the bare Jermjffion of our Princes, and fuffered to hirea private Houfe, wherein to hold their Meetings; they were not at firfi: confi- derable either for Number (not making above 80 or ioo Fa- D 3 milies) 38 ®&e Piefent State Parti. milies) or for their Wealth or Abilities, being for the moft Part poor and ignorant, to what they are in other Countries; yet of late they are encreafed, and have built a fumptuous Sy¬ nagogue near Dukes-Placc, within the City of London, [The Jews are now very numerous and immenfely rich : many of the Portitgtiefe Jews having elcaped hither of late Years from the Inquifition, which is very fevere upon them in Portugal] CHAP. VII. Of Trade. A S our Religion is the pureft, fo is our Trade the mod confiderable of the whole World. Trade is cither In- ' land or Maritime. By our Inland Trade, we appear in Time of Peace to have great Stocks of Money, well divided into many Purfcs. But that which makes us fo confiderable in the Eye of the World, is the wonderful Greatnefs of our Maritime Trader for upon the three Articles of Exportation, Tranfportation, or Re¬ exportation, and Importation, no Kingdom or State in the World can any ways match us. France pretends to little more than theFirft of thefe; Spain, Italy, and the two Northern Crowns, to thepirft and Third; Holland only vies with us in the Second. Firft then for Exportation, our Country produces many of the moft fubftantial and neceffary Commodities in the World, as Butter, Corn, Cattle, Cloth, Iron, Lead, Tin, Copper, Lea¬ ther, Copperas, Pit-coal, Allom, Saffron, &c. Our Corn fometimes preferves other Countries from ftarv- ing j as it has lately done Holland, Flanders, and Portugal. Our Horfes arc the molt ferviceable in the World, and highly valued for their Hardinefs, Beauty, Strength, Courage, Go¬ ings, by all Nations. With Beef, Mutton, Pork, Poultry, Bisket, we viftual not only our own Fleets, but all Foreign¬ ers that come and go. Our Iron we export manufaftured in great Guns, Carcaffes, Bombs, ere. Our Cloth is fent to all Parts of the World, the Baltic!;, [The Exportation of Cloth to Sweden, Pcujfta, Poland, PruJJia, and other Countries border¬ ing on the Balticlt, is now almoft loft, as it is alfo to France, Flanders, and feveral other Countries that now manufafture their own Cloth] the Mediterranean, AeEaJl and Wefl-Indies, &c. The Manufaftures of Wool in Broad-Cloth, long and Ihort, Northern Dozens, Rafhes, Kerfies, Bays, Serges, Flannel, Perpetuano's, Says, Stuffs, Frize, Penniftone, Stockings,Caps, Rugs, esc. exported, may be computed to amount to two Mil¬ lions per Annum. Dr. D’Avenant and Mr. King having calcu¬ lated the yearly Produce of Wool in England to be twoMil- , lions Sterling, and that the fame, when manufaftured, will be eight Millons; they allow fix Millions for Home Confumption, and two Millions for Exportation. Pro; Book! Of Great-Britain.’ 3 9 Prodigious, arid almoft incredible is the Value likewife of other Goods from hence exported; viz. Hops, Flax, Hemp, Huts, Shoes, Ale, Bier, Red-Herrings, Pilchards, Salmon, Oi- flers. Saffron, Liquorice, Watches ; Ribbons, Toys, See. The Veftments, Hats, Shoes, Houlhold-ftufF, carried from hence yearly to America, are computed at 100,000 1. I men¬ tion nor Wool andFullers-Earth,becaufe they are pr hibited. England produces yearly 5,000,000 Chaldrons of Sea-coal, 1,100,000 Pounds of Tin, 800 Fodders of Lead, 8oo Fur¬ naces of Iron, 800 Tuns of Allom 5 of all which great Quan¬ tities are exported to foreign Parts, to the Value, at leaft, of 500,000 1. per Annum. ■Secondly,OurTranfportation,ot Re-exportation: For the Wool, Butter, Hides, Tallow, Beef, Herrings, Pilchards, and Salmon, which we tranfport from Ireland, being the Concerns of our Merchants, and paying Dutiesto his Majefty, have been reckon¬ ed at 300,000 l. per Annum. We tranfport from our Plantations in America, befideswhat we confume our felves, of Sugar, [OurExportations of Sugar are come to nothing; the French have almoft work’d us outof thatTrade.] Indico, Tobacco, Cocoa-Nuts, crc. befides the Fifh, Pipe-Staves, Mails, Bever, eye. from New-England, and the Northern Parts of America, 10400,000 l. per Annum. ’Twould be tedious to enumerate the Value of ourTranf- portations from Denmark and Sweden, [We are great Lofers by our Trade with Denmark, Sweden, and the reft of the Countries on the Baltick at prefent, the Balance being very much againft us.] Spain, Portugal, the Streights, Turkey, Guinea, See. Themoftconfiderableof all is that from the Eaft-Indics, . from the firft Beginning of that Trade till now. Initslnfancy, ■viz. Anno 1613, of Pepper only, befides what we confumed at home; we tranfported in one Year to other Countries, after it had paid Duty here, to the Value of 100,000 1. and now of late Years, our Exportation, of which we bring from thence, after we have fufficiently fupplied our felves, is computed at 400,000 1. per Annum, in Pepper, Salt-petre, Callicoes, Silks, Drugs, Diamonds, Pearls, &c. The third Article of Trade is Importation, the bringing hither fuch Goods from beyond Sea, which we confume among our felves. The ingenious Mr. Samuel Fortrey, in his. excellent Difcourfe of Trade, hath made appear, that we yearly imported from France, almoft 1,600,000/ worth of Goods more than the Value of what we exported thi¬ ther; viz. of Silk, Sattins, Taffatie's, Stuffs, Armoifins, Paduafoys, Tabbies, Cloth of Gold and Silver, Velvets, Ribbands, Galloons, Laces, Silk Buttons, to the Value of 600,000/. per Annum, Linnen 400,000 /. per Annum, Wines 600,000 /. per Annum, Serges and Calons 150,000 /. per An- nuns. Hats 110,0001. per Annum, Hatbands, Feathers, Fans, . D 4 Girdles, 40 Cfte P?efett£ ©tats Part I. Girdles, Hoods, Masks, Looking-GlaU'es, Watches, Figures’ Medals, Cabinets, Cafes, Bracelets, Tablets, and other Houlhold-llufr, as Beds, Matrcfies, Coverlets, Hangings, Fringes, &c. too ooo l. per Annum, Brandy, Sider, Vinegar, Verjuice, e ?c. 100,000 /. per Annum , Caflle-Soap, Honey, Almonds, Olives, Capets, Prunes, eye. no,000 /. per An¬ num, Pins, Needles, Box .and Tortoife-fhdl Combs, rye. 20,000/. per Annum, perfumed and trimmed Cloves, 10,000 /. per Annum. Fine Ironmongers Ware, 40,000/ per Annum. All which, beftdes Sait, Cork, Rofin, and other Things to a great Value, amount to 2,540,000 /. per Annum, Now, though it is pofliblv Mr. Forlrey might reckon the Over-balance of the French Trade much greater than truly it Was, fince at the very fame Time the French efiimated the Over-balance on the Englp Side 5 yet, doubtlefs, the Nation loft yearly by the French Trail a conficlerable Sum. And at the fame Time, all the Commodities exported out of England into France, as Woollen Cloth, Serges, knit Stock¬ ings, Lead, Pewter, Allom, Coals, c ft. did not amount to a- bove 1,000,000 l. per Annum. So that the Nation was yearly impoverilhed by the French Trade, aimed 600,000 1. per An¬ num. [I.t is computed that at this Day we lofe 500,000/. an¬ nually by our Trade with France and French Flanders .] Thus our Gold and Silver was exported to fetch from thence ftrong Drink and Vanity, to the debauching and emafculating our Bodies and Minds. For the Toys of other Nations we likewife expend great Sums of Money, or lefl'en our E(lefts abroad by Bills of Ex¬ change, and that (which is the greateft Shame of all to us) even for the bate Freight, fuffering the Hollanders, Flemings, and Hamburghers, to be, in a manner, the common Carriers between us and all Parts of the World ; a Grievance which the Aa of Navigation 12 Cha. 11. reftrained, by forbidding all Foreigners to import any thing hither, but each one the Produft of his own Country. In ancient Times the great Trade of this Nation confifted in unmanuf’afjured Wool, which Foreigners coming from all Parts bought of us; infomuch that the Cuftoms of Eng - lip Wool exported in Edward the Third’s Reign, amounted, at 50 s. a Pack, to 250,000/. per Annum, an immenfe Sum of Money in tirofe Days: And that exce'flive Cuftom upon unmanufaftured Wool foon gave Encouragement to the making of Cloth here, more effedlually than the Laws againft Exportation of Wool are now found to do: Yet moft of this . Wool being fent but juft crofs the Seas, to Flanders, France, or Holland,- the Exportation for the moft Part was in very fmall Veffels to what are now in Ufe 5 and neither of the Indies being then difeovered by out Book I. of Great-Britain. 4 1 Merchants, we had for almod two Centuries after, but few Ships of any confiderable Eignefs. In the Year 1540, there were but four Ships in the Thames fo big as to be computed each at no Tuns, bellies the Navy-Royal. And towards the latter End of Queen Elizabeth's Reign, it is faid, there was not in all England above three Merchants Ships of 300 Tuns and upwards each. And how little our Maritime Trade in Queen Elizabeth's Time was, appears by the Cuftoms in all England not amounting to above 30 or 40,000/. per An¬ num. Ar.d how much the Stock of Money in the Nation hath fincc King James's Time encreafed, may in Part be computed by the Price of Lands, which were Anno 1620, at 12 Years Purchafe, and now at 21 or 23, even to 30 about Our Filb Trade would be very confiderable, if that of the Hollanders were not much more. The Red-Herrings at Tar- meuth, Pilchards in the We]l, Cod-Eilh in Newfoundland and New-England, are very advantageous Branches. They that compute the Cafh, as Sir William Petty did, at . «,000,000 1, come doubtlefs very Ihort of the Whole: And when he computes the Shipping of England at 600,000 Tun, I am perfuaded he doth not exceed. [A late Writer computed the Shipping of Londonelone amounts to 600,000 Tons.] • We have diverfe very confiderable Societies of Merchants who have great Stocks, and deep Knowledge in the Myfterics of Trade ; the Merchants- sidventurers, the Turkey, the Eaft- lniia, the Mufcovy, the Eajlland, the Greenland, the Spamfh, . the African, the Hudfon’s-Bay , and the South-Sea Companies. Some of thefe trade in Joint-Stock, as the Eajl-India and : African Companies, that Part of the Turkey called the Morea • Company, the Greenland : [The South-Sea Company manage ; the Greenland Trade at prefent:] The others aft upon fepa- rate Stocks, but in a publick Community as to the defraying of.publick Expences, keeping out Interlopers, and the like. In a word, Great-Britain may be juftly counted the princi¬ pal Nation for Trade in the whole World, except the Butch, and indeed the moft proper for Trade, being an Ifland which hath many commodious Port; and Havens, natural Produfts, confiderable Manufaftures, great Encouragement from the State for the Sake of Cuftoms and Duties paid, the Breeding of Seamen, and Encreafc of Shipping, Freedom in Religion, the Pleafure and Heathfulncfs of our "clime, the Eafe and Se¬ curity of our Government; ail conducing to the Encourage¬ ment of Maritime Trade. And no lefs Advantages have we for Inland Trade. The Freedom of Cities and Boroughs is eafily putchafed. We have Very few Holidays befidesS««dayj, in which the Poor do not Work. We have, in Favour of DiiTenters, a Relaxation of the PenalLaws, The Intcreft of Money is here but 5 per Cent, at the utrnoft, and upon feme Securities lefs. THE £40 Relent O P GREJT-BRITAIN- Part! B o o k II. Of the Government of that Part of j Great-Britain call’d England. j C H A P. I. | Of the Government of England in general. | 8 H E Kingdom of England is an Hereditary Limited i Monarchy, governed by the Supreme Head, ac -1 cording to the known Laws and Cuftoms of the j It is a Monarchy free from all Interregnum, and j with it from many Mifchiefswhereunto Elective Kingdoms are fubjeft. It is fuch a Monarchy, as that, by the neceflary Concurrence of the Lords and Commons in the making and repealing all Statutes or Afts of Parliament, it hath the main Advantages of an Arijiocracy, and of a Democracy, and yet free from the Disadvantages and Evils of either. Book II. Of Great-Britain.' 43' It !s fuch a Monarchy as, by molt admirable Temperament, affords very much to the lnditjlry, Liberty and Happinefs of the Subjeft, and referves enough for the Majefty and Prerogative of any King that will own his People as Subjects, not as Slaves. CHAP. II. Of the King of England, and therein of his Name, 'Title, Perfon, Office, Supremacy and Sovereignty, Power and Prerogative, Dominions, Strength, Patrimony, Anns and Refpeff. ffiatne.J-p'HE King is fo called from the Saxon Word JL Cyning. The Title of the King of England is, By the Grace of God, of Great-Britain, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Taith. Defender of the Taith w ns anciently ufed by the Kings of Eng¬ land, as appears by feveral Charters granted to the Univerfity of Oxford } but in the Year 1511 more particularly affixed by a Bull from Pope Leo X for a Book written by Henry VIII. a- gainfl: Luther, in Defence of the feven Sacraments, and fince continued by Aft of Parliament, for Defence of the Ancient, Catholic!:, and ApoftolicI: Faith. ' Chriftianijftmtis was by the Lateran Council, under Pope jf«- Han II. conferred on the Kings of England in the fifth Year of Henry VIII. though before ufed by Henry VII. and fince only by the Trench King, The Title of Grace was firft given to the King'about the Time of Henry IV. to Henry VI Excellent Grace ; to Edward IV. High and Mighty Prince ; to Henry VII. fometimes Grace, and fometilnes Highnefs ; to Henry VIII. firft Highnefs, then Ma- jejly ; and now Sacred Majefty, or Mofl Excellent Majefty. The King of England, in his publick Inftruments and Let¬ ters, ftiles himfelf Hot, We, in the Plural Number. Before KingjM»’sTime, Kings ufed the Singular Number; which 44- €lje perent State Part l j ently in England given to Lords, afterwards to Knights, and to j. : Clergymen, prefixed before the Chriftian-Names; now in that I Manner only Baronets, and Knights of the Bath, Knights Batche¬ lors, and Batchelors of Arts, in both the Univerfilies. 4detf0n>] 8« Anglia, eft Perfona mixta cum Sacerdote, fay our Lawyers: He is, as it were, a Prieft as well as a King. ■ He is Crown’d, an Honour, faith Guillim, which the Kings of Spain, Portugal, Navarre, and diverfe other Kings have not; ; at which Coronation he is anointed with Oil, as the Priefts ;; wereatfirft, and afterwards the Kings of Ifrael, to intimate ■■ that his Perfon is Sacred and Spiritual. j; Of this Sacred Perfon of the King, of the Life and Safety h thereof, the Laws and Cuftoms of England arefo tender, that [• they have made it High-Treafon only to imagine or intend the [j Death of the Kingt Although in all other Capital Cafes, the Ij Rule is. Voluntas note reputabitur pro faBo ; and an Englifhman | may not in other Cafes be puniihed with Death, unlefs the | Aft follow the Intent. The Law of England hath To high Efteem of the King's Per¬ fon, that to offend againft thofe Perfons, and thofe Things that reprefent his Sacred Perfon, as to kill fome of the Crown- Officers, or to kill any of the King’s Judges executing their Office, or to counterfeit the King’s Seals, or his-Monies, is made High-Treafon ; becaufe by all thefe the King’s Perfon is reprefented. And rather than Treafon againft the King’s Perfon (hall go unpunilhed, the Innocent in fome Cafes lhal! be punifhed: j Por if an Ideot, or Lunatick, (hall kill, or go about to kill the King, he (hail be puniihed as a Traitor ; and yet being Non compos mentis, the Law holds that he cannot commit Felony j or Petit.Treafon, nor other forts of High-Treafon, | Moreover, for the precious Regard of the Perfon of the j King, by an ancient Record it is declared. That no Phyfick j ought to be adminiftred to him without good Warrant; this Warrant to be figned by the Advice of his Council; no other Phyficians but what are mentioned in the Warrant, are to ad- minifter to him; the Phyficians to prepare all Things with their own Hands, and not by the Hands of any Apothecary, and to ufe the Affiftance only of filch Surgeons as are prefctibed in the Warrant, Office,] The Office of the King of England, in the Law3 ofKiagEdviardtbe Confcjfor, is thus defcribed, Rex quia Vicarius fummiRegiseft, ad hoc conftituitur ut Regnum Terram & Popttlum Domini, ©* fuptr omnia fanBam Ecclefiam ejus veneretur, regal, V ab injuriofts defendat. And according to the Learned For- tefcue, it is, Pugnare belia populi fui,-& eos reBiJpme judicare, to fight the Battles of his People, and to fee Right and Juftice done unto them. Book II. Of Great-Britain. 45 Or more particular, as is promifed at the Coronation, to preferve the Rights and Privileges of the Church and Clergy, the Royal Prerogatives belonging to the Crown, the Laws and Cuftoms of the Realm, to do Juftice, love Mercy, keep Peace and Unity, err. ;'3up?emacp and ^obtreigntp.] Whatsoever X lungs are proper to Supreme'Magiftrates, as Crowns, Scepters, Purple Robe,Golden Globe, and Holy Unclion, have as long appertained to the King of England as to any other Prince in Europe-, and therefore the Crown of England hath been declared in Parlia¬ ment long ago, to be an Imperial Crcwn, He acknowledges only Precedence to the Emperor. He owns no Superiority to theBilhop of Rome, wllofelong arrogated Authority in England was, 1535, in a full Parliament of the Lord s Spiritual as well as Temporal, declared null, and the King of England declared to be by ancient Right, in all Caufes, over all Perfons , as well Eccleftaflical as Civil, Supreme Governour. The King hath the Supreme Right of Patronage throughall England, called Patronage Paramount,over all the Ecclefiaftical Benefices of England ; fo that if the mean Patron prefentnot in due Time, nor the Ordinary, nor Metropolitan, the Right of Prefentation comes to the King, beyond whom it cannot go. The King is Summus totius Regni Anglicani Jufticiarius, Su¬ preme Judge, or Lord Chief-Juftice of England. He is the ; Pountain from whence all Juftice is derived, j and ^erogatibe.] The King alone by his Royal ; Prerogative hath Power, without Aft of Parliament, to de- [ dare War, make Peace, fend and receive Ambajfadors, make | Leagues and Treaties with any F oreign States, give CommiJJions 1 for levying Men and Arms by Sea and Land, or for preffing Men, if Need require, [1 Men cannot be prefled into the Land- Service at this Day, but muft lift voluntarily, 5th and 6th of Will, and Mary 15,] difpofing of all Magazines, Ammunition, Caflles, Eortejfes, Ports, Havens, Ships of War, and Publish Mo¬ nies, appoint the Metal, Weight, Purity, and Value thereof. By his Royal Prerogative, he may of his meer Will and Pleafure Convoke, Adjourn, Prorogue, Remove, and DiJfolvePar- liaments. May to any B/7/palfedby bothHoufesof Parliament, J refufe to give, without rendering any Reafon, his Royal AJJent, * without which a Bill is as a Body without a Soul: May at his j Pleafure encreafe the Number of the Members of both Houfes, | by creating more Baron:, and' bellowing Privileges upon any I other Towns to fend Burgejfes to Parliament. Tet this Branch of I hisPrercgative feems to be given up by our late Kings, and therefore 1 it was thought necejfary that the Legiflative Power fhotild intervene, I to enable Durham to fend its Reprefentatives to Parliament, in the | Time of King Charles II. He hath alone the Choice and Nomi- * nation of all Commanders, and other Officers at Land and 3 Sea, 4?efent ©tate Part i. are accounted natural bom Subjects to the King of England, and needed not any Naturalization, as others born out of his Dominions. To England Henry II. annexed Ireland, being (tiled only Lord of Inland, till the 33d of Henry Vili. although they had all Kingly JurifdiRion before. Edward I. annexed all Wales, and Edward HI. the Right, tho’ not the Pojfcjp.on,o{ all France-, but Henry V. added both, and his Son Henry VI. was Crowned and Recognized by all the States of the Realm at Paris. King James I, being King of Scotland before, upon his Accedion to the Crown of England, the whole Ifland was united under one Head, and Cnee that Time fundrv con- fiderable Plantations in America have been peopled by the Subjefts of the Crown of England. The Dominions of the King of England at this Day in Pof- feCion, are Great-Britain and Ireland, and all the Seas adja¬ cent. Moreover, the Iflands ofjerfey, Gutmfey,Aldernay, and Sark, which are a Parcel of the Dutchy of Normandy, befides thofe profitable Plantations of New-England, [Nowt Scotia or New-Scotland ,] N ew.Tork, Eajl and Wejl Jerfey, Penfylvania, Maryland, Virginia, Barbados, Jamaica, Florida, North and South Carolina, Bermudas, with feveral other Ides and Places in thofe Quarters, and fome in the Eafi-Indies, and upon the CoSft of Africa-, alfo upon the North Parts of America, by Right of firft Difcovcry j to Ejlo'ttland, Terra Corterialis, New¬ foundland, and to Guiana in the South 3 to all which the King of England hath a Legal Right, tho’ not PoJfeJJionof the Whole. StrenfitM And let our Sovereign be confidered abftraft- ly as King only of England, which is like a huge Fortrefs, or agarrifon’d Town, fenced not only with ftrong Works, and a wide and deep Ditch the Sea, but guarded alfo with excellent Out-Works, the ftrongeft and bed: built Ships of War in the World: It is fo abundantly furnidied with Men and Horfes, with Viftuals and Ammunitions, with Cloaths and Money, that if all the Potentates of Europe fhould confpire (which God forbid) they could hardly conquer it, provided it be at Unity in itfelf. This for the Defcnjive Strength of the King of England, now for the OJfcnftve. How formidable mull Hebe to the World, when they (hall underftand that a King of England is well able, whenever he is willing, to raife of Englijh Foot two Hundred Thoufand, and of Englijh Horfe fifty Thoufand (for fo many, during the Civil Wars, were computed to be in Arms on both Sides) And when they {hall confider the Valiant and Martial Spirit of the Englijh, their natural Agility of Body, their Patience, Hardinefs and Stedfaftnefs is fuch, and their Tear of Death fo little, thatnoNeighbour-Nation, upon equal Number and Terms, fcarce ever beat them, either at Sea or , Land: Book II. Of Great-Britain. 51 Land: When they (hall confider, that for Tranfporting of any Army, the King of England hath at Command two Hun¬ dred excellent Ships of War, and can hire two Hundred ftouc Englijh Merchant-Ships, little inferior to Ships of War; that he can foon Man the fame with the bed: Sea-Soldiers in the whole World: And that for maintaining fuch a mighty Fleet, fufficient Money, for a competent Time, may be raifed only by a Land-Tax. Patritnon};.] All other Lands mEngland being held now of fome Superior, depend mediately or immediately on the Crown; fo that the King is Lord Paramount, Supreme Land¬ lord of all the Lands of England ; and all landed Men are mediately or immediately his Tenants by fome Tenure or other; but the Lands polfefs’d by the Crown being held of none, can efcbeat to none, and are now made unalienable s Though they have been (by Time, the Gift and Bounty of our Kings, and fome Neceffities for the Prefervation of the Weal Publick) much alienated : However, there is yet left many Parks, Cajlles, or Palaces, and Ecrefis, fill belong¬ ing to the King, to receive and divert him, when he fhall pleafe in his Royal Progrefs to vifit thofe Parts. The certain Revenues of the Kiog of England were anciently enough to difcharge all the ordinary Expences of the Crown, without any Tax or Impoft upon the Subjeift. Upon the happy Reltoration of King Charles the Second, the Lords and Commons aflembled in Parliament, finding the Crown-Revenues much alienated, and the Crown- Charges exceedingly encreafed, by reafon of the late vaft Augmentation ofthe Revenues and Strength by Sea andLand ofour two next Neighbour-Nations abroad, did unanimoufly conclude. That for the Peace and Security, for the Wealth and Honour of the King and Kingdom, it would be neceflary to fettle upon his Majefty a yearly Revenue of twelve Hun¬ dred Thoufand Pounds; and accordingly, with the King’s Confent, at the humble Requeft of the Lords and Commons, there was eitablifhed by Impollsupon imported and exported Goods upon Liquors drank in England, and upon Fire- Hearths, fo much as was judged would bring up the former impaired Crown-Revenues to the faid Sum. Rut the Impoft upon Fire-Hearths the late King William and Queen Mary, of ever blelled Memory, were graciouily pleafed by A& of Par¬ liament to remit. At the Death of King Charles II. the Re¬ venue amounted to about :,Soo,ico l. per Annum ; and in King James the Second's Reign, in the Time of Peace, it was raifed to a,ooo,ooo l, yearly. [There has ever fince the laft Peace been raifed three Millions annually and upwards for the Service of theGovernment,befides near threeMillions more to difeharge the Intereft of a Debt of fifty Millions contracted by the late War, and tlje Revenues of all the Lands of England s% Cfie Relent ©state Part i. do not amount to fifteen Millions per Atm.] Nolwithftanding which, the whole yearly Revenues of the King of England was not then above the tenth Part of the Revenues of his Kingdom ; whereas the King of France hath yearly above one hundred and eighty Millions of Livres, which is above twelve Millions of Pounds Sterling, a fourth Part of the whole Re.- venue of France ; and the publick Revenue of the United Ne¬ therlands, coming all out of the Subjefts Purfes, is above fix Millions of Pounds Sterling. The ordinary Charge of the Government, or Civil Lift, as it is now called, was, upon her lateMajcfty’s Acccllion to the Crown fettled by Parliament at 700,000 1. per Annum, upon the beft Funds in England: [The Civil Lift Revenue is now encreafcd to one Million per Annum at lead.] And the Crown of England before the long, but, ncceflavy War, was as little in Debt as perhaps any State of fo great a Conlidera- tion in the World. JEUfpCIt.J In Confederation of thefe, and other tranfeen- dent Excellencies, no King in Chrijlendm, nor other Poten¬ tate, receives from his Subjefts more Reverence, Honour, and RefpcSl, than the King of England. AH his People at their firft Addreffes kneel to him: He is at all Times ferved upon the Knee s all Perfons(notthc Prince, or other Heir apparent ex¬ cepted) {land bare in the Prefence of the King, and in the Prcfence-Charnber, though in the King’s Abfenee. 4ny Thing or Aft done in the King’s Prefence, is prefumed to be void of all Deceit and evil Meaning -, and therefore a Fine levied in the King’s.Court, where the King is prefumed to be prefent, doth bind a Feme Covert, a married Woman and others, whom ordinarily the Law doth difable to tranfaft. The King’s only Teftimony of any thing done in his Pre¬ fence, is of as high a Nature and Credit as any Record-, and in all Writs fent forth for the Difpatch of Juftice, he ufeth no other Witnefs but himfelf; viz.. Tcfte meipfo.. airmiff.l It is the common Tradition, that after the Con- queft the Kings of England bare Two Leopards, borne firft by the Conqueror, as Duke of Normandy (and it is remarkable that they belong to his prefent Majefty, as he is Duke ol Br«»/iuick,)’till the Time of Henry II.who in Right of his Mo¬ ther annexed her Paternal Coat, the Lion of Aqtiilain, which being of the fame Field, Metal, and Form with the Leopards, from thcnce-forward they were jointly marlhalled in one Shield, and blazoned Three Lions, as at prefent. King Edward III. in Right of his Mother claiming the Crown of France, with the Arms of England quartered the Arms of France, which then were A zaire. Senile de Flower-de- Luces, Or-, afterwards changed to Three Flower-de-Luccs-, whereupon Henry V. of England caufed the Englijh Arms to be changed likewife. King James, upon the Union of Eng¬ land Book II. Of Great-Britmn. 53 land and Scotland, caufed the Arms of Franee and England to be quartered with Scotland and Ireland, and thus blazoned: In the firft Place, Azure,Three Flower-de-Luces,Or, the Re¬ gal Anns of Frame quartered with the Imperial Enfigns of England, which are Gtties, Three Lions Paffant Guardant in Pale, Or. In the fccond Place, Or, within a Double Tre]fure,Counter- ftower'd Lys, Gtties, a Eton Rampant of the Second, for the Royal Arms of Scotland. In the third Place Azure, an Irijh harp. Or, [triaged Argent, for the Royal Enfigns of Ireland. In the fourth Place, as in the firft : All within the Garter, the chief Enfign of that inoft Honourable Order: Above the fame an Helmet, anfwerableco his Majefty’s Sovereign Jurifdictionj upon the fame a rich Mantle of Cloth of Gold doubled Ermin, adorn’d with an Imperial Crown, and furmounted for a Creft by a Lion pajfant Gttardant, Crowned with the like ; fupported by a Lion Rampant Guardant, Or, Crowned as the former, and an Unicorn Argent Gorged with a Crovon, thereto zChain affix'd, pafling between his Fore-legs, and reflexed over his Back, Or-, both (landing upon a Compartment placed underneath, and in the Table of the Compartment His Majefty’s Royal Motto, Dieu cr Mon Droit. The Arms of France were placed firft, for that France is the greater Kingdom, and becaufe front the firft bearing, tliofe Flowers have been alwaysEitfigns of a Kingdom; whereas the Arms of England were originally ofDukedoms, as aforefaid. The Blazon of the Arms of Great-Rritain fince the Onion is as follows: Quarterly of Four: In the firft Quarter, Gules, Three Lions Paffant Guardant, Or ; Impaling, Or, a Lion Rampant within a double Treffttre Flory.Counterfiery Gules, Great-Britain. z. Azure, Three Flower-de-Lys, Or, France. 3. Azure, a Harp, Or,[ringed Argent, Ireland. The Fourth as the Firft. The Motto upon the Garter, Horn [oit qui mal y penfe-, that . is. Shame be to him that evil thirtieth of it, was firft given by King Edward III. the Founder of that Order; and that none might believe his Defign therein was any other than juft and honourable, he caufed thofe Words to be wrought in every Garter that he beftowed: Whereof more in the Chapter of th( Knights of the Garter. The Motto, Dientsr Mon Droit ; that is, God and my Right, was firft given by Richard I. to intimate, that the King of England holdeth his Empire not in VafTalage of any mortal Man, but of God only ; and afterwards taken up by Edw. III. when he firft claimed the Kingdom of France , The De¬ vice of a Portcullis of a Caftle, yet to be feen in many Places, was the Badge, or Cognizance of the Houfe of Lane after. The White Rofe was the ancient Bearing of the Honfe of York, and the Red Rofe that of Lancafter. The Thiftle belongs to Scotland. E 5 CHAP. €&e parent State Part I. CHAP. III. Of Succession to the Crown of England, and of the King's Minority, Incapacity, and Abfence. T H E King of England hath Right to the Crown by Inhe¬ ritance, and the Laws and Cuftoms of England. ^ Upon the Death of the King, the next of Kindred, born of Barents in lawful Wedlock, though born out of the Dominions of England, or born of Parents not Subjefts of England (as by Law and many Examples in the Englijb Hiftorics it doth manifeftly appear) is immediately King, before any Pro. clamation, Coronation, Publication, or Confent of Peers and People. The Crown of England from the Father to the Son, and his Heirs; for want of Sons, to the Eldeft Daughter and her Heirs; and for want of a Daughter, to the Brother and his Heirs; and for want of a Brother, to the Sifter and her Heirs. The Saliqtte Law, of rather Cuftom of France, hath here no Force. Formerly at the Death of every King, npt only the Offi¬ cers of the Court, but all Commiflions Civil and Military expir'd; but now they are to continue in Force fix Months longer. $PinO?itp*l If the King be likely to leave his Crown to an Infant, he doth ufually by Teftament appoint the Perfon or Terfons that (hall have the Tuition of him; fometimes, for want of fuch Appointment, a fit Perfon of the Nobility or Bilhops is made Choice of by the three States afTembled in the Name of the Infant King, who, by Nature and Alliance, hath moft Intereft in the Preiervation of the Life and Authority of the Infant, and to whom lead: Benefit can accrue by his Death or Diminution: as the Uncle by the Mother’s Side, if the Crown come by the Father, and fo vice verja, is made Pro- teffor; So during the Minority of Edward I V. his Uncle by the Mother’s Side, the Duke of Somcrfet, had the Tuition of him, and was call’d Protector : And when this Rule hath not been obferv’d (as in the Minority of Edward V.) it hath prov’d of, ill Confequence, HbfmcE,] Hook II. Of Great-Britain. 55 Slbfcncc.l If the King was abfent upon any foreign Expe¬ dition, or othenvife, the Cuftom was to conftitute a Vice¬ gerent by Commillion under the Great-Seal, giving him feve'- ral Titles and Powers, according as the Neceffity of Affairs have requir’d; fometimes he hath been call’d Lord Warden, or Lord Keeper of the Kingdom, and therewith had the gene¬ ral Power of a King, as was practis'd during the Abfence of Edward I, II, 111, and of Henry V. Of later Times, the King has appointed Regents, or Lords Juftices, who are commonly the Great Officers of State. Blncapacitp.] If the K‘ n g °f England be Non compos men¬ tis, or, by realon of an incurable Difeafe, Weaknefs, or old Age, becomes uncapable of Governing, then is made a Regent, Protector, or Guardian, to govern. CHAP. IV. Of the prefent King of Great-Britain, Sc. H IS Majefty now reigning, is GEQRGE II. by the Grace of Goo of Great-Britain, France, and Ireland, King, eye. Defender of die Faith; eldeft Son of his late mod Sacred Majefty King GEORGE I. He was proclaimed King of Great-Britain, June 15,1717. Born in the Palace of Harenbaufen in Hanover, the 30th Day of Odder, 1683. O11 the 13d of Augujl' 1705, He married the Princefs Wilhelmina-Dorothea-Charlotte of Brandenburgh- Anfpach, now Queen Confort of Great-Britain, by whom He has two Sons and five Daughters, viz. His Royal Highnefs Frcderick-Lewis, Prince of Wales, &c, born at Hanover, Ja¬ nuary 20, ijof. Prince William Augujlus, born at London April 15, 1721. Her Royal Highnefs Princefs Anne, born October zz, 1709. VrineekAmelia-Sophia-Eleanora, bor n May 30, 1711. Princefs Elizabeth-Carolma, born May 30, 1713. Princefs Maria, born February 22, 1725, And the Princefs Lottifa, born December 7, 1724. Of the Qu een of England, when Jhe is Confort only, not Regent. T HE Word Queen comes from the Saxon C-xcn, fignifying a Woman, as alfo a Wife, and feems to be applied, in Procefs of Time, by our Anceftofs, to the King's Wife, asBUfdig, or X-ady, afterwards was, and as Madam, or Madamoifelle, isufed E 4 now f6 Cfce J^efent State Part i. now ini-ranee tolignify the Wife and Daughter of the Duke of Orleans, where the one is the fil'd Lady, and the other the firit Gentlewoman, becaufe (he was the chiefcd Woman, or Wi fe, in the Kingdom. Jud as we now fay, the Town, or the City, for London, _&c. She hath as high Prerogatives, Dignity, and State, during the Life of the King, as any Queen in Europe. ijijjtrogatifot*! Front the Saxon Time, the &ueen-Confort of England, tho’ (he be anAlien born, and tho’ during the Life of the King (he be Feme-Covert, as our Law fpeaks, yet without any Aft of Parliament for Naturalization, or Let- tcrs-Patents for Denization, (he may purchafe Lands in Fee- Simple, make Leafes and Grants in her own Name, without the King; hath Power tci Give, to Sue, to Contract, as a Feme-Sole, may receive by Gift from her Husband, which no ' other Feme-Covert may do. She may Prefent by herfelf, to a Spiritual Benefice-, and in n'Quare Jmpedit brought by her, Plenarty by the Prefentation of another, is no more a Bar againd her , than it is againd the King. Shs(hallnotbe,G»crcjdif (he be Nonfuitedin anyAftion.crc. •Of latter Times (he hath had as large Dower as any Queen in Chridendom; [The prefent Queen hath one Hundred Thoufand Pounds per Annum fettled upon her if (he furvive the King.] hath her Royal Court apart, as Officers, ere. . The Queen may not be Impleaded till fird Petitioned ; if (he be Plaintiff, the Summons in the Procefs need not to have the Solemnity of fifteen Days, ere. She is reputed the Second Perfon in the Kingdom. The Law fetteth fo high a Value upon her, as to make it High Treafon to confpire her Death, or to violate her Chadity, Her Officers, os Attorney and Solicitor, have Refpeft above others, and Place within the Bar with the King’s Council. The like Honour, Reverence and Refpetl that is due to the •King, is exhibited to the Queen, both by Subjefts and Fo¬ reigners, and alfo to the Queen Dowager, or Widow-Queen; nor does (he, like other Subjefts, lofe her Dignity, tho’ (he ffiould marry a private Gentleman: Thus Queen Katharine, • Widow to King Henry the Fifth, being married to Owen ap Theodoret, Efq, did maintain her Aftion as Queen of England ; much lefs doth a Queen by Inheritance, or a Queen Sove¬ reign of England follow her Husband’s Condition, oris fub- ieft, as other Queens, but is Sovereign to her otyn Hus¬ band, as Queen Mary was to King Philip, unlefs it be other- wife mutually agreed on in Parliament, as in the Cafe of |he date King wfiliam and Queen Mary of Glorious Memory. CHAP, Book II. Of Great-Britain. 57 CHAP. V, ^ Of the Sons and Daughters o/England. T HE Children of the King of England are called the Sons and Daughters of England, becaufe all the Subjefh of England have a fpecial Intereft in them. ©IDttt Son.] The Eldejl Son of the King was fometimcs ftiled, in the Saxw-timcs Clilo, quaji tUvric, llluftris : And fo likewife JFtheling, or Articling, which is a Patronymic of the SaxonWocd Athel, Nobilis. As Eadgaring wastheSonofiW- gar, fo Ethel'mg the Son of a Nobleman, was afterwards ufed only for the King’s Eldejl Son. He is born Duke of Cornwal ; and as to that Dutchy, and all the Lands, Honours, Rents, and great Revenues belonging thereunto, he is upon his Birth- Day prefumed, and by Law taken to be of full Age; fo that he may that Day fue for the Livery of the faid Dukedom, and ought of Right to obtain the fame, as if he had been full 21 Years of Age. Afterwards he iscreatedPrinceoffKn/ej,whofe lnvcjiiture was formerly performed by Impofition of a Cap of State and Coronet on his Head; as a Token of Principality, and putting into his Hand a Verge of Gold, the Emblem of Go- he mult be a Husband to his Country, and Father of her Children. Alfo to him is given and granted Letters-Patent to hold the faid Principality' to him and his Heirs, Kings of England ; by which Words the Separation of this Principality is for ever avoided: .His Mantle which he wears in Parliament is once more doubled, or hath one Guard more than a Duke's ; his Coronet is of Crqjfes and Flower-de-luces, and his Cap qf State Indented. Since the happy Reftauration of King Charles the Second, it was folemnly ordered, that the Son and Heir Apparent of the Crown of England (hall ufe and bear his Coronet of CroJJes and Flower-de-luces with one Arch, and in the Midft a Fall and Crofs, as hath the Royal Diadem. That the Duke of' York; and all the immediate Sons and Brothers of the Kings of England, (hall ufe and bear their Coronets, compo- fed of Crojjes and Flower-de-luces only ; but all their Sons refpeftively, having the Title of Dukes, (hall bear and ufe fuch Coronets as other Dukes who are not of the Royal Fa- From the Day of his Birth he is commonly ftiled The Prince of Wales, aTitle-firft given by King Edward the Firft to his eldeft Son; for the tyelfli Nation, till that Time, unwilling to fubmit to the. Yoke of Strangers, that Ring fo ordered, that his queer? j? Ww pefeirt State Parti. Queen was delivered of her firft Child in Caernarvon Cajile in Wales. The Prince hath ever fince .been {tiled Prince of Wales, Duke of Aquitain and Cornwal, and Earl of Chefler and Flint-, ■which Earldoms are always conferred upon him by Lctters- Patent. Since the Union of England and Scotland, his Title hath been Magna Britannia Princeps, but more ordinarily the Prince of Wales. The King of England's elded Son (fo long as Normandy remained in their Hands) was always {tiled Duke of Nor¬ mandy. Anciently the Arms of the Princes of Wales, whilft they Were Sovereigns, bear quarterly. Gules and Or, four Lions pajfant guardant countercbanged. The Arms of the Prince of Wales at this Day differ from rhofeof the King only by Addition of a Label of three Points, charged with nine ’Torieaux ; and the Devife of the Prince is a Coronet beautified with three Oftrich Feathers, inferibed with Ich Dion, which in the German Language fignifies, I feme. This Devife was borne at the Battle of CreJJy, by John King of Bohemia, ferving their under the French King, and there {lain by Edward the Black Prime ; fince worn by the Princes of Wales, and by the Vulgar called the Prince's Arms. dignities.] The Prince, in our Law, is reputed as the fame Perfon with the King, and fo declared by a Statute of Henry the Eighth. He hath certain Privileges above other Per- fons. To imagine the Death of the Prince, or to violate the Wife of the Prince, is made High-Treafon. He can retain and qualify as manyChaplains as he {hall pleafe- Yet as the Prince inNature is a diftinctPerfon from the King, fo in Law alfo, in fome Cafes, he is a Subjetl, holdeth his Principalities and Seignories of the King, giveth the fame Refpeft to the King as other Subjefts do. J&EbCnUEft I The Revenues belonging to the Prince, fince much of the Lands and Demefnes in Cornwal have been alienated, are efpecially out of the Tin-Mines in thatDutchy, ' which with all other Profits thereof amount yearly to the Sum of 14,000 1 . a. The Revenue of the prefent Prince, as eftablilhed by Aft of Parliament, amounts to 100,000 /. per Annum, clear of all Deductions whatever. The Revenues of the Principality of Wales, furveyed three hundred Years ago, was above 4680 1 . yearly; a rich Eftate, according to the Value of Money in thofe Days. ’Till the Prince came to be fourteen Years old, all Things belonging to the Principality of Wales were wont to be dif- pofed of by Commiffioners, confiding of font* principal P^rfons of the Clergy and Nobility. Book II. flf Great-Britain. 59 (fbe Cadets, orfounger Children of the Royal Family. CaOEttf.] The Cadets, or younger Sons of England, are created (not born) Dukes or Earls of England, of what Flaxes or Titles the King pleafeth. . They have no certain Appenages, as in France, but only what the good Pleafure of the King bellows upon them. All the King’s Sons are by their birth Cotmfellors of State, that fo they may grow up in the weighty Affairs of the Kingdom. The Daughters of England are ftiled Princejfes, the Eldefi: of which to violate unmarried, is Higb-Treafon at this Day. To all the King’s Children belong the Title of Bayal- Highnefs ; ail Subjefts are to be uncovered in their Prefence, to kneel when they are admitted to kifs their Hands ; and at Table they are, out of the King’s Prefence, ferved on the Knee. The Children, the Brothers and Sijlers of the King, be¬ ing Plaintiffs, the Summons in the Procefs need not have the Solemnity of Fifteen Days, as in the Cafe of other Subjefts. AH the King’s Sons, Grandfons, Brothers, Uncles, and Ne¬ phews of the King, are by Stat. 3. Hen VIII. to precede others in England. It is true, the Word Grandfon is not there in terminis, but is tinderftood, as Sir Edward Coke holds, by Eephew, which in Latin being Nepos, fignines aU fo, and chiefly, a Grandfon. The Natural or Illegitimate Sons and Daughters of the King bear what Sirname the King pleafeth to give them ; and for Arms, the Arms of England, with a Bajion, or a Bordure Garbonne, or fome Mark of lUcgitimatitm. CHAP, Cfje J&efent dtate Part i. ' < 5 o C H A P. VI. Of the feveral Acts of Succession by ’which the moft Serene Hottfe of Hanover is called to the Succeffm of the Crown of Great-Britain 3 &c, U P O N the Death of his Highnefs the Duke of Ghucefter, Anno 1700, his late Majefty King fPilliam having re¬ commended in his Speech to both Houfes of Parliament, the Succeilion to the Crown in the Proteftant Line, in Cafe of the Death of his faid Majefty, after the Deceafe of her Royal Highnefs the Princefs Anne of Denmark without I(Tue of their Bodies; the Parliament thereupon, in the fame Seilion, pafs’d an fi&,Em\mkd,AnAclfor the further Limitation of the Crown, and better fettering the Rights and Liberties of the Subject ; whereby it is Enafted, That the moft Excellent Princefs Sophia, FAeSlrefs and Dutch- tfs Dowager of Hanover, Daughter to the, moft Excellent Prin¬ cefs Elizabeth Queen of Bohemia, Eldeft ^Daughter of King James I. of happy Memory, be, and is hereby declared to be the next in Succeftion in the Proteftant Line, to the Imperial Crown and Dignity of the Realms of England, France, and Ireland, ’ with the Dominions andTerritories thereunto belonging, after his Majefty and the Princefs Anne of Denmark; and in Default of Iffue of his'MajeJly and the faid Princefs Anne refpectively, to the Crown and Regal Government of the faid Kingdoms of Eng¬ land; France, and Ireland, U‘c. fhall bo and remain, and con¬ tinue to the moft Excellent Princefs Sophia, and the Heirs of her Body, being Proteftants, &c. Soon after her late Majefty’s Acceflion to the Throne, (he tyas pleafed to order the Princefs Sophia to be prayed for in the Prayers for the Royal Family : And the more firmly to • fecure the Succeilion in the Proteftant Line, did, in the Par¬ liament holden in the Fourth and Fifth Years of her Reign, give the Royal Aflentto two farther Acts; viz. One, For ‘naturalizing the faid Princefs Sophia, and the Iffue of her Body : And the other. An Alt for the greater Security of her Majefty's Perfon and Government, and of the Succejf.on of the Crown of England in the Proteftant Line. And by the Treaty of Union between the two Kingdoms, the Proteftant Succeilion in the moft Serene Houfe qf Hano- yif, to thp Imperial Crown of Great-Britain, tyc. was made a Fundamental-Pqrt of our prefent moft happy Conftitudon, CHAP. Book II. of Great-Britain. 61 CHAP. VII. Of Ecclesiastical Government. T H E Government of England, under the King, is Eccleji- ajlical. Civil, and Military ; of which three great Heads . of Government in their Order. The Chriftian Faith being preached in England, Bilhops were confecrated, and the Number of them encreafed by Degrees, in Proportion to the Growth of the Gofpel. They hath like all other Bilhops of the Chriftian Church, a Pre-emi¬ nence over the Clergy within certain Precinfts, and in Pro- cefs of Time, their Seats were all placed in the moft confi- derable Towns within their Jurifdiclion, purfuant to a Canon made for that Purpofe. Afterwards, the Bifhr ps being neceffitated to meet about publickAffairs of the Church, at Confecrations, Confultations for Remedy of general Diforders, for Audiences Judicial, when the Action of any BiQiop Ihouldbc called inQueftion, or Appeals from Bilhops, our Anceftors (according to other Chriftian Churches, even before the firft Skene Council) had one to be the Chief in Authority over the reft, from thence named Archiepifcoptts, Arch, or Chief Bifhop, whereof we have two in England, called Primates, Metropolitans, or Arch- bijhops, that is, Chief-hifhops, the one of Canterbury, the other of Pork 5 each of which have, befides their peculiar Diocefe, a Province confiding of feveral Diocefes; and by Grants of feveral Kings, they have each certain Privileges, Liberties, and Immunities in their own States. Under thefe two Archbilhopsare 14 Bifhopricks.whercofit are reckon'd in the Province of Canterbury, and three in the Frovince.of Pork, befides the Bilhoprick of Sodor and Man; all which have the Title of Lords, by reafon of their Baronies an¬ nexed to the Bifhopricks, and have Precedence immediately after Vifcouuts, both in Parliament, and in other Affemblies. The Function of an Englijh BiDtop confifts in what he may aft, either by his Epifcopal Order, or by his EpifcopalJurifidiHion. By his Epifcopal Order he may Ordain Deacons and Priejtr, he may dedicate Churches and Surying-places ; may adminifter the. Rites and Ceremonies of Confirmation s and without a Bilhop none of thefe may be done. Of which Offices the Power of Ordinationhas been ever fince the ApoftlesTimes underftood to be infeparable from the Office of a Bilhop. The Jurifdittion of a Bilhop is either Ordinary or Delegated ; his Ordinary Juri/diSlion is what by the Law of the Land be¬ longs to each Bilhop in his own Diocefe 3 the Delegated, is 62, ® 8 e' p?efeht @tate Parti. ■what the King ispleafedto confer upon him, not as a Biiliop, but as he is a Subjeft, and a confiderable Member of the Kingdom. In the Ordinary furifdiction o? a Bilhop.as a Bilhop, may be confidered either the Jurifdiftion it felf, or what is inflated in him 'by the Law of the Land, for the better Execution of that Jurifdiclion. The Jurifdiflion itfelf is eftablifhed partly by Statute-Law, as to Licenfe Phyficians, Surgeons, and School-Mafters, to unite and confolidate finall Partfites, [N. B. That no Eifhop in England has this lafi Power now but the Bijhop of Norwich, and that only within a certain Dijlance ; and he alone has fitch a Power;by Virtue of which an Incumbent can take a third Liv¬ ing by an Archiepifcopal, or Royal Difpenfation-, otherwife in any other Diocefe, he that has two Livings, cum cura anintarum, is a Phiralift, by the Statute of n Hen. VII.] to aflift the Civil Magtfirates in Execution of fome Statutes concerning Ecclcfi- ajlical Affairs ; to compel the Payment of Tenths and Subji- dies due from the Clergy formerly to the Crown, now given for the Augmentation of (mailer Benefices: Partly by Common Law, as upon the King’s Writ, to cer¬ tify the Judges touching Legitimate and Illegitimate Births and Marriages; And partly by Common and Ecclefiajlical Law together-, as to caufe Wills of the Deceafed to be proved, to grant Ad- minijlration of Goods of fuch as die inteftate, to give Order for the gathering and preferving of perifliable Goods, where none is willing to Adminifter, to caufe Account to be given of Admmifirations, to collate Benefices, to grant Inftitutions to Benefices upon Prefentations of other Patrons, to command Induction to be given, to 'order the coliefling and preferv¬ ing of the Profits of vacant Benefices for the Ufe of the SuccefTors, to defend the Franchifes and Liberties of the Church, to vilit their particular Dibcefe once in three Years, and therein to enquire of the Manners, Carriage, Delinquen¬ cies of Minifters, of Church-Wardens, of the reft of the Parilhioners, and amongft them efpecially of thofe that pro- fefs themfelvcs Phylicians, Surgeons, School-Matters, Mid¬ wives; of Wardens of Hofpitals, how they perform their fe- veral IJuties andTruftsj alfo of all other profefling Chrifti- anity, and offending either againft Piety, as by Elafphemy, Idolatry, Supcrftition, Perjury, Herefy, Errors againft the Thirty-nine Articles, Schifm, Conventicles, Abfence from divine Service, unlawful Abfence from the Sacraments, Dila¬ pidations of Buildings, or Goods belonging to the Church, Simony, ivc. or by offending againft Sobriety, as by Drun- kennefs, Inceft, Adultery, Fornication, filthy Speech, tempt- ing of any one’s Chaftity, Clandeftine Marriages, as for want of thrice publilhing the Banns, the Want of Parents Con- BookII. Of Great-Britain.' 63 fent, the Want of Witneflcs, which mull be above two, or marrying in a private Place, in an undue Time, before Eight in the Morning, and after Twelve of the Clock in the Day. 31 rf^ 23 iR) 0 p£i.] There are two Archiepifcopal Sees in England, Canterbury and York, to which all the Bilhopricks in England and Walts are fubjeft. Both were founded in the Saxon Times in the Metropolis of the feveral Kingdoms ; Canterbury in the Head City of Kent, and Teriinthe Capital of the Kingdom of the Northumbrians. The Rights, Powers, and Privileges are now diftinftly known, and the See of Canterbury has the undifputed Pre-eminence, which was long difputed by the Arch-Bilhops of York. Canterbury.] GiraldusCambrenfis writes. That the Arch- bifhop of Canterbury anciently had Primacy as well over all Ireland as England, and the Irijh Bilhops received their Confecrations from him; for Ireland had no other Arch- bilhop until the Year 1152. He was therefore fomctimes called Alterius orbit Papa, e? orbit Britannici Pontifex He was fo highly rcfpefted Abroad, that in General Councils he was placed before all other Arch-bilhops, at the Pope’s Right- foot. He was at Home fo highly honoured by the King of England, that he was accounted the fecond Perfon in the Kingdom, and named and ranked even before the Princes of the Blood. He is Primus Par Regni, the fir ft Peer of England, and next to the Royal Family, to precede not only all Dukes, but all the Great Officers of the Crown. He is ftiled Primate of all England, and Metropolitan. At the folemn Coronation of King Charles II. it was ex-' prefly ordered in doing Homage to the King, that according to ancient Cuftom, the Archbilhops and Bilhops fhould pre¬ cede even the Duke of York, and all the Lay-Lords. He is ftiled by the King, in his Writs directed to him, Dei gratia Archiepifcopus Cantuarienfis, and writes himfelf Divina Providentia, whereas other Bilhops write Divina PermiJJione. To Crown the King belongs to him; and it hath been re- folved.thatwherefoever the Court (hall happen to be, theKing and Queen are Speciales domeftici Parochiani Domini Arch. Cant. The Bilhop of London is his Provincial Dean, the Bifhop of Winchejler his Sub-Dean, the Bilhop of Lincoln his Chancellor, and the Bilhop of Rochejler his Chaplain. In writing and fpcaking to him is given the Title of Grace, as is to all Dukes, and Moft Reverend Rather in God. He hath by Common Law, within his own Province, the Power of Probate of all Teftaments, and granting Letters of Adminijlration, where the Party dying had Bona Notabilia, that is, five Pounds worth or above, out of the Diocefe wherein' lie died; or ten Pounds worth within the Diocefe of London-, H %\)i pcfent State Part i or if the Party dying be a Bifhop, though lie hath no Goods out of the Diocefe where he died : Alfo to grant Admmiftra- tion of the Goods and Chattels of all fuch as die inteflate with¬ in his Province. By Slat. a?. Hen. VIII, he hath the Honour and Power to grant Licences and Difpenfations in all Cafes heretofore f'ued for in the Court of Koine, not repugnant to the Law of God or the King’s Prerogative; as to allow a Clerk to hold a Benefice in Commcnicim or Trujl \ to allow a Son, contrary to the Ca¬ nons, to fucceed his Father immediately in a Benefice: to allow a Clerk rightly qualified to hold two Benefices with Cure of Souls; to difpenfe with Irregularity contracted with¬ out a Man’s own Default, as by Defect: of Body or Birth, or by accidental killing of a Man, eye. to take off the Guilt of Si¬ mony ; to allow a benefited Clerk, for certain Caufes, to be Non-ref dent for fomeTime; toconftitute Publick Notaries, whofe (ingle Teflimony is as good as the Teftimonies of any two other Perfons. All which aforementioned Licences, Difpen- ■ fattens, &c. the faid Archbilhop grants by himfelf, or by his Deputy, called the Mafier of Faculties, in all his Majefty’s Do¬ minions, except Scotland and Ireland. He hath alfo the Power to grant Literas tnitorias, whereby any one that brings his Ap¬ peal, may profecute the fame without any Molellation; to be¬ llow one Dignity, Prebend, or Living, in any Diocefe with¬ in his Province, otherwife in the Gift of the Bilhop thereof, which-foever he fhall choofe, which is therefore called the Archbilhop’s Option , upon every Creation there of a new Bifhop. He hath a Prerogative to confecrate a Bifhop (though it mull be done in thePrefence, and with the Afiiftanceof two other Bifhops) to call Provincial Synods according to theKing’s Writ always direfted to him; to be Prefident of thofe Synods or Convocations; to vifit the whole Province; to appoint a Guardian of the Spiritualities, during the Vacancy of any Bi- fhoprick within his Province,whereby all the Epifcopal Rights of that Diocefe belong to him, and all Ecclefiaflical Jurifdifti- ons, asVifitations, lnflitutions, eye. The Archbilhop may retain and qualify eight Chaplains, which is two more than any Duke by Statute is allowed to do. The Archbilhop of Canterbury hath moreover the Power to hold diverfe Courts of Judicature, for deciding of Differences in Ecclefiaflical Affairs, as his Court of Arches, his Court of Audience, his Prerogative Court, and his Court of Peculiars ; all which fhall be handled particularly. Thefe and other Prerogatives and Privileges, theWifdom of our firfl Reformers thought fit to be retained, and added to the chief Perfon (under the King) of the Church of Eng¬ land. Book II. of Gre a ^Britain. 6 f The next Perfon in the Church of England, is the Archbilhop of Tcrk, who was anciently alfoof very high Re. pute in this Nation,, and has under his Province feveral Bi. fhopricks in the North of England, and the Bifhoprick of So. dor and Man. He hath ilill the Place and Precedence of all Dukes not of the Royal lilood, and of all great officers of State, except qn- Jy the Lord Chancellor; hath the Title of Grace, and Moft Re¬ verend Father in God 5 hath the Honour to crown the §ueen Confort, and to be her perpetual Chaplain. He is alio Riled Primate of England, and Metropolitan, and hath under him the Bilhopricks of Tor:, Durham, Carlijle , Chejitr, and that of Sodor and Man ; only Durham hath a pe¬ culiar Jurifdiflion, and in many Things js wholly exempted from the Jurifdiftion of the Archbilhop. He had the Rights of a Count Palatine over Hexamfliirc in Northumbe-land ; may qualify alfo eight Chaplains, and hath within his Province diverfe others of the fore-mentioned Pre¬ rogatives and Privileges, which the Archbilhop of Canterhu- >y hath within his own Province. 33 i(J) 0 p#‘] The next in Place among the,Clergy of England, are the Bilhops, fo call’d from the Saxon Word Bifcop, and that from the Greek, ’Enl2 ' Ujc l&efent State Part i. To this Court belongs a Handing Regiftcr, and the Court is kept in the Common-Hall, in the Afternoon, the next Day after the Prerogative. ,Tbe Citations and Decrees here run in the King’s Name. Prom this Court lies no Appeal i n the common Courfe: But the King, of his meer Prerogative Royal, may, and many times doth, grant a CommiJJton of Review under the Eroad-Seal, In this College alfo ufually reftdes the Vicar-General be¬ longing to the Archbilhopof Canterbury ; who, as he is a Pri¬ mate, hath the Gu.rrdianlhip of the Spiritualities of every Biihop within his Province, during the Vacancy, and executes all ppifcopal Power and Jurifdiftion by his Vicar-General. The Archbilhopof York hath the like Powerin his Province. Note, That either of the Archbiihops, and every Biihop, Archdeacon, and Dean and Chapter throughout both Provinces of Canterbury and To'!:, hath a particular Ecclefiaftical Jurif¬ diftion, and an Ecclefiaftical Court thereto belonging, wnere- 9f there is a Judge, which, for the mod Part, is one of the Doftors of the Civil-Law, alfo a Regifter and Proftors exer- -] He is, after the King and Princes of the Blood, in Civil Affairs (there being now no Lord High-Steward) the higheft Perfon in the Kingdom, as the Archbifhop of Canter - bury rs in Ecclefiaftica 1 Affairs. flpffife.] His Office is to keep the King’s Great Seal, to judge not according to Common Law, as other Civil Courts do, but to moderate the Rigour of the Law, and to judge according to Equity, Confciime, or Reafon : to beftowall Ec- .. . - . . ' defiaftica) 78 • €fje $jefeut ^tate Parti, clefiafticai Benefices in the King’s Gift under ^o l. yearly in the King's Books; and for this, and other Caufes, he was for*, merly often a Clergy-man, ffl/fltl).] His Oath is to do Right to all manner of people, poor & rich, after the Laws and Cuftoms of the Realm, and truly to counfel the King; to keep fecret the King’s Coun- fel, nor fuffer, fo far as he may, the Rights of the Crown to be diminiih’d, &c. This high Office is in Francs, durante vita-, but here ’tis durante bineplacito Regis, SalarjL] The Salary from the King was 848 1. per Annum, and when the Star-Chamber was up 100 l. per Annum more for his Attendance there 5 the Whole is now above 7000 1. [Of late Years few have accepted thisOffice with¬ out receiving a large Sum from the Crown on their Entrance upon it, and a Penfion of four or five Thoufand Pounds a Year for Life on their being difmiffed from this high Station, They are ufually continued in it about feven Years.] . Creation.] The Lord-Chancellor and the Lord-Keeper are the fame in Authority, Power, and Precedence, yet they differ in Patent, in Height and Favour of the King; the Keepers are created per Traditionem magni Sigilli fibi per Dominum Regem, and by taking an Oath; only the Lard-Chamellor hath befides a Patent. io^SCreafurec.] The third great Officer of the Crown is the Lord High-Treafurer o/England, who receives this high Office by a Delivery of a Staff to him by the King, and holds it durante bene placito Regis. Anciently he received this Dignity by the Delivery of the Golden Keys of the Treafury. [Since the Revolution this Of¬ fice hath generally been under the Management of feveral Commiffioners,called Lords of theTreafury, as it is atprefent,] UDatlj.] His Oath is little different from that of the Lord- Chancellor. JSDfficf.] He is Prafettus JErarij, a Lord by his Office, under whole Charge and Government is all the King’s Revenue kept in the Exchequer. He hath alfo the Check of all the Officers any way employed in colle&ing Impojls, Cuftoms, Tributes, or other Revenues belonging to the Crown. He hath the Gift of all the Officers of the Cuftoms in all the Ports 6f England, He hath the Nomination of the Efcheators in every County, and in fome Cafes, by Statute, is to appoint a Meafurer for the Length and Breadth of Cloths. He, with others joined in Commiffion with him, or without, letteth Leafes of all the Lands' belonging to the Crown. He giveth Warrants to certain Perfons of Quality, to have their .Wine Cufiom-free. ' . The ancient annual Salary of the Lord High-Treafurer of Eng¬ land, was in all 383 1. 7 s, 8 d, but the late Salary was 8000 1, per Annum. itOjO* BookII. Of Great-Britain. 79 3l02t)42l?cfttl£:nt] The fourth great Officer nam’d in the Statute 31 Hen. VIII. is the Lord-Prefidem ot the King’* Privy- Council; an Officer as ancient as King John's Time, and was ufually called Confiliarius Capitalis. His Office is to attend up¬ on th« King, to propofe Bufinefs at Council-Table, and then to report to the King feveral Tranfaftions there. It hath been always granted by Letters under the Great Seal, durante bene placito. The ? reat 0fficer is the Lord Privy-Seal, who is a Lord by his Office, under whole Hands pafs all Charters and Grants of the King, and Pardons figned by the King, before they come to the Great Seal of England 3 alfo diverfe other Matters, as for the Payment of Money, ere. which do not pafs by the Great Seal. He is, by his Place, of the King’s Privy-Council, and be- fides his Oath of Privy-Councillor, takes a particular Oath as Lord Privy-Seal, His Salary is 1500 l. fir Annum. His Place, according to Statute, is next to the Lord-Prep* dint of the King’s Council. SDignitP.} This great Officer is mentioned in the Sta¬ tute ot 2 Richard II. and then ranked among the chief Pfcr- fons of the Realm. Cljamtieriain.] The fixth great Officer of the Crown is the Lord Great-Chamberlain of England, an Officer of great An¬ tiquity, to whom belongs Livery and Lodging in the King’s Court, and certain Fees due from each Archbifhop, or Bifhop, when they do their Homage, or Fealty to the King, and from all the Peers of the Realm at their Creation, or doing their Homage or Fealty ; dnd at the Coronation of every King he is to have 40 Ells of Crimfon Velvet for his own Robes; and on the Coronation-Day, before the King rifeth, to bring his Shirt, Coif, and Wearihg-Cloaths ; and after the King is by him apparelled and gone forth, to have his Bed and all the Furni¬ ture of his Bed-Chamber for his Fees, and all the King's Night- Apparel, and to carry at the Coronation the Coif, Gloves and Linnen to be ufed by the King upon that Occafion ; alfo the Sword and Scabbard, and the Gold to be offered by the King, and the Robe-Royal and Crown, and to undrefs and attire the King with the Robes Royal, and to ferve the King that Day be¬ fore and after Dinner with Water to wafh his Hands, and to have the Baffin and Towels for his Fees, e«. Moreover, to this Great Officer belongs the Care of pro¬ viding all Things in the Houfe of Lords in the Time of Parlia¬ ment-, and to that End he hath an Appartment near the Lords Soufe. To him belongeth the Government of the whole Palace of Wefiminifier. He alfo iffueth out bis Warrants for the prepa¬ ling, fitting, and furmlhing of Wefhninijler-Hall againft Coro. nations 8 o . Clje p?efeut ©tate Part l ! nations and Trials of Peers in Parliament-time. The Gentle- man-Vfher of the Black - Rod, the Teoman-Ujher, an d Deorkeef- trs are under his Command. He difpofeth of the Sword of State to what Lord he pleafeth, to be carried before the King when he comes to the Parlia¬ ment, and goes on the Right-hand of the Sword next to the King’s Perfon, and the Lord-Marfhal on the Left. Upon all folemn Occafions, the Keys of Wtjlminfler-Hall, and the Keys of the Court of Wards, and Court ofReqsseJls, are delivered to him. This Honour was long enjoy’d by the Earls of Oxford, from the Time of Henry l. by an EJlate Tail, or Inheritance-, but in the two laft Coronations, by the Earls of Lindfcy, and that by an h'fiate or Inheritance, from a Daughter and Heir-General daimed.and controverted. But by a late Aft he is not to have Precedence of Dukes, but according to his Creation. Conflablt.] The feventh Great Officer is the Lord High- Conflable of England, fo called fromCamer Stabuli, whofe Pow¬ er and Jurifdiftion was anciently fo great, that after the Death of Edward Bagot, or Stafford Duke of Buckingham 1511, and the laft High-Conflable of England, it was thought too great for any Subjeft. But fince upon Occafion of Coronation, and at folemn Tri¬ als by Combat (as that which was intended between Rey and Bamfey, 1631, was made Robert Earl of Lindfey) there is created fro ilia vice, a Lord High-Conflable. His Power and Jurifdi. ftion is the fame with the Earl-Marfhal, with whom he fits Judge in .the Marfhal’s Court, and takes Place of the Harl- Marfhal. €arl*8Parfljal.] The eighth Great Officer of the Crown is the Earl-Marfhal of England : In French, Marefchal, and ufed by them to fignify indifferently that great Military Office, as Well:as a Smith or Farrier; but their Etymologies ac¬ cording to the feveral Senfes are different. Marefthal^vihtn it dignifies a General of an Army, is derived from Mare, a Frantic Word, denoting Great and Honourable, and Scale, a Servant,. When it fignifies a Farrier, it comes from Mare, a Horfe, and Scale as above. He is an Earl, fome fay, by hisOffice, whereby he'taketh, as the Conflable doth, Cogni- . zance of all Matters of War and Arms, determined Contrads touching Deeds of Arms out of the Realm upon Land, and Matters concerning Wars within the Realm, which cannot be . determined by Common Law; and in thefe Matters he is com¬ monly guided by the Civil Law. . Note, That ; anciently he had feveral Courts under him, but hath now only the Marjhalfea. This Office is of great Antiquity in England, and anciently of greater Power than now (though of late he has held feveral Courts at Doftors-Commons, to enquire into the Right feveral " " Peopl'd Book II. of Gr.eat-Br.it a in. 8i' People had afTumed of bearing Arms.] and has been long hereditary in the Houfe of Norfolk: For the firfl Duke of So- merfot of the prefent Family, was Earl-Marlhal in 1553. aiBmil'al-] The Ninth and lafl great Officer of the Crown, is the Lord High-Admiral of England. The Learned duFrefnc fays, this Word was borrowed from the Saracens firfl by the Siiillians, and afterwards by other Chriftian Nations. The Patent of the lord Admiral did anciently run thus : ‘Anglin, Hibernis, v Jquitanie Magnus Admirallus ; but at prefent thus; Magna Britannia, & Hibernia, ac Dominiorum V Infitlarum earundem, Villa Calefia & Marchiarum cjufdcm, Normandie, Gafionie, ty Aquitan'u Magnus Admirallus ©" Prt- feRus Gcneralis Claffts C? Maritcm diSlorum regnorttm. To the Lord High-Admiral of England is by the King en- trufled the Management of all Maritime Affairs, as well in re- •fpeft of Jurifdiilion asprotedfion. [This Office alfo is ufually in Commiflion at prefent. The Commiflioners are (filed Lords of the Admiralty.] He is that High-Officer, or Magiflrate, to whom is committed the Government of the King’s Navy, with Power of Decifion in all Cafes Maritime, as well Civil as Criminal ; of all Things done upon or beyond the Sea in any Part of the World 3 all Things done upon the Sea-Coaft, in all Ports and Havens, and upon all Rivers below the firfl Bridge next towards the Sea. The Lord Admiral hath a Power to commifliona'ta a Vice- 'Admiral, a Rear-Admiral, and all Sea-Captains ; all Deputies for particular Coajls ; Coroners to view dead Bodies found on the Sea-Coalts, or at Sea; Commijftoners or Judges for exerci- fing fujlice in the Court of Admiralty, to imprifon, releafe, eye. He hath fometimes a Commiflion to bellow Knighthood on fuch as fhall deferveit at Sea. To the Lord High-Admiral belongs by Law and Cuflom, all Penalties and Amerciaments of all TranfgrelTors at Sea, on the Sea-ffiore; in Ports, and from the firfl Bridge on Rivers to¬ wards the Sea; alfo the Goods of Pirates, Felons, or Capital Faulters, Condemn’d, Out-law’d, or Horned, Moreover, all Waifs, Stray-Goods, Wrecks of Sea, Deodands, a Share of all lawful Prizes, Logon, Flotfon, and Jetfon, as our Lawyers term it 5 that is. Goods lying in the Sea on Ground, Goods floating on the Sea, and Goods call away by the Sea on the Shore, not granted to Lords of Manners adjoining to the Seat All great Fifhes, as Sea-Hogs, and other Fillies of extra¬ ordinary Bignefs, call’d Royal-Fifhts, except only Whales and Sturgeons, 0 CHAP. 82 €()e J' 3 ?efen£ State Fart i. CHAP. X. Of the Privy-Council. T H E Primmn Mobile of the Civil Government of England, from whence all the inferior Orbs derive their Motion, is that Noble, Honourable, and Reverend Alfembly, called the Privy-Council, which is a Court of great Antiquity and Honour. The primitive and ordinary Way of Government in Eng¬ land, was by the King and his Privy-Council ; and all our Kings have adtedmuch by it, deietntining Controverfies of great Importance,fometimes touching Lands ami Rights be¬ tween Party and Party, whereof there are very many Pre¬ cedents; and the Judges of England, in fome difficult Cafes, were not wont to give Judgment until they had firft confut¬ ed the King, or his Privy-Council. Moreover, the Lords and Commons affembled in Parliament, have oftentimes left Mat¬ ters of high Moment to the King and his Privy-Council, as by long Experience better able to judge of, and by Secrecy and Expedition, better able to tranfadt fome State-Affairs than all the Lords and Commons together. At prcfcnt the King and his Privy-Council take Cognizance of few or no Matters that may well be determin’d by the known Laws and ordinary Courts of Juftice; but only con- fultforthe publickGood, Honour, Defence, Safety, and Be¬ nefit of the Realm, not meddling with Matters that concern Freeholds, but Matters of Complaint, and fudden Emergen¬ cies. [Ireland and the Plantations are ftill very much under the Influence of the Privy-Council.} A Privy-Counfellor, tho’ but a Gentleman, fhall have Precedence of all Knights Baronets, and younger Sons of all Barons and Vifcounts. The Subftanceof their Oath is. That they (hall, according to their Power and Difcretioii, Iruly, juftly, and evenly counfel and advife the King in all Matters to be treated in his Majcfty’s Council; That they fhall keep fecretthe King’s Counfel, vc. By Force of this Oath, and the Cuftom of the Kingdom of England, a Privy-Counfellor is made without any Patent or Grant, and to continue only during the Life of the King that makes him, nor fo long unlefs the King pleafcth. The King, with the Advice of his Privy-Council, doth pub- li(h Proclamations binding to the Subjeft, provided they are > not contrary to Statute or Common-Law, but in Execution of them. The Members of this mod Honourable Council are fuch as the King of his own free 5/ijl and nieer Motion (hall ■> . pleafe Book II. of Gre at-Brit ain. 8 s pi cafe to choofe, and are commonly Men of the higheftRank, eminent for Eftates, Wildom, Courage, Integrity, c yc. They are all to wait on his Majefty, and at Council- Jjoard to lit in their Order bare-headed, when his Majefty prelides. At all Debates, the Iowcft delivers his Opinion firft, and the King laft of all declares his Judgment, and thereby de¬ termines the Matter of Debate. A Council is feldorn or never held without the Prefence of one of the Secretaries of State; of whole Office and Dig¬ nity, much more conliderable in England than in other Na- tions, take here this brief Account. glfcrctaricfli Of The King of England had anci¬ ently but one Secretary of State, until about the End of Hen¬ ry the Eighth’s Reign, it was thought fit, that weighty and important Office (hould be difeharged by two Eerfons, both of equal Authority, and both ftiled Principal Secretaries of State. In thofe Days, and fome while after, they fat not at Council-Board, but having prepared their Bufinefs in a Room adjoining to the Council-Chamber, they came in, and Hood on either Hand of the King; and nothing was debated at the Table until the Secretaries had gone through with their Propofals. But Queen Elizabeth feldom com¬ ing to Council, that Method was altered, and the Secre¬ taries took their Places as Privy-Counfellors, which Dignity they have retained and enjoyed ever fince; and a Council is feldom or never held without the Prefence of one of them at the leaft. Their Employment being of extraordinary Truft and Mul¬ tiplicity, renders them moft conliderable in the Eyes of the King, upon whom they attend every Day, as Occafion re¬ quires ; and of the Subjeft alfo, whofe Rcquefts and Defires are for the moft Part lodged in their Hands, to be re- prefented to the King, and always to make Difpatches thereupon, according to his Majefty’s Anfwers and Direc- The Correfpondence with all Parts of Great-Britain is, without Diftinflion, managed by either of the Secretaries, relating to the Church, the Army, the Militia, Grants, Par¬ dons, Difpenfations, zrc. But as for foreign Affairs, all the Nations which have Intercourfe of Bufinefs with Great-Bri¬ tain, are by them divided into two Provinces, the Northern and Southern ; of which the Northern is ufually under the Junior Secretary, and contains Scandinavia, See. The South¬ ern under the Senior, and contains Blanders, France , &c. They have this fpecial Honour, that if either of them be a Baron, hetaketh Place, and hath the Precedence of all other Perfons of the fame Degree, tho’ otherwife by their Crea- 84 %l)Z Patent €tate Pa-rti, tion fome of them might have Right to precede him ; and a Knight in like Manner, if he hath no other Qualification ; but if above the Degree of a Baron, then he takes Place only according to the' Seniority of his Creation. They ‘have' their feverat Lodgings appointed them in all' the King’s Houfes, as well for their own Accommodation, as for their Office, and'tliofe that attend upon it. They have alfo Board-wages. Their fettled Allowance from the King, in Salary and Pcn- fion, is? 2000 l. Sterling per Annum to each of them. The Secretaries and Clerks, whom they employ under them, are wholly at their own Choice, and have no De- pendance upon any other Power or Perfons befidcs them- The Secretaries of State have the Cuflody of that Seal of the King, which is properly called the Signet the life and Application whereof gives Denomination to an Office, con- ftantly attending the Court, called the Signet-Office, wherein- there are 4 Clerks, who wait alternately by Months, and pre¬ pare fuch Things as are to pafs the Signet, in order to the- Privy-Seal, or Great-Seal'. Thefe have no Foe from the King,- but only Diet, which at Penfion is 200 1. yearly: Their Office is in White-Hall .- They wait by Months, each of them three Months in a Year. One of them always attends the Court wherefoever it re¬ moves, and by Warrant from the King, prepares fuch Bills or Letters for the King to fign, as not being Matter of Law, are by any Warrants directed to them to prepare. In their Office all Grants either prepared by the King’s learned Coun¬ cil at Law, or by themfelves, for the King’s Hand, when fign’d, are returned, and there tranferibed again, and that Tranfcript is carried to one of the principal Secretaries of State, and feal’d, and then it is called a Signet, which is direfted to the Lord Privy-Seal, and i3 lib Warrant for iffuing out a Privy-Seal upon it; yet Privy-Seals for Money do now always begin in the Treafury, fromwhencethe firft Warrant iffues counter-figned by the Lord Treafurcr: But when the Nature of the Grant requires the palling the Great- Seal, then the Privy-Seal is an Authority to the Lord Chan¬ cellor to pafs the Great-Seal 5 as the Signet was to the Lord Privy-Seal, to affix that Seal to the Grant: But in all three Offices, ere. Signet, Privy-Seal, and Great-Seal, the Grant is tranferibed. So all which pafTes from the King hath thefe feveral Ways of being confidcred before perfefted. There are alfo four Clerks of the Privy-Seal, More of their Office is to befeenmSArt.270ftfeB.VIlt worthy to be noted. More* Book II. of Gr e at-Britain. $$ Moreover, depending on the Secretaries of State is an an¬ cient Office called the Paper-Office, the Keeper whereof hath in his Charge all the pnb'Iicfc Papers, 'Writings, Matters of State, and Council; all Letters, Intelligences, Negotiations of the King's publick Minifters abroad, and generally all the Papers and Difpatches that pafs through the Offices of the two Secretaries of State, which are, or ought to be front- Time to Time tranfmitted into this Office, and here remain, difpofed by way of a Library, within his Majefty’s Palace of White-Hall. CHAP. XI. Of the Parliament of ENGLAND, and therein of the Perfon fummoning, the Man¬ ner of the Summons, the Perfon fummoned, their Privileges, the Place arid Manner of Sitting, the Paffmg of Bills in either Honfe., thePaffmg ofABsof Parliament, of Adjourning, Proroguing, and Diffolving of Parliaments, &c. B Efore the Conqueft, the Great Council of the King, con¬ fiding only of the Great Men of the Kingdom, was called Magnatum Conventus, or .elfc Prdatorum Pncertimque Conci¬ lium, and by the Saxons, in their own Tongue, Wittena- Cemot, the Council, or Affembly of the Sages, and Micel- Gemot, the Great Aflembly : After theConqueft, about the 13c- ginningof King Edward I. fomefay,in the Time of Henry I. it was called by the French Word, Parlesncntum, from Par- Ur, to talk together, dill confiding (as diverfe great Authors affirm) only of the Great Men of the Nation, until the Reign of Henry ill. The Commons alfo were called to fit in Par¬ liament; for diverfe Authors prelume to fay, the fird Writs to be found in Records, fent forth to fummon them, bare Date 4.9 Her,ry Jll. above 400 Years ago. Yet fome Anti¬ quaries are of Opinion, that long before, nothing of Mo- menr,wherein the Lives or Edates of the common People of England were concerned, ever palled without their .common Confent. None but the King hath Authority to fummon a Parlia¬ ment, in the King’s Abfcnce out of the Realm ; the Cuflos Regjii, in the King’s Name, doth fummon a Parliament; and during the King’s Minority within the JLcalifi, the Proteilor Rrgni dpth the fame, G 3 No 8 6 CDe #?efent State Fart i. No Parliament can begin without the King’s Prefence, ei¬ ther in Perfon, or by Reprefentation in Commiffion. When the King of England is with his Parliament in Time of Peace, he is then laid to be in the Height of his Royal Dianity, as well as when he is at the Head of his Army in Time of War: There is then fcarce any thing that the King cannot do, his Power cannot be confined forCaufes or Per- fons within any Bounds. A Parliament is fummon’d in Manner following: Fifty Days at lead before the Parliament doth ademblc, the K'ng ilTues out his Writ, Cum Adv'ifamenhConJilij fui-, and the Warrant is. Per ipfum Regem v Conjdhim. The King’s Writ (which is a Iliort Letter, or Epiftle) is di¬ rected and lent to every particular Perfon of the Lords Spiri¬ tual and Temporal, commanding the Lords Spiritual :;: Fide C? DiliCTnne, and the Lords Temporal, fer lidem o-Aileyan- flam, to appear at a certain Time and Place, to treat, and give their Advice in fome certain important Affairs concerning the Church and State, .err. . Other Writs are fent to the Sheriff of each County to fum- mon the People to elett i Knights for each County. a Citizens for each City, and t or i Burgefles for each Borough, accord¬ ing to Statute, Charter, or Cuftom. In thefe Elections anciently all the People had thetr Votes, anifmoft Votes carried it; but for avoiding of Tumults and Trouble, it was emitted by Henry VI. That none fhould have any Suffrages in the Elettion of Knights of the Shire, but fuch as were Freeholders, did refide in the County, and had yearly Revenue 40 s. (which, till the Difcovery of the Gold and Sil¬ ver in Atnerka, was more than 10 1. is now) yet there was then, as now, this Defett or Abfurdity ; That whereas all Englithmen, who have confiderable Eftates, ought not to be taxed without their own Confent in Parliament,by themfelves, or by their Reprefentatives; Copyholders in England,where- of there are fome who have ioboi. a Year, have no Voice in the Elettion of Knights of the Shire. The Perfon; eletted for each County, are to be Mthtes No- tabiles, or at leaft Efqiiires,otGeni\emen fit to be made Knights, as it is in the Statute of Henry VI. They ought to be Native Englijhmen, or at leaft fuch as have been Naturalized by Att of Parliament; no Alien, or Denizen, none of the 12 Judges, no Sheriff of a County, no Ecdefiaftical Perfon, may be chofen a Parliament-Man, to ferve for any County, City, or Borough. To the Legality of Sitting in either Houfe of Parliament, it is abfoluteiy neceffary, that a Man fhould be of full Age, that is, zi Years old at leaft. All Members of Parliament, both Lords and Commons, that they may attend the publick Service of their Countrv, »re privileged, with their Menial Servants attending on their Perfons, Book II. Of Great-Britain. 87 jPerfons, together with all their neceflary Goods brought a- long with them,'from all Attachments ana Imprifonments for Debts, TrefpalTes, Account or Covenants all the Time that they are on the way to the Place of Parliament, all the Time of the Seffion, and all the Time they are on their Way home aaain, Eundo, Morando, r ad propria Redeundo (for fo were the oTdWords) buttheyare not privileged from Arreft for Trea- fon. Felony, or Breach of the Peace. The Place of Meeting for this High and Honourable Af- fembly, is in whatfoever City, Town, or Houfe the King pleafeth; but of later Times it hath ufually been held at the King’s ancient Palace at Wef.minflcr ; all the Lords in a fair Room by themfelve#, and the Commons not far from them in another fair Room, which was heretofore the Chapel of St. Stephen. The Manner of Sitting in the Lords House is thus : The King as oft as becomes (which hath ufually been on¬ ly at the Opening of Parliaments, or at the Palling of Bills, or at folemn Debates, as Come Kings, and particularly Her late Majefty, have frequently done) is placed at the upper End of the Room, in a Chair of State, having a Cloth of State over his Head, under which, on either Hand, are none but the King’s Children. On the King’s Right-hand is a Seat for the Prince of Wales. On the King’s Left-hind is a Seat for the Duke of Turk, On the King’s Right-hand, and next the Wall, are placed on a Form, firft the King’s Vicar-General in all CaufesEcde- fiaftick, in cafe his Majefty (hall, as Henry VIII. did, create any fuch ; and then next to him, on the fame Form, the Two Archbilhops; below thefe on another Form, the Bilhops of London, Durham and Winchejler 5 then all the reft of the Bi- fhops fit, according to the Priority of their Confecration. On the King’s Left-hand; upon Forms are placed the Lord Chancellor, Treafurer, Preftdent of the Kings Council, and Lord Prhy-Seal ; if they are Barons, above all Dukes, except thofe of the Royal Family. On the fame Side fit the Dukes, Marpuijfes, and Earls, ac- cording-to their Creations. Upon the firft Form a-crofs the Houfe, below the Wool- Sacks, fit the Vifcounts, and upon the next Form the Larons all in Order. The Great Chamberlain, the Conflable, the'Marfhal, the Lord Admiral, the Great Mafler, or Lord Steward, the King’s Cham¬ berlain, fit above all other of the fame Degree of Nobility with themfelves, by an Act of Parliament in Rot. Pari. 3 Hen¬ ry VIII. N. 10. and the chief Secretary, being a Baron, (hall fit above all Barons, who have none of the aTorementioned G 4 Offices s ■gs €$ e $>?efent State Part i. Offices; and if he be a Bifhop, above all othet Bijbops, not having-anyof the faid Offices. The reft of the Peers fit according to the Order of their Creation. Of late the Lord or Keeper, if the King be pre- fent, ftands behind the Cloth of State, oihcrwife fits on the firft Wool-Sack, thwart the Chair of State, his Great-Seal and Mace by him: He is Lord Speaker of the Lords Houfe. Upon otherWool-Sacks fit the judges, the King’s Council at Law, and the Maflcrs of Chancery: Thefc being not Barons, have no Stjffrage in Parliament-only fit to give their Adtice when it is required. The Reafon why thele Sages are placed upon Wool-Sacks may probably be, to mind them of the great Ira- portanceofWool and Sheep to this Nation. The Clerk of the Crown, and Clerk of the Parliament, where¬ of the former is concerned in all Writs of Parliament, and Pardons in Parliament; the other records all Things done in Parliament, and keepeth the Records of the fame, fit on a jorm behind a Table. Without the Bar of the Lords Houfe {its the King's firft Gentleman-Ujlier, called the Black-Rod, from a black Staff he carries in his Hand; under whom is a Teoman- Ufier, that waits at the Door within, a Crier without, and a Sergeant at Mace always attending the Lori Chancellor. When the King is prefent with the Crown on his Head, l)one of the Lords are covered. The Judges ftand till the King gives them Leave to fit. Wlien the Kingis abfent, the Lords to. their Entrance do Re¬ verence to the Chair of State, as is, orlhouldbe done, by all that enter into theKing’s Prefence-Chamber. The Judges then may fit, but may not be covered, till the- Chancellor, or Keeper, fignify to them the Leave of the Lords. The’ King’s Council, and Maflers of Chancery, fit alfo, but may not be covered at all. The Commons {it in their Houfe promifcuoufly, only the Speaker hath a Chair, or Seat, fixed towards the upper End thereof; and the Clerk, with his Aftiftanr, fits near him at the Table, juft below the Speaker's Chair. The Members of the Houfe of Commons never had any Robes, as the Loris ever had, except the Speaker and Clerks, who always in the Houfe wear Gowns, as Profeffors of the Law in Term-time do; and the four Members of the City of London, the firft Day of every new Parliament wear Scarlet Gowns, and fit all together on jhe Right-hand of the'Chajr, next to the Speaker. The Time of Sitting in Parliament is upon any Day in the Morning; only upon fome high Feftivals, or Fall-Days, and Sundays, it hath not been ufual to afTemble, but upon the mod urgent Occafions. The Speaker always adjourns the Houfe to Nine of the Clock in the Morning of fuch Day ns , the Book II. of Great-Britain. 89 the Houfe agrees to adjourn to ; though the Houfe feldom meets’till Twelve. Upon the Day prefix’d by the King in the Writ of Summons, the King comes in Perfon ; if to Weflminfler, where Parlia¬ ments of late Years have conilantly been held, at his Arrival there, twenty-one great Guns on the other Side of the River of Thames aredifch'argcd, as they are again at his Majcfty’s Return from the Houfe of Lords; in the Room next to which, called the Prince’s Chamber, the King puts on his Crown and Robes, and from thence is condufted into the Houfe of Lords by the Lord Great-Chamberlain ; where being feated with his Crown on his Head, and doathed in his Royal Robes, he fends for the Commons by the Gentleman-Ufher of the Black-Rod, who at the Bar of the Houfe makes a Bow, and advancing a few Steps, a Second and Third, faying. Gentlemen of the Houfe of Commons, the King commands this Honourable Houfe to at¬ tend him immediately in the Houfe of Peers ; and then retiring backwards, bowing, withdraws; and the Commons forth¬ with attending his Majefty in the Houfe of Lords, are in the King’s Name, by the Lord-Chancellor, or Keeper, com¬ manded to choofe them a Speaker. Whereupon they return¬ ing to their own Houfe, make Choice of one of their own Members,whom afterwards upon another Day appointed, they prefent to thp King; and if approved of by his Majefty, fit¬ ting on the Thrqne, all’the Lords Spiritual and Temporal be¬ ing in their Robes of Scarlet, he petition! his Majefty-, That the Commons may have, during their Sitting, free Accffs to his Majefty, Freedom of Speech in their own Houfe, and Freedom fromArrefls: After which the King makes his Speech in both Houfes, the whole Houfe of Commons being prefumed to be at the Bar of the Hoitfe of Lords. The Manner of choofing the Speaker is. That any Member of the Houfe (landing up in his Place, and making a Ihort in- trodu&ory Speech, moves, that fuch a Member of the Houfe as he then names, may take the Chair; and being fcconded in that Motion by fome other Member of the Houfe,’if no Con- teft happen, they lead the Perfon fo named from his Seat to the Bar of the Houfe, from whence they conduft him, bow¬ ing thrice, up the Houfe to the Chair; where being placed, he ftands up, and returns his Thanks to the Houfe for the Ho¬ nour they have done him, and modeftly acknowledges his Ina¬ bility to perform fuch a Truft, defires the Houfe would make Choice of fome more able Perfon; which being difapproved, he fubmits to their Plcafure; and after receiving the Direc¬ tions of the Houfe, about the ufual Rcquefts to be made at his appearing before the King, adjourns to the Day appointed for that Purpofe; which being come, the Ufherof the Black- Rod being fent again for the Commons, alters his Stile, and addrefles himfelf to the Speaker: But if a Cornell happens 90 C(je inherent ©tate Part i. about the Choice of a Speaker, fome other Perfons being moved for, and fecondcd as before, it is determined by a Qiteilion, as in a Committee of the whole Houfe, by chang¬ ing Sides, the Clerk of the Houfe of Commons putting the Queftion. Before any Affair be meddled with, even before the Choice of a Speaker, all the Members of the Houfe of Commons take the Oaths of Allegiance and Supremacy in the Prefence of an Officer appointed by the King, who is ufually the Lord Stew¬ ard of his Majefty'sHoulhold. If the Parliament fit MWefl- minjler, the faid Oaths are taken in the Room, called the Court of Wards ; and fincc the Revolution, they take the New ones appointed by Aft of Parliament, the ill of William and Mary ; anJ after the Choice of the Speaker, do, in the Houfe, at the Table, take the faid Oaths again, and declare and fubferibe tlieir Opinions againft the Doftrine of Tranfubfhntiation, In¬ vocation and Adoration of Saints, and the Sacrifice of the Mafs}'which Teft the Lords alfoare now obliged to take, be¬ fore they can fit and debate upon any Affair whatfoever. Note alfo, That all the Members are obliged, befides the other Oaths and Teds, to abjure the ^CtCntUT in the Houfe before they can give any Vote therein, except for the Choice of the Speaker. The Power and Privileges of both Houfes of Parliament arediverfe and diftinft one from another. The Loris Houfe, not only jointly with the Xing and the Commons, hatha Power in making and repealing Laws, but alfo judgingin the Arraignment of any Peer of the Realm, Impeachments, putting Men to their Oaths, efpecially in Mat¬ ters of Importance, as the Corruption of Judges and Magi- ftrates, in Error, illegal Proceedings in other Courts, in Ap¬ peals from Decrees in Chancery. The Lords that conform not to the Protejlant Religion, no longer fit, nor have Suffrage in the Lords Houfe, by Stat. 30 Car. II. All the Lords Spiritual and Temporal have their Privilege, that if byreafon of Sicknefs, or other Bultnefs, they cannot appear, they make their Proxies to vote in their ftead. But at the Beginning of every Parliament fuch Lords as would make their Proxies, are obliged to enter them inPerfon. The Commons alfo have the fame Power in making and re¬ pealing Laws. And for levying of any Money upon the Sub- jeft, the Bill begins in the Commons Houfe, becaufc from them dotharife the greater Part of the Monies ; neither will they allow the Lords to make any Alteration in a Money-Bill. The Commons have the Privilege to impeach publick Delin¬ quents, even the higheft Lords of the Kingdom, both Spiri¬ tual and Temporal. The Book II. of Great-Britain. 91 yhe Houfe of Commons is the Grand InqueJloP the Realm.fum- tnon’d from all Parts to prefent publick Grievances and Delin¬ quents to the King and Lords, to be redrefled and punilh’d by them ; and to this Purpofc the Lords fit in their Rohes on the Bench cover’d, as Judges do in other Judicatures; they fwear and examine Witnefies, and at length pafs Sentence, whiht the Members of the Commons Hottje (land bare at the Bar of the Lords Honfe (which yet the Commons of late have refus’d to do) produce Witnefies, manage Evidences, e?r. Note, That although every Member of the Commons Houfe he chofen tojervefor one particular County, City, or Borough, yet he fervesfor the whole Kingdom, and his Voice is equal to any other, his Power abfolute to conjent or dijfent without ever acquainting thofe that fent him, or demanding their AJfent, as the States Ge¬ neral of the United Netherlands are obliged to do in many Cafes, Altho’ the Lords of Parliament are to bear their own Char¬ ges, becaufe they reprefent there only themfelvcs; yet all the Commons, both Laity and Clergy, that is, ProcuratoresCleri, are to have rationabiles Uxpenjas (as the Words of the Writ are) that is, fuch Allowance as the King, confidering the Prices of all Things, (hall judge meet to impofe upon the People to pay. In the 17th o( Edward II. i t was Ten Groats for Knights, and Five Groats for Burgefies; but not long after it was Four Shillings a Day for dubb’d Knights, and Two Shillings for all other; which in thofe Days, as appear by the Prices of all Things, was a confiderable Sum, in Comparifon to what The Manner of Debates, ofPafling of Bills and AHs, is thus: Any Member of Parliament may move for a Bill to be brought in, which being agreed to by the Houfe, thePerfon making the Motion, together with fome others, who fecond that Motion, are ordered to prepare and bring in the fame; which when ready, fome one of thofe Members fo ordered, prefents the Bill, reading the Order at the Side-Bar of the Houfe, defiring Leave to bring the Bill to the Table; which upon the Queftion being agreed to, it has a firft Rending by the Clerk at the Table; after whom the Speaker taking the Bill in his Hand, reads the Abbreviate or Abftraft of the faid Bill! which done, after Debate upon the Bill, if any happens, he puts the Queftion, whether it (hall have a fecond Reading, and fometimes, upon Motion, appoints a Day for it: When the Bill is read a fecond time, the Queftion is. Whether it lhall be Committed, which is either to a Commit¬ tee of the whole Houfe, if the Bill be of Importance, or other- wife to a private Committee, any Member at Pleafure naming the Perfons to be of that Committee; whofeNames being read bythe Clerk at the Table, is ordered. That they meet in the Speaker’s Chamber, and.report their Opinion to the Houfe ; who accordingly meeting, choofe their Chairmen, and either € 1)0 P? 0 fcnt State Part L adjourn to fome other Time, or then proceed upon the Bill 5 after which the Chairman fil'd caufes a Clerk attending the Committee to read the Bill, then takes the Bili himfelf, and reads it Paragraph by Paragraph, putting every Claufe thereof to theQuedion, filling up the Blanks, and making Amend¬ ments according to the Opinion of the Majority of the Com¬ mittee, of whom there mull be Eight of the Perfons named, regularly to proceed, tho’ Five may adjourn. When the Com¬ mittee have gone through the Bill, the Chairman, by Direfti- • ©ns of-the Committee, makes Ids Report at the Side-bar of the Houfe, reading all the Alterations made by the Committee, and how any of tbefe Amendments have changed the Scope of the Bill, and what Connexion they have therewith, the Cleric having at the Committee writ down what Folio and Line of the Bill thofe Amendments are to be found ; and if any Clatt- fes have been thought fit to be added by the Committee, they are marked alphabetically, and read by the Chairman, and delivered to the Clerk, who reads all the Amendments and Claufes, the Speaker putting the Quetlion, Whether they dull be read a Second Time ? and if agreed to, reads them himfelf; and as many of them as the Houfe agrees to, the Quedion is put. Whether the Bill fo amended lhall be in- grofe’d ? that is to fay, written fair in Parchment, and read the third Time fome other Day. And then the Speaker, holding the Bill in his Hand, puts the Quetlion, whether the Bill Ihould pafs? If the major Part be for it, then it is written on the Bill by the Clerk, Suit Bailie aux Seigneurs ; or if in the Houfe of Lords, there is writ thereon, Soit Bailie aux Com¬ munes, retaining dill in this and fome other Things about making Laws,'the Cudom of our Anceilors, who, after the Norman Conqueft, were generally skill’d in the French Tongue. When an ingroffed Bill is read, and any Claufes referred to be added to it, they mud be in Parchment en- grolfed like the Bill, which are then called Riders 3 and if agreed to, are accordingly added to the Bill. Petitions are offered after the Manner of Bills at the Bar of the Houfe, and brought up by the Memberwhoprefents them, and are deliver’d at the Table. All Meffages from the Lords, as likewife all Perfons appear¬ ing at the Bar of the Houfe, are introduced by the Sergeant attending the Houfe, with his Mace upon his Shoulder. The Mace, while the Speaker is in the Chair, is always ttpon the Table, except, when fent upon any extraordinary Occafioninto Weftmmfler-Hall, and Court of Requefts, to fum- mon the Members to attend: But when the Houfe rcfolves itfelf into a Committee of the whole Houfe, the Mace i? laid under the Table, and the Chairman to that Committee takes the Chair where the Clerk of the Houfe ufually fits. Forty Book II. of Gre at-Britain. Forty Members are requifite to make a Houfe in the Houfe of Commons, and Eight a Committee: The Houfe generally begins with rcaJing fonie Bill unperfecbed the Seflions be¬ fore. After the Speaker and Members have taken the Oaths, the Handing Orders of the Houfe are read, and Grand Commit¬ tees appointed to fit on ufual Days; but of late Years (though they are appointed by every new Parliament) they have not done fo, except the Committee of Eleftions and Privileges, which being no Committee of the whole Houfe, is firft called in the Speaker’s Chamber, and adjourns into the Houfe, be- caufe ufually very numerous, every one of the Houfe ha¬ ving a Vote therein, tho’ not nam’d of the Committee, of whom there mull: be eight to impower the Committee to aft When any Member in the Houfe or Committee ftands up tt> fpeak, he mull be uncover’d. if a Bill be rejefled, it cannot be any more propofed du¬ ring the fame Seilions. A Bill fent by the Commons up to the Lords, is ufually (to fhew their Rcfpeift) attended with a certain Number of the Members of the Houfe: As they come up to the Lords Bar, the Member that hath the Bill makes three profound Reve¬ rences, faying, The Commons having faffed an ASl, entituled. See. to which they defire your Lordfbips Concurrence ; delivers it to the Lord Chancellor or Keefer, who for that Purpofe comes down to the Bar. A Bill fent down by the Lords to the Commons, is ufually fent by fome of the Matters of Chancery, or other Pcrfon whofe Place is on the Wool-Sacks (and by none of the Mem¬ bers of the Houfe) and they coming up to the Speaker, aud bowing thrice, deliver to him the Bill, after one of them hath read the Title, and defired it might be there taken into Confidcration : If afterwards it pafs the Houfe, then it is written on the Bill, Les communes ont affentez. All Meflages front the Commons to the Lords are introduced by the Black- Rod, All Meflettgers from the Lords are introduced by the Sergeant, who, with his Mace on his fhouldcr, going on their Right-hand, they with him make three Bows, as they draw near :o the' Speaker, and then deliver their Mcffage : They do the fame as they retreat, without turning their Ba"cks to the Chair. In Meflages of great Importance, the Lords make ufe of one or two of the Judges to go to the Houfe of Commons. When any one in the Commons Houfe will fpeak to a Bill, he ftands up uncovered, and direfts his Speech only to the Speaker ; then if what he delivers be confuted by another, yet he is not allowed to anfwcr again the fame Day (unlefsper- fonally reflefted on) Alfo, if a Bitl be debated in the Houfe, no Man may fpeak to it in one Day above once, unlefs the whole Houfe be turued into a Committee, and then every 94- C&e pjefent State Part l Member may reply as oft as he or the Chairman judges it expedient. if any one, in either Houfe, fpeaks Words ofOfFcnce to the King’s Majefty, or to the Houfe, he is called to the Bar, where commonly on his Knees he receives a Reprimand from the Speaker-, but if the Offence be very great, he is fent to the Tower, and fometimes to other Prifons. The Speaker is not allowed to perfuade or difluade in puf¬ fing of a Bill, but only to make a Ihort and plain Narrative; nor vote, except the Houfe be equally divided. In the Lords Houfe they give their Suffrages, or Votes, be¬ ginning at the Puifne, or lowed Baron, and fo the reil/enn- tim, every one anfwering apart, [Content, or Hot content.] And if the Affirmatives and Negatives are equal, femper pre- fumitur pro Negante, the Speaker being not allowed a Voice, unlefs he be a Peer of the Realm. In the Houfe of Commons they vote by Yea's and No’s altoge¬ ther; and if it be doubtful whether is the greater Number, then the Houfe divides ; and if theQueftion be to bring any thing into the Houfe, as a Bill, Petition, ere. then the Ay's go out; but if it be upon any thing the Houfe is once pof- feffed of, the No’s go out. Upon all Queftions where the Houfe divides, the Speaker appoints four Tellers, two of each Opinion, who, after they have told thofe within, placethem- felves in the PafTage betwixt the Bar and Door of the Houfe, and tell the others who went out, and who, till then, are not permitted to come in; which being done, the two Tellers ■that have the Majority, take the Right Hand, and placing themfelves within the Bar, all four make their Reverences as they advance three times, and then at the Table deliver the Numbers, faying. The ily’s that went out are fo many; the No’s that ftaid in, fo many, and vice Versa: Which the Speaker repeats, and declares the Majority. In a Committee of the whole Houfe, the Way of divi¬ ding is changing Sides, the Ay’s taking the Right, the No's the Left Hand of the Chair; and then there are but two Tellers. If a Bill pafs in one Houfe, and being fent to the other Houfe, they demur upon it, then a Conference is demanded in th 6 patent State Pan i Commons to come to the Bar of the Lords Houfe-, and then the Lord Chancellor, by the fpecial Command of the King, pro¬ nounces the Parliament Prorogued or Dijfolwd. The King being tht Head of the Parliament, if his Death hap* pen'd during the Sitting of the Parliament, it was formerly, ipfo fafto, Dijfolved. But to prevent Tumults and Confufions, it has been of late exprefly provided by a folemn Aft, That a Parliament Sitting, or in Being, at the Demife of the King, jhall continue ; and if not fitting, Jhall meet exprejly, for keeping the Peace of the Realm, and preferring the Succefion, Anciently, after every Seflion of Parliament, the King com¬ manded every Sheriff to proclaim the feveral Afts, and to caufethem to be duly obferved; yet without that Proclamati¬ on, the Law intended that every one have Notice, byhisRe- prefentative, of what is tranfafted in Parliament: Of later Times, ftnee Printing became common, that Cuftom hath been laid afide. CHAP, XII. Of particular Governments) andfirft, of the Ec¬ clesiastical, Civil and Military Government of the King'd Honjhold. F O R the Ecclefiaflical Government of the King’s Court, there is fir it a Dean of the Chapel-Royal, who is ufually fome Grave, Learned Prelate, chofen by the King, and who, as Dean, acknowledged no Superior but the King; for as the King’s Palace is exempt from all inferior Temporal Jurifdifti- on, fo is his Chapel from all Spiritual: It is called Capella Do¬ minica, the Domain Chapel ; is not within the Jurifdi&ion or Diocefe of any Bilhop, but as a Regal Peculiar, exempt and re- ferved to the Vifitation and immediate Government of the King, who is fupreme Ordinary, as it were, over all England. By the Dean are chofen all other Officers of the Chapel, namely, a Sub-Dean, or PruentorCapelhe-, thirty-two Gentle¬ men of the Chapel, whereof twelve are Priefts, and one of them isConfeflbr to the King’s Houfhold, whofe Office is to read Prayers every Morning to the Family, to vifit the Sick, to examine and prepare Communicants, to inform fuch as defire Advice in any Cafe of Confcience, or Point of Religion, err. The other twenty Gentlemen, commonly called Clerks of the Chapel, are, with the aforefaid Prieft, to perform in the Chapel the Office of Divine Service, in Praying, Singing, ere. One of thefe being well skilled in Mufick, is chofen Mailer of the Children, whereof there are twelve in Ordinary, to inflruft Book II. of Great-Bri^ain,' pf them in the Rules and Art of Mufick, for the Service of the Chapel. Three other of the faid Clerks are chofen to be Organitts. There are moreover four Officers, a Sergeant, two Xcomen , and a G room of the Chapel. In the King’s Chapel, thrice every Day, Prayers are read, and God’s Service and Worfhip performed with great Decen¬ cy, Order and Devotion, and (hould be a Pattern to all other Churches and Chapels in England. The King hath a'lfo his private Oratory, where Ibme of his Chaplains in Ordinary are to read Divine Service to his Ma- jefty on Working-Days, Morning and Evening. The Lord Almoner difpofes of the King’s Alms, and for that Ufe receives (befiJes other Monies allowed by the King) all Deodands, ey* tiona Felonum dc[e, to be that way difpofed. Moreover, the Lord Almoner hath the Privilege to give the King’s Diih tov'hatfoever poor Man he pleafes; that is,' the firft Dilh at Dinner, which is fet upon the King’s Table, of in. Head thereof 4 d. per Diem. Next he diftributes to twenty-four poor Men, nominated by the Parilhioners of the Parifh adja¬ cent to the King’s Palace of Refidence, to each of them 4 d, in Money, a Two-penny Loaf, and a Gallon of Beer; or inftead thereof, 3 d, in Money, to be equally divided among them ' every Morning at Seven of the Clock at the Court Gate; and every poor Man before he receives the Alms, to repeat the Creed and the Lord’s Prayer in the Prefence of one of the King’s Chaplains deputed by the Lord Almoner to be his Sub-Almoner, who is alfo to fcatter new coin’d Two-pences in the Towns and Places where the King pafleth through in his Progrefs, to a certain Sum by the Year. Befides, there'are many poor Penfioners to the King , and Queen below Stairs, that is, fuch as are put to Penfion, either becaufe they are fo old that they are unfit for Service, or elfe the Widows of fuch of his Majeily’s Houlhold Servants that died poor, and were notable to pro- videfor their Wives and Children in their Life-times; Every one of thefe hath a Competency duly pay’d them. Under the Lord High-Almoner, there is a Sub-Almoner, a Xeoman, and two Grooms of she Almonry. Befides all thefe, the King hatha Clerk of theClofet, who is fome Reverend Divine, whofe Office is to attend at the King’s Right Hand during Divine Service, to refolve all Doubts concerning Spiritual Matters, to wait on hisMajefly in his pri¬ vate Oratory or Clofet, eye. explains?.] The King hath alfo 4S Chaplains in Ordinary, who are ufually eminent DoEfots of Divinity; whereof four every Month wait at Court to'preach in the Chapels oa Sun¬ days and other Feftivals befofe the King, and in the'Morning early on Sundays before the Houlhold, "to read Divine Service before the King out of Chapel daily (as afore-mentioned) H twice 98 ®je piefent Me. Part i. twice in the King’s private Oratory, to give Thanks at the ^able in the Clerk of the Clofet’s Abfence, eye. In Time of Lent, according to ancient laudable Cuftom,Di¬ vine Service and Preaching is performed in a more folemn Manner. 3Unfr£erm0niS.] Anciently at Court there were Sermons in Lent only, and that in the Afternoon, in the open Air, and then only preached by Bilhops, Deans, and principal Preben¬ daries. The Lent-Preackers are appointed by the Lord Cham¬ berlain: On the firft Wednefday, called Afh-Wednefday, in the Morning, begins the Dean of the Chapel to preach ; on each Wednefday after, one of his Majefty’s more eloquent Chap¬ lains ; every Friday the Dean of fome Cathedral or Collegiate Church: On the laft Friday, called Good-Friday, the Dean of Wefitninfler is always to preach ; on every Sunday in Lent fome Bilhop preaches; on the laft Sunday of Lent, a\\ei Palm-Sun- day, an Archbijhop ; and upon Eajler-Day, the Lord High- Almoner. Collar ano 5DfEcrinScntfemcn=»i©cngonecjff» A T Home, within the King’s Houfe, it is thought fit, that the King’s Perfon fhould have a Guard both above and below Stairs. In the Prefence-Chamher therefore wait the Honourable Band of Gentlemen-Penfsoners, firft inftituted by King Henry VII. Their Office is to attend the King’s Perfon with their Pole- Axes to and from Chapel-Royal, and to receive him in the Prefence-Chamher, or coming out of his Privy-Lodging 5 as alfo at all Great Solemnities, as Coronations, St. George’s Feajl, Publick Audiences of Amhajfadors, at the King’s going to Par¬ liament, and at their Funerals, They are 40 in Number, and each obliged to keep three double Horfes and a Servant, who is likewife to be armed, and fo are properly a Troop of Guards, and have accord¬ ingly been muttered by their own Officers; but this lad Part ■ of the Duty, to which they are fworn, the King doth difpenfe withal during Pleafure. They have ever been commanded by a Nobleman, or a Knight of the mod Noble Order of the Garter, as their Cap¬ tain ; they have a Lieutenant, a Standard-Bearer, and a Clerk of the Cheque. A Gentleman-Harbinger to provide Lodging for them, and to affift the Clerk of the Cheque in his Abfence, as his Deputy. All the Band and Officers are fworn by the Clerk of the Cheque (except the Captain) for which he hath a Fee of 5 /. The Band wait half at a Time quarterly, but on Chriflmas- day, Eafler-day, Whitfunday, All-Saints, St. George's Feajl , the Coronation-days, and on extraordinary Occ3fions, they are all obliged to giye their Attendance, under the Penalty of the Cheque. They io 6 CJje parent State' Part i They have the Honour likewife to carry up the King’s Din¬ ner on the Days of his Coronation, and at St, George’s Feajl- at which Times his Majefty ufually confers the Honour of Knight-hood on two fuch Gentlemen of the Band that the Captain doth prefent. Their ordinary Arms are gilt Pole-Axes. Their Arms on Horfe-back in Time of War, are Curaffiers Arms, with Sword and Piftols. They have not appeared armed, either in this, or any other manner in the Arm y, in the Memory of Man. Their Standard borne in-Time of War, is A Crofs Gules, in a Field Argent. Of the Yeomen of the Guard. A Gain, in the firft Room above Stairs, called the Guard- Chamber, attend the Yeomen cf the Guard of his-Majefly's Fody j whereof there, were wont to be 150 Men of the bed Quality under the Gentry, and of larger Stature than ordi¬ nary (for every one of them was to be fix Foot high) Of later Times they were reduced to J70; but at prefent there are. no more than 100. Thefe wear Scarlet Coats down to the Knee, and Scarlet Breeches, both richly guarded with black yelvet, and rich Badges upon their poats, before and behind. Moreover, black Velvet rou'pcj broad-crown’d Caps (accord¬ ing to the Mode ufed in the Reign of Henry VIIIJ with Ribbonds of the King’s Colour: One Half of them formerly bore in their Hands Harquebuzes (but ever fince the Reign of King William the Harquebuzes have been difufed) and the other Half Partizans, with large Swords by their Sides. They iiaye Wages and Diet allowed them. Their Office is to wait upon the King in his Handing Houfes, 36 by Day, and 18 to watch by Night; about the City, to wait upon the King’s Rerfon abroad by Water, or Land. Of the Troops of the Houfhold. T H E Guards of Horfe, which the Spaniards call Guardas dt aCavallo-, the French, Gardes du Corps ; the Germans, Leibgardy, and we tife-Guard ; that is, the Guards of the King’s Body, confift of 724 Horfemen, Officers included, well armed and equip’d ; they are divided into four Troops. To each Troop of Guards there is now added by Eftabliffi- ment a Troop of Grenadiers, confiding of 44 Men, Officers included. Each of thefe-4 Troops are divided into 4 Squadrons, or Divifions; Two of which confiding of 100 Gentlemen, an4 commanded by one principal commiffion’d Officer, two Bri¬ ns, gadiers. Book II. Of Great-Britain. 107 gadiers, and two Sub-Brigadiers, with two Trumpets, mount the Guard one Day in fix, and are relieved in their Turns. Their Duty is always by Parties from the Guard, to attend the Perfon of the King wherefoever he goes near Home ; but if out of Town, he is attended by Detachments out of the four Troops. Befides this, there is a more drift Duty and Attendance weekly on the King's Perfon on Foot, wherefoever he walks, from his Rifingtohis going to Bed; and this is performed by one of the four Captains, who always waits immediately next to the King’s own Perfon, before all others, carrying in his Hand zn Ebony Staff, os Truncheon, with a gold Head, en¬ graven with his Maieily’s Cypher and Crown: Near him alfo attends another principal commiffion’d Officer, with an Etiony Staff, and Silver Head, who is ready to relieve 'the Captain on Occafions, and at the fame Time alfo two Brigadiers, having likewife Ebony Staves, headed with Ivory, and engraven as the others. One Divifion of Grenadiers mounts with a pivifion of the Troops to which they belong; they go out on fmall Parties from the Guard, perform Centinel-duty on Foot, and attend the King alfo on Foot, when he walks Abroad, and always march with great Detachments. fbe Pax of tbs faid Guards of Horfe is as fol¬ lowed ; viz. T HE Captain’s Pay of the firft Troop of Guards is I h tor. per diem. The other three Captains, their Pay is to each i l. per diem. A Lieutenant’s Pay of the Guards is 15 r. per diem. A Cornet’s Pay of the King’s Troop is 14J. per diem. Of each of the other Troops is 13 s. per diem. A Guidon’s Pay is nr. per diem. A Quarter-Matter's Pay is 9 s. per diem. A Chaplain's Pay is 6 s. 8 d. per diem. A Surgeon’s Pay is 6 s. and his Cheft-Horfe a s. In all 8 r, per Diem. A Brigadier’s, or Corporal’s Pay of the King’s Troop, is 7 s. per diem. Qf each of the other Troops is 6 s. per diem. A Trumpeter and Kettle-Drummer, each is 5 r. per diem. . A Sub-Corporal, or Sub-Brigadier’s Pay is but equal to a Gentleman of the Troop, viz. 4 s. per Diem. ithe Pax of the Grenadiers of Horfe , is asfollowetb. A Lieutenant’s Pay is 8 r; per diem. A Sergeant’s Pay is 4 s. per diem. A Corporal’s Pay is 3 s. per diem. A los patent state Part i. A Hautboy’s and Drummer's Pay is is.6d. per diem. A private Soldier's Pay is 2 s. 6 d, per diem. As to the Precedency of the refpeffive Officers of the King’s Guards of Horfe, by their Commiilions the Captains always command, as eldeft Colonels of Horfe; the Lieutenants, as eldeft Lieutenant-Colonels of Horfe; the Cornets and Gui¬ dons, as eldeft Majors of Horfe; theQuarter-Mafters, asyoun- geft Captains of Horfe; the Brigadiers, as eldeft Lieutenants of Horfe; and amongft themfeives, every Officer according to the Date of his Commiflion when on Detachments, but hot when the four Troops march with their Colours ; for then the Officer of the elaeft Troop commands thofe of equal Rank with him in the others, tho’ their Commiflions be of elder Date. Next immediately after the four Troops of Guards his Ma- jefty’s Regiment of Horfe takes Place, and the Colonel of it is to have Precedency after the Captains of the Guards, and before all other Colonels of Horfe, whatfoever Change may be of the Colonel; and all the Officers thereof, in their pro¬ per Degree, are to take Place according to the Dates of their Commiifions. As to the Foot, the King’s own Regiment of Guards takes Place of all other Regiments, and the Colonel thereof is al¬ ways, to precede asthe firft Colonel. The Coldflream Regiment takes the next Place, and then all other Colonels, according to the Dates of their Commiilions. [The-firft Regiment of Guards confifts of three Battalions; the fecond, or Ceidjiream Regiment, of two Battalions; befides which there is now a third Regiment of Scots Guards confiding of two Battalions.] All other Regiments of Horfe or Foot, not of the Guards, taking Place according to their refpeftive Seniorities from the Time they were firft raifed ; and no Regiment lofes its Prece¬ dency by the Death, or Removal of its Colonel. Of Offences committed within the Verge of the King’s Court. T HE King’s Palace Royal is exempted from all Jurifdic" tion of any Court, Civil, or Ecdefiaftical, but only o' the Lord Steward, and in his Abfence, of the Treafurer and Comptroller of the King’s Houlhold, with the Steward of the Marfhalfea, who may, by Virtue of their Office, without Commiflion, hear and determine all Treafons, Mifprijion of Treafons,Mitrders,Marijlatip,ht(rs , Breaches of the Peace, See. com¬ mitted within the King’s Courr, or Palace, or within aoo Foot of the outward Gate. [But there isnolnftance of any Trial before thefe Officers fur Treafon or Felony in the Memory of Man.] ' if Book II. Of Great-Britain. 109 If any Man prefume to (hike another within the Palace where the King’s Royal Perfon refidctb, and by fuch a Stroke only draw Blood, his Right-hand (hall be (truck off, and he committed to perpetual Imprifonment, and fin’d. By the an¬ cient Laws of England, only (hiking in the King’s Court, was puniflied with Death and I.ofs of Goods. To make the deeper Imprcfiion and Terror in Men's Minds for (hiking in the King’s Court, it hath been ordered, Thac the Punilhmentfor (hiking fhould be executed with great So¬ lemnity and Ceremony ; in brief thus: ^umfljmeiit fa? grafting in tlje Ring’# Court. The Sergeant of the King’s Wood.Xari brings to the Place of Execution a fquare Block, a Beetle, Staple and Cords to fallen the Hand thereto; the teaman of the Scullery provides a great Eire of Coals by the Block, where the Searing-Iron i, brought by the chief Farrier, are to be ready for the chief Surgeon to ufe; Vinegar and cold Water, brought by the G room of the Saitcery ; the chief Officers alfo of the Cellar and Pantry are to be ready, one with a Cup of red Wine, and the other with a Manchet, to offer the Criminal. The Sergeant of the Ewryis to bring Lumen to wind about, and wrap the Arm ; the Yeoman of the Poultry a Cock to lay to it; the Yeoman of the Chandlery feared Cloths; th eMafter-Cook a (harp Drefler- Knife, which at the Place of Execution is to be held upright by the Sergeant of the Larder, ’till Execution be perform’d by an Officer appointed thereunto. After all, the Criminal (hall be imprifon’d during Life, and fin’d and ranfom’d at the King’s Will. [None have been puniflied in this Manner for many Years for (hiking in the Court.] CHAP. XIII. Of the Civ it Government of England in the re- fpeffive Courts of Judicature: And firft, of the Court ofjujlice call’d the KIN G’s-B E N C H. F O R the Execution of Laws, after the Houfe of Lords ia Parliament, the highelt Court in England at Common- Law, is the King's-Bench, fo called, becaufe anciently the So¬ vereign fometimes fat there in Perfon on a high Bench, and his Judges on a low Bench at his Feet, to whom the Judica. lure belongs in his Abfence, or perhaps, becaufe this Court determines Pleas between the Crown and the Subject. iio Ctje S^efeitt &tate Parti. In this Court are handled the Pleas of the Crown, all Things that concern the Lofs of Life or Member of any Subjeft; for then the King is concerned, becaufe the Life and Limbs of the Subjeft belong only to the King. Here are handled all Trea¬ sons, felonies, 'Breach of Peace, OppreJJion, Mifgovernment, &c. This Court moreover hath Power to examine and correct Er¬ rors in Fade, and in fure, of all the Judges and Juftices of England in their Judgments and Proceedings; and this, not only in Pleas of the Crown, but in all Pleas, real, perfonal, and mixed, except only in the Exchequer. In this High-Court fit commonly four grave Reverend Judges, whereof the firft is (filed the Lord Chief-JuJlice of the King’s-Bench, [he is alio (filed Lori Chief-JuJlice of England, or by way of Eminence, the Lord Chief-fufttce ] and is created not by Patent, but by afhort Writ thus: A. B. Militifalutem. Sciatis quod conflituimus vos JuJliciarum noflrum Capitalem, ad placita coram nobis tenenda, quamdiu to bene gcjferis. Tefle meipfo afui Wedm. The reft ofthe Judges of the King’s-Bench did formerly hold their Places by Letters-Patent in thefe Words; Rex omnibus ad quos prafentes litem pervenerint, falutem, Sciatis quod conjli- tuimus dileclum &fidelem A. B. Militem, unttm fujticiariorum, ad Placita coram nobis tenenda, durante beneplacito noflro. Tefle, &c. But fmcethe Revolution, their Tenure is like the former. Thefe Judges, and all the Officers belonging to this Court, have all Salaries from the King, and the Chief of them have Robes and Liveries out of the great Wardrobe. [In the Reign of King George I. the Salaries of the Chief-JuJlices and Chief- Baron were advanced to 2000 1. each, and thofe of the Pttifnc Judges to 1500/. each.] This Court may grant Prohibitions to keep other Courts, both Ecclefiaftical and Temporal, within their Bounds and due Jurifdiffion. The Jurifdiftion of this Court is general, and extendech to all England-, for the Law prefumes, that the Sovereign is always there in Peffon. None may be Judges in this Court, unlefs he be a Sergeant oftheDegree ofthe Coif; that is, a Sergeant at Law, who upon taking this high Degree, is obliged to wear a Lawn-Coif under his Cap always at the Bar. The Jurifdiftion of this Lord Chief-fujlice is very great over all England ; and even in Parliament-time, the Lords fome- times waving their own Power, have direfted him to fend his Warraht to feize Perfons fufpefted of capital Crimes. Secondly, Of the High-Court of Chancery. ' N Ext to the King’s-Bench in Weflminfler-Hall, is wifely pla¬ ced this High-Court, to mitigate the Rigour of the other It is Curia Cancell ark-, becaufe as fome think, the Judge of BookII. of Great-Britain.' in this Court fat anciently intra Cancellos, or Lathes, as the Eaffc End of our Churches, being feparated per Cancellos from the Body of the Church, as peculiarly belonging to the l’riefh, were thence called Chancels. This Court is the Offcina JuJlitit, the Womb of all our fun¬ damental Laws, the Fountain of all our Proceedings in Law; the Original of all other Courts. It is as ancient as the Civility of the Nation, though perhaps by another Name. This Court proceeds either ordinarily,_ according to the Laws, Statutes, and Cuftoms of the Nation, and in Latin granting out Writs Mandatory and Remedial, Writsof Grace; or elfe according to Equity and Confcience, and by Englijb Bill: So that the Chancery hath two Courts in one; the equi¬ table Part is by Bills, Anfwers, and Decrees, to examine Frauds, Combinations, Truft, fecret Ufes, &c. to moderate the Rigour of the Laws, and refcue Men out of the Hands of their OpprefTors; to relieve a Man, efpecially in three Things, viz. againft Cheats, unfortunate Accidents, and Breaches of Truft. Out of this Court are ilTued Writs, or Summons, for Par¬ liaments and Convocations, Edifts, Proclamations, Charters, Proteflions, Safe-Conduffs, Writs of Moderata Mifericordia, when any Perfon hath been amerced too .high, and for a rea- fonable Part of Goods for Widows and Orphans, Patents for Sheriffs, Writs of Certiorari, to remove Records and falfe Judgments in inferior Courts, Writs of Audita Querela, and Scire facias. Here are fealed and enrolled Letters Patents, Treaties and Leagues with foreign Princes, Deeds between Party and Party, touching their Lands andEftates, or Purcha- fers taking Recognizances, and making of Extents upon Sta¬ tutes and Recognizances for Payment of Money, or fecuring of Contrafb, Writs Remedial or Majefterial, Commiffions of Appeal, Oyer and Terminer, arc. The Court of Common- Pleas, whichare betwixt Subjeft and Subjeft, hath its Origi¬ nal and Commiffion from the Chancery, and cannot hold Pleas without it. For the Latin Part of this Court, are the 14 Curfitors ; and for the linglifl) Part, are the 6 Clerks. The Court of Equity, that proceeds not according to Law, is no Court of Record, and therefore binds only the Perfon, his Lands or Goods. €t)ancelIoj.J The Judge of this Court is the Lord Chan¬ cellor, or Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of England. He is here the foie Judge ; whereas in other Courts there are three or four Judges: But he may, and doth often, in Cafes of greater Weight and Difficulty, callfome of the other Judges to his Affiftance; and therefore it is faid, this Office may be difeharged by one that is no profefled Lawyer, as it was al- moft always anciently. Anciently 11 2 E&e latent &tate Part i Anciently the Lord Chancellor had fometimes his Vice- Chancellor, commonly called Keeper of the Great Seal-, but fince Queen Elizabeth's Time the£ hardly differ in any thing but Name. The Chancellor is faid to be Keeper of the King’s Con- fcience, to judge fecundttm Eqrnm & Roman, according to Equity and Conscience;' lie is to moderate the the exaft Rigour and Letter of the Law, whereunto other Judges are fttiftly tied. The Manner of proceeding in this Court, is much like that in the Courts of the Civil-Law, the Actions by Bill or Plaint, the Witneffes examined in private, the Decrees in Englifh or .Latin, not in Trench. No Jury of twelve Men, but all Sen¬ tences given by the Judge of the Court. spatters of CljancetJ’-] The Chancellor, or Lord Keeper, hath Twelve Affiftants, anciently calledC/erici, Clerks, or Ma- giflri CancellarU, becaufe they were ufually in Holy Orders, and Doftors of Laws; for Matter and Doctor were an¬ ciently the fame, as at this Day a Doftor in the Arts is called Magifler in Artibus ; and fometimes they were called Coad- jutores: But now all Matters in Chancery mutt be Gentlemen at the Bar. Scatter Of tfje JRollS.] The firft of thefe is the Mafter of the Rolls ; in Latin, Sacrorum Scrhiorum Magifter, v Rotulornm Cuftos, Jive PnfeSlas, fo called from the Chapel wherein the Rolls are kept ; It is a Place of great Dignity, and is in the Gift of the King, either for Life, or during Pleafure; and this Officer hath Jure Ojfitij, the Gift of thofe confiderable Offices of the Six Clerks in Chancery, hath the keeping of the Rolls, hath all the Houfe of the Converted Jews, now called the Rolls, and in the Abfence of the Chancellor, hears Caufes there, and makes Orders by Virtue of a Commiffion, with two Matters, and that Jure Officij. When he fits in the Lord’s Houfe in Parliament, he fits next to the Lord Chief-Juftice of England, upon the Second Wopl-Sack. This Courtis always open, whereas all the others are [hut but only in Term-Time; fo that if any Man be wrongfully imprilbned in -the Vacation-Time, out of the Term, the Lord Chancellor may grant his Writ of Habeas Corpus, and do him Juftice, according to Law: So likewife mav this Court grant Prohibitions in Time of Vacation, as well as in Terin-Time. The Salary of the Matters in Chancery is ioo/. to each of them, paid out of the Exchequer quarterly, befides Robe- Money. Thefe- Matters do fit at Wefitninfler-Hall, with the - Lord Chancellor, or Keeper, three at a time in Term-Tirtey and two at a time out of Term, when the Lord Keeper fit* Book II. Of Great-Britain. iij to hear Caufes at his own Houfe. And to thefe Mailers the Lord-ICeeperdoes often refer the further Hearing of many Caufes: [Matters of Account are referred to the Mailers, and other Things of fmall Moment, but never the Merits of the Cattfe.] They have alio a publiclc Office, where one or more of them do conilanilv attend to take Affidavits. The Houfe, founded at full for the Converted Jews, was, after their Expulfiot out of England, annexed for ever to the Office of Mailer of the Rolls, where he hath the Cuftody of all the Charters, Patents, Commiffions, Deeds, Recognizan¬ ces, which being made up in Rolls of Parchment, give Oc- cafton for that Name. At prefent there arc kept all the Rolls fince the Beginning of Richard Ill. the reft are kept in the Tower of Loudon. In his Gift are, beftdes the Six-Clerks-Ojfce, the Offices of the Examiners, three Clerks of the Petty-Bag, and the fix Clerks of the Rolls-Chapcl, where the Rolls are kept. ClertE of tl)C CtObon.J Next is the Clerk of the Crown. This Office is of high Importance; he is either by himfclf) or Deputy, continually to attend the Lord-Chancellor, or Lord-Keeper, for fpecial Matters of State, and hath a Place in the Higher Houfe of Parliament: He makes all Writs for Election of Members of Parliament fitting in the Parliament, upon Warrant direfted to him upon the Death or Removal of any Member, and alfo Commiffions of Oyer and Terminer, Goal-Delivery, Commiffions of Peace, and many other Com¬ miffions dillribiiting Jutlice to the King’s Subje&s: Which Office has been fometimes executed by a Deputy. Protomtary of this Court.] This Office is chiefly to expedite Commiffions for Embaffies, It is executed by a Deputy. Clerk of the Hamper, or Hanapcr, fometime fliled Warden of the Hanaper, whole Office is to receive all the Money due for the Seals of Charters, Patents, Commiffions and Writs, and to attend the Keeper of the Seal daily in Term-Time, and at all Times of Sealing, with Leather-Bags now (but ancient¬ ly, probably, with Hampers) wherein are put all fealed Char¬ ters, Patents, and the like, and then thofe Bags are deliver¬ ed to the Comptroller of the Hamper. Six Clerks are Officers of great Account, next in Degree to the Twelve Mailers in Chancery, whofe Office is to inrollCom- miffions. Pardons, Patents, Warrants, (ye. that are paffedthe Great-Seal. They were anciently Clerici, and afterwards for- fcited.their Places if they did marry,’till by Afl of Parliament, in the Time of Henry VIII. they were allowed to take Wives. They are alfo Attorneys for Plaintiffs and Defendants in Caufes depending in this Court. Under the fore-named Six Clerks, there are Sixty other Clerks, -viz. Ten to each of the Six Clerks, and who, I with n4 fcfieS&efentState' . Parti with their under Clerks, difpatch the Bufinefs of that Office’. Examiners in Chancery there are Two. Their Office is to examine ^erfons on their Oaths, in any Suit on both Sides. Clerk's of the Petty-Bag in Chancery are Three. They are un¬ der the Mafter of the Rolls: Their Office is to make all Pa¬ tents for Cuftomers, Comptrollers, all Conge cl' EJlire’s, firft Summons of Nobility, Clergy, Knights, Citizens, and Bur- geffes to Parliament, &c. The Subfana Office is to ilfue out Writs to fumrnon- Per- Jonsto appearjn Chancery. Clerk of the Patents, or Letters-Pdtents, under the Great- Seal of England. The principal Regifier of the Court of Chancery. Clerk of the Reports, Keeper of the Old Book, and of one of the Entry Books. The Office for Tiling all Affidavits in the fame Court of Chancery, is an Office granted by Lctters-Patent. . Curjitors-Office in the Chancery, is to make out "Original Writs : They were anciently called Clerict Brevium de Curfu: Of thefe there are Twenty-four, whereof each one hath cer¬ tain Counties and Cities alloted to him, into which they make out fuch Original Writs as are required. Thefe Clerks are a Corporation of themfelves, who execute thefe Offices by themfelves, or by their Deputy. Prom this High Court are alfo iflued out Commiffions for Charitable Ufes throughout England, where there is Occafion to enquire of anyAbufes orPraudsin what has been given for the Relief of Aged, Impotent, and poor People: Main¬ tenance of Sick and Maimed Soldiers or Mariners; Schools of Learning, or Tree-Schools, or Scholars in (Jniverfities; Repair of Bridges, Ports, Havens, Caufe-ways, Churches, Sea-Banks, dr High-wayS; Education or Preferment of Or¬ phans; Relief, Stock, or Maintenance of Houfes of Cor- reftion; Marriage of poor Maids; Supportation, Aid or Help of young "tradefmen, Handicrafts-men, or Perfons decayed: Relief or Redemption of Prifoners or Captives. - Aiienation-Office. T Here is alfo an Office called the Alienation-Office, where- unto all Writs of Covenants and Entry, whereupon Pines are levied, and Recoveries fuffered, are carried to have Pines for Alienation fet*and paid thereupon. This Office is ex¬ ecuted by three Commiffioners. In all are counted feventy-two Officers under the Lord- Chancellor or Lard-Keeper. Thirdly, Rook II. cf Great-Britain. 115 ‘Thirdly , of the Court of Common-Pleas. i-j-. H E next Court for Execution of Laws, is the Court of Common-Pleas, fo called, becaufe there are debated the ufoal Pleas between Subjeft and Subjeft: By the Statute of Hana Charta it was ordained. That this Court [hould not be Ambulatory, but be held at a certain Place; and that hath been ever lince in V/eJlminfler-Hall. None but Sergeants at Law may plead in this Court; and fo many of them as the King (hall appoint, arc bound by Oath to affift all that have any Caufe depending in that Court. This Court may grant Prohibitions, as the Court of the K'mg's-Bench doth. The chief Judge in this Court is called. The Lord Chief- •juflice of the Common-Pleas, or of the Common-Bench : He holdeth his Place by Letters-Patent, quamdia fe bene gejfcrit ; and fodo the other inferior Judges of this Court, whereof there arc commonly three. In this Court all Civil 1 Caufes, Real and Perfonal, are ufu- ally tried according to the drift Rules of LaV. Real Aftions are pleadable in no other Court, nor Fines levied; or Recoveries buffered, but only at this Court at iVeji-. minfier, at a Judge’s Chamber, at the Afliaes, or by fpecial Commiftion out of Chancery. The King allows to.the Lord Chicf-JiiJlice of this Court a Fee, Reward, Robes, and two Tuns of Wine, as isdoneto the Lord Chicf-JiiJlice of the other Bench ; alio to the other Judges of this Court, and to four Sergeants is allowed Fees,' Reward, and Robes to each one. Before the Reign of Queen Ahtry, thefe and the reft of the twelve Judges rode upon Mules, and not upon Horfes, or in Coaches, as they now do in great State, at the> Beginning of the Term. Then there is an Officer called Cttfios Brevium', the firfl Clerk of the Court, whofe Office is to receive and keep all Writs returnable in that Court, to receive of the Protonolaries all Records of Nift Print, called Pojlea’s. He holdeth his Place by Patent from the King, and hath the Gift of the fecond Protonotary's Place, and of the Clerk of the Juries. There are three Protonotaries, a Word compounded of Greek and Latin, and fignify the firjl Notaries. They are chief Clerks of this Court; and bytheir Office are to enter and enroll all Declarations, Pleadings (which the Filazers did formerly pro- mifcuoully do) Aflizes, Judgments, and Aftions; and to make out Judicial Writs, tyc. for all Englifh Counties except Mon¬ mouth. Thefe confiderable Offices are in the Hands of three Perfons, in whofe Offices all the Attorneys of the Court of Common-Pleas do enter their Caufes: Each of the faid Proto¬ notaries hath a Secondary, whofe Office is to draw up the Rules n6 Cfje defeat State Part i of Court, and to do other Matters relating to the Bufinefs of the Court. Thefe Secondaries are commonly the ancientcfl: and the ableft Clerks or Attorneys of the Court. The Chiro¬ graphs is an Officer .who ingroCTeth Fines acknowledged, err. He holdeth his Place alfo by Patent. In this Office.there are feveral Clerks, who have their feve- ral Counties alloted them, and for which they are to ingrofs the Fines levied of Lands ir, their refpeftive Divifions. The Regifier of the Fine-Office 5 which Office is the only pro¬ per Place for fcarching for Fines, they not being perfeft ’till they are brought thither and recorded. A Clerk of the Proclamations. All thefe Protonotarics and Chirographer afore-mentioned, lit in the Court, covered with black round Caps, according to the Mode immediately before the Invention of Hats, which was ftnee the Beginning of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth. Moreover, they are all fworn, and have their Offices for Life, as a Free-hold. There are in this Court Three Officers unfworn, and hold their Places durante bene placito• 1. One Cicrfc of the Trcafury, who hath the Charge of keep¬ ing the Records of this Court, and makes out all Records of Nifi print, and diverfe other things. This Office is in the Gift of the Lord Chief-JtiJlice of this Court. 1. The Clerk of the Inrollments of Fines and Recoveries is, by Statute, under the three Pilifne Judges of this Court, and removeable at theirPleafure. Note, That the Inrollmentof the Fines and Recoveries, or any Part thereof, by Stat. 13 Eli¬ zabeth, Cap. 3. is of good Force and Validity in Law, to all Intents and Purpofes, for fo much of any of them fo inroll’d, as the fame being extant and remaining, were, or ought by Law to be: The general Neglect whereof in this Kingdom hath.occafioned many Law-Suits, and hath proved, inProcefs of Time, exceeding dangerous to many Mens Eftates. 3. The Clerk of the Outlawries, who maketh out the Writs o Capias ut iegatum (after the Parties are returned Out-law'd) in the Name of the King’s Attorney, whofc Deputy he is pro tempore. There are five Clerks or Officers more. 1. Clerk of the King's Silver, unto whom every Fine or final Agreement upon Sale of Land is brought, after it hath been with the Cufios Brevium, and who makes an Entry of what Money is to be paid for the King’s life, executed by a Deputy. • a. Clerk of the Warrants, executed by a Deputy, who en- treth all Warrants of Attorney for Plaintiff and Defendant, and inrolleth all Deeds acknowledged before any of the Judges of this Court. Book II. of Great-Britain. 117 3. Clerk of the Juries, who makes out the Writs called ifa- beas Corpus, and Dijlringas Juratorum, for Appearance of the Jury, either in this Court, or at the Aflizes in the Country, by his Deputj'. 4. Clerh of the Ejfoins, or Excufes for lawful Caufe of Abfence. 5. Clerk of the Superfedeas, which is held by Patent, But before King James the Find’s Time the Writs of Superfedeas were made by the Exigenter. In this Court are alfo Filazers for the fevcral Counties of England, fo called from the French, Fill, a Thread, becaufe they file their Writs. Thefe make out all Procefs upon Ori¬ ginal Writs, and do many other things too long to be here letdown. Of thefe there are Fourteen; the laft of which is Protimotary, Filazer, and Exigenter of Monmouth, by Pa¬ tent; the reft are in the Gift of the Lord, Chief-Juflice. of this Court, and hold for Life. There are alfo four Exigenters, whofe Office is to make all Exigents and Proclamations in all Aftions, where Procefs of Out-lawry do lie. TfiisWrit is called an Exigent, becaufe it exaSleth the Party ; that is, requireth his Appearance to an- fwer the Law, and lies againft a Tranfgrelfor of the Law, that cannot be found, nor any of his Goods within the County: So that after Summons by the Sheriff at five feyeral County- Courts, if he appears not, he is Out-law’d. Thefe are all in the Gift of the Lord- Chief-Juflice of this Court, and are for Life. There are alfo belonging to this Court four Criers and a Fourthly, Of the Court of Exchequer. T H E next Court for Execution of Laws, is the Exchequer, fo called, as fome think, from a Chequer-wrought Carpet covering the great Table in that Court' (as the Court of Green- Cloth in the King’s Houfe is fo called from the Green Carpel) or elfe from the French Word Efchiquier, a Chefs-Board ; be¬ caufe the Accomptants in that Office were wont to ufe fuch Boards in their Calculation. Here are tried all Caufes which belong to the King’s Treafury, or Revenue, as touching At¬ tempts, Disburfements, Cujloms, and all Fines impofed upon any Man. In this Court may fit. The Lord-Treaftrer, the Chancellor of the. Exchequer, the Lord Chief-Baron, and three other learned Judges, called Barons of the Exchequer-, alfo one other Curfttor Baron. The firft of the five is the principal Judge of this Court, and anfwers the Bar of the Bar refers, who direft their Speech 1 1 s Cfje Parent imitate Parti, to him ; takes Recognizances for the King’s Debts, &c. It is an Office of high Honour and Profit: He is filled Lord Chicf- Baron ; is created bjr Letters-Patent, to hold this Dignity, quamdtu fe bene gefferit: He alone, without the other Ba¬ ton's, fits at Guild-Hall in the Afternoon in Term-Time, upon Nifi prius in louden ; takes Audits, Accompts, Recognizances, Prefentations of Offices, and many other Things of Importance. In the Abfence of the lord Chief-Baron, the other three Barons fupply his Place, according to their Seniority ; but the fifth is .{aid to be the Curjitorof the Court, and adminifters the Oath to the Sheriffs, Under-Sheriffs, Bailiffs, Searchers, Surveyors, See. 'of the Cuflom-Houfe ; but is no Judge. . In the Exchequer are held two Courts, one of Law, another of Equity. All Judicial Proceedings according to If the lord-Trea/urer makes Debentures to thefeveral Perfons who have Fees, Annuities, or Penfions by Letters-Patent from the King, out of the Exchequer, and directs them for Payment to the Tellers. He receives every Day the State of.theAccompt of each Teller-, and alfo weekly certifies the Whole to the lord High-Treajitrer, or Lords Commificncrs, who immediately prefent the Eftimate, or Balance to theKing. He makes half-yearly, at Michaelmas and lady-day , a Book called 1 Declaration, which contains a, methodical Abftrnft of all Accompts and Payments made in the preceding half Year, and delivers one of them to the Lord-Treafurer, and another to the Chancellor of the Exchequer. By him are kept the feveral Regifters appointed for paying all Perfons in Co'urfe, upon fe¬ veral Branches of the King’s Revenue. He is Scriptor Tallio- rutn, hath five Clerks to manage the whole Eftate of Monies received, disburfed, and remaining. Next thefe are four Tellers. Their Office is to receive all Monies due to the King, and thereupon to throw down a Bill through a Pipe into the Tally- Court, where it is received by the Auditor's Clerk, who there attends to write the Words of the faid Bill upon a Tally, and then delivers the fame to be entred by the C|erk of thePcllr, pook II. Of Great-Britain. 123 or his U>trler-Clerk,.vtho there attends to enter it in his Book ; then the Tally is cloven by the two Deputy-Chamberlains, who have their Seals; and while the Senior-Deputy reads one Part, the Junior examines the other Part with the othertwo Clerks. Clerfe Of tlje His Office is to enter the Teller’s Pill on a Parchment Skin (in Latin Pellis, whence this Office bas¬ ics Name) and all Receipts and Payments for the King, for what Caufe, or by whomfoever, and is in Nature of a Comp¬ troller ; hath four Clerks, whereof one is for the Imroittts, and another for the Exitus: IntheTffiiy-Courf fit the Deputies of the two Chamberlains, who cleave the Tallies, and examine each Piece a-part; alfo the Tally-Cutter attends there. A Tally in the Exchequer, from the French Verb Taiiler, and the ItaiianTafiarc to cut, is a very ancient and mod certain Way of avoiding all Cozenage in the King’s Revenue, the like no where clfe iu Chriftendom ; and is after this Manner: He that pays, or lends the King any Monies, receives for his Acquittance, or Acknowledgment, a Tally, which is a'Stick with Words written on it on both Sides, containing the Ac¬ quittance proper to exprefs what the Monies received is for; which being cloven afunder by the Deputy-Chamberlains, one Part thereof, called the Stock, is delivered to the Party that pays that Money, and the other Part, call’d Counter-Jhck, or Counter¬ foil, remains with them, who afterwards deliver it over to the other Deputies, to be kept till it be called for, and joined with the Stock ; after which they fend it by an Officer of their own to the Pipe, to be applied to the Difchargc of the Accoraptant. This mod: ancient Way of flriking of Tallies hath been found by long Experience to be abfolutely the bed Way that ever was invented; for it is morally impoffible fo to falfiiy or counter¬ feit a Tally, but that upon re-joining it with the Counterfoil, it will be obvious to every Eye, either in the Notches, or in the Cleaving, in the Length, or in the Breadth, in the natural Growth, or in the Shape of the Counterfoil. Other Officers in the Receiptof the Exchequer, are.thc Ujhcrs of the Receipt, a Tally-cutter, and four Mejfengers of the Receipt. The Ufher’s Duty is to take Care to fecure the Exchequer bv Day and by Night, and all the Avenues leading to the fame, and to furnilh all Neceflaries, as Books, Papers, tyc. ^be Court of the D utchy-Ch amber of Lancafter, at Weftminfter.. T HIS Court takes Cognizance of all Caufcs that any way concern the Revenue belonging to that Dutchy, which hath been annexed to the Crown eyerfince Henry the Fourth’s Time, ' The i24 Cije Spjefent State Part l The chief] udge of this Court is the Chancellor of the Dutcby, Who is aflifted by the Attorney of the Dutcby. There are diverge other Officers of this Court, as may be feen among the Lifts. All the fore : mentioned Courts of Judicature at Weflminjlcr are opened four Times a Year, called the Four Terms ; viz. SCernHS.] Eafier-Term, which beginneth always the feyen- teenth Day after Eafter, and lafteth twenty-feven Days. Trinity-Term , beginning the fifth Day after Trinit y-Sunday, and lafteth twenty Days. Michaelmas-Term began heretofore a little after that Feaft, but now, by a late Statute, begins the 23d of OHober, and laft¬ eth thirty-fev.en Days. La'ftly, Hilary-Term begins now ten Days after St. Hilary , or tfie 23d of January, and lafteth twenty-one Days. Afliz.es are held twice aY ear, namely, after the End of Hilary- Term, and after the End of Trinity-Term ; the twelve Judges, two by two, ride feveral Circuits, and at the principal Town pf every County, fit to hear and determine all Caufes of Icffcr Moment, both civil and criminal a moft excellent wife Con- ftitution, begun by King Henry II. Anno 1716, who at firft divided England into fix Circuits (not the fame that are now) and to each Circuit alloted three Judges. Wales alfo is divided into two Circuits, North and South Wales-, for which are afligned in like Manner two Sergeants at Law for each Circuit. Thefc Judges give Judgment of the Pleas of the Crown, and all Common Pleas within thofe Counties, difpatching ordinarily, in two or three Days, all Controver- fies.in a County, that are grown to Iflue in the afore¬ mentioned Courts at London, between Plaintiff and Defen¬ dants, and that by their Peers, a Jury of twelve Men, ex •vicineto, out of the Neighbourhood whereabout the Bufi- nefs lie's ; fothat twifea Year ill England and Wales, Juftice may be faid to be rightly and fpeedily adminiftred, even at our own Doors. Of the Government of Counties, &c. arrAving given a brief Account of the civil Government of rl all England in general, we (hall next deferibe the parti¬ cular Government of Counties, Hundreds, Cities, Boroughs and Villages. 31 utticef> Ofth^^MCe.] For the Civil Government of all Counties, the King makes Choice of fomeof the Nobility, Clergy, Gentry, Lawyers, Men of Worth and Parts, [Men of very mean Fortunes and Talents have within our Memory been made Juftices of the Peace, and the Legiflature have the laft Seflions of Parliament thought fit to fix 100/. ter Ann. as a Qualification for a Juftice.] who have their tifual Refidence Book II. of Great-Britain. 125 in the County, fo many as his Majefty pleafeth, to keep the Peace of the County ; and thefe by Commiflion under the Great-Seal, are called Juftices of the Peace, at firft ftiled Hutr- dens of the Peace ; and fuch of them whom the King doth mot e particularly confide in, or refpeft, are called JuJlices of the Quorum, from thefe Words in the Commiflion, Quorum A. B. mum cjfe -volumus ; that is, fome Bttfinefs of more Impor¬ tance may not be tranfafted without the Prefence or Con¬ currence of one of them. One of the principal Juftices of Peace and Quorum, is by the King made Cttftos Rotulcritm, fo called, becaufe he hath the Cuftody of the Rolls, or Records of the Seflions, and is to bring them toeachQuarter-Seflions. The Original of Juilicesof the Peace,'is from the fourth Year of Edward the Third. Their Office is to call before them, examine, and commit to Prifon, all Thieves, Murtherers, wandring Rogues, thofe that hold Confpiracies, Riots, and almofl all other Delin¬ quents, that may occafion the Breach of Peace and Quiet to the King’s Subjefts; to commit all fuch to Prifon, as either cannot, or by Law are not to be bailed; that is, cannot be fet at Liberty by Sureties (taken for their Appearance at a Place and Time certain) and to fee them brought forth in due Time to Trial. [They are alfo impowered to put many Laws and Statutes in Execution, and Aft in a Judicial Capa¬ city, as in Cafes relating to the Poor; thePrcfervation of the fame; the Repairs of High-ways; the Punifhment of Vagrants and other dilfolute and diforderly Perfons.] JtHuartttsj&effiOU#.] Every Quarter, or three Months, the Juftices meet alternately at the Shire, and other chief Towns in their refpeftive Counties, which are accordingly appointed by the Cuftos Rotulorum, and there the Grand Inqueft, or Jury of the County, is fummoned to appear, who upon Oath are to enquire of all Traitors, Hereticks, Thieves, Murtherers, Money-Coiners, Rioters, c^r. Thofe that appear to be guilty are by the faid Juftices committed to Prifon, to be tried at the nextAffizeSjwhen the Judges go their Circuits afore, mentioned. gdjeriffiS-] For the Execution of Laws in every County, ex¬ cept Cumberland, Wefimorland, and Durham, the King every Michaelmas-Term nominates for each County a Sheriff, fo called from the Saxon Scyre-Gerefra, Prepojitus, or Prsfeclus Comitatas, a Governour, or Guardian of the County ; for the Words of the Patent are, Commiffimus tibi cttjlodiam Comita- tus noftri de N. and he is properly Quaftor Provmth, he that gathereth up and accounteth to the King for the Profits of the Shire that come to the Exchequer, but call’d in our Law.Latin Vicecomcs. The Sherifs Office is to execute the King’s Mandates, and all Writs direfted to him out of the King’s Court, to intpanncl ' ' Juries, IZS tkt Patent Part L Juries, to bring Caufes and Criminals to Trial, to fee the Sen¬ tences both in civil and criminal Affairs executed, to wait on and guard the Itinerant Judges twice a Year, fo long as they continue within'the County, which at the Affizes is perform’d with great Pomp, Splendor, and Feaftings. In order to the better executing of his Office, the Sheriff hath attendant his Under-Sheriff, diverfe Clerks, Stewards of Courts, Bailiff's of Hundreds, Conftables, Goalers, Sergeants, or Beadles, befides a gallant Train of Servants in rich Liveries, all on Horfe- back at the Reception of the Judges. Before 9 Edward II. he was chofen as Knights of the Shire are; but to avoid Tumult-sit is now thus: Every Year, about the Beginning of November, the Judges Itinerant nominate fix fit Men of each County; that is,ICnights or Efquires of good Eftates. [It is very common of late Years to put.on rich Yeomen.or Farmers.] Outof thefethe Lord- Chancellor, Treafurer, Privy-Counfellors, and twelve Judges,- atfcmble-in the Exchequer-Chamber, and make choice of tin e c, of which the King himfelf after choofeth one to be Sheriff for that Year only, though heretofore it was for many Years, and fometimes hereditary; as the Cliffords, who by their Defcent from Robert de Vifont, were Sheriffs Hereditary of the County of Wefimorland, by Charter from King John, as the Earl of Thanet is at this Day. Furthermore, the Sheriff's Office is to collcft all publick Profits, Cuftoms, Taxes [He does notconcern himfelf with the Land-Tax, or any Parliamentary Taxes.] of the County, all Fines, Diftrcffes, and Amerciaments, and to bring them into the King'p Exchequer, or Treafury at London ,or elfewhcre, as the King ihall appoint: To fupprefs Riots, execute Writs, fecurc Priioners, diftrain for Debts, attend the Judges, fee the Execution of Malefaffors, pvotefl them from the Infults of By-ftanders, return Knights for-Parliament, esc. The Sheriff of each County hath a double Function : Firtf, Minificrial, to execute all Proccffes and Precepts of the Courts of Law, and to make Returns ofthe fame: Secondly, Judicial, whereby, he hath Authority to hold two feveral Courts of di- itinft Nature, the one called the Sheriff's Turn, which he hold- eth in feveral Places in the County, enquiring of all criminal Offences againft the Common-Law, not prohibited by any Statute: [There is no fuch Court as a Sheriff’s Turn held at this Day, or has been for many Y’ears pall.] The other, call’d the County-Court, wherein he hears and determines civil Caufes of the County under forty Shillings, which anciently was a confiderable Sum; fo that by the great Fall of Monies now, thcSheriffVAuthority in that Pavt is much diminifhed. No Suit begins, and no Procefs is ferved, but by him; no Execution of the. Law but by him. Laftly, he is the chief Qonfervator of the Peace in the whole Countv. Eat* Book II. of Gp.eat-Bk.it A in. 227 ©ailiffty.] Every County being fab-divided into Hundreds (fo called at firft, either for containing tin hundred Houfes, or an hundred Men bound to find Arms) or Wapentakes, fo call'd from touching a Weapon when they fwore Allegiance, as the Manner at this Day is in Sweden, at their folemn Weddings, for the chief Witnelfes to lay all tlieir Hands upon a Launce, or Pike: Every fuch Wapentake, or Hundred, hath commonly a Bailiff, a very ancient Officer, but now of fmall Authority, l^igl^Conffable.] Alfo Officers, called High-Conflables, Cuflodes Pads, firft ordained by the Statute of Winchefier, ilEdw.l. for the Confervation of Peace, and View of Ar¬ mour: They difperfe Warrants and Orders of thcjuftices of the Peace to each Petty-Conftable. Coroner#.] There are alfo in every County two Officers called Coroners, whoft Office is to enquire by a ]ury of Neigh- bours, how, and by whom any Perfon came by a violent Death, and to enter the fame upon Record, which is Matter criminal, and a Plea of the Crown, and thence they are called Crowners, or Coroners. Thefe are chofen by the Freeholders of the County, by Vir¬ tue of a Writ out of the Chancery. They were anciently Men ofEftates, Birth, and Honour; and therefore in the Reign of Edward III, a Merchant being chofen a Coroner, was removed, quia communis Mercator fait ; whereas he ought to have been a Gentleman, and noTradefman. Clerk Of tlje fparftef.] Every County alfo hath an Officer called Clerk of the Market, whofe Office is to keep a Standard of all Weights andMeafures exaffly agreeing with the King’s Standard kept in the Exchequer, and to fee that none other be ufed in the fame County ; to feal all Weights and Meafures made exaftly by the Standard in his Cuftody, and'to bum fuch as are otherwife. He hath a Court, and may keep and . hold n Plea therein. Of the Civil Government of Cities, Boroughs , or towns Corporate, and Villages. fljlapoj anii SlBermen, E Very City of England, by their Charters or Privileges, granted by feveral Kings, is a little Common-wealth apart, governed not as the Cities of France and Spain, by a Nobleman or Gentleman placed there by the King, bur wholly by themfelyes, ‘They clioofe among themfelves their own Governour. In Cities a Mayor is chofen commonly out of twelve Aldermen. In fome' other Corporations a Bailiff is chofen out of a Certain-Number of Burgeffes. Citizens are not taxed but by the Officers of their own Cor¬ poration, every Trade having fome of their own always of i the i2S latent State Parti, the Council, to fee that nothing be enafted contrary to their Profit. Every City by Charter from the King, hath haute, moyenne, Vfbaffejujlite, a Jurifdiftion among themfelves, to judge in all MattersCriminal and Civd, only with this Reftraint, That all Civil Caufes may be removed from their Courts to the higher Courts at Wejlminfler ; Nor have they any Cognizance of Capital Offences. The Mayor of the City is the King’s Lieutenant, and with the Aldermen and Common-Council (as it were, King. Lords, and Commons in Parliament) can make Laws, called By- Laws, for the Government of the City. He is for his Time (which is but for one Year) as it were a Judge, to determine Matters, and to mitigate the Rigour of the Law. 2$O2OUgi)0 ] The Government of Boroughs (that is to fay, fuch of them asare incorporated, for many of them are not) is much after the fame manner. In fome there is a Mayor, in others one or two Bailiffs, in others the chief Ma- giftrate goes by other Names, as Aldermen, Portreve, &c. who have equal Power with a Mayor and Sheriffs; and du¬ ring their Offices, they are Juftices of the Peace within their Liberties, and have there the fame Power that other Juftices of the Peace have in the fame County. Thofe Towns that fend Burgeffes to Parliament are what they ftriftly call Boroughs, without any Regard to their Incor¬ poration, which is not effential to them; and alfo there are fe- veral Corporations which are not Boroughs, fuch as Kingjlon in Surrey, Southwold in Sufftlk, Deal in Kent, and others. ®nagefi.] for the better Government of Pillages, the Lord of the Soil hath ordinarily Power to hold a Court Baron, fo called, becaufe anciently fuch Lords were called Barons, as they ftill are in Scotland ; or elfe Court-Baron, i. e. Court of Freeholders; its the Barons of Germany are called Freyherren ; fo the Barons of the Cinque-Ports in England are but the Free¬ holders of the Cinque-Ports. And this Court may be held every three Weeks. idettp^CotlQableSi.] Alfo for the Government of Towns and Parifhes, there is another very ufeful Officer called a Petty-Conjlable. This;Officer is to keep the Peace in cafe of Quarrels; to fearch.any Houfe.forRobbers, Murderers, or others that have any ways broken the-Peace ; to raife the Hue and Cry after Robbers fled away; to feize upon them, and keep them in the Stocks, or other Prifon, ’till, they can bring them before fomejuftice of the Peace,' to whom the Conjla- bles are fubfervient upon all Occafions, either to bring Cri¬ minal* before them, or to carry them by their Command to the common Prifon, Book II. of Grea.t-Britain. 129 Every littlcVillage h.ithalnioft an Epitome of Monarchical .Governmentof Civil and Ecdefiaftical Polity within it felf ; which, if duly maintained, would render us a very happy CHAP. XIV. Of ^Military Government of England t O F the Military Power of England, both by Land and Sea, the King hath the foie Supreme Power, Government, Command, and DifpoGtion; and neither one nor both Houfes of Parliament have any Right to levy any Forces, or make any War Offenfive and DefenGve, as they have at large declared in Parliament, Anno 14 Car. II. but by the fame Aft the King is obliged to repay a Month’s Pay formerly advanced, before he can raife the Militia; for which Reafon it has ever Cnee been raifed by Aft of Parliament. BeCdes his Majefty’s Guards afore-mentioned of Horfe, there are two Regiments of Foot-Guards, the firft conGfting of twenty-eight Companies, of Gxty-eight Men in each. Offi¬ cers included; the Second, called the Coldjlrcam Regiment, conGfting of Eighteen Companies, of Gxty-eight Men in each. Officers included. [Andthereis of late added a third Regi¬ ment of Scots ,Foot-Guards, conGfting of 18 Companies of leventy private Men in each Company.] The Grit General Officer is the Pay-Mafier-General of all the Land-Forces, who is alfo Surveyor of the Guards. An Auditor of theMnfter-Rolls. A Clerk of the Books, who have feveral Clerks under The next is the Commiflary-General, who has under him a Deputy commiffioned by the King. There are Eight Deputy-Commiflaries, who have their Commiflions from the Commiflary-General; and the feveral Counties in England and Wales are divided into Eight Circuits, and each Commiffitry is to take care to mufter all fuch Forces as at any time comes into his Circuit: Immediately after each Mufter is taken, the laid Deputy-Commiflaries make a Re¬ turn of all their Rolls upon Oath to the Deputy-Commiflary- General, who keeps one Roll of each Troop and Company, as a Record in his Office; and another Roll is delivered to the Pay-Mafter General upon Oath, andflgned by the Commif- fary who mufters them; and flgned alfo by two Commiffion- Officersof each Troop or Company, and the Mayor or chief Magiftrate where each Troop or Company quarters. . K Thefe i3o t£Jje p^fent ©tate Parti. Thefe have their diftinft Circuits in the Country, for mutter¬ ing the Forceswhich lie in feveral Garrifons. The next is the Secretary of War, who has two chief Clerks; the laft of which is Meflenger to the Secretary. The next is the Judge-Advocate. The Chirurgcon-Gimral of all his Majefty's Forces. Of tie Standing M 1 11 t i a, or ifrain’d-Bands. B Eftde the fore-mention’d Forces there is a Standing Militia by Land of all England, fettled in the King, to be go¬ verned, and ordered, and enlarged from time to time as his Ma jetty (hall fee Occafion. They are at prefent computed to be near 200,000 Horfe and Foot. For the Management of thefe (landing Land-Forces, the King himfelf makes choice of diverfe of the principal Peers, and by Commiflion creates them Lord.Lieutenants of the fe- veralCounties of England, with Power to arm, array, and form into Companies, Troops,, and Regiments, to conduft and employ (upon Occafion of Rebellion or Invatton) the Men fo arm’d within the Counties and Places for which the laid Lords are commiffionated, or in any other County, as the King (hall give Order, to give Commiffions to Colonels, or other commiffionated Officers, to prefent to the King the' Names of the Deputy-Lieutenants, who have, in the Abfence of the Lord-Lieutenant, the fame Power (and thefe are to be of the prime Gentry of the County) to charge any Perfon in the County with Hotfe, Horfe-men, and Arms, or Foot- Soldiers and Arms, within the faid County, proportionably to their Eftates, on condition, that no Perfon be charged with a Horfe unlefs he hath 500 Pounds yearly Revenue, or 6000 Pounds perfonal Eftate; nor with a Foot-Soldier, unlefs he .hath ro Pounds yearly Revenue, or 600 Pounds perfonal Eftate: Thofe that have meaner Eftates are to join Two or Three to¬ gether to find a Horfe and Horfe-man, or a Foot-Soldier. The fore-mentioned Horfe and Foot are to mutter once or twice a Year, and each Horfeman, during the Time of the Mutter, to be allowed him, from whom he ferves, 2 1. a Day, and each Foot-Soldier 12 :d. a Day. For furnifhing Ammunition, and other Neceflaries, the Lord-Lieutenant or Deputy-Lieutenant may levy every Year onefourth Part (if they judge it expedient) of each Man’s Pro¬ portion in the Tax of 70,00a l. a Month, upon the whole Kingdom; and in Cafe of marching againft an Enemy, they have Power to caufe every Man fo charged, to allow each Soldier one Month’s Pay, which the King is after to re-pay, before they may be charged with another Month’s Pay. Thefe are to be commanded only within the Kingdom, for the Security of the King and Kingdom. [The Militia, except thofe Book IL of Great-Britain. 131 thofe in and about lor.,-Ion, are feldom raifed or muflered of late Years, and very little depended on. There is always'a large Body of Handing Troops kept in Pay by the Govern¬ ment : Thoie voted for the Service of the prefent Year 1732, are, in Great-Britain, only 17,709 Men, and 653,216 l. 10 s. id. was granted for the maintaining them ; befides 82,715 l. for the Office of Ordinance, and 212,885!. for the Ordinary of the Navy, or Naval Forces.] Subfervientin the Standing Militia to the Lord-Lieutenant and Deputy-Lieutenant, are the Juffices of the Peace of every County, who, upon all Occafions, according to the Orders of their Superiors, are to fend their Warrants to the High-Con- ftable of the Hundred, orPetty-Conftable of theParifh, crc. Beacons.] For the better fecuring of the Kingdom from Foreign lnvafion, befides the Ships of War (whereof more anon) there were, upon certain eminent Places of all Parts of England , high Poles erefted, whereon were faffned Pilch-Bar¬ rels, to be fired by Night, and a Smoak made by Day, thereby togiveNotice, in a few Hours, to the whole Kingdom, of the approaching Invafions. Thefe are called Beacons, from the ■ Saxon Word Beacon, or Beacnian, to beckon , or fhew by a Sign. Of the prefent Maritime Power belonging to the Crown of Great-Britain. T HE Kingdom of Great-Britain being on all Sides furround- ed by the Sea, there will always be a Neceffity of Mari¬ time Forcess and as NeighboursgrowpotentatSea, the Kings of this Nation will be neceffitated to augment their Maritime Forces proportionably. To the Crown of Great-Britain belongsthe Dominion of all the Narrow Seas round about the whole Ifland of Great-Britain, and by ancient Right thereof it hath had Pofleflion in all Times. Firft, the Aborigines, or ancient Britons, were pofleffed there- of, as Mr. Selden makes appear, and in their Right the Ro¬ mans held it: Then the Saxons having gotten Pofieffion of England, kept that Dominion their King Edgar, amongft his Royal Titles, called himfclf Sovereign of the narrow Seas. Afterwards the Normans pofTcfiing England, claimed, and quietly poffelTed the fame Dominion; in Tcftimony whereof the Swedes, Danes, Hans-Towns Hollanders, Zealanders, See. Were wont to ask Leave to pafs the Britijh Seas, and to take Li- cenfesto filh therein, and to this Day do ftrike Sail to all the Ships of War belonging to the King, as oft as they pafs by any of them, thereby to exprefs that they acknowledge the Sovereignty of the Britijh Seas to belong to this Nation, ac¬ cording to an Ordinance made at HaJUngs in Sujfex, by "John 132 Clje p?efent State Parti. King of England, about Tour Hundred and Tifty Years ago; [Notwithftanding our boafted Dominion of the narrow Seas, the Dutch take our, Herrings on the very Coaft of Britain, of which they make fome Millions of Money annually, withouc fo much as asking Leave: Nay, they dilperfe the Shoals of Fifli, and diflurb our Tifheries in fuch a Manner, that we make little or no Advantage of them.] Henry V1U. in theFifthYear of his Reign, built a Ship,' then accounted thegreateft that ever had been feen in Eng¬ land, and named it Henry Grace de Dieu, or the Great Henry j In the Eighth Year of King James l. was built by the Lon¬ doners, a Ship of 1200 Tun, and called The Traders Increafe ; which being loft in the Eajl-Indies, King James caufed ano¬ ther to be built of 1400 Tuns; which being given to Prince Henry, was by him named The Prime. We have now many brave Firft and Second Rate Ships 5 and even our Third Rates are now built fo large and ftrong, that they may engage fingly with a Firft Rate Ship of any other Nation: See the Lift of the Royal Navy. [Mr. Burches, Secretary to the Admiralty, in his Preface to his Naval Hif- tory fays, “ Well may the Englijh be called Lords of the « Brit'ijh Seas, fince the Royal Navy of England conftfts of “ 7 Men of War of too Guns, 13 of 90, .16 of 80, 23 of 70, “ 19 of 6o, 47. of 50 (that is 125 of the Line of Battle) “ befides 23 of 40, 9 of 30, and 23 of 20; in all 182”.] The Charges of Building a Ship of the Firft Rate, together with Guns, Tackle, and Rigging (befides Viftualling) doth ordinarily amount to about 60,0001. Thofeof lower Rates prop'ortionably. That the Reader may have a more pcrfeft Idea of the pro¬ digious Size of a Firft Rate Britijh Man of War, let him take the following Account, as we received it from the Gentleman that built the Royal Sovereign, viz. The Royal Sovereign, built at Woolwich by Mr. Tijher Har¬ ding, Matter Shipwright of his Majefty’s Yard at Deptford, was launched the 25th of July, 1701, and is of thefollowing Dimenfions, &c. The Lengthof the Taffarel to the Head-210 Foot The Men, full Compliment-xi 5 o’. The Breadth - - r ■ — — — —. . . . 50 Foot. The full Tread-— —— - >58 Foot. The Draught of Water -— ■ • 22 Foot. The Main-Sail in Length <—* .—' — —- 54 Yards. Ditto in Depth ■■ ■ - . ——— 19 Foot 6 Inches, The BookII. of Great-Britain. i 33 The Main-Matt in Length .--- - • - 39 Yards. The Diameter of Ditto --- 3? Inches. The Weight of the Anchor-'82C.1 ffl. 14 II. The Cable in Length .... —- xoo Yards. The Diameter of Ditto -—- 22 Inches. To Man the Navy Royal of Great-Britain requires about Thirty-fix Thoufand Mariners. [In the late Wars there were aftually raifed 40.000 Men fome Years to Man the Royal Navy, and the firft and lecond Rates were fcarce ever all of them in Commiliion at once.] The Number of Men voted for the Royal Navy this prefent Year 1732, are, Soooj which is not half this Nation could upoh Occafion number 3 whereas, according to a judicious Computation, all the Sea¬ men of France do not amount to above one and twenty thoufand. The Lord High-Admiral hath under him many Officers of high and low Condition; fome at Sea, others at Land ; fome of a Military, fome of a Civil Capacity, fome Judicial, others Minifterial. So that the Dominion and Jurifdidtion of the Sea may juftly be (tiled another Commonwealth, or Kingdom apart ; and the Lord High-Admiral of Great-Britain may fitly be (tiled, or at leaft reputed, as a Vice.Roy of the Maritime ICingdom of Great-Britain. The Lord High-Admiral of Great-Britain doth, by Virtue of his Place, appoint in diverfe Parts of the Kingdom hisfcveral Vice-Admirals,v/i:h their Judges and Marffials by Patent under the Great Seal of the High-Court of Admiralty. Thefe Vice- Admirals and Judges do exercife Jurifdiftion in Maritime Af¬ fairs, within their fevcral Limits; and in cafe any Perfon be aggrieved by any Sentence or Interlocutory Decree that has the Force of a Definitive Sentence, he may appeal to the High Court of Admiralty. Court of iDmiralfp. For tranfafling of Maritime Affairs, the Lord High-Admiral hath Courts of his own, whereof that at London is the Princi¬ pal or Supreme, where all Procefs and Proceedings run in his Name, and not in the King’s, as it doth in all Common- Law Courts. In this Court, ufually called the Court of Ad¬ miralty, he hath a Lieutenant, called Judge of the Admiralty, who is commonly fome learned Doftor of the Civil Law. The Proceedings in this Court, in all Civil Matters, is ac¬ cording to the Civil Law, becaufe the Sea is without the Limits of the Common Law, but under the Admiral’s Jurif- diction; therefore the Civil Law only is made ufe of, King Edward the Third, who firft erected this Court of Admiralty, as fome hold, made at Queenbomgh, 137;, K 3 veryr 134 Elje^efent State Parti. Very excellent Conflitutions concerning Maritime Affairs, and many Statutes and Ordinances have been made by other Princes and People, as at Rome, Pifa, Genoa, Mqrfeilles, Bar- cellona, and Meffina. The Cuftoms and former Decrees of the Englijh Court of 'Admiralty ere there of Force for deciding of Comrovcrfies. .Under this Court there is alfo a Court of Equity for determi¬ ning Differences between Merchants. In Criminal Affairs, which is commonly about Piracy, the Proceeding in this Court was by Accufation and Information, according to the Civil Law, by a Man’s own ConfefTion, or EyC-witnefl'es, by which any one was to be proved guilty be r fore he could be condemned; but that being found inconve¬ nient, there were two Statutes made by Henry VIII. that Criminal Affairs fhould be tried by Witneffes and a Jury, and this by a fpecial Commiffion of the King to the Lord Ad¬ miral, wherein fome of the Judges of the Realm are ever Commiffioners, and the Trial, according to the Laws of England, direfted by thofe Statutes. Between the Common Law of England and the Admiralty there feems to be Divifum Imperium ; for in the Sea, fo far as the Low-water Mark is obferved, that is counted infra Cor¬ pus CmitAttts adjacentis, andCaufes thence ariftng are deter? jninable by the Common faws; yet when the Sea is full, the Admiral hath Jurifdidtion there alfo (fo long as the Sea flows) over Matters done between the Low-water Mark and the Land, as appears in Sir Henry Conjlable’s Cafe, 5 Report Coke, h 107. ■ For Regulating and Ordering his Majeftv’s Navies, Ships of War, and Forces by Sea, fee thofe excellent Articles and Orders in St at. 13. Car. II. cap. 9. Of the Navy-Office, where the wholeUnfit nefs concerning the King's NAVY ROYAL is rnanaged. T H E Management of the Navy- Royal under the Lord HJG H-A t)M IRA L of Great-Britain is entrufted .with the principal Officers and Commiffioners of the N avy. The Principal Officers for South-Britain are Tour. Streaflirer.] Whofe Office is to receive out of the Exche¬ quer hy Warrant from the Lord-Treafurer, or Lords Commiffi- oners executing that Place, and to pay all Charges of the Navy, by Warrant from the principal Officers of the Navy; for which he formerly had 4 Salary of izo l. 13 s. 4 d. per An- m> fidides 3 d. per Pound out of all Monies paid by him: BookII. of Great-Britain. 135 but hath now an honourable Allowance certain from his Ma- jelly in Lieu.thereof, viz. 1000 /. per Annum, and 800/. per .Annum more for his lnflruments. Comptroller.] Thefccondis the Comptroller of the Navy, ■whofe Office is to attend and comptrol all Payments of Wa¬ ges, to know the Market Rates of all Stores belonging to Shipping, to examine and audit all Treafurers, Viftualers and Storekeepers Accompts, esre. His Salary is 500 1. yearly. SllirbtpOJ,] The third is the Surveyor of the Navy, whofe Office is generally to know the State of all Stores, and fee the Wants fupply’d; to furvey the Hulls, Malls and Yards, and eftimate the Value of Repairs by Indenture; to charge all Boatfwains and Carpenters of hisMkjefty’s Navy with what Stores they received; and attheEnd of each Voyage, to Hate and audit their Accompts. His Salary is 500 1. per (f.Icrfe Of tlje3fei.] The fourth is Clerkof the ARs, whofe Office is to record all Orders, Contrails, Bills, Warrants, and other Bufineffes tranfailed by the principal Officers and Com- miffionersof the Navy, at the Salary of 500 1. per Annum. In Time of War there is an extraordinay Clerk of this kind, by reafon of the Multiplicity of Bulinefs. STJje Commilfionersf of ffje iRabp, The Firlt executes that Part of the Comptroller of the Na. vy’s Duty which relates to the comptroliing of the Victual¬ lers Accompts. His Salary is 500 /. per Annum. The Second executes another Part of the faid Comptrol¬ ler’s Duty, relating to the Comptrol of the Accompts of the Store-keepers of the feveral Yards. His Salary is 5001. per Annum. The Third relidgs at P or tfmouth,-ini has the Care of mana¬ ging the Navy at that Port. HisSalaryis 500/ per Annum. The Fourth refides at Chatham, and has the fame Charge of Affairs in the King’s Yard there. His Salary is 50 ol. per Annum. A Fifth refides at Plymouth, and difeharges the like Em¬ ploy there. There are other Commiffioners at large, the Numbermore or lefs, according to the Exigences of publick Affairs. The principal Officers and Commiffioners do hold their Offices by Patent under .the Great-Seal: And fince the great Increafe of his Majefty’s Navy, have feveral Clerks undey them, with Salaries, allowed by the King for the Dif- patch of the Bufinefs of the Navy, under their refpeftive Managements. 1 3 . The Victualling of his Majefty’s Navy hath formerly been undertaken by Contrail, but is now managed by Commiflion- ers, who keep their Office on Tower-Hill, within the Parffh of St. Botolpb Aidgate ; and thefe have their Agents alfo at Cha¬ tham, Portfmouth, Plymouth, and other convenient Ports in Great-Britain and Inland. f|art)0O There are belonging to his Majefty’s Navy fix great Yards, vise, Chatham, Deptford, Woolwich, Portfmottth, Shirenefs and Plymouth, where his Majefty’s Royal' Ships are laid up in Harbour s which Yards are fitted with feveral Docks, Wharfs, Lanches, ; and Graving-Places for the Building, Re- J taring and Cleaning of his.Majefty’s Ships; and therein are odged great Quantities of Timber, Mails, Planks, Anchors, and otherMaterials, There arp alfo convenient Store-Houfes in each Yard, in which are laid up vaft Quantities of Cables, Rigging, Sails, Blocks, and all other Sorts of Stores needful for his Majefty’s Navy-Royal. The King hath alfo another Yard at Harwich, which is chiefly made ufe of i n the Times of fome great Sea-War, and there are alfo Officers to take Care of the Store-Houfes there. In the afore-mentioned Yards his Ma jelly hath diverfe great Rope-Yards, as at Woolwich, Chatham, Portfmottth, &c. where¬ in are made Cables, and all Sorts of Cordage for his faid Navy. AH the faid Officers, and whole Navy-Office, are governed by the Lord High-Admiral. All the other Officers, as well thofe in the feveral Yards, as thofe belonging to any of his Majefty’s Ships, hold their Places by Warrant from the lord High-Admiral durante bene platito. J 1 tat’ff Cljarge of the |iaty>. The ordinary Charge of his Majefty’s Navy forthe Y'ear in time of Peace continuing in- Harbour is fo well regulated, that if amounts to fcaice 130,000/. befidesali Charges of Building of Ships, ©V. [but this Charge is much encreafed at prefent, as appears by Page 117.] and befides the fetting forth of Fleets, which even at the Time when we had only a Warwith Algiers, amounted aylcaft to ico,oool.ferAmi. as may be eafily computed by the Number of Men at Sea in Pay, which were atfeweft fuppofed to be 6000, and arc always reckoned to ftand the King in 4 .1. per menfem each Man, in¬ cluding all Charges, as Vi£iuals, Wages, Wear and Tare, eye. Of the Royal Hofpital at Greenwich for dtfabled Sea-men. Beenwich Hofpital, built upon the SouthSide of the River VJ Thames, not much farther diftant from London-Bridte Eafl-yvard, than chelfta Hofpital is Weftward, doth as Book II. Of Great-Britain. 137 excel the latter in Magnificence, Strength, and Ufefulnefs, as it doth in its Capacioufnefs, being defigned for about 1500 The great Court to the River is one hundred and twenty Yards in Length, and ninety Yards in Breadth, flanked on eayhSideby a Range of Stone-building, near one hundred Yardsin Length; which, for Regularity of 4rchite&ure,and Exattnefsof Woikmanlhip, may vie with any in Europe-, that upon the Weft having been defigned as part of a Palace for King Charles the Second. Parallel to thefe upon the Eaft andWeft, are other Ranges of Building of the fame Extent, making two Courts of about twenty Yards wide, between thefe and the fore-mentioned. The Ends of thefe Buildings facing the River, form moll beautiful Pavilions of Stone-Work of near fixty Yards in Length, on each Side of the great Court, which makes the whole Extent of Building to the North, about two hundred The Facades of thefe Buildings to the River, as well as the Portico’s in the Middle of their Eaft and Weft Fronts, confift of a noble Difpofition of Corinthian Architedlure, for¬ med upon eight Columns, and as many Pilafters on each Side, of near twelve Yards in Height, crowned with a very rich Entablature, which furrounds the Building; upon which at each Extremity there is raifed a well-proportioned Attic and Balluftrade. The Body of thefe Fabricks is of Ruftick-work in Portland Stone, admirably fitted to the ornamental Parts of the Stru- Before the Pavilions lies the Stone-wharf to the River, of more than three hundred Yards in Length, in the Middle of which are very handfome Stairs to the Hofpital, as well as Others at each End, for the Service of the Town. At the South End of the great Court, upon a fmall Afcent, is a Piazza, running Southward one hundred and twenty Yards in Length, and forty Yards in Breadth, having on each Side a Collonade with Doric Pillars, one hundred and fifty Yards in Extent, with an Entablature and Balluftrade; making a Communication in the Dry between the Buildings adjoin¬ ing. Thefe Collonadesleadto the Veftibulcs of the Hall on ihe Weft-Side, and of the Chapel on the Eaft-Side, over each of which rifesanoble Cupola of about twelve Yards in Dia¬ meter, and more than forty Yards in Height. The Cieling of the great Hall, about thirty-feven Yards long, and five Yards broad, has been very finely painted by our famous Countryman, Sir JamesTho'rnhill, in Honour of the Founders, King William and Queen Mary, ofBlefled and Immortal Memory, with a vaft Variety of Hiftorical Figures, chiefly refpefting Navigation; and the Officers Hall, which >§ 13 s Cfje parent State Part i. is laid open to the other by one great Arch, making about fix- teen Yards in Length, and twelve in Breadth* is now painted both upon the Ceiling and Sides by the fame Hand, in Memory of the Bencfaftionsof the late Queen Anne, and King Gecrgel. And as thefe Pieces are very juftly efteemed inferior to none , in Europe of the like Dimenfions, for Correftnefsof Defign and Beauty of Painting, fo they produce a conftant Income from the Generality of Perfons who go to fee the Hofpital, which is very charitably applied to the Maintenance and Ma¬ thematical Education of the Sons of as many Sailors as can be fupportedby it. The Collonades before-mentioned make Returns towards the Eaft and Weft, as well facing the River to the North, as the Park to the South; fo that nothing can be conceived more magnificent in Architefture, than the Profpeft this Hofpital affords from the River, extending it felf two hundred Yards in Front, and in Depth near two hundred and twenty Yards, all of the . moll beautiful Stone-work. The View through the Piazza is dofcd by a noble Houfe belonging to the Crown, which'by the Royal Favour has hitherto been always theGo- vetnour’s Habitation, fcated at the Foot of the Park, above four hundred Yards diftant from the River j but the mod agree¬ able Terminations of the Whole, are the Plantations and riling Groui/d of the Park it felf, which, atthe Interval of lefs than half a Mile, is near as high as the Top of the Cupola. On the Flanks of this Hofpital, to the Eaft and Weft, are very handfome Dormitories, orWaids for the Sailors, of more than two hundred Yards Extent from North to South, with, proper Entrances from the Town in the Intervals of the Buildings. THE Book III. Of Great-Brit. 'AIN. i 39 O F GREAT-BRIT AIN. Book III. Part!. «* Of the Manners, Guftoms, Laws, &c. of that Part of Great-Britain call'd England. CHAP. I. Of Religious Manners, viz, of ^Clergy; their Names,firders, Privileges,-Revenues, Magni¬ ficence, &c. jRanirff.l H E Clergy we re fo called, becaufe pllil f° ra ' t h°’ all Chriftians may be ftiled SfipLl Gad's Portion, as well as God's Ser- vants, yet among Chriftians, thofe ®aifj@Sll§l! Perfons whom God hath fet apart, and feparatedfrom common Ufe to his Service, to be as it were hisDomeftick Servants, are more peculiarly the Lord's Por¬ tion : And therefore from the firft Age of Chriftianity, the Perfons fo fet apart, have been called Clerici, Clerks, or Clergy, fflflet#,] The Clergy of the Church of England are com- pofed of three Orders, Biflops, Priefts and Deacons. Bflopt )n England are made in this manner: When i4P CJje pefeiit ©tate Pam r. When any 'Bifhop's See becomes vacant, the Dean and Chap- ter of that Cathedral giving Notice thereof'to the King, and humble' requeuing, that his Majefty will give them Leave to choofe another; the King hereupon grants to the Dean. his Conge d ' EJlire, which in french (wherein it was anciently penn’d) fignifies, Leave to elect. Then the Dean fuinmons a Chapter, or AJfemliy, of the Prebendaries, who are bound to eleft thePcrfon recommended by the King’s Lesters, under Pain or zPrtmuaire. The Eleftion is then certified to the Party elefted, and if he accepts it, it is certified to the King and the Archbilhop of the Province ; whereupon the King sives his Royal Afcnt under the Great Seal of Lowland, which is exhibited to the Archbilhop of the Province, with Com¬ mand to confirm and confecrate him. Hereunto the Arch- bifhop fubfcribesjt.it Confirmation and givesCommifhon under his Archiepifcop.il Seal to his Vicar-general, to perlorn} qll the Afts required for perfefting the Confirmation of the Elected Bilhop. The Vicar-General then, in the Name of the Archbilhop, fends forth a Citation, fummoning all Op; ofers of the faid Eleftion, or Perfon elected, to appear at a certain Time and Place, efpeciaily aligned, to make theii Objeftions. This, is done by an Officer of theArch.es, ufually at xioiv-Church in Cheapfide, London, by Proclamation three times, and then affixing the faid Citation to the Cliurch-Door, {or. all People to read, the faid Officer returns an authentick Certificate thereof to the Archbilhop and Vicar-Gcmra! . At the Day and Place affigned for the Appearance of the Oppofers, the Vicar- General fits; then the Proctor for the faid Dean and Chapter exhibits the Royal Affair, and the Commifiion of the Arch- bHhop ; which being read and accepted by the Vicar-General, the Proftor exhibits the Proxy from the Dean-and Chapter; and then prefents the Elefted Biihop, and returns the Citation, and defires th e Oppofers to be publickly called three Times; which being done accordingly, lie accufeth their Contumacy ; and for Penalty thereof, deiires that the Bulinefs may proceed, which the Vicar-General, in a Schedule by him read and fub- feribed, doth order. Next the Proftor giving a fummary Petition, wherein is deduced the whole Proccls of Eleftion an‘d Confent, defires a Time to be affigned to prove it, which the Vicar-General admits and decrees: After which the Proftor exhibits the Royal AJftnt, with the Elefted Bilhop’s AQent, a.nd.ihe Certificate to the Archbilhop, and defires a Term pre- fently to be affigned to hear final Sentence ; which the Vicar- General decrees. Then the Proftor defires that all Oppofers Gtould again be called, which being thrice publickly done, apd none appearing, or oppofing, they are pronounced Con¬ tumacious, and a Decree nufie to proceed to Sentence, by a Book III. of Great-Britain. 141 Schedule read and fubfcribedby the faid Vicar-General. Then the Elcft Perfon takes the Oaths of Supremacy, Simony and&t- n'onical obedience. Next, th e fudge of the Arches reads and fubfcribes the Sen¬ tence ; after which ufually there is an Entertainment made foe the Officers and others there prefent. After the Confirmation, then according to the King's Man¬ date,is the.folemn Confecration of the£leftedBifhop ; which is done by the Archbilliop, with the Affiftance of two other Bifiiops. Ncxtgocs forth a Mandate from the Archbilhop to the Arch- deacon of his Diocefe, to inftall the Bilhop defied, and con¬ firm’d, and confecrated : Which Inftallment isalmoft after the fame Manner in al [Cathedrals, and is ufually thus: Upon any Day, between the Hours of Nine and Eleven, in the Pre¬ fence of a Publick Notary, the Bilhop Eleft, or his Proxy, which is mol ufual, is introduced into the Cathedral-Church, by the Archdeacon of Canterbury ; by whom, or his Proxy, all theBifhopsof that Province are inftalled; and firft he de¬ clares his Ajjent to the Kitts's Supremacy, andfwears, Thatun- lefs he be otherwife difpenfed with, he will be refident ac¬ cording to the Cuftorn of that Cathedral, and obferve the Cuftontsof the faid Church, andcaufe others to obferve the fame. Then the Archdeacon, With the Petty-Canons, and Officers of theChurch, accompanythe Bilhop up to the Choir, and there place him in the Seat prepared for the Bifhops, be¬ tween the Altar arid the.IUght-fide.of the Choir; and.then the Archdeacon poonounces thefe Words in Latin j Ego, autho- ritate rnihi corrimijfa, induco xy'inthronizo Reverendum iii Chriffio Pattern Eomimtm, N. N, Epifcopum, csr Vominus cujlodiat fiittm intrMum & exitum ex hoc nunc, & infeculum. Amen. Then the Sub-Dean and the Petty-Canons fing the Te Eeum ; mean while the Bilhop is again condufted from his own Place to theDean’s Se.it, and there, in token of taking real Pofl'effion, he Hands till Te Deum is ended, together.with other Prayers, the Archdeacon reading fome Verficles, as, 0 Lord, fave this thy Servant, N. ourRifhop (the People an- fwering) And fend him Health from thy Holy Place , 6c c. Then the Archdeacon reads a Ihort Colled for the Bilhop by Name. After Prayers, the Bilhop is conduced into the Chapter-Houfc, and there placed on a high Seat. Then the Archdeacon and all the Prebendaries and Officers of the Church come before the Bilhop, and acknowledge Canonical Obedience to him. finally, the Publick Notary is by the Archdeacon required to make an Inftrument, declaring the whole Matter of Fad in this Affair. Then the faid Bilhop is introduced into the King’s Prefence, to do his Homage for hisTemporalities, or Barony, by kneel¬ ing down, and putting his Hands between the Hands of the King, i 4 a €&e paefent State Part t King, fitting in a Chair of State, and by talcing of a folemn Oath, To be True and Truthful to his Majefiy (which Oath is read to him by one of the Principal Secretaries of State ) and that he holds his Temporalities of him. Laftly, the New Bilhop compounds for the Firfl-fruits of his Bilhoprick; that is, agrees for his fird Years Profits, to be paid to the Corporation for Augmenting the Benefices of the toor Clergy within three Years. The Tranflation of a Bilhop from one Bilhoprick to anoi ther differs only in this from the Manner of making a Bilhop, that there is no Confecration. The Tranflation of a Bilhop to be Archbilhop.'diflfers only in the Commiflion, which is direfted by his Majelty to four, or more Bilhops to confirm him. None may by the Canons be admitted a Bilhop 'till he is full thirty Years old. TheO r dination of Priefis and Deacons is four times a Year; upon the feveral Sundays in the Ember-Weeks, or the Quatuor Tempera, as the Canonifts call them, in which the Church putsup folemn Prayers, with Fading, to implore a Blelfing from God upon the Bilhops in the Performance of that great Work. No Ordination can be performed but by a Bilhop lawfully confecratedby another Bilhop. None is to be ordained Priefi ’till he be twenty-four Years of Age 5 nor a Deacon, ’till he is at lead twenty-three current. How a Clergyman becomes fettled in a Living. Upon the Vacancy of a Church, the Clergyman defiring to fucceed, having obtained the Confent of the Patron lawfu ly and honourably, he mud get a Prefcntation Sign’d and Seal’d by him in this, or fome fuch like Form. R ! Form of a Prefentation to a L i v i n g. EverendoinChrifio Patria?Domino, H .Divina Permijfione, « I. Epifcopo ejufqe vicario in Spiritualibusgeneral;, A.B.Ar- miger indubitatus Patronus Ecclefu Parochialts de C. m Comttatu D. Salutem in Domino fempiternam. Ad Ecclefiam de C. Prsdic- tam ■vefira Dicecefeos mode per mortem [if void by the Death of the lad Incumbent; or mode per Refignationem, if by Refigna- tion; or, per CeJJionem, if by taking a fecond Living without Qualification; oi.perDeprivatimm.il by Deprivation] E. F. ultimi incumbentes ibidem jam vacantem, a? ad meam donatto- nemplenojure fpeSlantem ; dileClummihi in Chrifio, G.H. Clert- cumin Artibus Magifirum Paternitati vefirs. prtfento humiltter fupplicans quatenus prafatum, G. H. ad diHarn Ecclefiam admit- tore, eumqi ReStorem [if it be a Reftor; or Vicarmm, if a Vicarage] ejufdem Ecclefu infimrt cum fuis juribus, & ptrti■ Book III. Of Great-Britain. 143 nentisunmerfis, csteraq-, expedire, &peragerc qua vefiro in hat parte incumbunt Officiopafiorali, dignemini cum favore. In cujus ret tejltmomum his prsfenttbus figilltm maim avpofui, Datum ' die . Annoq-, Regni Domini nofiri Gcorgij, Dei Gratia, Magna: Britannia:, Francis, e? Hibernia:, Regi, Fidei Defenforis, Sic.. . Annoq ; Doraini. Which Prefentqtion the Clerk prefented mull carry to the Bifhop of that Diocefe in which the Church is, or to his Vi¬ car-General: Or if the Bifhoprick be vacant, to the Guardian of the Spiritualities: And he muft carry with him and exhibit, if required. Letters Teftimonal, either from the Matter and Fellows of the College where he laft redded, or under the Hands and Seals of three, at lead. Reverend Divines, who knew him well for three Years laft paft, and cangive a good Account of his Virtue, Uniformity- and Learning, in this, or fome fuch like Form. Form of a TESTIMONIAL. C U M antiquus & probatus Ecclefit Anglicans, mosfit, ut qui ad literarnm fludium vita probitatem adjunxerint, publico homihum fide dignorttm tefiimonio honefiarentur ; nos , quorum no- mina infra feriptafnnt, tejlamttr, perquam erudition deleflum nobis in Chrifto, A. B. inArtibus Magijintmper triennium proxime tlapfum affiduam Officio fuo operam dedijfe, vitamque, e? mores fuospie& fobrie infiituijje-, dignumq-, judicamtis qui ad quidlibet minus in Ecclefis promoveatur, ‘ & quam de eo opiniontm concepi- mus'tandem apud omnes libere profitemur. In cujus rei teftimo - n'tumJigilla nofira prsfentibus appofuimus, Dat. die.... Anno Dom...... Such aTeftimonialasthis is always indifpcnfably required before Holy Orders are conferred; and the Bifhop demands it even from a Prieft, before he admits him to a Benefice. Note, That if any one living in a certain Diocefe, and not T in either of the two Univerfities, go to the Bifhop of another Diocefe for Orders, he muft have Letters Demiffory from the Bifhop of that Diocefe where he laft redded, to the other Bi¬ fhop; and fo he ought to have, if he goes for a Living. Notealfo, Thatthe PrefentationxaxA. be tendered to the Bi¬ fhop within 181 Days after the Living is vacant, clfe it lapfes to the Bifhop ; and if the Bifhop then doth not col¬ late in half a Year more, it lapfes to the Archbifhop-, and if the Archbilhop doth, not collate in half a Year more, it lapfes to the King; and the next Prefentation continues fo, ’till the King (if the Living be 20 1. per Annum in the Valuation- Book, or the Lord-Chancellor, if under 20 l.) prefents, be it When it will} for Nullum ternpns occurrit Regi. After this, the 144 ®&e Patent State Part* Perfon to be admitted is examined, and if he be fouiid duly qualified, the Bilhop, or his Surrogate, inftitutes him in thefe, or other Words; Inftituo to ReSlorem Ecclefu Parochialis de . & habere Cur am Animarum & accipeCuram luam v And before he be inftituted, he muft fubfcribe to this De¬ claration following: I A. B. da declare. That no Foreign Prince, Perfon, Prelate ; State or. Potentate, hath, or ought to have any ’furifdiblioni Power, Superiority, Pre-eminence, or Authority, Ecclefiaftical or Spiritual, within this Realm: And that 1 will conform to ' the liturgy of the Church• of England, as it is now by law tjlablijb'd. Then aMandate is i(Tiled out, under the Bilhop’s Seal, to the Archdeacon of the Place, who himfelf, or by fome Clergy¬ man whom he ihall 'appoint, ,is to’induft the Clerk into his Diving, which is done by Delivery of the Bell-Rope; and then the new inftituted Clerk being left alone in the Church, he tolls the Bell ; and now he is indu&ed. Within two Months after this, he muft in the faid Church, during divine Service (i. e. after fome Part of the Church- Service, and before the Whole is finillied) read the XXXIX Articles of Religion, and declare aloud his unfeigned Aflent and Confent to all that is therein contained, pofitively, and without anyReferve, one or two fubftantial Parilhioners read¬ ing along with him, whomay teftify he omitted no Part. Likewife within two Months after his Induction, he muft read the Book of Common-Prayer, upon fome Lord’s-Day, both Forenoon and Afternoon; that is the whole Service of the Church appointed for that Day, as it is there appointed, and likewife declare his Aflent and Confent to all therein contain¬ ed in thefe Words: I A.B. do declare my unfeigned Ajfent and Confent to all and every thing contained and prefertbed in, and by the Book, inti¬ tuled , The Book of Common-Prayer, and Adminiftration of the Sacraments, and other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church, according to the Ufe of the Church of England; together with the Pfalter, or Pfalms of David, Pointed as they are ti be Sung or 'Said in Churches ; and the Perm and Manner of Malting, Ordain¬ ing, and Confecrating of Bijhops, Prtejls, and Deacons, After he hath fubferibed the Declaration afore-mentioned, he muft havea Certificate from the Bilhop, or Vicar-General, of his having fo done. • So likewife within three Months after his Inftitution, upon fome JLord’s-Day, during divine Service, he muft publickly Book III. of Gre at-Brita In. "4j and openly read his Certificate from theBilhop, orVicar-Gene- ral, of his Subfcription to the faid Declaration, and he rauft at the fame Time read the faid Declaration itfelf. And if he hath failed in any of the aforefaid Things, he hath forfeited his Living. • And whenever any Parfon,; or Vicar, goes to Law for Di¬ lapidations, Tithes, or any thing belonging to the Church, if the Defendant infill: upon it, he muft prove the doing of all thefe Things. . Therefore he muft have credible Witneffes when he fub- feribes before the Bilhop. And two credible Parilhioners having read along with him the XXXIX Articles, Ihould indorfe upon the Book in which they read, their Atteftation; which Book fo attefted, the Par- fon is to keep by him fafely. , So likewife fome intelligent Parilhioners'muft atteft under their Hands, thatfuchan One, onfuchaDay, read the Com¬ mon-Prayer inA Dedarationas aforefaid; andall thefe Attefta- tions are to be carefully preferved. See more in the Alls of Uniformity, printed before the Book of Common-Prayer. of tlje Ctcrgp. Of Privileges, fome belonging to Archbifhops, fome toBi- Ihops, as they are fo, and fome belongtothem, and the in¬ ferior Clergy, as they are Ecclefiafticks, or Church-men. ■ Clergymens Goods are not to pay Tolls in Fairs and Markets; No Clergyman may be compelled to undergo any per- fonal Functions (as to be Sheriff, Conftable, Overfeer of the Poor, vc.) or Services of the Common-wealth. All Clergymen are free from the King’s Purveyors, the King’s Carriages, the King’s Poll, &c. for which they may demand a Proteftionfrom the King,ram Clattfulanolumus. If a Clergyman acknowledge a Statute, his Body (hall not be taken by Vertue of any Procefs thereupon; for the Writ runs. S; Laicusfit, err. Clergymen are not obliged to appear at Sheriffs Tarns, or Views of Franh-Pledge, there to take their Oath of Allegi¬ ance ; the ancient Laws prefuming, That thofc whofe prin¬ cipal Care and Office fhould be to teach the People Loyalty and Allegiance to their King, could not rhemfelvcs want Loyalty. ; • . ■ . No Preacher may be difturbed, vexed,- or molefted, while he is preaching, or officiating. \ By Magna Charta, no Clergyman is to be fin’d, or amerc’d, according to his Spiritual Means, but according to his Tempo¬ ral Eftate, and according to the Crime committed. ; L ‘ The 146 Clje #?efent State Part l The Goods of Clergymen are difeharged by the Com¬ mon Law of England from Tolls and Cuftoms (Si non extreeant Merchandize de eifdem) of Average, Pontage, Mu¬ rage, Pavage, for which they have the King’s Writ to dis¬ charge them. .'If a Clergyman have Lands, by the Tenure of which he is fubjeft to be Bailiff, Reeve, or Beadle, and be chofen into any Such Office by reafon thereof, he hath a Curfory Writ out of the Chancery to difeharge himfelf. The Clergy being by their Function prohibited to wear a Sword, or any Arms (their Habit being alone their Defence) cannot ferve in Perfon in War • they ferve their Country other- wife, and for that Service have always been thought worthy of their Spiritual Profits and Revenues, and of the King's Proteftion. A Clergyman is not bound to the Leet, nor to follow the Hue and Cry. ' A Clerk in Holy Orders convift of a Crime, for which the Benefit of the Clergy is allowable, (hall not, upon the pro¬ ducing his Orders, be burnt in the Hand. A Clerk in Holy Orders, at this Day, ihall have his Clergy ad infinitum, from Time to Time 5 which no Lay-man can have above once. The Sheriff may not intermeddle with the Clergy in refpefl: of their Spiritual Promotions, but return, 6}uod Clerical eft be- neficiatm in Epifcopatu non habet Laicum feodum in Baliva mea. And this Privilege is confirmed to them by Magna Chart a. For general Words do not affect them; therefore if a Rob¬ bery be committed, and the Hundred be brought into Trou¬ ble for it, it is not underftood that the Minifter fhould con¬ tribute, though the Words are Gentes demorantes. So they are not to be afleifed for Watching and Warding, nor for mend¬ ing the High-ways, err. Keiienues of tfje Clergy Thefirft Kings of England had all the Lands of England in Demefn. The fecond foleMonarch among the Saxon Kings, Ethelwolphut,Annoi^, by the Advice of his Nobles, gave for ever to God and the Church, both the Tithe of all Goods, and theTenthPart of ail the Lands of England, free from all Secular Service, Taxations and lmpofitions whatfoever. The Charter of Donation is to be feen in Ingulphus and other Au¬ thors s which Charter thus ends, Qui augere voluerit nofiram Donationem (as many pious Kings and Nobles fince have done) augeat Omnipotent Veut diet cjus profpercs, ft quit vero mutate veiminuere prtfumpferit, nofeat fe ad Tribunal Chrifti rationem redditurum. He that ihall add to our Donation, may the Al¬ mighty God encreafe his happy Days ; but if any one Ihall prefume Book III. Of G R £ A T-B & 1T A IN. 147 prefume to change or diminifh it, let him know, that he mud give an Account thereof at the Tribunal of Chrift. This folemn Sanflion was afterwards confirmed by diverfe A&s in following Reigns, as of Edmund, Edgar, Ethelred, Al¬ fred, and William the Conqueror ; fo that the Clergy of England (whether they have Jus Divinum or no) have an ancienter Right by Common Law to their Tithes than any Lay-Sub- jeft can Ihew for his Lands in Fee-fimple. WilliamtheConqueror, at his coming into England, found the Bilhopricks then in being fo richly endowed with Lands, that heerefted them all into Baronies, and every Barony then con¬ fided of Thirteen Knights Fees at lead. TheRevenuesof the Bilhopricks are very much impaired fince the Reformation 5 for the Great Men in the beginning of Queen Elizabeth's Reign, forced the Bilhopj of many Sees to furrender many of their bed Mannors, and in licit of them to accept appropriate Tithes, and in fome Places no Compenfation at all. By this Means fome Sees were ex¬ ceedingly impoverilhed, as Exeter and Landajf, and others Very much hurt. . Whenever Biihops go through Diocefes upon EpifcopalVi- fitations, all the Clergy are obliged to pay them certain Pro¬ curations, to enable them to bear that Expence : But then rhofe Procurations are never paid, unlefsa Bilhopvifits either by himfelf or his Proxy. Tenths and Fird-Fruits were anciently paid, as is believed, to the leveral Diocefans, as was continued to the Bidiop of Norwich, till Henry VIII. deprived him thereof, and the Pope of all the red j Moreover, all Cathedral Churches were by diverfe Kings and Nobles richly furnilbed with Lands, for the plentiful Maintenance of a Dean, and a certain Number of Prebendaries. The Revenues of the inferior Clergy in England are ge- nerally very fmall, and infufficient; near a third Part of the bed Benefices in England being anciently, by the Pope's Grant, appropriated to Monafieries towards their Maintenance, were, upon the Difiolution of Monaderies, made Lay-Fees. Be- fides what hath been taken by fecret or indireft Means, through corrupt Compofitions, Compafts, and Cudoms in many Pa- tilhes, there are alfo very many large Edates wholly exempt from paying Tithes j as Lands belonging to Monaderies, of whichabout 190 were difTolved in Henry the Vlllth’s Time, of between 200 and 35001. per Annum Value a-piece; which, at a Medium of 15001, per Annum each, amounts to 285,000/. per Annum Tithe-free, befides all the leffer Priories, Abbies, and Monaderies. Such has been the unhappy Condition of the Englijh Clergy, from the Reformation down to thefe prefent Times, ’till it pleafed the late Queen ANNE, of blefledMemoiy, to take ‘ ' 1 » the 148 C&e $?efeut State Parti, the fame into her Princely Confideration; and having imke firft Place remitted all- the Arrears of Tenths due from fmall Livings, not exceeding 30 l. per Annum, to fignify to the Com¬ mons in Parliament afiembled, That to the End a Eund might be fettled for the Augmentation of the Maintenance of the poor Clergy, Ihe would make a Grant of her whole Revenue of Firft-Fruits and Tenths: Of which fee more in Chap. IX. con¬ cerning Societies for Advancement of Religion, &c. During the Vacancy of a See, or when the Biihop is em¬ ployed by the King in publick Negotations beyond Sea, the Law provides an Officer in his Place, to whom Prefentations may be made, and by whom Inftitutions, Admillions, crc. may be given j which Officer is called Guardian of the Spiritualities. The Office is fometimes executed by the Archbiihop of the Province, or his Vicar-Genetal, or the Dean and Chapter of the vacant See, ] The Papifls are notvery numerous. They abound chiefly in Lancafhire, Stajfordfhire and Sujfex. In the Trading Towns, if we except London, there are very few, and their Numbers in the Country would be much lefs, if they were not fupported by fo many Gentlemen of their Party, who have not yet been brought to renounce the Errors of their Fore-Fa¬ thers, They are generally very zealous in their Way, and very intent upon gaining Profelytes; for which Reafon it has been thought advifeable to check theit Progrefs by feveral Pe¬ nal Laws, fome made formerly,- others fince the Revolution■, and yet, though they are not openly and direftly Tolerated, they enjoy, through the Gentlenefs of the Englifh Govern¬ ment, greater Freedom than is allowed to any Proteftants in any Roman Catholick Countries in Europe, though thofe Pro¬ teftants have never been convifted of Praftices tending to ' overthrow the Conftitutions under which they have lived, which has been but too often experienced of the Papifls amongft ourfelves. The other Dijfenters who are tolerated by Law in England, may be reduced into four Gaffes, Presbyterians, Independents, Anabaptijls (or as they call themfelves, Baptifls) and Ghiakers, i^esbpterianfl and jJnBepentient#.] How widely foever thefe formerly differ’d among themfelves, yet there is now very little Difference between them. IntheDoftrinal Parts of Chriftianity they agree with' the Church of England, as her Doftrinesare fetdown in the XXXIX Articles. The Differen- cesliein the outward Adminiftration of Ecdcfiaftical Govern¬ ment, who (hall appoint the Governors of the Church, and what Sub-ordination there Ihall be or not be between them. The Presbyterians allow of no Sub-ordination in the Perfons of their Minifters 3 bur then, they Teach, that every Minifter ought alfo to be obedient to the Clafs under which he lives, and that Cla/j to a Synod Provincial, National or Oecumenical-, Book III. of Great-Britain. and that the Power of Ordination ought to refide in the Clafs ) and that none ought to adpiinifter the Sacraments that are not ordain’d by the Impo/itipn of Hands of other Minifters. In the Government of the Church they call in Lay-Elders, and for the taking Care of the Poor, they make ufe of Dea- cons. This, which is the Difcipline of the Kirk of Scot¬ land, where alfo a fuller Account (hall be given of it, has been very little ufed fince the Reftoration of King Chariot II. in England. ainabaptiff^f.] The great conftituentDoftrine of thefe Men, is their entire dilallowing of Infant-Baptism 5 and in the Rap-, tifm of Adults, they conftantly making ufe of Dipping. In ap¬ pointing Pallors, fome of them ufe Impofition of Hands. Some, though not many of them, fcruple the Lawfulnefs of paying Tithes, and fome obferve the Jewifh Sabbath. The Number of thefe, as diftinft from the former, is compa¬ ratively very fmall, moll.of them being lifted under the for¬ mer Denominations. . SSlua&eni.] Thefe are a diftir.ft Body from all the other Dilfenters, disagreeing in Doftrine and Praftice from all alike, and teaching, in Truth, a diftinft Religion from every other Body of the Chriftians throughout the World. Their Adver- faries have of late Years charged them with a Denial of all the Fundamentals of Chriftianity. They are a diftinft Politi¬ cal Body, goyern'd with great Regularity by Laws and Rules of their own making: And in their outward Deportment, they ftudy to appear as contrary to the reft of Mankind as they poffibly can. For their Faith . the faireft Account we can take of it will be from an Apology which Robert Barclay, one of their own body, prefented to King Charles II. In this there is no Mention of a Trinity of Perfons in the God¬ head ; nothing of the Incarnation ofjefus Chrift, and of his be¬ ing aftually thereupon God Man, of the Plenary Satisfaftion which he gave to the Divine Jujlice of the Sins for Men by his Death ; of his Afcenfton into Heaven with the fame Body with which he appear’d to St. • Thomas after his Refurreftion; of his conftant Intercejfton at the Right-hand of the Father of all Mankind, not of the Refurreftion of the Body. Thefe Articles the Quakers have been charg’d with deny¬ ing, before the Writing of Robert Barclay's Apology, and more vigoroufly fince. In Defence for Themfelves they fay. That they own the Three that bear Record in Heaven, ijohnv.7. But the Terms, Ferfon and Trinity they rejeft, as not fpiritual ; and they fay farther. That the Word Perfon is too grofs to exprcfs fuch an Union. They refufe therefore tofubfcribe the Hicene and Athanajian Creeds, and they feem to acctife the Dodlrines therein contained of Polytheijm. . As to the Doftrine of the In¬ carnation, as the Church of England holdetb it, they are not clear. 'i f'o ®6e l^efcnt State Part i. clear. They keep to no Scripture-Phrafes, and own, that the God-head dwelt bodily in Jefus : But whether they mean any more thereby, than that the Light, which they call the Chrijl •within, dwelt in the Man Chrijl Jefus fully, and was given to him without Meafure, is uncertain: For when they have been charg’d with affirming, That there is no other Chrijl hut what is within them, they reply thus; " When we fay, there is no *' other Chrift than what is within us, we fay true, becaufe “ Chrift, as God, cannot be divided; and the Meafure, orMa- f ‘ nifeftation of the Spirit of Chrift in us, is not another, but “ a Manifeftation of the fame Chrijl, which did in Fulnefs and f ‘ Bodily dwell in the Man Jefus." They never fpeak of the Hypoftatical Union of the two Natures, Divine and Human, in the Perfon of Jefus Chrift. Some of them have been charg’d with allegorizing away the whole Hiftory of the Crucifixion Of Jefus Chrift at Jerusalem, and of his Refur- reftlon and Afcenfion; but this their Vindicators deny, and many of them have been very explicit in their Acknowledg¬ ment of the Reality ofthat Hiftory; though they utterly de¬ ny, 11 That the outward Perfon who fuffer’d his Body to be <' crucified by the Jews without the Gates of Jerufalem, is ,c properly the Son of God." It will not be difficult to colleft Bow far they agree with the Church of England in the Doftrinc of the full and fufficient Oblation and Satisfaction which Jefus Chrift made for the Sins of all Mankind at his Death. As to theRefurreSlion of the Body, what they pofstively mean by it, they have never yet explained; Negatively they aflert. That the fame Natural and Flejbly Body t which was here upon- Earth, flail not rife, and in that they are very explicit, and pretend to prove their Aflertion from St. Paul's Account of the Refurreftion, i Cor. xv. A famous Leader of thisScff was one George Fax, a Journey¬ man Shoe-maker of Manchefter, who firft preach’d up thefe poffrines it Derby, in the Year 1650. He was a very illiterate Man, and fo continu’d to his Dying-day. At firft he was follow’d by feveral Mechanicks and Women in the North of hngland, who were accus'd of Blafphemy, and himfelf was tryM for it at Lancafter, and acquitted. By Degrees they got Southward ; and they are now reckon’d to be above 50,000 in Great-Britam. For the firft ten Years after their Appearance, many of them in their Meetings were feiz’d with fuch ftrange Shakings and Convulfions, that they appear’d to be pofTefs’d j but thefe Motions have been long difus’d: But from thence they had the Name oi Quakers, which they have never taken to themfelves, but have affum’d the Title of The People of God ; pad when they fpeak one of another, they ufe the Word Friend , At firft they had no fuch thing as Church-Government, and every Man fpake, and afted, and directed, and admonifh’d all Things, as he apprehended himfelf to be directed by the Light Book III. of Great-Britain. 151 Light within ; but as they grew numerous, they found this would not keep them fufficiently together; and fo under the Direftion of their firft Founder, George Fox, they form’d them- felves into a regular Body, and obferv’d a dated Difcipline, in which (though without pretending to any thing like Co¬ ercion) they are as united, and underdand the State of one another, as well as any Society of Men whatfoeVer, Civil or Ecdefiadical, in Chrlflendom. Their Meetings, by which they ad as a Society, are of feveral Sorts, Monthly, Quarterly, Yearly, Second-day's Meetings, and Meeting of Sufferings. Their Monthly and Quarterly Meetings are held in the feveral Countries in which they live, and according as their Settle¬ ments are more numerous and thick, fo more or fewer Towns fend Deputies to thefe Affemblies. In their Meetings they take Examinations of the State of every Town in which they dwell; they enquire who dand fad to their Rules and Orders, and whobackflide from them; who write againd them ; who pays Tithes and Church-Wardens Rates; who differ for Nonpay¬ ment of either; and who are marry’d by Frieds 5 and accord, ingly they cenfure, or encourage. There they excommuni¬ cate, and there, upon Occafion, they receive into Communi¬ on again: And of all this they keep cxaft Regiders in Rooks provided for that Purpofe. From thefe Monthly and Quarterly Meetings Appeals lie to their Yearly ones. Thefe Yearly Meetings are always held in London, which is the Centre of Communion of all the Qua¬ kers throughout the World : Thither Deputies come from all Parts of Great-Britain, Ireland, Holland, Germany, and the Plantations ; in which lad they have many numerous Settle¬ ments. This Meeting is ufually held in Wbite-Hart-Court in Grace-Church-Street, in a commodious Room built on pur¬ pofe : Thither are tranfmitted Accounts of whatfoever has been in all Monthly, and Quarterly Meetings all the World over: There Direftions are given concerning Friends Beha¬ viour, relating to Tithes and Rates, and ufing Guns in Ships; concerning difpetdng of Books: There the publick Accompts are audited, and proper Injlruments are given to their re- fpeftive Deputies for them to obferve at their Return home : They fend alfo a Yearly Epiflle to all their Settlements, giving Indrudions and Admonitions proper to the Occafion, to be read in the Monthly and Quarterly Meeting of Friends through¬ out the World. The Second Day's Meeting is a danding Committee, refiding at London, which meets every Monday in the Year; its Mem¬ bers are their principal Teachers refiding in, or near the City; their Bufinefs is to attend every particular Exigency relating to the Body, which may happen from one Yearly Meeting to ano¬ ther; but mote particularly they are to examine, approve L 4 and T 5 i €&e p?efetit @>tnte Part i, and licenfe all Books printed or reprinted for the Service (as they call it) of the Truth, The Meeting of Sufferings is one of the ancientefl Affemblies they have; Its regular Time of meeting is every fix Weeks; its Bufinefs is to receive Complaints out of all Parts of England and Wales, from thofe who havefuffer’d for Non-Payment of Tithes and Rates, and to take Care how to procure them Relief, either by fending them Money, or by folliciting their Caufes above, or both. This Meeting has a Fund on purpofe to carry on this Affair: Sometimes they receive Directions from the Tearly Meetings, to fend down Directions to the Monthly and Quarterly Meetings concerning Friends Books, in whichMatter the Quakers are particularly careful and exaCt. [Thefe People are more indulged than any other Subjects; they are not oblig’d to take the Oaths to the Government; their bare Word or Affirmation is held fufficient; and whereas they ufed to affirm in the Name of G oa>, this was looked upon as too great an Impofition on this pious Generation; and the Word God is now left out of it. See the Statutes• 7 Sc 8 W. Ill, cap. 14. 8 Geo, I. cap, 6.] CHAP. II. 0 / English Computation, Numbing, Weights, Meafures, Money. ' , <2nglifl) Computation. T H E Englijb Nation, as moli of the other States that with¬ drew themfelves from under the Bifhop of Rome's ufurp’d Authority before the Year 158a did, ’till lately, (fill obferve the ancient Account made by Julius Cafar, 43 Years before the Birth of Chrifl, which is therefore call’d the Old Stile, or Julian Account-, the other obferv'd at prefent by mod Euro¬ pean Nations, is called the New Stile, or Gregorian Account ; and is, by reafon of the aforefaid to Days taken away, with the Bijfextile the Iaft Year, now 11 Days before ours, for the Beginning of Months, and for all fixed Fcftivals ; but various for all Moveable Feafls. Eafler, and the other Moveable Feafts in England, are mod certainly thus found; Shrove-Tuefday is always the firft Tuef- day after the firft New Moon after January, and the Sunday following rsQuadragefima, and the fixth Sunday after is Eafler- day, and the fifth Sunday after Eafler is Rogation-Sunday, and the Thurfday following, being forty Days after the Refur- reftion, is Afcenfion-day; ten Days after which, or fifty Days after Eafler, is Pentecoft, or Whit-funday, and the Sunday fol¬ lowing isTrinity-Sunday: Which Computation of the Churfh "of $SookIH. of Great-Bb.itAIN.. >53 of England, agrees with all the Eajlern Chridian Churches, but with none of the Wejlfrn. Yet it cannot be deny’d, but thap fhis Old Computation may fometimes be inconvenient: lor the Year beginning the2sth of March, according to the Com¬ putation of the Church of England, two Eajlers may happen in the Year; as in the Year 1667, the fir REaJler fell out the 15th of April, and the fecond, the aid of March following, and not one Eajhr in the enfuing Twelve Months, as the Au¬ thor of this Treatife obferved formerly in his Propofals to th^ Parliament, concerning England’s Wants- Advtnt-Sunday hath a peculiar Rule, and is always the fourth Sunday before Chrijlmas-Day, or the neareft Sunday to S\. An¬ drew's Day , whether before or after. The Year in England, according to the Cycles of the Sun and Moon, and according to the Almanacks, begins on the firft of January ; but the Englijh Church begins the Year from the Day of Chrid’s incarnation, on the 25th of March ; which is alfo obferv’d in Spain ; yet the Portuguefe (as in diverfe Coun¬ tries in Africa) begin their Year on the 29th of Augufi-, the Venetians on the firft of March, according to the Epail-, the Grecians on the longed: Day, as the Old Romans did on the Ihorted Day; which two lad feem to have mod Reafon, as beginning juft at the Periodical Day of the Sun’s Return. The natural Day, confiding of twenty-four Hours, is be¬ gun in England, according to the.Cudom of the Egyptians and ancient Romans at Mid-nighr, ail'd counted by twelve Hours to Mid-day, and again by twelve Hours to next Mid-night ; whereas in Italy, Bohemia, Poland, andfomeotherCountries,' their Account is from Sun-fetting by twenty-four of the Clock, to the next Sun-fetting ; and at Nuremberg and Wirtem- berg in Germany, according to the Old jewijh and Babylonian Account, they begin at thefird Hour after Sun-rifing to count One of the Clock, and fo again at the fird Hour after Sun- fetting'; but Ajlronomers, accommodating their Calculations to the mod noble Time of the Day, begin their Account from Noon to Noon, as do dill the Arabians and fome others. [The Englijh Mariners alfo always begin their Day at Noon, in all their Journals at Sea,] <£nglif!) iflumbkingO There was a Time when Names of Numbers amongd'all civiliz’d Nations were unknown to them, and probably they then apply’d the Fingers of one, and fometimes of both Hands, to Things whereof they de- ftred to keep Account ( as is yet done among the illiterate Indians ) And thence it may be that the Numeral Words are but ten in almod all Nations, and in fome Nations but five, , and then they begin again, as after Deceit, Undecim , Da ode- c'tm, See. Things that are fold by Tale, and not Weight, are thus ac¬ counted, ; , Cod-Fiih, 15-4. €lje paefenfc State Part i. Cod-Filh, Haberdinc, Ling, ere. have 1:4 to the C. Eels 25 to the Strike; 10 Strikes to the Bind. Herrings 120 to the C. 12 Hundred to the Thoufand, which make a Barrel; and 12 Barrels a Laft. Of Furs, Filches, Grays, Jennets, Martins, Minks, Sa¬ bles, 40 Skins is a Timber; other Skins, five Score to the Hundred. Of Paper, 24 or 25 Sheets to the Quire ; 20 Quire to a Ream ; to Ream to a Bale. Of Parchment, twelve Skins make a Dozen; and five Do- zen a Roll. Of Hides, 10 are a Dicker; 20 Dickers a Laft. Of Gloves, 10 Pair a Dicker. HeUjijtfl anB StfoafUrCSf.] By the 27th Chapter of Magna Charta, the Weights and Meafures ought to be the fame over all England, and thofe to be according to the King’s Stand¬ ards of Weights and Meafures, kept in the Exchequer, by a fpecial Officer of his Houfe, call’d the Clerk, or Comptroller of the Market. Of mights, there are two Sorts ufed at prefent throughout all England, viz. Troy-Weight and Avoirdupois. In Troy-Weight, 24Grains of Wheat make a Penny;Weight Sterling-, 20 Pen¬ ny. Weight make one Ounce; twelve Ounces make aPound; fo there are 4S0 Grains ia the Ounce, and 5760 Grains in the Pound. By Troy-Weight we weigh Bread, Corn, Gold, Silver, Jew¬ ell, and Liquors: The Apothecaries and Goldfmiths have the fame Pound, Ounce and Grain; but they differ in their inter¬ mediate Divifions. The Apothecaries reckon 20 Grains [Gr.] make a Scruple [ 9 J; 3Scruples 1 Dram [5]; 8 Drams 1 Ounce [J] ; 12 Ounces 1 Pound [ft]; fo that there is in ft j 5 9 Gr. | 1 | 12 | 96 | 288 | 5760 1 | 8 | 24 | 480 i ~ri~ i~6o~ I'M . Note, That although the Apothecaries make up their Me¬ dicines by Troy-Weight, they buy their Drugs by Avoirdupois- Weight, The Goldfmiths reckon 24 Grains make a Penny-Weight, 20 Penny-Weight 1 Ounce, 12 Ounces 1 Pound. So that there is in Jft Book III. Of Great-Britain. 155 ft § P. IV. Gr. 1 1 | it | 140 | 3760 I 1 I 20 I 48o 1 -I *4 By Avoirdupois-Weight ate all other Things weighed, as Mer¬ cery and Grocery.Ware, Metals, Wool, Tallow andthelike, which they account thus; 16 Drams make an Ounce, 16 Ounces a Pound, i8 Pounds a Quarter, 4 Quarters a Hundred, 20 Hundred a Ton: So that there is in Ton. Hun, gr. Pound, Ounces. Drat | 1 1 20 | 80 | 2240I 34840 | S7?44° i. I . 4 | na j 1792 | 28672 I I j - *8j 448 j 7168 The Troy Ounce is more than the Avoirdupois Ounce; for $1 Ounces Troy are equal to 56 Ounces Avoirdupois. But the Avoirdupois Pound is more than the Troy Pound; for 14 Pounds Avoirdupois are equal to 17 Pounds Troy Weight. Note, That Bakers, who live in Corporation Towns, make their Bread by Troy Weight ; but they who live not in Corpo¬ rations, are to make it Avoirdupois Weight ; for Freemen are allowed 3 d. in the Bulhel more for Profit than thofe that are not Free. For Inllance, When the current Market-price of middling Wheat is 5 s. per Bulhel, a Freeman-Baker mud: make a Penny Wheaten Loaf to weigh 11 Ounces Troy Weight, and three Half-penny White-loaves the like Weight; but they that are not Free-men, mult make it as heavy as when the Market- price is but 4 s. 9 d. per Bulhel, and when it is 5 s. per Bulhel, they mult out-weigh the Freemens Penny-loaf by ten Drams, and make their Houlhold Penny-loaf a Pound, or fixteen Ounces Avoirdupois, and fourteen Drams. fBeafltreS?.] Meafures are either Applicative or Receptive. The fmallelt Applicative Meafure is a Barley-Corn, where¬ of three in Length make a Finger’s Breadth, or Inch ; four Inches make a Hand ; three Hands a Foot; one Foot and a half makes a Cubit ; two Cubits a Tard ; in a Yard arc fixteen Nails ; one Yard and a Quarter makes an Ell ; a Hutch Ell, or Stick, by which Tapeftry is meafured, is but 4 of a Yard j five Foot make a Geometrical Pace ; fix Foot a Fathom ; fixteen Foot and a half make a Perch, Pole, or Rod ; but there are other cufto- psary Perches or Poles, viz. eighteen feet for Fens and Wood- is6 die pefent State Parti. land; twenty-one for Foreft, LancaJIrirc and Irijh Meafure, and lgi Scotch : Forty Perch make a Furlong, eight Furlongs , or 310 Perches, make an Englijh Mile, which, according to the Statute of n flea. VII. ought to be 1760 Yards, 5180 Foot, that is 2S0 foot more than the Italian Mile; 60 Miles {more exaftly fixty'-nine Englijh Miles and a half) make a Degree, and 360 (itch Degrees,' or 24846 Miles, compafs the whole Globe of the Earth. Horfes are meafured by the Hand, which is 4 Inches. For meafuring of Land in England, forty Perches in Length, and four in Breadth, make pn Acre of Land, fo call'd from the < itrman Word Acker, and that from the Latin Word Agcr. Thirty Acres ordinary make a Yard-Land, an hundred Acres are acccounted an Hide of Land, and fix hundred and forty Acres, a Mile fquare. A Fable of Long-Meafure. But Book III. of Gr'eat-Bri'tain. 157 But in this, and a!fo infome Weights andMeafures, theCu- ftom of the Place is othervvife, which molt be regarded. In France, about Paris, n Inches make a Foot, 22 Foot make a Perch, and ioo Perches make an Arpent. Of Timber, 43 Foot folid make a Ton, and 53 Foot a Load. Receptive Meafure is two-fold ; firft, of Liquid, or Moift Things ; fecondly, of dry Things. The ordinary fmalleft receptive Meafure is called a Pint ; 2 Pints make a Quart, 2 Quarts make a Pottle-, 2 Pottles make a Gallon, a GaMonof Beer, or the Meafure containing 282 fo¬ lid Inches, and holds of Rain-water 10 Pounds, 3 Ounces ^Avoirdupois-, 8 Gallons a Firkin of Ale, 2 fuch Firkins make a Kilderkin ; and 2 Kilderkins, or 32 Gallons make a Bar¬ rel of Ale; and 12 Barrels a Laji ; 9 Gallons a Firkin of Beer; 2 fuch Firkirts, or 18 Gallons, make a Kilderkin-, two fuch Kilderkins, or thirty-fix Gallons, make a Barrel of Beer; one Barrel and half, or 54 Gallons, make a Hoyjhead ; 2 Hog- fheadsmakeaPipeor Butt-, and 2 Pipes a Tun, confiding of 1728 Pints or Pounds; a Barrel of Butter or Soap is the fame with a Barrel of Ale. The Ettplifb HV/neMeafures are fmaller than thofe of Ale and Beer, and hold Proportion as about 4 to 5. So that 4 Gallons of Beer-Meafure are almoft five Gallons of Wine-Meafure, and each Gallon of Wine is 231 Cubical Inches, 8 Pounds, i Ounce, and 11 Drams Avoirdupois of Rain-Water. Of thefe Gallons a Runlet of Wine holds 18 ; half a Hoglhead 31 Gallons and a half; a Tierce of Wine holds42 Gallons; a Hogfhead 63 Gallons; a Punchion 84 Gallons; a Pipe or Butt holds 126, and a Tun 252 Gallons, or 2016 Pints. To meafure dry Things, as Corn or Grain, there is firft the Gallon, which is bigger than the Wine Gallon, and lefs than the Ale or Beer Gallon ; containing 272^ Cubical Inches, and 9 Pounds, 13 Ounces, 12 Drams and half of Avoirdupois Weight. Two of thefe Gallons make a Peck, four Pecks a Bufhel, four Bulliels the Comb or Curnock ,■ two Curnocks make a Quarter , Seam, or Raff, and ten Quarters a Laft, which con¬ tains {120 Pints,and fo many Pounds Troy Weight; fo that in a Garrifonof 3000 Men, allowing each but a Pound of Bread per Diem, will confume near a Laft, or 80 Bulhels every Day: and 250 Men ina ShipwilldrinkaTun of Beer in two Days, allowing each Man about a Pottle per Diem. Meal is weighed as Corn, but the common Repute is, that a Gallon of Wheaten Meal weighs 7 Pounds Avoirdupois, and 8 Pounds, 6 Ounces, 4 Penny-weight Troy ; fo a Bulhcl ;6 PonadsAvoirdupois, and 68 Pounds, 1 Ounce, 12 Penny-weight Troy. All other Grain, and folikewife Salt,- Lime, Coals, arc. follow this Meafure, which is called Wincheftcr-Meafure. But note, that where Sea-Coal and Salt are meafuced with this Bu!he!, i?s p?efent State Parti; Bulhel, then they are heaped, or elfe there is allowed five ilriked Pecks to the Bulhel, and this is called Water-Mcafure. 36 Bulhcls are a Chaldron of Coals; and on Shipboard they allow ii Chaldron to the Score. fJ)otK{>.] At firft all,Nations battered and exchanged one Commodity fop another; but that being found troublefome, by a kind of Cuftom, good Liking or Ufage, amongft all Ci¬ vilized Nations, Silver and Gold, as molt portable, pliable, and beautiful, and lefs fubjeft to Ruft, have been as early as the Days of Abraham, chofen to be the Inftruments of Ex¬ change and Eftimation of all Things, and were at firft paid only by Weight, ’till, in Procefs of Time, the Way of Coining or Stamping Money was found out. When Julius Csfar firft entered this Iflarrd, the Britons ufed Brafs Money, and alfo Rings of Iron inftead of Money. And afterwards diverle of their Kings and Queens coined Money of other Metals, of all which there are feveral Specimens yet re¬ maining in the Cabinets of the Curious: Not to mention the Roman Money, which by the great Quantities continually found, feetns to have been of common Ufe. In the Time of King Richard I. Money coined inth tEaJl Parts of Germany being for its Purity highly efteemed, fome of thofe Eafierlings were fent for over, and employed in our Mint, and from thence our Money was called Eaflerling, or Sterling Money, as fome think (as the firft Gold coined in England, was by King Edward III.'and thofe Pieces called Flo . rentes, becaufe Florentines were the firft Coiners thereof) tho’' others fay of the Saxon Word Ster, Rule or Standard, from Steoran, to fteer, guide, govern 5 and a third Opinion is, that it is fo called from the Stars on the Saxon Pennies. Vid. Chron, Preciof, p. 41, and 47. SDittJfr.] King Edward I. fince the Norman Conqueft, eftablifhed a certain Standard for Silver Coin in this Man¬ ner j 24 Grains make one Penny Sterling, 10 Penny-weight one Ounce, and 12 Ounces, or 5660 Grains make a Pound Sterling, confiding of 20;. Of thefe 12 Ounces, 11 Oun¬ ces two Eenny-weight of Sterling was to be of fine Silver, and the Weight of 18 d. Sterling in Alloy the Minter added ; fo that anciently a Pound Sterling was a Pound Troy Weight; ■whereas now a Pound Sterling is but the third Part of a Pound Troy, Wc had no Silver Money in the Saxon Times bigger than a Penny, norafter the Conqueft till Edward III. who about the Year 13'; 1, coined GroJJes, i. e. Groats, or great Pieces, which wentfor4ti. a-piece, and fo the Matter flood till the Reign of Henry VII. who in the Year 1504, firft coined Silver Pieces of 12 d. Value, which we call Shillings, The Pound Weight Troy of Silver, fince theReign of Queen Elizabeth, hath been current at 6a. jr. and the feveral Silver - - - Coins Book III. of Great-Britain. 159- Coins now current in England, are the Crowns, or 5 s. which is almoft the Ounce Troy, the Half-Crowns, Shillings, Six-pence, Four-pence,Three-pence, Two-pence, and one Penny. For the Coinage there was allowed 2t. in the Pound Troy •of Silver; fo that the Merchant who brought in the Bullion, received only 60 s. ft each, which made the Ounce to be juft yj. But by an Aft of Parliament, 1665, for Encouragement of Coinage, the Charge of Coinage was defrayed by an Im- pofition on Brandy, and nothing payable by the Bringer in of the Bullion; fo that the Merchant receives 62 s, for every Pound Troy of Bullion. Of later Time, in relation to the Neceffity of the Poor, and Exchange of great Money, afmall Piece of Copper, called a Farthing, or fourth Part of a Penny, hath been permitted to be coined; and fo likewife an Half-penny, or Piece of two Farthings; but no Man inforced to receive them in Pay for Rent or Debt above a Shilling, which can’t be affirmed of any other State or Nation in the Chriftian World; in all which there are feveral forts of Copper Money as current with theta for any Payment, asthepureftGoId orSilver, The Pound Weight, or twelve Ounces Troy, of Gold, is divided into twenty-four Parts, which are called Carrats .- So that each Carr at is ten-penny Weight Troy, or half an Ounce; and this Carrat is divided into four Parts, which are called Carrat Grains ; fo that the Carrat Gram is 2 d. Weight and an half, or iixty ordinary Grains; and the Car¬ rat Grain is divided into diverfe Parts; the Standard of Crown Gold is twenty-two Carrats of fine Gold, and two Carrats of Alloy in the Pound Weight Troy ; the Alloy of fomeGold Coins is all Silver, as the Guinea Gold, and fome aft Copper, which renders the Gold Coins fome more white, fome more yellow. In England, at prelent, the Pound Weight Troy of Gold is cut into forty-four Parts and a half; each Part is to pafs for 20 J. and the half Part for 10 s. Yet now by the Scar¬ city of Gold imported, each of the faid Parts is current at 11, is. There are alfo coined fome Pieces of 40 s. and fome 100 s. which hold proportionably in Weight and Fine- nefs to the 20;. Piece. The Standard of Sterling Silver inEnglandis eleven Ounces and 2d. Weight of fine Silver, and iS d. Weight of Alloy of Copper out of the Fire, and fo proportionably; fo that twelve Ounces of pure Silver, without any Alloy, is worth 3/. 4*. 6 d. and an Ounce is worth ^s.^d. ok but with Alloy is worth but 3 1. and the Ounce 5 s. The Spanijh, French and Flemijlt Gold, is almoft of equal Finencfs with the EngliJIt. The EngliJIt Silver Money hath lefs of Alloy than the French or Dutch, The 160 €JjS ®me Parti: TheMoniers divide the Pound Weight into twelve Ounces Troy. ('"Ounce . io Penny-Weight. XPenny-Weight/ Va4 Grains; o yGrain V. ho Mites. 1 le X|Mite ^ lnt0 S.a4 Droites. /Droitd \ Jio Perits. £ Petit J C J 4 Blanks. , The Proportion of Gold to Silver in England, is as One to Fourteen, and about one Third; that is to fay, one Ounce of Gold is worth iri Silver fourteen Ounces, and about one Third, or 3 i. 14 j. 1 d. of Englip Money. , ./ . Since the Reftoration of his late Majefty King Charles the. Second, the Coining and Stamping of Money by Hammers hath been laid afide, and all ftamped by, a Mill, or Screw, whereby it comes to pafs, that our new Coins for Neatnefs,- Gracefulnefs, and Security from Counterfeiting,, furpafs all the moil; excellent Coins, not only of the Romans; but of all the Modern Nations of the World. But we muft not on this Subjeft forget, that fince the late Happy Revolution, the Silver Coin of this Kingdom was fo miferably debafed by Clipping, that it was a Prejudice to all Trade, and indeed a Scandal to the Nation. ,c It will (fays the excellent Author of the Chronical P.recio- ” fum) be much for the Honour of the late King William's " Reign; to have remedied the greateft Abufe of Money that " was ever known in England, at a. Time of the greateft “ Danger and Expence, with very little Grievance of the “ People. But, fure, it is better to prevent a moderate “ Mifchief, than to redrefs a very great one; and perhaps a " Proclamation of three or four Lines, forbidding any clip- “ ped Money to be received into the King’s Exchequer in " 1690, would have prevented the Clipping and Spoiling “ five Millions. CHAP- at Of Names , titles of Honour, Privileges , &c. • liaraejff. N Omina qitafi Notamina. Names were firft impofed on Men for Diftinftion Sake, by the Jews at their Circum- cifionj by theltflwww at the math Day after their Birth, atid by the Chriftians at their Baptifnv; of fuch Signification, fo* the moft Part, that might denote the future good Hope, or good Wifhefi of Parents towards their Children. The Book III. of GreAt-Briiain,' i£r' The Englijh Names at Baptifm are generally either Saxon and Norman, as Robert, Richard, Henry, William, Edward, Edmond, Edwin, Gilbert, Walter, Leonard, Sec. which are all very fignificative 5 or elfe (efpecially in latter Ages) out of the Old and New Teftament, Abraham, Jfaac, Jacob, John, Thomas, James, Sec. or fometimes the Mother’s Sirnamc, efpecially if fhe has been an Heirefs, or of Superior Birth or Quality to her Husband, and rarely two Cluiftian Names, which yet is ufual in other Countries, efpecially in Germany. SurjjjJamCij..] Names fuperadded to the Chriftian Names, the French call Sir-names (i. e.) Super nomina. The Hebrews, Greeks, and moll other Nations, had no Sir- names fixed to their Families, as in thefe Days, but counted ■thus: For Example, among the Hebrews, Melchi Ben Adds, Addi Ren Ca/am, Sec. So the Britons, Hugh at Owen, Owen ap Rhefe. So the Irijh, Neal mac Con, Con mac 'Dermoti, Sec. As Chriftian Names were firft given for Diftinftionof Per- fons, fo Sir-names for Diftimftion of Families. About Anno 1000, the French Nation began, to take Sir- names with He prefixed of a Place, and Le prefixed for fome other Qualifications, as at this Day is their ufual Manner. The Englijh alfo took to themfelves Sir-Names, but notgene- rally among the common People,’till after the Reign of Ed¬ ward the Firft. Great Offices of Honour have brought diverfe Sir-names, as Edward Fitz-Theobald being long ago made Butler of Ire¬ land, the Duke of Ormond and his Anceftors defending from him, took the Sir-name of Butler. So John Count Tanker-ville of Normandy, being made Chamberlain to the King of Eng¬ land,yihout 400 Years ago, his Defendants of Sherborn-Cajlle in Oxford/hire, lately extinft, and of Prejlbsiry, Maugerhury, and Oddington in GloucefterJIsire, from whom the Author of this Book was defended, bear Hill the fame Coat of Arms, by the Name of Chasnberlayrse. At firft, for Sir-names the Englijh Gentry took the Name of their Birth-place, or Habitation, as Thomas of AJlon, or Eafl-Toiun, John of Sutton, or South-Town, Henry of Wotton, ■ or Wood-Town ; aiid as they altered their Habitation, fo they altered their Sir-names. After, when they became Lords of Places, they called themfelves Thomas Afton of AJlon, John Sutton of Sutton, Henry Wotton of Wotton. The Saxons Common People (as do the Generality of the Dsitch, Germans, Danes, IJlanders, and Swedes, to this Day) for Sir-names, added their Father’s Name with fon at the End thereof, as Thomas Johnfon, Robert Richardfon, and fometimes their Mother's Name in like Manner, as Bettifon, Nclfin, and Margetjon ; they alfo oft took their Father’s Nick-name, or Ab¬ breviation with Addition of s, as Gibs the Nick-name, or Ab¬ breviate n of Gilbert, Hobs of Robert, Nicks of Nicholas, Bates M oi 16a Efje l^efent State Parti. of Bartholomew, Sams of Samuel, Hodges of Roger, Sanders of A- lexander, and thence alfo Gibfin, Hobfin, Nickfin, Baffin, Sqmfin, Hodfin, Satsnderfin, and Hutchenfin, &c. Many were alfo firnamed from their Trade., as Smith, Joiner, Wea¬ ver} Walker (that is Fuller in Old Englijh, and Goff, that is Smith in Weljh, See, Or from their Offices, as Porter, Stew¬ ard, Shepherd, Carter, Spencer (that is. Steward) Cook, Butler, Kemp (that is, .in Old Englijh, Soldier) or from the Place of Abode, as Underwood, Underhil ; alfo Atwood, At¬ well, Athill, which'three laft.are (hrunk into Wood, Wells, Hill; or from their Colour, or Complexion, as Fairfax, that is, Fairlocks-, Pigot, that is. Speckled-, Blunt, or Blttnd, that is. Flaxen-hair: So from Birdr, as Arundel, that is. Swallow-, Corbet, that is, Raven ; Wren, Finch, Woodcock, ere. So from Beads, as Lamb, Fox, Mo fie, that is. Mule: From Colours, as Black, White, Brown, Red, Green ; from the Wind, as Eajl, Weft, North, and South: Sometimes from Saints, as St. John, . St. George, St. Leger, St. Amend, Seymour (i. e. St. Maur) Stc. The Normans, at their firft coming into England, brought Sirnames for many of their Gentry, with De prefix’d, as the French do generally at this Day, and their Chriftian Names were generally Scandic, they being originally defeendedfrom Norway, inhabited by the Progeny of the Old Scandians-, and fome, for about ioo Years after the Conqueft, took for Sir- names their Father’s Chiidian Name, with Fite,, or Fils pre¬ fix’d, as Robert Fitz-Wiliiams,, Henry Fitz-Gerald, which is as much as William fin, Gerardfin, & o. Th c Britons, or Weljh, more lately refin’d, did not take Sir- names ’till of late Years, and that for the mod part, only by leaving out a in op, as annexing to p their Father's Chriftian Name; as inllead of Evan ap Rice, now Evan Price ; fo inftead of apHowel, Powel ; ap Hugh, Pugh, ap Rogers, Progers, See. The moft ancient Families, and the bed Account for Sir- names in England, are either thofe that are taken from Places in Normandy, and thereabouts in France, and from fome ■ other Tranfmarine Countries •, or elfe from Places in England and Scotland, as Evereux, Chaworth, Nevil, Montague, Mo- hun, Biron, Bruges, Clijford, Berkley, Anvers, Arcy, Sturton, Morley, Courtney, See. which anciently had all He prefix’d, but of latter Times generally neglefted, or made one Word, as Devereux, Danvers, Darcy, &c. unlefs we (hould more efteem thofe whofe Anceftors were of great Account here be¬ fore the Norman Conqueft, and their Poderity have dill flou- rifhed cyer fince, as Arden, Ajhburnham, 8cc. 2 Titles of Honour and- Degrees of Nobility. i’T’HE Nobility of England is called the Peerage 3!i _ * J A of England, becaufc they are all Pares Regni, that is, Nobilitate Pares, though gradu imparts. $egw.sf] Book III. Of G R'E A t-Bri T AIN. 163 ■ ©EgFfP#.] The Degrees of the Englijh Nobility were only five, Duke, Marquis, Earl, Vifcount, and Baron. ©tlkC.] A Duke, in Latin, Dux a ducendo, in High-Dutch, Hertfog, which alfo fignifies the Leader of an Army, Noble¬ men being anciently either Generals andLeaders of Armies, in Time of War, or Wardens of Marches and Governors of Provinces in time of Peace, afterwards made fo for Term of Life ; then held by Lands and Fees, at length Hereditary and Titular. A Duke is at this Day created by Patent, anciently by Cin- fture of Sword, Mantle of State, Impofition of a Cap and Coronet of Gold on his Head, and a Verge of Gold put into his Hand. His Mantle is guarded with four Guards. His Title is Grace. His Cermet hath only Leaves without Pearls. Spa^quis.] Marchio, a Marquis, was firft fo called from the Government of Marches and Frontier Countries. A Marquis is created by Patent; anciently by Cinfture of Sword, a Mantle of State, Impofition of a Cap of Honour, with a Coronet, and Delivery of a Charter or Patent. His Mantle is double Ermin, three Doublings and an half. His Title is Moft Noble. His Coronet hath Pearls uni Strawberry-Leaves intermixed round of equal Height. <£arl0,] Earls, anciently called Comitcs, becaufe they were wont comitari Regem, to wait upon the King for Counfel and Advice. The Germans call them Graves, as Landgrave, Mar¬ grave, Palfgrave, Rheingrave ; the Saxons, Earldormen, unlefs that Title might be more properly applied to our Dukes; the Danes, Eorlas, and the Englijh, Earls. They had anciently for the Support of their State, the third Penny out of the She¬ riff’s Court, iliiiing out of all Pleas of the Shire, whereof they had their Title; but now it is otherivife: For whereas heretofore Comes and Comitatus were Correlatives, and there was no Comes, or Earl, but had a County, or Shire, for his Earldom; of latter Years the Number of the Earls encreafing, and no more Counties left, diverfe made Choice of fome emi¬ nent Part of a County, as Lindfey, Holland, Cleveland, Cra¬ ven ; fome of a lelfer Part, its Stafford, a Wapentake In York- jhire, &c. Others have chofenfor their Title fome eminent Town, as Marlborough, Exeter, Bridgewater, Brijlol, 5cc. And fome of late have taken for their Title the Name of a fmall Village, their own Sear, or Park, &c. as Godolfhin, Bolton , Clarendon, Mulgrave, Danby, Wharton, Cholmondeley. An Earl is created by Fatent. All the Earls of England arc Local, or denominated from fome Shire, Town, or Place; except three, whereof one is Perfonal, as the Earl-Marjhai of England, who is not only Ho- M a norary, i H €l;e pjefent §>tate Part i norary, as all the reft, hut alfo Officiary. The others are No¬ minal, viz.. Earl Rivers, and Earl Poulet, who take their De¬ nomination from illuftrious Families, as the reft do from fome noted Place. An Earl’s Mantle hath three Doublings of Ermin. His Title is Right Honourable. HisCoronethath the Pearls raifed upon Points, and Leaves low between. aaifCOUnt.] Viucmes, qitafi Vice Cornitis gubernaturtis Co- miiatum. Vifcounts are ftiled by the King, Confanguinci nojlri. Our Coufins; and his Title is Right Honourable. A Vifcount is made by Patent, as an Earl is. His Mantle hath two Doublings and an half of plain white Fur; his Coronet only pearled with a Row of Pearls, without certain Number, clofe to the Chaplet. 53at0n,] In the Laws of the Longabaris, and of the Nor¬ mans, this Word wasufed for Var, as at this Day, Baron, o t Varon, in the Spanijh Tongue is ufed for the fame ; fo that Baron is Vir, mt’ Vir Notabilis & Principalis.' So the chief BurgeiTes of London anciently, and ftill thofe of the Cinque-Ports ate called Barons. . Barons in the Beginning of the Reign of Henry III. were not of fo much Repute as afterwards, when that King, after that great Rebellion was fupprefled, called by Writ unto Parliament only fuch great Men as had continued Loyal. The Earl Palatines, and Earl Marches of England, had anciently alfo their Barons under them. In C hejbire there are yet fuch Barons: But as noBilhop but thofe that hold immedi¬ ately of the Kinmare Peers of the Realm; for the Bifhop of Ai¬ rier and Man holding immediately of the Earl of Darby, is no Peer of England-, iono Barons but thofe that hold immedi¬ ately of the King, are Peers of the Realm. Barons are fometimes made by Writ, being thereby called to fit in the higher Houfe of Parliament; but moft ufually by Patent. A Baron’s Title is Right Honourable. He hath two Guards, or Doublings, on his Mantle. His Coronet hath fix Pearls upon the Circle, given to that Degree by King Charles II. AH the foremcntioncd Degrees have Title of Lord, from the Saxon Word Hlaford, Domtnus. AH the Lords of England, both Spiritualand Temporal, are Eeuiataries to the King, and in their Creation, and alfo in their Succeffion, do fwear an Oathof Fealty, and do Homage to the King their Sovereign, and pay certain Duties, assigns •and Symbols of their SubjeSion to their Prince. All Book III. of Greater it ain. 16s All Honours of England are given by the King, who is the foie fountain of Honour. The Laws of England prohibit ailSubjefts of the Realm to receive any Hereditary Title of Honour, or Dignity, of the Gift of any Foreign Prince, or Emperor, without the Confentof their own Sovereign. None of thefe Honours bellowed by the King on a Family, can be loft, but by want of HTue Male, nor then neither if the Patent extends to Iifue Female, as fometimes it doth, or elfe by fome heinous Crime, and then that Family cannot be reftored to their Blood but by Parliament. The Nobility of England have in all Times enjoyed many confiderable Privileges. All the Peers of the Realm being looked on as the King’s Hereditary conftant Counfellors, their Perions out of Par¬ liament-time are privileged (as others in Parliament-time) from all Arrefts, unlefs for Treafons, Felony, or Breach of Peace, Condemnation in Parliament, or Contempt to the King. No Supplicative can be granted againft them ; no Capias or Exigent fued out againft them for Aft ions of Debt or Trefpafs; no Effbin lies againft any Peer of the Realm: In Criminal Caufes, Treafon, or Felony, they cannot betried by any other Jury, butbya jury of Peers of the Realm, who are not as other Juries to be put to their Oath, but their Ver- dift given in a pen their Honour fufficeth. .In Civil Caufes they are not to be impannell’d upon any Jury, nor upon any In- quefts de fallo, though in a Matter between two Peers. In cafe any Peer be returned upon any fuch Jury, there is a - fpecial Writ for his Difcharge. They are upon no Cafe to be bound to their good Beha¬ viour, nor put to fwear they will not break the Peace, but only to promifeitMponffcV Honour, which was ever account¬ ed fo Sacred, as upon no Terms to be violated. Every Peer of the Realm called to Parliament hath the Privilege in his lawful Abfence to conftitute a Proxv to vote for him, which none of the Commons may do. The Title of Lord is due to all Barons, and to none other befides Bilhops, and fome Great Officers of the Kingdom. Only of Courtefy the Title of Lord is given to all the Sons of Dukes and Marquiffes, and to the eldeft Sons of Earls, and All Barons of England are exempted from all Attendance at Sheriff's Tourns, or any Leets, where others are obliged to take the Oath of Allegiance, A Peer can’t be outlawed in any Civil Aftion, becaufe he yan’t be arrefted by any Capias ; and by the fame Reafon there lies no Attachment againft him, M 3, ‘A 1 66 €fje i&efent State Parti. A Peer mute upon his Trial, (hall be convift, but not prefs'd to Death, as a Commoner is; and when under Sentence of Death, it has long been cultomary only to behead them. For the fuppreffing of Riots and Routs, the Sheriff may raife the Pop Comltatus, that is, all able men are to aflift him; yet may not the Sheriff command thePcrfon of any Peer of the Realm to attend that Service. In any Civil Trial where a Peer of the Realm is Plaintiff or Defendant, there muff be returned of the Jury at lead one ‘Knight, otherwife the Array may be quafhed by Challenge. The Laws of England are fo tender of the Honour, Credit, Reputation, andPerfon of Noblemen, that there is a Statute o'n purpofe to hinder all Offence by falfe Reports, whereby any Scandal to their Perfons may arife, or Debate and Dif- cord between them and the Commons: And becaufe it is to defend not only Lay-Lords, but Bifhops, and all Great Offi¬ cers of the Realm, it is called Scandalnm Magnatum. The Houfesof Peers can’t in fome Cafes, as in Search for prohibited Books, eft. be entred by Officers of Juftice with¬ out a Warrant under the King’s own Hand, and the Hands of Six of his Privy-Council, whereof four to be Peers of the No Peer can be affeffed towards the Standing-Militia, but by fix or more of themfelves. The Law allowing any one of the Commonalty, being ar¬ raigned for Felony, or Treafon, infavorem viu, to challenge .thirty-fiveof hisJury,without(hewingCaufe, and others by (hewing Caufe; yet allows not a Peer of the Realm to chal¬ lenge any of his Jury, or put any of them to their Oath, the Law prefuming, that they being all Peers of the Realm, and judging upon their Honour, cannot be guilty of Falfiood, Fa- All Peers of the Realm have a Privilege of qualifying a cer¬ tain Number of Chaplains, who after a Difpenfation from the Archbifhop, if to him it feems good, and the fame ratified un¬ der the Great Seal of England, may hold Plurality of Benefices within fuch a Diftance, with Cure of Souls. In this Manner every Duke may qualify Six Chaplains, every Marquis and Earl fivea-piece, every Vifcount four, and every Baron three. •In.Cafe of Amercements of tile Peers of the Realm upon Kon-ftiils, of other Judgments, a Duke is to be amerced only ten Pounds,'atid all under, only five Pounds; and this to be done by theirBeers, according to Magna Charta-, altho’ it is often done now by the King’s Juftices, infteadof their Peers; particularly by tlie Barons of xhe Exchequer, becaufe formerly there fat no other in that Court but Barons of England-, and now the ufual Amercement of a Ditke is too Pounds, and of a Baron, not lefs than 5 Pounds. Only Book III. Of Great-Britain. 167 Only it was once indulged by Queen Mary the Firft, for forae eminent Services performed by Henry Ratcliff, Earl of Suffix, that (by Patent) he might at any time be covered in her Prefence; but perhaps in Imitation of the like Liberty allowed by King Philip, her Husband, and other Kings of Spain, at this Day to fomeof the principal Nobility there, called Gran- this of Spain. If an Appeal of Murder, or Felony, be fued by any com¬ mon Petfon againfta Peer of the Realm, he (hall be tried by Commoners, and not by Peers, as was the Cafe of Fines, Lord Dacres, faith Gtiillim. ^eceoence.j Touching the Places or Precedencies amongft the Nobility of England, it is to beobferved, that after the King and Princes of the Blood, viz. the Sons, Grandfons, Brothers, Uncles, or Nephews of the King, and no farther, and after the two Archbifhops, Dukes amongft the Nobility have the fil'd Place; then Marquifes, Dukes eldeft Sons, Earls Marquifes eldeft Sons, Dukes younger Sons, Vifcounts, Earls eldeft Sons, Earls younger Sons, Vifcounts eldeft Sons, Barons eldeft Sons, Knights of the Garter, p» Menus tales, . Privy-Counfellors, Chancellor and Under-Treafurer of the Exchequer, Chancellor of the Dutchy, Lord Chief-Juftice of the King’s-Bench, Matter of the Rolls, Lord Chief-Juftice of the Common-Pleas, Lord .Chief-Baron of the Mxcheqner, other Judges and Barons of the Degree of the Coif of the faid Courts, Bannerets made under the King’s Banner or Standard difplayed in an Army Royal in open War, and the King perfonally prefent ; Vifcounts younger Sons, Ba¬ rons younger Sons, Baronets, Matters in Chancery, Knights Bannerets of a mean Creation, Kuights of the Bath, Knights,.Batchelors, Golonels, Serjeants at Law, Doftors, Efquires, Lieutenant-Colonels, Majors, Captains, Gentle- Moreover obferve, that all Nobles pf the fame Degree take Place according to the Seniority of their Creation. The Lord Chancellor, the Lord Treafurer, Lord Prefident of the King’s Council, Lord Privy-Seal; thefe being Barons, or above, fiiall in Parliament fit above all Dukes, except the Son, Brother, or Nephew of the King. The Lord High-Steward of England is not here named, be- caufeitwas intended thathefhould not continue beyond the Occafion for which he (hould be made. Next hath Place the Lord Great-Chamberlain of England, then the Lord High-Conftable, the Earl-Marfhal, the Lord High-Admiral, Lord Steward of the King’s HoulholJ, Lord Chamberlain of the King’s Houlhold : Thefe fhall fit after the Lord Privy-Seal, above all of their Degree only. And if the Kind’s principal Secretary of State be a Baron; he takes ?lace of all Barons that are not of the Offices be&rc-men- M 4 tioned j i6s C&e p?efent State Pat i, tioned;butif hebeaVifcount, or of higher Degree, he fhali take Place only according to his Degree. A!fo, if the King’s Secretary be a Biihop, as anciently was ufual, he takes Place next to the Biihop of Winchefler, before all other Bifhops that have none of the Offices aforefaid. All Dukes, Marquifes, Earls.Vifcounts, and Barons, not ha¬ ving any of the laid Offices, ihall take Place according to the Seniority of their Creation. ' There are certain Marks of State belonging to each Degree among the Nobility, which they may practile or not praftife atPleafure. ©ube»] Thefirif Duke in England, after the Entrance of the Norman Race, was Edward the Black Prince, created Duke of Cornwal in the nth of Edward 111. A Duke may have, in all Places out of the King’s Prefence, a Cloth of State hanging down within half a Yard of the Ground ; fo may his Dutchefs, and her Train borneupbyaBaronefs; and no Earl is to walhwith a Duke, without the Duke’s Permiflion. . $Ban}Ui&] Robert de Vsre, Earl of Oxford, in the Sth of jRichard the Second, was created Marquis of Dublin ; and was the firft Marquis that any of our Kings created. A Marquis may have a Cloth of State reaching within a Yard of the Ground, and that in all Places out of the Prefence of the King, or a Duke ; and his Matchionefs to have her Train borne by a Knight’s Wife, out of the Prefence of her Supe¬ riors, and in their Prefence by a Gentlewoman: AndnoVif- count is to wafh with a Marquis, but at his Pleafure. <£at1.] Earl was the moll eminent Dignity in England from William 1. ’till Edward HI. when the Black Prince was created Duke of Cornwal: And thofe which in ancient Times were cre¬ ated Counts, or Earls, were of the Blood Royal; for which Reafon our Monarchs, even to this Day, call them i n all pub- lick Writings, our moft dearCoufin. They anciently did, and ftill may, ufe the Stile of Nos. Hugh Lupus, Son of the Vif¬ count A-vercnchesitt Normandy, by his Wife, William the Firft’s Sifter, was the firft Hereditary Earl of England, created by his Uncle William I. Earl of Chejler. An Earl may alfo have a Cloth of State without Pendants, but only Fringe; and a Countefs may have her Train borne by an Efquire’s Wife out ' of the Prefence of her Superiors, and in their Prefence by a Gentleman. fl&iftount.l Vifcount is a Title of Honour never heard of in England ’till Henry VI. Days; for- the firft Vifcount that ever fat in Parliament by that Name, was John Beaumont, Who in the 18th of Henry VI. was created Vifcount. A Vif- count may have a Cover of EfTay holden under his Cup while he drinks, but no Eflay taken as Dukes, Marquifes, and Earls may have, and may have a Travers in his own Houfe; and a Vifcountefs may have her Gown borne up by a Woman, Book HI. Of Gr e a t-B ri t ain. 169 out of the Prefence of her Superiors, and in their Prefence by a Man. JSaton.] Barons include the wholeNobility of England, and Were called by Writ of Summons to Parliament; before they were created by Letters Patents. Richard 11. created John Beau- wont o{ Holt-Cajlle, Baron of Kiderminjler, who was the firft S/jiwmade by Letters Patents. A Baron may alfo have the Cover of his Cup holden underneath whilft he drinks; and a Baronefs may have her Gown borne up by a Man in the Pre¬ fence of a Vifcountefs. All Nephews and Grandfons of a King are born as Arch- Dukes, and have Title of Highnefs ; their Caps of State in¬ dented. All Dukes eldeft Sons are born and haye Title of Mar- quifes, and the younger as Lords, with the Addition of their Chriflian Names, as Lord Thomas, Lord jehn, &c. A Marquis’s eldeft Son is called Lord of a Place, and by the Courtefy of England, Earl, and is to go as an Earl, but fhall give Place to an Earl; and the younger Sons Lords; as Lord Thomas, Lord John, 8cc. An Earl’s eldeft Son is born as a Vifcount, and fhall go as a Vifcount, fo their younger Sons /hall go before all Baronets : And an Earl’s eldeft Son is called Lord of a Place, and all his Daughters Ladies ; but his youngeft Sons not Lords. A Vifcount’s eldeft Son is no Lord, nor his Daughters La¬ dies s and therefore the eldeft Son and the cldift Daughter of the firft Vifcount of England, is faid to be the firft Gentleman and Gentlewoman without Title'in England ; yet a VTcount’s eldeft Son is faid to be born as a Baron. A Nobleman, whether Englijlt or Foreign, who hath his Ti¬ tle of Nobility only from aforeign Monarch or State, though he comes into England by the King’s fafe Conduit, and though the King ftile him by his Title of Dignity, yet in all our Law Proceedings no Notice is taken of his Nobility. Note alfo, That the higheft and Ioweft Degrees of Nobility are univerfally acknowledged; for a Knight, Englijb or Fo¬ reigner, is a Knight in all Nations. Alfo, if the Emperor, or any Foreign King come into this Realm by fafe Conduit, as he ought (for a King or Abfolute Prince, though he be in League, may not enter this Land without Licence) in this Cafe he fhall here fue, and befued by the Name of Emperor, or King, or elfe the Writ (hall abate. Gttillim, p. 17. H&ebenUE.] The Weight and intrinfick Value of a Pound Sterling was anciently Three Pounds of our prefent Money (Vide pi 156.) and it appears from the then Price of all Things, that a Pound Sterling then was equivalent to Nine or Ten Pounds Sterling now (Vide Chron. Prct.) So that twenty Pounds aYearinLand, which was a Knight’s Fee, would be about tWoHt drednow. A Baron was to have thirteen Knights 17° C&C Patent StdtC Part I. Tees, and one Third, which amounted to about 267 Pounds then, or 2670 Pounds now: And an Earl Twenty Knight’s Tees; a Duke Forty; and in Cafe of Decay of their Reve¬ nues, that their Honours could not decently be maintained (as the Roman Senators were in fuch Cafes removed from the Senate) fo fometimes fome Englijb Barons have not been ad- . mined to fit in the higher Houfe of Parliament, though they kept the Name and Title, or Dignity ftill. The Englijh Nobility for Valour, Wifdom, Integrity and Honour, hath in all former Ages been equal to any in Chriftendom, ' ■ ' ' CHAP. IV. Of the Commons of England, and therein of Baronets, Knights, Efquires. Gentlemen, Teomen, Citizens, Handicrafts, &c. T HE Law of England, contrary to the Laws and Cuftoms of other Countries, ealleth none Noble under a Baron ; fo that not only all Baronets, all forts of Knights, all Efquires and Gentlemen, butalfo the Sons of the Nobility are by our Law reckoned amongft the Commons of England ; as in Romp there was a middleRank, inter Senatores er plebem, name¬ ly, the Ordo Equefiris, fo in other Chriftian Kingdoms they are ftiled Nobiles Minores, The lower Nobility then of England confifts of Baronets, Knights, Efquires, and Gentlemen, ffiarQnEtjSf] The next Degree to Batons, are Baronets ,which is the lowefl: Dygree of Honour that is Hereditary : They are conftituted in the room of thy ancient Valvafors, between the Barons of England and the Orders of Knights, Now this Honour was firft inftitutqd by King James I .Anno 1611. given by Patent to a Man and his Heirs Male of his own Body lawfully begotten; for which each one is obliged to pay into the Exchequer as much as will, for three Years, at 8 d. per elicm, pay 30 Toot-Soldiers to ferve in the Province of l/ljler in Ire¬ land ; which Sum amounts to 1095 1, which is now always re- • Baronets have Precedence before all Knights, except Knights pf the Garter, Knights who are Frivy-Counfellors, or Knights Bannerets, made under the King’s Banner or Standard difplay- ed in an Army Royal in open War, and the King perfonally Baronets and their eldeft Sons being of full Age, may claim Knighthood. Bar.omts Book HI. Of Great-Britain. 171 Baronets have the Privilege to bear in a Canton of their Coat of Arms, or in a whole Efcutcheon, the Arms of XJlJler, viz. in a Field Argent, a Hand Gules. Alfo in the King’s Ar¬ mies to have Place in the Grofs near the King’s Standard, with (ome Particulars for their Funerals. The whole Number of Baronets in England were not to exceed two Hundred at one and the fame Time ; but now their Nuinber is without Limitation: Thejr Qualifications are. That they be of a good Reputation, and defcended of a Grandfather, at leaft by the Father’s Side, that bore Arms, and have alfo a Yearly Revenue of iqoo /. per Annum de claro. They take Place according to the Priority of the Date of their Patents. The Title is Sir, granted to Baronets by a peculiar Claufe in their Patent of Creation, tho’ they be not dubbed Knights; and their Wives are Ladies, No Hqnour is eyer to be created between Baronets and Barons. The firft Baronet that was created was Sir Nicholas Bacon of Suffolk, whofe SucceiTor is therefore Riled Primus Barone- torum Anglia. itUligljt.] The Word Knight is derived from the German Word Knecht, fignifying originally a Lttfty Servitor-, after¬ wards commonly ufed for a Soldier, or Man of War. A Knight is at this Day ex'prefled in Latin, French, Spanijh, Italian, and alfo in the High and Low DarcATongues, by a Word that properly fignifies an Horfeman, becaufe they were wont to ferve on Horfeback: Yet our Common-Law fliles (hem Milites, Spldiers, becaufe they commonly held Lands in Knighfs Service, to ferve the King in his Wars as Soldiers. The Honour of Knighthood is conimdnly given for fome perfonal Defert, and therefore dies with the Perfon deferving, and defcends not to his Son, fenigilW Of tf)C barter.] In England there are feveral Sorts of Knights, whereof the Chiefeft are thofe of the Or¬ der of St. George, commonly called, Knights of thp Garter. This Order is efteemed the mod Honourable, and moft Ancient of any Lay-Order now in Ufq in Chriftendom : It began, as appears in the Statutes of this Order, in 1350, 50 ' Years before the Inllitution of the French Order of St. Mi¬ chael by Lewis 11 . 80 Years before the Order of the Golden Fleece was inftituted by Philip the Good of Burgundy 190 Years before King James V. refined the Order of St. Andrew in Scotland-, and 209 Years before the King of Denmark began the Order of the Elephant, and the 23d Year of the Warlike and Puiifijnt King Edward III. who triumphed feveral Times' over France and Scotland-, who kept Prifoners at one Time in - England King John of France, and King David of Scot¬ land-, and who by his Son Edward the Black Prince, expelled thp Rebels of Cajlili, and inthroned Don Pedro their lawful xjrz Cfje pjefent ©tate Parti. King. ,He that did thefe Mighty and Glorious Exploits, was the Founder of the Mofi Noble Order of the Garter. It was fince commonly called. The Order of the Garter, be- caufe this only Part of the whole Habit of the Order was made Choice of at firft to be conffantly worn. 'The Motto of the Order is. Han't foit qiti mat y penfe, i. e. Shame be to him who thinks ill of it. The Reafon why this Motto was put in French , was becaufe then the King of England being poffefledof a great Part of France, not only our Laws, Pleadings, and Sermons were in French, but that was the ordinary Language in the Court of England. It appears by ancient Writings, that this Honourable Com¬ pany is a College, or Corporation, having a great Seal be¬ longing to it, and a little Seal : Itconfiftsof the Sovereign, who is always the King of England, and of twenty-five Companions, called Knights of the Garter ; of a Dean and twelve Canons, befides Petty-Canons, Vergers, and other inferior Officers, and of twenty-fix poor Knights, who have no other Maintenance but the Allowance of this College, which is given them infcfpeftof their Prayers for the Wel¬ fare of the Sovereign and Companions, and as a Reward for Military Service.. The Society is entituled to St. George, who hath been ac¬ counted (as.St. Dennis is of France, St. Andrew of Scotland, St. Patrick of Ireland, St. James of Spain, &c.) the Tutelar Saint Patron of England, and of this Order in particular. There be alfo certain Officers belonging to this Office, as the Prelate of the Garter, the Biffiop of Winchejier, which Of¬ fice is fettled on that Biffioprick: A Chancellor of the Garter, the Biffiop of Salisbury, which Office did anciently belong to the Biffiop of Salisbury, and was by KingCWierll. re-an¬ nexed to thatSee: A Regijler, Dean of Windfor-, which Office belongs to the Deanry : The principal King at Arms, called Garter, whofe chief Funftion is to manage and marffial their Solemnities at their Inftallation andFeafts: Laftly, the Vfier of the Garter, Uffier of the Black-Rod. The College is feated in the Cattle of Windfor, with the Chapel of St. George, there crefted by Edward III. and the Chapcer-Houfe. The Order of the Garter was wont to be beftowed upon the moft excellent and renowned Perfons for Honour and Virtue; and with it a blue Garter deck’d with Gold, Pearls, and precious Stones, and a Buckje of Gold to be worn daily on the left Leg; alfo at high Feafts they are to wear a Sur- coat, a Mantle, a high black Velvet Cap, a Collar of SS’s; compofed of Rofes enamelled red, with a Garter enamelled blue, with the ufual Motto in Letters of Gold, and between 'Book III. 0f Great-Brita'in. 173 each of thefe Garters, a Knot with Taflels of Gold, together with other ftately and magnificent Apparel. They are not to be feen abroad .without their Garter upon their left Leg, upon Pain of paying 6 s. Sd. to thcRcgifter ; only in taking a Journey, a blue Ribbon under the .Boot doth fuffice. On the Left-fide of the Breaft, upon a Cloak, Coat, or Riding Caflock in all Places of Aflembly, when they wear not their Robes, they are to wear that Ornament and Im- bellilhment now worn, and called the Star, or rather the Sun in-its Glory, of Silver Embroidery; and they ordinarily wear the Picture of St. George, enamelled upon Gold, and be- fet with Diamonds at the End of a blue Ribbon that crofles their Bodies from the left Shoulder. The greateft Monarchs of Chriflendom have been en- tolled, and have taken it for an Honour to be of this Order. There haye been of this Order, fince the Inftitution, eight Emperors, twenty-feven, or twenty-eight Foreign Kings, be. fides mar/y Sovereign Princes, &c. None can be of this moft Honourable Order that have been convicted of Herefy, of Treafon, or of Cowardife. Note, That anciently Kings and Princes were placed ac¬ cording to their Creation, but now thofe only are placed according to their Degrees. See more of this Noble Order in the Inftitution, Laws and Ceremonies of the Noble Order of the Garter, written by Elias Ajhtnole, Efq; Folio. &Higljt0*I6anner£t8.] In the next Place are Knights- Bannerets, Equites Vexilliferi, anciently made only in the Field in Time of War; an high Honour, now obfolete, there being at this Time none of this Order in England. Thefe may bear their Arms with Supporters, and none un¬ der this Degree. Bnigljts Of fije 53at[].] Knights of the Bath, fo called of their Bathing, ufcd before they were created. The firft of this Sortwere made by Henry IV. Anno 1399, who prepar¬ ing for his Coronation, made forty-fix knights at the Tower that were bathed, though Bathing was ufed in making Knights-Batchelors long before that Time in France, and proa bably in England. See Selden'r Tit. of Hon. p. a. c. 5. § 34 and 45. They were afterwards made at the Coronation of a King or Queen, or Coronation of a Prince of Wales, or Duke of the Royal Blood. They wear a Scarlet Ribbon Belt- wife. They were made with much Ceremony, too long to be defcribed here. See at large in Dugdale’s Defcription of Warwickjhire. [This Order was revived by King George I. on the feven- teenth of June 1715, when 18 Noblemen, and as many Com¬ moners of the firft Rank were Inftalled Knights of the Or- .. * der r'74 tt&e H&efent State Pdrti. der with gteat Ceremony at Weftminfler. See the Lift of the Knights of the Bath at the End of this Part.! &nigI)W=33atct)tlO?;e; t ] Other Knights, called Equites Au- rati, for the gilt Spurs ufually put upon them, and Knights* Batchelors: Thefe were anciently made by girding with tlje Sword and gilt Spurs ; and this' Honour was beftowed only upon Sword-men for their Military Service, or upon Children who came of Noble and PuiiTant Parentag'e, to encourage them when they grew up to do like their Anceftors. This was reputed an excellent and glorious Degree, and a noble Reward for couragious Perfons: But of late being made more common, and beftowed upon Gown-men, con¬ trary to the Nature of the Thing (as Degrees in the Univer- fities are fometimcs beftowed on Sword-men) it is become of much lefs Reputation in England than it hath been,altho’ it be ftill accounted an honourable Degree both in England, and Foreign Countries 5 yet amongft Gown-men, it is given only to Lawyers and Phyftcians, and fometimes to Artifts, as Painters, Mathematicians, &c. Thefe are now made with no other Ceremony but Kneeling down, the King, with a drawn Sword, lightly touches them on the Shoulder; after which the King heretofore faid in French, Sois Chevalier au nom ie Diett, and then, Advance Chevalier. Kniglits have the Title of Sir, as Sir A. B. Knight, which is very ancient. When a Knight is to fuffer Death for any foul Crime, his Military Girdle is firft to be ungirt, his . Sword taken away, his Spurs cut off with an Hatchet, his Gauntlet pluck’d off, and his Coat of Arms reverfed. ©fquitc#.] Next among the lower Nobility are Efqstircs, fo called from the French Word Efcuiers, Sattigeri, becaufe they were wont to bear before the. Prince in War, or before the better Sort of Nobility, a Shield, Lance, or other Wea¬ pon, and therefore they are called Armigeri, Of this Title are firft all Vifcounts and Barons eldeft Sons, and all Vifcounts and Barons younger Sons; and by the Com¬ mon-Law of England, all the Sons of Earls, Marquiffes and Dukes areEfquires, and no more. Next are the Efquiresof the King’s Body, mentioned among the Officers of the King's Court: After thefe are reckoned the eldeft Sons of younger Sons of Barons, and of all Noblemen of higher Degree; then Knights eldeft Sons, and their eldeft Sons for ever. Next, Ef- quires created by the King, by putting about their Neck a Collar of SS’s, and bellowing on them a Pair of Silver Spurs. Laftly, Diverfe that are in fuperior publick Office for King, or State, are reputed Efquires, or equal to Efquires, as Sergeants of the feveral Offices in the King’s Court, and other Officers of Rank andQuality; fo Jufticesof the Peace, Mayors of Towns, Councilors at Law, Batchelors of Divinity, Law, or Phylick; altho’noneof them arc really fo. In Book III. of Great-Britain. 175 In the laft Place, among the lower Nobility are accounted the Gentry of England, that have no other Title) but are de¬ fended of ancient Families, that havealwaysdtorn a Coat of This kind of Honour is deriv’d from the Ttitomc and Gothic Nations to the reft of Chrifiendom, and was never known in any Country where the Tutonic and Gothic Cuftoms were un¬ known, as in Afta, Africa, and America. A Gentleman is properly one whofe Anceftors have been Freemen, and have ow’d no Obedience to any Man befides their natural Prince ; fo that in Propriety of Speech no Man is a Gentleman who is not born fo: But in the King being properly the Fountain of all'Honour; he can make a Gentleman by Charter, or by bellowing an honourable Em¬ ployment upon him. The Title of Gentleman in England (as of- the Cavalier in Trance, Italy, and Spain) is not difdain’d by any Nobleman. All Noblemen are Gentlemen, though all Gentlemen are not Noblemen. . Guillim is of Opinion, that if a Gentleman be bound an Apprentice to a Merchant, or other Trade, he hath not there¬ by loft his Degree of Gentility. And therefore the Gentry and Nobility of England have not difdain’d fo todifpofeof their younger Children. Privileges to the Lower Nobility. ly HF. lower Nobility of England have fewer, or IcfsPri- 1 vileges than thofe in other Monarchies. Some few Privileges belong to Knights, quatemts Knights. Knights are excufed from Attendance at Court - Lcets. Knights by Magna Charta, Cap. 11. are fo freed, that no De- mefnCartof theirs may betaken. The Son and Brother of a Knight, by Statute-Law, are ca¬ pacitated to hold more than one Benefice with Cure of Souls. Some Privileges alfo belong to Gentlemen. If a Capias go againft A. B. Yeoman, and if the Sheriff take A. B. Gentleman, an Action of falfe Imprifonment lieth againft the Sheriff. Colonels are Honourable, and by the Law of Arms ought to precede fimple Knights; fo are all General Officers, as Matter of the Artillery, Quarter-Mafter-General, eve. All higher Officers in the King’s Court, or State,'and all Sergeants at Law precede Efquires. All Batchelors of Divinity, Law, and Phyfick, all Doftors in Arts, commonly called Mailers of Arts, all Barretters in the Inns of Courts, all Captains, and other Military Officers who have theKing’s Commiffions, diverfe other Officers in thfc King’s Houfliold, arc. may equal, if not precede Gentlemen that have none of thefe Qualifications. In 1 7 6 Clje pjefcut 0tate Parti In England, Gentry (as in Germany, all Nobility) and Arms are held in Gavel-kind, defending to all the Sons alike, only the elded Son beareth Arms without Difference, which th4 younger may not. Of the lower Nobility in England, the Number is fo great, that there are reckoned at prefent above 500 Baronets more than the firlt intended Number; that is, in all above 700, who are poffefled one with another of about toooi. a Yearin .Lands. Of Knights, above 1400, who, one with another, may have about Soo /. in Lands a Year. Of Efquires and Gentlemen above 6000, each one poffefs’d.one with another, of about +00J. a Year in Lands, amounting in all to about a third Part of the Yearly Revenue of all England ; befides younger Brothers, whole Number may amount to above 16,000 in all England, who have fmallEftates in Land, but are commonly bred up in Divinity, Law, Phyfick, Court and 'Military Employments. All in England are accounted Gentlemen who maintain themfelves without manual Labour, and then well may thofe (be theirPedigree whatitwill) who have 6, 8, and to,000 1. a Year in Lands, anddiverfe Merchants who have 100,000 1. or 100,000 1. in Goods and Effeds, ftile themfelves Gentle- ifeotnen.] Next to the lower Nobility, and the fil'd Degree of the Commons, or Plebeians, are the Freeholders in Eng¬ land, ufually called Teomen, from the Saxon Gemane, in Eng- lip, Common. In the King’s Court it fignifies an Officer which is in a middle Place between a Sergeant and a Groom. In many Cafes, the Law of England hath conceived a bet¬ ter Opinion of the Yeomanry that occupy Lands, than of Tradefmen, Artificers, or Labourers. Husbandry hath in no Age rendred a Gentleman ignoble; nor incapable of Places of Honour. Of the Freeholders of England there are more in Number, and Richer than in any Country of the like Extent in Eu¬ rope-, 40 or 50 /. aYeara-piece is very ordinary, 100 Z. and Pool, a Yearin fome Countries is not rare; fometimes in Kent and the Wild of Stiffen, 5 or 600/. per Annum, and 3 or 4000 1. Stock. By the Statute of England, certain Immunities are given to Freeholders. Vide Slat. 1 Jac. I. Cap. vj. er alibi. Befides thefe Freeholders, which are fo called, becaufe they hold . Lands and Tenements inheritable by a perpetual Right to them and their Heirsfor ever, there are in England a very great Number of Copy-holders, who hold Lands within fome Manours, only by Copy of Court-Roll of thefaidMa- nour, vc. and have Jusperpctuum ax utile Dominium, though not Allodium or direttum Dominium, which Freeholders may improperly be faid to have, for properly, none in England but the King hath. Among Book III. Of G R E A T-B r i t A x n.' r 77 Among the Commons of England', in the next Place are reckoned Tradefmen, among whom Merchants of Foreign Traffick have, for their great Benefit to the Publick, and for their Endowments and generous Living, been of beft Repute in England ; where, as well as in Italy, to become a Merchant of Foreign Commerce, hath been allowed no Difparagemenc to a Gentleman born, efpccially to a younger Brother. Amongft Tradefmen, in the firft Place are Wholefale-men* then Retailers: Laftly, Mechanicks, or Handicrafts-men* Thefe are capable of bearing fome Sway or Office in Cities and Towns Corporate. The lower Members, the Feet of the Body politick, are the Day-Labourers, who by their large Wages and Cheapnefsof all Neceflaries, enjoy better Dwellings, Diet and AppareL in England, than the Husbandmen or Farmers doinmoftother Countries. [The Wages of Day-Labourers being but eight or ten Pence a Day, in Counties diftant from London, thofe who have large Families find it very difficult frequently to find them Bread.] Liberties and Privileges. A S the Clergy and Nobility have certain Privileges peculiar to theinfelves, fo they have Liberties and Properties common to the Commonalty of England, The Commons of England for Hereditary Fundamental Liberties and Properties, are beft above and beyond the Sub- jeftsof any Monarch or State in the World. Firft, No Freeman of England can be imprifoned, or other- wife reftrained, without Caufe ffiewn, for which by the Law he ought to be fo imprifoned. Secondly, To him that is imprifoned, may not be denied a Writ of Habeas Corpus, if it be defired, which brings them fpecdilv to their Trial. Thirdly, If no Caufe of Imprifonment be alledged, and the fame be returned upon an Habeas Corpus, the Prifoner mull; be fet at Liberty. Fourthly, No Soldiers can be quartered intheHoufe of any Freeman (unlefshe be a Vidlualler, or fell Brandy and other ftrong Liquors by Retail) in Time of Peace, widiout his Will, though they pay for their Quarters 5 nor in Time of War, un- lefs the Enemy be in the Country. Fifthly, Every Freeman hath luch a full and abfolute Pro¬ priety in his Goods, that no Taxes, Loans, or Benevolences ordinarily and legally can be impofed upon them, with¬ out their own Content, by their Reprefentative in Parliament. Moreover, they have fuch an abfolute Power, that they can dipole of all they have how they pleafe, even from their own Children, and to them in what Inequality they will, without N ■ (hewing 178 ®(je p^efeitt State Parti /hewing any Calife; which other Nations governed by the Civil Law can’t do. Sixthly, No Freeman can be tried but by his Leers nor condemned, but by the Laws of the Land, or by an Aft of Parliament. Seventhly, No Freeman may be fined for any Crime, but accordingtothe Merit of the Offence ; always Salvo fill come- nemtnto Juo, in fuch manner, that he may continue and go on in his Calling. Briefly, If it be confidcved only, that they are fubjeft to no Laws but what they make themfclvcs, and pray the Kina; and the Lords to confent unto, their Liberties and Properties, muft be acknowledged to be far above that of the Subje&s of any of our Neighbour-Nations. C H A p. V. Of the Women , Children, and Servants in England. T ouching the Women of England, there are diverfe Things confiderable in the Englijh Laws and Cuftoms: Women in England, with all their moveable Goods fo foon as they are married, are wholly in potejlate Viri, at the Will andDifpofi- tion of the Husband. If any Goods or Chattels be given to a Femme Covert (i. e.) to a married Woman, they all immediately become her Huf- band’s: She can’t let, fet, fell, give away, or alienate any thing without her Husband’s Conient. Her very neceflary Apparel, by the Law, is not hers in Property. If (he hath any Tenure at all, it is in Capite, that is, (he h.olds it of, and by her Husband, who is Caput Aittlieris. All the Chattels perfonal the Wife had at the Marriage, are fomuch her Husband’s, that after his Death they (hall not return to his Wife, but go to the Executor, or Adminiftrator of the Husband, as his other Goods and Chattels, except only her Parapherna, or Prater Dotedia, which are her neceflary Apparel, which, with the Confent of her Husband, ihe may devife by Will, not otherwife by our Law, becaufe the Pro¬ perty and Poffeflion even of the Parapherna are in him. The Wife can make no Contraft without her Husband’s Confent, and in all Law-Matters Jine viro refpondere nmpoteji, can’t reply without her Husband. The Law of England fuppofesin the Husband the Power over his Wife as over his Child or Servant, and therefore he muft anfwer for his Wife’s Fault; if fhe wrong another by her Tongue, or by Trefpafs, he muft make Satisfaftion. So the Law makes it as high a Crime, and allots the fame Junilliment to a Woman that (ball kill her Husband, as to a Woman Book III. Of G R £ A T-B RIT AIN. 179 Woman that fhall kill her Father orMafter; and that is Petit. Treafon, to be burnt alive. The Woman upon Marriage lofctli not only the Power over her Pcrfon, and her Will, and the Property of her Goods, but her very Name; for ever after (he ufeth her Husband’s Sir-name, and her own is wholly laid afidc; which is not ob- ferved in France and other Countries, where the Wife fub- feribes her felf by her Paternal Name, as if Sufannab the Daughter of R. Clifford, be married to E. Chamberlayne, file either writes her felf Sufannab Clfford,or elfe Sufannab Clifford Chamhcrlaym. Notwithftanding all which, their Condition de fatto is the beft of the World; for fuch is the good Nature of Englifh- mcn towards their Wives, fuch is the Tendernefs and Refpea, giving them the uppermoft Place at Table and elfewhere, the Right-hand every where, and putting them upon no Drudgery and Hard fhip; that they are, .generally fpcaking, the molt happy Women in the World. Befides, in fome things the Laws of England- are above other Nations fo favourable to that Sex, as if Women had vo¬ ted at the making of them. If a Wife bring forth a Child during her Husband’s long Abfence, tho’it befor fome Years, yetif he lived all the time inter i{iiatuor Maria, within this Ifland, he mud: Father that Child; and if that Child be her firft-born Son, he fhall inherit that Husband’sEftate, if intailed, or left without Will. If a Wife bring forth a Child begotten by a former Husband, or by any other, before Marriage, but born after the Marriage with another Man, this latter mull own the Child, and that Child (hall be his Heir at Law. The Wife after her Husband’s Death, having no Jointure fettled before Marriage, may challenge the third Part of his yearly Rents of Land during her Life; and within the City of London, a third Part of all her Husband’s Moveables forever. [This laft Claufe is altered by the Statute of a Georg. I. Cap. 18. which impowers Freemen to difpofe of their perfonal Hates by Will as they think fit,] As the Wife doth participate of her Husband’s Name, fo lilcewife of his Condition. If he be a Duke, (he is a Dutchefs; if be be a Knight, file is a Lady ; if he of an Alien be made a Denifon, (he is ipfofatto fo too. If a Freeman marry a Bond- woman, (lie is alfo free during the Coverture; whereof alfo it is faid as before. Uxor fidget radiis Mariti, All Women in England are comprifed under Noble or Ig- Noble Women are fo three manner of Ways, by Creation, by Defcent, and by Marriage. The King, the Fountain of Honour, may', and often hath created Women to be Baronefles, CountelTes, DutchelTes, and the like. N 2 As iso t&fje pjefent State Parti. As by Rickard the Second’s Creation, Margaret Countefs of Norfolk , was made Dutchefs of Norfolk for Life; fo dime Boleyne, afterwards Wife to Hewy VIII. was made Marchio- nefs of Pembroke ; the Lady Mary Compton, in King James the Firft’s Time, was made Countefs of Buckingham for Life ; the faid King James made the Lady Finch Vifcountefs of Maidftone, and afterwards Countefs of Winchelfea, to her and her Heirs Male of her Body, with a'fpecial Claitfe, thatfuch her Heirs Male ihould have Voice and Place in Parlia¬ ment, cs ‘inter alios Vicecomites.as 1 ante Barones, tit Vicecomites Maidjlone. By Defcent all thofe Women are Noble to whom Lands holden byfuch Dignity do defcctid as Heirs. By Marriage all Women are Noble, who take to their Huf- banas any Baron or Peer of the Realm ; but if afterwards theymartytoMen not Noble, in the Senfe of the Law they lofe their former Dignity, and follow the Condition of then- latter Husband; for eodem modo difjolvitur earum Nobilitas , quo conflituitur. But Women Noble by Creation, or De¬ fcent, or Birth-right, remain Noble, though they marry Husbands under their Degree; for fuch Nobility is accounted Character indelebilis. -Here note, that by the Courtefy of England, a Woman Noble only by Marriage, always retain- eth her Nobility; and fo the Widow of a Knight, married to an inferior Perfon, retaineth, by Courtefy, the Title and Name gotten by her former Husband ; but if the King’s Daughter marry a Duke or an Earl, ilia femper dicitur Regaiis , as well by Law as Courtefy. Note alfo. That any Woman who is Noble by Birth, if (lie be married to a Baron, takes Place according to the Degree of her Husband, tho’ [he be a Duke’s Daughter: But if (lie marry to one under thofe of the higher Nobility, or to a Knight, or Gentleman, then, by Courtefy, Place is given according to her Birth, and not her Husband’s. Noble Women, in the Eye of the Law, are Peers of the Realm, and are to be tried by their Peers, and to enjoy moft other Privileges, Honour and Rcfpeft as their Husbands; only they can’t, in the Opinion of fome great Lawyers, maintain an AHion upon the Statute de Scandalo Magnate, the Makers of that Statute meaning only to provide in that Cafe for the Great Men, and not for the Women, as the Words of that Statute feem to import: Likewife if any of the King’s Servants within his Check-Roll, (hall confpire the Death of any NoblcWoman, this were not Felony, as it is, if the like Confpiracy be againft a Nobleman. None of the Wife’s Dignities can come by Marriage to their Husbands, although all their Goods and Chattels do; only the Wife’s Dignities With the Lands are to defeend to her next Heir: Yet'is-the’Couvtefy of England fuch, that as the Wife for Book III. Of GrEAT-BrITAIN. I8 l for her Dowry hath the third Part of her Husband’s Lands du¬ ring her Life, fothe Husband, for the Dignity of his Sex, and forgetting his Wife with Child (which muft appear by being born alive) fhall have all his Wife’s Lands for his Dowry (if it may be fo called) during his Life : But if a Foreign Lady or Gentlewoman marry an Englijh Man, and Ihe herfclf be not denized, (he is barred all Privileges and Titles due to her Husband, nor can Ihe claim any Dowry by the Laws of England. The Wife in England is accounted fo much one with her Husband, that (lie can’t be produced as Wiinefsfor or againft her Husband, unlefs in Criminal Cafes, where herfelf is con¬ cerned, as in Affaulrs, Rapes, eye. If an Englijh Woman marry a French, Spanijh, or other Fo¬ reign Duke, though he be made a Denizen, yet (lie [hall not bear his Title and Dignity in legal Proceedings. The like if (he marry an Irijh Peer, by reafon fuch an one’s Husband is not a Peer in England by Law. Children. T H E Condition of Children in England is different from tliofe in our Neighbour-Countries. As Husbands have a more abfolute Authority over their Wives and their Eftates, fo Fathers have a more abfolute Authority over their Children. Fathers may give all their Eftates unintail’d from their own Children, and all to any one Child, and none to the reft. Children, by the Common-Law of England, are, at cer¬ tain Ages, enabled to perform certain Ads, A Son at the Age of 14 may choofe his Guardian, may confcnt to Marriage. At 21 he is faid to be at full Age, may then make any Contract, may pafs not only Goods, but Lands by Will, and is of Age to fit in either Houfe of Parliament; which in other Countries may not be done 'till the Annus Confijlenm, the Age ' A Daughter at ii is able to confentto Matrimony; and if at that Age (he diffent not, (he is bound for ever. At 21 Ihe is enabled to contraft or alienate her Lands by Will or otherwife. TheeldeftSon commonly inherits all Lands, and to the younger Children are difpofed Goods and Chattels, and bc- fides, they are carefully educated in fonte Profeftion or Trade. [In fome Places, as in Kent, by the Cuftom of Gavel¬ kind the Lands are equally divided among the Sons, and in others the youngeft inherits all the Lands by a Cuftom call¬ ed ' Borottgh-Engltjh.] N 3 If isz C(je defeat 0tate Parti. If there be no Son, the Lands as well as Goods are equally divided among the Daughters ; yet in fome Manours, as that of Bray in Berkjbirc, the elded Daughter fucceeds, like the eldcilSon, to the whole Inheritance. Of Servan ts. S Ervants in the Saxon Times were properly Slams, and very many Inftanccs of their Manttmiffions are ftill extant,with the forms by which their Mailers fet them free. Now Slavery is entirely taken away, and every Servant, Man or Woman, excepting Apprentices, who are but for a Term of Years, are properly hired Servants. Ordinary Servants are hired com¬ monly for one Year, at the End whereof they maybe free, givingWarning three Months before, and may place them- felves with other Mailers; only it is accounted difcourtcous and unfriendly to take another Man’s Servant before Leave given by his former Matter ; and unlawful (the Penalty being dive Pounds) to take a Servant without Certificate of his Di¬ ligence, and of his Faithfulnefs in his Service to his former. [This Aft of 5 Eliz. Cap. 4. here referred to, relates only to Servants in Husbandry, and fome few Traders, and that only where the Wages are fixed by the Quarter-Seilions in each County, which is fcarce ever done at prefent. Servants having ferved the Time they contraftcd for, are at Liberty to go where they pleafe, and any Man may hire them. They are fcarce under any Government, but the Pcfts of every Family.] All Servants are fubjeft to be correfted by their Matters, or Miftrelfes ; and Refinance in a Servant is punifhedwith a feverc Penalty : But for a Servant to take away the Life of his Matter orMiftrefs, is' accounted a Crime next to High-Treafon, and called Pciit-Treafin , and hath a peculiar Captital Punilh- Foreign Slaves in England there are none fince Chriftianity prevailed. A Foreign Slave brought into England, ■ is upon landing, ipfofaRo, free from Slavery, but not from ordinary Service. [He is not at Liberty to go'into the Service of ano¬ ther, nor can he demand Wages like another Servant, but remains his Matter's Property, notwithftanding his being brought into England .] Some Lands in England were holden in Villenage, to do fome paricular Services to the Lord of the Manour; and fuch Tenants may be called the Lord’s-Servants; but this kind of Tenure is in a manner out of ufe. CHAP. Book III. Of Great-Britain. 183 C H A P. VI. Of the Laws of England. fJ’H E particular Laws now in Ufe, are the €ibil*?Lato.] Of this Law and the Canon-Law, Ufe is made ill ali Ecclefiaftical Courts of Bifhops, Archdeacons, Vicars-General. Chancellors, and Commiftaries. So this Law is made ufe of in the Court of Admiralty. Moreover, Ufe is made of the Civil-Law in the Court of the Earl-Marlhal. Of this Law much Ufe is made in Treaties with Foreign Potenates, where many Points arc to be determined and concluded, according to the Dire&ion of this moil excellent and generally approved Law ; and for this Caufe Foreign Princes take efpecial Cave to choofe fuch Perfons for their Ambafladovs'as are skilled in the Civil-Law; and this Po¬ licy was heretofore duly obferved by our Englijb Princes, with very good Succefs. Laftly, The two Univcrfities of England ferve themfelves of the Civil-Law; for by their Pri¬ vileges, no Student is to be fued at Common-Law, but in the Vice-Chancellor’s Court, for Debts, Accompts, Injuries, €anon*?UlX).] The Canons of many ancient General Councils, of many National and Provincial Englifb Synods, befides diverfe Decrees of the Bilhop of Rome, and Judgments of ancient Fathers, had been received by the Church of Eng¬ land, and incorporated into the Body of the Canon-Law, by which Ihe always proceeded in the Exercife of her Jurifdicti- on, and doth fill by Vertuc of the Statute 15 tienry VIII. fo far as the faid Canons and Conftitutions are not repugnant to the Holy Scripture, to the King’s Prerogative, or the Laws, Statutes, and Cuftoms of this Realm. COmmOllaJLato.] the Common-L..w of England is a Com¬ pendium of the bell andmoft ancicntSu.ve;;Laws, firft made by Etbelbert the firft Chriftian King. Venerable Bede fays thefe Laws were made according to the Example of the Romans CT 3 l& Snotepa jepeatej with the Thought or Advice of his wife Men, and the King commanded them to be wrote and publilhed in Engiijh. King Alfred indeed is. called Magnus Juris Anglicans Con- ditor, the Great Founder of the Englifi Laws; but not that they w,ere firft made in his Reign, for there were Saxon Laws then in Being, which had been made for above three hundred Years before his Reign; but the Meaning was this only, that he being the Firft foie Monarch after the Heptarchy, collecfted the Subftance of the Laws of all the former Saxon Kings, 134 C(je pjefent ©tnte Part i. from King Ethelbert to his Time, who were Kings only of Part of the Land into one Body, and fo formed one entire Codex, or Book of Laws. Now this Codex being made up of fuch Variety of different Laws, enafted by \he feveral Saxon Kings reigning over diftinft Parts of the Kingdom, being now reduced into one Body, and made to extend equally to the whole Nation, it was very proper to call it the Common-Law of England: Which Jus Commune, Jus Pub¬ licum, or Common-law, was foon after called in Saxon the Folc-pfghc, or Peoples Right; and it is not very unlike¬ ly, but that this Colleftion of Laws, thus made by King Alfred, and fet down in one Codex, might be the fame with the Dom-bec, or Dome-Book, which is referred to in all the fubfequcnt Laws of the Saxon Kings, and was the Book of Laws or Statute-Books that they determined Caufes by ; for before the King’s Reign, that is King Alfred's, I no where find any Mention made either of Folc-Right or Dome- Book; but in the next Reign,- you find King Edward the Bided, commanding all his Judges to give pighe Domaf, right or juft Judgment to all the People of England, to the belt of their Skill and Underftanding, jpahfron pspe Dom-bec jcanb, as it (lands in the Dome-Book, or Book of Laws; and further commands, that nothing make them afraid to declare and adminifter Pole Right, that is, the Com¬ mon-Law of England, to all his loving Subjects. Thefe Laws indeed were not much obferved in the Reigns of Harold the Firft and Hardicamite, becaufe they were Ufurp- ers of the Danifh Race, and their Reigns very (liort, both of them not exceeding feven Years. But in the Time of Edward the Confeffor, he being of the Saxon Race, all thefe Laws were again received and teftored : And out of thofc Laws then extant, Edward the Conffflor made a Collc&ion, as Alfred did before him, and then ordering thofe to be ob¬ ferved which were neglcfted in the (hort Reigns of Harold and Hardicanute, he may well enough be called the Rejlon'r of rAe Englifh Laws. And as thofe Laws were then called the Eolc-Right, and really were the Common-Law'of Emland, fo the prefer Common-Law is in Subftance the fame, though it hath undergone diverfe Alterations. ° The Normans, who invaded the Saxons, did not fo much alter the Subftance, as the Names of Things: And notwich- ftanding the pretended Conqueft of William I. thefe Laws of good King Edward were not abolifhed by him; for when King William publilhed thofe Laws, he exprefly mentions them to be Edward the Confeffor’s Laws, pubiifhed them as fuch, confirms and proclaims them to be the Laws of Eng¬ land, and took an Oath to keep them inviolable, as the ho- Book III. of Great-Britain. i§5 ly and pious Kings of England, his Anceftors, had done be¬ fore him. . . . ' From this Original'it is that our Common-Law came, and from it, our Common-Law, Judges fetch that excellent Ufage or determining Caufes according to the fettled and efta- blifhed Rules of Law, and haveafted up to this Rule for a- bove Eight hundred Years together, and, to their great Ho¬ nour, continue fo to do to this very Day. Betides the Common-Law of England in general, there are indiverfe Parts of England, Cuftoms and Common Ufage, which have the Force of Common-Law among thofe People towhofc Property they belong, zsBorough-Englifh, aCuftom fo called, becauie not in Uie out of England,' where the youngeft Soil, or for want of Sons, the youngeft Brother is to inherit; being prefumed that in Boroughs, or Trading Towns, the cldeft Sons might probably have learned their Father’s Trade, and that the youngeft would always be lead: able to help himfclf. Gavel-hind, of which fee Page 15, in Kent, &c. fetatut^Eato.] Where the Common-Law is filent, there yve have excellent Statute-Laws, made by the feveral Kings of England, by and with the Advice and Confent of all the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and of all the Commons of England by their Reprefentatives in Parliament, whereunto the Englifi eafily fubmit, as made at their own earned De¬ fire and Rcqueft, and yet too much negleft them. All Trials of Common and Statute-Law are tried by a 3‘try of twelve Men, which is thus: The Sheriff fummons Twenty-four Men, Houfbolders, out of the Neighbourhood of that Place where the Matter contefted lies ; Twelve of whom are chofen to try the Caufe. [By the Staiute of iGeorg. 11. Cap. 2S. the Sheriff is obliged, in civil Caufes, to return a Number of Juries, notlefs than 48, and not exceeding 72, whofe Names being written in diftinff Papers of equal Size, arc to be roll'd up and put into a Box or Glnis, and when a Caufe is to be tried, drawn by an indifferent Pcrfon in open Court, ’till twelve are drawn (not challenged and fet afidej and fitch twelve Perfons firft drawn and appearing, are to |re the Jury to try the Caufe; But this Method if drawing Juries is unhappily refrained to Civil Caufes, and not extended to Cri¬ minal Proceedings .] The Lawyers on both Sides plead in open Court before the Judges; thefe Twelve .Mm (landing near may hear all that is faid and produced on either Part, and may ask what Queilionsthey ple.tfe of the Witneffcs When all the Witnefles are examined, and all Pleadings are over, one of the Judges briefly recapitulates ail that has pad:, putting the Twelve Men in mind of what has been allcdgcd, and deTenda ed on either Side, and informing them what Points are ac¬ cording to Law, and what not; after which, thefe Jury of i85 ttfie pjefent©tate Parti. Twelve Men arc bid to retire by themfelves, an Officer being charged with them* to fee that they have neither Meat, Drink, Tire, nor Candle, that they may the fooner conclude their Opinions, which, mud be all Unanimous. When they are agreed, they come back into Court, and defiring their Fore¬ man (i.e.) the firfl: upon- th'e Lid, may fpeak for them; he declares in two or three Words the Opinion of all the Jury, all being of one Mind, or elfe to be remanded back to their Confinement, and according to their Judgment the Sentence pafles finally. Note, the Returns of Verdifts arc bound up to Fqrms, adapted to the Nature of the Caufe : As in Crimi¬ nal Caufes, Guilty, or Not Guilty ■ in Civil Actions, Finding for. the Plaintiff, or for the Defendant, See. This is the uncon¬ trollable Property of every free-born Subjeft of England, to be tried by his Peers, and that not only in Matters of Claim and Propriety between Subjeft and Subjeft, but in all Crimi¬ nal Cafes too at the King’s Suit. [A Prifoner may challenge 35 of the Juries peremptorily in High-Treafon, and as many more as he can fhew juft Caufe of Challenge againft. In Felony, the Prifoner may challenge Twenty peremptorily ; the fame in Petit-Treafon.] peculiar antJ 25p*?Uto0.] By the King’s Royal Charter, granted to diverfe Cities in England, the Magiftrates have a Power to make fuch Laws as may be beneficial for the Citi¬ zens, and not repugnant to the Laws of the Land; and thefe are binding only to the Inhabitants of tljat Place, unlefs fuch Laws are for general Good, or againft a general Inconveni¬ ence, for then they bind Strangers. :fforelf?j!Ufosf,] The ForeffLaws are-peculiar Laws, dif¬ ferent from the Common-Law of England. Forefts in Eng¬ land are exceeding ancient, and before the making of Chart a de Forefta, Offences committed therein were punilhed at the Pleafureof the King, in fo fharp and grievous a Manner (as ftill in Germany) that both Nobles and Commons did fuffer many horrible lnconveniencies and Oppreffions; and even in that Charter were forne hard Articles, which the Clemency of gracious Kings have fince by Statute thought fit to alter per Afftfaslorefls-, yetin the Timeof£dwtate 'Parti, Places, no Stoves, although the far more Southern Parts of Germany can hardly fubfift in the Winter without them, CHAP. VIII. 0 /Vices and Punishments. (HlCCS.l'y’ H E Englifti National Vices were anciently Glut- X tony, and the Effe£fs thereof Lafcivioufnefs ; fo likewife Pride in Apparel, wherein they were fo extravagant, foolifh and fuperfluous, that diverfe Statutes before our Re¬ formation in Religion, and Homilies fince, have been made againfl that Excefs; and an Engliftiman was wont to be piftured naked, with a Pair of Taylor’s Sheers in his Hand, a Piece of Cloth under his Arm, and Verfes annexed, intimating, that he knew not whatFafhion of Clothes to have. Excefs of Drinking was anciently more rare in England, as appears by an old Poet: pccc Britannomm trios eft laudabilis ifte, Vt bibat arbitrio pocula quifque fuo . The Danes, in the Time of King Edgar, firft brought it in ; but it was afterwards banifhed hence, fo that we find no ancient Statute fince the Conqueft againfl; it; for tho’ the Sta¬ tutes heretofore made againfl Excefs in Apparel and Diet are ancient, yet thofe againfl Drunkennefs are but of late Date : For, ’till quarto of King James the Firft, there was no Law to reftrain that voluntary Madnefs. However, it may be truly affirm’d. That at prefent there is generally lefs Excefs in Drinking, efpecially about London, fince the Ufe of Coffee, Tea and Chocolate, and lefs Excefs in Diet than heretofore. Impoifonments, fo ordinary in Italy, are fo abominable amongft the Englifti, as 2t Henry VIII. it was made High- Treafon, though fince repealed; after which the Punilhment for it was to be put alive into a Chaldron of Water, and there boiled to Death. At prefent it is only Felony, without Benefit of Clergy. Stabbing in England is much more feldom than in Italy, the Englifti being eafily to be reconciled, to pardon and remit Of¬ fences, not apt to feek Revenge: The true well-bred Englifti have more Inclination to Goodnefs, which the Greeks call Phi. lanthropia, than any other Nations, the Nobility and Gentry delighting to be gracious and courteous to Strangers, com- paffionate to the Afflifted, and grateful to Benefaftors, when their Purfe or Eftate, not diverted by other extravagant Ex- pences, will give them Leave to remember them. Pf Book III. Of Great-Br.itain. 191 Of Puniflrtiients , and firjl Ecclesiastical. A n D Firft of thofe relating to Ecclefiaftical Difcipline, which when inflifted upon fcandalous, notorious and contumacious Offenders, proceeds in this Manner : Pirff, The Party delinquent is admonilhed; then if he refufes to anfwer, orotherwife to fatisfy the Court, he is excommuni¬ cated, or excluded from the Church; or if not from the Church, yet from the Communion of the Lord’s Supper, is difabled to be Plaintiff in a Suit of Law, decently interred. A Chriftian Burial is wont to be denied bv the Church of England to Perfons dying Excommunicate, to fuel) as are hanged for Felony, or that wil¬ fully kill themfelves, and to Apoftates and Hereticks. To thefe fore-named Cenfures and Punifhments, both Lai¬ ty and Clergy are fubjeft: But, befides thefe, there are Pu¬ nifhments whereunto the Clergy only are liable; as firft, Siifpenjit ah Officio, when a Miniffer for a Time is declared unfit to execute the Office of a Miniffer. Then Sttffienjio a Bemficio, when a Miniffer for a Time is de¬ prived of the Profits of his Benefice ; and thefe two Cenfure; are wont to be for fmallcr Crimes. 2 Thirdly ipi pae&nt dtafe Paiti Thirdly, Beprivacio a Beneficio ; when for a greater Crime, a Minifter is wholly and for ever deprived of his Living. And FouVthly, Deprivatio ab Officio, when a Minifter is whol¬ ly and for ever deprived of his Orders; and this is Bepojitio,ot Degradatio, and is commonly for fome heinous Crime merit¬ ing Death, and is performed by the Biihopina folemn Man¬ ner, pullingoff from the Criminal his Veftments and othet Enfignsof his Order, and this in the Prefence of the Civil Ma- giftrate, to whom he is then delivered to be punilhed as ai Layman for the like Offence. Secondly, Of Pumjhments relating to Civ ih Difcipline. B Ecaufe the Punifttments inflifted for feveral Crimes are different in moft Nations, and thofe of England much different from thofe of all other Countries; a brief Account of them may probably not be unacceptable to Foreigners ^All Crimes in England that touch the Life of a Man, are either High-Treafon, Peiit-Treafon, Rape, Buggery, Murder, ai Eelony. Although fome High-Treafons are much more heinous and odious than others, yet the Puniihment.by Law is the fame for all Sorts (except Clipping and Coining Money) and that is, that the Traitor, laid upon a Hurdle, or Sledge, be drawn to the Gallows, there hanged by the Neck, prefently cut down alive, his Entrails to be fuddenly pulled out of his Belly, and burnt before the Face of the Criminal; then hisHead to be cutoff, his Body to be divided into four Parts; and laftly, that the Head and Body be hung up, or impaled where the King lhall com- Beftdes all this, he fhall forfeit all his Lands and Goods whatfoever j his Wife fhall lofe her Dowry, his Children their Nobility, and all their Right of Inheriting from him, or any other Anceftors. • For Coining of Money, though adjudged High-Treafon, the' Punilhment having been only Drawing and Hanging before the Statute of 15 Edw, III. it remains to (fill; but Hovedon faith, that before his Time the Punilhment for falftfying Money was Lofs of Eyes and Genitals, Petit-Treafan is either when a Servant killeth his Matter or Miftrefs, or a Wife killeth her Husband, ora Clergyman his Prelate, to whom he oweth Obedience; and for this Crime the Punilhment is to be drawn, as before, and to be hanged by the Neck'till he be dead. The Punilhment fora Woman convift- cd of High-Treafon, or Petit-Treafon, is all one, and that is to de drawn and burnt alive. For Felonies, or other Capital Crimes, there were anciently feveral Sorts of Punilhments, 'till Henry 1. ordained, that the punilhmetn Book III. Of Great-Britain. 193 Punifhment for all Felonies fliould be to be hanged by the Neck, ’till they be dead. But if a Peer of the Realm commit High-Treafon. Petit- Treafon, or Felony, altho’ his Judgment be the fame with that of common Perfons, yet the King doth ufualtv extend fo much Favour to fuch, as to caufe them only to be beheaded with an Ax, upon a Block, lying on the Ground, and not as in all other Countries, by a Sword, kneeling or handing. If a Criminal, indifled of Petit-Treafon, Felony, or any Capital Crime, refuferh to anfwer, or put himfelf upon a legal Trial, then for fuch handing Mute, and Contumacy, he is prefently to undergo that horrible Punidiment called Pein forte ey dure ; that is, to be fern back to the Prifon from whence he came, and there laid, in fome dark Room, upon the bare Ground, on his Back, all naked except his Privy-Parts, bis Arms and Begs drawn with Cords, fattened to the feveral Quarte.rs-of the Room ; and then fhall be laid upon his Body Iron and Stone, fo much 'as he may bear, or more; the next Day he fhall have three Morfels of Barley Bread, without Drink, and the third Day (hall have Drink of the Water next to the Prifon Door, except it be running Water, without Bread; and this (hail be his Diet till he.die. Which grievous Kind of Death (ome flout Fellows have'fometimes chofen, and fo noc being tried and convicted of their Criihes, their Eftates may not be forfeited to the King, but defeend to their Children, nor their Blood ftained. But though the Law continues, yetwe fo abhor Cruelty, that of late they are fuffered to be over-charged with Weight laid upon them, that they expire prefently. But in Cafe of High-Treaftm, though the Criminal ftand mute, yet Judgment (hall be given againft him as if he had been convifled, and his Eftate confilcated. After Beheading and Hanging, the Criminal's Friends ufual- ly interr the Body decently, where they pleafe; only if the Crime be.very enormous, as for Murdering and Robbing any Perfon, then by Order is the Criminal ufually hanged by th« Neck ’till he be dead, and afterwards hanged in Chains till the Body rot ; and in fome Cafes his Right-hand is firfl cut off, and then he is hanged.' In all fuch Felonies where the Benefit of the Clergy is al¬ lowed (asit is in many) there the Criminal is marked with a hot Iron with an M for Manflaughtcr, on the Left-hand, or with aTfor Thief; and wandering Rogues are to be marked on the Shoulder with an R. - For Petty-laneny , or fmall Theft, that is under the Value of 11 d. the Punilhment anciently was fometitnes Lofs of an Ear, fometimes Cudgelling; but fmee Edivard Ill. only by Whip- ing. But if fuch Petty-Thicf be found by the Jury to hjyc fled for the fame, he forfeits all bis Godds, 0 Perjury, 194 tOje $?efettt ©tate Parti. Perjury, fay bearing falfe Witnefs upon Oath, In a Court of Record, is punilbed with the Pillory, called Collijlrigiutn, the Criminal burnt in the Forehead with a P. his Trees growing upon his Ground to be rooted up, and his Goods confiscated. Forgery, Cheating, Libelling, falfe Weights and Meafttret, Fore- falling the Market, Ojjences in Faking and Brewing, are commonly punifhed with (landing on the Pillory, Whipping, and fome- timcs by nailin'* one or both Ears to the PiHory, and cutting off, or boring through the Tongue with a hot Iron. But of latewe have left off the Cruelty of cutting off Ears, Severe Whipping, Branding on the Forehead, Boring the Tongue, and the like. The Punifliment for Mifprijion of High.Treafm, that is, for neglefliug or concealing it, is Forfeiture of the Profits of one’s Lands during Life, and of all Goods> and alfo Impiifonftient For Striking its the King’s Court, whereby Blood is drawn, the Puniihment is, that the Criminal (hall have his Right-hand ftricken off in a fad and folemn Manner. For Striking in Weft minfter-Hall whilfl the Courts of Juftice are .fitting, is Imprifonment during Life, and Forfeiture of 411 one’s Eflate. For one found in a Premunire. that is, one who incurs the fame Puniihment which was inflifted on thofe who tranfgreffed the Statute of 16 Rich. If. cap. t. commonly called the Statute of Pnmunire facias, the Puniihment is Forfeiture of all his Bftate, to be put out of the King's ProteQion, and Imprifon- ment during the King's Pleafure. The Punifliment of Petly-Jurors attainted of giving a Ver- dift contrary to Evidence, wittingly, is fevere : They are con¬ demned to lofe the Franchife, or Freedom of the Law, that is, become Infamous, and of no Credit, uncapable of being Wit- neffes, or of a Jury; their Houfes, Lands, and Goods are feiz- ed into the King’s Hands, their Houfes pulled down, their Mea¬ dows ploughed up, their Trees rooted up, all their Lands laid Wafte, and their Bodies imprifoned. The like Puniihment is alfo forthofe who fhall confpire to indift an Innocent falfly and malicioufly of Felony : But indeed there are no late lnllances of fuchPuniihment. F eloiefe, that is, one who wiftingly’'killeth himfelf, is to he interr’d without Chrijiian Burial, with a Stake driven through the Corpfe, andto forfeit his Goods. Drunkards, Vagabonds, prophane Swearers, loofe, idle, diforder- ly Perfons, Night-walkers, and the like, are 'punifhed by felting their Legs in the Stocks for certain Hours, and by certain pe¬ cuniary Mulfts. The k'xecutionof thefe wholefime Laws aganljl Prophanenefs and immorality, has been promoted with great Zeal, and no left Diferetion, by the Societies for theBeformaftonof Man- port, Scolding jBooJcIlL Of Great-Br t 9 $ Scolding Women are to be let in a Trebuchet, commonly called a Cucking-Stool, probably from die French Cotjuine, and the German Stull, the Quean's Chair, placed over fome deep Water, into which they are let down, and plunged under Water thrice to cool their Choler and Heat. Other Mifdemsanours are commonly punilhed with Impri- fonments, or Fines, and fomerimes with both. As for Breaking on the Wheel, and other like torturing Deaths, common in other Chriftian Countries, the Englijh look upon them as too cruel to be ufed by the Frofeflors of Chriftianity. CHAP. IX. Of Societies infitinted in England, for the Advancement of Religion , whether Incorpora¬ ted.or Voluntary. I N the former Chapters, the coercive Methods ufed by the Government, to regulate the Manners of the Nation, have been accounted for. There are. befides thofc, fome volun¬ tary ones, a brief Account whereof feems proper to be ad¬ ded in this Place; and that is of the fevcral Societies that have been fet up of late Years for the moft effeftual Promoting of God’s Worfhip, the Reformation of Manners, and the Pro¬ pagating of Chriftian IC/iowledge both in this Nation, and in Foreign Parts; which are known by the Names otj Re¬ ligious Societies, The Societies for Reformation of Manners, The Society for the Propagation of the Gofpel in Foreign Parts, and The Society for Promoting Chrifmn Knowledge. I. The Religious Societies are fo called, becaufe the particu¬ lar End and Deitgn of them is to' improve themfclves apd others in the Knowledge of our mod Holy Religion, and to animate one another in the ferious Praftice of it. They were begun in London, about the Year 167S, by A hvf ferious young Men of the Communion of the Church of Eng¬ land, who, by the Advice and Direftion of their Spiritual Guides , agreed to meet together frequently for Religious Con¬ ference, and by Prayer and Pfalmody to edify one another. The Experience they hereby gained of the Blelfednefs of Religion, and Value of Souls, foon animated their Endea¬ vours to gain others to join with them ; whereby they grew and encrenfed, and rieW- Societies were formed by the Pattern pf the Old: So that there are now above Forty diftinct Bo¬ dies of them within the Compafs of the Bills of Mortality, befides diverfe others in diftant Parts of the Nation. Thofe that compofc jhefe Societies, are Members of the Chnrth of England, and in all Matters of Doubt arid Difficul- ¥ 1 9 <5 €l)z l^efent State Parti; I ty, oblige theinfelves to confult tbe ejlal/lijhed Minifry. They j receive the Holy Sacrament at lead once a Month, and take all convenient Opportunities of attending the Service of j God in Publick ; have fet up Publick Prayers in many Churches of the City, procured the Adminiftration ei' the Sacrament every Holy Day, and maintain Letturcs upon the Holy Sacrament cf the Lord’s Supper, almoft every Lord's Day Evening, in fome one or more Churches. They induftrioufly apply tliemfelvcs to the relieving poor Families and Orphans, letting Prifoncrs at Liberty, (ollici- ting Charities for the pious Education of poor Children, vi- fiting and comforting thofe that are Sick, and in Prilon, and reclaiming the Vicious and Diflclutc ; in ptomotihg Cbrifian Confrence, Decency in God’s Worlhip, Family He- -tigton, and -the Catechizing of y oung and ignorant People. Tliey have been indrumcntal in bringing feveral Quakers and Enthufiaftical Peffons to Laptifm, and a fober Mind; ream- riling feveral Difenters to the Communion of the Church of England, and .preferring many unftcady and wavering Per- fons from Popery. 'I a. £ '.etietfor, Reformation of Manners, fo called from the particular End and Defign of them, which is to reform the Manners of' the People, by putting in Execution the Laws againft Immorality and Prophanenefs, They were begun in London , about the Time of the Re¬ volution, by five or fix private Gentlemen of the Commu¬ nion of the .Church of England ; and, by the Accefiion of many virtuous Perfons of the too various Denominations of iProteJlants among us, are now become confidetable both for their Number and littered. Of thefe, ... i..There-is a large Body compofcd of Perfons of Emi- •nency in the Law, Members of Parliament, Juftices of the Peace, and confidcrable Citizens of London, who frequently meet to confult of the beft Methods for carrying on the Bufmefs of Kefaibation, according to the Ejlathjhed Lams, and to advife and aflift others that are already engaged, or willing to join in the fame Defign. By this Body the necef- fary Charge of this Defign is defrayed, and no Contributions taken of any but their own Members: By their Endeavours feveral Thoufands of Offenders in London and Weftminfer have been convifted of Smearing, Drunhnnefs and Prophana- .tion of the Lord's Day, and puhifhed accordingly. ■ 2. AfecondBody,confiftingof about 50 Perfons.Tradefmen and others,have more efpcciatly applied themfelvcs to the Sup- prefiion.of Lewdnefs, by bringing the Offenders to Legal Punilhment; and have actually fupprefied above 500 difor- derly Houfes, and convicted fome Thoufands of lewd Por- fons, betides Swearers, Drunkards, and Profaners of the Lord't Day, Sec. as appears by their feveral printed Lifts of Offend- Book III. of G R E A X-B R I T JLl N. 1 97 A third is of Conftnbles, of which Sort of Officers Care is taken to form t carle a new Body in London, who meet to confiderof the mod cffeftual Way to difeharge their Oaths, to communicate the Difficulties they meet with, and to can- fult of proper Remedies. Thefe divide themfelves in the fe¬ veral Part* of the City, for the more regular Infpeflion of diforderly Houfcs, feizing of Drunkards and Swearers in the Streets ar.i Markets, and carrying them before the Magi- ftrates. A fourth is fuch a' give Informations to the Magiftratc of fuch Breach of the Laws as above-mentioned. Th-rr are eight o.hcr regulated and mixed Bodies of Houfe-kecpers and Officers in the feveral Quarters of London, V/eftmin/ter, and '.outhwark, who differ in their Conftitution from thefe before-mentioned, but generally agree in the Methods of infpefting the Behaviour of Conftablesand other Officers, whom they alfo affift in fearching diforderly Houfes, feizing Offenders, and giving Informations, Sever..I Societiesof this Kind are fet up at Briflol, Canterbury, Hull, Nottingham, and other diftant Parts of the Kingdom, and of late Years the like Defigns have been carried on in Ireland, and in feveral of his Majefty’s Provinces in S.sr.i- 3. The Society for the Propagation of the Gofpel in foreign Parts. That a Maintenance for an Orthodox Clergy might .be fecured, and other Provifion made for the Propagation of the Gofpel in the Plantations, Colonies, and Facicries be¬ yond the Seas, the late King, by his Letters-Patent, dated June 16, 1701, did incorporate the rnoft Reverend Fathers in God Thomas Lord Archbifnop of Canterbury, and John, Lord Archbilhopof Tern, the Right Reverend Father in God, Henry, Lord Bifhop of London, and feveral others of the Lords the Bilhops, of the Nobility, Gentry and Clergy, to the Number of about Ninety, therein particularly named, by the Name of The Society for the Propagation of the Gofpel in Foreign Parts, who by that Name were to plead and be impleaded; to have perpetual Succeflion, with Privilege to purchafe Two Thoufand Pounds .per Annum Inheritance, and Eftates for Lives, or Years, Goods and Chattels of any Value, to have a common Seal, and to meet yearly on the third -Friday in February, to choofe a Prefident, Vice-Prefident, and Officers for the Year enfuing, and on the third Friday in every Mouth, or oftner, if need be, to tranfaft Bulinels, and to depute fit Perfons to take Subfcriptions, and colled Money contributed for the Purpofcs aforefaid; and of all Monies received and laid out, to give Account yearly to the Lord- Chancellor, or Keeper, the two Lord Chief-jr/t,tf/Y«, or any ■ two of them. . O 3 This ips €fje latent State Part i. This Society ordinarily meets every Month, according to the Direction of the Charter, and hath a ftanding Committee, to prepare Bufinefs lor the Monthly Meeting: The former at St. Martin's Library, the latter at St. Pant’s Chapter.Houfe. Of the above-mentioned Society there has been a very full Account given under the Title of An Account of the Foundation of the Society for the Propagation of theGojpelin Foreign Parts, with their Proceedings and Suctcfs. 4. The Society for promoting Chrijlian Knowledge, whofe Ori¬ ginal Defigns were to propagate Religion in the Plantations, yofecurethe pious and ufeful Education of the Poor here at Home, and to reclaim thofe that err in the Fundamentals of Chridianity. It was begun in London in March 1608-9 by feme Perfonsof Honour and Quality, who held their Rated Meetings for thefe Purpofes, regulating themfelves by the Laws of the Land, and Canons of the Church. In the Year 1701, a Reverend Member of the Society, by hfs indefatigable Endeavours for promoting that Branch of the Society’s Defign which concerned the Plantations, procured above eight hundred Pounds among his Acquaintance, as well outof the Society as in it, and tranfmitted the fame to the Plantations, in Libraries, Bibles, Common-Praycr.Books, Catechifms, and other Books proper to cultivate a Senfe of Re¬ ligion among the Britijb Subjects in America : And by his In- tereft and great Application, fecured a tolerable Maintenance for fevprai Minifters to be employed in the Plantations, when by the earned Sollicitations of the fameDivine, at the Requeft of the Society, the iate King William was pleafed, by Royal .Charter, to edablilh the Society of the Propagation of the Cofpel in Foreign Parts, incorporating by Name all the then Members pf the Sofsely for Propagating, fince called, for Promoting Chrijli- an Knowledge,nidi divetfe others, of the'fird Rank for Quality, both in Church and State; thereby difeharging this Society from the further Purfuit of this Branch of their Original Defign, ; Upon this Eftablifhmem the Society, in their voluntary Car pacity of doing dood, were fo fuccefsfuily engaged in fetting • up Charity-Schools, and difperfing Religious Books and Cate- chifms, eye. among the Poor at Home, that they did not think ! fit to diflolve themfelves, but appointing new Officers to fup- ply the Place of thofe that were taken into the Service of the .Corporation-Society, continued to fubfid. The Religious Societies in and about London, at that time did very much affid the So.ciety in erefting Charity-Schools, by procuring Subfcriprions and charitable Colleftions at th'e Church-Doors of the fevetal Pariflies, where fuch Schools were ynqdwanted, and even in feveral of the richer Parifhes of the . g.ity, where there were no Schools, they obtained both Sub r f ' • fcrijjtionj Book III. Of Great-Britain. 199 fcriptionsand Colleftions, to be applied towards maintaining Schools in the Out-Parilhes, where the Poor were molt nume¬ rous: Andthiswas done with fo great Succefs, that in the Year 1704, there were erefted in London and IVijiminJler, and within ten Miles thereof, 54 Charity-Schools for the Inftrufli- on of 1586 Boys, 745 Girls; and the better to difpofe the Parents of thefe Children to fend them conftantly to School, above h^lf of them were compleatly cloathed. The Succefs of this Example in the Metropolis, foon ani¬ mated many other Parts of the Kingdom to follow it; and the Spciety inviting to their Correfpondence many of the mod aftive, well-difpofed Gentlemen that they could hear of in every County, were enabled by them to publilh in all Parts of the Kingdom, the great Ufefulnefs of the Inftitution of Charity-Schools; and, in order to it, prefented them, from time to time, with printed Accounts of the Rules of erefting and better governing thefeSchools, after the Manner praflifed in London, and alfo the Sermons preached at the Anniverfary Meeting of the Charity-Schools within the Bills of Mortality, by fome of the moft learned Divines in the Nation, all highly approving theDefign: So that in the Compafsof about Twen¬ ty-two Years paft, the Society have given away above Two hundred thoufand of thefe Sermons and Accounts, See. befides feveral Hundred Bibles, NewTeftaments, Common-Prayers, Whole Duties of Man, Expofitions of the Church-Catechifm, and other good Books, which the Society, or their Corrcfpon- dents in the Country, havegiven to the Charity-Schools, and to poor Families, to Prifons, to the Fleet and Army,and Britifi Garrifons abroad. And in Confequence of thefe Endeavours of the Society, and the united Labours of good Men in all Parts of Great-Britain and Ireland, it has pleafed God fo far to blcfs them, that in the Year 1711, there were 149a Charity- Schools, wherein above Thirty-two thoufand poor Children of both Sexeswere taught to read,write, and fay the Catechifm; and if thofe are taken into the Account that have been edu¬ cated in thefeSchools, and difpofed of to Services and Appren. ticefhips during the laft Twenty-one Years, it is very probable, that at leaft One hundred thoufand poor Children have had their Education, or are now taught .in them ; by which prodi¬ gious Effeft of Charity, iris certain that the Nation is deli¬ vered from many Thoufands that would have been common Beggars, had they not come through thefe Schools into the -World: And it may well be hoped, if it pleafe God to blefs the Inflruftion given them, that they will be inftrumental to lelTen the Prevalence of Profanenefs, Vice, and ldleneis among the lower Sort of People in the next and fucceeding Generations. In 1710, .this Society engaged themfelves to a (Tilt the Pco- leftant Mifhonaries at Xmmtuebar, on the Coaft of Coroman. O 4 del 2,00 %\)t P^efent State Part 3 . del, in the Faji-Indies, and to promote Charity-Schools at the Englifi Settlements in thofe Parts; the Succefs of which may Be bell: learned from a Collcfton of Letters from the Midio- naries and others in India, relating to the Million, printed by Jofeph Downing. in 1710, this Society ptl'blilhod aPropofal for priming the Kcvj Teflamcr.t and .“faker in. Arabic!:, for the life of the poor Chriitians of the Eadern Nations/in Pale/line, Syria, Mejopo- tamia, Arabia, and Egypt ; which is now printed. This Society meets weekly at St. Paul’s Chapter-Houfe.nni now condds of betw een Tour and Five hundred Perfons, di- dinguiflted by the Names of Redding and Correfp-mding Members; the former of whom generally redding in London, take that Name, and are annually Contributors to the Ex- pence of Books, Vc. But the latter, called Correlponding Members, are exempted from any Contributions but what they plcafctofendin to their common Treafury, in regard of the Expence they arc fuppofed to be at in their refpeftive Coun¬ tries where they dive. But whenever they come to London, they have the Liberty of attending the Weekly Meetings of the Society, and to ask their Advice and Riddance in any Dif¬ ficulty that occurs in promoting their Dcdgns. Seqa more : particular Account of this Society, and all the Branches of their Deligos, in a Letter from a Redding Member at London, to a Correfponding Member in the Coun¬ try, printed by fofeph Downing. ■ 5. The Corporation for an Augmentation to poor Livings, was founded aboutthe latter End of the Year 1703. Her late Majefty, of blefled Memory, being thenpleafed to inform her Parliament, by a Meflage, of her gracious Intentions of granting her whole Revenue of Frft-Fruits and Tenths to the poor Clergy; whereupon an Aft was palled in the Second and Third Year of her Reign, entituled. An Act for the making more effectual her Majefly's gracious Intentions for the Augmenta . lion of the'Maintenance of the Poor dlergy, by enabling her Ma- jejiy to grantin-Perpetuity the Revenues of the Firfl-Fruits and Tenths ; and dlfofor enablingahy other Pcrfon to make Grants for the fame Pttrpofe: Alter, which, her Majefty, by Letters-Pa- tent under her Great Seal, bearing Date the third Day of Ko- vember, 17^4,- w i as : plea fed to eftablifh a Corporation, by the Name and Title'-of HfllC ffiotallOgS of tlje SOUUtp of SHueen Ann i; fojtlie aiuffmmtation of tljc 93auite* nance Of tijepobj Clergp, thegreated and mod condder- able that ever was-kiiownin England ; being compofed of all the'Lofds, And othefs of her Majedy’s mod Honourable Pri¬ vy? Council, for^the Time being; all the Lords Lieutenants, and Cuflos Rotulorum in England-, all the Lords, the Bidiops ; tail the Deans of Collegiate Churches'-'all the Judges ; the Queen’s Serjeants-; the Attorney and Sollicitor-General ; the Book III. Of Great-Britain. 201 Advocate-General; the Chancellors and Vice-Chancellors of both the (Jniverfities; the Lord-Mayor and Aldermen of Lon - ion-, and all Mayors of Cities for the Time being: And by new Lcitcrs-ratent, dated the ;th of March 1713, for pre¬ venting the Delay and Obftruftion of the Bufinefs of the faid Corporation, her late Majefty was plcafcd to encreafe the Number ef the Laid Governors, by adding all the Officers of the Board of Green-Cloth ; all the Queen’s Sergeants and Council learned in the Latv; and the Four Clerks in Ordi¬ nary of the Privy-Council. The firft Thing the Governors did,’ after opening their Commiffion, was to confider the State of the Revenue of Firft-Fruits and Tenths, and of the Conditions and Numbers of poor Livings to which the Royal Bounty was to extend, viz. to all under So 1. for Annum, which, upon Enquiry, appear to be more than 3000 in Number. Thel'e Revenues of the Firft-Fruits and Tenths (when this ■Corporation was firft eftabliihed) being for the mold part anti¬ cipate,! by diverfe Grants for Lives and Tears, no Diftribu- ti.m could be made for many Years; but fince the Expiration of fevcral of thofe Grants, there has been a confidcrable Diftribution yearly, whereby about 304 Livings were aug¬ mented with the Royal Bounty at 200 /. each before Chriflmas 1720, and sj this Year (whereof about 300 in Number have each received the like Sum from private Contributions) which is very confiderable, if it be obferved, that by reafon of the Grams and Incumbrances before-mentioned, no Augmenta¬ tions were made before November 1714. But the faid Gover¬ nors will now be enabled to continue their Augmentations yearly, to the Number of 50 or.6o fmall Livings at lenft. Befidesthefe Helps to the Clergy, there is a Society, tvhofe Province is in a more peculiar Manner to aftift their Widows and children ; and that is the Society of the Sons of the Clergy, incorporated bv King Charles II. July 1, 1678, by the Name of fhe ©otonrigs of tljc CljaritP for -Relief of tlyc pooj ©linotos anD Outturn Of Clergymen. Several Hun¬ dreds of Widows and Children of the Clergy have yearly re¬ ceived great Relief from this charitable Foundation, the Num¬ ber of which in the Year <713, was 449, and the Sums dif- tributed among them, amounted to 1030/, nr. There is a Branch of this Society at Chefter, firft promoted in the Year 1700, which deferves to be taken Notice of here, as worthy to be imitated in other Places. The Clergy of the Arch-Den- .corny of Cl.ejLr, at the Defire of the Right Reverend Dr. ■Stratford, then Bifhop of Chejler, and bt.Emiviflc, then Arch-Deacon, cojtfented to meet at Warrington in that County, for the Relief of Widows and Orphans of Clergy- Men. They have ever fince continued to meet there on the firft Thurfdny in June. annually. They, walk in a Body to -Church, the Bifnop being ufually at the Head of them. 202 Cfje ]Mnt State Part r. Where they hear divine Service and a Sermon. Thence they return to a Houle where they dine. After Dinner a Collec¬ tion is made, every one putting fecretly into a Box, prepared for that Purpofe, what Money he thinks fit, which generally amounts to about 60 or 70 l. which by five Stewards is diftri- buted to fuch Widows and Children ot C'etgy Men as they think proper Objefts of Charity. This Society-in Chepire is now become a Member of the Corporation of the Sons of the clergy tr. London, by an Inttrument regularly executed, and is made capable of enjoying the fame Privileges and Advau. tages with them. ’Till the Reformation, there was no fettled Allowance for the Poor in England, the Care of providing for them lay upon the Religious Houfes, which were very numerous, and many of them very well endowed. But whether they were fuch bountiful Difpenfers of their Charities, as that the Poor had no Reafon to complain of them, may be very juftly queftion- feen from Time to Time feveral worthy Perfons of the Church of Rome, who in the hotted of the French Perficntion, have had the Courage to abandon good Ellablifhments in their own Country, and, without regarding the Hatred of even their priends and Relations whom they fled from, or the Contempt, Negleft and Sufpicions of Strangers to whom they fly for Succour (which Circumftances render the Cafe of honed Pro- felytes harder, if poflible, than of the Refugee! themfelves) have been, contented to come and beg their Bread of us. This has greatly encreafed the Objefts of F.nglijh Charities; and ilia French Proteftants having been fatisfy’d to fhare with them Part of that which was wholly appropriated to the faid Refugee!, his Majefty has been gracioufly pleafed to allow, that the Pay- mafter of the Peufions for the Time being, (hall iflue the Sum of 500 (. per Annum in (uch Manner, and according to fuch Dircftions as the Lord Archbilhop of Canterbury, &c. (hall give,/or and toward! the Relief of poor Convert! from the Church of Rome; by Vertueof which Powers, the Archbilhop of Can¬ terbury, the Bifhop of London, the Lord Chief-Juftice of the King't-Bench, and the Lord Chief.Juftice of th e Common-Pleat, have agreed to appoiuy fevepal eminent Perfons (whofeNames will be found among the following Lifts^ to be Commifftor.ert for the Relief of poor Profelylei,\3tti not only to receive and di. ftribute the above-mentioned 500 (. but alfo all fuch Sums of Money as (hat! be raifed by the Annual Subfcriptions, or pro- fent and immediate Benefactions of pious and charitable Per¬ fons, amongfuchof the poor Profelytet, as well Ecclefiafticks as Lay-perfons, who, upon the flriSlefi Enquiry, Jhallbefound to need, and befl deferve the fame, IhPurfuanceof this Appointment, the Comraiflioners have had frequent Meetings, and agreed upon Rulesand Ordersfor the better Diftribution of the Royal Bounty, and their own and other private Contributions, fome of which Rules are. That none (hall partake of this Charity, but fuch as have came into England fince the Revocation of the EM! of Nantz, and produce authentick Certificates of having abjured the . Popifli Religion, as well as give a good Account of the Mo¬ tives of their embracing our Holy Religion, and that they either have taken, or are ready', when required, to take the Oaths to the Government; befides which, the Commiflionets employ two able Examiners, or Inftruftors, to inform them by their Correfpondents in Frame, Spain, Germany, Italy, See, concerning the good Life and Behaviour of every Profelyte ; to which Examiners and Inflruftors competent Salaries are ' allowed : Nor are the Profelytet admitted to any Dividend of the Bounty, but only to a Weekly Allowance, ‘till the Board has received full Satisfaftion upon the Premifes; after which, according to the feveral Circumftances of the Profelytet they are relieved (namely, Mini.fters, Women, old Perfons, Sick 206 W&z parent State Part i, and Infirm) either by receiving from the Commiffioners from Time to Time fitch a Sum as their Conditions require, and the Stock of the Society will afford, or provided for in'the Frmcb Hofpital, by a Weekly Allowance from the Society 5 and as for the reft of the Prefelytcs, who are able to work, the Society make it their lhifinefs to put them out tofomegood Trade, by which they may fupport both themfelves and Families, or to fend them abroad to fome of his Majefty’s Plantations, al¬ lowing themaSttmof Money for thatPurpofe, once for all; of both which Ways of difpofing of them, efpecially of the former, there might be given many Inftanccs, notwithftanding that the.Society’s whole yearly Income does not much exceed 600/. and that the Number of Profelytes reliev’d, amounts to about 150 Perfons. Note, There is an Apothecary who fupplies the Profelytcs with Medicines, at the Charge oftthe Commiffioners, at an eafy Rate, CHAP. X. Of the City of LONDON. L ONDON] being the Seat of the Englifli Empire, and thechiefeft Town of Trade in the World ; the largeft and moft populous, the faireft and mod opulent City at this Day in all Europe, perhaps in thewhole World, ftirpaffing, as fome learned Men have conjeflured, even Paris and Rome put together; it will not, 1 hope, feem impertinent to give a 'particular Account thereof. Aflame ano antiquity.] London, fo called,as fome conjec¬ ture from Llonc-d'w, or Dinas, the Britijh Word; dignifying, in the Saxon Tongue, Shipton, or Town of Ships, was built cer- tainly in the Roman Times, and that -very early. For in Nero's . Time, when Boadicea rofe againft Suetonius Paulinas the Roman Lieutenant, Londimm, as Tacitus calls it, was very famous for its Trade and Commerce. Situation,] In the moft excellent Situation of London, the •Wifdom of our Anceftorsisvery confpicuous and admirable: It is feated upon a gentle rifing Bank, in a wholfome Soil, mixed with Gravel and Sand, upon the famous and navigable River Thames, at a Place where it is call into a Crefcent, that foeach Part of the City might enjoy the Benefit of the River, and yet not be far diftant one from the other; about 60 Miles from the Sea.: In art excellent Air upon the North-fide ofjhe River (for the Villages feated on the South-fide ate noted to be more unhealthy, in regard of the Vapours drawn upon them by the Sun) defended by gentle Hills from the North Book HI. Of Great-Britain. zo 7 and South Winds. It lies in 5 [Degrees, 30 Minutes, Northern Latitude. The Highways leading from all Parts to this noble City, are large, ftraight, fmooth and fair, no Mountains nor Rocks, no MarQtes nor Lakes to hinder Carriages and PafTengers, fo that Corn may eafily be brought, arid Cattle commodioufly driven unto it by Land ; and thofe heavy, though neceflary Commodities, HayandFuel, are more cheaply conveyed by Water. The City of London is fupplied with Coals from Newcaftle, which Trade employs many Hundreds of Ships, and Thoufands of Seamen, who are reputed the ablcft and ' hardieftMenwe have. InaWord, all the Bldlings of Land and Sea, by the Benefit of Shipping, may be faid to be here more eafily enjoyed than in any City of the World. a nifUDe.] The City of London, with that of Weftntin- the Borough of Southwark (which being contiguous "to one another, feem to make indeed but one City, and ac¬ cordingly (hall be fo confidercd when wefpeak of Buildings, e ?c.) is of a vaft Extention: From Lime-Hottfe, meafured to the End of iothil, or Tattle-Street, from Eaft to Wefl, it is above 7500 Geometrical Paces; that is, above feven Englifi Miles and an Half. [The Lengthof the Town is notmore than fix Miles: The Royal Exchange (lands about the Middle, and it is not more .than! three Miles from thence either to the Eaft or Weft-End of it, taking in theWinding of the Streets; and if wo meafure in a direct Line, it is riot fo much by near half a Mile either Way. The Numberof Houfes is computed to be about 1:0,000 atprefent, and allowing S and J toaHoufc, this makes the Inhabitants fomething more than a Million,: Thofethat cal¬ culate the Number by tire Weekly Bills, make them fomething 'lefsthan a Million; if we compute them therefore at a Million of Souls, we come pretty near the Truth.] and from the far¬ ther End of Black-man-Jlreet in Southwark to the End of St. Leonard Shoreditch, is 1500 Paces, or two Miles and an Half In this great City the Streets, Lanes,. Alleys, are in Num¬ ber above 500O, and yet fome of them above half a meafured Mile in Length : Dwetling-Houfes before the late- dreadfk. Fire, were computed only withintheWalls above 15,000, and that is now accounted but a feventh Part of the whole City,- as may appear by the Weekly Bills of Mortality. The Num. berof Houfes at prefent may in all Probability be at leaft 150,000, efpeciallyif we include all the new Streets, Lanes, Alleys, Courts, c re. built within twenty or thirty Years latl pad, on the North and North-Weft Parts of this vaft Town; fuch as all thofe about Gray's-Irtn, Lamb's-Conduit-Fields-, Bloomsbury ; all thofe in the upper Liberties o{ IVtJlminjlcr -,sni the moft furprizing of all, thofe about Hanover-Syuare, equal •b moft of the great Towns in England, and fprung out of the zog . €fje p?efettt $tafe Part r. Ground info fliort a Time, as isalmod fufficient literally to defeat tlic old Adage, Rome was not built in a Day. iflumbcr Of ^uljafcitant#.] That the Reader may the bet¬ ter guefs at the Humber of Inhabitants, or human Souls, within this great City, he muft know, that in one Year there avere computed to be eaten in London, when it was lefs by two Thirds, 67,too Beefs, ten times as many Sheep, befides abun¬ dance of Calves, Lambs, Swine, alb Sorts of Poultry, Fowl, Filh, Roots, Milk,c?c. Alfo that every Year, to fiipply London with Ncwcafilc Coal, there is brought into the River of Thames above 400,000 Chaldrons, and every Chaldron is 36 Bulhels. Again, the Number of Inhabitants may be guefs'd at by the Burials in London, which in ordinary Years, when there is no Pedilence, amount of late : to about it,000 in a Year, •©rinfcs b^ctoen in JlonDon in a feat.] The Total of Strong Beer and Ale is 1,189,481 j Barrels. The Total of Small-Beer is 740,846 Barrels. The lowed Price of drong Beer, or Ale, is 18 s, per Bar¬ rel, the higheft 1 /. 10 s. The Small, not amended with drong, is ufually fold at a- bout 7 or 8 s. a. Barrel; if the Cudomers come to the Brew- Houfes, ’tis lold the cheaper; if the Brewers carry it to their Cudomers, ’tis fold the dearer. Note, What is brewed by private Perfons is not included in the Account above, .which, without doubt, is a very conft- derable Quantity, tho' .’tis difficult to make any near Compu¬ tation of it. The Quantity of Beer or Ale exported, is not very great; but 'tis far exceeded by the Quantities brought to London from Oxford, Lincoln, Nottingham, Derby, Litchfield, Burton, and feveral other Places in Stajfordjhire, Yorkfi/ire, Wales, Sic. . The Excife only of Beer andAlefor the City of London (tho’ it be a very moderate Impofition) was not long ago. farmed, or rented of the Crown at far above 110,000 Pounds a Year. In a Word, the Author of the Wap of London, publiihed Anno 1684, reckons in this vad City 1,100,000 Souls • but the more .accurate Sit William Petty counts but 115,846 Families and 695,076 Souls, [The Numbers of Houfes and People are vadly encreafed fince Sir William Petty wrote.] which is, as he computes.it, more than are in Paris, Rome, and Rouen-, more than in Paris and Amfterdam ; more than in Amfterdam, Venice, Rome, Dublin, Brifiol, and Lyons-, as many as in both the Provinces of Holland and Wefl-Rriedand. Kihec Of ffljatncjff.] The River whereon is feated this great City, for its Breadth, Depth, gentle even Courfe, extra¬ ordinary w'hoifome Water, and Tides, is more commodious for Navigation than perhaps any other River in the World; the Sea flows gently up this River 70'Miles ; that is, almoft to Richmond, 6 or 7 Miles above London by Land, and 10 by - • Waters 2io' . ©je pjefcnt State Parti. are paid for all Merchandize imported or exported; which in the Port of London only, without computing the Cultoms of other Cities, did lately amount to 330,000 Pounds a Year, and thofeof all England beiidcs, to above three Times that Sum; and are now" above 1,300,000/.a Year at a Medium, inTime of War: And next by the infinite Number of Ships, which, by their Mails, referable a Foreil as they lie along the Thames : Eefides many that are fent forth every Y ear, to carry and fetch Commodities to and from all Parts of the known World ; whereby it comes to pafs, that no fmall Number of Merchants of London for Wealth, for {lately Houfes within the City for Winter,and without forSummer; for rich Furniture, plentiful Tables,and honourable Living;-for great Eilates in Money and Land, eye. excel fome Princes indiverfeof our Neigh¬ bouring Nations. Of the Government®/ the City of London. T H E Government of this City, coniidering the Greatnefs andPopuloufnefs thereof, is admirable. ©ccleftaliical tiBofoernment.] The Eoclef.aflical Govern¬ ment is by a Biihop, who is fubjeft to the Archbilhop of Canterbury : The Sec of London, iince its Foundation by the Saxon Converts, foon after Augufiine the Monk’s coming hi¬ ther, has been conilantly governed by an uninterrupted Suc- ceffion of Biihops for 1100 Years: In which Space there are reckoned Bimops of London. To this Cathedral alfo be¬ longs a Dean, three Refidentiarics, a Trcafurer, Chancel¬ lor, Precentor, and thirty Prebendaries. For the Ecdefiailical Government of the feveral Parifhes, there are placed many excellent Divines that have the Cure of Souls, a Reftor or Vicar for every Pari(li; andthefe have for a long Time had the moil excellent Way of Sermonizing in ChrifSendem ; infomuch as diverfe Divines of foreign Reform¬ ed Churches have come hither on purpofc to learn their Man¬ ner of Pulpit-Oratory. For maintaining thefe Minifters, with their Families, there is, in almoil every Pariih, a Parfonage or Vicarage-Houfe, and in moil a competent Allowance in Tithes. But iince the great Fire, there is an Allowance fet¬ tled by Aft of Parliament, in thofe Pariihes which were burnt down, upon every Reftor or Vicar; by which Aft none of them have lefs fettled than tool, or more than 100/. per An¬ num, And to fave Building, Churches being rather too thick before the Fire, by the fame Aft of Parliament, two Pariihes, where the old Churches were burnt, have now but one Church and one Miniiler between them: So that there are not much above half fo many Churches in the City as were formerly. Cfoil dSotanment.] The Civil Government is not (as at Paris, Rome, Madrid, Vienna, and other Capital Cities) in fome Nobleman, or Lawyer, who is fet over the City by the King, Book III. Of Great-Brxtain. 211 as Supreme Governour; or as it was in the Time of the Sax. ons, . when lie was called the Portgerefa, that is, Caps, or Guardian-, and fometimes Provofi oi_London. But after the coniing in of the Xormans, the chief Magidrate was* alledBrtili- m:ts, from the French Word liailler, Tradere, Committere, that is Commijfarius, or one that hath Commiffion to govern others. There were fometimes two Bailiffs of London, ’till King Rk chard the Fil'd, Amo 11S9, chang’d the Name of Bailiffs into Mayors 2tO?Dri'l5aj’Oi'S CclMion.] He is ufually chofen on Mi- chaeimas-Day by the Livery-Men, or Members of the feveral Companies within the faid City, out of the-6 Aldermen, all Pcrfons of great Wealth arid Edeem. In which Ele&ion the Senior Alderman, that hath not been Mayor, hath ufually the Precedence; yet in this Particular the faid Ele&ors fometimes take a Liberty. SutljOgitp.] His Authority reaches not only over this great City, and Part of the Suburbs, but alfo on the famous River of Thames: Eaftward, as far as Tendale or Tcnleet, and the Mouth of the River Midway-, and Weftvsard, as far as Colney-Ditch, above Sta'ms-lridge. He hath a Privilege, by Charter, to hunt in Middlefex, Effex, and Surrey, arid for this Purpofe is always maintained a Kennel of Hounds, as a- forementioned. He hath Power to pitnilh or correft all that fhall annoy the Stream, Banks, or Filh; and for that End he yearly keeps feveral Courts in the Counties adjacent to the Thames, for Confervation of the River, and Punilhment of Offenders; only the Strength and Safety of the River againft an Invafion, and fectiring Merchandizing and Navigation, by Block-Houfes, Forts and Cadies, is the immedkite Care of the King. 3 lO 2 D* 9 SapO £’0 Courts Of 3 ]uthratute.) To the Lord- Mayor and City of London belong diverfe Courts of Judica¬ ture of high Importance. The higiied and mod ancient Court, is that called the Hitjl- ings, from the Damp Has-dmg, i. e. Dorans Judkij, which pv'e- ferves the Laws, Rights, Franchifes, and Cudoms of the City. There is alfo a Court of Requtfl, or Confcieiice ; fo called, becaufe meddling with nothing above 40 r. Value. There the Oath of the Creditor himfelf is accepted. The Court of the Lord-Mayor and Aldermen, where alfo the Recorder and Sheriffs, who are Aldermen, or elfe ufually chofen upon the next Vacancy, fit 1 : Two Courts of the Sheriffs. The Court of the City Orphans, whereof the Lord-Mayor and Aldermen-have the Cudody. The Court of Common-Council, confiding (as theParliament of Greal-Britain) of two Houfes ; one for the Lord-Mayor and Aldermen, and the other for the Commoners; in which P a Courts £i2 &lje Piefeut State Parti. Courts are made all By-laws, which bind all the Citizens of London: For every Man, either by himfelf, or by his Reprefen- tative, gives his Affent thereunto; wherein confiffs the great Happinefs of the EngliJIi Subjefts, above all the Subjects of any other Prince in theWorld; that neither in Laws, nor By- Laws, neither in Taxes, nor Impofts, any Men is bound but by his own Confent. There is another Court of the Chamberlain of the City, to whom belongs the Receipts of the Rents and Revenues of the City; and to his Court belongs the Buiinefs of Appren¬ tices, over whom he hath a great Authority. To the Lord-Mayor alfo belongs the Courts of Coroner and Efcheateri and another Court for the Confervation of the Ri¬ ver of Thames. Laftly, the Court of Goal-Delivery, held ufualiy eightTimes a Year at the Oid-Bailey, both for the City and Middie/ex, for the Trialof Criminals, whereof the Lord-Mayor is the Chief- Judge. There are other Courts, called Ward-notes , or the Meeting of Wards, whereof there are 26 in the whole City 5 in which Court Enquiry is made into all Things that can conduce to the Regulating and Well-governing of the City; alfo the Court of Halmote, or Affembly of every Guild or Fraternity, for re¬ gulating what belongs to each Company in particular. - f ifr$tate.] Hi sStatean&Maznijicence is remarkable,when he appears abroad, which in former Times was moftly on Horle-back, with rich Caparifon, himfelf always in long Robes, fometimes of Scarlet Cloth richly furr’d, and fome- times Purple, and over his Robes a Hood of black Velvet, which fome fay, is a Badge of a Baron of the Realm, with a great Chain of Gold about his Neck, or Collar of SS’s, with a great rich Jewel pendent thereon, with many Officers walking before, and on all Sides of him; but more especially on the 29th of October, when he goes to Wefiminjier in his Barge, accompanied with all the Aldermen, all his Officers, all the fevcral’ Companies, or Corporations, in their fevera! ftately Barges, with their Arms, Colours and Streamers; and having there in the Exchequer- Chamber taken his folcmn Oath to be true to the King, returns in like Manner to the Hallo! his own. Company, or to Guild-Hall (that is, the great Com- . mon-Hall of Guilds, or incorporated Fraternities) where is prepared for him and his Brethren a molt fumptuous Dinner, to which many of the great Lords and Ladies, all the Judges of the Land, and oftentimes the Lords of his Majelty's mod: Honourable Privy-Council, alfo foreign Eriibafladors are in¬ vited ; and our Kings and Queens have often been pleafed to honour the FeaftWith their Prefence, This great Magiftrate, upon the Death of the King, is faid to be prime Perfon of England ; and therefore when King j fames 1 . was invited to Book III. Of GrE at-B ri t a in. 213 come and take the Crown o (England, Robert Lee, then Lord- Mayor of London, fubferibed in the firft Place, before all the great Officers of the Crown,- and all the Nobility. The Mayor of London, rho’ always a Citizen, hath been of fuel) high Repute and Efteem, that in all Writing and Speak¬ ing to him, the Title of Lord is prefixed, which is given to none others, but cither to Noblemen, to Bifiiops, Judges, and of later Time, to the Mayor of Tori;, or to fomc of the high- eft Officers of the Realm: He is alfo, for his great Dignity, ufually Knighted by the King before the Year of his Mayoral¬ ty be expired. The Lord-Mayor, on the Day of the Corona¬ tion, claims to be chief Butler, and to bear the Cup amongft the higheft Nobles of the Kingdom, which ferve on that Day in their Offices. His Table is, and alfo the Table of each Sheriff, fuch, that iris not only open all the Year to all Comers, Strangers, and others, that are of any confiderable Quality, but fo well fur- nilhed, that it is fuppofed to be always fit to receive the great- eft Subject of England, or of other Potentate: Nay, it is re¬ corded, that a Lord-Mayor of London hath feafted four Kings at once at his Table. Alfo for the Grandeur of the Lord-Mayor, there is allow¬ ed above 1000 1. a Year for his Sword-bearer’s Table, in the Houfe of the Lord-Mayor. His Domefticlc Attendance is very Honourable ; He hath four Officers that wait on him, who are reputed Efquires by their Places; that is. The Sword-bearer. The Common-Hunt, who keeperh a good Kennel of Hounds for the Lord-Mayor’s Recreation abroad. The Common-Crier. The Water-Bailiff. jSJljCriffsJ.] The two Sheriffs of this City are alfo Sheriffs of the County of Middhfex, and are annually chofen by the Citizens of London hom among themfclves, in the Guild-Hall, upon MidftmiwerDtiy-, a high Privilege, among many others, anciently granted to this City by feveral Kings and Queens of this Kingdom; but they are not (worn 'u\\Michaelmas-Evefin& are foon after prefented at the Exchequer, to be allowed by the Barons, and ftvorn: After which they enter upon their Office : If either of the Perfons fo chofen refufe to hold, he incurs a Penalty or Fine of 400 I. unlefs he will fwear that he is not worth 10,00 ol. SPOernifn.] The *6 Aldermen prefide over the 26 Wards of the City: When any of thefe die, the Wardmote return two, and the Lord-Mayor and Aldermen chcjcrfe one out of the mod fubftantial Men of the City: If any fo chofen refufe to hold, he is ufually fined 500/. All the Aldermen that have been Lord-Mayors, and the three cldelt Aldermen that have not yet arrived to that ho- P 3 . nourablo 414 €fie ©tate Part i. nourable Eftate, are by their Charter Juftices of the Peace of this City. . %l)S dompantEJi.] The Traders of' London are divided into Companies, or Corporations, and are fo many Bodies Politick: Of thefe there are 12, called the chief Com¬ panies; and he that is chofen Lord-Mayor, mud be free of one of thefe Companies; v/hich are, 1, Mercers. 5. Geldfmiths. 9 - Salters. s. Grocers. 6. Skinners. 10. Ironmongers. 5. Drapers. 7. Merchant Taylors. 11. Vintners. 4, Tifmwmgcrs. 8. Haberdajhers. 12.' Clothworlers. All thefe 12 Companies have ftately Halls. And if it happen that the Lord-Mayor Eleft is of any other Company, he prcfently removes to one of the Twelve. It hatlrbeen the Cuftomof fome of our Kings, to honour Tome of thefe Companies, by taking their Freedom thereof, as his late Majefty KingWilliam was pleafcd to be made free of the Drapers Company, one of his Prcdeceffors of the Grocers, &c. Each Company, or Myftery, hath a Mailer annually chofen from among thcmfclves, and hath other fubordinate Go- vernours, calledWardens, or Affiftants: Thefe do exactly cor- refpond to the general Government of the City, by a Lord- Mayor and Common-council, who are felefted out of thefe feveral Companies; fo excellent an Harmony there is in that Government. There are befidcs 74 other Companies, or Corporations, all enjoying large Privileges, by Royal Charters granted un- , t o them, and moil of them fair Halls to meet in. Of the Government of the City 0/Westminster, T H E Government of the City of WESTMINSTER is diftinft from that of London , tho’ both Cities and their Liberties are contiguous y for titey have neither Mayor, She¬ riff, nor Aldermen : But inftead of a Lord-Mayor, they have an High-Steward, who is ufually one of the prime Nobility. The High-Steward of V/efiminfier is chofen by thcDean and Chapter, and holds , this high Office durante vita. The Nature of his Office is -not much unlike the Chancellorihip of an Univerilty. . The Dean and Chapter here areinvjted with Ecdefiaftical and Civil Jurifdiftion, as the Vice-Chancellor is in an Univer- fity ; and not only within the City of fVcJhwnJler, but within the Precindts of St. Martins.le-Grand, near Chtapjide, London ; and in fome Towns ofEjfex, exempted as well from the Jurif¬ diftion. of the Bilhop of London, as from that of the Arch, bifhop o(-Canterbury. -The Under-Steward of Wejlpiinfter is likewife an Office of great Note, and inftead of a Sheriff, he holds this honoura¬ ble Office durante vita. ' The Book III. Of Great-Britain. 21:5 The High-Bailiff is an Officer of Honour and Profit, named by the Dean, and confirmed by the High-Steward; lie bolds likewife for Life. ' This City hath two Precinfts; in each a Burgefs is annually .chofen out of the wealthieft Citizens, by the reft, of the Brlr- geffes, who reprefent Aldermen. For Ecdefiaftical Caufes, as Probate of 'Skills, it hath a Royal Jurifdiftion, under a CommifTary ; from whom no Appeal rnuft be, only to the King, itr his High Court of Chancery, •SOlttijtark] was granted by Letters-Patent of Edward IV. to be coiii'ted as one of the Wards of London, by the Name of Bridge-Ward without, and is governed by one of the z6 Aider- men of London. ’Tis vaftly large, rich, and populous; a great Part.of it hath been burnt down fome Years fince the great Fire of London-, but all thofe Ruins are now beautifully repaired. €itp EraineD 2 SanD 0 .] At the Time of the Happy Re- ftauration of King Charles the Second, there were in London and the Liberties, fix Regiments of Trained-Bands, and fix Regiments of Auxiliaries, and one Regiment of Horfe; but in cafe of Need, it is certain, that in London, and within the Liberty, there may in few Days be raifed 40,000 Men, befides Southwark. One Regiment of Trained Bands 1500 Men ; the Hamlets of the Tower Two Regiments, in all 3000 Men; then Holborn Regiment and Wefitninfter Regi¬ ment 2000 each; and in cafe of Neceflity they can raife airtillerp Companp*] Befides thefe Trained-Bands and Auxiliary Men, there is th t Artillery Company, whichisaNur- fery of Soldiers, and hath been fo above 60 Years. This Company confifts of 600 Men. Their Officers are, a Leader, two Lieutenants, two Enfigns, two Serjeants, a Provoft-Mar- ihal, three Gentlemen of Arms, ere. They have alfo a Court- Marlhal, confifting of a Prefident and 24 Members of the Company 5 on the fecond Tttefday in February is a general Rendezvous every Year. ^Ublicft l®Uilainp] in this noble City are very many and magnificent, thofe mod efpecially that are confecrated to the Worlhip of God: For, befides the Royal Chapels of White-Hall and St. James's, that fpacious one of Guild-Hall, and many others, there are 135 Parilh-Churches, befides Chapels and new Churches. To,begin with that celebrated Piece of Architecture, the Cathedral Church of Sr. Paul j it was firft founded by Segbert, a Saxon King, Anno 6ro, in a Place, faith Mr. Selden, where had flood a Temple of Diana. But the Commentator on Anttnius’s Itinerary, fuppofes our Anti¬ quary not to be in Earneft, when he fays London was called than Dim, i, e. The Temple of Diana, Afterwards it was en- P 4 larged a i of the refpe&ive Patilhes, part Of them for the Maintenance of the Minifter, and the refidue for the life of the feveral New Parifhes.] Dodors-Comraons, or the College of Civilians, A Ltho’ Degrees in the Civil La\v may be taken only in Ox¬ ford and Cambridge, and the Theory is belt there to be acquir’d, vet the Prafficc thereof is mod of all in London, where a College was long fince purchas’d by Dr. Henry Harvey , Dean of the Arches, for the Profeffors of the Civil Law in this City, and where commonly refide the Judge of the Arches Court of Canterbury , the Judge pf the Admiralty, and the Judge of the Prerogative Court of Canterbury, with diverfe other eminent Civilians, who there living (for Diet and Lodg¬ ing) in a Collegiate Manner, and commoning together, it was known by the Name of Doelon-Commons, and flood near St.PauSs, in the Parilh of St, Sennet Paul’s Wharf ; which Build- dings being utterly confum’d by the late dreadful Fire, they all redded at Exeter-Houfe in the Strand, until the Year 167a, when they return'd to their former Place, rebuilt in a very fplendid and convenient Manner, at the proper Coll and Char¬ ges of the fail Doftors, The Terras begin, and the general Arches Court-Days are as follow : S. Michaelis. , Pafch. ay Oeiob. GJithid. Pafch. i 'Crajlino Anim. 2. Sejjio. Martini 11 Nov. 3. Sejjio. Edmund't 21 Nov. Crajlino Afcenf, Andrei Trinit. S. Hilarij. Crajlino Trirt, Crajlino Wolftani. 20 Jan. 2. Sefto. Pauli.', 3. Sefto. Elajij. . 4 Feb. 4. Sefto, vel Crajlino D. Jo- Valenftni. harms. In every Term there is a By-day, call’d Dies Exraordina- rittt, except Eajler- Term. Of Book III. of Great-Britain. 235 Of PROCTORS. T H E Proftors, or Procurators, belonging to the afore-men¬ tioned Courts of the Archbilhop of Canterbury, are 34 in Number: Their Office is to exhibit their Proxies for their Clients, and make themfelves Parties for their Clients; to draw up Afts and Pleadings in Caufes; to produce thcWit- nelfes, prepare Caufes for Sentence, and attend the Advo¬ cates with their Proceedings. Thefe are admitted by the Archbilliop’s Fiat, introduced by the two Senior Proftors, and are allowed to praftife im¬ mediately after their Admiffion: They wear black Robes, and Hoods lined with white Furs, taking the Oaths of Allegiance and Supremacy. As for what relates to the Ecclefiaftical Courts kept at Doftors-Commons, fee moteChap. IX. of the Second Book. 2 'be High Court of A D M IRA LfT of ENGLAND. F O R the Dccifion of Maritime Controverfies, Trial of Malefaftorsp and the like, there is a High Court of Ad¬ miralty kept here. There is a Judge thereof, whofe Title is, Supreme. Curia Admiralitatis Anglia Locum terms Judex, Jive Prsjidens: The Writs and Decrees run in the'Name of the Lord High-Ad¬ miral, or Lords Commiffioners executing- that Office; and are direfted to all Vice-Admirals, JuJlices of the Peace, Mayors, Sheriffs, Bailiffs, Conjlables, Marjhals, and others, Officers and Minijlers of our Sovereign Lord the King, as well within Liler- To this Court belongs a Regifler, and his Deputy, and a Marjhal General, who attends the Court, and carries a Silver Oaf before the Judge, whereon are the Arms of the King, and the' Lord High-Admiral. The Lord Admiral hath here his Advocate and Proftor, and all other Advocates and Proftors are prefented by them, and admitted by the Judge. This Court is held on the fame Day with the Arches, but in the Afternoon; and heretofore at St. Margaret's Hili in South- wari, but now in the fame Common-Hall at Doflors-Com- mons-, but the Admiralty Seffions is ftill held for the Trial of Malefaftors, and Crimes committed at Sea, at the ancient Place aforefaid, or at the Old-Bailey. ' The Places and Offices belonging to this Court, are in the Piipofal of the Lord High-Admiral, ‘ - ■ • - " • 0/ 216 C(ie ] 3 j£fcil£ State Part I. Of the College o/ Physicians in London. A Mongft other excellent Inftitutions in the City of London, there is a College, or Corporation of Pbyjicians, who by Charters and Afts of Parliament of Henry ViH. and fincc his Reign, have certain Privileges, whereby no Man, though a Graduate in Phylick of Oxford, or Cambiidge, may, without Licence under the faid College-Seal, ptaefife Phylick in London, or within feven Miles of the City (nor in any other Part ol England, in cafe he hath not taken any De¬ gree in Oxford or Cambridge) whereby a'fo they can admi- nifter an Oath, fine and imprifonfany Offenders in that, and diverfe other Particulars; can .nuke By-Laws, purchafe Lands, arc, whereby they have Authority to learch all the Shops of Apothecaries in and about London, to fee if their Drugs and Coinpofitions are wholfoitv; and well made; whereby they are freed from all troublcfome Offices; as to ferve upon Juries, to be Conftable, to keep Watch and Ward, to beat Arras, to provide Arms or Ammunition, arc. Any Member of that College may practifc Surgery, if he pleafe, not only in London, but in any Part of England. This Society had anciently a College in Knight- Rider-Jlrcet, the Gift of Dr .L'macre, Phyfician to King Henry the V11 Ith. Since which a Houfe and Ground was purchafed by the So¬ ciety of Phyjicians, at the End of Amsn-flreet, whereon the famous Dr. Harvey, 1651, did ereft, at his own proper Charge, a magnificent Strufture, both for a Liarary and a publiclc Hall, for the meeting of the fevcral Members of the Society s endowed the fame with his whole Inheritance, which he refigned up while he was yet living and in Health; Part of which he afiigned for an Anniverlary Oration, to .commemorate all their Benefactors, to exhort others to fol¬ low their Examples, and to provide a plentiful Dinner for the yvorthy Company. Anno 1666, this goodly Edifice could not efcape the Fury pf that dreadful Fire; and that Ground being but a Leafe, the prefent Fellows of this College purchafed with their own Monies, a fair Piece of Ground in Warwkk-lane, where- pn they have raifed a very magnificent Edifice. Thk College has lately built, at their own Charge, a very noble Apartment for the containing an excellent Library of Books, given them partly by the late Marquis of Dorcheficr, who was pleafed to do the College the Honouv to be ad- jnitted Fellow among them, and chiefly by that Eminent Profeflbr Sir Theodore Mayerne, Kt, Of Boole III- of Great-Britain. 237 Of this College there is a Prefident, four Cenfors, and twelve Eleftors, who are all- principal Members of the So¬ ciety, and out of whom one is chofen every Year to pre¬ side. The four Cenfors of the College have, by their Charters, Authority to lurvey, correft and govern all Phyficians, or others, that lhall praftife Phyfick in London, or within fc- ven Miles of the fame; to fine, amerce, and imprifon any of them, as they (hall fee Caufe. The Number of Fellows was only thirty before the Re- ftauration of King Charles II. But thatKing confidcring the Increafe of London fince the firft Incorporation of the Col¬ lege by King Henry VIII. thought fit to encreafe tlieNum- ber of Fellows to Forty; and upon the fame Account, King garnet II. taking into Confideration the farther vaft En¬ creafe of Buildings of late Years, was pleafed in the new Charter to appoint the Number of Fellows to be farther enlarged, fo as they (hall not exceed Fourfcore, referving to himfclf the Power of placing, or difplacing any Fellows for the future. Befides the worthy Perfons'Ynentioned in the Lift, thera are diverfe Phyficians that have good Praftice in London, although they never had any Licence, which is connived at by the College. And yet by the Law of England, if one who is no Phyfician or Surgeon, or not expretly allowed to praftife, (hall take upon him a Cure, and his Patient die under his Hand, this is Felony in the Perfon prefuming fo to do ; but the Re¬ putation which the Difpenfaries have got, will foon put an End to thefe and all other unfair Practitioners. The College having frequently prefled its Members to the Generous and Charitable Cure of their lick poor Neighbours, and the meaner Houfe-keepers and Servants, not only to recommend themfelves by this Service to the Publick, but to improve their Knowledge of Difeafes, and their Reputa¬ tion by their Succefs, made a Subfcription to the Number of Forty-two, Anno 1606, to contribute to the neceflary Charge thereof, and accomplifh the generous Charity to the Sick Poor. They have fince erefted two other Difpenfaries be¬ fides that at the College, one in St. Peter’s Alley in Cornbill, the other in St. Martin's Lane, Wejltninfltr. The beft Medi¬ cines are fold at intrinfick Value; the Patients are advifed every Day but Sunday,- at one of thefe Places, from Three ’till Seven, By the great Number of the meaner Sort ad¬ vifed there, the City and the Nation have been informed of the low Prices of the moft ufeful Medicines, and the Pro¬ portions of them neceflary to be taken in all Difeafes. Crclham- €fje p?efen£ State Part i, S 3 8 Grefliam-College, or the College for Liberal Arts aid Sciences. W ithin the Walls of London is alfo feated a College built by the aforementioned worthy Perfon Sir Thomas Gre- Jham, and endowed in Manner following. After he had built the Royal-Exchange, he gave of the Revenue thereof the one Moiety to the Mayor and Commonalty of London, and their SuccefTors; and the other Moiety to the Company of Mercers , in Trull; that the Mayor and Aldermen (hould find in all Time to come, four able Perfons to read within this College Divinity, Geometry, AJironomy, and Mttflck: And to allow each.of them, befides fair Lodgings, 50!. a Year; and that the Company of Mercers Ihould find three more able Men to read Civil Law, Phyflck and Rhelorick, and to allow to each one of them, befides fair Lodgings, 50/, a Year; and t,hat thefe feveral Lecturers fhould read in Term-time, every Day in the Week (except Sundays) at Morning in Latin, and Afternoon the fame in Englijh : The Mufick Lefhire to be read only in Englijh. t In this College, from the Time of their Incorporation, ’till the Year 171a, when they purchafed a Houfe in Crane- Court, Fleet-flreet , did meet the Fellows of. the Royal Society, to much famed throughout the World: Concerning which the Reader may take this brief. Account, extrafted in part out of that excellent Hiftory of the faid Society, written by Dr. Thomas Sprat, late Bilhop of Rochejlcr, and Dean of Weftminfter. , . jFittt jfounDation of tljc feopal^ocietp.] The firff Aflembly which laid the foundation of this Royal Society was fome Years before the happy Reftauration of King Charles II. at Wadham College in Oxford, in the Lodging of Dr. Wilkins, late Lord Bilhop of Chefter. Afterwards, about the Year 1658, many of themlivingin London, had a Meeting at Grefliam-College-, at length his Majefty took Notice thereof, and was gracioufly pleafed fo far to favour and encourage it, as to grant a large Charter, bearing Date the zad of April, 1663. whereby they were made a Corporation, to confifl of a Prefident, of a Council, and of fellows for promoting the Knowledge cf Natural Things, and life fid Arts by Experiments. Scanner Cf (Electing ifelloto.] Their Manner of Fleming Fcllovjs is according to the Venetian Way, by Balloting. Each fellow at his Admifiion, fttbfcribes this Promife following. That he will endeavour to promote the Good of the Royal So¬ ciety of London, for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge. After this he may at any Time free himfelf from this Obli¬ gation, Book III. Of Great-Britain. 239 nation, only by fignifying under his Hand to the Prefident, that he defires to withdraw from the Society. fSearlp Cljarps: atiu a imittance.] when any one is ad¬ mitted, he pays to the Trealurer only 40 s. and then 13 s. a Quarter fo long as he continues a Member of the Society. gtljcir ©efigtl.] The Defen of theKoynl Society is. in brief; to make faithful Records of all the Works of Nature, or of Art, which can come within their Reach: So that the pre- fent Age and Pofterity may be able to put a Mark 01. the Errors which have been ftrengthened by long Prefcription, to reftore Truths that have been ncglcfted ; to pulh on thofe which are already known, to more various (Jfes; to make the Way more pafTable to what remains unrevealed, eye. (Sppmmmts maDe bp tlje ©ocietp.] The Royal Society then, iince their firft Inftitution, have made a vaft Number of Experiments in almoft all the Works of Nature; they have made particular Enquiries into very many Things, of the Hea¬ vens, as well as of the Earth 5 Eclipfes, Comets, Meteors, Mims, Plants, Animals, Earthquakes, Fiery Eruptions, Inundations, Lakes, Mountains, Damps, Subterraneous Fires, Tides, Currents and Depths of the Sea, and many other Things: They have compofed many excellent fhort Hiftories of Nature, of Arts, ManufaSlures, See. whereof fome are extreme curious. In aWord, the Difcoveriesand Inventions made, fhouldwe fay, but by fome few Perfons of this Society, if well confidered, feem to furpafs the Works of many foregoing Ages. aDbanfagejff aim bp it.] They have mightily im¬ proved Naval, Civil, and Military Architecture ; they have ad¬ vanced the Art, Conduct:, and Security of Navigation ; they have not only put this Kingdom upon Planting Woods, Groves, Orchards, Vineyards, Ever-greens, but alfo Ireland, Scotland, Neiv.England, Virginia, Jamaica and Barbados. All our Plan¬ tations begin to feel the Influences of this Society j they have awakened the whole Civilized, Letter’d, and Intelligent V/orld; fo that in all Countries they begin to be much more intent upon Experimental Knowledge and Practical Studies; upon New Inventions and Difcoveries, which the Au¬ thors of them always recommended to this Society, to be examined, approved, or correfled: So that if any of the prerent Englijb Nation .be fo blind as not to fee the Ufe- fulnefs of this Society, Pofterity will, to their Shame, ac¬ knowledge it with Gratitude, as Foreigners already do from all Parts? To conclude. They have regiftered Experiments, Hiftories, Relations, Obfervations, vc. reduced them into one com¬ mon Stock, and laid fome Part of them up in publick Re- gifters, to be nakedly tranfmitted to the next Generation of Men, andfo to all Pofterity; hereby laying a folid Ground- i ‘ work 240 t£ijep?efent State Parti work for a vail Pile of Experiments, to be continually aug¬ mented through all future Ages. 3 SEf)tir?lib?atp.] Moreover, the Royal Society , for the Ad¬ vancement of this Noble Defign, bath begun a Library, to confid only of fuch Authors as may be ferviceable to that Defign; towards which the late Earl-Marlhal of Englatid did bellow on the Society the whole Norfolcian Library, with a free Permifiion of changing fuch Books as were not pro¬ per for their Works whereby in a fhort Time they will bo able to Ihew a complcat Colleftion of all that hath been publilhed in Ancient and Modern Languages, which either regard the Produftions of Nature, or the Effects of all Ma¬ nual Arts. 30)6 3RepOfltO£p.] The free and bountiful Gift of Daniel Cohval, Eft;; wherein are to be feenmanyThoufands of great Rarities, fetched (fome of them) from the fartheft Corner; of the habitable Worlds as Bealls, Birds, Filhes, Serpents, Flies, Shells, Feathers, Seeds, Minerals, Earths 5 fome Thingsyctri- fed, others cjjtfied ; Mummies, Gums, e rc, diverfe of which have been fince added by other worthy Members of that So¬ ciety, and by other ingenious Perfons : And, in a Ihort Time, is like to be (if not already) one of the larged and mod cu- rious Colleflions of the Works of Nature in the World; JEljeit Coat Of ta£e Part i. 'eges received only the Sons of Noblemen, and belter Sorts of Gentlemen, as Fortefctie affirmed). Of thefe there are Four. 5D»0 SEctnpIC&l Heretofore the Dwelling of the 1 Knights-TempUrs, and purebafed by fome Profcflors ot the Common Law above 300 Years ago: They are called the In¬ ner and Middle-Temple, in relation to HJj'ex Houje, which was Part of the Houfe of the Knights-Tempiers, and called the Outer-Temple, becaufc it is fe.lted without Temple-Ear. tfUncoln’jfcijnn, ana (S’ap'ffOmn.] The two other inns of Court are Lincoln's-Inn, belonging anciently to the Earls of Lincoln, and Gray's-inn, formerly belonging to the noble Family of the Grays. Thefe Societies are no Corporation, nor have any Judicial Power over their Members, but have certain Orders among thcmfelvcs, which have, by Confent, the Force of Laws; for lighter Offences, they are only excommoucd, or put our of Commons, not to eat with thereft; and for greater Offences, they lofe their Chambers, and are expelled the College; and being expelled, they are never received by any of the three other Societies. There are no Lands or Revenues belonging to thefe Socie- ties,which being no Corporations, are not enabled to purchafe, or have they any thing for the defraying the Charges of the Houfe, but what is paid at Admittances, and other Dues for their Chambers. The whole Company of Gentlemen in each Society, may be divided into four Parts, benchers, Uiter-Bar- riflers, Inner-Barrijlers, and Students. Ktnctjew.] Benchers are the Seniors, to whom is commit¬ ted the Government and Ordering of the whole Houfe; and out of thefe is chofen yearly a Trcafurer, who receiveth, dirburfeth, and accounteth for all Monies belonging to the Houfe. [There are no Mootings or Readings in the Inns of Court ot Chancery at this Day.] INNS of CHANCE Kt T HE Inns of Chancery were probably fo named, becaufe there dwelt fuch Clerks as did chiefly ftudy the forming of Writs which regularly appertained to the Curfitors that are Officers of Chancery. The firft of thefe is called T havies-lnn, begun in the Reign of Edw.lll. and fince purchafed by the Society of Lincoln's-Inn-, then Nevj-lnn, Clement's-lnn, Clif¬ ford' s-lnn, anciently the Houfe of the Lord Clifford ; Staple- Inn, belonging to the Merchants of the Staple; and Lion’s- Book III. Of Great-Britain. Inn, anciently a common Inn, with the Sign of the Lion , Furnivai's-Inn, and Bernard’s-Inn. Thefe were heretofore preparatory Colleges for younger Students, and many were entred here, before they were ad¬ mitted into the Inns of Court. Now they are for the nioft part taken up by Attornies, Sol- Ucitors, and Clerks, who have their Chambers apart, and their Diet at a very eafy Rate, in a Hall together, where they are obliged to appear in grave long Robes, and black round knit Caps. *&erjeant0«3|nn.] Laflly, There are two more Colleges called Serjeam’s-Inn, where the Common.Law-Student, when he is arrived to the higheft Degree, hath his Lodging and Diet; they are called Servicntesr.d Legem, Serjeants at Law, and are ai Doftors in the Civil Law, only thefe have hereto¬ fore been reputed more noble and honourable ; Dodoris cnim appellatio efl Hagifterij. Servientis veto Minifterij . To arrive to this high Degree, take this brief Account. ©egrce0 bp toljicl) t[)cprift’.] The young Student in the Common-Law is admitted to be of one of the four Inns of Court, where he is called a Moot-Man, and after about feven Years Study, is chofen an Utter-Barrifter 5 and is then in a Capacity to be made a Serjawt at Law, when his Majcfty fliall be pleas’d to call him, which is in this Manner: ©CTJl'ant0at?Lall!.] When the Number of Serjeants is final], the Lord Chief-Juftice of the Common-Pleas, by the Ad¬ vice and Confent of other the Judges, makes Choice of fix: or eight, more or lefs, of the 1110ft grave and learned of the Inns of Court, and prefehts their Names to the LoxA-Chancel- lor, or Lord-Keeper, who fends, by the King’s Writ, to each of them, to appear on fuch a Day before the King, to receive the State and Degree of a Serjeant at Law : At the appointed Time, they being habited in Robes oftwo Colours, viz. Brown andSlue, come accompanied withthe-Students of thelnnsof Court, and attended by a Train of Servants and Retainers, in certain peculiar Cloth Ljverjes, to Wejlminficr-Hall ; there in Pnblick they take a folemn Oath, and are cioathed with certain Robes and Coifs, without which they may be feen no more in Publick. After this, they fcaft the great Perfons of the Nation in a very magnificent and princely Manner; give Gold Rings to the Princes of the Blood, Archbilhops, Chancellor, Treafurcr, to the, Value of40t. each Ring; to Earls and Biihops, Rings of 10 j. to other great Officers, to Barons, crc.Ringsof lefs Value, befides a great Number of Rings to private Friends. Out of thefe are chofen all the Judges of the King’s-Bench and Common-Pleas; whereof every Judge doth always wear the white Linncn Coif, which he had as a principal Badge of a Serjeant, and which lie had ever the Privilege to wear at all R 3 Times, 24.6 Cljep?cfent State Part i. Times, even in the King’s Prefence, and while he fpeaks to the King; though anciently it was not permitted to any Subjeft to be fo much as capp’d in the Prefence of the King of Ertglnnd, 2L 31U®S e tnaDB'"l When any of the afore-mentioned Judges are wanting, the King, by the Advice of his Council, makes choice of one of theie Serjeants at Law to fupply his Place, and' conftitutes him by Letters-Patent, fealed by the Chan- cellor, who fitting in the Middle of the reft of the Judges in open Court, by a fet Speech, declares to the Serjeant (who upon this Occafion is brought in) the King’s Plea- fure; and to the People the King’s Goodnefs, in providing the Bench with fuch able honeft Men, as that Juftice may be done expeditely and impartially to all his Subjects; and caufes,the faid Lefters-Patenf to be read; and being depar¬ ted, the Chief-Juftice places the faid Serjeant on the Bench Junior of all the reft; and having taken his Oath well and truly to ferve the King, and all his People in' the Office of Juftice, to take no Reward, to do equal and fpeedy Juftice to all, &e. he fets himfelf to the Execution of his Charge. And now in fome Things his former Habit of a Ser¬ jeant is altered ; his long Robe and Cap, his'Hood and Coif are the fame; but there is befides, a Cloak put over him, and dofed on his right Shoulder, and his C aputium is lined with Minever, of de Minuto vario , diverfe fmall Pieces of white rich Fur: But the Two Lord Chief-Juftices, and the Lord Chief-Baron, have their Hood, Sleeves and Collars turned up with Ermin. Note, That out of the Serjeants afore-mentioned the King by Writ ufually calls fome to be of his Council at Law, al¬ lowing each one Witdage, Feodage, Veft nr age, and Legardage: Thefe fir within the Bar in all Courts at Wejlminfter, except in the Court of Common-Pleas, where all fit without the Bar. HOSPITALS. Befides (^Colleges, properly fo called, there are in this City many richly endowed Hofpitals, Alms-Houfes, Work-Houfes, : and Houfes of Correftion. Ihe mofi noted are, Sutton’j Hofpital, or the Charter-Houfe. ’ A Little without the Walls ftands this College, or Collegiate XI Houfe, called anciently the Chartrenfe, now corruptly the Cbarter-Houji, it'being heretofore a Convent of Carthuftan Monks, Book III. Of Great-Britain.' 247 Monks, in French, des Chartreux. Tin's College, now called Sutton's Hofpital, confifts of a Matter, who is a Gove' nour, a Chaplain, and feveral other Officers; alfo a Matter and Uflier to inftruft 40 Scholars, befides 80 decayed Gentle¬ men, Soldiers and Merchants, who have all a plentiful Main¬ tenance of Diet, Lodging, Cloaths, Phyttck, arc. and live altogether in a Collegiate Manner, with much Cleannefs and Neatnefs; and the 40 Scholars have not only Necettaries whilft they are here taught, but if they become fit for the Univerfiries, there is alio unto each one, out of the year¬ ly Revenues of this College, 101. yearly and duly paid for eight Years after thay come to the. Dniverfity; and to others, fitter for Trades, there is-allowed a confiderable Sum of Money to bind them Apprentices. There are moreover all Sorts of Officers expedient for fuch a Society, as Phvfician, Apothecary, Steward, Cooks, Butlers, arc. who have all competent Salaries. The Revenue, and Princely Foundation, was the foie Gift of Thomas Sutton, Efq; a L’mcclnfbue Gentleman, and a Protettant; and is fuppofed to be fo great, as cannot he parallels by the Charity of anv one Subjeft in Europe, notwithftanding the great Boafts of the Roman Catholicks. The Houfe coil him at firft 13,000/. and the fitting up for this Purpofe about 7,000/. more; in all 20,000 /. and was endowed by him with 4,000 / 'per Annum, which is fince improved to near 6,000 /. per Annum. The Founder died the twelfth Day of December, i6it, and this his Foundation hath been ever fince entire, and maintained by its own Revenue, without as yet admitting any other Addition of Charity to it: Although by Letters of Licence granted by his late Mnjefty, in the Seventh Year of his Reign, the Governours are impowered to receive by Will or Deed any farther Addition of Charity not exceeding four thoufand Pounds per Annum to Mr. Sutton’s Revenue. 0 The Governours are in Number fixteen, and all Vacancies fup- plied by the Eledlion of the remaining Governours. In the Difpofal of the Governours, are the following Bene- 1. At the Charter-Hpufc, 2. Baljbam, 3. Caflh-Camps, 4. Horfcheath, 5. Hallingbury, 6. Dttnsby, 7. South-Minjler, 8. Cold-Norton, 9. Little-Wigborov/, 10. Sart/and. R 4 Chelsea- 248 Jtfie ©#eitt state Parti. Chelsea-College, or the Royal Hofpital for difabled Soldiers. T H E Royal Hofpital at Chilfea, in the County of Middle- fix, founded by King Charles the Second, earned on by King James the Second, and now perfected by the late King IVilijaM and Queen Mary, is feated upon a Piece of Ground, whereon a Building formerly Rood, which was defigned by Y-in^ James the Firdfor a College of Divines, todeTend the Reformation of the Church of England againft all Oppofers; which Ground did efeheat to the King. It is about a Mile from the Suburbs of London, near the famous River of 'Thames, m a mod wholfome Air, upon a riling gravelly Ground, about lixteen Foot higher than the River, from whence it is abundantly furnifned with wholfome Water, c-ven to the Top of the Fabrick, by a mod ingenious Ma¬ chine, without the Labour of Horle or Man, lately invent¬ ed by a Shopkeeper of London. The main Building is a large Square, whereof one Side is open to the River, which is about one hundred Paces tjiftantj and where is a mod commodious and magnificent Landing- Place : Of the other three Sides, the Front-lide contains the Chapel and Hall, both very fpacious and noble Rooms. The two other Sides, being four Stories high, are divided into Wards, or Galleries, two in each Story, containing each /twenty-fix diilincb Apartments for the Foot-Soldiers. At each of the four Corners of this main Building there is a fair Pa- a:hir., in one whereof is the Governour’s Lodgings, and the Council-Chamber; the other three being fair Lpdgings for feveralof the Officers of the Houfe, both Civil and Mi¬ litary. In the Middle of this great Court is placed, upon a Marble Pedeftal, a mod curious brazen Statue of the Founder, King Charles the Second, at the Cod and Charge of Mr. Toly Kaftan. The Number of ordinary Penfioners is 4SC, befides the Officers of the Houfe, Matrons, Landrefs, Walker-women, The Out, or Extraordinary Penfioners, are more nume¬ rous, and thefe upon Occafion do Duty in the fcveral Gar- rifons, from whence Draughts are made for the Army, arc. The Penfioners have all Red Coats, lined with Blue, and are provided with all other Cloaths, Linncn and Woollen, plentiful Diet, neat clean Lodging, Wafning, Fire, and one Day’s Pay in every Week for (pending Money. The Qualification to be admitted of this Society is. That each one mud fird bring a Certificate from their fuperior 6fficer, that He hath been maimed and difabled in the Set- Book III. Qf GreaT-Bjutain. 249 'vice of the Crown; or elfe that he hath ferved the Crown twenty Years, which muft appear by Mufter-Rolls. For the Government of this Royal Foundation there are appointed proper Officers; a Lift of which fee at the Clofe of this Work. They have all fair Lodgings^and fuitable Diet in the Hall. Moreover, there are feveral other Officers, or Servants, as Cooks, Butlers, Bakers, Sexton, Ufher, Porter's, Women, Houfe-keepers, Matrons, 24, who have all Diet in the Hof- pital. There are alfo Barbers, and diverfe other Servants, befides Smiths, Carpenters, Joiners, Plummers, Stone-cut- To defray the vaft Charges of this Royal Hofpital, there is a confiderable Sum paid yearly out of the Poundage of the Army, befides one Day’s Pay of each Officer, arid of each common .Soildier once every Year, which in Time of War amounted to above 13,000 /. Green wic h-H o s p i t a l. N Ext to this, Greenwich-Hofpital, built upon the River Thames, muft hereafter take its Place in this Book, as being not much farther from London-Bridge Eajlwari than Chelfea is Weflwari: But if we Ihould conftder the Magni¬ ficence, Capaciottfnefs, or Ufefulnefs of the Building, it Ihould rather precede the former, as much excelling it on each Account as the Naval Strength of an Ifland is every way preferable in its Value to the Land-Forces of it. ’Tis built below Bridge, as nioft proper for its Inhabitants, who are to be all fuch Englifi Seamen as by Age, Wounds, or other Accidents, jhall be difabled from further Service at Sea, and for the Widows and Children of fuch as happen to be fain in Sea-Service: ’Tis to be fitted up for no lels than 450 Sea- jnen, if Encouragement be anlwerable to the Statelinefs of the Strufture, which is truly Royal, a great Part of it being built in King Charles the Second's Time, at 36,000 /. Expcnce ; encouraged much by King William the Third’s Commiffion, and by a new Commiffion granted by the late Queen Anne ; and we hope will be perfefled, under the aufpicious Influ¬ ences of our prefent Gracious Sovereign King George II. Formerly a Monaftery of Gray-Friers, diflolved by Henry VIII. and converted by his Son Edw.V I. into an Hofpital for poor Children, called by fome the Blue- Coat-Hofpital ; all the Boys and Girls being cloathed in Blue- Coats, very warm and decent, and provided with all fuitable Neceflaries. It hath fince been enlarged by diverfe confider¬ able Benefaiftors. A great Part of this Fabrick was burnt down in thegreat lure; but is again rebuilt with much Splen T 2 sq CJje patent State Part i, dor and Convenience, by the pious Care and Charipy of its Governours, Truftees, and Religious Bcnefaiftors. Never- thelefs, all would not do, without contract.ng a great Debt, and anticipating the Revenues of the Hofpital, the tfteft of which it Hill feels, and is like fo to do, unlefs adminiftred to by the bountiful Hands, not only of wild' g, bur o; able Per¬ fons. ICint* Charles the Second fouoded here a Mathematical School, and liberally endowed it with Maintenance lor an ex- quifite Teacher, where the more adult Lads, about Forty in Number, are taught all.Parts of Mathematicks, but cfp cially the Art of Navigation; and afterwards they are every Year, about Ten or Twelve at a time, put Apprentices to Matters of Ships, and fo become skilful and brave Commanders. Here were lately above a Thoufand poor Children, molt of them Orphans, maintained in the Houfe, and out atNurfe, upon the' Charge of this Foundation, and fix or (even Score put yearly forth to Apprenticelhip ; the Maidens to good and ■ honeft Services. Some of "the moft pregnant 'Lads are fo good Proficients at the Grammar-School belonging to this Hofpital, that they are fent to the Univerfity, and become excellent Scholars; and fome of thofe that have been put to Trades, have arrived to the higheft Dignities in this City, even the Pmorsal Chair hath been filled with one of thefel But the Hated Revenue not being at all anfwefable to the necefiary yearly Expences, many of the moft wealthy Citi¬ zens and Merchants are chief Governours, in hopes that they will commiferatc thofe Wants which their own Eyes fee. That venerable Alderman, Sir John Moor , Knight, fet a noble Example of Munificence to this Hofpital, in building a magnificent Writing-School, c re. which cofthim (as it is computed) upwards of Four Thoufand Pounds. St. Bar(:lj.OlOmeto>igOfpital] adjoins to the fai ichrijl's- Vofptal, and formerly belonged to the fame Gray-Friers, founded by Rath ere, who was the firft Prior of that Houfe, in the Time of Henry the Firft, enlarged by Henry the Fourth! At the DifTolution of Monafteries, Henry the Eighth left 500 Marks a Year to it, for the Relief of poor People; but it was more largely endowed, for the Ufe of Sick and Lame Perfons only, by Edward the Sixth. This Spittal hath able Phyfi- cians and Surgeons, careful Nurfes, and good Provifion for wounded and Sick Soldiers and Seamen, and other difeafed Perfons, which come from all Parts of the Kingdom hither for Cure; and through God’s Blelfing here is fometimes 2000, or upwards, cured in a Year, and relieved with Mo¬ nies and other Neceffaries at their Departure. This Houfe itfelf efcaped the Fury of, the great Fire, but moft of the Eftate belonging to it was confumed. St. SD)Omafl’0sp>£pitill] >n Southwark is for the fame Ufe, and underwent almoft the fame Fate in its Revenues, Book III. Of Great-Britain. 2fi not only in 1666, blit in the three gre.it Fires i a Southwark, 11576, 1681, 1689. This ivas originally founded anHofpi- tal by Richard, the Prior of Bermondfey, Anno m3. It was furrendred by the Mailer to King Henry VIII. valued at z66l. 17 6 d. per Annum. It was given by the excellent King Edward VI. to the Mayor and Commonalty of Lom. dsn, and appointed to be called the Hofpital of St. Thomas theApoftle, and appropriated for the Cure of Poor, Sick, In¬ firm and Lame Perfons. Though this Hofpital has feveral Times efcaped Burning (particularly, when in 1676 the Fire was extingui(hed at thisHoufe, after the Flames had feveral Times touched it) yet the Buildings were fo very old and ruinous, that the Governours thought it necelfary to re build the fame, which has been done at the Charge of the faid Governours, afiided by the Contributions of other bounti¬ ful Benefaftors, without, leflening the.Revenucs of the Hof¬ pital. It now confifts of four Courts, very fpacious, orna¬ mental and commodious. I11 the Firfl are fix Wards for Women : In the Second are two Chapels, one for the Ufe of the Hofpital; the other commonly called, The Parijh- Church of St. Thomas, Southwark. In the fame Court are the Houfes of the Treafurer, Hofpitaler, Steward, Butler and Cook. In the Third Court are feven Wards for Men, with a convenient Shop, Store-Rooms and Laboratory for the Apothecary. In the Fourth Court are two Wards for Women, with a Surgery, hot and cold Baths, c«. Befides thefe Squares, the Governour, in the Year 171S, erefted a fpacious Building, in which are Wards, and Beds in them for one Hundred Perfons; fo that now there is room for above five Hundred People, and there are about four Thou T fand poor and difeafed Perfons cured in, and difcbarged yearly out of this Hofpital. On a convenient Piece of Ground, in the Parilh of St. Thomas, Southwark, near adjoining to this Houfe, isnotv built an Hofpital for Incurables, by the extraordinary Charity of Thomas Guy, Efq ; in which-there is Provifion made for about four Hundred Perfons. WALL GATES. T H E ancient City of London was walled in on all Paris with,a drong Stone Wall of Defence, in Height and Thicknefs proportionable to its Defign, which is now for the mod Part decayed, Dwelling-Houfes being now built upon the Foundations ofthatwhich is wanting, or upon the Top of that little which remains. Yet mod of the Gates of that old Wall dill remain; thofe which were burnt down, as i udgate and Newgate, are rebuilt with great Solidity and Mag- 1 : ■ • - nificncej ? 52 f()e P?efKtt Stute Part I. nificence ; and ihofe which Scaped, as Alderfgate, Cripple-gate, Moor-gate,Aldgate, are kepi in good Repair, and all are fhut up every Night with great Diligence, and a (efficient Watch at Ten o' Clock; none being buffered to go in or out without Examination : In like Manner, at the fame Hour, Watches arc placed every where about the City, who feize all fttfpi- cious l’erfons, and fecure them 'till the next Morning, to be examined by a Jttfticeof the Peace; and it they are found to be Vagabonds, Strumpets, or N'ght-Walkers, they are Cent to a Houfe of Correftion. Moft of thefe Gates are of good Architefture, and adorned with Statues of fome of our Kings and Queens, as is that likewife called Temple-Bar in Flcet- Jireet, near the Middle-Temple-Gate. 30?ifOlljff.] The defigned Brevity of this Treatife will not let me give a very particular Account of all the Prifons in and about this City. Two of the aforefaid Gates, viz. Newgate and Litigate, being ftrongly built, are Prifons, the firft chiefly for heinous Malefaftors, as Traitors, Murderers, Felons and the like, who are tried at the Scffions-houfc in the Old-Bai- ley, hard by; and the other only for Debtors, who arc Free¬ men of London. The King's-Peach Prifon in Southwark is one of the greateft for Debtors in England. Not far ftom it is the Marjhalfea, a Prifon belonging to the'Court of the Knigltt- Marlhal of the King's-Cmtrt, who is Sir Philip Meadows. The Fleet, near Fleet-Ditch, is a great Prifon liketvife for Debt¬ ors ; fo are the two Compters, belonging more peculiarly to the City. The Nezv-Prifon at White-Chapel, 'the Gati-Houfe at Wejlminjler, and others, W'ould take up too much Room to be deferibed here; but each have their diftinft Privileges and Conveniences, according to the Circumftances of the Debt¬ or, which is the Reafon why he fo oft removes himfelf- from one to the other, by Writs of Habeas Corpus. JLoilDOllJlU^tDgP.] The next Thing remarkable in the City of London may be the Bridge; which, for admirable Work- manfhip, for Vaftnefs of Foundation, for all Dimenfions, and for folid Houfes, and rich Shops built thereon, furpaf- feth all others in Europe: It has nineteen Arches, founded in a deep, broad River, and fome fay, on a foftouzy Ground, 800 Foot in Length, 60 Foot high, and 30 broad ; hath a Draw-bridge almoft in the Middle, and 10 Foot beetwen each Arch. It was begun by King Henry'll, and finifhed Anno 1209, in the Reign of Kim* John. Tlie Building of this Bridge of London was an exceeding difficult and coftly Piece of Work; and to tliofe that con- fidcr the conftant great Flux and Reflux at that Place, it feems almoft impoflible to be done again: The Charge of keeping it in Repair is fo great that it hath been thought fit by our Anceftors to have a large Houfe, a vaft Revenue in Lands and Houfes, and diyerfe confiderable Officers, mi Book III. cf Great-Britain. 25? to be fet apart for the conftant Care and Repair thereof; the Principal whereof are the two Bridge-matters, chofen out of the Body of the Liveries upon Midjummer-Day , after the Sheriff, and Chamberlain. SOjE^OpalrfSjCclliinge] is next to be confidered, as the nobleft Building of thatUlein the World. The former Burfe began to be erefted in the Year 1566, juft too Years before it was burnt; it was built at the Coil and Charges of a noble Merchant, Sir Thomas Grcjham, and opened in a folemn Manner, by a Herald and Sound of Trumpet, in the Prefence, and by the fpecial Command of Queen Elizabeth, proclaimed and named the Royal-Exchange. It was built of Brick, and yet Was the moftfplendid Burfe (all Things confi¬ dered) that was then in Europe ; before the Building whereof, the Burfe for Merchants was kept in lombard-flreet. Nowit is built within, and without of the fore-mentioned excellent Stone, with fucb curious and admirable Architefture, efpecially for a Front, 'high Turret, or Steeple, wherein are an harmonious Chime of twelve Bells; and for Arch-work, that it furpafleth all other Burfes : Quantum lenta foknt inter viherna cnfrejp.. It was built quadrangular, with a large Court, wherein the Merchants mayaffemble, and the greatelfPartincafeof Rainy or hot Sun-fhine, may be fheltered in Side-Galleries, or Porti¬ co’s. The whole Pabrick co'ft 50,000 /. whereof one half was disburfed by the Chamber of London, or Corporation of the City, and the other'half by the Company of Mercers ; and to re-imbufe themfelves, there is let to Hire too Shops above Stairs, at 20 1. yearly Rent each, and 30 1. Fine, befides the fcveral Shops below, on the Eaft and Weft Sides, and the huge vaulted Cellars under Ground; fo that it is the richeft Piece of Ground perhaps in the whole World; for, according to ex- aft Dimenfions, the Ground whereupon this goodly Fabrick iserefted, is but 171 Footfrom Northto South, and ao; Foot fromEaft to Weft; fo that it is but very little more than three Quarters of an Acre of Ground, andwill produce above 4000 1, yearly Rent. ' [The Shops in the Galleries about the Exchange rttoft of them ftand empty at p'refent, which very much leffens the Revenue; and indeed the City hath not long Time to dip pute paying the Salaries left by Sit Thomas Grcjham to the Members of Grejbam-College:} In the midft of this great Quadrangle ftands that exquifite Statue of his late Majefty King Charles II. erefted'at the Charge of the Society of Merchant Adventurers of England : ’Tis done with great Beauty and Spirit, in the ancient Roman Habit of their Cefars, with a Wreath of Lawrel on his Head, Handing upon a Pedeftal feven Foot high, on three Sides where- 2 54 of are curiouflycut on three Efcutcheons; Ffrft, the Arms of England and France quartered : Secondly, of Scotland: Third, ly, of Ireland ; each (upported by a Cupid ; and on the fourth’ Side is the following Inlcription: Carols II, CefariBritannicoj Patria Patri, Regum Optimo, Clement'ffimo, AuguflijftmoJ Generis Humant Uelidis, Utriufque fortune Viftori, Pads Europi Arbitro, Marium Domino ac Vindici, Societas Uercatorum Adventur. Anglis , %ut perCCCC jam prope Atmos Regia benigmtate font, Fide't Intemerats cr Gratitudinis sterna. Hoc Teftimonium Vetterabttnda pofuit. Anno falutis Humans M DC LXXX1V. TheWhole is made of white Marble, fomewhat bigger than the Life, and is the Workmanlhipof the famous Carver and Statuary, hlr.Gr'mlinGiibont, And as before the dreadful Fire there were all around the Quadrangle of this Royal-Exchange, the Statues of all the So¬ vereign Princes of this Kingdom Cnee the Norman Conqueil; fo now, by the Care and Coft of the City-Companies, moil of thofe Niches are again filled with the like curious Statues in Marble or Alabafter, and the reft are daily defigned. Statue at Cl)aring=Crof0.] There are other Statues wor¬ thy to be taken Notice of, particularly that at Charing-Crofs, of King Charles the Firft on Horfeback, bigger than the Life, done in Brafs, flanding on a high Pedeftal of white Marble, curioufly adorned with Trophies of War, and all compared about with Iron Rails: It was done by an admirable Artift, La Seur, who made that magnificent Brazen Monument in King Henry the Seventh's Chapel, for the Duke of Buckingham, that was murdered by Felton. In themidftof the great Court at White-Hall, .is a Noble Statue in Brafs of King James the Second, upon a Pedeftal of Marble, with this lnfcription, JACOBUS SEC UN DUS DEI GRATIA, ANGLItE, SCOTIyE, FRANCIS ET HIBERNIA: REX, FIDEI DEFENSOR, 1686, mt Book III. of Great-Britain. 25* Monument.] Not far from the Bridge is the fatal Place were the dreadful Fire afore-mentioned firfl: began; near which is now ere&ed (as was ordered by an A ft of Parliament immediately after the Fire) a Pillar in perpetual Memory thereof: It is of the Tufcan Order, 101 Foot high from the Su- perfices of the Ground, and 15 Foot Diameter, all of foil'd Portland Stone, with a fair Stair-cafe in the Middle, of black Marble, with an Iron Balcony on the Top (not unlike thofe two ancient white Marble Pillars at Rowe, erefted in Honour of the Emperors Trajan and M. Antoninus, thofe excellent Princes, which were there built above 1500 Years ago, and are flill (landing entire,) The Pedeftal of this our Pillar is alfo all of Portland Stont, and is ai Foot fquare, and 40 Foot high; the Front whereof is curioufly adorned with ingenious Em¬ blems in Bajfo Relievo, the Work of that admirable Sculptor and Carver in Stone, Mr. Gabriel Cibber, another Praxiteles; and on the Sides thereof are thefe following incomparable In- On one Side, AnnoChrifl't ClODCLXVI, Die IV, Nonas Seftembris, bine in Orientcm pedum CC1I intervalb (qua eft hujufee Columns: Altitude) erupit de media nolle Imendium, quod, vento fpirante, haujit etiarn longinqua, &■ paries per omnes populabundum, fereba- tur cum impetu V fragore incredibili, XXCIX Templa, Portas, Pritorium, JZdes publicas, Ptochotrophia, Scholar, Bibliothecas, Infttlarum magnum Name rum, Domum CCIOD 000000 CC, vices CD abfttmjit, de XXVI RegionibusXV funditus dehvit, alias VIII laceras & femiujlas reliquit. Vrbis Cadaver ad CDXXXVI jugera bine ab arceper Tamifss ripam ad Templariorum fanum, il- linc ob Euro aqttilonal't porta Jecundum mttros ad fojftt Fletane caput porrextt t Adverftts opes civittm & fortunas infeftum, erga vitasjnnocuum ; ut per omnia referret fupremam illam Mund't Velox Cladesfitit t Exiguum tempus tandem vidit Civitatemfo- rentijftmam & nullam. Tertio die, cum jam plane evicerat humana conjilia & fubftdia omnia, ctelitus, ut par ejl credere, jujfus, ftelit fatalis ignis O' quaquaverfum elanguit. [Ssd Furor Papifiictts, qui tarn dira pa - travit, nondum rejlinguitur.] Which laft Words were erafed at King^times’s Acceflion to the Ctown, and reinferibed foon after the Revolution. On the other Side is, CAR 01U S II. q.Mart, F. Mag. Brit. Fran. & Hib. Rex, Ttrt.D. Princeps Ckmmvjfmui, mijeratus lucluofam remmfact- 2 j 5 c&e pjefent State ?art t em.plttrima, fumantibus jam turn Rtimis, infolathim Civium& Urbis fm Ornamentum, providil, Tributum remiftt, precis ordi- nis hr populi Londinenfts retulit ad Regni Senatttm ; qui continue decrevit uti pttblica operapecunid publicd, ex veSligali carbonis fojji. lisoriitndd, in meliorem formam reftituerentur, utique JEdes Sacra W D. Pauli Templum, d fstndamentis othni MagnificentiA extrue- rentur ; Pontes, Peru, Carceres novi fierent, emundarentur Alvei, Vici ad regulam refponderent, Clivi complanarentur, aperiremur Angiportus, Fora & Macella in Areas fepojitas eliminarentur. Cenfuit etiam uti fingula domus muris intergerinis concluderemur, univerjqih fron'tem pari altitudineconfurgerent, omnefqiteparities faxo quadrate aut coSlo latere folidarentur: Utique nemini liceret ultra feptennium edtficando immorari: ad hue, litis de terminis oritur as, lege lata prsfeidit, ddjecit quoque fupplicatipnes annttas O' ad eternam pojlerorusn memoriam H. C. P.C. Fejlinatur undique, refurgit Londinum, majori celeritate an Jplehdore incertum. Unum iriennium abfolvit quod fecttli opus credebatur. Over the Door, on the EaftSide, is the following Infcription,' Imepta Pichardo Ford Eqtt, Pratore Lend. A. D. CIODCLXXI. Perdtida alius , Georgio Waterman Eq, P. V. Roberto Hanfon Eq. P.V. Gulielmo Hooker Eq. P. V. Riberlo Finer Eq, P. V. fofepho Sheldon Eq. P.V. Perfefta ■ Thomas Davis Eq. Pra. Urb. Anno.Dorn. MDCLXXVII. About the Plinth of the lower Pedeftal is' this following In¬ fcription in Englijb. This Pillar was fet up in perpetual Remembrance of the mojl dreadfulBurning this Protejlant City, begun and carried on by the Treachery and Malice of the Popijh FaSlion, in the Beginning of September, in the Tear of our Lord. 1666, In order to the car¬ rying on their horrid Plot for extirpating the Protejlant Religion, and old Etiglilh Liberty, and introducing Popery and Slavery. [Eight Republicans, formerlyOfficers or Soldiers in Cromwell's Army, who were convifted of Treafonfome Weeks before the Fire, confefled, at their Executions, that they had confpired to fire fhe City the beginning of September ; and the true BobkHI. t)f Great-Britain.. 25? Nan, That this Infcription was erafed by King James upon his Acceflion to the Crown; but re-infcribed prefently after the Happy Revolution, in fucli deep Characters as are not eaOly CompaniesTo fpeak now particularly of the ma¬ ny noble Structures belonging to, and built at the foie Charges of each Guild, or incorporated Fraternity in this great City, would take up too much Place in this little Book: Thefeare built like the Houfes of the Nobility, with gallant Frontif- • pieces, {lately Courts, fpacious Rooms; the Hall especially, from Which the whole is named, is not only ample enough to entertain at a Time of Feafting, all of the Livery breach Company, be they one, two, or three Hundred, but many of them are fit to receive a Crowned Head, with all its No¬ bles, thofeof each of the twelve Companies efpecially; and in fomeone of thefe Halls, as that of Merchant-Taylors, the Annual Fedivals of the mod fplendid Societies are celebra¬ ted, as of the Artillery-Company, the mod Glorious; and the Sons of the Clergy, the mod Beneficent that this City can boad of: One of thefe twelve Palaces (as I may call them) the Lord Mayor for the Time being ufually makes the Place of his Refidence, with all his Family, and his Officers; thefe he ufually entertains all Foreign Princes and Embafla- dors. The Company of Mercers, befides their Hall, have a fumptuous and fpacious Cbapel for Divine Service, which every Lord's Day, .during the mod populous Seafons of the Year, is fupplied by feleft Preachers. To the Drapers-Hall belongs a large and Well-kept Garden, with Bowers for Re¬ tirement to dudy; blit is open to all People of genteel Ap¬ pearances And indeed, each Hall hath fome or other particu¬ lar Excellency. iJfoUnfainB.] I come now to confiderthe publick Foun¬ tains and AtjtuduSls, which are many and fumptuous, afford¬ ing mod excellent andwholfome \jfaters; to omit thofe of Crowder's-Well in Jewh-flreet, that of Tower-Hill, and others of peculiar Virtues, as well as general Life; fomeofthemod eminent are thefe: j&tatue of tlje King in g»tocSo#ar 6 et.] The neatly Wrought Conduit in the Market-Place, at the Wed-End of Lombard-Street, whereupon is placed a large Statue of King Charles the Second on Horfebacfc, trampling upon an Enemy, at the foie Cod and Charges of that worthy Citizen and Al- dermanof London, Sir Robert Vjner, Knight and Baroner. s tfoim# ay8 ' ®be latent State i. fountain tnSing’tfS'quare.J The Defign alfoof that Fountain in the middle of Kmg’s-Sqttare, in Soho Fitlds Build¬ ings, deferves Obfervarion; where, on a high Pedeftal, is King Charles’s Statue, and at bis Feet lie the Reprefentations of the four principal Rivers of England, pouring out their Waters into the Cittern, viz. Thames, Trent, Humber and Severn, -with Ihfcriptions under each. There is an excellent and plentiful Fountain likewife at Aid. gate, with many others of lefs Note in and about the City. Nor mutt we pafs by without notable Remark Themighty chargeable and beautiful Work, rendring Navigable the Sleet-Brook, or Ditch from the River Thames up to Holbourn-Bridge ; the curious Stone-Bridges over it; the many huge Vaults on each fide thereof, to treafure up Newcajlle Coals for theUfeof the Poor. Obfervable likewife are the many fair and commodious Pla¬ ces of publick Sale and Markets: Blackwell-Hall, a Place of Faftorsfor Woollen-Cloth fthis is a large fumptuous Building, joining to Guild-Hall, to which Cloth is fent,- as to a publick Fair or Market, from all Parts of the Kingdom, atld is under the Direftion of the Governors of Chrifi’s-Hofpital. Srniitljfida,] Avail Weekly Market on Mondays and Fri¬ days for Horfes and all Sorts of live Cattle; where the Annual Fair is likewife kept, beginning on St. Bartholomew's Day, and lading three Days. [It is computed that there are OneThoufand Oxen fold every Week in this Market, and a proportionable Number of Sheep.] JUaBeri»3gaIl,] A noble ancient Building, whc;e are great Markets for Hides and Leather, for Flelh; Poultry, Filh, and all Sorts of Edibles. , §jteen-Hith, Bear-Key, great Markets for Grai n of all Sorts; All along the Thames Side, on both Sides, are Wholefale-Traders for Timber, Stone, Coals, and all Manner of Fuel 5 the Stocks Market, Milk-Street, Newgate, Clare, Covent-Gardcn, Bloomsbury, Hungerford, St. James’s, IVteJlminfter Markets, ere. are Places of Note, commodioufly fi uated and built: [There are fome orherMarkets of late ereft- ed near Hanover-Buildings, Spinal-Fields, &c.J There are di- verfe other Exchanges likewife befides the Royal-Exchange, where all Attire for Ladies and Gentlemen are fold, as thofe ftately Buildings called the Neui-Exchange, and Exeter-Ex¬ change, both in the Strand.' Butl5ing0.] ln this City, and Parts adjacent, of late Years efpecially, are generally very fair and ftately; but Within the City, the fpacious Houfes of Noblemen and Mer¬ chants, and many of the fumptuous Taverns; are hidden to- Strangers, by reafon they are generally built backwards, that fo the whole Room towards the Street might be referved for Tradeimens Shops. If they tad been all built towards the Streets :n other Countries, no foreign City would,'even in Book HI. of Great-Britain.’ this Particular, furpafs London. Yet if a Stranger fhould view the feveral magnificent Piazza's, or open Places, which we call Squares (tor which the Cities in Italy are fo highly efteem- ed) the feveral (height and fpacious Streets, the many curious and uniform Piles of new Buildings and Streets, and the many palaces of Noblemen, they will find it equal to, if not fur¬ pafs, .moil of what they have feen abroad. STje^rmuof tljeCitpof&oniion.] TlveArms „f tin city of London, are Urgent aCrofs Gules, with the Svaord of St. Paul, not the Dagger of William Walworth, asfomehave conceited; for this Coat belong’d to the City before Walworth flew Wat. Tyler the Rebel, as learned Antiquaries affirm. Of tie King’s Great Wardrobe. [ 31 f#lnfcii}uitp,] T HIS Office was ufually kept within the City, neat Puddle- Wharf, in an antient Houle built by Sir John Beauchamp, Son to Guy de Beauchamp; Earl of Warwick, and afterwards Ibid to King Edward theThird. The Mailer, or Keeper, of the Great Wardrobe is an Officer of great Antiquity and Dignity. High Privileges and Iinmurities were conferred on him by Henry the Sixth, and confirmed by his Succeflors, King James the Fit ft enlarged the fame, and ordained, that this great Office Ihould be an Incorporation, or Body Politick, for ever. grbcral aDiingsf funiiiTjeo from tljencc,] This office is to make Provifions for Coronations, Marria'ges and Funerals of the Royal Family; to furnilh the Court with Beds, Hang¬ ings. Cloths of Eftate, Carpets, and other Nfeceflaries; to fur¬ nilh Houfcsfor Embafi'adors, at their firft Arrival here; Pre- fents for foreign Princes and Embafi'adors; Cloths of Eftate, and other Furniture for the Lord Lieutenant of belaud, and all his Majefiy's Embafi'adors abroad; to provide all Robes for foreign Knights of the Garter, Robcsfor the Knights of the Garter at Home, and Robes and all other Furniture for the Officers of the Garter; Coats for Kings, Heralds, and Purfuivantsat Arms; Robes for the Lord Treafurer, Under-Treafurer and Chancel¬ lor of the Exchequer, See. Livery for the Lord-Chamberlain, Grooms of his Majelly’s Privy-Chamber, Officers of his Ma- jefty’s Robes, and diverfe other his Majefiy’s Servants; rich Liveries for the two Lords Chief Juftices; all the Barons of the Exchequer-, diverfe Officers in rhofe Courts; all Liveries for his Majefty’s Servants, as Yeomen of the Guard, and Warders of the Tower,' Trumpeters. Kettle-Drummers, Drummers and Fifes; the Mcfi'engers, and all belonging to the Stables, as C.oachmen, Footmen, Littermen,PoftilIions and Grooms, eve. All Coaches, Chariots, Harneffes, Saddles, Bits, Bridles', err. S a for z60 ®fje ip?efent State Parti: The King's Watermen.Ga'me-keepers, err. As alfo all rich em¬ broider'd Tilts, and other Furniture for the Barges; Furniture for all Royal Yatchs; Furniture for Courts of Arraignment of Peers, and very many other Services. To defray all the forementioned Charges, ordinarily there was expended formerly above 49,000 l. but now much lefs,be- fide all Extraordinaries, as Coronations, Funerals, err. The faidHoufe, near Puddle-Wharf', was long ago annexed for ever to the Mailer of this Office; but fince the great Fire of London this Office is kept in York Houfe Buildings. The chief Officers under the Mailer, are a-'Deputy, and a Clerk of the faid Wardrobe. Both thofe Officers had fair Dwelling-Houfes, which were alfo confumed by the Fire. Belonging to this Office are divers Tradefmen, Artificers and others, to the Number of at lead do, all fworn Servants to the King. 1 here are two principal Clerks ailing in the Office above. Of the Excise-Offic e. T he Office for Receipt of a confiderable Branch of the King’s Revenue, is the Excifi-Otfics, which is at prelent under an abfolnte Management for his Majcfty by Conimilfion- ers, inNumberNine ; who, purfuant to feveral Ails of Par¬ liament, receive the whole Produitof the Excife of Beer, Ale, and other.Liquors, and Malts, collefted all over England, and pay it into the Exchequer: They have wool. Salary each per Annum, and are obliged by Oath to take no Fee nor Reward but from the King only. From theaforenamed'Commiffioncrs there liesan Appeal to others called the CommiffionerS of Appeal,\vtho are Five,- and by His Majelly are allowed 200 1, Salary each (or Annum. , Of the Office of Pos t-M aster General. T HIS Office is now in the Hands of the King, and is exe¬ cuted by Two Poft-Matlers-General. His Majelly keepetb one Grand,or General Office.inthe City of London, from whence Letters and Pacquets are difpatch’d. Every Monday to France, Italy, Spain, Flanders, Germany, ■ Sweden, Denmark,,Kent, and the Downs.- Every Tuefday to the United Netherlands, Germany, Swede- land, Denmark, and to all Parts of England, Scotland, and Ire¬ land. Every Wednefday to Kent only, and the Downs. .. . '• Every Thurfday to France, Spain, Italy, and all Parts of Eng¬ land and Scotland, Every Book III. Of Great-Britain. 261 Every Friday to the Spanijh and United Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, Denmark, and ro Kens and rheDairar. Every Saturday to all Parts of England, Scotland, and Ire- The Pod goes alfo every Day to thofe Places where the Court refutes, asalfo to the ufual Stations and Rendezvous of His Majedy's Fleet, as th e Downs, Spithead, and to Tunbridge during the Seafon for drinking the Waters, ejrr. And the Anfwers of the faid Letters and Pacquets are received in the faid Office in dueCourfe, and from thence difperfed and delivered, according to their refpeftive Dircffions, with all Ecotn all Parts of England and Scotland, except Wales, every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, From Wales every Monday and Friday, and from .Kent and the Downs evety Day. This faid Office is managed by a Deputy, and other Offi¬ cers to the Number of 77 Perfons, who give their afiual At¬ tendance refpeftively in theDifpatch of Bufinefs. Upon this grand Officedepends 182 Deputv-Pod-Mafters in England and Scotland, mod of which keep regular Offices in their Stages, and Sub-Pod-Maders in their Branches: And al¬ fo in Ireland another General Office for that Kingdom, which is kept in Dublin, confiding of 18 like Officers, and 4c Deputy- Pod-Maders, His Majefty.keeps condantly for the Tranlport of the faid Letters and Pacquets in Times of Peace, Between Eng¬ land and France, 3 Pacquet-Boats. Spain, 2 Pacquet-Boats, on Flanders, 1 Pacquet-Boats. Holland, 3 Pacquet-Boats. Ireland, 3 Pacquet-Boats. ; in a Fortnight. And at Deal, 2 Pacquet-Boats for the Downs, Notto mention the extraordinary Pacquet-Boats in Time of War with France and Spain, as to Lisbon in Portugal, to the Leeward Iflands, &c. All which Officers, Pod-Maders, and Pacquet-Boats, are maintained at his Majedy’s own Charge, ' And as the Mader-piece of all thofe good Regulations eft?-' bltlhed by' the' Poft-Maftcrs-General, for the better Govern¬ ment of the faid Office,’they have annex’d, and appropriated the Market-Towns Of England fo well to the refpeftiie Po¬ ttages, that there is no confiderable Market-Town but hath an eafy and certain Conveyance for the Letters thereof, to and from the faid grand Office, in thedue Courfe of the Mails every Port. . ' • Tho' the Number of Letters miffive in England were not 31 all confiderable in aur Anceftors Dayr, yet it is now fo S3 pro- 2*52 C(je p^fent State Part i prodigioufly great (fince the meaned People liave generally learnt to write) that this Revenue amounts to about uo,coo /, a Year. Cljarge.] A Letter containing a whole Sheet of Paper is convey’d 80 Miles for 3 d. and 1 Sheets 6 d. and an Ounce of Letters but 1 s. and above So Miles a (ingle Letter is ±d. a double Letter 8 d. and an Ounce 1 s. a d. and that in Co Ihort a Time, by Night as well as by Day, : that every 14 Hours the Poll goes raoMiles ; and in five or fix Days an Anfwcrof a Letter may be had from a Place 300 Miles dillant from the Writer. ; '' Moreover, if any Gentleman defires to ridePoft to any prin¬ cipal Town in England, Poft-Horfes are always in readinefs (taking no Horfe without the Content ofhis Owner) which, in other Kings Reigns, was not duly obferved, and only 3d. is demanded for every Englifli Mile; and for every Stage to the Pod-Boy 4 d. for condufting. Befidesthis excellent Convenience of conveying Letters and Men on Horfc-back.thcre is of late an admirable Commodioufi nefs both for Men and V^omen of better Quality, to travel from London to almollany Town ci England, and toalmoll all the Villages near this great City 5 and that is, by Stage-Coaches; wherein one may be tranfported to any Place, Ihcltred from foul Weather and foul Ways; and this hot only at a low Price, as abouta Shilling for every five Miles, but with fuch Speed, as tha t the Polls in fome foreign Countries make not more Miles in a Day; for the Stage-Coaches, called Flying-Coaches, make 50 or 60 Miles in a Day, as from London to Oxford, or Cam¬ bridge ; fometimes 70, 80, and too Miles, as to Southampton, Lury, Ckencejler, Norwich, Sic. ‘ Of the Penny-Post. M oreover, to the great Benefit of this City, and Places ad= jacent,there is eltablilh'd another Poll, called the Penny; Pofi, whereby for one Penny, any Letter or Parcel not exceed- ngfixteen Ounces Weight, or ten Pounds Valuers mod fpee- dily and fafely conveyed to and from all Parts within the Bills of Mortality to moll Towns within feven Miles round London, not conveniently ferved by the General-Pod. The Profits of this as well as of all other lawful Carriage of Letters belonging to his Majedy, are fettled on him by Aft of Parliament, and managed for him by a Comptroller. And for the better carrying on this ufeful Defign, there are fix General Offices kept at a Convenient Didance from one another; at all which, Officers do condantly attend from Morning until Night every Day, Sundays only excepted. And a farther Convenience of this O ffice is, that whatfoever Letters come from all Parts of the World,by the General-Pod 'di* Book III. Of'GREAT-BRITA'lN.' 2 6 $ direfted to Perfons m any of thofe Country-Towns to which the Penny-Poltdoes go, they are delivered, byrhe MeflengerS thereof, the fame Day they come to Loudon, and the Anfwers, being left at their Receiving-Houfes, are by them fafely car¬ ried every Night to the Office in Lombard-Jlreet. Of Coachmen, Carmen, and Watermens Rates. T H E Conveniency of Hackney-Coaches, Carts and Boats in and about London, is very great: But Coachmen, Car. men, and Watermen, being for the mod Part rude, exafting, and quarrelfome, it may not be amifs to put down here thofe Rates which they may demand, and beyond which no Body is obliged to pay them. Rates of Coachmen, according to an Aft of Parliament, 14 Car. II. For a whole Day in and aboutXoWos and Wefimin-~> Her, reckoning 12 Hours to the Day . S °° By-the Hour; for the firft Hour, - ■ ■ — 01 06 Every Hour after the firft, —■ — — ■ - 01 go N. B. They are obliged to carry you at this Rate any where Within to Miles of London. From any of the Inns of Court, or thereabouts, toT t. d. any Part of St. James,otWeflminJler (except beyond ( Q , „ Tuttle-Slreet) or from any of thofe Places, to any off the Inns of Court, or thereabouts, - ■ ) From any of the Inns of Court, to the Royal-Exchange, 01 00 From any Ihns of Court, to the Tower, Bijhopfgate-} o g Street, Alderfgate, or any places thereabout,-$ 01 0 And the like Rates from and to any Places of the like Di- By an A ft made 8. Anne, it is provided that no Perfon dial! be obliged to pay above 1 s. for the Ufe of a Hackney-Coach for any Dilfance (not particularly fet down in thefaid Aft) fo as the fame do not exceed one Mile and 'four Furlongs; nor above 1 s and 6 d. for any Diftance being above one Mile and four Furlongs, and not exceeding two Miles. The fame Rates are confirmed by a late Aft of Parliament under the Penalty of 40 s. See Stat. 5 v 6 W, and M. Sett. 5, (tajr. 16. ?«?* J&efent State Parti. Kates of Carmen, as fettled at a General. Qtiarter-Sejfions. From any Wharf belween the Tower and ZonJoa-'p i. d, 'Bridge, to Tovier-flreet, Grace-Church-Jtreel, Fe>, -( Church-flreet, BiJhopfgute-Jlriet within, Cornhill, and > Cl oo Places of like Diftance up the Hill, with r8 hundred!• Weight, not exceeding 20 hundred Weight, . 3 r And for every hundred Weight above 20 hundred, 00 02 | . Sea-Coals a Load, i.e. half a Chaldron, or an hun- > Q ^ dred of Fagots, — - —LL- — - . S From any of the aforefaid Wharfs to Broad-Jlreet,~\ Lothhury, Old-Jury, Bajftjhaw, Coteman-flreee, Iron-f 01 o6 monger lane, Aldermanhury, and Places of like Dif-T fiance, the aforefaid Weight, - — -- ,_' ’-From'any of the laid Wharfs, to Smithfold-Bar,? Bolborn-Bar, Temple-Bar,or likeDiliance, likeWcight, 5 ° 3 0 '*' .'And where the Weight from 18 to 20 hundred pays 2:. id, fro.m 1416 18 hundred pays but one 1 s. 10 i, and where from 18 to 20 hundred pays 2 c.6d. from 14 to 18 hundred pay] 1 And-where from >8 to 20 pays 2 s. 2 d. from 8 to 14 hun¬ dred pays but 1 s. $i. and where from 18 to 20 pays 2 s. 6 d. from 8 to 14 hundred pays but 1 s.6d. There are other Pat; ticulars hated, but according to thefe Proportions, :2Totf, That for the foregoing Rates the Carmen are to help, as much as they can, to load and unload their Carts. • AlfMerchants, or others, may choofe'what Cart they pleafe, except fuch as (land for Wharf-Work, Tackle-Work, Crane- Work, Shop and Merchants Houfes, which are to be taken in Every licenfed Carman is to have a Piece of Brafs fixed upon hit Cart, with a certain Number, which is regiltred in Chrijl’i-Bofpital. So that if any Carman offend, the Perfon grieved may repair every Tuefday at 2 o’clock in the After¬ noon to Chri/Ts-Hofpital, the Court then fitting, and telling the Number, the Carman’s Name will be found out, and he Book III. of G R E A T-B R ITAI n; 26s ‘j’be Rates or Fares of Watermen, as they were ' fet forth by the Lord-Mayor and .Court of Aldermen. From London to Lime-Houfe,Pew- Crane,Shad- ? wel-Dock,'Bell-Wharf, Ratclijf-Crofs, — S To Wapping- Dock, Waging New and Wap-' T ing Old Stairs, the Hermitage,Rotherith-Church > Stairs, and Rotherith Stairs, ---- 3 From St. Olavesto Rotherith-Church Stairs? and Rotherith Stairs, —r—— -. . $ From Rillingfgate and St .Olaves, to St. Sa- All the Stairs between London-Bridge and ? Wejlminfier, . . —. ... \ From either Side above London-Bridge, to? Lambeth and Fox-Hall, - -- 5 From WhiteHall, to Lambeth and Fox-Hall — From Temple, Dorfet, Black-Friers Stairs, 5 and Paul' s-Wharf to Lambeth, — ^ Over the Water, between London-Bridge > and Lime-Houfe,ot London-Bridge iniFoxHall,§ OARS, CGrarefend, .— — — 1 Graife, or Greenhive, - - Blackwall, -- ■ - Greenwich, or Deptford, —— — Chelfed, Bat ter ft a, Wandfworth, —— Putney, Fulham, Barn-Elms, - — Hammerfmith, Chefwick, Mortlack, — Brentfbrd, IJlcworth, Richmond ', - 1 — Twickenham, • -— i —i' . . Hampton-Town, Sunbury and Walton, — Weybridge and Chertfey, - - 2/56 p# parent State Part i. Rates for carrying Goods in the I’ilt-Boat between Gravefend and London. A half Firkin, . - ■ i A whole Firkin, -- A Hog.(head, -. A hundred Weight of Cheefe, Iron, oranybi heavy Goods. j A Sack of Salt, or Corn, t An ordinary Cheft, or ? Trunk, _ 5 0 6 An ordinary Hamper, —o 6 The Hire of the whole ? Tilt-Boar, -5 11 6 Every Angle Perfon in p i 1 the ordinary PalTage, $ 0 6 What Waterman takes and demands more than thcfe Rates, is liable to pay Forty Shillings, and fuffer half a Tear’s Imprifonment. And if he refufe to carry any Peflenger or Goods at thefe Rates, upon Complaint made to the Lord-Mayor and Court of Aldermen, he (hall be fufpended from his Employ for twelve Months. , CHAP. XII. Of the lwo U N IF ERSItTlES. U iBiberlttp Of Oxford, quafi Ousford, Ijidii Vadum, the Name of the chief River whereon it is feated. It lies in 51 Degrees 41 Minutes Latitude, and a- Jiout 21 Degrees Longitude, in a very healthful Country, enjoying all the Benefits of a clear and wholfome Air, at the Meeting of two clear Rivers,' which render its Situation fo very pleafanr, that it has been fometimes called Bcllojitum, 1. e. Bellajis, or Beaulieu. • ' Cljanceilo; of ilDjefOJtl.] Over the Univerfity, next un¬ der the King, is placed the aforementioned Magiftrate, called the Chancellor, who is iifually one of the higheft Prelates, or of the prime Nobility, and neareft in Favour'with the So¬ vereign Prince, elefted by thq Students themfelves in Con¬ vocation, to continue durante vita, whofe Office is to take Care of the Government of the whole Univerfity, to main¬ tain the Liberties and Privileges thereof, to call Affem- ‘ blies, to hear and determine Controverfies, to call Courts, to punilh Delinquents, eye. ^ig^tetoara.] The next in Dignity amongft the Offi¬ cers of the Univerfity of Oxford, is the High-Steward, who is nominated by the Chancellor, and approved by the Uni- ' ‘ verfity. Book III. of G R E A X-B RIT AIN. Yerfity, and is alfo durante vita, whofe Office is to aflift the Chancellor, and Proftors, upon their Requeft, in the Execu¬ tion of their Places; alfo to hear and determine Capital Caufes according to the Laws of the Land, and Privileges of the Univerfity, fo of; as the Chancellor lhall require him. 3£Uce*€i)ancellO^] The Third is the Vice-Chancellor, who is yearly nominated by the Chancellor, to be defied in Convocation, and ’tis.always the Head' of fome College, and in Holy Orders. His Duty is; in the Chancellor’s Abfence. tti do whatever almoft the Chancellor might do if he Were pre- fent. He gives Licence to Taverns, m- and receives the Rents.due to the Univerfity, unlefs orherwife efpecially ap¬ pointed. Moreover, lie takes Care that Sermons, Leftures, Deputations, and other Exercifes be performed; that Here; ticks, Panders, Bawds and Whores, Vc. be expelled the 1 Uni¬ verfity and the Converfe with Students; that the Proftors and other Officers and publick Servants of the Univerfity, duly perform their Duty ; that Courts be duly called, and Law-Suits determined without Delay; in a Word, that what¬ ever is for the Honour and Profit of the Univerfity, ormay conduce to the Advancement of good Literature, may be carefully obtained. The Vice-Chancellor at his Entrance into the Office choofes four Pro-Vice-Chancellors out of the Heads of Colleges, to one of whom he deputes his Power during his Abfence. Fourthly, the two Proftors, chofen every Year out of the fevcral Colleges by Turns. Thefe are Matters of Art, and affift in the Government of the Univerfity, more particularly in the Bufinefs of the Scholaftick Exercifes, and taking Degrees ; in fearching after, and puniffiing all Vio¬ lates of Statutes, or Privileges of the Univerfity; all Nwhc- Walkers, &c. They have alfo the Overfight of Weights and Meafures, that fo the Students may not be wronged. IJ0Ubljck*.flD£!ltO£»] Next in Order is the Publick Orator, whofe Bufinefs is to write Letters, according to the Orders of the Convocation, or Congregation ; alfo. at. the Reception of any Prince, or great Perfon, that comes to fee the Univer¬ fity, to make folemn Speeches, &c. Itaper of tlje There is the Cnjlos Archiver,im, orXeeperof Records, whole Duty it is, not only to colleft and keep the Charters, Privileges and Records, that concern' the Univerfity, but alfo to be fo converfant with them, as to be always ready to produce them before the chief Officers, and to plead the Rights and Privileges of the faid Univer- SOje Ktgiffcr.] Laftly, is theRegifterof the Univerfity, whofe Office is to regifter all Tranlaftions and Convocati¬ ons, Congregations, Delegacies, SfaOieRj zs 3 mjz l&efent ^>tate Parti, Ufa?!®!)!.] BefiJes the forementioned Officers, there are certain publick Servan s of the Univerfity, called Beadles, from the Saxon By del, which fignifies an Attendant upon an Officer of Juftice. Of thefe there are Six, whereof three are called Efquire Beadles, and carry large Maces of Silver gilt and wrought; .the other three are ftiled Yeoman Beadles, .and carry large Silver Maces ungilt and plain. Their Office is always to wait on the Vice-Chancellor in Publick, doing what belongs to his Place, and at his Com¬ mand to feize any Delinquent, and carry him to Prifon; to fummon any one; to publilfi the Calling of Courts, or Con¬ vocations; tp conduit Preachers to Church, or Lecturers to School, &e, And without one of thefe 1'eomen Beadles at leaft, the Vice-Chancellor never appears abroad. 2T1)E ffltirger.] Upon more folenjn Times and Occaftons there is a Seventh, that carries in his Hand a Silver Rod, and is.thence called ihc Virgcr-, who, with all the other fix, walk before the Vice-Chancellor, and is ready to obferve his Commands, and to wait on grand Compounders, &c. Other publick Servants of lefs Note fhall be palled by. ' ^ibilegeje 1 .] Many, if not all the Kings in England, from King Henry I. having been great Favourers of Learning, and elteemed it their Honour to give, or enlarge the Privileges of the Univerfity. SHje tSDapOf.] By Charter of Edward III. the Mayor of Oxford is to obey the Orders of the Vice-Chancellor, and to be in Subjeflion to h'm. The Mayor, with the Chief Burgefles in Oxford, and alfo the Digit-Sheriff of OxfordJIsire, every Year, in a folemn Manner, take an Oath, given by the Vice-Chancellor, to obferve and conferve the Rights and Privileges, and Liber¬ ties of the Univerfity of Oxford. And every Year, on St. Scholajlica's Day, being the tenth Day of February, a certain Number of the principal Eur- geffes publickly and folemnly do pay each one a Penny, in Token of their Submiffion to the Orders and Rights of the Univerfity. The Occafion of which Cuflom and Offering, was a bar. barous and bloody Outrage committed by the Citizens in the Reign of Edward IIL againftthe Perfons and Goods of fcve- ral innocent Scholars, which drew a great and juft Amerce, ment upon the Criminals; the City pretended they were not able to pay this Fine, without'their utterRuin, and did humbly pray, ana at laft obtained a litigation from the Univc-- Jity. An Annual Payment of too Marks was then accepted: And this by the farther Favour of the Univerfity, was'chang¬ ed into a fmall yearly Acknowledgment, vise. That the Mayor, and 61 fuch Townfmen as had been fworn that Year to pre- ferye the Privileges of the Univerfity, fltould yearly, upoq Book IIL of G RE A t-Bb.it a in. Z6p St.Scholaflica's Day, Repair to St. Mary's Church, and fhould then and there offer fixty-three Pence, in Memory of that bar¬ barous Murder of fixty-three innocent Scholars in theReign of Icing Edward, asaforefaid. No Victuals to be taken by the King’s Purveyors within fire Miles of Oxford, unlefs the King himlelf comes thither. King James the Firft honoured both (Jniverfities with the Privileges of fending each two Burgefles to Parliament. No Student of Oxford may be fued at Common Law foe Debts, Accompts, Contrafts, Injuries, c Vc. but only in the Court of the Vice-Chancellor, who has Power to determine Caufes, to Imprifon, as aforefaid ; to allot Corporal Punifh- ment, to Excommunicate, toSufpend, and to Banilh. Colleges! and Ipatls,] Anciently in Oxford (as now in Leyden, and many other Univerfities beyond the Seas) the Students, without any Diftindfion of Habit, lived in Citizens Houfes, and had Meeting-Places to hear Ledtures and Difpute: After that there were diverfe Houfes for Students only, to live together in Society (as now in the Inns of Court," and of Chancery in London ) and thofe Places were called either Inns, from the Saxon, or Hof els, from the Trench, and at prefent are named Halls, where every Student lived wholly upon his own Charge, until diverfe bountiful Patrons of Learning, in theic great Wifdom, thought beft to fettle for ever, plentiful Re¬ venues in Lands and Houfes, to maintain in Diet, Cloaths, and Books, fuch Students as, by Merit and Worth, lhould from Timeto Time bechofen, and to fettle large Salaries for Pro- felfors toinftrufl: them, and for a Head to govern them, accord¬ ing to certain Statutes and Ordinances made by the faid Pa¬ trons, or Founders;' and thefe are called Colleges; whereof the firft thus endowed in Europe, were Univtrpiy, Baliohnd Merton Colleges in Oxford, and St. Peter's in Cambridge, all made Colleges in the rath Century, although Univerfity-Col- lege hath been reckoned a Place for Students ever fince the Year 872, by the Royal Bounty of our forefaid Saxon King Alfred, and was anciently called Magna Aula Univer/itatis, as fince Univerfty-College ; where were diverfe Profeffbrs, and all the 1 Liberal Sciences read. Of fuch endowed Colleges there are in Oxford Nineteen j and of Halls (where, with the like Difcipline, Students live upon their own Means, only excepting fome certain Exhibitions, or annual Penfions annexed to fome one or two of them) there are Six. [See the Lift of the faid Colle¬ ges and Halls, as alfo of their pounders and Governors, &c. at the End of thisTreatife.] Thefe Colleges have, within their own Walls, Leftures, Deputations, all Profeflions and Liberal Sciences read and taught 5 and in fome of them Leisures for all Comers, and large Salaries for the Readers; infomuch that they feem fo many *7® - ■ ®fje P?efent @iate Part k many compleat Univerfities, and are not inferior to fome in our Neighbour Countries. The whole Number of Students in Oxford, that live upon the Revenues of the Colleges, are about 1000 5 and of other Stu¬ dents about twice as many. There were anciently in this Univerftty, before the founding of Colleges, aoo Hoff ilia. Studiofontm, Inns, Hoftels, or Halls'] and as Richardus Armachanus writes, there were 30,000 Stu. dents j and twenty Miles round Oxford were by the Kings of England fet apart for Provifion in Victuals for this Uni- verfity.... gt[je®ifcipline] Of thefe Colleges and Halls is very exaft, , Birjl, AH that intend to take their firft Degree, that of Bat¬ chelor of Arts, are to take their Diet and Lodging, and have a Tutor conftantly in fome College or Hall; then they are to perform all Exercifes, to be fubjedt to all Statutes, and to the Head of theHoufe,. They are never to be feen abroad out ol their Chambers, much lefs out of their Colleges, without their Caps and Gowns; an excellent Order, and no where obferved in foreign Parts but in Salamancba, Alcala de Henares, called .in LatinJComplutum, and the reft of the Univerfities of Spain, and in Conimbra and Event in Portugal. Their Gowns are all to be black, only the Sons of the higher Nobility are herein, indulged, for they may wear rich flowered Silk Gowns, and all Doftors Scarlet Robes. ©EgrefB.] The Degrees taken in the Univerfity, are only two, of Batchelor and Majler (for fo they were anciently called, as well in Divinity, Law, Phyjick, as in the Arts;) at prefent the Degrees in. thofe three Profeflions are called Batchelors and Doftors, only in the Arts Batchelors and Majler, ‘ SCfjeSltt.] Every. Year at the Aft, or Time of com pi eat¬ ing the Degree of Mailer, both in the three Profeflions and Arts (which is always the Monday after the feventh of July) j there are, unlefs fome extraordinary Occafions hinders, great Solemnities, not only for publick Exercifes, but Feaftings. In thefe three Profeflions, and in the Arts, there proceed Matters and Doftors yearly about 150 5 and every Lent abont aqo Batchelors of Arts, J5atcIjElo?«of3lrtj6f, ana Staffer# of Irftf.] to take the Degree of Batchelor of Arts is required Four Years, and Three Years more to be Matter of Arts, generally fpeaking. SOlEjFour SCermB.] The Year is divided into FourTerms; the Firft begins the tothof Oftober, and ends the 17th of De¬ cember, and is called MichaelmasTetw. The Second, called Hilary, or Lent-Term ,begins the 14th of 'January, and ends the Saturday before Palm-Sunday : The Third, called Eajler-Term, begins the 10th Day of Eajler, and ends the Thurfday before Whitfunday : The Fourth is called Trinity-Term, beginning the K'edncJ'day Book III. Of Great-Britain. %7 { JVedneftlay after Trinity-Suniay, and ends after theAft, fooner or later, as the Vice-Chancellor, or Convocation think con- V iJSoitO? of ©ibinify.l To take the Degree of Dollar of Divinity, the Student mull neceflarily firft have taken the De¬ gree of l.Iiijkr of Arts, and then after feven Years more he is capable of being Batchelor of Divinity, and then four Years isrequifite, before the Degree of Dollar can be compleated. ©OStO^Cf JLaiU.l To take the Degree of Doctor of Law, the more ordinary Way is this: After feven Years Handing in the Univerfity,’ and the Performance of all Exercifes re¬ quired, a Perfon is capable of taking the Degree of Bat¬ chelor in that Faculty, and then in five Years mote, of Doftor in the fame. Or otherwife, in three Years after taking the Degree -of Majier of Arcs, he may take the Degree of Batchelor in Law, and in four Years more of L.L.D, according to the Method and Time limited in taking the Degrees of Batchelor .and' Dollar in phyfict ' Magnificence of jfiDjefO^D.] The Firft Pttblick Library in Oxford was let up in Dttrham-Hall (where Trinity-College now Hands) by Richard of Bury, or Richard Attngerville, who was Lord Trcafurer of England and Biihop of Durham in the Time of King Edward III. Aboutthe YcarijO;, another Library,'built by ThomasCob- ham, Biihop of Worcejler, upon the old Congregation-Hottfe ad¬ joining to St. Mary’sChttrch, begantobefurnilh’d with Desks and Books, and was mightily encreafed by the Bounty of the Founder, King Henry IV. all his Sons, and others of the No-' blesSpiritual and Temporal, ’till about the Year 1480, this Library was brought into a new one, which it plealcd that mod Noble Prince, Humphrey Duke of Gloucefter, to croft upon the Divinity-School, that he had juft before built for the Ufe of the Univerfity, and furnifhed it with thofe Mauufcripts, which he, at any Rates, got out of foreign Parts (chiefly from Italy) and prefented the Univerfity with, at two Dona¬ tions; the Names of which Books, together with his Letters which he fent along with them, are ftilfcxtant in the Archives ol the Univerfity. This Library was firft opened A. D, 1480/ but within 80 Years more was utterly deftroy’d by the Com-, miflioners who were appointed by EdivardVl. to Vijit the’ Univerfity, in order to purge it clean from Popery, to efta- blifh Learning in it, and to encourage Learned.Men, This was the State of Things when Sir Thomas Bodley con- ftdered the Damage which Learning had fuftained, and the great Ufe that a publick Library would be of to the Students. Sir Thomas had all the Qualities of a Meunas ; lie was an ex¬ cellent Scholar himfelf, a Lover of Learning in others, and Mailer of a very plentiful Eftate. After mature Dclibera- T7% €fje pjefentSftafe Part!; tion, he defired Leave of the Univerjity to furnilh Duke Humphrey's Library once more with Desks, Seats andBookd at his own Cofts and Charges ; which being gain’d, he acquit- ted himfelf in all Points beyond their Expedition, He pro. cur’d Benefaftions from very many of the Nobility and Gen- try, both in Books and Money; he fent over Men on purpose to buy Books in France,Italy, Spain and Germany, heperfuad- ed hislearned Friends to repofe their ancient Manufcripts there, as in a Place where they would be fafe, at leaf!, 'till another general Revolution. The Library was open’d on the 8th of November, tdoa,the Vice-Chancellor, and the whole Univer- fity coming thither in their Formalities 5 and this Day ftill con- tinues to be the Viiitation-Day, when the Curators (who are the Vice-Chancellor, the King’s Profeflbrs of Divinity, Law and Phyfick, of the Hebrew and Greek Tongues,' with the two Prodtors) infpedt the Library/ and call over all the Books. Nor was his Care for the future State and Prefervation of it lefs than it ought to be: Forafter the Univerfity had builtthe Publick Schools juft by the Library, up two Stories high, he him- felf, at his own Charge, raifed a Gallery all round a Story higher, to the Intent that when the new Part of the Library lhould be filled with Books, they might go on to furnifh thcfe Galleries alfo. Befides this, he made an Agreement with the Stationers Company in London, to give one Copy to the Li¬ brary of every Book which they fhould print from thence-for. wardj which Agreement they obfervea very well, ’till about the Year 1640. Andlaflly, byhisWill, he left a confidera. ble Eftate to the Univerfity in Land and Money, for Salaries to the Officers, for keeping the Fabrick in Repair, and for buying new Books. But this is now fallen miferably (hort. Sir ThomasBodley died January 2.8,161:1, after he had made fit Statutes for the Government of the Place, and they had been confirmed in Convocation, and he beclared by the Uni¬ verfity to be the Founder of the Library; but with him the Genius of the Place did not feem to fall, fince there are now in it more than double or treble the Number of Books that Were there at his Death. TheWorld has had feveral printed Catalogues of the Books in the Bodleian Library. That of the printed Books publilhed by Dr. Hyde, was in the Year 1674: Since which Time there have come in fo many Thoufands more, that a new Cata¬ logue was compofed by the learned Dr. Hudfon, the late Li¬ brary-keeper. As to the Manufcripts, an Account of them al- fc . as publilhed about ten Years ago; Since which Time, the Univerfity has bought all the Manufcripts of the deceafcd Dr. Edward Barnard, with fuch of his printed Books as were fit for the Library; Upon the whole, this Library is much larger than that of any Univerfity in Europe ; nay, it exeeeds thofeof all the Sovereigns in Europe, except the Emperors and the French King's, Book III. Of Great-Britain.' 273 King’s, which are both of them older by almolt an hundred Years. Thefe, as does theVaeican in Rome, the Meiicetm at Florence, and Bejfarion’s at Venice, exceed the Bodleian in Greek Manufcripts, which yet out-does them all in Oriental Manu- fcripts: And as for printed hooks, no Italian Library is fo celebrated as the Ambrofan at Milan, though it is much in¬ ferior to the Bodleian ; as is that likcwife at Wolftnbuttel, both in Manufcripts and Printed Books, though we fhould even allow the Account given of it by Ccringitis. Befides the Bodleian Library, there are fome others veiled in the Oniveriity, as the S'avilian by the Geometry School, and the Afhmolean by the Mnfeum, both which are repleilifhed with Manufcripts proper to their Places. . The ftudious Scholar has not only the Benefit of the above- mentioned Libraries, but of thelnfpcftion of two large Col- leftionsof Coins, one in tht Muftum, and the other in the Galleries of the Bodleian Library, which is the moll confider- able, and whereof great Part was given by Archbilhop Land, Thefe Galleries are rcplenilhed with thePidlures of thcFoK»d- ers of the Colleges, and of other Learned Men: And here is a great Colleftion of ancient Infcriptions and Marbles, moll of them formerly Parc of the Artmdelian Colleflion 5 the reft given fincc by Mr. Sclden, and Sir George Wheeler. But as if all thefeBooks were not fufficient for the Studious; and, in order to keep the Scholars as much within Doors as poffible,the Univerfity has.encotiraged T«WrLibraries,where- of every College has one, as alfo fome of the Halls. Amongft the reft, thofe of Magdalen, Corpus Chrifli, Merton, Baliol, St. john’s, and New-College, excel both in Manufcripts and Printed Books ; Lincoln, jefus and Univerfity Colleges have lefler Li¬ braries of both Kinds: Chrift-Church, Trinity, and Queen's, confilt mollly of Printed Books: The Cafe of which lall men¬ tion'd Libarary is a llately Fabrick lately eredted,and thelnfide almoll fill'd with Books. Sweatee.] To fpeak of the curious Architefltire, and vaft Charge of tlie New Theatre, the Model whereofwas contriv'd by the molt ingenious Sir Chrijtopher Wren, at the foie Coll and Charges of the mod Reverend Father in God, Gilbert, late Archbilhop of Canterbury, for the Ufe of Scholaftick Exercifes; To fpeakofthe beautiful folid Stone Buildings, Chapels, Halls, large Revenues; admirable Difcipline of feveral Colleges, ex¬ cellent Accommodation for young Noblemen and Gentlemen, Helps and Allowances for poor Scholars, eye. would require another Volume; only of thePhyfick-Garden take this Utort Account. Among the feveral noble Struflures and great Conveniences of Learning, wherewith this famous Univerfity is'adorned, that of the Phyfick-Garden, commodioully placed by theRi- ker Char will, claims not the lead Place; Founded, Built, and the Donation thereof made to the Univerfity in the Year 1632, T by 274 €fje pjefent State Part i. by the Munificent Bsnefa&ion of Henry Danvers,Elr\ of Danby, then living at his Houfe at Cornbury ; who purcjiafing Five Acres of Ground, South of St.-Aiary Magdalen 's College.ereft- ed about the Square thereof mod (lately Walls and Gates ; which Walls are 14 Foot high, of the bell fquared and poliih’d Stone, the like not to be elfewhere feen ; and one Gate there¬ of to the Expence of 5 or 6co/. On the Front of which is this Infcriptiohto be feen: Gloria Dei Optimi Maximi, Honori Caroli Reg:.', in Ufam Aca¬ demia c? Reip'ablka 1631. Henricus Center Danby. And endow'd the fame with an Annual Revenue to Perpetuity, for the Maintenance and Keeping of the fame, and its great Variety of Plants, whereof it now contains many Thoufands, for the Ufeand Honour of the Univerfity; ferving not only for Ornament and Delight, and the pleafant Walking and Di- verfionsofthe Academical Students, and of all Strangers and Travellers; but of great life alfo.as is eafily found, among all Perfons deflrous to improve their Botanical Inclinations and Studies. And for the pleafar.t Contemplation and Experience of Vegetative Philofopby, for which here is fuppofed to be as good Convenience as in any Place of Europe (if not the befl) as alfo for the Service of all MedkinalRraciitior.cn, fiipplying the Phy- ftcians , apothecaries , and who elfe (ball have Occafion for Things of that Nature, with what is right and true, frefh and good, for the Service and Lite of Man. The newly erefted Mufaum in Oxford cannot well be puf¬ fed over without fome brief Account thereof.' The MUS JEUM, a )3rge and (latelyPile of fquared Stone, Was built at the Charge of the Univerfity, who found fucli a Buildingneceflary, in ordertothe promoting and carrying on With greater Eafe andSuccefs, feveral Parts of ufefuland curi¬ ous Learning, for which it is excellently well contrived and defigned. It borders upon the Weft-End of the Theatre, having a very magnificent Portal on that Side, fuftained by Pillars of the Co¬ rinthian Order, tvirh feveral curious Frizes, and other artificial EmbelliCimeRtS; the Front about 60 Foot, is to the Street Northward, -where is this Infcription over the Entrance in gilt Characters, Muf.-aim AfhtnoUanunt, Schola Saluralis Hijioritfif- ficina Chymica. The firft Foundation was laid on the r4th of April , 1679, and was happily finifhed on the 20th of March, i6Ss,at which Time a rich and noble CoHeftion of Curiofities wasprefented to the Univerfity by that excellent and publick- fpirited Gentleman, Elias Jjhmole, Efq; and the fame Day there depofited, and afterwards digefted, and put into a juft Series and Order, by the great Cars and Diligence of the learned Book IIL Of GrEAT-BRITAIN. 275” Rohr! Plot, Doftor of Laws, who at the worthy Donor’s Re- queft, was entrufted with the Cuftody of the Mitfeiim. The Univ'erfity of Oxford has alfo been lately adorned with Very beautiful and magnificent Buildings, among which the ClajenDOn ^intingrigoufc defervcs particularly to be taken Notice of, as being a Work far furpafiing any thing of that Kind in any Part of the World. This magnificent Struflureis fituated parallel to the Schools, at the Diftanceof an hundred Feet from the North Side. Oil the Wejl is the Theatre, and on the Eajl a Palifade running from one Building to the other; fo that thefe three Buildings, with the Palifade, form a fpacious Court, or Quadrangle, which is very handfomely paved. The Building contains in Length 115 Feet, and in Breadth 61, befides the fpacious Portico breaking forward in the North Front, fupported by four detached Columns, four Feet in Dia¬ meter, of the Doric Order. In the Height of it are two Sto¬ ries above the Cellars, and a third in the Entablature, which runs round the Building, and which is lighted thro’ the Frize of the Order. On the Tops of the South-Eafi, and Wejl Pied- ments, are the Tunnels of all the Chimneys, the Sraoak of which pafles thro’large hollow Vafes, fo that there is no Ap¬ pearance of a Chimney-Stack in all the Building. The Top of it is adorned with the nine Mufes, in very beautiful Fi¬ gures caft in Lead, of extraordinary Weight, and admirablo Proportion. Calliope (lands on the middle Pedeftal, over the Portico, and holds in her Right Hand Homer and Virgil, and.on her Left Arm a Garland of Bays. On rhe two other Pedeftals on each Side of her are placed Clio and Polyhymnia : The former on the Ettfi, holding Thucydidei, and the latter a Scrowl in her Hand, on which is written Sitadere, On the right Side of the South Pied- ment (lands Euterpe playing on the Pipe j.andon the UhTerpji- chorc on the Lute. Urania and Erato are fixed one on the South- EajlfinA the other on the Ntrth-Eajl Corner. Urania looks up¬ wards with a Coronet of Stars on her Head, and holdsaGlobe in one Hand,anda Pair of Compares in the other: Erato has in one Hand an Harp, and reaches the other down to Cupid, who is placed by her Side. On the North and Sottth-Wejl Cor¬ ners (land the Figures of Thalia and Melpomene: Thefirftis put in acomick Polture with a Vizor, or Mask in each Hand, and the other looks with a Majeltick Countenance, and holds in bet Right Hand a Sword. The principal Entrance to this Building is under the Portico before-mentioned, to which you afeend by eight Steps, and pafs thro’ an Iron Gate of admirable Work, opening into a handfome Vault, or Arch,of theDepth of theBuilding, which leads into the paved Court, and in adireft Line into the En- ance of the Schools. T s This 276. €Ije pjefeut ©tatc Part 1. This Vault divides the.Building into two equal Parts; that on the Eafl Side is wholly appropriated to the Priming of Bi¬ bles and Common-Prayer-Books of all Sorts, and the other to the Printing of Books in the learned Languages ; from whence the World is fupplied with fuch curious Editions of all Sorts of Authors, as for Neatnels and ILxaftnefs are not out-done by any Prefs in Enrspe. The Room on the South Side, next to the Theatre, is referved to the Delegates, for the Direftion of Bufinefs, and is curioufly wainfcoted with the beft Tlandtrs.Oak, richly beautified with fluted Pilafters, and other proper Ornaments of the Corinthian Order. Over the Chimney hangs an excellent Pifture of Queen Anne, at full Length, done after an Original Painting of Sit Godfrey Kneller's. It was given to this Room by George Clark, Efq; Doftor of Laws, and Fellow of All-Sotds-College-, to ■whofe Skill in Architecture is owing much of the Beauty of this admirable Building. On the Floor over the Vault, are two Rooms, oneofwhich isan Office for the Letter-Founder, furnifhed with Furnaces, Punchions, Matrices, Moulds, and alt other Materials fuited to that ingenious Art; the other with Rolling-Prefles for printing the Oxford-Almanacks, and other Sculptures proper for the Ornament of Books. The Court is endofed from each Side of the Portico by a Pallifade of Iron, with large Pedeftals at proper Diftances and Difpofttions. The firft Stone of this Noble Pile was laid on the 6th of February, 1711, being the Birth-Day of her late Majefty of Pious Memory; and on the 9th of July, 1713, the Eafl-Side of thePrinting-houfe was opened by .Printing the Propofals for that Magnificent and Curious Bible, which has been fince pub- lilhed. A very fmall Number of this Edition were printed on fine Vellom, one of which, very richly bound, was prefented to the late King, another to the Prince, a third to the Univer- fity, and one of the Imperial Paper to the Princefs, by John Haskett, Efq; Printer to his Majefty, and to the Ur.iverfity. At the fame Time the Wefl-Jide was open'd by printing aBook of Verffcsfpokt in the Theatre at the publick Aft that Year, with this Title; Academia Oxonienfis comitia Philologica in Thea. tro Sheldoniano Decimo Die Julij, 1713, Celebrata in Honorem fe- renijftma Regina , Anno Pacijico Oxonij e Typography) Claren- doniano. An. Dom. 1713. This Houfe was partly built with the Money arifing to the • Univerfity from the Profits of the Copy of Lord Clarendon’s Hiftory. And tho’. the Firmnefs and Strength of the Building is fo great, that Time itfelf canTcarce put an End to its Du¬ ration ; yet fuch is the Value of the Book that gave Rife to if, as tobelike to out-laft it. ’ ’ Preparations are alfo making for another magnificent Pile, to be placed between the Somh-fide of the Schools, and St. Book III. Of Great-Britainl 277 Mary's Church; the late eminent Phyfician, Dt.John Rad- clijfe, having left a Legacy of forty Thoufand Pounds foe erefting a Library there, and ioo l. a Year to buy Books; to¬ gether with 150 l. per Annum for a Librarian. At One of the Squares, call’d Peclrutattr- t^uadrangle, being old and ruinous, was taken down, and is now rebuilt after a mod ample and elegant Manner. The Area of this Quadrangle is 144 Foot from Eafi to Weft, 164 Foot from North to South. The three Sides, North, Eaft, mi Weft, are conjoin’d, and are already finilh’d, and inhabited; the Height of the firft Story, which is Rudick, is the Vafement; the Second upper Stories are contain’d in the Height of the Ionic Order, the Columns and Pilaflers being two Foot fix Inches Diameter; with an Entablature and Baluflrade, The Smth-fide, being detach’d from the Ends of the Eaft tndWcft 10 Foot, is defigned for the Canons Library, with Corinthian Columns of four Foot and one Inch Diameter, and in Height forty-one Foot. On the lower Part, between the Corinthian Columns is a Doric Arcade, confiding of feven Arches, each eight Foot and four Inches broad, with an Af- cent of four Steps from the Area into that Arcade, which is feventecn Foot broad, and of the fame Height j to which Height this fourth Side of the Quadrangle is now advanced, and the'whole Doric Entablature finifhed. The whole Square was defigned by the Reverend Dr. Henry Aldrich, late Dean of this Church, andisedeemed a regular and complcat Piece of Architefture by all who have feen it. Natives and Foreigners. The fird and principal Benefaidor’ to this Building was Dr. Anthony Ratcliff, formerly Student, and afterward Canon of this College ; who by his lad Will and Tedament gave for this life near 3000/. Sir Edward Hamm, Kt. formerly Stu¬ dent of this Houfe, andPhyfician to her late Majedy Queen Anne, gave for the fame Ufe a Legacy of 1000L The Right Honourable Charles Lord Somerfet, Brother to the late Duke of Beaufort, gave a Legacy of 5001.3 antes Narborough,'l.fc[ i Brother to Sir John Narborough, a Legacy of the fame Value. The Reverend Dr. South, late Canon of this College, and Prebendary of Weftminfier, gave alfo, for the carrying on of this Building, a Legacy of 500/. befides too l. which he had in his Life-time given to this Ufe, and other Legacies to this College for other pious Furpofes. Befides the Donations which have been mentioned, there have been many other confiderable Sums contributed by the Dean and Canons, by fevcral of the Students, and by many of the Nobility and Gentry, Eifhops and Clergy, who have bad their Education in this Houfe; and even foaie, who have T 3 sot 2?s ©lie Piefent State Part l not been Members of it, have been fo much taken with the Beauty of this Building, as to forward it by their generous Benefactions; A perfect Lift of thefe feveral Donations will be fairly engroffed in a Book of Vellom, and repofited in the Library, when built, for perpetuating the 'Memory of the Benefactors. To 2Us®IOUteaCoIlEge,'with the Legacy paid by the Exe- cutor of General Chrijiopher Codrington, mentioned, p. 179. there is added a molt magnificent Library. Againft the Entrance, in a Nich, is the Statue of the noble Benefactor, juft over the Foundation-Stone; under the Statue is an Infcription, reciting his Kindnefs and Generality to the College, ant) his other pcrfonal Virtues, which he, as it were, forbid to be mentioned on a Monument. The Library is in Length, within the Walls, two hundred Beet; in Breadth thirty-two Feet and an half; in Height forty Beet. It is lighted with eleven large Windows to the South, and a Window at the Eafi and Wejl End, of feventeen Feet wide each. The whole is a mod beautiful Gothic Work, fo built in Conformity to the Chapel. The Benefactor’s Body having been pompoufly buried before in 'Barbados, was yet according to his Will brought over, and depofited in the College-Chapel, on June the 10th, 1616. It was received with great RcfpeCt at'the College-Gates by all the Society, together with the Executor, and the Ge. neral’s neareft Relations, and at laying it into the Vault, a Latin Speech was made by Mr. Cotes, Univerfity Orator (at that Time one of the Fellows) which is fince printed, with that of Mr. Young, fpoken the next Day. On which Day the firft Stone of theLibrary was laid, with great Ceremony, by ( the Executor, in the Prefence of the fame Perfons; Mr. Vico- chancellor, the Lord Bifhop of Brijlol, and feveral other emi. nent Members of the Univerfity being invited to the Solem. jiity by the Warden and Fellows. On the Black Marble-Stone, lying over the Body, is cut CODRINGTON, and the Infcription on the Foundation^ Stone was this) xj° Kal, Jul. MDCCXVI jadtt feint Ttmdamenta Bibliotheca Chichleio Codringtoniana A Chrijlophoro CodringtonArm. Fimdata. Prafentibus Wilhelmo Codrington Arm . Harede ex Teflamento, Johanns & Wilhelmo Codrington Chriftophori Confetngttineis: Vnd turn Bernardo Gardiner Cufeode, ' Socijfiii Collegij qaamplurimis: PcroranteEdvardo Young Sec. This Book III. of Great-Britain. z 79 This College-Chapel has likewifc received a very beautiful Addition lately, being adorned with a magnificent Altar-Piece of Marble, rich Furniture for the Communion-Table, of Crimfon-Vilyet, trimmed withGoldLace and Fringe; Books, Candlefticks, wr. the Gift of George Clark, Efq; LL.D. now one of the Fellows, and one of the EurgefTes for the Univer- fity: As likewifc with a cloath’d llefurrcftion-Piece, painted at the Eafl End by the famous Sir Jama Thornhill, at the Ex¬ pence of Henry Pertman, Efq; and with a very coilly Cei¬ ling given by the Honourable Doddington Grevtlle, Efq; one of the Fellows of the College. Other Ornamental Additions were made therein, to which the Reverend Mr. Webb, lately Fellow, was a Bene. faftor, the Society being at the reft of the Charge. In OTniberfitjh’ColIege alfo, purfuant to the Will of the famous Dr. Radclijfe (who was firft entered in that Houfe, and remained there feveral Years a Member of that Foundation) is now finilhed another very beautiful Northern Front, down to Logtck-Lane, with a Tower in the Middle, of free fquare Stone, anfwerable to that before erefted, and the Matter’s old Lodgings being ruinous, new ones are now more com- modioufly built for him therein; and Chambers for the Doft- ors, two Phyfick Fellows after their Return front their five Years Travel, all the Provifionof Salary and Chambers ceaf- ingabfolutely, as to them, at the end of every ten Y'ears; the whole being now called Radclife’s Place. Befides theBenefaffions to the Univerfity, feveral very li¬ beral ones have been made to particular Colleges, among which the following deferve a Place here. Colonel Chriflopher Codr'mgton, late Governour-General of th e. Leeward-Iflands, among other Things in his Will, dated the twegty-lecond of February, 1705, bequeathed as fol- I " MPRIMIS, I give my neareft Kinfman, Lieutenant-Colonel William Codrington, all my EJlate in and about Dodding- ton aforcfaid, provided, and upon Condition, that he pay to All-Souls College in Oxford, Ten Thoufand Pounds Sterling, in Manner follovjing ; viz. Two Thoufand Pounds within one Tear after my .Deceafe, and the Sum of Two Thoufand Pounds yearly afterwards, until the Sum of Ten Thoufand Pounds be paid. 1 do appoint that Six Thoufand Pounds thereof be expended in the Suilding of the Library for the Ufe of the faid College ; and that the remaining Four Thoufand Pounds be laid out in Boohs to fumijh the fame, T 4 Item, 280 ®lje l&efent State Parti. Item, Igive and bequeath unto the [aid College, my Library sow in the Cufiody of Mr. John Cafwellin Oxford. Colonel William Codrington was appointed Executor of this Will. Dr .fohn Radcliffe, in his Will, dated 13 September, 1714, bequeathed as follows: I Give anddevife my Manour of Linton, and allother my Lands and Hereditaments in Yorlhire,H»fo»iy Executors hereinafter- named, and their Heirs upon Tr'itft, to pay thereout yearly Six Hun¬ dred [So it is in the Original] to two Perfons, to he chofen out of the University of Oxon, when they are Majlers of Arts, anden- ter’d on the Phyfick-Line, by the Archbijhop o/Canterbury, Lord- Chancellor, or Keeper e/Gteat-Britain,r/>e Chancellor of the Vni- verjity of Oxon, the Bifhop o/London, the Bifhop of Yff inchefter, the two Principal Secretaries of State, the Lord Chief- Juft ice of the King’s-Bench, and Common-Pleas, andMajlerof the Rolls, alt for the Time being, or by the major Pari of them, for the Mainte¬ nance of the faidtwo Perfons for the Space of ten Tears and no lon¬ ger ; the half of which Time, at leaf, they are to travel in Parts beyond Sea, for their better Improvement. And in cafe of their Deceafe, or after the Expiration of the [aid ten Tears, for the Main¬ tenance of two other Perfons to be chofen in lilte Manner, and for the fame Term of Tears, qndfofrom Timeto Time for ever. And if any Vacancy happen of one, or both, that the Placet fall be fill- ed up in the Space of fix Months: And the yearly Overplus of the Rents and Profits ofmyfaid Yorklhire Efiate, I Will to be paid forever to Univerfity-College in Oxon, for the buying of perpe¬ tual Advowfons for the Members of the faid College. I give five Thoufand Pounds to my Executors, for the Pudding the Front o/Univerfity-College in Oxon, down to Logick-Lane, anfwerable to the Front already built ; and for the Building the Mafier’s Lodgings therein, and Chambers for my two Travelling Fellov/s. And Will, that my Executors pay forty Thoufand Pounds, in the Term of ten Tears, by yearly Payments of four Thoufand Pounds, the firfl Payment thereof to begin, and be made, after the Deceafe of my two Sifiers, for the Building a Library in Oxon, and the purchdfing the Houfes, the Houfe, [lie. Orig.] between St May’s and the Schools inCit-Stteet,where I intend thsLibrary to be built, andwhenthe faid Library is built, 1 give one Hundred and fifty Pounds per Annum for ever, to the Library-Keeper thereof, for the Time beings and one Hundred Pounds a Tear per Annum [fic Orig.] for ever, for buying Books for the fame Li- And I Will and Defire, if it may be ’done by Law, my York- (hire Efiate jhould be convey'd and fettled by my Executors on the Mafier and Fellows of Univerfity-College for ever 5 intrufifor. Book III. of Great-Briiain. 281 and for Performance of the Ufes and Trufis herein before declared of and concerning the fame Efiate. And I clef re my Executors to Charge and Secure in the mofl effcSlnal Manner, the feveral perpe¬ tual Annuities, before by me given, on and out of my Eucking- hamftiiteEfiate, which it is my Intention not to have Sold; and the Overplus of the yearly Rents'and Profit; thereof, 1 would have employed in other Charitable Ufes as aforefaid, and by my Execu¬ tors, or the Survivors of them, charged and fixed on the faid Efiate in their Life-time. And I would have charred on my faid Buckinghamlhire Efiate, one Hundred Pounds pet Annum for ever, to commence thirty Tears after my Deceafe, for the Main¬ taining and Repairing the faidLibrary when built. And the Li¬ brary-Keeper I would have to beMafier of Arts, and. to be chofen by the fore-named mofi honourable Perfons, who are from Time to Time to choofe the Phyficians. And my Will farther is, that my Executors may, if they fee that my Efiate will anfwer, prepare for, and begin the Building of the Library fooner. And I Will that my Executors, in cafe of the Deceafe of any one, or more of them, fiiou'.djoin two or more Perfons of good Repute, with the Survivors of them in their Trufl, by f>ch Conveyances as Council learned in the Law fhall advife, and fo from Time to Time if need be, that my Will may be the better and more furely performed. My Living in Hampfhire *, as often as it fhall be void, and all other Livings that (hall be purchafed by me out of my Efiate, l Will, that in the firfi Place, they may be befiowed on a Member of [Tniverfity-College 5 and if they fiiottld be deficient there, then to a Fellow of Lit)colo-College-, and after that they have preached two or more laudable Sermons at St. Mary’j, the Perfons that are to be prefented from Time to Time,' are to be nominated by the Vice-Chancellor, and the two Divinity-Profeffors, the Mafitr of Univerfity-Co%c, and the Reftor ofLincoln-Coilegefor the Time being, or the major Part of them. The Executors of this Will are. The Honourable William, Bromley, Efq; Sir George Beaumont, Bar, . Thomas Sclater, of Grays-inn, Efq ; and Mr. Anthony Keck, in Fleet-fireet, London, to whofe Dif- cretion the Surplufage of this Eftate is left to be apply’d to charitable Ules. Purfuant to the Doftor's Will, two Travelling Fellows are appointed. * Headborne-Wonhy. The Part I. 282 v pe piefent Sfoite The Right R.cverend the Lord Crew, late Bifhop of Dur- /;<»», was pleafed in a moft bountiful Manner to fettle on Lin¬ ed!} College, fo as to take Place in his Life-time, viz. I. His Lordlhip added twenty Pounds fir Annum to the Headfhip, and ten Pounds per Annum to each of the twelve Pcllowlhips, for ever, II. His Lordlhip made an Augmentation of ten Pounds per Annum a-piece for ever, to the Curates of four Churches be¬ longing to the faid College; viz, All-Saints, and St. Michael in Oxford, Twyford in Buckinghamffitre, and Coml in Oxford- ^ III, His Lordlhip made up the Bible-Clerk’s Place, and Eight Scholarlhips, belonging to the faid College, Ten Pounds per Annum each, for ever, .which before were very mean. All the above-mention’d Charities to take Place from Mi¬ chaelmas, 17x7. IV. His Lordlhip fettled Twenty Pounds per Annum a-picce on Twelve Exhibitioners, which took Place from Lady-day, J71S. • Of CAMBRIDGE. W HAT hath been faid of OX FO R D, the like may be faid of her Siller CAMBRIDGE, which, for Anti¬ quities, gracious Privileges, beautiful Colleges, good Difcipline, Humber of Students, plentiful Revenues, and all otherThings necelfary for Advancement of Learning, may challenge Equa¬ lity with any other Univerfity of the Chriftian World. The Univerfity of Cambridge, in fome few Particulars, differs from that of Oxford. (Ojailfello?.] The Chancellor of Cambridge is not fo durante vita, but may be defied every three Years, aut manere in eodem Officio durante .tacito Confenftt Srnatus Cantabr. He hath under him a Commiffary, who holds a Court of Record of Civil Caufes forallpriviledg’d Perfonsand Scholars, under the Degree of Matter of Arts, where all Caufes are tried and determined by the Civil and Statute-Laws, and by the Cu- ifoms of the Univerfity. They have alfo a High-Steward, chofen by dne. Senate, and holding by Patent from the Univerfity. [On the 3d of November, annually, the Vice-Chancellor lays down his Office, and theProftors take his Place. Then two 1'erfons are nominated by the Heads, and one of them is chofen Vice-Chancellor for the Year enfuing, by the Body of the Univerfity, on the 4th of November ,] • Here Book III. of Great-Britain. 283 Here note, that the Halls at Cambridge are endowed and privileged as the Colleges, and differ only in Name. #$0tt0£S.] The two Proffers are chofen everyYear.asat Oxford , according to the Cycle of Colleges and Halls. There are chofen after the fame Manner, Two, called Taxers, who with the Proffors have Care of Weights and Meafures, as Clerks of the Market. JSEgifleC.] The Ctiftos Archivorum, or Univerfity Regilter. There are alfo Three Efquire Beadles, One Yeoman Beadle, and a Library Keeper. 3B?ifolCgC£.] This Univerfity, for the Encouragement of Students, hath alfo diverfe Privileges, Rights and Liberties, granted by fcveral Kings of England, which every Mickael- mas-Day the Mayor of the Town of Cambridge, at the En¬ trance into his Office, takes a folemn Oath before the Vice- Chancellor, to obferve and conferve, according to the Pur¬ port of the faid Grants. The Regius Profeffors of Divinity, Law, and Phyfick', are obliged to moderate at every Doftor’s and Batchelor’s Aft in rheir feveral Faculties, and to determine upon the Queftions. 2 "be Exercife required for every Degree. F IRST, it is required of every one that takes the Degree of Batchelor of Arts, that he be refident in the Univerfity twelve Terms, and in his laft Y'ear keep two Phiiofophy-Acts (i. e.) that he de.end three Queflions in Natural Phiiofophy, Mathematics, or b.'hichs, and anfwer the Objeffions of three feveral Opponents at .wo feveral Times; and that he alfo op- pofe three times. After which he is to be examined by the Mailer and Fellows of his College, who (if they find no Ob- jeftion againfl him) give him Leave to feek his Degree in the Schools; where he is to fit three Days, and to be examined by two Mailers of Art, who are appointed by the Univerfity for that Purpofe, and by any other Regent that will take the Trouble upon him; after which he puts up a Petition to the Senate, That he may be admitted to the faid Degree, which is read over three times, in the Caput Senatus, once in the Non-Regent-Houfe, and once in the Regent-Hoitfe ; and if the faid Petition be allowed of by all, he is admitted to his De¬ gree by the Vice-Chancellor. No Man can be admitted to the Degree of Mafler of Arts, ’till three Years after he has taken the Degree of Batchelor of ^r«, during which Time he is obliged three feveral Times to maintain two Philofophical Queltions in the publick Schools, and to anfwer fuchObjeffiotts as (hall be urged againfl: him by a Mailer of Arts: He mud likewife keep two Afts in the Batchelor’s Schools, and declaim once: When this is done. 28* patent <8>tate Part i. and tViree Years expired, lie mult firft have the Confent of the Mailer and major Part of the Fellows of his College (which is requifltc to all Degrees) and then vifit every Doftor and Regent that is refident in the Univcrfity ; then put up a Petition to the Senate, which is read at two fevcral Congrega¬ tions to the Caput Scnat. Regents, and Non Regents ; afterwards (if it be not rejcfled) he is admitted to the Degree of Majlcr of Art's, which is'compleated on the firft Tttefday in July. [All Graces that are to be propofed to the Senate, mud firft pafs the Capttt, i. e. mull be propofed by the Vice-Chancel¬ lor to five Perfons, viz. A DoCicr of Divinity ; A Doftor of Law-, A Doftor of Phyjick ; A’MaJlerofArtsofthe Non-Re¬ gents, and a Alajier of Arts of the Regents. Thefe conftitute the Caput, and are appointed Annually to confider and de¬ termine what Graces are proper to be brought before the Body of the Univerfity ; and every one of this Caput hath a negative Voice.] It is required, that a Man be feven Years Ma/ler of Arts, before he takes the Degree of Batchelor of Divinity ; in order to which he is obliged, during thatTime, to oppofe a Batche¬ lor of Divinity twice, to keep one Divinity-Aft, to preach once in Latin, and once in Engliflt, before the Univerfity, after which he may be admitted to the faid Degree. To the taking of the Degree of Doftor of Divinity, that the Commenccr hath been four Y ears Batchelor of Divinity; that lie Oppofe twice, and Refpond once in the Divinity Schools • that he Preach at St. Mary's once in Latin, and once in Eng- (ijh. Moreover, he is obliged, under the Eenalty of Forty Shillings, to propofc a Queftion in the publick Schools with¬ in a Year after he has taken the faid Degree, and to deter¬ mine upon the fame. ' But in feveral Colleges the Grtniials are difpenfed with from taking their Batchelor of Divinity’s Degree; if they keep a Divinity-Aft when it cotqes to theirTum it is fuffici- ent ; and as for thofe that are not Gremials, they need only go out per faltum, &c. Any one who makes the Civil-Law his chief Study from the Time of his firft Admiffion into the Univerfity, may be ad¬ mitted to the Ejegree of Batchelor of Law at the End of fix 'fears, provided he keep one Law-Aft in the publick Schools, where he is to anfwer fuch Objcftions as the Erofelfor fhall urge againft his Queftions. A Batchelor of Arts may be admitted to the faid Degree in four Years after the taking of his Degree of Batchelor of Arts , if he performs the like txercife. After a Man has been five Years Batchelor of Law, or feven Years Majler of Arts, he may be Doftor of Law, pro¬ vided he keep two Law-Afts, and oppofe once. . Ho BookllL of Great-Britain. 2S> No one can be admitted Batchelor in Phyfick ’till the 6th Year after his Admifiion, and he has kept one Phylick-Aft, refponding to the ProfefTor, or fome other Doftor, and oppofed once: After which, if he keeps two Phyfick- Afts, and oppofe once, he may commence Doftor at the End of five Yeats. A Mailer of Arts mult (lay feven Years, and perform the like Exercife, before he can be admitted to the faid Degree. TheReafon of which, though not exprefs’d in the Statute, feems to be this; That they who take the Degree of Mafier of Arts, are not fuppofed to have apply’d themfelves much to the Study of Phyfick before the taking their faid Degree; and therefore it is reafonable they (lay longer before the higheft Degree in that Faculty, than they who have taken a Degree in it before. The Exercifes performed every Term are. Every Monday, Tttefday, Wednefday, Thttrfday and Friday, in Term-Time, or at leaft within a little after the Beginning of the Term, there are Philofophical Difputations in the So- phiilers Schools, from One to Three in the Afternoon. Every Wednefday and Friday there are publick Difputations in the Batchelor of Arts Schools, upon fome Philofophical, or Political Queilions; and Declamations in the fame Place upon Saturdays ; all performed by Senior Batchelors ( i. e.) thofc of the third Year. Every Monday, Tnefday, Wednefday and Thttrfday, between the Hours of Nine and Eleven ir. the Morning, are held Philofophical Difputations between a Mafier and Batchelor of Every fecond Thurfday in Term, is held a publick Theo¬ logical Deputation in the Divinity-Schools, from One to Four in the Afternoon, between a Mafier of Arts, of fome confiderable Standing, who is Refpondent, and three others, who oppofe him. The fixth Thurfday in every Term, tsBatchehr of Law, or Mafier of Arts profefling the Civil Law, is obliged to keep a Law-AH,- refponding to two Opponents. Publick Difputations in Phyfick are performed in like Man¬ ner, the ninth Thurfday in every Term. Note, That befides thefe Exercifes required- by Statutes, there are feveral others performed after die fame Manner, by thofe that take Degrees in the feveral Faculties. Befides all this, there is Exercife performed every Day in Term-Time, either by the Fellows, or the Scholars of every particular College in their refpeftive Colleges. SEfjB SCtCmS.] In Cambridge the Lent-Term begins the 13th of January, and ends the Friday before Palm-Sunday .- Eafier-Tcrm begins the Wednefday after Eafier-Week, and ends the 28 6 . tEfjg p^feiit State Parti the Friday ^hor Commencement -Tuefday, which is always the firftTwe/iiay in July. Michaelmas-Term begins the ioth of Offober, and ends the i6thof December. Commencement.] The firft Tuefday of July is always Dies Cmisiorum, there called the Commencement * wherein the Ma- J!er of Arts, and the Debtors of all Faculties, compleat their De¬ grees refpeftively, as the Batchelors of Arts do theirs in Lent,, beginning at Afh-Wednefday. As to that tart of Government in this Gniverfity, whereby there is put a Stop to extravagant Living, the Vice-Chancellor fometimes viiits the Taverns and other publick Houfes, in his own Perfon ; but the Proftors do it very frequently, and have Power not only to punilh offending Scholars, by pecuniary Mulfts, or carry them to the Talbooth at his Pleafure ; but alfo to fine all fuch publick Houfes as entertain'Scholars at unfesi- fonable Hours; that is; after Eight in Winter, or Nine in Sum¬ mer ; by which Time they ought to be all in their refpeftive Colleges. Porat thofe Times the Gates are lock’d; and the Dean of each College vifits every particular Chamber in the fame, to fee if any Scholars be wanting,'that there may be Care taken both for difeovering and reforming all Sorts of Diforders. Cambridge lies in 5a Degrees and 10 Minutes Northern La¬ titude. Both thefe Univerfities are placed two Ihort Days journey from the Capital City of London, and about the fame Diftance from each other. [In the Gniverfity of Cambridge are 16 Colleges and Halls, 16 Matters, 406 Fellowfhips, about 66a Scholarfhips, 236 Ex¬ hibitions: The whole Number of Matters, Fellows, Scholars, Exhibitioners, and other Students in thisUniverfity, are about 1500. The moft magnificent Buildings here are King's-Col- lege Chapel, the New Building in the fame College, the Scnate- heufe, and Trinity-Library. King’s-College Chapel is the fineft Piece of Gothic Architec¬ ture now remaining on the Face of the Earth, three hundred and four Feet in Length, feventy-three Broad from Outfide to Outfide, and ninety-one Feet inHeight to the Battlements, and yet has not one Pillar in it: It is built of good durable Stone, having twelve large Windows on each fide exquifitely painted; and the Carving and Workmanfhip of the numerous Stalls equalling, if not exceeding any thing of the Kind. This conftitutes one fide of a large Square. The New Building at King's, which tuns from the Weft End of the Chapel, a little detached from it to the Southward, makes another Side of the Square. This Structure, containing fpacious Chambers :Bnd Apartments for the Fellows and Students, is built of white hewn Stone, and is two hundred and' thirty-fix Feet in Book III. Of-GREAT-BRITAIN.' 287 Length, and forty-fix Feet in Breadth, being one of the mod regular and beautiful Pieces -of Modern Architefture in Eu¬ rope. Trinity-Library ftands upon Pillars that form a fine Piazza, in the Inner Court of Trinity-College : It is built of hewn Stone, and is one hundred and ninety Feet in Length, and forty Broad; but this is further defcribed hereafter among the Libraries. The New Senatc-Hottfe (which with the Schools, the Uni- verfity Library, and fome other Buildings intended to be erefted oppofite to it, will form a handfome Square) is one hundred and one Feet in Length, and forty-two in Breadth, built with bewn Stone, and adorned with fluted Pillars, Tri¬ angular Pediment, and other Ornaments fuitable to fuch ail Edifice. Nor mull Clare-H'all be omitted, whofe elegant Buildings, beautiful Walks, Vifto's, and natural Canal, formed by the River, make it one of the moft delightful Abodes of the Mu- fes: And as the Struftures already mentioned are admirer! for their Beauty, St. John's-College is no Iefs confiderable, on ac¬ count of the Number of Students, and the Strhftnefs of the Difcipline obferved here, the Groves and Gardens belonging to it, alfo with its Situation on the River, render it exceeding pleafant.] JLibjarie#.] After what has been Paid of the Oxford Libra¬ ries, it may not be amils to fay fomething concerning thofe in this famous Univerfity, fo far as is confiftent with our in¬ tended Brevity. And firfl of the 2Elnit)f!tfitVs?Ub;arp.] In which, among other valuable Books, there 'is a Gregory's PaJloralCareta Saxon, admirably well written, and a large Part of the Septuagint, in very ancient Greek Letters, This Library contains about 14000 Books in all: Among!! thefe may be reckoned the ancient Monu¬ ments of the Church of the Waldenfes, or Vaudois, brought by Sir Samuel Moreland from Piedmont, and given here; as alfo that moft ancient Copy of the Four Gofpels and the Alls, taken out of the Monaftery of St. Iremut at Lyons, A. D. 1562, and prefented to this Univerfity by Theodore Beza, A.D. 1581. This Book is written in Greek and Latin, not long after the Alexandrian Manufcript in his Majefty’s Library ; and though it differs in fome Places from the newer Copies, it is laid to agree very well with Irtnatts and other ancient Fathers. [King George I, added to thefe a very valuable Colleiftion of Books and Manufcripts, confiding of thirty-thoufand Volumes and upwards; which he purchafed of theExecutors of theRight Reverend Dr. Al«rf,latcBilhop of Ely ,for the Sum of SixThou- fand Guineas, and made a Prefent of them to this Univerfity. The fame King, in the Year 1724, founded a ProfefTorlhip of Modern Hiftory and Languages in this CJniyetflty, and ano;- 288 Cfje pjefeitt ©taw Part i ther at Oxford, afiigning to each of the ProfefTors a Salary of 400 l. per Annum, either of the faid ProfefTors being obliged to maintain two Perfons qualified to teach the faid Langua¬ ges) who were to inllruft ao Scholars Gratis, to be no¬ minated by the Crown in each IJnivcrfity. Notwithftanding which there has been very little Progrefs made in Modern Hiftory and Languages; and it is apprehended that as well the Salaries as the Exercifes will be difcontinued.] Every College and Hall in Cambridge hath its Library like as in Oxford, and excelling in the fame Kinds of Books, Manufcript and Printed, We need not tell over the Names of each College, iri order to - enumerate their Libraries, though forne or them well deferve to be particularly men- Snrinitp«CoUegE4liib?at'} , >] Which is the molt magnifi¬ cent Building of its Kind in the three Kingdoms, and is daily more and more furniihed with Variety of good Books; uot to mention the great, Number of choice Manufcripts which are here preferved; amorigft which, the Codex Hol- mienfis, containing a great Part of Origefs Works in Greek-, the Epiftles of Sr: Paul, fuppofed to be writ by Venerable Bede ■ Eadwin’s Pfalterium Triplex (being the moll valua¬ ble Latin Pfalter in England) ought to be particularly men¬ tioned. But in lBennefe€oIlege*ilUbjaf}>] there is a mod valuable Col- leftion of Manujcripts, and ancient Printed Beohs, given by Matthew Parker, Lord Archbifhop of Canterbury, in the Time of Q. Elizabeth. Thefe Books were collefted out o the Remains of the old Abbey-Libraries, and from thofe belonging to Colleges and Cathedral Churches, and do chiefly relate to the Hiftory of England , as may eafily be feen by the continual References which thofe that write on this Sub- jeft do make to it: Not that this Coileftion is deftitute of Writings, or moll valuable Books in other Faculties ; • as win¬ ners the Four Gofpels, and Juvenilis, both in Capital Letters, Claudius Presbyter in Matthaum, D. Ambrofe Hexameron, and Origines inLucifm, both in Lombardick Letters, befides Num¬ bers of other fcarce Manufcripts. Sts 31ol)lt’'0sf OllegesJUbjarp] was chiefly founded by Archbilhop Williams, Keeper of the Great-Seal of England in. King James the Firlt’s Time, and a Man of a Noble Spirit. The Cafe is very large and beautiful, and the Colleftion, as to Printed Books, the fecond or third in Cambridge. It has late¬ ly received a great Augmentation by the Acceflion of the Li¬ brary of Dr. Gunning ^late Bifhop of Ely, who gave it to that College. And fo alfo @manueI»CoUege=&ibjari>] has laie 'y received another valuable Colleftion of curious Books by the Deceafe of Arch¬ bilhop Sancroft. And here the Reader may pleafe to obferve. BookI. Of Great-Britain; that all the Libraries in Oxford are Studying Libraries and ihofe of Cambridge (except that of King's-College) are Lending Libraries j that is, he that is qualified, may borrow out of it any Book he wants. CHAP. XIIL • Of the reft'of bis Majefty’s Dominions , &c. Of Jersey and Guernsey. 1 T HE next and neareft, are his Majefty’s two finall Iflaridil of Jerfe yand Guernfty, lying near the Coaft of France < with two lefler, Alderney and Serke, being the only Remains of- the Dukedom of Normandy now in bis Majefty's PofTeflion 5 iti both of which the French Tongue is generally retained. 3erfej>.) Jerfey, the biggeft of the two, though not above *0 Miles in Circumference, is a moft fertile Soil, producing all Kinds of Grain, and feveral Sorts of good Fruit, efpecially Apples, of Which they make great Quantities of Svder: 'Tii well ftock’d with Cattle, particularly Sheep, furnifhing the In¬ habitants with great Store of fine Wool, which employs moft: of the Poor in making Stockings, which in Time of Peace Were chiefly fent over into France, their neareft Market. Cfoil <£oi)srriment.] Bor the Civil Government of this Ifland,- the principal Magiftrate is the Bailiff, who is of Royal Nomination; and with Twelve Jurors, chofen by the People^ adminifters juftice, and determines all Caufes within the fames Treafon only eticepted. Appeals may be brought before the Council-Board in Matters of Civil Property above the Valua of 300 Livres Tourmii, There are here feveral Signeuries, or Royal Fiefs, the chief Whereof is St. Outn. ©uernfejt.] The Ifland of Guernfey lying about 20 Miles diftant from the former, is Welt defended with Rocks, as that alfo is, and is not much lefs in Space,- but is fomewhat inferior in the Richnefs of the Soil, which has this rare Quality, that it ndurifbes no venomous Creature in.it; both of them are furnijhed with great Variety of Fifh'. There areTenParilhes in the Ifland, the firft of Which is St; Peter Port, which is a Very convenient and fafe Harbour for Shipping ; upon' the Peer i Which iscurioufly paved, is the ufual Walk ,of the Inhabitants of the Town; There are two Royal Fieft, at Sejgmuries, in this ifland, held ©ftheCrownin Fealty and Homage, ids. Anneville,\sy Ma¬ dam ,ay-Head in the Eajl Point of Cathnefs in the North, is about 250 Miles long, and between Buchanefs on the Eajl Sea, and Ardnamurchan Point on the Wefi, is 150 Miles broad ; and yet no Part of it is 50 Miles from the Sea. SSi.bifioil.] During the Roman Times, all below Edinburgh. Frith ftas pollefs’d by them, and what lay more Northwards, by Extraprovincial Britains, or Piils. The Roman Part was par¬ ticularly called Velentia, towards the latter End of their Go¬ vernment. The Pieu afterwards had the Whole 'till the Saxon Xnvalion, which was in the Beginning of the fixth Century a Upon the Saxons feizing the Eajl Low-Lands, the Scots were called in, who poffeft Dalrieda, fo that then there were three Kingdoms in Scotland, Bernicia, Dalrieda, and that of the Pills. The Saxons kept their Portion, ’till they were weak¬ en'd,by the Danes, which made them a Prey to the Scots ; who by Degrees, partly by War, and partly by Agreement, became Malters of all Scotland. Their great Divifion was in¬ to High-Lands and Low-Lands, and into the Northern and Southern Regions, with refpeft to the River Tay ; beltdes a great many Ijlands lying round about the Kingdom. The Number of Parifhes in Scotland are 890. The Inhabitants of North Bright Were-con¬ verted to the Chriftian Religion very early, by Britains that were Subje&s of the Roman Empire; but what Progrefs Chri- ftianity then made is uncertain. St, Patrick is elteemed to have been the firft Bifhop of the Scots, rather than Palladius, who died in the firft Year of his Million into Britain, being unable to do any Good upon that then unciviliz’d Nation s St. Patrick was fent by Pope Celfjiin for that Purpofe; and the Convcrfion that he wrought, as very learned Men fup- pofe, was not from the Pelagian Herefy, but from down¬ right Gentilifm- The Church of Rome had not yet impofed new Articles of Faith upon other Church.es; but afterwards, when they came to make great Innovations, which the Bri¬ tains and Scots refufed to fubmit to, they were (hut out of her Communion, and called the Schifmaticks of Britain and Ireland. However, laying the Sjthifm upon thofe that Were the Caufe of it, they held Communion with each other, 4nd kept their Religion the fame, in moll Points, as is was anciently in the purer Roman Church. US CHAP, 'hi •'ft&eipgfcift State fart ir; C H A P. II. 4 Defcription of the fevera! Shirks or Countie? of SCOTLAND, alphabetically digefied. S cotland is divided, according to its Temporal Jurifdiftion,' Ifito 31 Shires, or Counties, and two Stitarties, j. Shire of SbCtCCEll, . So call’d from the Chief Burgh in it, contains the Countries pf ■ Marre,- Iourmanteen,Garioch, Strathbogie, and that Part of fluchan which lies South to the Water of Ettgie. It is about 46 Miles long, and 28 broad. Here thy find a fpotted Sort of Marble and much Slate, and in the Waters are taken an in¬ credible Number of Salmons, to the great Advantage of the Country, befides abundance of Pearls, fome very big and of a fine Colour. They have Deer in great Abundance, and Eagles make their Neds upon the Rocks of Pennan. The chief Cities are O/rf and A’eze Aberdeen, which are about a Mile afunder. New'Aberdeen is the Capital, or Head Burgh, of the Sheriffde>ns o( Aberdeen, where Caufes are try’d, and exceeds all the Cities of the North of Scotland in Bignefs, Commerce, ‘and Beauty; the Air is wholfome, and the In¬ habitants Well educated. The Houfes are generally four Sto¬ ries high; and having Orchards behind them, make the City at’a Diftance to appear like a Wood. There is alfo a Free : School-Houfe, founded by Dr. Dune, having one Matter and three Ufhers : A'Mufick-School, an Alms-Houfe, and three Hofpitals, founded by feveral Perfons. This Town had for¬ merly a Mint, as appears by Silver Coins damp'd there, up¬ on the Reveffe whereof the Narpe of this Town was infcrib- ed, which'are ftill preferved in the Clofets of the Curious, At the Weft-End of the' City is a little round Hill, where break's ou't_ a Fountain of clear Water; and in the Middle another Spring bubbles up, called the Aberdonian Spaw, com¬ ing near the Spaw-water in the'Bifhoprick of Liege both in Tafte and Quality. Befides Aberdeen, Kintor is a Burgh-Roy- al upon the 1 Don ; .which gives Title to the Earl of Kintor; And Inverurie, the Title of this Earl’s eldeft Son, ereftcd info a Burgh-Royal by King Robert Bruce. On the South-fide of 'the WSter of Eugie, hands Peterhead, with a Road that Will contain xoo Sail of Ships; and at thjs Place it is High- Water when the Moon is direftly South. In many Places of this Shire are great Stones placed in a Circle, and one of the greateift in the Middle, towards the South ; which feem to have been Places .of Worihip in tbs Times of Hga- thenifm. ' The dropping Cave of Slums is very remarkable, ^f the.pctrifiedSubftance whereof they make excellent Lime. Book I. of Great-Br itain.' 29^ Old Aberdeen was the Bilhop’s Seat, and has a Cathedral Church, commonly called St. Machar's, large and (lately, built by feveral Bilhops of this See. The Windows of the Church, wherein is a hne Monument of iiilhopF/ydra/louthe Pounder, were formerly very remarkable for their painted (jlafs; and fomething of their ancient Splendor (till remains. In the Steeple, befides other Bells, there are two of an ex¬ traordinary Bigncfs. Mart is ail Inland Country, 60 Mile? long. Upon the Bank of the Don (lands Kildrummy the an¬ cient Seat of the Earl of Marr. Strathbolgy was formerly the Seat of the Earl of Athol, now the chief Reddcnce of the Mar- quifs of Huntly, who by King James VII. was made Duke of Gordon. This Sherifflhip is in the King’s Gift. Other Scats in aiberUfEnfijiVr.] Inverugie, Earl of Uarifi dial’s ; Keith-Hall, Earl of Kimor’s ; Pitjligo, Lord Pitjligo's ; Ksirnbulg, Colonel Buchan’s-, Dalgctry, Earl of Errol's -,Abom, Bari of Abotn's ; Mttckwxll, Lord Frafer’s ; Pitmeddcn, Sir Alexander Seton's, Bart. Knockhall, IVoodny, Efq; Drum, lr- win, Efq; Cragywar, Sir William Forbes's-, Foveraif, Forbes, B,art. Mnmmttsk, Forbes, Bart. C afile-Forbes, Lord Forbes’s 5 Crathes, Sir Thomas Burnet of Leys, Bart. Fnndraught, Lord Vilcount Frendraugbt's ; Philorth, Lord Saltotm's ; F etterneir, Lejly of Bolquhines, alias Count Lejly's -, Fyvie, Earl of Dum- ferling’s ; Tyri, Hugh Frajier’s, Efq; 2. Shire of 3iire, Derives .its Name from Aire, the Head Burgh of the Shire; Tvhich is a little Mart, and a well known Porthpon a River of the fame Name, (hunts in a fandy Plain, yet has pleafant and fruitful Fields, with Greens, which afford a pleafant Pr.ofpeft bpth Winter and Summer. The Country generally produces good Store of Corn and Grafs; is very populous, and the Inhabitants are exceeding indudrious. Between the Town and the Sea, Cromwell built a Citadel, which was well forti¬ fied with a Foffe and a Stone Wall; it was demolilh’d at the Reftoration, and now only fome Houfes are (landing, and fome Angles of the Ramparts. By the King’s Patent, Aire is the Sheriff’s Seat, and has a Country of 31 Miles Extent under its Jurifdiftion. This County contains the three great Bailleries of Scotland, Carriclt, Kyle, and Cunningham, Carrick is a County fruitful in Paftures, and abundantly furnilhed with Commodities by Sea and Land. Robert Brute, the fa¬ mous King of Scotland, was Earl of Carrick. Kyle is a plen¬ tiful Country, and well inhabited. It is divided into King's- Kyle, and Kyle-Stnart: Of tjie firft the Campbels of Loudon were the Heritable Sheriffs; of the other, tire Wallaces of Craigie ; but both the Sherifflhips are now tjnited in the Earl of Loudon. The Earl of Cajfilis is Heritable Bailiff of Carrick, and the Earl of Eglington of Cunningham. ■ Cunningham (ig- nifics the King's Habitation ; whence we may guefs at thjs U q Beauty CJje p?efent State Part ir. Beauty of its Situation. Not far from Ardrajfan in this Coun- ty, is Larges, imbrued with the Blood of the Norwegians, by king Alexander III. London is fituated in Cunningham, and in that Diftrift is the Seat of the Earl of London. The Earl of Stairs, and the Wallaces, famous fornjerly for their Bravery in Defence of their Country’s Liberty, have their Seats in Kyle. Upon the Water of Aire there are many pleafant Seats, jtncompafs’d with Woods and Groves, and the lliverabounds jvith Salmon and Trout. At the Place where the little River of Xyle falls into the Water of Aire, ftands Sutsdroun, the Seat of the Lord Cathcart. Two Miles North of Aire Town Rands Xincafe, which always was, and is, a Place of Retirement foi leprous Perfons : A Mile beyond that is Munclon-Caftie, q. pleafant Seat, belonging to William Bailie, Efq; About two Miles from hence in the Sea, lies Lady-Ifte, where is great • Ilenty of Rabbits and Fowl, but there are no Inhabitants.' Other Seats in,the Shire of jjlirt!.] Caflilis, Earl of CaJJilis’s; Eglington, Earl of Eglington's-, Kilburn and liowallcn, Earl of ‘clafeow's-, Leifnoris, the Countefs of Dumfries's ; Kiiburny, Vifcount Game's; the Cove, Sir Archibald Kennedy of Col- lean-, Craigy, Sir Thomas Wallace's, Bart. Kiliarren, Sir John- Fergufon's, Bart. Auchins, Earl of Dundonaldls-, Garvan Mains, Sir Thomas Kennedy's ; Stair, Earl of Stair's ; Bargany, Lord Eargany'%-, blairquhan. Sir Adam Whitford’s, Bart. P.laire, JRlaire’s of that Ilk-, Entarkin, Cunningham, Gadgkth, Cham¬ bers,'Caprington, belonging to the Cunninghams ; Adamton to the Blaire's -, Crofebey to the Fullertons-, Kilmarnock'gives ■the Title df Earl of Kilmarnock to the Family of Bqyd, whiclj js an ancient Family in Scotland ; Oucheltree, Sir John Coch¬ ran's-, and Haxelhead, Francis Montgomery, Efq; This Sheriff- jfhip is in the King’s Gift. 3. Shire of Comprehends Argyle, Lorn,'Kir.tyre, Comal, Knapdale, and the Weft Iftes of Jftay, Jura, Mul, ll'collimkil, Wyft, Terejf, Coll, and Lifmore. Here the Dukes of Argyle have Jura Rega¬ lia. The Farfiily of the Campbels, of which they are the Head, has great Authority and Intercft over this Whole Shire. Qf old, the Repyefentativcs of this Family were Juftices-Gencral of Scotland-, and as yet retain the Power of Judiciaries of this. Shire, and are Heritable Great-Maftcrs of the King's Houf- hold. This County had formerly two Sheriffdoms, Argyle and Tarbat, but now they are united into one, which com- jprehenejs Kintyre, Knapdale, Askeodnifts, and Comal, in which is Dsbohw, jformerly the Iiilbop of Argyle's Seat, Lorn, and others a^Sidy named.' It joins to Perthftsire on the Eaft, on the North-Eaft to Loquhabet;, on the North-Weft to the Iftes, and on the South to the LriJh Sea. It is about Sixfcore Miles in Length, and in Breadth Forty Miles. The Sea, in many places, runs a great way up into the Land, in long Bays, IBookl. pf GreAT-Britain. 2p? which they call Loughs. The Traft properly called Argyle, lies between Lochfyne, wherein is a great Herring-Fiflievy and Loch-aw, a frdh Water Loch, 24 Miles long, and one broad. The whole Shire is mountainous, and the Inhabitants, who fpeak Irijh, i. e. the ancient Scotijh, live chiefly by Hunting and Filhing. Lorn lies fomewhat higher towards the North, a Country producing the bed Barley; divided by Loch-Leven, a vaft Lake, upon which Hands Bergonum, a Caftle, wherein the Courts of Juftice were anciently kept. Jts Stewards in the laft Age were the Lords of Lorn, but by a Female Heir it came to the Earl of Argyle,. whofe elded £ons, before they were made Dukes, were Vifcounts Lorn. Kintyre, the Southermoft Divifionof this Shire, is above 30 Miles long, and 8 or 9 broad; it is a Country very fruitful, and weil inhabited both by Low-Landers and High-Landers. Campbelton, a Royal Burgh, is in this Divifion, where is a fafe Harbour for Ships, having an Ifland in the Mouth of the Bay. The chiefeft Royal Burgh in the whole Shire, is Inveraray, the Seat of the Duke of Argyle. It ftands in Lorn, and is commended for a very beautiful Place; being adorn’d with 1 a large Caftle, and fine Parks, and feated upon Lochfyne, a Liver as large as the Thames. The Duke of Argyle is Here¬ ditary Sheriff. Other Seats in 3IrgylEl®irP.] Lochgaer, Sir James Camjbel's of Anchinbreck-Caftl'e-, Kilchurn, Earl of Braid-Albin's-, the Caftle Dunjlaff, formerly a Seat of the King’s, where many Scotijh Kings are bury’d ; It now belongs to the Duke of Argyle, ana is governed by an lieretable Captain under his 4. Shire of iSamff Is fo denominated from Bamff, a Burgh-Royal, feated at the Mouth of Doverne, in the Boyne, where the Sheriff holds his Courts. The adjacent Country is very fertile, and the Salmon-Filhing very advantagious. In Length, from Weft to Raft, it is about 32 Miles, and the Breadth about 30. In Balvenie is found the Stone of which Altom is made; and in the Country of Boyne, great Quarries of fpotted Marble have been lately difeovered. The Country is generally well fur- hilhed with Grafs and Corn; and comprehends that Part pf Buchan which lies North of the River Bugle, with the Countries of Strathdovern, Boyne, Enzic, Strathaven, and Bcl- ■venie. Bamff Ihews the Ruins of an old Caftle, near which is the Abby of Deer, which appertained to the Cifiertian Monks, and was founded by William Cumin, Earl of Buchan. Seats in Catllfffllire.] Gordon-Caftle, Duke of Gordon's ; Cullen and Deskford, Earl of Finlater’s; lndruer. Lord Banff's-, Craig of Boyne, Ogilv yof Boyne's-, Berkenboyne, Sir Ja.Aber- ifcmby's ; Park, Sir John Gordon'% j Omn, Sir Ja. Dunbar’s • ' r .' ' Forglain, 298 f 3 ie p?efent State Partn; Borglain, Sir Alexander Ogilvy's, a Lord of the Seffion j kothemay, Gordon's ; Pittcndrich, Lord Oliphant’s-, Kinardif, Donalfon's ; Cajlle-Grant, the Laird of Grant’s-, Crombie, Puffs ; Bracco, Duff’s-, Glaffaugh, Abenromby’s ; Baliendal- lack. Grant's of that lib-, Catron, Grant’s of that lll;-,Trofi ken, Gordon’s-, Skieth, Abenromby's-, Kinminnity, Suther¬ land's ; Glengerack, Gordon’s s Meptn, Abernethie's ; Buckie, Gordon's-, Raynefs, Hay’s of Raynejs-, Achentcn, Gordon’s-, Bognie, Morifon's. 5. shire of Bertoicft. This Sheriffdom is divided into three Parts, the Mcrfe,lam purmoore, and Lauderdale-, it is about 20 Miles in Length, and 14 in Breadth. The Merfc, or Merck, is fo called from its Situa¬ tion, it being a March or Border Country, between Scotland and England. Formerly this Country lay open to all the In¬ roads made by bothNationsupon one another. Upon theUni- pn of the Crowns, they felt the Bleffings of Peace, and by the Union of the Kingdoms, they, with the reft of the Borderers, are fecured for ever with the reft of th 0 Lfland. In this fmall Traft there are feveral notable Towns. Lauder, a Royal Burgh and Seat of the Commiflariot, Greenlow, a Burgh of Regality, and chief Burgh of the Shire, belonging to the Earl of March- venpt. Cockburn-Path, a Poft-Stage belonging to Sir James Hall of Dunglafs. Coldftream-’Town, once a Monaftery, now belonging to the Earl of Hume and Haddington, Dunce, aBurgh of Barony, thebeftMarket for Cattle in all Scotland. Aymcuth, a famous Sea-port Town, and more famous for being the firft Title of the Duke of Marlborough. Coldington, once a fa¬ mous Nunnery, and afterwards a Priory. Hume-Caflle and Baft-Caftle, are both Seats belonging to the Earls of Hume, who are Hereditary Sheriffs of this County. Other Seats in ©Ettoiclifljire.] Lauder-Caflle, the Earl of Lauderdale’s 1 Polwart-Cajtle, Earl of Marchmont's-, Black - ader, Sis John Hume's j Mellorjlon, George Baillie of Jerviflwood-, Harcout, William Hog's-, Allenbauk, Sir Robert Stuart's -,Nisbet, Carr's of Gazers ; Lanton, Cockburn of Lanton, Bart. Mertin, Robert Scot's of Harden ; Hirjel, Earl of Hume’s. 6 . Shire of or ©life, or Boot, A fmall lfland near the Coaft of_drgyfe,about 10 Miles long and one broad, is fo called from Bute, a Religious Houfe founded.by one Brendanus ; it is a Shrievalty by it felf, and has a Sheriff of the Family of the Stuarts, who has under his Jurifdifiion the lfland of Glotta, or Arran-, the Earldom whereof is enjoyed by the Family of the Hamilton!, of which fhe.Duke of Hamilton is now the Head. In the lfland of Bute {lands the Caftle of Rothcfay, which gives the Title of Duke to the eldeft Son of the King of Scotland, who is born Prince of Scotland, Duke of Rothefay, and High-Steward of Scot¬ land, cvey fmcc King Robert III. invefted his eldeft Son EM- Book!. Of Great-Britain; 299 vid with that Title, who was the Pirft in Scotland that was honoured with the Stile of Duke. Both thefe Iflands are to¬ lerably fertile, and their Produce is of the fame Nature with that of the othfer Weftern Iflands. Stuart Earl of Bute is the chief Proprietor and Heritable Coroner of thatlfland; Rofa is his Seat.' Callaiitine has another Seat at Keatnes ; and Stuart of Afcog another. Near Bare are two fmall Iflands, called Great and Little Cumbrays, the Property of the Earl of Glaf- gow. Arran is bigger than Bute, 24 Miles from South to North, and feven Miles -from Eaft to Weft. It almoft all be¬ longs to the Duke of Hamilton, who. has a pleafant Summer Seat at Brodick-Caflle, and a Foreft in the llland, in which are ufually about 400 Head of Deer. The People who fpfcak all Irijb, are Protefiants, aud are ftill compofed of feveral Tribes or Clans. The mod ancient are Mac Lewis (i, c. Sons of Lewis) who own themfelves to"be of Trench Parentage. In Englifh they are called Fullerton, and are Lairds of Kirk-Mi¬ chel, where they relide. There are alfo feveral other fmaller Iflands in the fame Bay, under the Jurifdi&ion of the Sheriff of Bute. By the Aft of Onion of Scotland and England, Bute is joined with Caithnefsin fendingReprefentativesto thePar- liament of Great-Britain, and the fil’d Turn is adjudg'd to Bute. Stuart, Earl of Bute, is Hereditary Sheriff. 7. shire of CaitljnefS Lies far North, butting upon the Eaflern and Northern Sear full of Creeks and Inlets from the Sea, which runs in many Places far within the Land. Week, a Royal Burgh, is the Re- fidence of the Sheriff, or his Officer. The Inhabitants of this Province, who are but few, fubfid chiefly upon Grazing and Raffing of Cattle, Oats, and Barley,and Fifhing, Girnego, the Seat of the Earl of Caithncfs, is the principal Seat in the Coun¬ try. The Earl of Braid-Alim is Hcredirable Sheriff. O ther Seats in CaitlilUfsfilire.j Thurfo-Cafile, Earl of Caithnefs's ; Dunrobin, Earl of Sutherland's ; Dnnbeath, Sir William Sinclair's of May; Skelbo, Lord Dujfus's-, Murkle, Eatl pf Caithness's. 8. shire of Clackmannan Is Part of Fife, fo called from Clackmannan the Head Burgh; it is bounded to the North by the Orchiil-Hills, to the South by the Frith, or Forth, to the Ead by Part of Perthjhtre, and to the Wed by Part of Sterlingfhire. It is about 8 Miles inLength, and r in Breadth, where broaded. The Country is plain, and Soil fertile : Mod of it is fit for Padure; what is below the Orchiil-Hills bears Corn very well. kboutAlloway and Clack- ptannan they haye great Store of Coal-Pits; the Coal whereof, with their Salt, they export in good Quantities. Bruce of Blackmannan is Hereditary Sheriff of this little Shire. Seats in Clackmaniianfljire.] Alloway, Earl of Marr's, a very beautiful and pleafant Scat; Kennet, Colonel Jamss 300 Cfje pjefeitt ©tote Part n. Bruce’s j Mcnjiri, ^a. Helium's ; Tillibody, Alexander Aber- cromby's ; Tillictttri, Sir Robert Stuart's, Bart. Lord of the Seiiion ; Sanchie, Sir ’'John Shaw’s of Greenock ; Forth, George Gordon’s, 9. shire of Cromartp Is denominated from Cromarty, a Royal Burgh, Handing upon theFrwAof Cromarty, which is 15 Miles long, and in many Places 2 Miles broad: The Entrance of the Frith is nar¬ row, yet when oncein, it isvery fafe and eafy. The Watersof Cornel ire. famous for the Pearls found in them. Earl of Cro¬ marty is Sheriff and Proprietor of great Part of this County* refides at Tarbat. This Shire comprehends Part of Rofs, lying upon the South Side of CromartyFrith ; it is in Length 50, and in Breadth 30 Miles, The Straths, or Valleys, upon theWater- fides, are full of Wood, particularly upon the Carrot:, the Wa¬ ters of Braan, and near Alferig, are great Woods of fir, and on the Hills great Store of all Sorts of Game. Seats in 5 LofI)iaii, Comchonly called Mid-Lothian, is the principal Shire of Scot¬ land ; in Leiigth 20 or 2iMiles, infome Place, 16 or 17 broad,- and in other Places not above 5 or 6. OntheEaft-fide its bound¬ ed with Eajl-Lothian, or the Sheriffdom of Haddington, 13 Miles together 5 on the South-EaftSide with the Baillery of Ldu- derdale ,for about 4 ; on the South with theSheriffdoms of Twee- dale uni Selkirk, for about 13 Miles; on the South-Weftwith the Sheriffdom of Lanerick, for 6 or7 Miles; and on the Weft, for "two Miles, by the faid Sheriffdom; on the North.Weft with Weft-Lothian, or the Sheriffdom of Linlithgow, for 14 Miles; and on the North with the Frith or Forth, for the Space of S Miles. This Traft of Land is abundantly furnifli’d with all Neceflaries, producing a great deal of Corn of all Sorts; and affording good Pafture for Cattle. It has much Coal and Lime-ftone, as alfo a Sort of foft black Marble; and fome few Miles from Edinburgh, near the Water of Leith, they have a Copper-Mine. The Sheriffdom is in the King’s Gift: And as this Country has at prefent feveral confiderable Houfcs, where- of Hawthornden is famous for its Caves hewn out of .the Rock,- and Roflin for the great (lately Chapel, fo it produces fome Re¬ mains of Antiquity; for near the Town of Grammond, where Salmon and feveral other Fifh are taken, many Stones have been dug upwith Roman Infcriptions : Alfo in the Grounds of ■Ingliftown, belonging to Hugh Wallace, were found 2 Scones,- Parts of a Pillar, upon one of which is a Lawrel Crown, upon the other, the longed of the two, there is on each Side the Roman Securis. The Name of the Emperor is broken off; but by the Progrefs of the Roman Arms.defcribed by Tacitus, it can¬ not have been fet up before the Time of Julius Agricola, who conquer’d this Country for Domitian. Thefe Stones-are fo be feen in Sir Robert Sibbald's Garden at Edinburgh. Seats in HM-]Ho/y-roorf-fTo«/e t the King’s; Dalkeithy Dutchefs of Buccltugh’s ; Hewbottle, Marquifs of Lothian’s -, Dal- hufy, Earl of Dalhttfy's ; Rofebcrry, Ear! of Rofeberry’s ; Borth- wuk, once Lord Borlhwid’ s,now Sir ja. Dalrymple’s -, Roleline, Sin d/ir'S Book I. o? Gre at-BRit Ain. 303 Sinclair's, defcended from Sinclair, Earl of Orkneys Cranjloun, once Lord Cranjloun's, now John Dalrymple’s-, Cranjloun Mat- Gill, Vifcount Oxenford’s; Prefioun-Hall.SU .Roderick Mackenzie's, a Lord of the Sellion; Smtutm, Sir James Richard fin’s 5 Roy- Jloun, Earl of Cromarty's ; Barntoun, Earl of Ruthgleas's-, Hal- toun, Earl of Lauderdale's ; Calder, Lord Torpichen's, Armfioun, Mr. Robert Dundafs’s, a Lord of the Seifion; Shank, Mackenzie's of Rofehattgh-, Pinkie, Marquifs oiTweedale's-, Addijlouh, Mr. Gibfin’s i Collington, Sir James Fowlis's j Bennington, Sir Robert Chitjly's-, Melvil-Cafile, Lord Roji's ; Inch, Sir Alexander Gtll- tnorc's-, Priejlfield, Sir James Dick's ; Walmet, Wallace's -, Dredoit, George Lockhart's of Carnwath 3 Carbery, Sir Robert Dickfon's Saughton-Ball, Sit James Baird's ; Adijlon, Mr. Gibfin’s 3 Gogar, Sit Andrew Morton’s, Bart. Broughton-Houfi, lately Lord Ballen- den’s, now Sir David Dalrymple’s Bart, his Ma jelly’s Advocate) ■Stone-Hill, Sir William Sharp's ; Goodtrees, Sir James Stewart's 5 Gilmerton, Sir William Barr’s ; Kiddrie, Mt.Wachop’s-,Edmifloun, Mr. Wachop’ s ; Drum, Mr. Som/nervil’s-,Dean, Sir Patrick Kisbet’s Sanchtouchel , Sir James Baird’s-, Merchifton, James Lewis’s 5 Granton, Sit William Pater fin's, Bart. Cramond, Lord Charles Kerr's ; another Cramond, Sir John Inglis's, Bart. Cambo, Mr. Meinzies's-, lnglifion, Hugh Wallace’s-, Clifton-Hall, Sit George Wifehcart’s Bart. 13. Shire of <£Igitl Takes its Mame from Elgin, a Royal Burgh, where are the Ruins of an ancient Caftle,and one of the mod (lately Churches in Scotland : It comprehends Part of Murray. The Shire of Elgin is bounded upon the North by the Frith, and the River Kefs, which feparates it from Invernefs[hire: To the Ealt it’s (e- parated from Bamffjhire, by the River Spey : To the South it hath Badenech, and to the Weft, Part qf Loquhaber. The whole Country of Murray, of which this Shire is a Parr, is above 30 Miles long, and 20 broad. The Air is very tvholefome, and the Winter mild. The Low Country has very much Corn, which is foonripe) but the High Country is fitter forPafture. Here are many great Woods of Fir, and other Trees, to Miles long, with fomelarge WoodsofOak. Elgin gives the Honpur of Earl to James Bruce, Earl of Ailsbury. Kinrofs is very near Elgin, and gives the Title of Baron to the Earls of that Name : Sir James Dunbar of Wejlfield, is Heritable Sheriff of Elgin. ■ Seats in (£lmn(Ijire.] Tornway, a (lately old Cattle, former- ]y the Seat of Ranulph Earl of Murray, and now belonging to the Earl of the fame Name. Brody, Brody's j Forres-Cajlle, Dunbar’s of Wejlfield, who is Hereditary Conftable of it ; Moor- town, Sir James Calder’s 5 Gordonjlown, Sir— —Gordon’s-, Spynie-Cafile, the Bilhop’s Houfc. Elgin-Houfi, Lord Duffe's-, Cafile-Granr, Lodovic Grant's -, Inner, Sir Henry Innes’s 3 Rothes, Earl of Rothes’s-, Burgle, Ledovic Dunbar’s. 304 €f )2 P?efent State Pari IL' 13. Shire of An excellent Country,, wedged in-by the Forth and the Thy* fhoots out far to the Eatfi It abounds with Corn and Pafture 3 in foine Places, with Lead Oar and Coal ; the Seas yield great ■Quantities of Filh, as well Sheli-Filh as others. Near the 'Forth is the Town of Calrofs, near that Is Kincardine j in the fame County is Dumferling, once a famous Monaftery, built by King Malcolm III. who was there interred. Upon the famei Shore (lands Dyfert. Here alfo is St. Andrew's, once the See of the Primate and Metropolitan of all Scotland ■ and here is C owper, a Royal Burgh, where the Sheriff fitteth to adminifter Juftice, upon which Account this Shire is called fometimes the Shire of Cow fir. The Hereditary Sheriffdom of this Shire is in the Houfe of Rothes, the Heirs-Male of which Family failing in the Perfon of John Lejly, the late Duke of Rothes, his eldelf Daughter Margaret) Countefs of Rothes, being married to Charles Hamilton, Earl of Haddington, had John Lord Lejly; Earl of Rothes, who fucceeded his Mother to the Earldom of Rothes, and the Privileges thereunto belonging. Seats in Jfifefljfre.] Weems, Earl of Weems's ; Lejly, Earl of Rothes's ; Melvin, Earl of Melvin’s ; Balgony, Earl of Leven’s ; Denibirjle, Earl of Murray’s ; Burnt-lfland, Colin Mac-Kenzie's; Abbots-Hall, Ram fay’s J Raeth, Lord Raeth’s, i. e. Earl of Melvin’s Son; Dury, Alexander Gib fan's ; Belcartas, Earl of Belcarras's ; Kelley, Earl of Kelley’s j Anflruther, Sir John Anflruther of that Ilk; Pitfarrel, Sir Peter Hacket's, Barr. Bal- cashy, Sir Robert Anflruther’ s; Cambo, Sit Alexander Areskih's; Lyon King at Arms; Clijh, Lord Colvil's ; Aberdour, Earl of Morton’s ; Inertail and Lochor, Sir John Malcolm's ; Struthers, Earl of Crawford's ; Craigh-Hall, Sir Thomas Hope’s, Barr. Balcolmte, Sir William Hope's, Bart. Binders, Lard Binder's; Halaeard, - Skeen's ; Dunbog, . ■ Balfour’s j Falkland, an ancient Seat of the Earl of Fife, now a Stewartry belong¬ ing to theCrown, of which the Duke of Athol is Heritable Keeper ; Leathers, Earl of Southesk's ; Dyfert , Lord Sinclair’s ; Lundin, Robert Lundin of that Ilk 5 Balmuto, ■ • Bofwel's ; Aldy, . . .. - ■ Mercer's. it. Shire of Orjt'rigllS.] • This Sheriffdom comprehends Angus, bounded on the South with rhe Ocean, and the Frith of Tay. Upon the Weft and North-Weft, ’tis divided from Perthjbire by a Line 27 MileS long; towards the North, the Ridge of Benchinnen Mountains partsit from the Brae of Mart ; and to the Eaft it is feparated -from the Mernes, by the River Tarf, and a Line drawn from it to the River Horth-Eske, which to its Mouth continues to divide this Shire from the Mernes. ’Tis in Length about 28 .Miles, and in Breadth about' 10. Here are fevetal Quarries of Free- ftonc, and much Slate, .with both which they drive a goad Trade. Near the Gaftle of Inner-Markit are Lead Mines, and they j5ook III. Of Great-Britain. 305 they find great Plenty of Iron-Ore near the Yf'ood of Dal- Ugne. The higher Ground, called the Brae, abounds v.ith Red Deer, Fallow Deer, Roebucks and Fowls; and their Sal¬ mon Trade turns to a good Account. Near the Tay's Mouth is Dundee, a Town well frequented, driving a good Foicign Trade, well built, and having an Hofpital far the Poor. The Conftable of this Town, by a peculiar Priviledge, was for¬ merly Standaid-bearer to the King of Scotland. _ Brechin is a confiderable Market-Town for Salman, Horfes, Oxen and Sheep : It has a (lately Bridge over the River South-Eshe, and is famous for a memorable Slaughter of the Danes not far from ir. In this County it was that the General of the Danes was kill'd by the valiant Keith, who thereupon was advanced to great Honours by King Malcolm 11 . who was in Ptrfon at that Battle. Upon theGeneral’sGrave there was a high Stone erefted, ltill called Camus's-.CroJs’, and about io Miles diftant from this, is a Crofs erefted over the Sepulchre of foment the Danes that Were killed there. Both ofthefe have fome Antique Ptdlures and Letters upon them. Aberbrothotk, corruptly Arbroth, is a Royal Burgh, hath an Harbour for Ships, and an Abby en. dow’d formerly with ample Revenues, confecrated to the Ho¬ nour of Thomas of Bechet, by K. William I. of Scotland, the Founder, who lies buried there under a (lately Monument. The Sheriffdom is in the King’s Difpofal, Seats in JfoZfjrfflUT-J Dim, Artkin's oft'nat Ilk. Ir.glofinady, Falkoner’s of Newton, Hetherwick, John Scot's, Eft]; Bernwjiled, V.chert Taylor's, Efq; Fullerton, John Fullerton of Kinaber, F/q; Pttarrotv , Sir David Camera’s. Newman’s Walls, Scot's of lope Galro, Falconer’s, Efq; Brime, Trumball’s otStricathnl, Eii'l, Lindfay, Efq; Old Barr, Robert Young, Efq; Corfe, Lyon's, Morfhe, Graham, Efq; Logey, Y/ijhart, Efq; Balmiqtuen, Bark- lay’s. Kirktotm-Hill, Fergitfon’s. Grance, Us. James Martin's. Achter-Houfe, Patrick Lyons, Eli]; Main, David Graham’s of Fintri. CaJIle-Potiri, Pottri, Efq; Lcihem, Sir James Wood’s of Boijitoun, Bonitoun, Fergufon, Efq ; Montrofs, Earl of Middleton’s and RoJJie, Sco.’s of RoJJie. Du'mald, Robert Scot, Efq; Ulyjfci- Haven, Patrick Renney, Efq; Glamis, Earl of Strathmore’s. Pen- tnure and Brothin, Earl of Penman's. Kinard, Karl of South- Esk's. Ethie, Earl of North-Esks's. Carifion, Stuan’s cfoera- tully. Fotheringham, Thomas Fotheringham's of Pour/, lnver- ebartie, John Ogilvy, Efq; Blacknefs,Sis Alexander Waderbourn, Barr, Cragy, Kied, Efq; 16 . shite of ^aSBington, or Conffablcrp, Contains Eafl-Lothian, which, like the reft of Lothian, is a Very fine Country. The chief Towns are Dunbar, once a Place of great Strength, remarkable of late for the Victory obtain’d by Crcmwe'.l againft King Charles II. and the StotF who aflifted him, ;d September, 1650. Haddington, a Royal Burgh, which gives the Name to-this Shire. Tile Sheriffdom X ot 306 CIjc pjefent State Part it, of this Shire is at the King’s Difpoial, and is now poffeft by the Martjuefs of Twedalc. Scats in ©aDPingtOnfljire.J Tantalldn and Xortb Berwick, Sir Hugh Dairymplt's, Bart. Lord Prcfident of the Seflion. Dire- toun, William Nesbet’s , Yeficr, Marquefs of Twedale’s. Sctoumai Wintouti's, Earl of Wintouti’s. Keith, formerly Earl Alarejchal’s, now Mr.Hepbourn's.Salton,\. ie.Sodiz.ton, formerly thcScat of the Lord Sow/it,afterwards of Abernethy, Lord olSaltott, and now Mr. Fletcher's. Byars, Earl of Hopton's. Fountain-Hall,Sir John Lauder's, Bart, one of the Lords of the Seflion. Pencaitland, James Hamilton's, one of the Clerks of the Seflion. Gilmcrtoa, Sir Francis Kinolch's, Bart. Prefion-Grange, William Morri/on's. Bemjion, — Hepburn's, Lochend, George Warrender's. Elphin- Jloun, late Lord Elphinjloun's, now Lord Primrofe’s. Harming- Jlon, Matthew Sinclair's. Hand's, once Hepbottrn, Earl of Both- ■well's, now Sir D avid Dalrimple’s, Bart. Laidington, Lord Blantire's. Dunglafs, Sir James Hall's, Orminjlon, Adam Cock- burn's, late Lord Juftice Clerk. Stevsnfon, Sir Robert Sinclair's ofStevinflon. Tinningham, Earl of Haddington's. Broxmoutli, Duke of Roxburgh’s. Kewbaith, Sir William Baird's. Whit- tingham, Vifcount Kingjlon’s. Bancrift, Lord Bibank's. Beil, Lord Belhaven’s. Gosford, Sir Pcter-Halket Wederbourn's, Bart. Balgown, Sir George Swittie's. Humby, David Hepburn's. Clerk- Ccckburn's. Ccljlen, Mr .Brown’s. 17. Shireof f,nbmiCfe, Comprehends a Part of Murray, Loquhaber, Badinoch, and fome other little Countries; 'tis bounded on the South by the Brae of Marr and Athol-, on the Weft bv the Weftern Sea : on the North By Rofs, and on the Eaft by Alurray-Frith. The Length of Loqtthabtr from Inverlochie to Inv/rnefs, in a (freight Line, is ;o Miles. It has Plenty of Iron Ore, great Woods of . ?ir, with fome large ones of Oak. Interne ft is the Head Town, where the Sheriff keeps his Court; it is commodioufly feated upon Loughnefs, which renders it convenient for Trade. Thelery/r is 14 Miles long; the Water thereof is almoft ahveys warm, and all the Year long is never fo cold as to freeze; nay, in the (harpeft Winter, if Cakes of Icearethrownintoit, they will be quickly thaw’d by the Warmth of its Waters. Bade- noch, which is Patt of this Shire, abounds with Deer, and many other Conveniencies; and Loqtthaber is a very pleafant Country, and for Multitude of Fiilt, both fait and freih.fcarce any Coun¬ try in Scotland can compare with it. Badenoch, Loquhaber, and Marr, take up all the Breadth of Scotland, between the Dettcalidonian Sea and the German Ocean. TheSheriffiWp is at the King’s Difpofal. Seats of jfjnbmjffsfinrp.] Ruthvtn, Duke of Gordon’s. Ca- file of Iswr»e/j,the King’s; and the Duke of Gordon Heretable Keeper, leva!, Bcwlic,zniCajlle-Dounie, Lord Lovat's. Col- lodin and Bouchrew, Forbes's, Efq; Caftle-Hill, Cuthbert's, E'q; Cittadel of Invemfs, Dufs of Drttmmurt- Inches, Rcbertfon's, Book III. 0f G R EA X-B R I T A IN. JO? Efqi Draickies, Cuthbert's, Efq; Cajlle-Stuart, Earl of Mur¬ ray's. Borlum and Rails ,. Mackimojh’s, Efq; Ksnchile, Mack - bane's, Efq; Aldowrie, Barker's, Efq; Cafllc-SpiritonDunam, Knecknagil, and Torbreck, Baillie’s of Dttuawyne. Kinmyllics, Polfon's, Sheriff Depute of Invtrnefs. Muirtotsn, Chives's, Efq; Hiltoun, Macdonald's, Efq; Knockfin, Chifolin's, Efq ; Mnncack, Frazer's of Scrichane. Erchiles, Chifolin's of that 31 k. Strowan, Frazer’s, Efq; Vrsythart-Cajlle, Grant's of tiiat Ilk. lnvcrmorijloun-CaJlk, Grant’s of GlenmoriHmin. Glen- garie, Mackdonald's, Efq; letter-Finlay,Macmartin’s, Efq; Er- chet, Frazer's, Efq; Foyers, Frazer's, Efq; Foralin, Frazer's, Efq; Aberader, Auchmtojh’s, Efq; Dumnaglafs, Mackilbrae’s, Efq; Tordarroch, Cunachtonn, Dakrafs, and file of May, Mack- intojh's, of that Ilk. Devoit, Mackintofh’s, Efq; F annellan, Fra¬ zier's,o{ Kinnieries. Tertnit, Mackimojh's, Efa^WeJierlys,Shaw's, Efq; Cluny, Macpherfen's,'Ffc\‘, Slate, Sir Donald Macdonald’s, Bar. Merkinjb, Rofe's, Efq; Davajh-phour, Baillie’s, Efq; Da- vah-garioch,Maclean’s, Efq; Connadge,Mackimojh's,^^ Hoim- Mackintojh's, Efq ; Doun, Grant’s of Rothimttrcus. Balnk/puck, Mackimojh's, Efq; Ldchyell, Sir Evm Cameron's, Bart. Dunve- gan, Maclead’s of that Ilk. Moidart, Captain of Clanronald's, Stratoridel, Mackinnen's of that Ilk. Culduthal, Frazer's, Efq; Kerlothy,Mackintop’s, FSc^Ktrlochy, Mackimojh's, Far, Mack¬ imojh's, Efq; -Lentron, Mackenzy's, Efq; Rijlick, Frazer’s, Efq; Dnmballoch, Frazer’s, Efq; BallaHr'um, Frazer’s, Elq; 18. shire of iSincaroin, So called from the ancient Town of Kincardin, includes the Mernes, a little Province,bounded by the German Otean on the Eaft; on the South by the River North-Eske ; .'on the Weft be the Grainsbaine-lfills ; and on the North with the River De¬ ll's about 16 Miles in Length.and about ao Miles broad. The Soil rich, and generally level. The moft memorable'Placc in it is Dttnotre, a Caftle fituated upon an high and inaccefhble Rock, fortified with ftrong Walls and Towers at eeqrain Di- ftances, an ancient Seat of the Noble Family of she Keith's, who in Recompenfe of their Valour, have been long Heredi¬ tary Earl-Marlhals of Scotland, now attainted. Upon the Sea- Coafts are feveral convenicntCreeks,andfomegood Harbours, Whereof Stone-hive is one of the beff; and for its greater Safe¬ ty, the Earl-Marlhal, who has Salmon- Filhing on the North- fide of the Harbour, has raifed aPeer of Stone. Wherethe Water of Cowy falls into the Sea, ftands Cowy. Beneath the Town are the Ruins of a Callle, builr, as’tisfaid, by Malcolm Kenmtre, who made the Town a Free Burgh. On the Lands of Arbuthieand Redeloak are fame Trenches to be feen, call up by the Danes at one of their Invaftons made upon thofe Parts; and round the Hill of Urie is a deep Ditch, where the Scots en- Wmp’d. Dunotre Callle ftands upon a Rock, walh’d by the Sea •308 ... €&e latent State Part ij. Scion three Sides, and join’d to the Land only by a narrow Neck. . ,, Seats .in feincaroinfljirt.] Cattle of Dimeter and Feterejfc, Earl of Marflial’s. Arbuthnct , Vifcount of Arbuthnct’s. Hal- kertmn. Lord Halkertotin’s. Balmain and Faftjtte, Sir David Ram- fay’s of Salmain, Ban. Doors, Sir Peter Frazer’s, Bart. Pitfod- delt, Menzie’s, E(q- r Tdtyquhill, Douglafds, E’cj; Ktncattjfte, Irvin's, Efq; Eljicle, Sir Alexander Sannerman's, Bart. MuchaU, Sir Thomas Burnet , Bart. Portlethem, Thompson's, Efq 5 Uric, Barclay’s, F.fq; Glendervie, Burnet's, Efq; Monbuddc, Burnet's, Efq; Allardu, Allardtce's, of that Ilk. Halgreen, Bail's, Efc\-, Brothertoun, Scot's, Efq; Benholm, Scot’s, Efq; Lawrifloun, Falconer's, Efq; Fejdo, Falconer's, Efq; Glenfarquher, Sir A- lexander Falconer's , Bart. Neu'toun and lnglipnaldie, Falco¬ ner’s, of Newtoun. Cristie, Burnet’s.FSq-, Balfour, Forbes’s, Efq; Thorntoun, Forbes's, Efq; Ptttarrow, Sir John Carr.egy's, Barr. Balmaltewin, Barclay's, Efq;. Ferdon, Atbuthmt's, E(q ; Bar ras. Bit’David Ogtlvie’s, Bart. Knox, Lieutenant Colonel Keith’s. Ballegno, Middletctm's, Efq; Fiddes, Arbttthnot’s, Efq; Comijloun, Colonel Sect's. Inchmarlaclt, Dowglajs's, Efq; Carterland, Arbuthnot’s, Efq; Ritchartoun, Richard's, Efq; Woodfloun, RamJay's , Efq; Nether Woodfloun, Tisrnbul,. Efq; ■ ■ • rg. Shire, of Kinttfa, Is A little f raft of Ground, fo call’d from a Town feared in the Middle of the Shire, not fat from a Lough, about four Mites in Length,..and as many in Breadth,which abounds with Pkes, Trouts, &c. with all Sorts of Water-Fowl. It has one Ifland, upon which the Cattle (lands, and another wherein are to be feen the Ruins of the Priory of Peer Afof/ocf, which belong’d to the Augufitnuiti Monks: ’Tis call’d Sr. Serf’s Inch, and is faid to have anciently been'the Refldence of foriie of the Kuldees. Sere Mary Queen of Scots was Prifoner. Out of this Lough flows the Water of Lovin. Between the Town of Kinrofs and the'Lough is a.plcafant Plain, where Sir William Bruce the Proprietor has built a (lately Houfe, whichfor theGoodnefs of the Stone, the curious Architefture,the Gardens and lndofurcs, together with thepleafantProfpcft of the Lough and the Cattle, yields to few Seats in Britain. This little Shire was enlarged by Aft of Parliament in King Charles lid’s Time. Sir Wil¬ liam Bruce of Kinrofs, Barr, is Heretable Sheriff of it. Seats in ii£inrof|B(l)ire-]. Kinrofs, Arnot, and Beneath.hill, Sir William Bruce’s of Kinrofs, Bart, and Heretable Sheriff. Burleigh, late Lord Burleigh’s. Cleiffs, Lord CclviTs. Dowhill, Book III. of G R E A T-B RI T A IW.’ 3;0(J ao. shi e cf JlanerEt, So called from -he T wn of La,,irk, where the Sheviffkeeps iiis Court, contains 7 idfd.’.e, bounded on the South with .the Stuarry of Anna/idate-, on the Welt, with the Sheriffdom of Dumfries , properly (u c ,11-J 5 on the North, with the Shire of Dumbarton ; and on the End, with the Shire of Linlithgow. Tis in Length about4o Miles; in Breadth, where broadelt, about 14 ; and where narrowed, 16 Miles. The Country abounds with Coals, Peat, and Lime-ft me ; but what turns to the greateft Profit, are the Lead-Mines belonging to the Earl of Hopton ; not far from whtch (after Ra.nt) the Country People find Pieces of Cold, fomeof which arc of a confiderable Big- nefs: This feems to be what Camden calls Crawford Moor, where they daily dig up Lapis Lazuli ,with little or no Trouble, Clyde/daleis divided into two Parts; Outward, in which is the Burgh of Lanerick, on the Banks of the Clyde-, and Hitherward, where, upon the aforefaid River, ftands the Palace and Town of Hamilton , a Regality. The latter of thefe is hilly, and full of Heaths, and fit for Feeding; the former level and fit for Grain. It is water’d with the pleafant River of Clyde, which gives Name to the Dale. It rifes on Erriclt-Hill, and running through the wholeJCountry, glides by many pleafant Seats of the Nobility and Gentry, and feveral confiderable Towns, 'till it falls into its own Frith at Dumbarton. The greateft Orna¬ ment of thefe Parts is the Palace of Hamilton, the Court where¬ of is adorned on all Sides with very noble Buildings. It has a magnificent Entrance, a Froatifpiece to the Eaft, of excellent Vforkmanfhip, and fair large Gardens, well furnifh'd with Ruit-Treesand Flowers. ThePark.famousfor all its tall Oaks, is fix or feven Miles in Compels, and has the Brook Aven run¬ ning thro’it. Near the Palace is the Church, the Vault where¬ of is the Burial-place of the Dukes of Hamilton. Upon the North-weft Bank of Clyde ftands Glafgow ; whichin refpeft of Largenefs, Building, Trade and Wealth, is the chief City in the Kingdom next to Edinburgh, The Clyde carries fmall Veflels up to the very Town; but New Glafgow, which ftands at the Mouth of the River, is a Haven for Vtfiels of the largeft Size. The greateft Part of the City ftands on a Plain, and is almoft four-fquare. The Tolbooth ftands in the very Middle of it, and is a (lately Piece of Building, allot hewen Stone ; four principal Streets eroding one another, divide the City, asit Were, into four equal Parts. In the upper Part ftands the Ca¬ thedral Church, commonly called St. Mungo's, confiding in¬ deed of two Churches, one over the other. The Architefture of the Pillars and Towers isfaid to be very exaft and curious. Near the Church flood that which was the Archbiftiop’s Caftle, endofed with a noble Stone-Wall: Nor does this Traft want fame Remains of Roman Antiquity; for from Em cfc-ftone in the 3io cfje pjcfent State Part n. one End, to Maid's Mitrein the other, where it borders upon the Shire of Renfrew, there are evident Tootfteps of a Rowan Caufey, fit Military Way : This in fome Parts is vifible forfe- veral Miles together 5 and the People have a Tradition, that another Rrwnun-Street went from Lanerk to the Roman Camp near Falkirk. In this Country there is alfo another little Wa- ter running through a Dale, called Douglas-Vale, not far from the Town of Latierich ; where there is an ancient Caftle, the Seatof theEarls of Douglas and Angus-, the Heir of whom is ftnee Marquefs and Duke of Douglas. The Duke of Hamilton is Sheriff. Seats in S,anCrt(i)irC»] The Palace of Hamilton, D. of Hamil. ton's ; Caftle of Douglas, D. of Douglas's ; Caftle of Crawford, Earl of Silkerk's j Boghall, Earl of Wsgtoun's ; Caftle of Bothwell, Earl of Forfar's-, Carmichael and WeJIcr-hall, Earl of Hyndfori’s ; Boningtoun , Sir James Carmichael's, Bart. Lamingtoun, Failles's, Efq; Mauldlefley, Carmichael, Efq -,Lee, Lockhart’s, Zfq-, Cafile- Hill, Lockhart’s ; Hags, now Rofe-hall, Sir James Hamilton's, Bate. Blackwood, Sir George Wier, Bart. Torrence and Glasford, Stewart's of Torrence ; Term, Sir Archibald Fleming's, Bart, Pojftls, Forbes's, of Knapernie-, Craig, of Blantyre, Lord Blau- tyre's-, Raplock,Hamilton’s, Efq; Carnwath and Coventoun, Lock¬ hart’s of Carnwath, Efq; Lockhart’s-Hall, Sir William Lock¬ hart’s of Carflairs, Bart. Milntottn and Halcraig, Sir William Gordon's of Dalpholly ; Waljlouit and Edmiftoun, Baillie’s of Waljloun-, Waftfhiel, Sir Rob. Denholm’s-, Culterallers, Alexan-' dcr Menve's, Efq; Advocate; Wtjlon and Cleghorn, Lockhart's, Efq;C«f«rand Gladfiones,- Sir William Menzh's of Gladjlones ; Borrowfield, Walkinjhaw’s, Efq; Hewhoufes, Dr. Br awn’s of Dau- phintoun-, Stone Byres, Wen's, Efq; White-Cafile at.i Portlands, Muir head’s, Efq; Aitchtifariel, Rob. Kennedy’s s Calderviood, Sir William Maxwell's, Bart. Craignethen, Hay's, Efq; Glafpen, Macmorran's, Efq; Corehoufe, Somervell’s, Efq; Cafiletottn and Patrick, Sir William Stuart's ot CaJlle-Milk ; Ccltnefs,Sit James Stuart’s; Bart. Wiffiaw, William Hamilton’s, Efq; Gaven, Hamil. ton’s of Stevenfon, Younger; Cleland,Clcland's of that Ilk; Dal- ziel, Hamilton’s, Efq; Bredipolm, Muirhead’s, Efq; Dalferf and Garr 'tn, Archibald Hamilton's, Efq; Advocate ; Monkland, Ha¬ milton s Efq-,Emock,Rotertoun's,F.fq-, Bedlay, Robertoun’sfifq-, Or- hiftouri, Hamilton's, Efq; Roft and Brimiltoun, Thomas Ackman’s, Efq; Writer to the Signet; Gartnefs, Rujfell.Allentcun, Stuart’s, Efq; Shelhdl, John Chancelor’s, Efq; Hewtoun, Weir’s, Efq; Eafl- Sheill, Inglis's, Efq; Lachop, Muirhead's, Efq; Wolfrcods, Somer- ereii's.Elq; Kirktoun,L.ockhart’s,F.l<\fVicket-Shaw, Lockhart's,Efq-, Hardgray, Corbet's, Efq; Towccrfe,Cerbet's,Elq-, Cam-Brow, Bail- lie’s, Efq; Jervifwood, George Bailtie’s, Efq; Stanterferm, Hamil¬ ton's-, Auchinvole, Stark's, Efq; Daniel Cambell of Schawfald's, Elq; Carfin, Nisbtt's, Efq; Woedhall, Crawford’s of Jordan-hill; Book III. of Great-Britain. 311 Wtjlburn,Hamilton's,EPq,Schawjield,Daniel Cambell’s, Eft); Stob- croft, Anderfon's, Efq; Woodjide, Cambell's, Efq; Carsbaikct, Kin¬ caid’s, Efq-;Gilbert-field, Cunningham's, Efq; Murdijlotm, lnglit, Efq; Garnkirk, Dunlop's, Efq; Green, Hamilton’s, Efq; Kinnthill, Wallace’s, Efq; Wefthorn, Wardrop's, Efq; Miltoun, Crawford's, Efq; fermiftoun, Dunwoodie’s, Efq; Kenmuire, Calquhoon's, Efq; Rabryjloun, Landis’s,E(q\Bardowie, Wardrop's, Etq;Srcifl- Jioim, Muirhead’s, Efq; Kiphyer., Crawford's, Elq; Carmyle, Corf's, Efq; Boglefiole, Bogie's, Efq; Amhingirth, Gray's, Efq; Auchinettrn, Warden's, E(q ; Dalmarnock,Wardrop's,EE\,-Over- weol-ftdc,Stirling's,Elq\Calder, Stirling's, Efq ; Hewtotm, Gib- /fl»’s,Efq; R ochill, Pedie's, Efq; Little Givan, Ray’s, Efq-, Klikart- hill. Row's, Efq; Newtoun, Hamilton’s,Efq; Park, Bailie’s, Efq; Kcils-Land, Hamilton’s, Efq; Woodjide, John Badlie's, Efq; Broom-hill, Birnie's, Efq; Little Gill, Baillie’s, Efq; Tunnoch- Jide, Ray’s, Efq ; Hairjhaw, Cleland's, Efq; Cathk'm, Dunlop’s, Efq; Hamilton's Perm, Bell’s, Efq; Kirktounholm, Montgome¬ ry’s, Efq; Kenmure, Corbet's, Efq; Kenmure, Scot's, Efq; An- mjloun, William Carmichael’s, Efq; Advocate Chatton-hill, Hamilton's, Efq; Carfc, Wier's, Efq; Hijle-jide, D .tiglas's, Efq; Kirroth, Somervell’s, Efq; Piel, Somervell's, Efq; Crey(loun, Gray's, Efq; Alton, Hamilton's, Efq; Parkhead, Hamilton’s, Efq; Raith,Hamilton’s, Efq; Boigs, Hamilton’s, Efq; Rough Soils, Cochran's, Efq -Ardrie, Hamilton's, Efq; Baghie, Daily's, Efq; Cairn-hill, Moir’s, Efq; fohnjlsun, Baily’s, Efq; Bracco, Hamith’s, “Efq; Ravenfcraig, Nifmith’s, Efq ■, Craig, Cochran’s, E(q-, Chap- pel, Miller's, Efq; Polmadie, Boid’s, Efq; Spittle, Somervell's, Elq; Elder Shaw, Hamilton’s, Efq; 21. shire of iUnlifljsoiu, or SIctflotIjian, Takes its Name from Linlithgow, the Head-Burgh, and has on the North the Perth ; is divided from Midlothian towards the South and Eajl by the Rivers Almond and Breichwatcr: To¬ wards the North-Wejt it meets with Part of Sterlmgjhire ; and to the Wejl with Part of Clydfdale; Itis in Length 14 Miles, andin Breadth about Nine- It affords great Plenty of Coal, Lime- ftone, and white Salt; and in the Reign of King fames VI. a Silver Mine was found there, out of which a great Quantity of Silver was extrafted. The Town of Linlithgow is a Royal Burgh Well built, and accommodated with Fountains that fupply the Inhabitants with Water, and with ft (lately Town-Houle tor the Meeting of theGentry and Citizens: But its greeted Or¬ nament is the King's Hottfe, which Bands upon a riitng Ground, that runs almod into the Middle of the Lough, and looks like an Amphitheatre, with fomething like Terrace-Walks, and a Defcent from them; but upon the Top, where the Ciltle Bands, it is a Plain. The Court has Apaitmems like Towers upon the four Corners, and in the midlt of it is a (lately Foun¬ tain, adorned with feveral curious Statues, the Water whereof fifes to a good Height, The LcvHlonss, Earls of this Place, are X 4 Hereditary 3ia • ®6e $?efcnt State Part ii. ; Hereditary Keepers of the Caftle, Hereditary Bailiffs of the ' king’sBailiffVy.and Hereditary Conftables of the King’s Caft'e of Blatknef. Near the Palace, upon a Level with it, (lands the Church, a curious Building of fine Stone. Torphichen, which lies South of Llinlithgow, was once the Refidcnce of the Knights of Malta , but now gives the Title of Lord to the Chief of the Name of Sandilamls. Near the Kipps,South from Linlithgow, there is an ancient A'tar of grtat unpolilh'd Stones (commonly calh'd Arthur’s Oven, and thought by the Learned to be the Temple of Terminus, built by the Romans) leaning on one another in fucli a Manner, that they mutually fupport, and are fupported by each other. Near this Altar are feveral great Stones, fet in a Circle ; and upon two adjacent Hills are Re¬ mains of old Camps, with great Heaps of Stones and ancient Graves. Hereabouts js alfo Lev'mgjlon, the ancient Seat of the Lord Levingflon, and now of Sir ppanns Cunn:ngham,]iiil. Some Miles alfo to the ^eff ofgyeem-Fcrry, on the Sca-Coaft, is Abercorn Caftle, near which'Place, as Bede tells us, the Roman Wall began -.One may trace it along toward Caridden ,where a ^figured Stone is to be feen, and fome ancient Medals were found. About a Mde South of Caridden, there is a Village which dill keeps the Remains ofthe Old Wall, and is called from it Wall.Tovjn. From the Name of the artificial Mount call up there, one would believe it to be the very Place which Bede calls PenwallTown. The Track of the Wall appears irj feveral Places between this and Kenneil , and from thence to Talkirk ; but of this Wall more hereafter. Charles Hope, Earl of Hope-Town, is Hereditary Sheriff of this Shire, which Right .he enjoys, as Proprietor of the Barony of Abercorn. Seats'in fLtlllit'jgOcUfijirC.] Btachnefi-Ciltie, the King's: The Earl of Buchan prefent Governor. Pa'ace of Linlithgow,s\n King's, and the late Earl of Linlithgow Heretable Keeper; Kin- niel, Duke of Hamilton’s ; Abercorn.novt Hoptetm-houfe, Meld- hope, and Sidary, Ear! t f Hopesoun's-, Craigthall,. Marquefs of Annandah's 5 Caridden, Earlof Dalhotijie’s ; Caftle of Bridge- hoi/fc, Earl of Linlithgow’s ; XiWi£i«,Earl of Buchan’s : Newli- (Inm, Earl of Series's • DuzJafs, Dundafs's of that Ilk ; Binns,Sh Thomas Dalxiel's, Barr. Livingfton, Sir 'James Cunningham's, Bart.. Dalmeny and Bafnbougle, Earl of Rofebcrry’s -, Bonhari and SorthbanU, Cornwall's of Bonhard ; La(l binning, Robert Stewart's, Efq: Advocate ; Weft-binning, Dickfon's, Efq; Ston- hill, Dundafs's of Manner, Efq, Illiftoun, Earlof Rutbglen's 5 Houfioun, Sharp's, Efq; Dnndingfloun, Dundafs’s, Efq; Philip, (loan, John Dundafs's, Efq; Advocate; Wallhoufe, Gtllon’s, Efq; BarbackleaBjCochran'i,nd\i Bamrief, Hamilton' s,Efq; Brsefi- mill, Dundafs's, Efq; Craigtotm, John Ewing's, Efq; Writer to the Signet; Ochiltryawi Wry, John Montgomery's, Efq; Wri¬ ter to the Signet. Adulrathie, Monteith's, Efq; Todpsaugh, Mon:eilh’s,£Cq? Helms, Mr. George Bareklay’t, Miriiftcr at Up- - ■■ halls Book HI. of Great-Britain. 313 ji.il-, Dnntervie, Durham's, Efq; Carlowry, Sinclair's, Efqj Baberbree,' Andrew Marjoriba-tk's, Writcrtd the Signet; K. re¬ tain,-Paterforts, Efq; Bangour, Hamilton's, Efq; Grange, Hamil¬ ton's, EfajParhlty, Dallas's, Efqi Kips, Sir Robert Sibbald's ; We/I-Port and Belljide, Hamilton’s, Efq; Lettchel, Dttmbar's, Efq; Cartbber, Hay's, Efq; Ifi todcockdale, Anchinlcck, E.'q ; Bed- lorm.e and Mortoun, Livmgftoim's, Elq; Ktlpunt, Campbel's, ■Efq; Mortoun, Scot’s, E r q ; Polkemmct, Batllies, Efq; Boghall, Kernel's, Efqi Hiltly, Scatetm's, Efq; el. Shire of fail'll, So called from Nairn, a Royal Burgh, fituate upon the Coaft of Murray Frttli, where the Waterof A 7 a/V» runneth into the Sea. It comprehends the Wifi Part of Murray, where the Air is very wholfome, and the Winter mild. The lower Part of the Country bears much Corn, which is foon ripe, but the high Country is fitter for Pafture. There are many great Woods of Fir, and other Trees in this Country. Sir Hugh Campbel of Caddcl is Hereditary Sheriff. Seats in $ainifl)ire.] Kirlravock and Gedda, Raft’s, Efq ; Ca/der, Artberfeer and Moynefs, Sir Hugh Campbel's of Caldcr ; Clava, Rofs's, Efq; Penick, or Greenhall. Brodie of that Ill: ; Both, Dttmbar’s, Efq; Lochloy, Hay's, Efq; Kin/laire, Suther¬ land's, Efq; Bttdzct, Mr. William Dallas, Writer to the Signet. 13. Shire of $eeblC Lan/haw, Bayly's of jer‘- vifwood, Eft]; Ancram, Sir John Scot' s, Bart. Stob, Sir Gil¬ bert Eliot's of Stobs, Bart. Minto, Sir Gilbert Eliot's, Bart, a Lord of the Seflions; Wolie, Eliot's of Stonadge-, Kewton, Sir James Don's, Bart. Long-Hewton, Sir Patrick Scot's, Bail. Ru¬ therford, Sir Alexander Don’s. Bart. Gala, Sir James Scot, Bart. Caver, Ker's, Efq; Littledean, Ker's Efq; Sinom, Ker's of Chatto-, Park, Pringle’s of Cliftoun-, Frogdar.e, Ker’s, Efq; Neunoun, Ker's, Elq; Pinnacle, George Douglafs’s of Fnerjhaw, Efq; Advocate ; Kipferlau', Andreev Ker’s, Efq; Writer to the Signet; Smelhom, Don’s, Efq; Etherfion, Shiel’s, Scot's, of Gorembery-, llajjendein, Scot's, Efq; Middlemil, Eliot’s, Efq; Bonjcdbttrgh, Deuglafs’s, Elq; Timperdane, Douglajs's, Efq; ; Wells, Eliot’s, Elq; Hur.thill, Old Seat of the Lord Ru¬ therford, now Rutherford of that Ilk; Petnington, Rutherford’s, Efq; Muirheujly, Halyburtun’s, Efq; Ednam, Edrntfimn's, Efq ilalnafi, Scot's, Efq; Humbleknetv's, Glaidjlone's of that Ilk; Langland’s of that Ilk; Fairnelie, Rutherford's, Efq; Ab : hot Rule, Ker’s, Efq; Edzarjloun, Rutherford's, Efq; Senteno, Scot’s, Efq -,Cheflers, Rennet's, Etq; Mitfhels, Scot's of Hevototm ; Wells, Scot's, Efq; Breeriyards, Oglebfsoi Hartwoodmyres ; White- iaw, Gladfane's, Efq; Hartridge ,now Stuartfield, Stuart’s, Efq; Borthwichlrae,. Eliot's, Efq; Harwood, Eliot's, Efq; Fotherlie, Ker's ,, Efq; 18. Shire of Selkirk, Is otherwife call’d the Sheriffdom of the Foreft of Eutrich, becaufe it was formerly almoft wholly cover’d with Woods, which were once well flock’d with Red and Fallow Deer, but now.are in a great Meafure deftroy’d. It is properly Part of Teviotdale-, on the Northit is partly bounded by ’lueedale, and partly by the Regality of Stow in Midlothian ; on the Ealt and South by the reft of theTerisnfule.and partly b yAnnandale. The Figure of this Shire is very near a Square, whofe Side is about 16 Miles long. The Inhabitants have generally ftrong Bodies, arefober, frugal in their Diet, and maintain themfelves by railing and feeding of Cattle, in which they have a good Trade with England for their Wool, Sheep and Cows -.Murray of Phi- liphaugh, Efq; is Hereditary Sheriff. Seats Book I. Of Great-Britain.’ 321 Seats ;n£)dfcirk!!)irc. j Hangmgfhayj, Murray's ofPhilipbaugh, B(c\;HeadJhaw, Sir Gilbert Elliot's of Hinto, a Lord of the Sef- fions 5 Newark, the Dutchcfs of' Buccleugh's ; Whitjlead, Scot's, Efq; Breadmeadows, Balfour’s, Efq; Bowhill, John Murray’s of Bowhill; Todderick, Scot's, Efq; Torrowodlie, Pringle's, Efq; Bowlard, Rutherford's, Efq;, , 2.9. shire of Stirling, or, Strifaeiing, Otherwife called StirTmgfhire, is encompafs’d to the Weft ivith Dumbartonjhire, to the Eaft with Linlithgowfhire, to the South with Clidtfdale, and the North'with the Forth, and theRi- ver of Forth : Where it is longeft, it is about 20 Miles; and ivhere broadeft, 12 Miles over. The South Part is high, hilly, ibmewhacmoorifli, and fit for Pafture; but that Part which lies upon the Forth is very fertile, and abounds with Coal. Stirling is a ftoyal Burgh, where the Courts are kept.. At the Head of the Townftands a well fortified Caftle belonging to the Crown, of which the late Earl of Marr_ was heritable Governour. Not far from the Church are the Houfes of the Duke of Argyle, and the late Earl of Mark, which are large and noble Buildings. Kilfyth is a Burgh of Barony. Falkirk, famous for a Battle between the Englfh and Scots in the Year 1298, is another Burgh of Barony, well built upon a rifing Ground, much beautified with Buildings, by the firft Earl of Calender, Brother to the Earl of Linglithgow, whofe Name id livingjlonir. Elphinftone, anciently called EaHhbig; butlince Elphin/lonandEafl-Lothian parted from this Family, it has been, called by the Name of F.lphinfione, and been the Refidence of the Lord of that Name, adorned with a large Wood of Firs; ere. with feveral other Seats, Near Sterling Hands the Abby. of Cambuskeneth, which belonged formerly to the Augtiftine Monks, and was founded by King David I. Emanuel was a Nunnery of the Ciftercian Order, foqnded by Malcolm IV. and Hands upon Evan Water. The Heir of Levingfione, now Earl of Lithgow and Calender, is hereditary Sheriff'O'f this Shire. Other Seats in fStiriingfllire.] Stirling-Cajlle, the King’s,' whereof John Earl of Rothes is Governour; Calender, late Earl of Lithgow's; Elphinjloun, Lord Elphinjloun's ; MugdocE and Buchannen, Duke,of Montrofs’s; Gurgennock, Sir James Campbell's of Arkinlafs, Baft. Glero, Sir Mungo Sterling’s, Bart. Bannockburn, Sit Hugh Paterfan's. Bar. Karfe, Sir Alexander Hope's, Bart, ieircrofts, HamiltoUn’s of Bangour; Airth,Elphin- Jlotm's, Efq; Abbots-Haugh, Goodlefs's, Efq; Quarrel; Elphin¬ jloun's, Efq; Kinnard, Bruce's, Efq; Stennis, Sir William Bruce's, Bart. Torwoodhead and Lethem, Lord Forrefter’s ; Dunipace, Primroje's, Efq; Halbertfbire, Sterling’s, Efq; Touch, Seaton’s, Efq; Polpnttis, Murray's J Efq; Leckce, More's, E"fq ; Buquhtm f Cunningham's, Efq; Parden and Wefterpolman, Sterling's of Carden; y 3gikreugh, Napier’s; Efq-, Balylafs, Buntin's, Efq; Ballendalli'ch ; John Cunningham’s, Efq; Writer to the Signet; '322 CfjelMnt State Part it Wtodhead, Knox's, Efq; Carnoclt, Nicholfon's Heirs-Portiomrs-, Duntreath, Edmonfioun’s , Efq ; Crany-barnet, Sterling's, Efq ; Calder, Sterling’s of Keir ; Drumakil, Buchannan’s, Efq; Kil- learn, Graham’s, EtcpCarbeth, Bttchtmnan's , Efq; Craigihairn, ■Buchannan’s, Efq; Auchmer, Buchannan’s, Efq; AbbacyoiCam- buskenneth, Sir ‘John Aresken of Alba-, WoodfidC, Sir Harry Polio’s-, Colliam and Kilfyth, the late Vifcount of Kilfyth's; Attchinbole, Blair’s, Efq; Seabegi, Bfown's Efq; Attchinreoth, Kinkaird’s, Efq; Palqttharrage, Lindfay’s, Efq; Ballagan, Ster¬ ling’s, Efq; Bardowy, ’Hamilton's, Efq; Craigaflam, Bryjfon's, Efq; Dajhers, Leckie’s, Efq; Arnprier, Buchannan’s, Efq; Glcn- torren, Sir- Levingftoun’s, Bart. Bantaskin, Leyingfiotm’s, Efq; Lcviiands, Murray’s, Efq; Lcvilands, Bonnet's, Efq; Pow- houfe. Pells, Efq; Craigforth, Calender's, Efq; Kinkard, Kin- kard's of that Ilk; Auchinbroig, Molachlan's, Efq; Ballikinrain, Napier's, Efq; Cartnefs and Park, Givin’s of Drumqtthaffel; Dalnairn, Craig's, Efq; Balfunning; Buchannan’s, Efq; jen- nerallen, Row's, Efq; Stone-hottfe, Sytnfon's, Efq; Orchard-head; Panking’s, Efq; Bandeath, How's, Efq; Cockfpow, Porrefter's, Efq; Nook, Daiziel's, Efq; 30. The Shire of ^UtljErlantl, which takes in ^fratljna* bern alfo. Is one of the mod Northerly Shires of Scotland, much fit¬ ter for Pafture than Corn : It abounds with Hills of White Marble, but it is of little Ufe 'to the Inhabitants, and lefs to others, for want of Convenience of Exportation. The Gor¬ dons, Earls of Sutherland, got ’this Country erefted into'a Sh'eriffdom in 1633, to-be Heritable to their own Family, who have likewife Judiciary and Admiralty Jurifdiftion. Mod of the-Heritors of this Shire hold of the Earls. The Earls, for fome Time pad, have re-affum'd their ancient Name of Sutherland• This Shire is 35 Miles long from Ead toWed, and ix Miles broad from North to South, Dunrobin is the chief Seat of the Earl of Sutherland, and Dornoch in this County is a Royal Burgh, fometime the See of the Bilhop of Catthnefs. • Seats in rlanOfljirC.] Cadle of Dunrobin and Hermif- dale, Earl of Sutherland’s; Uppart, Sir William Gordon’s of Dalfolly, Bart. Clyne, .Sutherland's, Efq; Skelbo, the late Lord Duffits’s ; Skibo, Gray r s, Efq; Pulcroffte, Murray's, Efq; Embo, Sir. John Gordon’s of Embo, Bart. Evillock, Sutherland's, Efq; Durnefs and Toungul; the Lord Raex’s-,Bighottfe and Kirktoun, Mac Kay's of- Bighoufe ; Strathae, Mac Kay’s, Efq; Skeire, Mac Kay’s, Efq; Adrachiles and Scourie, Mac Kay’s, Efq; of Scourie ; Kirtainie, Mac Kay’s, Efq; Melney, Mac Kay’s, Efq; Ribigill, Mac Kays, Efq; Landwick, Mac Kay’s, Efq; Briboth, Monro’s, yi. Shirt BooSI; of Great-Britain. 32 $- 31. Shire of ©tigfOWl, So called from Wigtoun, the chief Burgh in the County, where the Courts for the Adininiftration of Juftice are held, and which gives Title to 'the Flemings, Earls of Wigtoim; com¬ prehends the Weft Part of Galloway. Galloway is a hilly Country, fitter for breeding Cattle than bearing Corn. The Inhabitants follow Filhing, as well in the Sea, as in the Rivers and Loughs, that lie every where under the Hills ; in which, about September, they catch an incredible Number of excel¬ lent Eels, by .which they are no lefs Gainers than by their little Horfes, which for the Compaftnefs of their Bodies, and Hardincfsfn enduring Labour,'are frequently brought up in England. Galloway had anciently its own Princes and Lords, but now is an Earldom in the Family of the Stuarts . Sir— Ag- ntw, oiLcchnaw, is Hereditary Sheriff of the Shire olWigtoun. seats in Sligt'OlHlfljirC.] Cafile Kennedy and Corfcrongb, Earl of Stairs's; •Martin and Monteith, Sir Alexander Max¬ well's of Monteith, Bar. Glajfartoun and Clay, the Earl of Gal¬ loway’s ; Garthldnd, Mac Dougal’s, Efq; Motrum, Sir James Duntbar's, Bart. Sorbie , Col. Stuart's; Park, Sis Charles Hay's, Bart, Baldoon, Hamilton's, Efq; Logan, Mac Dougal's, Efq; Freugb, Mac Dougal’s, Efq; Cajile-Stiiart, Stuart’s, Efq; Fifgal, John Stuart's, Writer to the Signet; BarnbarrocU, Vafs’s, Efq; Rcvcnflottn, Stuart’s, Efq; Tonderghie, Stuart's, Efq; Drum- more, Adair’s, Efq; Dttnskey, Blair’s, Efq; Seuchan, Agnetu's, Efq; Ganoth, Carth-Cart's, Efq; Lockrain, Col. Agrtevj's ; Wig, Apcvfs, Efq; Drummerel, Cdran's, Efq; BurghmnyMurray's, Efq; Cultreoch, Honfiotm’s, Efq; Craig-Affice, Nelfon's, Efq ; Crdithlaw, Gordon’s, Efq; Torhoufe', Mac Culloch's, Efq; Aries, Hathorn's, Efq; Dttnraggct, Dalrymple's, Efq; White-Hills, Ag¬ utin's, Efq; Befidestheft 31 Sheriffdoms, which fent Members to. Par¬ liament under that Denomination, there are two Stuartries that differ from the Shires only by. the Title of the chief Of¬ ficer, who in the' one is called Sheriff, in the other Stuart. Thcfe are Kircudbright and Orkney. 1. &iraiD()|igfjt. This Stuartry takes its Name from Kircudbright, a Port- Town and good Harbour in Galloivay, fituate upon the Ri¬ ver Dee ; a Town which lies as conveniently for Trade as any one upon that Coaft. The Earls of Nithifdaie are Heri¬ table Sheriffs' of this Stuartry. Seats iu 'iXircUDb^tgijt,] Cafile of Charlies, Earl of Ga,- hw'ay's-, Cafile of Tarreagles, Earl of Nithifdale's ; Caftle of Kcnmarc, Vifcountof Kenmure's ;Greenlan, Gordon's,Eft}-, Fabiagie, Mac Gic’s, Efq; Carlefloim, Gordon's, Efq; Shirmers, Gordon's, Efq; Mains, Lindfay’s, Efq; Carfluith, Brown's, Efq; Onhardtoun, Sir George Maxwel's, Barr. Keltotm,JohnJloun’s, Efq; Troqtthen, Gordon's, Efq ; Kirkonml, Maxwel’s, Efq; T 4 ttz State Part n. flD?Euiep Contains the Ifles of Orkney and Schetland. Thefe Iflands Were long fubjeft to the Kings of Norway. The laft Seilion of the Scotijh Parliament reftored the prefent Earl of Morton to the Crown Rents, formerly enjoy’d by his Anceftors, butftill redeemable by the Crown for the Sum of ; and du- ring his Poffeilion, he is oblig’d to pay yearly to his Ma jelly's Treafury 500/. Sterling. The Earl of Horton names the Stuart of Orkney and Schetland-, the Kinghasonly theBifhop’s Rents in thofe Iftes. Seats in^Sn^pand gicljetlant).] The Cattle of Kirkwal, Palace of Brifay, and the Caftle of Nautland, the Earl of .Mor¬ ton’s; Hurray and Cara, Sir James Stewart’s of Hurray, Bart. Eglefhaw, Sir Alexander Douglafs’s ; Gairfey, Sir William Craigie’s-, Erkers, Hallentine’s of Stenhoufe ; Melfetter and SneU fetter, Moodie's, Efq; Tankcrnefs and Greenujt, Baikie's, Efq; Sandftde and Sound, Buthannan’s, Efq; Ryfay, Sinclair's , Efq ; Newark-, Stewart's of Newark-, Newark and Burgh, Stuart's of Burgh ; Hraiknefs and Scaill, Graham's, Efq; Grentfay and Cleffrine,Honyman's,-E^ Elnefs,Trail's,Elc\-, GramejhallGra¬ ham's, Efq; Clef ride, Tea's, Efq; Lapnefs, Elphifloun's, Efq; Hal - cro, Mowat's, Efq; Gramefioun, Grames, Efq; the Caftle of Scalloway, Earl of Morton's ; Quandel, Sinclair’s, Efq; Hurgh, Sinclair's, Efq; Soundburgh, Bruce's, Efq; Hottfe, Sinclair's of Scalloway-, Weftjhore, Mitchel's, Efq; the Caftle of Mimes, J3f«re’s,Efq; Hrigtoun, Stuart's, Efq; Ufanei, Leflic'sfi&fr'Brow, Sinclair’s, Efq; Goal, Sinclair's, Efq; Scotland, Sinclair's, Efq; Vofigarth, Scot's, Efq; Olibaire, Cheyne's of Eflamount ; Grift- hall, Dick's of Truckafield ; Bujla, Gifford's, Efq; Windheufe, Neven's, Efq; Sound, Niven's of Scousburgh ; Gardy,-Henderfon’s, E*q; Girliffa, Mitchel's, Efq; Wormedal, Dick's, Efq; Braidwich, Settee's, Efq; Thefe Shires and Stuartries which are here rang’d Alphabe¬ tically, were call’d over in the Rolls of Parliament before the Onion, in the following Orders: Members. t Y^Dinbtrrgh a C, Haddington 3 Berwick 4 Roxburgh 5 Selkirk 6 Peebles 7 Lanerk . 8 Dumfreis 9 Wigtown 4 1 r Dumbarton 4 it Bufe 4 13 Renfrew z 14 Sniveling z is Linlithgow 4 16 Perth 4 1V Kincardine' 4 18 Aberdeen Members. BookI. of Great-Britain. 19 Invernefs 2.1 Cromertie 2+ Forfar 25 BamfF 26 Kircudbright 27 Sutherland Members 28 Caithnefs 29 Agin 31 Clackmannan 32 Rofs 33 Kinrofs 32J MembttSi The Royal Burghs which fent Comnu'flioners to Parliament were th efc : ' E Dinburgh Perth Dundee Aberdeen Sniveling linliihgow St. Andrews Glafgow Haddington Dyfert Kirkaldie Montrofe Cowper Anftruther .Eafter Dumfries Invernefs Burnt-Mand Breichen Jedburgh Kircudbright Wigtown Dunfermling Pittenweem Selkirk Dumbarton Renfrew Dumbat lanerk Aberbrothock ■Elgin Jeeblej . Crail Tayne Culrofs BamfF Withern Rothefay Nairn Forrefd Rutherglin North Berwick Anftruther Wefter Cullen Lawder Kintore Lochmaban Sanquhar New Galloway Kilrenny Dingwall Dornock Queensferry Inverrary ■ ■ Week ■Kirkwall Inverberry . Stranraver Cariipbeltqwn In all 66 • 326 ®[je pefeitt State Part ij. By the Articles of the Union this Number was retrench’d,, and now the Shires and Stuartries return 30 Members'; j, e . every Shire or Stuartry, one Member a-piece, except Bute and Caithnefs, which return one, andB«« is to choofefirft. Nairn arid Cromerty one, Nairn having the firft Turn. Click, nannan and Kinrofs one, Clackmannan choofing firft. The Burghs alfo which fend 16 Members to the Ilritijh Par- liament, are now divided into the following CUfi'es: Edinburgh, one. Kirkwall, Week, Dornoch , Dingwall and Tayne, one, Tortrofe, Invernefs, Nairn arid Forrefs, one ; Elgin, Cullfn, Bamff, lnverury, and kintore, one ; Aberdeen, Inverberry, ■ Montrofe, Aberbrpthick, and Breichen, one; Forfar, Perth, Dundee, Coupar, and St. Andrew's, one; Craill, Kehenny, Anflruther Eajler, Anflruther Wejler, and Pittenweem, one; Dyfert, Kirkaldy, Kinghorn, and Bnrnt-Ifland, one ; Inner- hething, Dunfermling, Queensferry, Culrofs, and Sterling, one ; Glafgow, Renfrew, Rut her glen, and Dumbarton, one ; Hadding¬ ton, Dunbarr, North Berwick, Lauder, and Jedburgh, one; Selkirk, Peebles, Linlithgow, and Lanerk, one; Dumfreis, San. quhar, Annan, Lochtnahan,3ni Kircudbright, one; il’igtouu, New Galloway, Stranraycr, and Whitchirn, one; Aire, Ir¬ win, Rothefay, Catnpletoun, and Inverary, one. The SHcffem Ifles of gicotlant). Thefe Iflands (call’d by the Ancients Hebrides, or JEbudi) which -are very many, and feveral very large and well inha¬ bited, have been known to the World little more than byName, ’till very lately. Mr, Martin obferv'es, that before him they ne. ver had been deferib’d byany Man that was a Native of the Country, or had been in all of them. But his Care and Pains has remov’d that Defeft, and we now by his Means know as much of them as of any other Part of his Majefty’s Domini¬ ons., From him therefore I lhall borrow what 1 have to fay of them,and (hall keep to his Method in the naming of them; be¬ ginning firft with thofe that lie rnoft Northerly, and fo coming down to the South. ■ I. Lewis, by the Iflanders call’d The Long Ifland, is 100 Miles long from N. toS. and from 3 to 14 broad from E. to W. It be¬ longs to theShire of Rofs, and was once in the Diocefe of the Ifles. It does not all go by .one Name. The Northern Part, which keeps the Name of Lewis, is but 36 Miles long, and to, in feme Places ii Miles broad; it reaches from the North of Bowlinghead to the South of Hajfinefs ; the Soil generally fandy, and fruitful in Barley, Oats and Rye; it bears alfo Flaft and Hemp: With their Oats diftill’d, the Natives make Ufqttebaugh, Which bv frequent Diftillations becomes exceflively ftrong. There are many convenient Harbours in the Ifland, which abound with Cod, Ling, Herring, and a great Variety ofOy- fters. Cockles, Mufdes, Limpets,and other Sons of Shell-Filh, Whale* •Book I. Of Great-Britaxn. 327 Whales they have in great Numbers, and offeveral Sorts; the - leffer they eat, and find them tolerably wholfome. They have Cows, Horfes, Sheep, Goats, and Hogs; their Beef isfmall,bue very tender. Deer are plentiful in the Chafe of Ofervaul, which v is 15 Miles round. Thefrefh-water Lakes with which the Ifland abounds, afford Trouts, Eels, and Salmons; every Lake has a River of its own which runs from thence into the Sea, which in Summer-time are ftor’d with Salmon. The Southern Partis . nam’d Harries, which for Soil and Commodities is much the fame with Lewis. The Shore on the We(l-[tde of the Ifland is ftor’d with great Variety of curious Shells finely ftreak’d with beautiful Colours. The Ground in Bernera, a fmall Ifland belonging to Harries, is fo kindly, that when manur’d with Sea-weed, which is the great Manure of thofe Iflands, Barley will yield 20, fometimes 30 Fold Increafe. Lewis belongs to the Earl of Stafirth, and Harries to the Laird of Maccleod. There are great Numbers of fmall Iflands which depend up¬ on Lewis and Harries, which adjoin to them feverally. II. North-Vijl, about 9 Miles long from North to South, and 30 Miles in Circumference. The Wejt-jide is arrable and ex¬ ceedingly fruitful, efpecially in Barley: It produces alfo Plenty of black Cattle and Sheep. It has an excellent Harbour called Lochmaddy, in which incredible Quantities of Herrings have been taken within the laft 50 Years. Four hundred Sail of Ships have been loaded with Herrings in one Seafon. In King Charles the Firft’s Time, a Magazine for Filhing was here be¬ gun and eretfted, but the Civil Wars put an End to that De- fign. Other Fifh and Fowl are here much the fame with thofe ofthe other North-wejlern Iflands. It has feveral fmall Iflands that belong to it. The Proprietor is Sir Daniel MacDoland of Slate. The Inhabitants of Lewis, Harries, and North-Vijl, are all Proteftants. III. Borera, a fmall Ifland very near North-Vijl, is poflefs’d by Mr. ’John Mac Lean. IV. Benbecula , 2 Miles South cf North-Vijl, is nearly round, 3 Miles in Diameter, and about 10 in Circumference. Soil and Produce the fame as North-V\Jl, Proprietor Ranal Mac Donald. Inhabitants all Papifts. V. South-Vi/l, 2 Miles South of Benbecula j 21 Miles long, and 3, in fome Places 4 Miles broad. Soil fruitful, and produces Barley, Rye and Oats plentifully. Lakes full of Trouts and Eels, Inhabitants healthy; One Man lately lived 130 Years, and retain’d his Uuderftanding. The Irijh Tongue is here fpo- ken in great Perfeftion. Man Mac Donald of Moydart .defcend- ed from Mac Donald, once King of thefe Iflands, is Proprietor. He, and mofl of the Inhabitants are Papifts. VI. Barry, 2 Leagues and an half South-Wejl of South-Vifi, 5 Miles long, 3 broad ; in all Refpefts like the Iflands which fo North of it. This, with feveral fmaller Iflands, which lie y 4 {tear 32 ? parent ©tate Part n. mar it.helong to MacNeil,\cbo pretends to be the 34th of that Name by lineal Defcent. He holds his Lands in Vaflalage of Bit Donald Mac Donald of Stale, to whom he pays 40 1, Scots per Annum, and a Hawk, ifdefired. He and his Tenants are all Papifts; they pay great Reverence to St. Barr, who is, as they fuppofe, their Tutelar Saint. All thole Iflands lie in a Row Southwards one of the other, from Lewis down to Barr)'. VII. Between Barries and Roji lies Sty, thefecondforBignefs ofalltheJFe/ern Iflands. It is 40 Miles long, and in fome Place? 30,inothersaoMiles broad,and near looMiles inCircumfcren.ee. It belongs to the Shire of Invernefs, from which in the Southl t is hot above 3 Leagues diftant, and at the Ferry not a Mile broad; it is navigable by the larged Ships of War; the Current there is fo violent, that no Veffel is able to fail againft it, tho’ the Wind prove never fo fair, fo that the Tide mud always be ob- ferved. The Way of Ferrying Cows in the narrow Ferrv, call’d the Kyle, where the faid Tide is fo rapid, is thus: They tie a With about the Cow’s lower Jaw, and fo hind 5 of them to¬ gether aftpr which, a Man in the End of a Boat holds the With that ties the foremdd, and fo rows over, carrying in thp Space of a few Hours, atlowWater, 3 or 400 Cows. The Soil is fruitful enough in the flat Grounds, and produces thofe Spe¬ cies of Corn and Cattle plentifully,which are to be found in the other Wefiern Iflands. Herring, Cod, and Ling are common upon their Coafts, and the Herring in great Abundance; they have many and convenient Harbours for the taking of them. The Country is populous, the People handfome, and very healthy. It Is divided into 3 Parts, poflefs’d by 3 different Pro¬ prietors. Sir Donald Mac Donald, Bart, firftof his Name, either in the Ifles or Continent, defeended from Summer fed, Thane of Argyll, whofe Son Donald ftil’d himfelf King of the IJlss, polfcf 1 - fes the Southern Part, which is called Slate, with a good Part of' the Northern: The Strath belongs to Mac Kinnon, Head of an 'ancient Tribe: The Ncrth-Wefl is poflefs’d by M'af Leod, Head alfo of another ancient Family, who derives from Leod, the pack Prince of Man. Aimed all the Inhabitants of Sky are Proteftants, none of them pofTefs any Land. VIII. and IX. Br/reand Arran both belonging to the Shire of 'Bute, have been mentioned already. X. IJIefay is a large Rock, S- W. of Arran 6 Leagues, be¬ longing to the Earl of Cajfeles, who receives, by the Produce of Hogs, Fowl, Down and Fifli, about 100 Marks Scots year¬ ly from this fmall Spot of Ground. ' Xl.GigayYtcsWeJl of Cantire, 4 Miles long, one broad ; be¬ longs to the Shire of Argyle. Soil good for Pafture and Ara¬ ble. Mae Neili are Proprietors ; Inhabitants Proteftants: Near it is Caray, a little {(land about a Mile round, belonging to Mac Alifitr of Ltrgy in Cantire, of the Tribe of Mat Donald. XII. To Book I. Of Great-Britain. j2p XII. To the A r . IV. of Cantire lies Jura, 24 Miles long, and 6 or 7 Miles broad, belonging to the Duke of Argyle, and is Part of the Shire of Argyle. The Ground is fruitful, and lies high, efpecially towards the Middle, where two very high Mountains, called the Paps of Jura, are noted Sea-Ma’rks for a very great Way. This is efteemed the wholefomcft Spot of Ground belonging to the Ifle of Great-Britain. From March to September the Air is perfe&ly pure. No Epidemical Difeafes are ever known here; Gouts, Agues, Confumptions, Pal- lies, Lethargies, Rickets, Coughs, are very rarely heard of; and Madnefs has never been obferved in this Wand. When Mr. Martin was there, no Woman had dy'd in Child-bed a- mong them for 35 Years. It is no Wonder then that they live to a very great Age. Gillour Mac Crain (who died about 58 Years ago) kept 180 Chriftmajfes in his own Houfe: A Wo¬ man in Scoria, a fmall Illand juft by, lived 140 Years s and to live 90 or too Years, was not rare. The Inhabitants, who fpeak Irifts, and wear the Plaid and bonnet with the other Wanders, are Proteftants. XIII. About a Mile S. W. of Jura lies lfta, or lla, now remarkable for giving the Title of Earl to Lord Archibald Campbe'l, Brother to the Duke of Argyll : From S. to A r . it is 24 Miles long, and from E. to IV. 18. In the Center of this Illand is Loch Finlagan, in which lies Finlagan Ipnd, former¬ ly the Reftdence of the Mac Donalds, Kings of the liles, the Ruins of whofe Houfes are dill \ilible. This Wand belongs to Gilbert Campbel of Calder, Efquire. The Country is in* differently fruitful ; it lies lower than Jura, apd confcquent- ly wetter and more unwholefome. The Inhabitants are Proteftants. 1 XIV, XV. Two Leagues N. of lla lies Oronfay, which is ' feparated from Collonfay only by Tide of Flood. Orcnfay is about 4 Miles in Circumference; Soil dry and Tandy, yet fruitful in Corn and Grafs. It has a Church, Chapel and Mo- naftery; built, as it is Laid, by Columba. Proprietor, Mac Duffy. Collonfay is from E. to W. 4 Miles long, and above a Mile over; Soil not fo fruitful as Oronfay-, Cattle fmall; In¬ habitants Proteftants. Proprietor, Duke of Argyll. XVI. Weft of Lonttbabar lies Mull , 24 Miles long front Eajl to Weft, and about that Breadth from North to South. It belongs to the Shire of Argyll. The Mac Leans were formerly Proprietors of the greateftPart of the Wand, and upon the Forfeiture of Sir John Mac Lean, the Duke of Argyle got it for a Debt owing him by that Family. The Soil is generally fruitful, fit for Pafture and Corn. Inhabi¬ tants Proteftants. XVII. Jona, an Ifle renowned for being the Habitation of S. Columba, that great Apoftle of the Northern Pitts, is a fmall Illand about 2 Miles long, and one Mile over, lying to 3 30 ts$e Patent State Part n. the Weft of Mull. The lr'tjh call it J. Colnmk'm, i. e. the Ifland of Cohtmbathe Monk. Here is St. Mary's Church, formerly the Cathedral of the Bilbop of the ljles, a very beautiful, though not a very large Building. St. Coltimba planted here a Monaftery and a Nunnery, tvhich continued ’till the Reforma¬ tion. This Ifland was anciently the Burying-place of the Kings of Scotland, Norway and Ireland, and of all the Heads of .Tribes in the Iflcs and Continent. XVIII. Eight Leagues to the We/? of Jona, liesT/rc-ty, an Ifland about 5 Miles long from S. E. to N. W. The Soil is ex¬ traordinary fruitful, but lying low, the People are not very healthy. Inhabitants Proteftants; and, as Part of Maclean's Eftate, it now belongs to the Duke of Argyle.' XIX. Coll lies half a League E.N.E. of Tyre-ty. It is 10 Miles long, and 3 broad. They have a Notion here, that Tyre-ty breeds more Women than Men, and Coll more Men than Women ; that fo thefe two lflands may people one another without the Afliflance of their Neighbours. Mac Lean of Coll is Proprietor. Inhabitants Proteftants. XX. Rum lies 4 Leagues South of Sky, It is 3 Miles long from S. to N. and 3 from S. to W. Country fruitful, efpeci- ally in Fifh and Fowl. Mat Lean of Coll is Proprietor, in¬ habitants Proteftants. XXI. South-Weft of Rum lies Mac, a fmall Ifland, 4 Miles about, which has nothing particular different from its Neigh- XXII. ' Haifa Mile from Krralies Canny, a Miles long, front South to North, and a Mile from Eafl to Weft. In the North End of this Ifland there is a Hill that diforders the Needle to that Degree, that when Mr. Martin laid the Contpafs on a ftony Ground near it, he found, that after the Needle had turn’d round fwiftly fevcral times, at laft it fettled due laft. Alan Mac Donald is Proprietor. Inhabitants Papifts. XX11I. Egg lies South of Sky 4 Leagues, 3 Miles long, if Mile broad, and about 9 Miles round. Soil indifferent good for Pafture and Tillage. Inhabitants Papifts, and bigotted in their Way. Proprietors Alan Mac Donald of Moydart, and Alan Mac Donald of Moron. XXl V. Theremoteftof all the N. W. lflands of Scotland is St. Hilda, or Hirt. It is faced all round with a deep Rock,' except a Bay at South-Eaft, which is not a Harbour fit for a Veffel, fo that there is no landing but in a Calm, and that by Climbing. The Soil is not unfruitful, efpecially of Barley, which is the largeft in the Weftern Ifles. There are about 17 Families in the Ifland, who live chiefly upon Fifh and Fowl, and the Eggs,of their Sea-Fowl, of which they have incredi¬ ble Quantities. The Inhabitants, who are Proteftants, are very fincere kind People, feparated frotji the World, of which they know little, and fee lefs 5 truly Yeligious, and every Way JJooki of Great-Britain. 33X what we may imagine the Inhabitants of the old World to have been, before the Arts of Luxury got Footing amongft Mankind. They pay a fmall Homage to the Mac Leeds, a Cadet of which Family comes fometimes to receive his Tri¬ bute, which is paid in Down, Wool, Butter, Cheefe, Cows, Horfes, Fowl, Oil and Barley. Money they have none, nor do they know the [Jfe of it. The Number of the People in thefe Iflands are computed at 48,000. The natural Ports which they abound with, and the great, and indeed the almoft incredible Quantity of Herr ring, Cod and Ling, with which their Coalt fwarm, toge¬ ther with the Fertility of the Soil of moll of them, and the Induftry and natural Sagacity of the Inhabitants, are great Encouragements to fet up a Filhery among them. The blelFed Union which the late Reign produced, will, without Doubt; be felt among thofe innocent and diligent People in a Ihort Time; and lincc they only want to be fet a-work, we ought not to think fo ill of the prefent Generation, as to imagine that they will negled to do it. One wonderful Qualification that fome of thefe Iflanders are poflefs’d of, ought not to be ovcr-Iook'd: It is too well atteded to be called in Quedi- on, though if it were not fo, no Man without Folly could believe it; that is, the Second Sight. It is a Faculty of feeing abTent Perfons and Things to come, reprefented to their imaginations as if they were aftually vifible and prefenr. Thus if a Man is to die, his Image fhall appear in its natural and didinft Shape in a Shroud to one that perhaps never faw his Face, and fome Time after the Man whofe Image fo ap¬ pears fhall die. This Quality of Second Sightednefs is not Hereditary, the Perfon who has it cannot exert it at Pleafure, . nor can he communicate it to another, but it comes of it fclf, and exercifes it felf wholly againft the Will; and often, efpccially in young Seers, to the <>reat Trouble and C011- fternation of thofe who it poflefles. Obfervation teaches you to jud^e of thofe Villons; and they arc fcarce ever S’be Iflands of Orkney, or tie Orcades. T HIS Colleft.ion of Iflands in our Tongue is called the Ifles of Orkney, and by the Latins, both ancient and modern, Orcades, They lie in Longitude 12 d. 11 m. Lati¬ tude 59 d. 2 m. The longed Day is 18 Hours, and fome odd Minutes: The Winters, as in mod fmall Iflands, and indeed always near the Sea, are generally more fubjeft to Rain than Snow: The Frod and Snow does not continue long, but the Wind is very boidevous; and it rains fometimes not by Drops, but by Spouts of Water, as if the whole Clouds fell at once. 39igt)tIatUM 33 z €lje pjefeitfc State Partii; ^igljtlanfcjfirtlj,] which divides the Southermoft lilands from Caithnefs, is in Breadth about 12 Miles. The lilands of Orkney are 26 in Number, which are inhabited; ■viz. South Ronalfay, Sw'tnna, Hoy and Waes, Burra, Lantholm, Plata, Taira, Cava, Gramfeye, Pomona, or Mainland, Coppinjoye, Shapinfoye, DamJ'eg, inhallo-Stronfa, Papa-Stronfa, Sanda, North Ronaljha, Eda Rottfa, Wyre, Gairfa, Eglejba, North Taira, Wejira, PapaWeJlra ; the reft of the lilands are called Holms (Holm in the old Norwegian fignifyingan IilandJ and are only for Pafture; all of them being feparated one from another by fome narrow Streights. The People in thefe lilands are generally Civil, Sagacious, Circumfpeft, piouily inclined, and given to Hofpitality. The Women in thefe lilands are very handfome, and bring forth Children at a very great Age. One Margery Bimhijier, in the Parilh of Evie, was, in the Year 16S3, brought to Bed of a Male Child, in the 63d Year of her Age. By reafon of the Temperance of their Diet, and Wholfomenefs of the Air, the People ufually live very long. Their Difeafes are the Scttrve y. Agues, Con • fttmptions, Sec. All fpeak Englijh after the Scots Way, with as good an Accent as any in the Kingdom; only fome of the common People fpeak a Language among themfelves, which they call Noras, i. e. Norrcena, or the Norwegian Tongue, which they learnt from their firft Planters the Norwegians, who peopled thefe lilands about the Time that they made their other Settlements in Great-Britain and Ireland ; that is, the old Damp Tongue, which is ftill fpoken in great Per- fcfHon in lftland, and was fpoken by theDanes that invad¬ ed Britain in the 9th, 10th, and 11 th Centuries. Their Corn- Land ts every where enclofcd, and without thefe Enclofures, their Sheep and Swine, and moil of their Cattle go loofc, without a Herdfman to keep them. The only remarkable Town in all this Country is Kirk-wall, a Royal Borough, long poifefs’d by the Norwegians: It is built upon a pleafant Oyfe, or Inlet of the Sea, near the Middle of the main Land. Its Streets are narrow: It is about a Mile in Length, ha¬ ving a very fafe Harbour and Road for Ships. Here is the Scat of 3 ttjliee : The Steward, Sheriff, and Commiflary, do all keep tlieir feveral Courts inthis Place. Here is a publick School for the teaching of Grammar, endowed with a com¬ petent Salary'; and at the North-End of the Town is a Fort built by the Englijh during Cromwel' s Ufurpation, ditch'd a- bout, with a Bread-work, and other Fortifications; on which they have fome Cannon planted for the Defence of the Har¬ bour. This Town had been eroded into a free Borough in the Time of the Norwegians: And, Anno 1486, King James the Third gave them a Charter of Privileges, which was con¬ firmed by King Charles the Second, Anno 1662, and by the Harlijment-at Edinburgh 1670/Thc Cathedral Church, dedt- Book I. Of Great-BritaIn, 3jj rated to St. Magnus, a Dani/i Saint, (lands in Kirkwall-, it was founded by Rolland, Earl of Orkney ; but it lias been en¬ larged by fome of the pious Bilhops of that See. It is a beautiful and (lately Strudhire, longer than that, of Giles's at Edinburgh. The Steeple is very high, and has a Set of as tu¬ nable Bells as anyCathedral of the Kingdom. Eefidesa Ca¬ thedral, there are 31 Churches more in this Country, and above 100ancient Chapels. ThcChriJlianFaith was greatly promoted in this Country, about the Beginning of the 5th Century, F.ugenius II. being then King of Scotland, at which Time Palladitis was fent by Pope Cele/lin to convert that Kingdom. The firft Planters and Poffcdbrs of this Country were the Pills, as the Generality of our Hiftorians affirm, who call Ork¬ ney, Antiquum PiUorum Regnum: Apd thefe VeiTes of the Poet Claudian, - Mainerunt Saxone Fufi Orcaies ; incaluit Pillorum /anguine Thule, do evidently (hew, that the Pills at that Time were the Pof- felfors and Inhabitants of thefe Northern IJlands. This Country was anciently govern’d by Kings, after the Manner of the Pills, and other Nations 5 but by the Injury of Time, and Carelefnefs of Writers, only two of them are mention’d: One was Belus King of Orkney, whom Holingflead- calls Plains, and Boethius,Balus. The other King of Orkney ■ was called Gantts ; he reign’d in the Time oi 'CaraHactts, King of the Britons. Thefe Iflands continued, in all Proba¬ bility, under the Government of their own Princes, ’till the utter Subverfion of that Kingdom,- A, D. S39, when Ken¬ neth 11. that Martial King of Scots, fubbued thefe Ides, and added them to his other Dominions. But in the Year 1099, the Norwegians podeded themfelves of this Country, and held it 164 Years; and then King Magnus of Norway fold it all again to King Alexander of Scotland, for 4000 Marks Sterling, and 100 Marks a Year. Orkney being thus recover’d . from the Danes and Norwegians, it continued ever after an¬ nexed to the Crown of Scotland, King Alexander giving the Property of it to a Nobleman, firnamed Speir, Earl of Caith- nefs, whofe Son, Magnus Speir, Earl of Caithnefs, Orkney and Schetland, was in great Repute in the Days of King Robert Bruce-, but he dying without Heirs Male, his Daughter Eliza¬ beth Speir fucceeding him in the Eftate, was marry’d to Sir William Sinclair, who was fucceeded by his Son Robert Sinclair, who being forefaulted for Non-compearance to the Parlia¬ ment, the Earldom of Orkney and Lordlhip of Schetland was again annexed to the Crown, and fo continued'till-the Reign of Queen Mary, who conferr’d it upon James Hepburne, Earl of Bothwell, and in order to make him her Husband, crea- ? 34 ®fje pjefgltt State part IL ted him Duke of Orkney, but he dying as bafely as he lived, . after ten Years Impnfonment in Denmark, the Lord Robert Stuart, natural Son of King James V. was made Earl of Orkney in Angujl ijSt, and he being beheaded, and his Son hanged, Orkney had feveral Governours ’till the Year 16+7, at which Time William Douglas, Earl of Morton* procur’d a Wadfet, or Mortgage of this Country from King Charles T. To him fucceeded his Son Robert DoagUs, Earl of Morton, Anno 1649, who was fucceeded by his Son Robert, from whom Orkney and Schetland being redeemed, 1669,were all re-annex’d to the Crown, except the Bifhop’slntercft. Butthefaid Coun¬ try, by the Union- Parliament, was diflolved from the Crown, and her late Majefty thereupon granted the fame to the then Earl of Morton, for Payment of the yearly Sum of 500/. and appointed him Steward and Jufticier within the Bounds there¬ of. Under the Stewarts are fome Judges of his Creation and Appointment, called Bailiffs: In every Parilh and Ifle there is one. Their Office is to overfee the Manners of the Inha¬ bitants, to hold Courts, and to determine in Civil Matters, to the Value of 101 Scots (16 s. 8 d. Englijh) but Tf the Mat¬ ter be above, it is referred to the Steward, or his Deputy. Under and fubfervient to thofe Bailiffs, are fix or feven of themofthoneft and intelligent Perfons within the Parifli call’d Lawrightmen. Thefe, in their refpeftive Bounds, have the Overfightof the People, in .manner of Conftables, and they inform the Bailiffs of fuch Enormities as occafionaily happen, which the Bailiffs punifh according to the Importance and Circumftances pf the Fault; and if it be above his Limits, or the Extent of his Power, he fends the Delinquent to the Seat of Jitflice, which is held by the Steward, or his Deputy. Thefe Lawrightmen have a Privilege inherent to their Office, by the Cuftomof the Country, which is not ufual elfewhere; which is, if there be any Sufpicion of Theft, they take fome of their Neighbours with them, during the Silence of the Night, and make Search- for the Theft, which is called Ran- facking, from Ranfaka, which is to make Enquiry, in the an- cient Danijh : They fearch every Houfe they come to, and if the Theft be found, they feize him upon whom it is found, and bring him to the Seat of JttJlice for Punifhment. S ‘be Ijles of Schetland. T H E Hies of Schetland being Part of the Stewarty of Orkney, are govern’d either by the Steward or his De¬ puty. They are placed by Ptolomy in the 63d Degree from the Equinoftial, between Scotland and Norway. The neareft Part of the Hies of Schetland, is about 80 Miles from Ork¬ ney, and the Sea between them is very turbulent and flor- mv, Thofe that are properly called Ifles, are in Number .a- Book!. Of Great-Britai'n. s'sJ bout 46, with40 Holmes and 30 Rocks; all which ate rahk- ed under the general Name of Schetlani, tho’ each of them has its particular Name. About 16 of them only are inha¬ bited ; others, tho’ large enough, are only made ufe of to feed Cattle. Many of the Gentry of the Country have come from Scotland and fettled here; but the common People, that arc Natives, are defcendedfrom the Norwegians, and fpeaka corrupt Dialed of the Norwegian Tongue. They are generally healthy, commonly living to five, fix, or fevenfcore Years of Age. There are many Obelisks ftill Handing, and many old Fabricks, which are ’faid to have been built by the Picls: They.are in the Fafliion of Pyramids, with a winding Pair of Stairs within the Top. Under them they had Cells all vaulted over, and from-the Top of them they made a Sign bv Fire, when they apprehended any imminent Danger. The Ground is clean, and the Soil naturally inclines to a Tandy Clay. The Produce of the Country is chiefly Filh, Butter, Oil, Wool, Feathers, Beef, Tallow, Hides, Stuff, Stockings, Woollen Gloves and Garters. There has been at one Time in Brajfay-Sound, 1500 Sail of Hollanders employ’d about that profitable Filliery which they make about the Scotch Iflands. After Para, an Ifland lying in the Midway between Orkney and Scketland, the firft Ifland that appears is called Mainland, as being the largell; it is about 60 Miles in Length, and jfi or 18 where broadeft. In Schetland they have onePref- bytery, which aflcmbles at Scalloway, The Thule of the Ancients, as defcriFd by Sir Robert Sibbald. Tho’ the Ancients were at Variance about the particular Situation of Thule, yet they all agreed, that it was fomewhere towards the North: Many make it to be one of the Britifi Iflands; and as Conraius Cehes faid long ago, it was en- compafs’d with the Ifles of Orkney, fo I have alfo taken the Liberty to fubjoin it to them. Bochart obferves, that Thule in the Syriac, or Chaldee, which is a Dialeft of the Phoeni¬ cians, fignifies Darknefs: And the Ancients had a mighty No¬ tion of the Darknefs of the Regions fartheft North. That the Phoenicians fail’d far beyond the Mediterranean is indifi. putable. It is probable, therefore, that when they came to Coafts where Fogs were thick, and Nights were long, they might gall them by one general Name, Thule; Which Name the Greeks, and from them the Homans, not under- ftanding, apply’d to fome Ifland in the. moft Northerly Part ot Britain. That the Roman TAa/emuftbe placed there, Will appear evidently from what follows. What Cafar obferv- cd of the Ancient Britons, that they painted their Bodies Mue, and fought in hooked, Chariots, Silias Italian af- 336 ' ^efent State Part ir. firms of the Inhabitants of Thule} and it is plain the Poet could fpeak onlj 1 of thofe whom the Romms fought with in his Tirrfd. Ctrttles haud aliter cum dimicat incola Thitlts Aglnina falcifcro circumvenit alia Cov'mo. . Pliny was of the fame Opinion, for he treats of Thule in' the fame Chapter with i\vt Britijh Ides; and Tacitus in his Life of Agricola, fays, that when the Roman Navy fail’d about 'Britain, d'efpelid eft & Thule j they faw Thule as they fail’d by the Orcades. Sir Robert Sibbald thinks that Ireland was the firil: of the Britijh lfles that was called Thule, as being the firft remarkable lfland that the Carthagenians met with in their Courfe from Cadin, fleering to the North, and aifo becaufe Statius calls it Hejperia. (or Weftern) Thule. But if Ireland was called fo,' that is not the Thule which is mention’d by the Roman Wri¬ ters ; for the Romans never carried their Arms into Ireland ; and therefore what they fay muft refer to fome Britijh Nor¬ thern Hie, which they invaded under Agricola, and which was then pofl'efs’d by the Pills ; whom Statius the Poet, who was contemporary with Domitian, calls Caledonians. Claudian does yet more particularly give the Name of Thule to the North Part of Britain, when he fpeaks of the great Exploits done there by Theodofius, Father of Theodofius the Emperor, and Grandfather of Arcadius and Honorius, whom he makes to conquer the Scots, and the Inhabitants of Thule, in a’ cold frofty Country, and the IMoors in a fcorching one; where, by placing the Moors and Britons as the remote!!: People then known in their feveral Parts, he clearly demon- ftrates, that Thule muft be fomewhere near the North Parts of the Ifle of Britain, then inhabited by the Pills and Scots: C\audiarTs Words are thefe: llle Caledoniis pofuit qtti caftra pruinis Maiiuerunt Saxone fufo Orcades, incaluit PICTORUM SANGUINE THULEj Scotorum cumdos ftevit Glacialis Jcrne. In Caledonian Frofts his Tents he pitch’d; When Orkney lfles he dy’d with Saxon Gore ; Then THULE with the Pilliftt Blood grew ho?. Icy Strathern bemoan’d huge Heaps' of Scots. jerne here is Strathern, He. the Valley of Em-, anif had its Name from Ireland, or Erin, from whence thefe Scots came. Juvenal alfo calls it by the fame Name, when he fays, Anna quod ultra Litora juverna premovimm, in which ' ' he Bdok I. Of Great-Britain. 337 he alludes to Agricoia's Conquefts; as he does alfo to that !>reac General’s Care to indraft the Britons in the Roman- Avis, in this Verfc, De cenimendo loquitur jam Rhetore Thule: Which laft Verfe demonflrates that Thule belong’d to Britain, and tho' it was far North, whence it is called ultima, yet it could not be beyond that lfland, becaufe the Romans ne¬ ver carried their Anris any farther. Jerne therefore lying upon the Wcft-Coaft, Thule feems to be upon the Eaftcrn, and is moil probably what is now called Eaft-Rofs, Suther¬ land and Caithncfs ; for there the Picls, or as Silius Italicns calls them, the blue Inhabitants of Thule, were anciently fet¬ tled, when the Southern Countries became Part of the' Roman Province. Before that Time the Britons were all Pills, that is, were all painted, and the Brigdntes were blue in Seneca’s Time. We are hire Thule lies far North, Theodofius was there ; and as he kill’d the Scots in Jerne, fo he killed the Piets in Thule. Now Claudian’s jferne is not Ireland, bcCaufe we have no Account that the Romans ever carried their Arms into Ireland, nor were any Roman Antiquities ever found there. Befides, the thick Woods in Caithncfs would appear very dark to Navigators, and fo might well deferve the Name of Thule ; though we rather think that the PhxnicianThule was Ireland, Which was anciently very woody, and confequently very foggy; and that the Romans afterwards applied that Name; which they did not throughly underftand, to the Piclifi Coafts, meaning thereby only an lfland, or rather Pcninfula, that was very far North, as the firfl Thule was deferibed to be. The Ancient Norwegians, who failed round Britain, arid were Lords of the North and Weft Ifles for fomeTime, called of of the Weftern Iflands liar, of Tlrile, but which of them we know not. Of this Snorro Sturlifon, the Iflandifh Hiftorian of Norway, who lived too Years ago, is a certain Evidence. Por in his Account of Magnus Olafson, King of Norway’s Ex¬ pedition in the Year 1095, towards the BritiJIl Ides, he fays, that King Magnus went with a mighty Fleet Weflward to the Ifles of OriTOy.’-which he conquer’d, and placed a Viceroy over them. Then he went to the Southern Ifles, i. c. the Hebrides, which lie S. W. of Orkney, where lie wafted and turn’d, and forced the Inhabitants to fly, fome into Scotland, and fome into Ireland: That he particularly landed in Jona, where he buffered no Man to hurt the People, or the Church; and from thence went to tile lfland Tbile, and from thence to Satires Mulls, plundering both the Scotch and Irijb Coafts all along as he went. This (hews what Opinion the Ancient Danes had of the Situation of Thule: And that one of the Weftern Iflands was fo called, is unqueftionable. But Parc of Norway is alfo called Thttlemark. Were there not therefore Anciently more Regions towards theNorth, than oni called by that Name ! It is molt probable tlifre -were. And one Z may 3 3 8 €ljc Went state Part n. may fafely affirm, that Juvenal, Statius, and Claudiano went no farther than the North-Briti/?; Coafts for their Thule, wherefoever they placed it. £be Roman IVA LL in Scotland. The fird Occafion of building, the Roman Wall, which now goes by the Name of Graham',s-Dylte, was given by Julius Agricola, to exclude the Scotch Highlanders-, for the Wall be¬ ing built upon that Iftfimus, or Neck of Land, betwixt the River Forth and Clyde, which is not above 1.6 Miles over, the Enemy was by this Means removed as it were into ano¬ ther Ifland.: But h.ere we mull not imagine that this Wall was built by Agricola, (ince it is affirm’d by no Biltorian. ■ He contented himfelf only with placing Garrifons at convenient Didances, that his Forces might e.afily draw together upon the firft flpprchenfion of Danger. The Garrifons probably fettled by him (for thofe upon the Wall mud neceflarily have been fettled by others) were, 1. Coria Damniorum, which the Neighbours at this Day call Camelon ; where the Remains of the Fortification are yet to be feen, and. a Roman mili¬ tary Way begins there, and runs to the South. Here alfo they difeover old Vaults, and,meet with Roman Coins. The fecond feems. to have been about fix Miles didant to the North-wed, wher.e the Town of Sterling now dands; for be- fides that the Narrownefs of the River Forth, which has now a Bridge over it in this Place, required a. Garrifon there; there is upon a Rock an ancient Infcription, intimating, that a Legion once kept Garrifon there. The third Garrifon was placea.about eight Miles N. E. from the Second, where Roman Medals, have, b.een found, and not far from it runs a Roman Military Way. The fourth feems to be that which Rede calls Guiii, now called Kirkintilloch, fituatc upon the Wall, where are dill to be feen the Ruins of great Forti¬ fications, and near it feveral Infcriptions have been found. The fifth, was where the Town of Paijly is now feated. The fixth was the mod. remote to 1 the Wed, called at this Day Dumbarton, conveniently fituated in a Point, where the Le¬ mon runneth into the Clyde ; but if this Convenieqcy was* not a diffident Tedimpny, the Infcriptions that are found In the Neighbourhood, would.put it beyond all Difpute. The placing thefe Garrifons was probably the Occafion of build¬ ing the Wall afterwards .along this Trail; but in Building they took the diredteft.Line, which mud be the Caufe why fome of the .Garrifons are at a Didance from it. It feems alfo to have been built at feveral Times, and by different Perfons, as the Situation of, the Ground requir’d for repel¬ ling, the Enemy, and.covering. the Provincial Britons againd their Invafi.Qns, Tthe.Wall.fird began where the River Forth | Book I. of Great-Britain. '339 ! was narrow, and fo was carried along the Neck of Land | between the Frith of Clyde and Forth, but afterwards was 1 carried farther Eaft. The Penvahel, or Pcnmlttiin, where i Bede fays it began, is at this Day called Walkout!, where there is an artificial Mount dik’d about; but the Manner of the 1 Wall is bed underftood by Mr. Pout's Defcription in Dr. Gib- ; fin's (nowBifhop of London) Tranilation of Camden’s Bri- ; tannia, p. 959. Fil'd, there appears a Ditch of 12 Foot wide [ before the Wall, towards the Enemy’s Country; the Wall it | felf .is ten Foot thick, but it is not known how high it was i at fivjt; there is a paved Way at the Foot of the Wall, five i Foof'broad, Watch-Towers within Call of one another, | where Centincls kept Watch Day and Night, a Court of Guard I to lodge afufficient Number of Soldiers againft all fudden j Alarms, and 3 Void within for the Soldiers Lodgings. Be- | fides thefe, ihere.are along the Wall great and noble Forts, | ftrongly intrench’d, and though within the Wall, able to re- I ceive a whole Army together. The Forts which remained in j Mr.Ri>»f’sTime,who traced them all, were thefe, one at Lang- j lotin, a Mile Eaft of Falkirk -, one juft at Bomntree Burnheai j one at Weftvr-Gowden, about Sr. Helen's Chapel; one at the ' Croykill-, a very great one at the Top of the Banhill ; one at /Uchindevy ; one at Kirkintilloch, or Kacrjteiicollecb ; one at Eoft-Coldcr ; one at Hill-toun Calder ; one at Balmttdy-, one at Simerjhne, and over Kelvin Diver, and Careftoun-, one at Atermynie-, one at Balcaftle, over againft Banhill; one at Kaellybe, over-againft Croy-hill-, one at the Roch-hill, over- againft the Wcfi-V/ood-, a large one at Bankyir, over-againft Caftle-Cairy ; one at Dumbafi : In the Ruins of that at Ban¬ kyir was found a large iron Shovel, or fome Inftrument rcfembling it, fo weighty, that it could hardly, be lifted by one Man. At the fame Fort alfo were difeovered feveral Sepulchres cover’d with large rough Stones; and at Dmt-Chroe Chyr, by Akny-Abmch, were formerly large Buildings. TheLengthof the Wall was 36 Scotch Miles; beginning between §ucen’s Firry and Abercorn; it rang’d, along Weft by the Grange and Kernel, to lnmreving, foon to Falkirk, from whence it proceed* ed direflly to the Forcft of Cetmernald’-, next it ran to the great Fort at the Ban-hill, where have been found feveral Stones, fotne with Pi&ures engraven upon them, and fome with inferiptions. From whence it went to the Peel of Kir¬ kintilloch, the greateft Fort of all, and fo Weftward to £>«?;/- barton, with a great Ditch upon the North-fide of the Wall all along. It had alfo many fquare Fortifications in Form of Roman Camps, 2 2 CHAP, 34 © ®6e pieCent ®tate Part n. C H A.P. III. Of its Air, Soil, and Commodities. Sir»] , 'T ,Was not without Reafon, that Csfir faid of Bri- 1 tain in general, Calitm Galileo tempsratm ; for even in the moft Northern Parts of the Ifland, the Air is generally ferene, feldom clouded by Mills, or Fogs, more mild and temperate than in the Continent under the fame Climate, by reafon of the warm Vapours from the Sea upon all Sides; and for the fame Reafon, the continual Breezes of the Wind caufe the Heat in Summer to be no Ways fcorching. The conllant Winds purify the Air, and keep it alvvays in Motion ; fo that it is feldom known, that any Epidemical Diftemper rages in the Country. ©Oil.] The Country is for the moft part hilly and moun¬ tainous, there being but few Plains, and they of no great Extent; and thofe they have are generally by the Sea-fide, from whence the Ground rifes fenfibly, the farther in the Country the higher; fo that the greateft Hills are in the Middle of the Kingdom. The Quality of the Soil, compared withthatof England, is, take it all together, not fo good. ’Tis commonly more fit for Pafture than Corn, and for tbatPurpofe is very well watered. Where the Surface is leaned, there are found Metals and Minerals, and confidera- ble Quantities of Lead are yearly exported : There is alfo Tlenty of other good Ores if the Inhabitants would be per- fuaded to take Pains to work them. In a great Part of the Inland-Country, efpecially where it lies upon fome of the Friths, the Soil is very good, and there grow all the Sorts of Grain that are to be found in the South Parts of Britain. In the Low Grounds they have Store of Peafe and Beans, which for the Strength of their Nourilhment are much us’d by the labouring People. In the Skirts of the Country j which are not fo furor Grain, there grow great Woods of Timber toa vaft Bignefs, efpecially of Fir-Trees, which thrive heft in rocky and mountainous Countries. Springs of Medicinal Waters are common enough; no Country is better provided with Filh, which would turn to a good Account, if their Filhe- ries Were managed to the bed Advantage: Bcfides Shoals of fmaller Whales, the Porpusand the Meet-Swine are frequent¬ ly feen upon their Coafts: And the great Whales of the Ba¬ tten, or Whalebone Kind, and thofe of the Sperma Ceti Kind, are call now and then upon fey eral Parts of the Shore. The Hills, efpecially upon the Skirts of the Country,breed abundance of Cows, which not only afford Store of Butter andCheefefortheUfe of the Inhabitants, but confiderable Profit, Book I. of GR.E A T-B RIT A IN'. S4-1 Profit, by vending their Hides and Tallow, and by the great Numbers that are (old into England. The Size of their Cows and Sheep, as in all cold Regions, isbutfmall, but the Flefh of both is exceeding delicious, and very nourifiling. The Highlands breed great Flocks of Goats, with Store of Deer, and abundance of Rabbets. Commotlities.] It abounds with all NeceiTaries of Life, and in refpeft of folid wholefome Food, (lands in need of no Affillance from its Neighbours. There is Very great Plenty of Cows, Oxen, Sheep, Goats, Conies, and, in the North, of Red and Fallow-Deer; of Wild and Tame Fowl, fuch as Par¬ tridges, Sea-Plovers, Pewets, Woodcocks, Dotterels, Snipes, Plovers, Quails, Larks, Herons, &c. of Hens, Ducks, Geefe, Turkies, Pigeons, eye. For fijh, no Country exceeds it for extraordinary Plenty of Salmon, befides Trouts, Carps, Pikes, Eels, and otherRiver- Filli; Herrings they have in fuch abundance, that the Dutch drive a confiderable Trade in foreign Parts with the Herrings they take in the Northern Seas, Oifters, Cockles, Lobfters, Cod, Ling, Scares, Turbots, Mackrels, and Whitings, with other Sorts of excellent Sea-Filh, they have in great Abun- Bscr and Ale in Scotland is very good, and the Scotch are not ignorant of the Art of Diddling Brandy and Ufquebaugh to great Perfeflion. Gardens for the Ufe of the Kitchen are not wanting; Or¬ chards for Fruit are common, and for the mod Part the Pears are better than the Apples; yet here they have the Rennet and the Golden Pippin in great Perfeflion; and the Houfes of the Nobility and Gentry are adorned with Flower-Gardens and Wall-Fruit better than one would expea to find fo far North. For all thofe Fruits which can be ripen’d in the Summer Months, fuch as Melons, Figs, Apricocks, and Peaches, are produced in their Gardens, with their true and natural Flavour and Talte. The Woods, which are very large, fome of them above ten Miles long, do not only abound with Timber-Trees, efpeci- ally Oaks, Firs, and Birch, but alfo with great Variety of Phyfical Herbs and Plants. For Cloathmg , Scotland knows no want of very fine Wool, of which they make very good Stuffs and Broad-Cloth for the better Sort, and Freezes for the Country People, to defend them in their Work from the Cold, Befides, of their Wool, and by their Dexterity in Knitting, they make the fined Wor- lled-Stockings in the World; fome of them exceeding thofe of Jerfey and Guernfey, which they fell for a greater Price than Silk. Some are fold at 50s. a Pair; and I have been credibly informed by fome that have feen Stockings fold at Z 5 10/. 34* €fje p^eCcnt S>tate Part n, jo/, a Pair j but thefe are rare, and not made for the Mar¬ ket, but to Ihew their Perfeflion in Spinning and Knitting. There isalfo great Plenty of Hemp and Flax; their Linner, Cloth is inferior to few for its Goodncfs, and the Mantthdory of it. by Exportation into other Countries, is very beneficial to the Inhabitants. Leather drefs’d in Scotland is good; though it is not fonice. ly dreffed as in feveral Places in England; It is thinner than ours, by reafon of the hard Feeding of their Cattle, yet it is ftrong and durable; but not very plentiful, becaufenotfo generally worn in Breeches, Doublets and Aprons, Boots and Shoes, among the common People ; and befides, they find it turns to as good, and a much quicker Account, to lell their Hides raw to the Eaglijh. For Euildbig they want no Timber, though it is not fo much ufed in this Country as in others for that Purpofe ; bccaufe they have great Variety of excellent Stones, fuch as Sand-Hone, Marble, Alabafter and Slate, with abundance of Chalk and • Lime-ftone. Toe Firing, they have Sea-Coal, or Pit-Coal, and the lad in great Perfeflion almoft everywhere, at a very finall Price; and where that is wanting, there is in fome Places Wood, and in others great Plenty of Tutf and Peat. Tot Shipping, which has been too long neglefted, the Woods and Forefts of Scotland, yield very goodOaks, fit for Beams, Plank,or Knee-Timber; Firs fit for Mails and Yards; and the Ground affords Hemp for Cordage. The Scotch Horfes are generally final), but fo well made, that they are very fit for Labour, or Travelling; there are alfo fome of a large Breed in the Hands of the Nobility and Gen¬ try. They have alfo Dogs of all Soria and Sizes, and for all Ufes. ' * Befides great Quantities of Lead, Iren, Bra/tand Copper Ore, and' Lapis Oalaminaris, which i? the chief Ingredient in mak¬ ing Brafs, there are feveral rich Silver Mines in Scotland ; fo that in refpedl of them only, Scotland is faid to be richer under Ground than above: Nay, James Atkinfon, Affay- Mafter of the Mint at Edinburgh, in the Reign of James fl. allures us, that Natural or Native Gold was to be found in feveral Places in this Country; as one Mine on Crawford Moor and'Fri.ir Moor in Clydefdale ; two on R obburt Moor and M,in- nock Moor in Nifdale ; three on GlangaiarlVatteria Inderland, in thfe Foreft of Attirie, and in many other Comics, or Val¬ leys. It is commonly found, fays he, after great Rains, link'd fall to the Sappare Stone, jull as Lead-Oar and White- Spar grow fometimes together: This is certain, that one Cornelius, a German, who in that Time was by Patent created Superior of the Gold Mines of the King of Scots, difeovered Goid Mines at Crawford John , and in 30 Days Bookl. of Great-Britain. 343 Time brought into the King’s Mint at Edinburgh, 8 Pounds Troy Weight of Natural Gold, which was worth 4500/. Sterling. Befides Grain, and other Comthodittes already mentioned, the Merchants export Marble,'Alabaft'er, Limtenand Woollen Cloth, freezes, Plaids, Plaidi'ng-Stuffs, Stockings, Malt, Hops Meal, Hides, Rabbets, and Hire-Skins, Filh, Eggs, Oaker, Coals, and Salt. To conclude, though fome Countries may pride themfelves in being richer, their Seas being better na¬ vigated, and their Lands more fertile, yet Scotland wants no¬ thing that is neceflary for the Life of Man, and what fhould put Life into future Ende'ivours. The Country is capable of great Improvements, and having many fafe and convenient Ports and Havens, if encotlraged, it cannot long want a profitable Trade by Sea; which concurring with a prudent and Induftri'ous Management of the Inland Trade and ManU- faftories, cannot fail Of making that Part of Great-Britain much richer, and, confeq'uently, much m'ofe cdrifiderible thin it is at prefent, or indeed than ever it was. CHAP.. IV. Of its Inhabitants, th'eir Number, Language, dui Character. 3 lnIjabitantfif,]-pcUring the Roman Empire, the North-Ea- I ) flern Part of Scotland ; which was free, was inhabited chiefly by the Rids, who mail Probability were Britons, that ftill retained rhe'Cuftom of painting their Bodies. 1 fay chiefly, becimfe it is molt probable, that the Scots came thither very early out of Ireland,, efpecia'.ly into the Wefi High- Lands, though perhaps, nOt in great Numbers. Afterwards came in the Saxons, and then the Danes, who Were long Ma¬ tters of the dreades', which have been claimed by the Kings of Demark; as Part of the Kingdom pf Norway, ’till Very late¬ ly ; fo that the prefent Inhabitants of Scotland kre a Mixture of Pills, i. e. ancient Britons, of Scots, i. e. ancient Irifli } of Saxons, and of Danes-, of Romans, ’tis probable, there may be fo’me few, but fo blended with other Nations, that ’tis impoflible, either by Names, or any other Mark, to diftinuuilh any Families at this Day, an 4 afeertajn their Defcent from the Roman Stock. Stfjeic dumber.] Though Scotland be without Compari- fon ttiore barren than any tarts of England, yet for want of Trade, and thdfe Other Encouragements which naturally bring People together, and keep them together when once they arc, z 4 344 Ctje Piefent Estate Part n. gathered, it is certain that it’s much thinner of People than otherwife it need be, ottbanEngland is. A Million and half of People is the mod that has been reckoned 5 though if the Filhing Trade and Husbandry were encouraged as far as they might, it would maintain above double their Number. ffljeir Slanguage.] The Inhabitants of the Southern Pro¬ vinces fpeak Engltjh, vary.’d only in Pronunciation: Their Language approaches indeed nearer to the Dane-Saxon in ma¬ ny of its peculiar Words, than any other Dialed! of the Eng- I'tjh Tongue, and for that Rcafon, thofe Writings which are true-Seer///), fuch as Gawen Douglas's Tranfiation of Firgil's JEneis ; The Cherry and the Sloe, a Poem fo called, and others, are veryufeful to thofe that are curious in fearebing out the Originals of our own Language. The Highlanders fpeak a Sort of Irijlr, which they call Albanach, and which they have both from the ancient Scomvho came outof Ireland, and from thp Pills, .who were originally Britons. For the Britijh, Which is now preferved in Wales, and the Irijh, were both dif¬ ferent Dialefts of the ancient Celtic-, from which, and from the ancient Gothic, almoft all the Languages of the Northern, and the North-Weftern Nations of Europe are derived. In the G reader the Old Norwegian Tongue, fpoken (fill in tolerable Purity in Ifeland, is preferved. Their Court-Rolls, Records, and Proceedings in Law, have been written for .feveral.Ages it), Latin, of which the Scotifb Lawyers are, gene¬ rally fpeakibg,'great Rafters. Sir John Skene affigns the Rea- fons of their Laws 1 being written in Latin to their having been drawn up by the Roman Clergy, who always endeavoured to keep the People in Ignorance, which is one of the great Pillarsofthe Pope’s Authority; though the truer Reafon feems to be, becaufe.the Civil Law, which was always the Common- Law of Scotland, was written in that Language. There are alfo in .the. Sc oti/h Tongue more Trench Words than in the Englijh, which has been occasioned by the long and frequent Intercourfes.which the Scots, have had with Trance. Cfjirsttt!'.] The Air being very ferene, and the Climate temperate in Scotland, the Natives partake accordingly of both. They have clear Underftandings, are fagacious, quick at find¬ ing out. their Intereft, and diligent in purfuing it. Abroad in foreign Countries, whither Neceflity or Curiofity often drives them, they are induftrious, frugal, and very dextrous in ac¬ commodating themfelves to the Manners of the People with whom they live. The Gentlemen are well bred, and as gene¬ rally learned as in any other Country in Europe. The Women of Condition are handfome, fruitful, and model!, and very careful in that which is their great Bufinefs, viz. managing their Families, and educating their Children. The People are generally religious, and very zealous in adhering to that Seft which they profefs. They ate. very temperate in eating Book! of Great-Britain. 345 and drinking, even in Countries where Luxury andExcefs in both is too much practis’d : Zealous Lovers of their Country, tho’ very willing to fettle abroad when they have any Opportu¬ nity of doing fo: Fea'lefs of Danger, and patient to endure the’Hardihips and Fatigues of War. In a Word, they are a People who have always been tenacious of their Liberty, and whom no Threarning, nor any Profpeftof Advantage could make ro yield to Conquerors, though more rich and powerful than themfelves. The Scots, efpecially the ljlanders, are generally longer liv’d than in the more Southern Parts of the World; a Man being force thought old at 80 ; feveral living to above ioo, in their Klands to 140, and at that.Age able to gain their Bread by rltcir Labour: All which is afcrib’d to their Temperance and frugal Way of Living, being utter Strangers to the Luxury of wealthier Nations: but of late excelfive Drinking prevails in fotne Places; and the main Ambition of forne Country Gentle¬ men is, to be reckon’d Good Fellows. jj 2 anif#<] In the South Parts cf Scotland, where the Inha¬ bitants are defended chiefly from the Saxons and Danes, their Names agree with tliofe of England, both Chriftian and Sir- names : Chriftian Names common, ate, James, John, Tho¬ mas, Alexander, David, William, Robert, Charles, Colin ufu- al among ihe Catnpbtls ■, Roman and Gilbert deriv’d from the Danes. Archibald, See. Sirnames among the Lowlanders are cither local, is Douglas, Campbel, Hamilton, Smith, Maxwel, Dalrymple, Spotfusood, Lrjly, Lmdejay, Murray, Leith, See. or deriv’d from their Parents, as Davidfon, Fcrgufon, Henderfon ; Toungfon, Adamfon, Anderfon, Paterfon, i. e. Patrickfon, Johnfon (which in Scotland is ufuaily written Johnpun, as if it were local) be. or from Offices or Trades, as Stuart, Lletcher, Clerk, Badly, Falconer, Jujliee, See.Saxon and Danijh Names they have feveral .Sibbald (i. e.fobald.ihe bold couragi- ous Man) Etrick, which gives Title to the Earl of Dumbarton’s eld eft Son, from Hydreck, a famous Heroe of th eRorth-, Clo- fie, which ftill Ci'gmtiesWi/e in Danijh, Graham, Danijh ; Gram Dempfler, i. e. Judge; Cunningham, or Kunningham, which in Danijh is the King’s Helmet. Bruce, Damp ; Brufo, Belloc, Damp ; Hrollang, Grerr, Logy (Loge Ronvegtan, Flame) See. The Highlanders, who are the old Scots and PiSls blended together, keep their old Scotip Names pretty entire, as Mal¬ colm, Duncan, Donald, Murdoc, Kennedy, See. and thofe that begin with Mac, i. e. Son, are numerous; it Mac Kenny, Mac Kay, Mac Leod, Mac Lean, Mac Pherfon, Mac Cleland, Mac Gill , Mac Dougal, Mac Guffoc, See. Where Mac Kenzie is the Son of Kennedy, or kennet; Mac Leod is the Son of the People, for tha t Leod dignifies in Saxon, Mac Pherpn, the Son of a Pried; Mac Guffoc, the Son of Guffoc ; Mac Gill, the Son of Gilbert. How far an Enquiry into the Etymology 34* C&c State Part II. of the SiWames -of the Inhabitants 'of Great-Prita'm may go po determine the Nation from whehcfe every Family fpmng, is a Subjeft well worth the Pains of a skilful and judicious An- thpwvy. This is certain, it can never be'done well without a competent Knowledge of the Celtic and Gorhick Languages, and of the fevfcral Dial'e&s which have been form'd in th'cfe Nmh&ntinA NSrth-Wejkrn Partsof the World, from thefe two jfthat Originals. CHAP. V. Of the ‘R.eligion of Scotland. T H E Chriflian Religion was,withoutallC'ontr'ovehfy, preach¬ ed very eaffy in Scotland, bin how foon we do not cer¬ tainly know- Tcrtullian fays, Chriftianity was preached in the Priiijh Hands in Places wheic the Rohtans never dme; whether he meant Ireland, or the North of Scotland, is uncertain. King' Donald the Firft, who is faid to have begun his Reign in the Year 159, is alfc faid to have defited Pteachers from Ft Vidor, who weht into Scotland, and planted Chriftianity in that Country. Thefe Preachers are faid tb have lived in Parity, without any Epifcopal Government ; nor is any Bi(hop faid to hive come ihto Scotland before Palladia!, flho was fent by Pope Ctlejlineto cohvert the Score, in the Year45t. [But this does not prove that Presbytery or Cnlvinifm was the Religion of Scotland originally, any more than Wat'it was originally the Religion of all the Encljjh Plantations in America, whither no Bilhops have been yet fent, 'and yet they are moft of them, and have been frofn thc'firil Plantation,- under Epifcopal Government, fltbjeft in Spirituals to the Bifhop of London, and' their Priefts epifcopally ordained, as thofe no doubt werfe who firft planted Chriftianity in Scotland-, becaufe allthfe Churches of Chriftendom were then govern’d by Bi- Jhops;') This however is certain, that from the Fifth and Sixth Cen¬ tury, down to the Sixteenth, the Government of the Church of Scotland has been by Bilhops; and that it was alter’d in Queen -Wary's Time, and ftnee, every Body knows; but perhaps the Spep’s By which that. Alteration was effefted, may not be fo generally khown. The Nature of. my Defign will not let me ruh out far into Particulars, but a thort Account of what was done in Slotland , relating to Religibn, from the Year 15C2, to the. Re-eftablilhmbnt of Epifcopacy in' that Kingdom, by King3fflw« VI. in 1603, will make wdidt I lhall hereafter fay cohcerning theKifkof Siotland better underftood, la Boole I. of GreAT-BrIT AIN. 347 In the Reformation oi England, under. King Edward VI. fhe Birhops generally joined, and that was attended with a pef- feft Acquiefcence in their Government, the Lnwfulnefs of which was never queftioned all that Reign. Whether fome Ceremonies and Vcftments fhould be retained, was debated; but Hooper, Biihopof Gloucefter, who fcrupled the'Ufeof the Epifcopal Robes, at laft complied. Thu Exiles in Queen Mary’s Time refumed thofeDebates at Frankforttthd'Geneva, in which laft Place was the famous John Knox, who joined with tliote that oppofed the Ufe ot Ceremonies. Queen Mary dying, her Sifter, Queen Elizabeth, continued Epifcopacy, and the Ceremonies now retained in pur Church ; foon after the Scotifh Reformation follow’d, in which Knox was the chief Agent.By his Perfuafion the Cermonies Were by general Coh- fcnt laid afide, and in tfi cConfefton of Faith, which he offer’d to be confirmed in Parliament, 1567, Chap. xxi. is thisClaufe; 7hat as Ceremonies are but Temporal, fo may and our hi they to be changed, vohen they rather foJler'Superfition, than edify the Kiri: upngthe fame. And by the Sixth Aft of that Parliament it is enacted. That the Minifters of the Bleffed Evangelifi of Jefus Chrift, whom God of his Mercy hath now raifed up amongft. as, or hereafter pall raife, agreeing with them that novo live in the Adminiftration of the Sacraments,'and the People of this Realm pro- feffmg Jefus Chrift, tyc. according to the Ccnfejjibn of the Faith, are declared to be the only true and holy Kirk of this Realm. So far the Aft of Parliament. [Every Body knows, that at the Reformation Presbytery orCalvinifm was introduced into Scotland by open Rebellion/] The Eifhops in that Parliament generally adhering to Popery, and refuting to fign the Confeflion of faith, were laid afide, but in their (lead Superintendents were appoihted infome Di- ftrifts, differing both in Number and Bounds from the Bifhops and their Diocefes. Other Perfons alfo having Commiffions from the Kirk, executed particular Parts of the Minifterial Fun¬ ction committed to them. Fromthefe Commiflidners Appeals lay to Provincial Synods, or National or general Aflcmblies, as appears by Aft Vllth of that Parliament. Two fti- Ihops .turned Proteftanrs, and they were continued in theft Bilhopricks and Dignity; namely,' Bothwel, Bilhop of Orkney, and Gordon, Bifhop of Galloway. Bothviell afterwards was de- pofed for marrying the Queen to the Earl of Bothwell, but was rtftored again, and being an eminent Lawyer, continued long a Lord of theSeflion, and is marked in (heftlollsof Parlia¬ ment as a Bilhop; Gordon foon fell off to Queen Mary, and probably relapfed’to Popery. Of the Abbots, fome turned Proteftants, the Abbacies of others were given to Laymen in Commendam, and they, under the Name of Cdmmendators, fat in Parliament, and made up the firft State of the Clergy, and had the Adminiftration of their Titlesand Temporal Bafom'es, 348 Cj je pjefent State Part u. The Scots Church at this Time owned the Church of England for their Brethren, and Pallors and Guides of Chrifl’s Flock, as appears by a Letter from the General Aflembly of Scotland to thelEngliJh Bifhops, dated December 17th, 15 56. It is fubferibed thus; The Superinte»dants,MiniJlers,and Cotnmijfioners within the Realm e/Scotland, to theirBrethren the Bifhops and Paflors oj Eng. \itsi,who have renounced the KommAntichriJl,and do profefs with them the Lord Jefus in Sincerity, with the Increafe of the Holy Spirit. During this Time,' the Queen, who was a Papifl, and her Popifh Servants, hindered the Ratification of the Aftsfor Rei formation, and the Great Men that had Grants of the Church- Lands were unwilling that the Minifters Maintenance Ihould be fettled, and this increafed Divifions in the Kingdom. A Book of Difcipline was drawn up, and figned by many of the Nobility, which was never ratified in Parliament. The Mi¬ nifters however fat dill, out of Fear of bringing in Popery a- gain ; and keeping well with the Body of the Nobility, Gen¬ try, and People, yvaited for more favourable Times, which Times foon happened. For the Murder of King Henry, the Acquittal of the Eari of Bothwel upon the not proving of the Libel; the denying to the Earl of Lenox, the murder'd King’s Father, a competent Time to make good his Accufation; Bot/swel's halty Divorce from his own Lady,and yet more hafty Marriage with the Queen, and his inducing the Nobility to fub- feribe Bonds, declaring their Approbation of that Marriage, put every thing into a Flame; the Queen was forced to quit her Army, and leave Bothwel to fhife for himfelf; and foon after (herefigned her Crown to her Son, and the Nobility and Great Men engaged themfelves under a Bond to Crown the Child, and to ftand by him. .This was done in 1567, and Fapifls as well as Proteftants figned the Bond. This Alfociati- on did not indeed long continue in its full Strength; for be¬ fore the Meeting of the Parliament in December 1567, fome fell off; and after the Queen's Efcape from Loch-levin, many eminent Men of both Religions join’d to her. In this Time the Aflembly met, and pafs'd fevcral Afts relating to the Church. W- niverfities. Colleges, Schools, and Patrimony of theChurch,to . which they aflfigned the Thirds of great Benefices, and fome Email ones : Thefe Thirds were ill paid in many Places, and abfolutcly denied to be collefted in others. At lad a Sort of a Form of Policy wa? fettled fqr the Government of twelve Berfons, half Laity, half Clergy, which Eorm approached nearly to the Epifcopal Government. Hamilton, the Popifh Archbilhop of St. Andrews, dying by the Hand of Juftice.Mr. john Dtmdas was, nominated in his Place ; Mr. Robert Boyd was made Archbilhop of Glafcow, Mr. James Baton Bifhop of Dun- held, and Mr. Andrew Graham Bifhop of Dunblane. This was done in Purfuancc of the Condufions that were made in the Aflembly that was held at Perth, Mgujl, 157*. Some of the old. Book I. q£ Great-Britain. 349 old Superintendents remained within the Bounds firft affigned them, and the chief Power remained in the General Aliem- bly, whodepofedand reftored Minifters as they fawgood, as appears by their depofing and reftoring BtOtop Bothwd. This power of depoling Minifters was neither granted to Superin- tendants, nortothe newly nominated Bifhops. The Earl of Morton, the next Regent, had been Chancellor of Scotland during the three former Regencies, and home time un¬ der Queen Maty-, he was acceptable to Queen Elizabeth ,which facilitated his being chofen. But the Church, which exported tohave its Maintenance incteafed under his Government.mifs'd its Aim, and was deprived of the Thirds of the Benefices that it had formerly enjoy'd, and was forced to depend upon the Court for all it received. This madethe Miniftets |oinwitli the Queen's Friends, and others that envy’d the Regent’s Great- nefs; and the Afiembly, in the Year 1575, reftrain’d and left, fen’d the Power which was given to the Bifhops in the Year ttyi. Boyd, Archbilhop of Glafcow, and fome other Bilhops and Superintendants, were ptefent in that Afiembly. The Bi. fitops were commanded to betake themfelves to particular Cures, and Patou, Bilhopof Dunkeld, was depriv’d for Mis¬ demeanors. Upon the Death of Archbilhop Dnndafs, the Regent nominated Mr, Patrick Adamfon to fucceed him in the See of St. Andreev ; but he being elefted without the Confcnc of the Afiembly, was prohibited to exercife any Part of his Jurifdiflion, 'till helhould be authoriz’d thereunto. The No¬ bility alfo uniting againft the Earl of Morton, he laid down, and the Kingtook upon him the Government. In 1578, tiie Afiembly prefented to the Parliament a Draught o( Ecclefiaftical Polity, for letting up an exaef Pattern of Presbyterian Government. It was referr’d to a Committee, and was not agreed to in all its Articles, but was generally put in Execution by the Authority of the Afiembly. In 15S0', the Lord Attbioite, a Papift, Coufin German to the King’s Father, came out of France into Scotland, where the King foon created him fitft Earl, then Duke of Lenox. This difgufted the Kirk exceedingly. The King alfo in Council fufpended Several Ec¬ clefiaftical Cenfures and Excommunications; many Priefts alfo and fefuits, and others who were relaps’d to Popery, flock’d into the Kingdom. Lenox indeed publickly renounced Popery, but the Sufpicions concerning his Religion (fill continued; efpecially after fome DifpenSuions from Rome had been inter¬ cepted, giving a Liberty to Papifts to fivear and Subscribe the Confefilon of Faith tobedrawn up, in which all the Corrup¬ tions of the Church of Rome in Faith and Fates were particu¬ larly abjured, with a Declaration, that that Declaration was made without any mental Reservation, or Equivocation what¬ soever. This was Sworn to by the King, the Council, and the Court; and this is the Declaration which was afterwards renew¬ ed jso tfje f itimt State Part ii. cd. in the Year 1683, by the Name of the NATIONAL COVENANT. The next Year, the great Men contrived to,cut off the Earl of Morton, upon an Accufation of being Ad and. Part, in the Murder of King Henry (King James Vi's father) lea.ving the Church to fecure themfelves in an Aflem- bly at Dundee, where the Office of aBilhop,as it wasihenufed, wascondemned,andthe Btfhops commanded to defifi front the Exercifeof their Epifcopal Funftion's, 'till they were re-admit- edby.the Aflembly, upon Pain of Excommunication. In the Parliament of 1584, the King’s Declaration concerning the Treafonableriefs.of the Surprize at Rttthven was ratified, his Authority overall Perfons in allCaufes confirm’d, and the de¬ clining tlje Judgment of his.Majefty and his Council declared to b,e Treafon. This is faid to be the firft Time in which the King’s:SnpremScy was enafted by the Parliament in Scotland. But all thefe Meafures were overturned by the Pacification which wasfinade in the Year 1585; and in 1588, feveral No. blemen and; others:were forefaulted for their being concerned in the Spanijh Invafion. In 1592, Presbytery was fully fettled and ettablifhed by Aft of Parliament. In that Aft it was de¬ clar’d, That the Kirk might lawfully hold and keep general Aflemblies, once a Year at leaf!, provided that either the King’s Majefty, or a Commiflioner- by hi fa appointed, were prefent at every Aflembly, and that before it was diflolv’d they nominated and appointed Time and Place where the next General Aflembly Daould be kept and held as it ufed to be in former Times. In the lame Aft was a Claufe refeinding the Aft of 1584, which granted Commiffions to Bilhops and other Judges to proceed in Ecclefiaffical Caufes, ordaining all Prefentations to be direfted to the particular Presbyteries, and requiring that all Matters and Caufes Ecdefiaftical with¬ in their Bounds, be tried according to the Difcipline of the Kirk. All this while, the Patrimony of the Church was quite ruin¬ ed; for in 15 87, the Temporalities of Benefices were annexed to the Crown; which at firftpleafed the Church, becaufe they thought the Church-Lands were fafeft in the King’s Hands;' but they were foon granted away, and even a great Part of the Tythes, which were thought a fufficient Maintenance for the Clergy, wereleflen’d by: long Leafes for. (mall Refervati- ons. They had indeed fome Relief by an Aft in 1592, by which it was forbidden, to,ereft Kirk.Lands and Tythes into. Temporal Lordlhips; and the Aft which fixedthe Stipends of the Minifters was confirm’d. . In t6o3,KingdJ«n;ejVI. fucceeded to the Crown of England,. vacant by Queen Elizabeth's Death. Being then free from the Influence [What is here called Influence, ought to be term’d 1 farce, .for the King was in a manner Prifoner to the Kirk ’til! he • Book I. 0f GREAT-^Rlt-AjK.' he afcer.ded the Thron.e of England ; and was cmfell'd to pafs all [he Acts mention’d hot the Eftablilhmeot of their. Kiri:.] of the Kirk, he. r.efolv.’d to. introduce Epifcopacy, into. Scot¬ land again, a.tjd, accordingly, he nominated Bifhops into every See, and by his Commiffioners to the General Affembly, he procur’dtheir Meetings to.be continued beyond theVear, from jfn/y 1604, to.Jwfy 16.0V; and then the Commiffioners of the Chufch vve'e order’d to,defert the Diet, and make nolndi&l- on of another Affembjy, ’rill the King fhould be acquainted with it. Accordingly, tbe King’s Cohuniffioner having in- tinjated his Rleafure t.o. the. Affembly, a few met in the fear 1605, at Ab.er.deen, an.d'th.ey by Warrant from the Privy-Coun- cii were difcharged; b.y, tlie King’s Commiffioner for meeting in an Affembly, and. h.e commanded the Affembly to be diff folv’d, B.utthofe that were mer, chofeMr. John Forbes firft for their Moderator, and then continued the Affembly to Sep¬ tember, following. Upon this thtfe Minifters were denounced Rebels, and: cit.ed to appear before the Privy-Council, who imprifotj’d them. But thby perfilled. in,what they had done, and declin’d the.King's. Authority as incompetent intha-t Mat¬ ter, appealing to. a General Aflemhly as the only proper t Judges. [Whether an Hnglifli Convocation that fhould Imve aftedat this rate, would not have been.ftil’d RebelsHere¬ upon they were try’d. for Treafon upon the Statute of 1584. which, eftabli fil'd the King’s Spprema.cy in CaufesEccleftafti- cal. They defended theml.clves upo*n the.Starute of 1591,which gives, the Kirk. a. Right of. keeping General Affemblies,, Sir of the Minifters were found guilty of Treafon, and their Sen¬ tence of Death was turn'd into Banifhment. In the Parlia¬ ment. held idet), the Temporalities of the Biihops.ivere. re- (lor’d, and,the King’s Supremacy, again aliened. The gene¬ ral Affembly which, met that Year, appointed conftant Mo¬ derators in every Presbytery, and: Bifhops for the Time be¬ ing, to moderate in Synods of the Diocefes, only accountable to the Genera) Affemblies. The Eftablilhment of the.Church, by conftant Moderators, which.iyas madtby this. General Aflemhly, having- a g r eat Refemblance to, the firft Settlement of Superinteqdants at.the Beginning of the Reformation, might have- prov’d a lading Settlement, if the Minifters had not entertain’d a Sufpicion, that this was only a Cover to, introduce fuchDiocefan Epifco¬ pacy as. was in life in the.Church oft England, which indeed Was fhortly.after done. For apyer, though Ringjams Vi. had fill’d up tbe Sees, the Bifhops had no. Confecration, nor indeed.Ordinatjon from, any other Bilhops; and, the Difcipline of 1592 was Hill on Eoqt, In 1610, a General Affembly met ztGlafctaV; in which Arch- hilhop.S/’tw/uWff, was. elc&ed to prefide : There-the King’s Prerogative in Calling of GenerahAffemblies was acknowledg¬ ed. 35z. €fje P2Efen£ state Part il ed, Synods were order’d to be kept halt-yearly, and the Arch- bifhops orBifhops of tbeDioceles Were direded to prefide in them; the Juriidi&ion of the Church was wholly committed to their Care; and Minifters at their Admiffion were com¬ manded to fwear Obedience to their Ordinaries. This Af- fembly wasratify’dinPailiament, 1612; andtheAftof Par- Jiamentin 1592 tefcinded, fo far as.it was inconfiftent with this new Aft; Archbifhop Spotfvjood, and the Rilhops of Bre- chen aaAGalloway Were call’d to Court after the Alfembly was up, to be Confecrated in England, there not being a fufiicient Humber ot Bifhops in Scotland to do that Eufiuels Canonical¬ ly, tbatfonpon their Return they might Conlecrate the'reft. To (bun the Queftion of Primacy, a Commiilion was direft. ed to the Biftiops of London, Eh, and Bath and Wells, who Confecrated them in the Chapel at London-HouCe. on the twen¬ ty-full of Oftober, 1610. The fame Yeara High Commiilion was appointed in Matters Ecdefiaftical, one Article of whofe lnftruftion was. That Ordination of Minifters Should only be by Bilhops, aflifted by two or three Presbyters; and another, That General Affemblies fhould always be call’d by the King, who fhould be fupplicated for that Purpofe, and that no Mi- nifters jhould be prefent but thofe that were eleftedby the reft, and that they, the Bifhops, Deans, and Archdeacons, fhould im all Time coming conftitute the general Affemblies. In 1614, Archbifhop Spotfwood profecuted one Ogilvy a ]efuit, Whowas executed for his Treafonable Pofitions. and indeed that Archbifhop was always zealous againft Papifts. In 161;, upon Archbifhop Gladftone’s Death, he was mandated to St. Andrew's: King James began now to be earned with the Primate to eftablifh a Liturgy, and a Book of Canons for the Church of Scotland, by his Royal Authority and the High Commiffion. He defired likewife, that t’nefe five Articles might be pafs’d into hLaw. I. That the Lord’s Supper fhould be receiv’d Kneeling. II. That Sick Perfons might receive it at home. 111 . That Baptifm might be adminiftred, in Cafe of Necefitty, in pri¬ vate Houfes. IV. That Chrijlmas-Day, Good-Eridoy, Eafter', Day, Afcenjson-Day, and Whitfunday, fhould be religioufly ob- ferv’d. V. That Children, well inftruCled in the Principles of Chriftianity, fhould be Confirm’d by theBilbop. And in 1617, he call’d a Parliament at Edinburgh, where thefe and other Mat¬ ters, Civil and Ecdefiaftical,' were to be fettled. Among the Articles, the King got this to pafs. That whatfoever Conclttjion was taken by his Majejly, with Advice of the Archbijhops and fit- Jhops, and a competent Number of the Minifters, in Matters of ex¬ ternal Policy, the fame fhould have the Pcwer and Strength of on Ecdefiaftical Law. Being confident, after that, of Succefs, they call’d an AfTembly in 1618, at Perth, in which thofe five Arti¬ cles were pafs’d, which from that AfTembly were afterwards Book t of Great-Britaxn. Tsi called the five Articles of Perth. Theydidnotpafs however very eafilyj for feveral Minifters complained, that many of theirNumber were kept back by Banilhment and Confinement, and that many Noblemen, Gentlemen, and lome Mimlters, Were admitted without legal Commilfions, and fome gained by an Augmentation of their Stipends, and others frightened by the Menaces of the Court. Thefe Articles thus pafled, were publifHed in all Churched, and authorized by the Privy Council; many Minifters andi Congregations refufingto comply. Were called before the High Commiflion, and being enjoined Obedience, declined that Court, as nor legally conftituted by any Aft of Aflembly, or Parliament j whereupon feveral were confin’d, fufpended,' and deprived. In Edinburgh the Minifters being changed. Obe¬ dience was pretty generally given s But fetv Citizens, except thofe that were in publick Places, would comply with the Kneeling at the Communion; for which feveral of themwere banilbed the City, and confined to certain Places. Theft Meti alledged in their Vindication, that thofe Articles had been con¬ demned by former Aflemblies that had been ratified In Patlia- In ifin, the Aflembly of Perth had its proper Ratification in Parliament, but not without Complaints of undue Practices, and particularly, that Popifh LOrds voted by Proxy; who could , neither Sit, nor Vote in Perfori. In 1625, K. James VI. died. He was fucceeded by his Son K. Chariest, who furrendered all the Tythes in his Hands to ■ the Church, and was faid to defign a Revocation of all Ere- ftions of Kirk-Lands into Lay-Baronies, with an Intention of bellowing them upon Churchmen, that they, as Abbots and Priors, might Vote in Parliament. This difple3s'd the Peers and Barons, Who had Irtterelt in thofe Lands arid Tythes, ex¬ ceedingly, add put them upon countenancing the difaffetted Minifters, and others, who did not like the Ecdefiaftical Go¬ vernment: [This was really the occafion of the Rebellion in Scotland, in the Reign of King Charles I.] This appeared vi- libly in 1633, when the King held a Parliament himfelf } for When he Urged, that the Ratification of his Royal Prerogative, and his Right of appointing the Apparel of Churchmen, might pafs by the fame Vote; fome eminent Members agreed to the Claufe of the Prerogative, but difleme'd to that of ChurcH- inen’s Apparel, as being apprehenfive that it would bring oa th eEngliJb Surplice. This move(l the King fo much, that he Called for the Rolls of the Members, and faid, he would mark the Votes of thole that (hould diflent from his Prero¬ gative. The Vote being then competently ftated, 26 confi- derable Members diflented, who afterwards were very for¬ ward in the following unhappy Wars. 354 . €ljC P?£f?nt State Part H. This is. a Ihort, and a faithful Account of the Government of the Church of Scotland, ’till the Year 1658, when King Charles I. labour’d to introduce the Ehglijh Liturgy in .^Scot¬ land, but without Succefs. The, Oppolition made to that At¬ tempt, ended in the Abolition of Epifcopacy, and the Re- eilabiilhment of Presbytery [by Rebellion] as it was fettled in 1591, So it continued ’till l60i, wdien King Charles II. reftoicd Epifcopacy. The Methods by which the Church and State were' managed, in Scotland, in his and his Brother’s Reigns, unfortunately tended to encreafethe Alienations of the People againlt that Government, or rather againfl the Men who had "exercifed it among them. The Presbyterians there: Jore, in 1689,. laid hold of. that Opportunity, and prevailed upon King William and Queen Mary to eftablilh their Church- Government once more by Law; which Eftiblilhment (till continues, 1 (hall now proceed to give a Stair, of the bo£frin<; of the Kirk of Scotland in this Place, refetving an Account of its Difcipline to the next Part. the DOC?JUNE. Abfiratt of the Confeffion of Faith of the Kirk of Scotland, as it was framed hi 1643, and rath fed. by the Parliament,- 1690, I. -r-iH E Holy Scriptures, which are written by Divine In- fpiration, are the Rule of Faith and. Life. Scriptures derive their Authority from God their. Author; are anade- Ouate Rule of. Faith; may, by a due Ufe of the Means, be tin- derftood by Unlearned as well as Learned : The Holy Ghoft fpeakingin the Scriptures, is the Supreme Judge of Contro- Virfies relating to the Faith. II. God is One in Eflence, infinite in Being and Perfeftions; in the Unity of his Nature are Three Perfons, Father. Son, and Holy Spirit; Son begotten of the Father, Holy Spirit pro¬ ceeding from the Father and. the. Son. . III. God, without being the Author of Sin, or breaking in upon human Liberty, has predeftinated fome Angels and Men tq.Rtefnal Life, and fore-ofdained others to Eternal Death. The. Number of both thefe was unchangeably fixed at firft. ' The Elcft, without any Forefiglu of Faith, good Works, or Perfeverance, or Conditions him thereunto mov¬ ing, were determined for Life, faved through Chrift; and fur- nifhed. by his.Holy Spirit with all neceflary Means of Salva¬ tion. The reft God was pleated to pafs by, and ordain them, for their Sins to D.flionour and Wrath, tothePraifeof his ' glotious Book I. Of Great-Britain.’ glorious Juftice. This high Mvftery of- Predeftiriation Men are exhorted to handle with fpecial Prudence [If this Doc¬ trine of Predeftination be true, to what purport; is Preaching and all Perfwafives to Virtue and Religion ! For if we are de¬ creed to be Paved, we (hall be laved, and if we are decreed to be damn'd, we lhall be damn’d, however we behave our- felves.] IV. God created the World in fix Days; at the End of ail lie made Man, Male and Female, endued with Rational and Immortal Souls, but with a Portability of Tranfgrelfion; how¬ ever, they preferved their Innocency and Dominion over the Creatures as long as they obferved the Commands which God gave them in Paradife. V. God’s Providence direfts every thing here below; but fo, that though by his Decree all Events are immutable, yet the Nature of the fccond Caufes is not thereby difordered. VI. Adam, through Satan’s Inftigation, ear the Forbidden Fruit, and fo fell; this defiled his Soul and Body, andcora rupted his Pofferity. Hence comes Original Sin, which in- difpofes Man to Good, and caufes affual Tranfgreffions. Eve- rySin, Original and Attuai, merits Spiritual, Temporal, and Eternal Death. VII. God out Of his Love to Man, entered into feveral Co¬ venants with him; The firft was of Works with ddamj which he broke by his Fall. The fecond is of Grace through Jefus Chriff, offering Salvation to thofe that believe in him, that they may be faved. Chrift is the Subfiance of this Covenant; the Word preached, andBaptifm and the Lord’s Supper adminiftred, are the Ordinances by which this Cove-> jiant isdifpenfed; VIII. Chrift jefus,.the only begottenSon of God, is Me-' diator between God and Man; Prophet, Prieft arid King, Head of his Church, Heir of all Things, and Judge of the World; the Second Perfon in the Trinity, Very and Eternal God, of one Subftance and equal with the Father. In the Fullnefs of Time he took out Nature upon him 5 was born of the Virgin Mary, was Crucified, Died, and ■ Was Buried; rofe again from the Dead the third Day; ali cended into Heaven, and there fits at the right Hand of God, making Intercefilon, and Ihall return to judge Men and Angels at the End of the World. By his perfeft Obe¬ dience and Sacrifice of bimfelf, he fatisfied God’s Juftice, and : purebafed Heaven for us. ' - ■ IX. Man was naturally created Free,and not abfolutely de¬ termined to do Good or Evil. Since the Fall, his Power tt> Will and do what is Good is loft; He is dead in Sin, and un¬ able to convert himfelf without the Grace of Grid, In the State of Glory his Will fhall be perfeftly and immutebly good. . A a a . . X. Thy M Clje parent Stafe Part n„ X. The Eleft alone are effeftually cal'ed out of a State of Sin and Death, by the Word and Spirit of God ; this is ail of meer Grace, without any human Forefiglir. Eleft In¬ fants arefaved by Chrift through the Spirit, who woiks where, when, and how he pleafes. Others, though they may be cal¬ led by the Miniftry of the Word, cannot be laved. None but Chriftians.be their Lives ever fo drift, can be faved. XL Thofewhom God effeftually calls, he jud.fies, by par¬ doning their Sins, and not for any Thing done by them, but for (thrift's Sake alone. Faith receiving and reding on Chrift is the alone Inftrument of Juftification; but is ever accom¬ panied with all other diving Graces. Chrift by Death fully difeharged the Debt' of all that are thus juftified. God front all Eternity decreed to juftify the Eleft 5 and yet they are not juftified ’till the Holy Spirit aftually applies Chrift un¬ to them. The Eleft may fall into God’s Difpleafure, but never from the State of Juftification. XII. All that are juftified, are for Chrift’s Sake adopted, taken into the Number, enjoy the Libeities and Privileges of the Children of God, are feal’d to the Day of Redentp. tlon, and inherit the Promifes as Heirs of Everlafting Sal¬ vation. XIII. They that are effeftually called and regenerated, are further fanftified, really and perfonally, by Virtue of Chrift’s Death and Refurreftion, and his Word and Spirit dwelling in them. The Dominion of Sin is deftroy’din them, and they are (Lengthen'd with all faving Graces to the Prac¬ tice of Holinefs: But though this Sanftification is through¬ out the whole Man, yet *tis imperfeft in this Life, XIV. The Grace of Faith, whereby the Eleft are enabled to believe fo the Saving of their Souls, is the Work of the Spirit of Chrift in their Hearts; but the principal Afts of faving Faith, are Accepting, Receiving, and Refting upon Chrift alone for Juftification, Sanftification, and Eternal Life, by Virtue of the Covenant of Grace. This Faith is different in Degrees. XV. Repentance unto Life is a Gofpel-Grace, and fo ought to be preach'd by every Minifter j but it is not fatisfaftory for Sin, nor will it caufe Pardon, which is the Aft of God’s Tree Grace, though Pardon cannot be had without it. XVI. Good Works are only fuch as God has commanded in his Holy Word, and done in Obedience God’s Com¬ mands, and are the Fruits and Evidences of a true and live¬ ly Faith. Men's Ability to do Good Woiks rs not at all of theml'elves, but wholly from the Spirit of Chrift. Our beft Works cannot merit Pardon of Sin, or Eternal Life, by rea- fon of the great Difproportion that is between them and the Glory to come, and the infinite DiftSoce that is between us and God, whom by them, we can neither profit norfatisfy. Book!, of Great-Brxtain. 3 $7 for the Debt of our former Sins. Works done by unregene¬ rate Men, though commanded by God, and beneficial to themfelves and others, yet becaufe they proceed not from an Heart purified by Faith, nor are done in a rightManner, noc to a right End, arc finful, and cannot pleafe God; and yet the Negleft of them is more finful and difpleafing to God XVU. They whom G^d hath accepted in Chrilf, effeftu. ally call’d and fanftify’d by his Spirit, cannot totally and final¬ ly fall from Grace ; but fhall perfevere to the End, and be eternally laved: Which Perfeyerance depends not upontheic own Free-Will, but upon the Immutability of the Decree of EledUm. Neverthelefs, they may fall into grievous Sins, and fora time continue therein, and draw God's Difpleafure and temporal Judgments upon themfelves. XV ill. Hypocrites, and other unreaenerate Men, may flatter themfeves that they are in a State of Salvations but their dope fhall periih; whereas thofe that truly believe it* the Lord Jeius, and walk in all good Confcience before him, may in this Life be certainly allured, that they are in a State of Grace, and rejo ce in the Hope of the Glory of God: Which infallible Aflurance does not fo belong to the Eflence of Faith, but that a true Believer may be long, and encounter many Difficulties, before he partakes of it; ye’ in due Time it (hall revive and fupport him from utter Defpair. XIX. God gave vdama Law as a Covenant ofWorks, binej- ing him and hisPofterity to a perfonal and perpetual Obedi¬ ence, proinifing Life upon the fulfilling it, and threatning , Death upon the breaking it; which Law continued after Ills Fall to be a perfefl Rule of Righteoufnefs, and fuch was de¬ livered by God upon Mount Sinai in Ten Commandments. Eefides this, commonly called the Moral Law, God gave the ljraelites a Ceremonial Law, which is now abrogated under the Gofpel God gave them alfo Judicial Laws, which ex¬ pired with the State of that People, and obliges now no far¬ ther than the Equity of them may require The Moral Laty perpetually obliges all Mankind to Obedience to it; and Chrift, in the Gofpel, does ftrengthen the Obligation, and - not dilTolve it. Now, though true Believers are not under the Law as a Covenant, to be juftified or condemned bv it, yet 'tis a Rule of Life, which informs them of the Will of God, and their Duty, and fo mull be regarded, though they are under a State of Grace. XX. God alone is Lord of the Confcience; and to obey the Doffrines and Commandments of Men, in Oppofition to thofe of God, is to deftroy Liberty of Confcience and Rea-, fon alfo. They that praftife any Sin under Pretence of Li¬ berty of Confcience, do alfo deftroy it; and they that un¬ der the fame Pretence opppfc any lawful Power, or the lawful 1 a j Excrcffe 3 $8 €ljc pgfent State Part u. Exercifeof it, whether Civil dr Ecdefiaflical, refill the Ordi¬ nance of God, and may be call’d to Account, and proceeded againlt by the Cenfuves of the Clmtch, and fay the Power of the Civil Magiftrate. The Light of Nature Ihevvs, that'there is a God Sovereign overall, perfectly good, and theiclore to be loved, fervej, and feared, but the acceptable Way of worihipping him is inlli. tuted by himfelf in his Holy Word, and mud only be ooc ferved. Religious Worlhip is to be given to God the father, the Son, and the Holy Ghoit, and to hint alone, not without a Mediator, nor in the Mediation of any other, but of Cluift alone. Prayer with Tkankfgiving is one Part of Religious Worlhip; and to rendet it acceptable to God, itmttft be made in the Name of the Son, by the Help of his Spirit; and if Vocal, in a known Tongue ; for the Living, and not for the Dead ; nor for thofe who have finned the Sin unto Death. Reading the Holy Scripture, Hearing, the Word preached, Singing of Pfalms, and Adminiftring and Receiving the Holy Sacraments, are all Parts of the ordinary Religion Worlhip of God; and fo'are Religious Oaths, Vows, Solemn Fall, ingsand Thankfgivings uoon fpecial Occafions; but under jtheGafpel are not ty’d to any Place, but may be perform'd in private Families, in fecret and alone; fo more folenmly in publick Affemblies, which are not to be negltfled or for- faken, whenGod, by his Word, or Providence, caiierh there¬ unto. God by a pofitive, moral, and perpetual Command- a has particularly appointed One Day in Seven for a i to be kept Holy unto him, which from the llegin- ning of the World to the Refurreftion of Chritl was the lad Day of the Week; but after Chrift’s Refurr-ftion, was chang’d into the firft Day of the Week, in Scr-pture call’d the Lord’s-Day, and is to continue the Chriflian Sabbath to the End of the World; and is to be kept Holy unto the Lord. ' XXI. A lawful Oath is a Pan of Religious Worlhip, and is warranted by the Word of God, under the New Teftantrnt, as well as under the Old, may be taken when impos'd by lawful Authority, and it is a Sin to retake it. Oaths are to be taken in the plain and common Senfe of the Words, with¬ out Equivocation, or Mental Refervation; nor are they to be violated, though made to Herericks or Infidels. Vows arc lawful, but mult not be made to do any thing forbidden in the Word of God, or that may hinder any Duty therein com- manded; or that is not in his Power to perform who makes the Vow. XXII. Magiftracy is the Ordinance of God for his own .Glory and the Publick Good. The Office may be accepted and executed by Chritlians; the People are obliged to' pray for them, to honour their Petfons, to pay them Tribute and Book I. Of Great-Britain.' 359 other Dues, foob'ey their lawful Commands, and to befubjeft, to their Authority for Confcience-fake. Infidelity or D.ffercnce in Religion does not make void the Magiftrares juft and legal Authority, nor free the People from their Obedience to them from which Eccl-fnfticks are nbtexempted. XXUI. Marriage is between one Man and one Woman ; nor is it lawful for either Sex to have more than one. All Sorts of People may lawfully marry, who are able with Judgment to give their Co'Tents; yet True Believers ought to marry only in the Lord, and not with Infidels, Papifts, or other Idolaters, or with People of notorious wicked Lives, or Here- ticks. Marriage ought not to be within the Degrees.of Confan- gumiry, or Affinity, forbidden in the Word. Adultery com¬ mitted -fter Marriage intities the innocent Perfon to fue outa Divorce, and afrer'rhe Divorce to marry another, as if the offending Partv were dead. Nothing but Adultery candiflblye the Bond o' Manage. XXIV. 'i hr Catholick, erlfniverfal Church, which isinvifi- ble. lo-ififtsrf the. whole Number of the Elec! which have been, are. or (hall be gathered intb one Body under Chrift the IHrad. The Vifible Church, which isalfo Catholick under the Gcfpel, confiftsof all thofethroughout the World that profefs the Trite Religion; to which Church Chrift has given the Miniftry,-Oracles and Ordinances of God, for the per'efting the Saints in this Life, to the End of the World. This Ca- thoiick Church has been fometimes more, and fometimes lefs vifible; and the pureft particular Churches under Heaven are fubjeft to Error; fome hav.e fo degenerated, that they have unchurched themfelv.es, and became the Synagogue of Satan : However, thefe (hall bealwavsa Church onEarth to worfhip God according to his-Will.. Thqreis no Head of the Church butfhe Lord JefusGhrift. XXV. All Saints united to Chrift their Head, have Fellow- fhip with h-m ih all his Graces, Sufferings, Death, Reftirre- ffion and Glory ; and being United to one another, are ob¬ liged to the Perforinance.of fuch Duties as contribute to their mutual Good; either to Spiritual Services, to Edification, or relieving each other in outward Things; which Communion ought to be extended to all that call upon the Lord Jefus, Without infringing Propriety. XXVI. Sacraments are Holy Signsand Seals of the Cove¬ nant of Grace, inftituted by God to reprefent Chrift and his Benefits, to dtftinguifli thefe that' belong to the Church from the reft of the World, and to engage them tol the Service of God in Chrift; according to his Word. There are only Two Sacraments ordain'd by Chrift, Baprifm and the Supper of the Lord; which ought not to bedilpens’d but by a Miniftet law¬ fully ordained. fi. a 4 . XXVII. Bap. %\)z parent state Tart h. XXVII. Bajitifm is a Sacrament of the New Teftament, or. gain'd by Jefus Chrift, not only for the folemn Admiilion of the Party baptiz’d into the Viiible Church, but alfo as the Sign and Seal of the Covenant of Grace, which is to continue in the Church to the End of the World. The outward Ele. pient u»M in this Sacrament is Water, wherewith the Party is baptiz'd in the Name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghoft, by a Minifter lawfully ordain’d: Dipping is not necel- fa'y: Baptifm is rightly adminiftred by fprinkling Water up. on the Peifon. Infants of believing Parents are to be bap. tiz’d, as well as thofe that can actually make a Cor.feffion of their Faith. This Sacrament is but once to be adminiftred to any Perfon. XXVIII. The Sacrament of the Lord's Supper was infti. tuted by Chrift the fame Night he was betray’d, for a perpe. tual Remembrance of bis Death; to which End the Lord Je¬ fus has appointed his Minifter to declare his Word of InlVitu- tlon to the People, to pray and blefs the Elements of Bread and Wine, thereby to fet them apart from a Common to a Holy life 5 which, fo blefs’d, have fuch Relation to Chrift Crucify’d, as that truly, yet Sacramentally only, they art fometimes call’d by the Names of the Things they reprefent, that is to fay, the Body and Blood of Chrift; albeit, in Sub- fiance and Nature they (till remain truly and only Bread and •Wine as they were before ; and yet the worthy Receivers, outwardly partaking of the Vifible Elements in this Sacra- ment, do then alfo inwardly by Faith, really and indeed, yet not Carnally and Corporally, but Spiritually, receive and feed upon Chrift Crucify’d, partaking of all the Benefits of his Death. The Body and Blood of Chrift being not then Corporally, or Carnally in, with, or under the Bread and Wine, yet are as really, but Spiritually, prefent to the Faith of Believers'in that Ordinance, as the Elements themfelves to yheir outward Senfes. Ignorant and wicked Men receiving yhe outward Elements of the Sacrament, but not the Thing flgnify'd thereby, their Unworthinefs renders them guilty of the Body and Blood of the Lord, to their own Damnation. The Doftrine of Tranfubflanthtion is repugnant not only to Scripture, but even to common Senfe and Reafon. XXIX.TheLord Jefus, as King, and the Head of his Church, •has appointed a Government in the Hands of Church Officers, diftinft from the Civil Magiftrate ; To which Officers the Jieys of the Kingdom of Heaven are committed, by Virtue whereof they have Power refpeftively to retain and remit $ins, to Ihut that Kingdom againft the Impenitent, and to open ip unto penitent Sinners, by the Miniftryof theGofpel, and by Abfolution from Confutes, as Occafion require. iChurch-Cenfures are neceflary for reclaiming and gaining of. iending Brethren, for deterring others, and vindicating the _•■••..• , • ' " HO; BppkI. Of GREAT-BlilTAIN. 36l Honour of Chrift, and the Ho!)’ Profefllon of the Gofpel, as Well as preventing the Wrath of God. For the better attain¬ ing which Ends, the Officers of the Church are to proceed by Admonition, Sufperiflon from the Sacrament of the Lord’s Supper for a Time.and by Excommunication from the Church, according to the Nature of the Crime, and the Merit of the Perfon. XXX. For the better Government and further Edification of the Church, there ought to befuch Aflembliesas are com¬ monly call'd Synods, or Council?. Magiftrates may call a Sy¬ nod of Miniflers, to confultor advife with, about Matters of Religion: But if Magiftrates are open Enemies to the Church, the Miniflers of Chrift of themfelves, by Virtue of their Of¬ fice, or they, with other fit Perfons, upon 1 Delegation from their Churches, may meet together in fuch Aflemblies j who ought Minifterially to determine Controverfies of Faith, and Cafes of Confcience, and to give Rules and Direftions for the better ordering of the Publick Worfhip of God and Govern¬ ment of his Church ; but to handle and conclude nothing but what is Ecdefiaftical ; nor intermeddle with Civil Affairs which concern the Commonwealth, unlefs b^ way of humble .Petition, in Cafes extraordinary; or by way of Advice, for Sa- risfaftion of Confidence, if required by the Civil Magiftrate. XXXI. The Bodies ofMen after Death return to Duft, but their Souls, which neither die nor fleep, having an immortal Subftance, immediately return to God that gave them; are receiv’d into the higheft Heavens, where they behold the Face of God, and wait for the full Redemption of their Bodies; but the Souls of the Wicked are caft into Hell, and referv’d to the Judgment of the Great Day; and befides thefe two Places, for Souls feparated from their Bodies, the Scripture acknowledges none. At the Laft Day, fuch as are found alive fhall not die, but be changed : /'ll the Dead [hall rife with the felf-fame Bodies, and .none other, although with diffe. rent Qualities, which Dull be united again to their Souls for ever; but the Bodies of the Unjuft fhall be railed to Difho- God has appointed a Day, wherein the World (hall be judged by Jefus Chrift : In which Day not only the Apoftate Angels (hall be judged, but all Perfons that have lived upon Earih dial! then receive according to what they have done in the Body, whether Good or Evil. The End of God’s appoint¬ ing this Day, was for the Manifeftation of his Mercv in the eternal Salvation of the Elcft, and of his Juftice in the Dam¬ nation cf the Reprobate. Tho’ God would have us believe there is a Judgment to come, yet he has conceal’d the Know¬ ledge of the Day of Judgment from Men, that they may fhake off all carnal Security, and be always watchful, becauie they know now not what Hour the Lord will come. CHAP. %%t latent ©tate Part n. 302 CHAP. VI. 1 Of f HADE. I Hive already fhew’J in feveral Counties of Scotland wliat Plenty there are of Commodities fit for Expottation, as .Corn, Cattle, Hides. Wool, Hemp, flax. Linnet,, Worded Stuffs, Timbet, Tin, Lead, Copper, Allum, Hops, fifh, Salt, arc. beftdes other Commodities that the Inland Parts afford in great Plenty, and would turn to great Account, if improved to the beft Advantage: But their Fifhing is the Branch of Trade which may be carried on with more Eafe and Profit in their own Seas, than can be done by any Foreign Nation ■Whatsoever; by reafon of the Conveniency and Plenty of their Loughs and Harbours, which areftor’d with almoft infi¬ nite Numbers of Filh : They lie very conveniently for a Trade with Denmark, Sweden, Hamburgh, Holland, Ireland, and France ; Spain, wlvchis the bell Market in the World tor Fifli, is the Hollanders experience, is not above to Day -Sail, ing from them with a favourable Wind. Many cf the Na¬ tives of Scotland hive not yet arriv’d to a fufJicient Skill in Agriculture; for which Caufe many Traits of rich Land lie fleglefted, or at leaft but meanly improv’d, to what they might be; and this is the more to be regretted, becaufe there are many Parcels of tich Ground both in Scotland and the Wands, which, if cultivated, would maintain treble the Number of the prefent Inhabitants, and encreafe and preferve their Cattle; .many of which, through the Scarcity of Hay and Straw, die in' the Winter and Spring for want of Fodder. It has been longobferv’d, thatthelflands of Scotland, efye- cially the Wefiern, lie more conveniently for carrying on, and bringing the Fifbtng Trade to Perfeftion, than any other Parts of Europe. K.Charles 1 . fird began the Experiment,as I mention’d be¬ fore, in Conjunction with a Company of. Merchants; but that Defign mifearry’d by the Civil War, which unhappily broke out at that Time. The next Attempt was made by K, Charles 1\. whoalfo join’d with fome Merchants, and this fuccceded well for a Time. ,Mr. Martin afTures us, from fuch asfawthe Fifli that were catch’d by that Company, that they were reputed the bed in Europe of their Kind, and accordingly fetch’d a greater Price ; but this Qefign was ruin’d thus. The King having Occafion for Money, was advis'd to withdraw that which was employ’d in the Fifhery; at which the Mer¬ chants being displeas’d, anddifagreeing likewife among them- Book I. Of Great-Brxtain. 36^3 felves, they alfo withdrew their Money, and that D.'fign has never been renew’d fince thatTime. But the Reviyal of this Undertaking will, in all Probability, be one of the Bleflings which this Ifiand will reap by the late happy Union. What can’t Englifh Money and S 'cotijh Indu- flry effeff ■ The fettling a Fifliery in thofe Parts, will raife a Nurfery of (font and able Seamen in a very (bortTime, tofervethe Government on all Occafions. A new .Colony need not be planted there, for the Inhabitants of the Wejhrn Ules are rec¬ kon’d to beabout ‘50,000; many ofwh'dm have no Employ- . ntent, and are generally dextrous at the Oar, and only want to he Turn : lh'd with proper Materials for the Filhing Trade, which would encourage the fetting up other Manufaftories. The Commodioufnefi and Safety of the Numerous Bays and Harbours in thofe Hies, feem as if Nature had defign’d them for promoting Trade They have fuch abundance of Turfand Peat for Fewel, as would furnidi Salt-Pans'with Fire all the Year round. The.'Coaft of each Ifland'affords many Thouland Lords oF Sea-awe, which if preferv’d, might be fucccfsfully iis’J for making Glafs, an '3 likewife Keif for'Soap. Several ol the [Hands afford great Quantities of fine Clay ; which, if improv’d, might turn to a good Account in making Earthen Ware of all Sorts. Cod and Ling, aswellas leffer Filh, are to be had on the Goafts of the leffer as well as the g -catcr Hlands ; and what has been faid of the Wejlern Ifles, may be faid likewife of the lfics of Orkney and Scheilvtd, ftyeient fltate O F SCOTLAND. BOOK II. G OF ERN ME NT. ■ CHIU. Of the Government of SCOTLAND in general. H Onarchy being the moil ancient Government in the World, and molt agreeable to the Peo¬ ple of Scotland, it has continued under that Form ever fince it became a diftinfl King¬ dom from Sonth-Britain. It has enjoyed the fame Advantages which have diftinguilhed the Monarchy, that it has never been enflaved to the Will and Pleafure of Arbitrary Tyrannical Sovereigns. It was Hereditary, the Crown defcending from the Father tc Book II. of Great-Britain. 365 the Son, and to his Heirs; and for want of Sons, to the eldef? Daughter-and her Heirs; for want of Daughters, to the Bro¬ ther and his Heirs; and for Want or Incapacity of a Brother, to the Sifter and her Heirs. When the next Heir was under Age, or incapable of Government, the next of the Line tvaj made King, who enjoyed the Crown during his Life, but it did not go to his Sons, but to the Heirs of the former King, provided they were of Age, and capable of the Admiriiftra- tion. In thofe Days Superftition had not blinded Men’s Eyes, or diverted them of Reafon fo far as to think that there was any thing Divine or Sacred in any Race of Mankind which was ex traduce, and propagated from Father to Son in the ordinary Way of Generation. Whatever was Sacred in Kings, the ancient Scots afferted it belonged to his Office, and that being derived from the People, they never dreamt it came from Heaven, as After-Ages did, being deluded by Romijh Prieft-crafr, whereby every Civil Inftitution, nay, even Lands, Perfons, and whatever the Pried pleafcd,' was made Sacred ; and thefe Artifices the Church of Rome bor¬ rowed from the Egyptians and Eajlcrn Countries, which were ever prone to Idolatry, and fertile in Flattery, as we fee from the facred and profane Writers. The Salique Law, or Cuftom of France, Turkey, and other barbarous Countries, have no Force here. It was alfo an Independent Monarchy, owning no Subjeftion to the Pope, or to any other Potentate in the World; nor did the Subjetfts pay Allegiance to any Prince but their own Native Sovereign. It is true indeed, theOriginal of Government in Scotland, is a Point that has been much debated by fome of their own Hiftorians, who to this Day reprefent it very differently ; fome are fo indulgent to the Peoples Claim of Right, that ’tis no Wonder to fee their Followers carry it very high on that Side, and derive it exprefly from the People; who when they were under a neceffary Conftraint by reafon of Wars, transferr'd their Power to Fergus, Son of Eric, and created him their firft King: But on the other Hand, fuch Conclufions were drawn from thofe Principles, as were prejudicial to the Right of Princes in general, as well as the Monarchy of Scotland in particular; and this occafioned a fevere Aft of Parliament againftthe Slanderers of the King, his Progenitors, and the Elates of the Kingdom, in the Reign of King James VI. The Terror of this Statute, feconded by the Arguments of great and learned Men, prevail’d for fome Time; but within half an Age, the Republicans, or rather the Oppofers of the Power which the Kings of Scotland had formerly claim’d. Were as rife as ever, and their Libels againft the Monarchy as numerous j but they were fo effefhwlly oppofed by Argu¬ ments from Antiquity, Law’, and the Reafons alledg’d a- gainft them, that they haye almoft totally difappear'd in 3 66 €?ie p?'efent ©tate Part m the prerent Age, the Men of which have unlvetTally con¬ demn’d fuch Opinions, and now by joining with tVs Er.flifh in fettling the Succclfion upon the next Pretcilant Heir, have declared, that they are refolved to maintain tha- Sue- cefllon,. undet; which they have been fo long, and foprofpe- roully govern’d; CHAP. II. Of the King of Scotland; and therein, of his Name, Utile, Perfon , Office, Supremacy , mid Sovereignty , Power , and Prerogative , Domi¬ nions, Strength, Patrimony , Arms, and Refpeff. ■jRatnt*] T" H E Name of King is contracted from Coning, X or Cyning, an ancient Saxon Word, derived from Knowledge or Ability to do Bufinefs, which is the nobleft Part of Government; the Surname of the Scotijh Kings for 300 Years was Stuart, upon the Account of an Office given to Walter, father of Robert II. King of Scot¬ land, from whom, the Kings and Queens of that Race are defended. ' Ke was Grand Senefchal, or High-Steward, or Stewart, of Scotland, which (as other great Offices) became from a Perfonal Title to be ufed as a Surname of the Kings of Scotland, and of many illuftrious Families defended from them. ■ 2 CitIe»] The Scots Kings generally took the fame Title as the Englifii: King Edgar of England ftiled himfelf Bajileus, and fo did King Edgar of Scotland. King John of England changed the Singular Number into the Plural in all publick Inftruments; and foon after King Alexander II. of Scotland did the fame. The common Compellation of the ScotiJH Kings, was Dominus Rex, and fometimes lllujlrifmitts Domi- nus Ligetis, and about King James the Third’s Time, Hetuen- dijfimus. In fpea(cing to them they were called Grace, High ; nefs, and at laft Majejly: But their Titles have varied in fome Reigns; for King William I. had the Title of Defender cf the Church given him by the then.'reigning Pope; , as that of Protector of the Chrijlian Eaith was afterwards conferred on King James IV. and there was no continued one pecu¬ liar to them except that of. By the Grace of God King of Scotland, England,' France and Ireland; which, ’till abro¬ gated by the late Onion of the Two Crowns, would other; wife have endured to Perpetuity. The King’s-only Tefti- monyof anything done in his Prefence, is of as high a Na¬ ture and Credibility as any Record, and in all his Writs and: other Difpatches of that Kind, he ufes no cither Witnefs but himfelf. ' AS Book II. of G RE A T-B R I T A I N .’ 3 67 As to wlrt relates to the 3 £)erfou, Office, Soberngntp, ?^ 0 totn op $g f rO£Af&C,Sgm, 0 ,&c. of the King, the] tie Happy Onion of the Two Kingdoms has render’d them one and the fame nlmoft in England and Scotland ; and therefore tve beg Leave, for Brevity, to refer the Reader to what has been laid upon the fame Subject in the Account of Engiastd. ©ominion#.] The ancient Dominions of the Kings of Scotland, confidcr’d as an Independent Country, divided from England, extended over all that Tract of Land which reaches from the River Tweed to Carhoom, as has been al¬ ready deferibed ; cncompafs’d on the Weft by the lrift/-Sea, ou¬ tlie North by the Dencakdcninn, on the Eaft by the German. Ocean-, together with all the Iflands that encompafs it to the Weft and to the North, which are cf a confiderable Ex¬ tent, and would be of vaft Advantage to the Inhabitants of Great-Britain, if they were improved as far as they are ca¬ pable of Improvement. §trcilgt!j.] The great Power and Strength of Scotland may be feen by the Wars wnich for fo many fucceflive Ages they waged with the Romans, Saxons, Danes, and Englilh 5 but tho’ all the Subjefts of Scotland be obliged to affift their Mo¬ narch in his Wars, yet a greater Enlargement of Power was added to that Foundation by Two Afts of Parliament. The Kingdom o{ Scotland offering the King to raife an Army of 20,000 Foot, and 2000 Horfe, and to furnilh them with 40 Days Provifion, to march into any Part of Scotland, Eng-r land and Ireland, or to be employed in any other Service : Andthefe Forces, by another Aft, were obliged to pay O- bcdience to all fuch Orders as (liould be given them by his Majcfty’s Privy-Council. And as they were thus (hong by. Land, their Naval Strength would foon have equalled it, were there a fttitable Fuad adapted to that Service, fince t.liey have all the neceffary Materials for Shipping growing ill their own Country, and Men and Provifions in great ^atrimOnp.lTheKing’s ancient Revenue confined chiefly ill Crown Lauds, which could not be alienated but by Aft: of Parliament, and in the Wards and Marriages of tl.ofe that held any thing of the Crown; but of late Years moft of the former have been given away, and moft of the Tenures of the latter changed, tho’ there has been no general Law. for taking away the Wards. The Revenues at this Day are rai¬ led atideftiinated as follows: The Excife of Ale and Beer is 2 d. Sterling per Scots Gallon, now farm’d at, 3 s,or of. Sterling, but if exafted in the fame Man¬ ner as in England, may amount to The 3 6 S j J&efttit State Part if The Cuftoms have been let at 34,000/. Sterl. 1 and lately, in Time of War, for 18,500'Lf with this Condition, that upon tbe Peace^> 50,00 the Lords of the Treafmy may let a new( Lcafe amounting to — — — — j The Crown Rents, communihus tmnis, about 5,500 01 The Cafualty of Superiorities and Conipoli- ) tions at the Exchequer, communihus annis, $ The Poft-Office farm’d at 1194/. but if col ? le&ed, may amount to _ The Impofition for Coinage - ,The Land-Taxis now 36,000/.andtomakeT it equal to 41. per Pound in England, is£ 48,01 H - *? « The Whole $rms.] The Enfigns Armorial of Anne, late Queen of Scotland, before the Union, were. Or, a Lion Rampant, Gules, Armed and Langued, Azure, with a double Tteffme, Flower¬ ed and Counterflowered with flowers de Lys of the Second,- encircled with the Order of Scotland, the lame being com- pofed of Rue and Thiftles, having the Image of St. Andrew' with his Crofs on his Bread; above the Shield a Helmet, anfwerable to his prefent Majefty’s High Quality and Jurif- diftion, with a Mantle, Or, doubled. Ermine, adorn’d with' an Imperial Crown, beautified with erodes Path and Flowers de Lys, furmounted on the Top for his Majefty’s Creft, with a Lion Sejeant, full-faced. Gules, Crowned, Or, holding in his Dexter Paw a naked Sword Proper, and in the Sinijler a Scepter, both erefted Pale-ways, fupported by two Uni¬ corns, Argent, Crown’d with Imperial and Gorged with open Crowns, to the laft Chains affixed, palling between their Fore-Legs, and reflexed over their Backs, Or. He on the Dexter, embracing and bearing up a Banner of Cloth of Gold, charged with the Royal Arms of Scotland-, and he on the Smijler, another Banner, Azure, charged with St.Andrew’s Crofs, Argent, both Handing on a Compartment placed un¬ derneath, from which iffiie two Thiftles, one towards each Side of the Efcutcheon, and for his Majefty’s Motto, in a Scroll above all. In Defence ; and under, in the Table of the , Compartment, Nemo me impune lacejjit. The Royal Badges and Ordinary Symbols of the Kingdom of Scotland are, A Thijlle of Gold Crowned. The White Crofs of St. Andrew in a Blue Field,- the Standard bearing. M Book II. cf Great-Britain.' 369 As to the Suceeflion to the Crown of Scotland, Name, Title. Genealogy, err. of the prefent Sovereign, Account of the Princes of the Blood, m. the Reader is defired to confuit the State of England up on the faid feveral Heads. C H A Pr III. Of the Government of the Church of Scotland. T H E Government of the Church of Scotland is Presby¬ terian, i. e. Kirk-Sejjions, Presbyteries, Provincial Synods, and General .Ajjcmbiies. Thefe Ecclefiaftical Judicatures are compofed of Deacons, Ruling Elders, and Minifters, who are all reputed as Ecdeflafticks in that Church. Beacons;.] A Deacon is a Man of good Character for Manners and Underftanding, who haying a Competency in tlte World, is chofen by the Kirk-Seflion in every Pariih, approved by the Congregation, and fet apart by the Minifter folemnly before the Congregation, after a Sermon and Prayer for theOccaflon, for his Office, which is during Life, unlefs lie misbehaves himfelf in the Performance of his Duty. His Bufinefs is to colled the Offerings for the Poor at the Church Doors, when there is a Sermon, which is the only pub- lick Way in Scotland of providing for the Poor: To enquire into the NeceiTities of the Parilhioners, to vifit and take an Account of the Condition of poor ftck People : To acquaint the Kirk-Seflion with their Cafe; and to diitribute to them as the Kirk-Seflion (hall appoint; to aflift at the Communion; to attend the Minifter and Elders in the Vifitation and Exa¬ mination of his particular Diftrift: In Kirk-Seflions he has no Vote, only may give his Advice, if asked, except in Matters relating to the Poor. Nor has he any Stipend from the Pariih. Killing ©IDerfi.] a Ruling Elder (hould be a Man of « fpotlefs Charafter, and of the principal Quality and Intereftin his Pariih. But no Perfons of Quality ever fit in any Ecclefiaf¬ tical Judicatories, unlefs they be Ruling Elders, their Quality otherwife giving them no Title to a Vote in thofe Courts,' He is chofen out of the Pariih by the Kirk-Seflion. The Congregation approves of their Choice, after a Scrutiny firft made into his Life and Manners: The Minifter ordains him before the Congregation, after Sermon and Prayer on pur- pofe; his Office is for Life, in Cafe of no Mifdemeanor on his Part. His Bufinefs is to affift the Minifter in Overfeeing and Cor- reftingthe Mannersof the People: To attend him in Vifiting andCatechifing his own Diftrift in the Pariih: In praying with •he Sick: In private Admonitions, and at the Communion- : B b Table 3/0 €§e latent @tate Partn. Table: He is a Member of the Kirk-Se(Iions, in which lie has a Vote in all Bufinefs, and may be chofen to aflift in any other Church Judicatories, and in all Matters of Go. vernmcntandDifcipline has an equal Vote with the Minifter. ^iniCers, or^eacijing^jejsbptersi.] Their office in. eludes the Offices of Deacons and Ruling Elders. Befides, they only can Preach, Adminifter the Sacraments, Catechifc, Pronounce Church-Cenfures, Ordain Deacons and Ruling Elders, a (lift at the Impofition of Hands upon other Minn fters, and moderate or prefide in all Ecdefiaflical Judica- Befides the Minifter’s Qualifications of Life and Manners, of which fevere Scrutinies are always made, he ought to be competently Learned in the Scriptures, the Learned Lan¬ guages, and all Sorts of Divinity. The Presbytery always tries him before he can be licenfed to preach, in order to obtain a Call to be a Minifter of any Parilh ; and ufually in Scotland, all their Minifters have had academick Educa. tion, and have commenced Matters in Arts. None are ordained ’till they have obtained a Call to a parti, cular Flock, which when obtained, they cannot defer: without the Authority of a Presbytery, or forne fuperior Judicatory. Pluralities, Curacies, and Non-Refidencies, are not prafti- fed in Scotland: To be guilty of the laft, merits Depofition, When a Parilh wants a Minifter, the Herctors and Elders, and in Royal Burghs the Magiftrates, and Kirk-Seffion, and Heretors, choofe a Probationer, i. e. one licenfed by a Pref- bytery formerly to preach, or an ordained Minifter, whom they pleafe, to be their Paftor. Him they propofe to the Presbytery, defiring them to appoint one of their Number to preach and prefide among them; when the Call is to be figned in a publick Meeting, the Perfon to be called is then named to the Congregation, who approve, or difapprove, •with giving Reafons, of which the Presbytery is the Final Judge. D the Call be agreed to by the Congregation, the Mini¬ fter prefent attefts it by his Subfcription in theirPrefence, and then reports it to the Presbytery, who acquaint the Perfon concerned with it as foon as poffible. If the Call is accept- d, and the Perfon not ordained, he again undergoes the fame Trial which he did when he was made Probationer. If in the Trial he fatisfies the Presbytery, they then iflue out an Edift, i. e, an Order, that all tbho can objeft aught a- gainft this Nominee, fhouid appear before the Presbytery, there, to make good their Allegations. ' If the Objeftions are of weight, or even doubtful, the Or- dination is fufpended ’till a more perfeft Trial, otherwife they proceed to Ordination. - Upon Bookll. of Great-Britain. 37 Upon the Ordination-Day, a Fail is ftridlly kept to implore God’s Elcliing upon the Work they arc about: The Moderator preaches upon the Nature and Dignity of the Minifterial Of- licc, then examines the Perfon to be ordained, of his Faith and Aflent to the Doftrine and Difcipline of the Kirk, of the Motives of his Coming into the Miniftry, and whether by any indireft Means he has obtained that Call; of his Refolution to do his Duty faithfully in that Station, and to obey the feveral Judicatories of the Church in the Lord. Upon his anfwering to the Moderator’s Satisfadlion, the Parilhioners are called upon to ratify their Choice by lifting up of their Hands. When that is done, the Moderator goes from the Pulpit into the Middle of the Church, and there he and the other Minifters then prefent, lay their Hands upon the Head of the Perfon that is to be ordained, and fo ordain him Minillerof the Gof- pel, and Pallor of that Congregation. The Ordination being over, the Elders, Heretors, and chief Parilhioncrs, take their Miniiler by the Hand. If the Nomir.ee had been ordained be¬ fore, he is only recommended to the People with a fuitable Sermon and Prayers by the Moderator, and the People take him by the Hand. A Pariih is bound to nominate in fix Months after a Va¬ cancy, otherwife the Presbytery fills the Place jure devolutu but that Privilege does not hold in Royal Burghs. The Stipend for Minifters, at the very loweit, Ihould, by A a of Parliament, be S Chalders of Vi&ual, or 800 Merks Scots-, and the Stipend oftheMinifters of Edinburgh was, ’till of late, 1500 Merks; but now it is enafted by theTown-Council of that City, that none, who lhall hereafter become Miniiler' there, lhall have more than 2000Merles, or 111/. u 2 d.. Sterling. A Miniiler that enters upon his Charge before Wbitfunday, has on that Day a Right to the whole Year’s Stipend. If he enters between Wbitfunday and Michaelmas, he has half, and . his PredecelTor, if tranflated, ordepofed, has the other Half! But if his PredecelTor ferves ’till after Michaelmas, he hath the whole of that Y ear’s Stipend. ' The Widow, Children, and neareft Kin to the Dcfundl have a Right by Act of Parliament to an Annate, i. e. half a Year’s Stipend over and above what wasdue for his Incumbency. So ex. gr. if he dies between Wbitfunday and Michaelmas, half is due for Incumbency, and half for Annate. If after Michael¬ mas, there is a whole Year's Stipend for Incumbency, and half the next Year’s Stipend for Annate ; the Annate is equally di¬ vided between Widow a.nd Children, and in Default of both it goes to the neareft Kin. It is liable to pay no Debts, and cannot be deviled by the Incumbent's Will or Alligriation. In Scotland there are 890 Parifhcs, whereof ti are Collegiate Churches, i. e, where the Cure is ’ ■ " ' £ \ a feryed - 372 €lje petent Me Past n. fervfcd by more than one Minifter. Every Parifh is divided according to their Extent, into particular Diftrifts, each of 'which has its own Elders and Deacon to overfee it. A Con- fiftory of Minifters, Elders and Deacon's, is called a Kirk- Seflion. This Confiftory meets once a Week at leaft, to con- fider the Affairs of the Parifh as a Religious Society. This is the lowed Ecdefiaftical Judicatory in Scotland, and its Jurifdi&ion goes not beyond its own Parifh. The Minifter is always Moderator, but without a Negative j can call a Kirk- Seflion when he pleafes, and, if at Home, is always bound to attend : If abfent, the Elders and Deacons may meet abqut the Affairs of the Poor without him, and can give alfo Teflimonials to any Parifhioner that would remove; but Matters of Scandal they cannot meddle with ; in that Cafe they muft fend to the Presbytery, to fend them a Minifter to hold a K.irk-SefIion during fitch Abfence of their own Minifter. The Kirk-Seflion can judge in Matters of leffer Scandal; greater, fuch as Adultery, eye. are left to the Presbytery: They can fufpend from the Lord’s Supper for a Time: Their Con- fent in the Call of a Minifter and Precentor (i. e. Parilh Clerk) is necefTary: They provide all Neceffaries for the Commu¬ nion : They regulate all Particulars relating to publick Wor- fhip, and give Notice of all Catechifings and Parochial Vi¬ sitations. They have aTreafurer, who is chofen out of the Deacons, to keep and diftribute the Poor’s Money, which Diftribution they direft. They keep two Regifters, one of Births and Marriages, the other of their own Proceedings, which they muft lay before the Presbytery. Appeals lie from them in all Cafes to their own Presbytery, whom they are to contradift in nothing. PgeSrbpteriEB.] Scotland is divided into 69 Presbyteries, each of which confifts of a Number not lefs than from n to 34 contiguous Parifhes. The Minifters of thefe Parifhes, with one Ruling Elder cho- feuhalf Yearly out of every Kirk-Seflion, compofe a Pref- They meet in the head Town, from whence the Presbytery is denominated, as often as they pleafe, and choofe their Mo¬ derator, who muft be a Minifter, half Yearly ; he is only their Prolocutor, and if he is abfent, they choofe another Mode¬ rator pro tempore. When immediate Bufinefs falls out within the Time of the Adjournment, the Moderator can fummon a Presbytery to meet in the intermediate Time, as they call it, pro re natd . The adjacent Presbyteries ufually fend Cor- refpondents- to each other, who, upon producing their Corn- minions, have a Vote in the Presbyteries to which they are fent. By this Means they can ask Advice of each other in difficult Cafes; and they can give an Account of their- own Determinations in parallel ones. In Book-II. Of Great-Britain.’ 373 In ordinary Meetings there is always aPresbyterialExer- cife upon a Text of Scripture appointed for thatPurpofe, per¬ formed in the Church by one or two Minifters, whole Names and Texts, with the Presbyteries Approbation, is recorded, if their Performance be approved. 7 he Members Names that meet are regiftred, and the Abfcmers mark’d, in order to be examined concerning the Reafon of their Abfence. Presbyteries have no ]urifdi&ion beyond their ovvnBoundf. They determine all Appeals from Kirk-Sefiions, but can try nothing at the firfl Inftance, which is cognizable before a Kirk-Seftion. They compofc all Differences between Mini, iters and People, for which End they hold Presbyierial Vi- iitations.in every Pariflt, where they examine the Regiiter of the Kirk-Sefiions, and proceed accordingly to Cenfure, or commend, as they find Caufe. They enquire into Repairs of Churches, and fee that Glebes and Manfes fuffer no Dilapidations. They appoint Schools in all Parillies, and fee that the Funds fettled by Aft of Parliament for that Ptirpofe be not mifemploy’d: And the School-Mailers are fubject to their Cenfure and Examiua- They only can inflict the greater Excommunication, i. e. abfolute Prohibition of the Communion of the .Lord’s Supper; they licenfe Probationers, interpofe in all Calls and Ordinations of Miniilers to different Parilhes, fufpend -and depofe them, and, in (hort, determine Ecdefiaitical Mat¬ ters of all Sorts .within their Bounds, but fo as not to con¬ travene any A£t of Parliament. There lies an Appeal from the Presbyteries in all Cafes to Provincial Synods. Before they inflift privy Confutes they obferve a Fail. Inthefe privy Cenfures every Minilter withdraws by Turns, and the Mo¬ derator enquires of the reft concerning his Conduit; and according to the Report, they are called in and commended and encouraged, or cenfured. All Ecclefiailial Judicatories begin, adjourn, and diflolve themfelves by Prayer. i&JObillcialSpnODjg.] Thefe Synods are compofed of fe- veral adjacent Presbyteries, a, 3,4,5,6, 7, or S. There are 15 of them in the Kingdom. The Members that conflitute this Synod, are the fame with thofe of the fubordinate Presbyteries, viz. the Minifters and a Ruling Elder out of every Paritti. This Synod meets twice a Year, at the principal Town of its Bounds, and is open’d by aSermon preached by the preced¬ ing Moderator, whofe Name and Text is regiftred. They choofe a Moderator every ordinary Seffion, who is their Pro¬ locutor without a Negative. They fend to and receive Cor- refpondents from the neighbouring Synods, as the feveral Presbyteries did before between one another, upon whom in every thing they ate a Check, Appeals lying to them from " ’ ' ■ £ b 5 Presbyteries, 374 pefeht'State Fart 11. Presbyteries in all Cafes whatfoever. If t!ie Plurality of the Presbytery defire it, the Moderator can call an Intermediate Spflion pro re nata. Presbyteries are fubjeft to the privy Cenfures of the Synods, as Minifters are to the privy Cen- fures of Presby teries. At every ordinary Seilion a Diet is ap. pointed; i. t. one certain Time, in which thefe privy Cen¬ sures are performed. All the Afts of the Synods are fubjeft to the Review of General Aflemblies; for which Reafon they keep exaft Regifters of all their Proceedings. General 3lffembliW.] The General Aff. mbly is the Dernier Refort of the Church of Scotland-, to which.Appeals lie from every Provincial Synod, and from which no Appeal lies to any Superior Court. It confifts of Commiflioners from Presbyteries, Roval Burghs, and Univerfities. A Presbytery, confiding of under i a Minifters, fends two Minifters and one Ruling Elder, lf.it contains between 12 and 18 Minifters, it fends three, and one Ruling Elder. If it contains between 18 and 14 Minifters. it fends four Minifters, and two Ruling Elders. But if the Pref- bytery has 24 Minifters, it fends five Minifters and two Ruling Elders. Every Royal Burgh fends one Ruling Elder, and Edinburgh two, whofe Eleftion muft be attefted by the re- fpe&ive ICirk-Seflion of their own Burghs. Every Univerfity fends one Commiffioner, ufually a Minifter of their own Body.' The Commiflioners are chofen yearly, fix Weeks be. fore the Meeting of the Aflembly. The Ruling Elders are . ufually Of the firft Quality of the Country. This Aflembly meets once a Year, and forthemoft part at . Edinburgh: The Sovereign, or his Commiffioner, is always prefent, but gives no Vote. Upon the Day appointed, the preceding Moderator makes a Sermon before the King’s Commiffioner and the Members. Sermon ended, they go to the Aflembly-Houfe ; where the Commiffioner being upon the Throne, they proceed to choofe a Moderator. The Elefti- on is managed thus: The laft Moderator nominates two or three Minifters, to whom the Aflemblyadds whom they pleafe. The Nominees are faid to be upon the Lift. EveryMan upon the Lift gives his Vote and withdraws: Then the Aflembly votes, and he that has the Majority is chofen, and takes the Chair at the Foot of the Throne. The Moderator being chofe, the Commiffioner produces his Commiffion, empowering him to fit there, with his Majefty’s Letter to the Aflembly; both which are read by the Clerk, all the Members ftanding. The Commiffioner then makcsaSpeech, which is anfwer’d by the Moderator; and then Committees are appointed. This dofes the firft Day. Next Day is fet apart for Prayers'; the Commiffioner certainly attends that Day. The Moderator nominates 8 or 9 fucceffively to pray ; after which the Aflembly adjourns. Next Day they fall to Bufinefs. The ' • " Moderator Book II. of Great-Britain. 375 Moderator has no Negatives lie only fumsup the Debates, and puts the Queftion. The firft Bufinefs is always to anfvver the King's Letters 5 which is done by a Committee, whofe Draught is read and examined, and alter’d, if Need be, and then appro- ved finally by the Houfe. Thenthe Moderator figns it in their Prefence, and delivers it to the Commiffioncr, who fends it away to his Majefty. Tho’ the Bufinefs is ufually done by Com¬ mittees, yet any Member may propofe what he pleafes in the Affcmblj-. When a Motion is made, or any Bufinefs is brought in by a Committee, the Moderator names two ov three of the moil eminent Members to fpeak to it; after whom any Mem¬ ber may fpeak that pleafes. When the Debate is over, it is put to the Vote, and carried, Agree, or Dijagree, by the Majority. Matters of great Weight, that bind the whole Church, are firft brought in by way of Overtures, and then debated in the Houfe; after which, if approved, they are tranfmitted to every Presbytery in Scotland, who return their Anfwers by their Commiflioners to the next Aifembly, who, according as they find them approved by the Presbyteries, pafs them into Afts of Affembly, or rejeft them. Once every Affembly a Diet is appointed, to infpeft theAft's of the Provincial Synods, as they bad before infpefted the Pro¬ ceedings of the Presbyteries. Before they arife, they nomi¬ nate a Standing Commiflion of Minifters and Ruling Elders, chofen out of every Synod to attend the Affairs of the Church ’till the next Affembly meets. Of thefe, n is a Quorum, of whom 1 s mull be Minifters. The Moderator of the Affem- blies moderates in the Commiflion, if prefent. They are obli¬ ged to fit the firft Week of every Quarter all Parliament-time, [but now there are no Parliaments,] and as often elfe as they Ihallthink fir.They havethe Power of anAffembly in all Matters referred to them from it; regularly they can aft in nothing but what is recommended from the Affembly, but thenthatRccom- mendation often includes a General Claufe, empowering them to aft in every thing that may be for the Good of the Church. They are accountable to the next General Affembly, and there¬ fore keep a Rcgiftcr of their Proceedings. When the Affembly are to rife, the Moderator tells them, that it is Time to diffolve themfelves, and appoint another Af- fembly in the Name of their Matter, the Lord jeftis Chrijl: ThenhefpeakstotheCommiflionerin the Name oftheAflem- bly, who returns an Anfwer, and then diffolves them in the King’s Name, and fixes Time and Place of the New Affem¬ bly, which is always to be within a Year and a Day after the Diffolution of the Old one. The Moderator then prays, and the Affembly fings a Pfalm, after which the Moderator blcffes them, and they arife. iaaroc^ial©icaminatton0and(jjjatecIji(tng*]Bcfore every Communion the Minifter vifits and examines every Family in ' ‘ B b .4 his 37 &fent €>ta£e Part il This Oath may betaken before either the Kiik-Seflir.n. th e Presbytery, or the Congregation, as the Presbytery fhtii de¬ termine: And if it betaken before the Seflion of Presbytery, the Congregation muft be publirkly acquainted with it, that fo the Perfon acculed may be declared free from the alledged Scandal, When this is done, the Woman is to beprefs’J to declare the true Father, and if fhe will name no Body clfe, (he is to be cenfur’d according to the Quality of her Offence, without naming the Perfon whom (he befure delated. If a Woman with Child declares (he knows notthe Father, but was forced in a lonely Place, her former Behaviour muft be examin’d, and if her Charafter has been clear, fhe may by the Confent of the Presbytery, clear herfelf as if (lie were upon Oath; if (he owns fhe was not forced, but knows not whether the Man was marry’d, or unmarry d, fhe fhall be cen¬ fur’d as in Cafe of Adultery. If a Perfon voluntarily confeffes Uncleannefs, where there is no Child, the Seflion muft proceed warily, and examine the Preemptions carefully, and enquire whether any By-End might not move the Perfon to make that Confeilion. And if there appear no Grounds for the Confeilion, the Perfon confefiing is to be cenfur’d for defaming himfelf, and flandering his Neighbour; and the Civil Magiftrate is further to be defir'd to proceed againft him according to Law. When the Perfonsconcern’d in an Accufation ofUndean- nefs live in different Parilhes, Cenfures are to be pafs’d where the Woman lives, or where the Scandal is notorious. If the Scandal is committed where neither Party refides, ai at a Fair, or Markit, Procefs is to go out where the Perfons abide, unlefs that be at a great Diftance, and the Scandal be greateftin the Place where it was committed. The Seflion where the Scandal is committed, are to ac¬ quaint the Seflion where the Parties refide of the Procefs, and they are obliged to require the Parties to appear before that Seflion where that Scandal is to be tried. If the Cenfure of Lejftr Excommunication be inflifted upon a Man, in a foreign Seflion, where he does not live, it is enough that upon Notice, which muft always be given, the Cenfure be intimated in his own Parilh. If a Man be abfolv'd in a foreign Seflion, he muft brings Teftimonial of his Abfolution, and caufe it to be intimated in the Congregation where he lives, if the Scandal has been alfo flagrant there: Otherwife Intimation to the Seflion will be fufficienr. All Perfons that think themfelves injured by a Sentence of a Kirk-Sejfion, may appeal-to the- Presbytery of the Bounds; But this muft be done when Sentence is pafs'd; the Appellant ■ -. * ‘ muft Book II. Of Great-Britain.' 385 mull give in his Appeal with his Reafons to the Clerk of the Seflion, and within ten Days to the Presbytery : If at the Time of Hearing, the Appellant fails, the Appeal ipfo fails becomes Null, and the Appellant is to be proceeded againft as contumacious by the Kirk-SeJJlon. If the Matter of the Appeal be- of fuch a Nature as would in Courfeof Difcipline have come to the Presbytery before it could have been finally determin’d, they may, to lave them- felves Time, fall immediately upon the Merits of the Caufe, without concerning themfelves whether the Appeal be rightly made or not. Put if it is a Caufe determinable by a Kirk-Siflion, and they have proceeded regularly, the Presbytery ought not to accept of the Appeal. If the Presbytery refufe the Appeal, and find that the Appel¬ lant was to blame to make his Appeal, they are to infhdtfome Cenfure upon him as a Punifhment for making that uneceffa- ry Appeal, and to fend him back to the Kirk-Sejfton, that lie may abide by what they do, or have done already. If they accept the Appeal, and in the Courfe of the Procefs find the Appellant cenfurable, let the_ Cenfure of the Origi¬ nal Scandal be what it will, yet he ought to be Cenfured for Appealing, either before the Kirk-Sefpon, or the Congregation he belongs to, thatfo Presbyteries may not be burtheiied with Appeals. But if the Presbytery finds that the Kirk-St(fion have wrong, ed the Appellant, either by encreafing the Scandal,or cenfuring without Caufe, they are toacquicthe Appellant, and to take Care that his Innocence be cleared in the Place where he has been injured; But this is to be done with great Prudence, that fo whilfh they clear the Innocent, they may not weaken the Authority of the Kirk-Sejficn with their Congregation, if they can help it. Upon fuch an Emergency, the Presbytery may give the Kirk- Stjfien Injunftions, and private Admonitions, and may vific their Sefion-Kegifler, The fame Method is to be ufed in Appeals from Presbyteries toSynods, and fromSynods to AfTemblies. An Appeal being made, the Execution of the Sentence ap¬ pealed from,is to flop ’till the Matter be difcufs’d by the Court appealed to, or ’till they throw it out. , Cafes of Inceft, Adultery, Relapfc in Fornication, Murder, Atheifm, Idolatry, Withcraft, Charming, Herefy, or Error publickly vented, Schifm, and fome others, though they pro¬ perly begin at the Kirk-Sefim, yet are not determined there. But the Kirk-Se]fion, if they find Ground for a Procefs perfwadc the accufed Perfon to fatisfy the Church by Confefhon, which when done, they fend an Excraft of what they have done to the Presbytery. 38(3 €fje pjfent State Partn. If there be no Conf :flion,the Kirk-Stjfton are not to examine into the Merits of the Caufe’till the Presbytery commands it. When by the Presbytery’s Order they examine the Matter, their Examinations are to be laid before the Presbytery, who then may inflift what Cenfure they pleafe. If the-Pctfons accul'ed acknowledge their Fault, and exprefs Sorrow for their Offence before the Presbytery, they are then to determine the Cenfure, and to-appoint Time and Place in which they are to profefs their Repentance, which ought to be where the Procefs began ; that Scandal there given may be remov’d : Or elfe they may remit them to the Seflion to receive Orders from them. Scandals ought to be remov’d in the Congregations where they heve been mod flagrant. But tho’ the Kirk-SeJJion may be apply’d to for a Relaxation, yet no Abfolution ought in thefe Cafes to be granted, but. by Advice and Order of the Presbytery. Procefles againfl Minifters begin always before their Pref- byteries, and never before the Kirk-SeJlion of their own Pa¬ ri fhes. Presbyteries are carefully to confider how Complaints arife againfl Minifters, and they ought not to receive any Infor¬ mations, ttnlefs either the Informer engages under his Hand to make the Libel good, on Pain of being cenfur’d otherwife as a Slandererer, or the pubiick Cry be fo great, that they are obliged to begin the Procefs without any particular Accu- fer. When a Procefs is fo bebegun, the Presbytery are firftto confider the Libel, and the Witnefles who are to prove it; then they muft cite the Perfon accufed, either perfonally, or at bis Dwelling-Houfe ; and they are to allow him ten Days atleaft to juftify himfelf; when the Day of Trial comes, if he appears, they are to read the Libel to him, and he is ex¬ horted to give in his Anfwer, which the Presbytery is to dif- cufs. If they find Caufe to infill, they are to admonilh him to glorify God by an ingenuous Confeflion. If he confefles, and the Matter be grofs, andfuchas ought to be cenfured in another Man, let him apppear never fo penitent, the Presby¬ tery are inftantly to deprive him, and to appoint him a Time in which he is publickly to profefs his Repentance before his own Congregation. But if he abfents, he is to be cited again by his own Church when the Congregation is met, and then if he continues con¬ tumacious, and makes no relevant Excufe, he is ro be holden as confeft, and to bedepofedand cenfur'd inftantly with the LeJJcr Excommunication. And if dill he appears not, the Judi¬ catory may proceed to Greater Excommunication, if they fee Caufix If Bookll. of Great-BritainV 387 If he appears, and denies the Faff, the Presbytery are to examine the Witneffes, and to hear what he can objedt againft their Depofitions. He may hear the Examination, and crofs interrogate, but with Modefty: The Reputation of the Wit- nertef ought alfo to be enquired into, and then if the Judica¬ tory thinks the Scandal is fufficiently prov’d, they are to pro¬ ceed to Deprivation, as above. If the Accufation relate to Praftices deftrudlive of the Peace and Unity of the Church, or to falfeDo&rine, the Presbytery are diligently to enquire into the Underlhnding and Know¬ ledge of the Witneffes: If the Errors be not grofs, and not pertinacioufly adhered to, they ought mildly to endeavour to reclaim without cutting off, and if the Matter will admit of Delay, they mayadvife with their Synod, or the General A C- WnenComplaimsare made for many fmall Things, fuch as Afts of Negligence, and the like put together, the Presbytery are to vifit that Parilh Presbyterially, and there enquire whe¬ ther any of thefe Things were committed before their laft Vi- fitation, and if they were, whether lnfa/mation was then made of them, and if no Information was then made, why it was made now! But if the Offences were committed fince the laft Vifitation, then the Presbytery is to enquire whether the Minifter has been acquainted with them, and whether he has given Offence that Way, fince he knew Offence had been taken. They fliould enquire alfo, whether any Neighbour Mhiifters had been prudently and privately inform’d of thefe Offences before they came to be io many and fo publick, and they are to judge accordingly. If uponTtial it be found that thefe Offences have pro¬ ceeded from Infirmity, orPaflion, they are with all poflible Circumfpeftion to endeavour to fatisfy and reclaim both Mi¬ nifter and People, and do away the Offence. When a Minifter is depofed, the Sentence ought to be inti-' mated in the Congregation, and the Church declared vacant; and they ought to put another Minifter into it forthwith, it being almoft impoflible that he fliould do any good there for the future. Nor is he again to be reftored to the Exercife of his Miniftry, ’till hehas given full and long Proofs of the Sin¬ cerity of his Repentance. The laft Sentence which the Church inflifts upon tie mod obftinate Offenders, is the Greater Excommunication ; That is, the Expulfion of the Offender from the Communion of the Faithful a debarring him from all the Privileges of Church Mcmberfliip, and, in the Words of the Apoftle, a Delivery of This Sentence is ordinarily executed upon none but thofe that obftinately continue in manifeft Contumacy, unlefs where " the ^88 €ije pefeut %tm Part u. fhe Scandal is notorious and horrible, and that to Ihew the Church’s Abhorrence of fuch Wickednefs, In ordinary Cafes the Lejfer Excommunication only is infMed, and then before the Kirk-Sijfton executes it, they lay a full Ac¬ count of the Caufe in Writing before the Presbytery, that theymay be thoroughly apprized of the whole Matter. If the Presbytery finds that the Ktrlc-Sejjton has proceeded regularly, and that the Lejfer Excommunication is not fufficient, they cite the fcandalous Perfon by their own Officer. If he appears and denies the Accufation, they examine Witneffes, as in other Cafes. If he appears not, and contemns the Citation, they order him to be cited three times, and after that, another Timeout of the Pulpit; and Intimation is made that the Judi¬ catory will proceed and enquire into the Caufe, even though the Delinquent be abfent. When this is done, the Minifter of the Parifh where the fcandalous Perfon lives, does by the Presbytery’s Order ac¬ quaint the Congregation with the Steps which the Kirk.Seffion and the Presbytery have taken in that Affair, and with the Of. fender’s Contumacy; and (if prefent) the Minifter admonifhes him to repent and fubmit to the Church Difcipline, threatening him otherwife with Excommunication. This Admonition is »o be repeated three Times, and the Presbytery are to meet between every Admonition. If he Hill continues obftinate, the Presbytery commands publick Prayers to be put up for him three feveral Sabbath-Days, the Presbytery alfo meeting between each publick Prayer, both to fhew their Tendernefs towards their lapfed Brother, and to ftrike a Terror of this dreadful Sentence into the People. If then after all this the Offender continues Hill impenitent, the presbytery pafTes Sentence, and commands the Minifter to publifh it upon fome Sunday which they (hall name. When the .Day comes, the Minifter either in a Sermon on Purpofe, or after Sermon, acquaints the People with the whole Procefs, and defires them to join with him in Prayer, that God would blefs his own Ordinance for their Edification, and for the Re- claiming the obftinate Sinner. He then, with great Gravity and Authority, pronounces the Cenfure in the Name and by the Power of our Lord and Matter Jefus Chrift. But if any Time before the Sentence pafTes, the Offender expreffes Signs of Repentance* the Minifter hiay delay to pronounce Sen¬ tence, and lay this Matter before the Presbytery, who may proceed farther as they fhall fee Caufe. Sentence being paffed, the People are exhorted not to hold unneceffary Communication with this Man, though Excomu- nication diflolres no civil or natural Rights, nor does it ex¬ empt from the Duties belonging to them. Book II. Of Great-Britain. 389 If when all this is done, it be found ineffectual for the Pur- poles thereby intended,the Civil Mngiftrate ought to be defired to ufe his coercive Power to fupprefs ail fuch Offences, and to vindicate the Difcipline of the Church from Contempt. The End of Church Cenfures being the Repentance of the Sinner, if he fhews real Signs of godly Sorrow; and if, upon Application to the Presbytery firft made, they give a Warrant for his Abfolution, he is to be brought before the Congrega¬ tion, and there confefs his Sin, and exprefs his Sorrow for it. This is to be repeated as often as the Presbytery and Kirk-Sejfton fhall judge convenient. When the Congregation is thus fatis- fied of his Repentance, the Minifter is, in a Prayer with the Congregation, to defire our Lord Jefus Chrift, who has in- fiituted the Ordinance of Excommunication, t.e. of Binding and Looting the Sins of Men upon Earth, with a Promife of ratifying above the rightful Sentence that (hall be parted here below, to accept of this Man’s Repentance, to forgive his for¬ mer Difobedience, and toaflift him with his Spirit, that he may never again relapfe into the like Offences. And then Prayer being ended, he pronounces the Sentence of Abfoluti- on,by which he wholly takes off the former Sentence, and re¬ ceives him into the Communion of the Church, and the free Ufe of all the Ordinances of Chrift. Sentence being parted, the Minifter exhorts him as a Brother to Perfeverance in his godly Refolution, the Elders embrace him, and the Congre¬ gation thence-forward communicate with him as a Member of their own Body; and where-ever the Sentence of Excom¬ munication had been publiihed, the Sentence of Abfolution is aifoexprerty intimated. In all Matters of Church Difcipline there never is one Penny of Fee or Reward required or taken: Citations, Exa¬ minations, Cenfures, and Abfolutions, are never expenfive in the leaft to the Delinquent, nor have any Members of any Ecdefiaftica! Judicatory in Scotland any Manner of Gain there¬ by : Nor is there any civil Penalty incurred by being cenfured by the Church, all the fevere Laws againft excommunicated Perfons, formerly in Force, having been repealed fince the happy Revolution. Buriats.] The Church of Scotland ufes neither Funeral Sermons, or any publick Prayers at the Burial of their Dead. Cfjc piefsnt State Partn. 390 CHAP. IV. Of the Civil Government of Scotland, and firft of the Great Officers of State and the Crown, as they flood before, and fmce, the late Happy Union. T HE Ancient Kingdom of Scotland being govern’d by Kings, upon the Death, Abdication, or Incapacity of any of them, there was always an extraordinary Meeting of the Three Eftates, call’d a Convention, who appointed Governors during the Inter Regnum, and proclaimed the next King They had m Power to make Laws, but only to lay Impofitions upon .he Subjects for forne Exigencies. A K’ng being once thus proclaim'd, by vertue of his Office inherent in the Crown, though he wanted the Ceremony or Solemnity of Coronation, named all the greater orjefler Officers of State, •appointed the Judges of all Sovereign and Inferior Courts and Jurifdiftions j andgranted Commiflions to the Officers of the Crown, and of the Army; to the Lion-Herald, the Gover, nors of Forts, and all other inferior Officers, Civil and Military. The Officers of State before the late Union were in Number Eight; whereof Four were call’d the Great, and Four the Lefler Officers of State. The Four Great Officers of The Four Lefler Officers of State were. State were, The Lord High-Chancellor. The Lord 5 egijler. The Lord High-Thefaurer , Lhe Lord Advocate. The Lord Privy-Seal, The Lord Thefaurer Depute. The Lord Secretary. The Lord Jujlice-Clerk. The laft-Three did often contend for the Precedency, but they were To'ranked in the Rolls of Parliament. All thefe Officers of State wereappointed by theKing, by Commiflionsunder the Great.Seal; and even fince the Union, the Lord Privy-Seal, Lord Regifler, Lord Advocate, and Lord fufiice-Clerk do continue; and in the Scotijh Records are forne- times call’d Officers of the Crown. But there were Officers of the Crown, fuch as the High-Chamberlain, Confiable, Ad¬ miral, and Marfhal, who were not Officers of State, and had no Intcreft to Sit and Vote in any Publick Meetings by vertue of their Office. Of old, the Comptroller and Majier of Requefis were reckoned amongft the Officers of St ate, but of late Times the Office of the Book II. of Great-Britain. 391 firff was joined with the Thefaurer, as that of the lafl with the Secretary. 5,0£0*£l)anceU0J.] The fir a. Officer of State was the Lori Eigh-Chancellor, who by vertue of his Office was Proficient of all Courts w’hereof he was a Member, except the Exchequer, when the Thefaurer was prefent. ThisOjprewas a Place of greatTrufi and Honour, for the Chancellor took Place next to the Princes of the Blood .- He was Keeper of the Great-Seal of the Kingdom, upon which was engraven the King’s Image on Horfe-back, and on the Reverie the Royal Arms. He had always attending him two Gentle¬ men, who rode in the Coach with him,and walk’d bare-headed before him that bore the Badges of his Office : The firft At¬ tendant who walk’d nexthimj carry’da large Crimfon Velvet Putfe, having the Royal Arms in very rich Embroidery of Gold and Silver, and from thence was call’d the Pttrfe-Bearer. The Second, who carry’d a large malfy Silver'Mace, finely gilded, and from thence was call’d Mace-Bearer . And both thefe had confiderable Allowances for their Fees. The Chancellor had the Power of Calling and Adjourning the Diet of Privy-Council, and in the Interval of an Adjournment, if jDccafion requir’d, could convene the Privy-Council. Sometimes this Office was granted during Life, fometimes only during Pleafure, The Great-Seal, whereof the Lord-Chancellor was Keeper, be¬ ing only appended to fitch Writs as were difpatch’d and regi- iler’d at the Chancellary, it may not be improper to give a Ihort View thereof. Of old the Dues of thisOlfice belonged to the Chancellor, and the Direttor of Chancellary was his Clerk, but now thcDireflor is appointed by the King, and has his Commilfion under the Great-Seal, and a Right to the Profits of the Office. The DireClor and his Deputies caufe to be writ and regifter'd all Charters, Pa. tents of Dignities, Gifts of Offices, Remiffions, Legitimations, Birth- Brieves, Prefentations, Commiffions for Brieves, Retours, Precepts thereon, and all other Writs of whatfoever Nature and Quality, the fame which by Law, Cultom.or Warrant of the King, are appointed to pals the Great-Seal, or Te/Umonal thereof.common- ly call’d the Quarter-Seal. The Direttor has the Cuftody of this Quarter-Seal, and appends it to fuch Writs which pafs under it. In all Writs extended in the Chancellary, the Direttor and his Deputies doobferve a certain Formula, which they keep in Re¬ cord by them, and is call’d the Order of the Chancellary. JLo^HTIjr&Urer.] TheSecond Officer of State was the Lori High-Thefaurer.Comptroller, Colkttor.ani Receiver Ge»«viJ,which was an Office of great Honour and Profit. He took Place of all the Nobility, and as the Badge of his Office, carry’d a White Rod in his Hand, and had a Mace carry’d before him, and was Prelident of the Exchequer, tho’ the chancellor were prefent- Cc 4 3H0*B 392 %\yi p?efent State Part n. ?lO£tl ^ibp^Sjeal.] The third Officer of Slatewzs the Lori Prs-jy-Scai : He ts rank'd before theNobility, next and imme¬ diately after the Frejident of the Privy Council: He has the Cu- ftodv of the Privy-Seal, which is appended to all Charters that pafs the Great-Seal ; for the Pretext that palles the Privy-Seal is the Warrant for the Great-Seal. The Privy-Seal is alfo ap¬ pended to Seal-U'ritingsv/'oich pafs no other Seals, fitch as Gifts. ofEfcheat, Wars, Hen-Entry , Marriages, and of fevera! Offices. As the Direder of the Chancery writes and extends all Writs that pafsunder the Great-Seal, to there is alfo one Commilfi. onated by the King, to be Writer and Clerk to the Privy-Seal, who writes and regifters all Writs that pafs that Seal; of old, they were not regifter'd ’till after Sealing, but now they are regifler’d before Sealing. JlO?D Secretary.] Tile Fourth Officer of State was the Lori Secretary, who took Place of all of his own Rank ; that is, if he was Duke, of all Dukes; ifMarquefs, of all MarqueiTes, and fo forth; and whatever his Quality were, he took Place of the four leffer Officers of State. 3Lo^D Krgiffer*] The Fifth Officer of State was the Lord Re- gif rr, who is Clerk to the Parliament, Convention, Thefaury, Ex¬ chequer and Seffion, and Keeper of all' the Publick Records, Regifters and Rolls. He hath Power to conftitute Deputies ia all thefe Offices; and likewife has the Power of appointing Clerks for Regijlra'ticn of Seafines and Aimiffions of Notars, All which being Lucrative Offices, he receives large Compofitions when any Vacancy falls ; for albeit he has only his own Office during the King's Pleafure, yet he has Power to grant Deputa¬ tions during Life. AH the Clerks of Scotland are appointed to tranfmit the Re- gtflers of their refpe&ive Courts to this Regijler, and the Nolan their Prothocols. All the B.eiiflers are kept in two lower Rooms in the Parliamm-Boufe, where the Regtfler keeps fome under him, daily attending; and the Records are fo orderly difpo- fed, that, upon Demand, the Liedges can have a View of any Writs which the Law requires neceflariiy to be regifter'd, of which Parlies for their Security have thought fit to record; and may alfo have Extrafts, which is of unexprefCble Advan¬ tage io the Linger for Security of their Eftates. Sfibocate.] The Sixth Officer of State was the Lord Advocate ; he is always a Perfon chofen by the King, moft e- minent for Eloquence and Knowledge of the Laws; for to him belongs the giving the King and his Minifters Advice in ' making and executing Laws. He is to defend the King’s Right and Intereft in aH Publick Meetings by Law and Reafon. He is the Purfuer of all Capita! Crimes before the Jufticiary, and likewife concurs in all Purfuits before Sovereign Courts for Breaches Of the Peace; and alfo in all Matters Civil, wherein Book II. Of Great-Britain. 393 the King or his Donator has Intevefl : But he intents noPro- ceiTes of Treafon, except by Warrant of Privy-Council. As this Charge is of great Weigh: and Burden, fo none have been advanced thereto but Perfons of fingular Endowments, and who are in great Eftecm. The Lord Advocate is fometimes alfo an ordinary Lord of the Seflion; and there he only pleads in the King’s Caufes: But when he is not Judge, he has Liberty to plead in all Caufes, and has a Seat appointed for him within the Bar. In former Times when the Lords advifed with clofe Doors, the Lord Advocate was call’d to be prefent when he was not employ'd in the Caufe j And he pleads cover’d, whereas all other Advocates plead uncover’d. The King alfo nominates an eminent Lawyer or two for his Sollicitors, who take Care of the difpatching and tranfmit- tingof the King or Council’s Orders through the Kingdoms and areafliftantto the Advocate in the King’s Concerns, and frocefles, and Affairs, in Abfenceof the Advocate. S.0JD fflefuarer ©eputeJThe Seventh Officer of State was the Lord Thefaurer Depute, whofe Commiflion ran in the fame Terms with that given to the Thefaurer Principal, or the Com- miflioners of Thefaury : His Office was chiefly to be a Check upon them; and in Abfence of the Thefaurer and Lord-Chan¬ cellor, he claim’d to be Prejident of the Exchequer. ?10JD 31uffice<€lerfe.] The Eighth Officer of Stare was the Lord Jufiicc-Clerk ; he is the Second Perfon in the Juftice-Court, being next to the fujTice-General, but now he is one of the Offi¬ cers of State, though the fujiice-General benone. She Officers of the Crown, befides tbofe of State , before the Union, were, 3£UffiD?nf. ] TpH E Lord Prefident of the Council took Place X next to the Chancellor, and had a Penfion: Under whom were Colleclcr-General, DireSlor of the Chan¬ cery, an ancient and honourable Office, and had the Emolu¬ ment belonging to it.and the .Director of the Rolls. Chamberlain.] The Lord High-Chamberlain, Camerarius Domini Regis, was in all the old Writers placed as Witnefs be? fote all the other Officers, next to the Chancellor : This Office oiCbamberlainryvizs poflefied heretably of late by the Dukes of Lenox-, and the Badge was 3 Golden Key. jsJtCtoarD.] The Lord High-SlewardoiScotland, Senefchallus Domir.t Regis, was a very ancient Officer, and in the old Char¬ ters, placed before th eConJIable and Marjhal-, and it appears that he was alfo Steward of the King's Houfhold, and perform’d all the Offices thereunto belonging, as well as to the other; for fo'me Ages the Prince of Scotland was Senefchallus natus Sco- tie, born Steward of Scotland. Con» 394 Clje parent State Partii. ConSaWe.] The Lord High-Conftable took Place asan ojji. cer of the Crown, but according to his Creation in the Degrees of Nobility. This Office has been but in few Families: The Morvils en joy’d it under King David I.and his Grand-Children, King Malcolm and King William. From them it came by De- fcent to the Lords of Golloway ; and from them in the fame manner to John Baliol. By King Robert Bruce it was bellow'd upon Sir Gilbert Hay of Errol, whofe Hereditary Succeffor was Charles Earl of Errol, High-Conftable of Scotland at the Time of the Union. Its Badge was a naked Sword. Sir George Mackenzie thinks, that the Reafon why the Offices of Conftable and Marjhnl have not rifen in their Precedency with other Officers, is becaufe of late the Scotijb Armies have been com¬ manded by other Officers, and there was little Ufe of the Con- Jlable or Marffial. . SBarflml.] The Lord MarJIsal took no Place by vertue of his Office, but according to his Precedency in the Degrees of Nobihy j the Reafon whereof was, becaufe of old, Offices did not prefer thofe who pofTefs'd them, but they took Place according to their Creation; whereas now the Privy-Seal pre¬ cedes all Dukes, and the Secretary took Place before all of his own Rank; but the Conftable and Marftial being now theonly Two Officers of the Crown that were Heretablein Scotland, con¬ tinue to pofTefs them as they did formerly. The Office of Lord MarJIsal was always in the Family of Keith, and the Ax was the Badge of his Office. Thefe Two laft Officers before the Union exercis’d their Jurifdiftion, and kept their Guards in Edinburgh and the Par. liament-Houfe, in the Time of the Meeting of the General Slates bf Parliament ox Convention, and were attended by The Here!able Vjher, The Crown-Bearer, The Sceptre-Bearer, The Purfe-Bearer, The Sword-Bearer, In our firft Edition of the State of Great-Britain, we treated largely of th eScotiJh Parliament, Convention of States, Privy* Council, &c. all which being extinguilh’d by the Treaty of Union, or fubfequent Alls of the Britijh Parliament, we fhall take no further Notice of them. Before the King, or his Commiffioner, in Time of Parliament. CHAP. BookII. of Great-Britain. 395 CHAP V. Of Particular Governments, andfirft of the Eccle- fiaftical, Civil, and Military Government of the King s Houjbold in Scotland. And firfl of the Ecclefiaflical Government of his Majefly's Court,, Sec. ►jp H E Firfl: Ecclefiaflical Officer of the King’s Houfliold, is ailmoncr,] Who takes Care of the King's Poor, to cate- chile and inlhufi: them. The Number of which is according to the Years of the King’sAge. And as their Badge they wear aBlueGown, which is given them yearly on his Majefly’s Birth-day, with as many Pence as his Majefty has liv’d Years. And on his Birth day the Almoner diftributes Money alfo among the Common Poor. Cljapiain#.] The Chaplains are nam’d out of the Efhblifh’d Clergy, They are Two of them, who are to wait by Turns when the King is in Scotland, Of the Civil Government of the King’s Court. Jlojti &fetoarD of the king’s ilioufljol?. ] The Lord Steward of the King's Hossjhold was the lame Officer, who was otherwife call’d ,, Lord High-Steward of Scotland : His was a Heretable Office belonging of Right to the King’s Eldeft Son, the Prince of Scotland, under whom were anciently plac’d the tanctarius, who commanded over all the Bakers, and the But- tclarius, who commanded over all the Keefers of Taverns, and other Officers of that Nature. fdojo Cfjatnberlain.] This feems to be an Office of great Trulf, as appears by the Iter Camerarij, in the old Laws of Scotland, publiffi’d by Shene, in the Book which paffes under the Name of Regiam Majefiatem. This Officer was to take Care that the Magiftrares of Burghs did rightly manage and admini- flrate their common Good. Few of late Times have enjoy’d this Office; for the Duke of Monmouth had the lad Commiffi- on of this Nature. gaffer This Office has been funk ever fince James VI. tranflated the Seat of his Empire from Edm- burgh to London. Comptroller,] Is the fame with I reafurerof the Houfliold in England ; He was an Officer of State, 'tUlthe Order of Parliament reftraining 39t was called in Scotland the King's Council, and the Lord's were call’d Lords of ^Council and Seffion, which Title they meat, and Ambulatory by Circuits ; it is fuppofed that it had even then a cumulative and diftributive Jutildiftion centered '400 €fje $?efeitt &tate Part if- in one, which made ic both Civil and Criminal. This Court now confifts of one conftant Prefident.and 14 other Members. The Lord High-Chancellor prefides here when prefent,but fpeaks little unlefs he is bred a Lawyer; the King names fevera! other extraordinary Lords, who fit, but are not obliged to Atten. dance, becaufe they have no Salaries, but Votes among the reft. The Court fits from the firft of November to the laft of February ; and from the iff of Juneto the laft ol July, all in. clufive; and the fame is ordained by Aft of Parliament for all the other Judicatories in Scotland, which fit at the fame Time, without Regard to xheChriflmas Vacation. [See the late Sta¬ tutes relating this Vacation at the end of this Traft.] In Ti'me of Seffion they fit from nine o’Clock to twelve in the Fore'- noon, every Day in the Week but Sunday and Monday: Some¬ times they fit in the Afternoon, to end concluded Caufes, or to hear fuch long Debates as the Forenoon was too (liort to hear, which gives a great Difpatch to Caufes that come be. fore them. The Lords, both Ordinary and Extraordinary, when in the Inner Houfe, fit on a femicircular Bench in their Robes, to hear Petitions and Proceffcs refumed by the Clerks: The Advocates debate their Clients Caufes before them. Here are fix principal Clerks, who minute the Heads of great and weighty Caufes and Debates, and write the Deliverance of Bill?, Interlocutory and Definitive Sentences by the Lords in the Inner-Houfe, who alone make Decreets, and determine all Bufinefs in that Court, there being no Appeal from it to any other Court; but by Applications to themfelves before Ex- traft, Reduflion or Sufpenfion in common Form; which in the fecond Inftance comes always before themfelves, and mud Vie upon other new Grounds than was formerly reprefented. Nine of the Lords make a Quorum in the inner Houfe, other- wife they can’t vote in any Cafe,except in particularCafes refers red to one or more of the whole Lords ; and one of the Mem¬ bers (the Prefidentbeing always excepted) is weekly appointed Judge in the Outer Houfe, for difeuffing of ordinary Aftions, who fits upon a Bench,where the fix Under-Clerks are fitting before him, who minute likewife in their Courfe, as they do in the Inner Houfe, all Debates or Writs, Signatures or Sentences of ordinary Caufes decided by the Ordinary, who meddles with no extraordinary Cafe, except where it is re- roitted to him by all the Lords to be difeuffed in the Outer Houfe for Difpatch, There is a Roll of ordinary Aftions, fuch as Summons, fimple Reduction, lmprobation. Recog¬ nition, err. Advocations and Sufpenfions in another Roll, for the Outer Houfe, when thefe are called. Terms granted, Afts extrafted, which when called here are either Semen- ces pronounced by the Ordinary in the Outer Houfe, and fo decreeted, or elfe the Patties crave a Reprefentation of one BookII. Of Great Britain. 40 X Point or more to the whole Lords, and the Ordinary is to make a Report of their Interloquitor ; which he reports in the Ouler-Hohfe the next Day ordinarily, or at the Side Bar the next Week; but mod of the Caufes of the Quter-Houfe, efpecially of Confequence, come to the Inner-Houfc, by making an Avi- ftmdmn to all the Lords, and is inrolled in Courfe by Warrant in the Inner-Houfi Roll of ordinary Aftions, which in its Courfe comes again to be called in the'Inner-Honfe before the whole Lords; and after debating, there is either a Decifion, or the Caufe is concluded.' Where there is any Probation led or in- rolled de novo, in the Roll of concluded Caufes in the Inner- Honfe, itisadvifed by the Lords, (in'fome fpecial Cafes, in which they are allowed to remove all but the Parties and their Profecutors) with clofe Doors; and where there is any Diffi¬ culty after, the Prefident refumes the whole, caufes a Debate, and the Lords call the Parties and their Proftors, to hear if they have any Thing further to fay; and commonly they have nothing material further to add., Then the Lords order theni to remove, and upon ferious Deliberation they debate and vote, and call in.the Parties and their Advocates, and by th®. Mouth of their Prefident declare their Sentence definitive, which is a Decreet to be extra&ed, as all other Decreets are, by the Clerks, conform to the Minutes and Warrants of the Procejsx ifthere be more Sheets than one in the Decreet, the principal Clerk fide-figns the joining of every two Sheets, and the Lord Repfler fubfcribes the laft Sheet of the Decreet, which con¬ tains the whole Libel, as it is in the Summons, the Executions, Debates; and Interloquitors of the Outer' and Inner-Hotife, and the Lords Sentence. Obferve, Thatnone may prefume to fpeak after the Lords begin to advife, uillefs by them defired, under the Pain oflm- prifonmerit. That the Lords may have Time to read Infor¬ mations; Petitions, and thelfrgeibe eafedofthe Trouble of going with them to their Lodgings, every Lord has a Box Handing upon a Table in the Waiting-Room in the Inner-Houfe from Two to Four ’o-Clock in the Afternoon; Wherein aii who have Papers to offer; may put them by a Slit in the Cover. Each of the principal Clerks have alfo a Box, and Parties mud pu> their Bills or Anfwers, or Informations of Caufes to be reported, in the Clerk of the Procefs’s Box, when they are put in the Lords Boxes, except fuch Bills as pafs of Courfe, ot relate to A£fs of Decreets ready to be.extrafted. Clerks are not to receive or prefent reclaiming Bills againft lnterloqui-. tors in pnfentia, unlefs offered within fix Days of the pro¬ nouncing, nor mote than three Bills from the fame Party a- gainft one Interloquitor. Nate alfo, Tharthe Lords ofSeffionare now authorized by Aft of Parliament, to judge in all Caufes formerly belonging D d ' to 4oi ' Cije parent ©late Part n. to the Cognizance of the Commiflion, tit, the planting Churches, modifying and augmenting Minifters Stipends, Va¬ luation and Sale of Tythes, Ereftionof new Churches, uniting and difmembring Parilhes, vc. and meet for that End weekly in Time of Seflion upon Wednefday at 3 o'clock in the After¬ noon, and fit fo long as they think fit, judging Caufes con. ■form to the Order o( a'Roll. The Diets of this Court are peremptory, and Caufes are advifed with clofe Doors. This is a Vidimus of the Procedure of the Lords of Seflion ; but of all the Courts of this Kingdom, their Decreets and Pro- cedure are moft formal/ So that the Lords by their Conftit'j. tion are obliged to do nothing but upon the greateft Delibe- ration in the World. Upon thefe Decreets the Parties raife Horning (i. e. Out-Law) and other Diligence (i. e. iflue out Writs of Arreft) under the King’s Signet, for Payment of the Debt, orfecuring the Debtor’s Eftate for Payment of it. In a Word, the Method of doing Bufinefs in the Seflion is more defirable and fafe to Parties interefted, than the Form of Pro- cefs in any Court of E'hrope. For the Rolls bring in all Caufes in their due Order, without Partiality or Refpeft of Perfons. Caufes of the greateft Confequence are at firft advifed by the whole Lords in the Inner-Houfe ; other Caufes are called oi icourfebefore an Ordinary in the Outer-Houfe, who decides the Controverfy, if clear, without farther Trouble or Expence; and in Cafe of Difficulty takes fome little Time to advife it himfelf, or to advife with the whole Lords upon it. When he agrees to make an Avifandum with the Matter to the whole Lords, he acquaints the Parties what Day he will report it, that they may the Night before put Informations thereanent in the Lords Boxes. If the Ordinary be clear to pronounce an Jnterloijuitor to the Diflatisfaftion of either Party, he* who thinks himfelf lefed, may either get Redrefs by putting a Writ¬ ten Reprefintation in his Box, and procuring a new calling of the Cattle at the Side Bar to clear any Miftake. And if the Ordinary do notwithftanding adhere to his former Opinion, the Party may require the Anlwer of the reft of the Lords upon the Point; and if refufed by the Ordinary, may com- plainto the Lords, and get their Anfwer upon a Bill; and if that difpleafe, has the Benefit to reclaim againft it once a- gain; which is a fufficient Security againft the Danger of a talh Sentence .* As the Reftriftion of the Number of Bills is aCurb.toLitigioufnefs, and the informing the Lords by put¬ ting Papers into their Boxes, affords them Time to confiiiet the Cafe maturely; betides that, it eafeth both Parties of the Trouble of going to their Lodgings, and prevents Sollicitati- ons; which is farther provided againft by an Aft,of Sederunt, which the Lords promife upon Honour to obferve. - This Courtis (aid to have a diftributive Jurifdiftion only, but no competent Judicature- for Life or Limb, ere, but for Faults Book II. cf Great-Britain. 40 ? Faults competent to themfelves, too tedious to infert here, which is only defignedfora general View. This Court makes Adts of Sederunt equivalent to Laws and Afts of Parliament, and are of Force tiil they are recalled by Parliament, which is' feldom or never done; becaufe the Lords of Seflion in Parliament before the Union, were the proper Interpreters of. Acts of Parliament, who had a Bench in Parliament, where they fat not as Judges, but to give their Opinions to the Par¬ liament in intricate Matters, when required. The Lords of Seflion make their own ColleSlors, and other Servants of the Houfe, except the four ordinary Macers , who ferve them in Time of Seflion, and have their Commiflions from the King, .with yearly Penfions, befides their ordinary Dues from Par¬ ties. The Lords appoint certain of their Number weekly, to fit upon all Bills of Sufpenfions, &c. and for examining Witnefles by Turns. The ancient Way of appealing (then called Falflng cfDoom) from the Juflice Court to the High Court of Parliament, was in this Manner; the Appellant was obliged to proteff, That the Doom given was Evil, Falfe, Rotten, and Stinkande in the Self, Sec. and this he was to do, or bejiier his Taes quher his Heil flude ; i. e, fland with his Toes where his Heel flood, %l)t 31uffice Court,] This Court came in Place of that of the Juflice Eyre, or Juflice General, which was lad in the Perfon of the Earl of Argyle, who tranfafted for it with King Charles I. and was made Juflice General ofall the Iflands; which railing great Debates betwixt him and fome Here¬ ditary Sheriff's there, the Jurifdiftion was taken away by Parliament in 1671, and was erefied into a Juflice orCrimi- nal Court, confiding of a Juflice General, aherab'e at the King’s Pleafure; Juflite Clerh, and five other Judges,viho are Lords of the Seflion. This Court commonly fits upon Mon¬ days, and fometimes goes Circuits into the Country. The ordinary Clerh of this Court has his Commiflion from the Juflice Clerk. They have four ordinary Macers, and a Doomfler {as Judge) appointed by the Lords of the Seflion. The Clerk raifes a Libel or lndiflment upon a Bill palled by any of the Lords of that Court, at the Indance of the Purfuer againft the Defender, i. e. the Criminal, who is committed to Prifon immediately after Citation. When the Party, Witnejfes, and. Great AJflze (or Jury of4sMcn) arecitcd, the Day of Com¬ pearance being come, 11; of the Greatefl Ajfize are chofen to be the Ajfize upon the Pannal (or Priloner at the Bar,) the Aftze fits with the Judges to hear the Libel read, Witnejfes examined, and the Debates on both Sides, which is verbatim written in the Adjournal Books. The King’s Advocate pleads for the Purfuer ; being the King’s Caufe, and other Advocates for the Pannal . The Debates being dofed, they either find the Libel or Indiblment nm Relevant j in which Cafe they de- ■404 €lje patent . Part II. fcrt the Diet, and affoil or abfolve the Party accufed; or if Relevant, then the A fine or Jury of t $ is removed into a dofer Room, none being prefent with them,- where they choofe their own Chancellor and Clerk, and confider the libel, Depojt- tions, and Debates -, ind bring in their VcrdiH of the Pannal fealed. Guilty, or Not Guilty $ if Not Guilty, the Lords abfolve; if Guilty, they condemn, and declare their Sertter.ee of Con¬ demnation, and command the Punilhment to be put in Exe¬ cution againft the Pannal, by a Macer, and the Mouth of the Doomfier. Then the Pannal is carried' to Prifon, till the Sen. fence be put in Execution. This is the Form of proceeding againft a -Commoner ; but if the Offender bn uPcer, the Method of proceeding againft hint .is direfted in an Aft of Parliament, Anno fexto Anne Regina, Entituled, An AH to make further Pfoviponfor eleHing andfum- monmg Jixtecn Peers of Scotland to Jit in the Houfe of Peers in the Parliament of Great-Britain; and for trying Peers for Offences committed in Scotland, etre. in thefe Words, viz. For the more effetfual Trial of any Peer of Great-Britain, that hath committed, or fiall commit any High-Treafon, Petty-Treafon, Mifpripon of Treafon, Murder, or other Felonies in Scotland, Commifflon or Commijftons mayiffite under the Great Seal n/Great-Britain, to be direSled to fuch Perfon and Perfons as Jhall be therein named, conJU- tuting them, and fitch a Number of them as Jhall be therein men¬ tioned, Juftices of the King, his Heirs' and Succcffirs, to en¬ quire by the Oaths of good and lawful Men of fitch County and Counties D/Scotland as Jhall be named therein,of all Treafons, Mur¬ ders, and other Felonies committed in fitch County by a Veer or Peers o/Great-Britain, which Inquifition Shall be taken and made in the fame Manner as Indifitrients found and taken before fujliccs of Oyer and Terminer, of any Court of England, and fliall be of the fame EJfeli, and proceeded upon in the fame Manner as any la- quifition found before JuJlices of Oyer and Terminer in England, whereby any Peer is indicled for any fitch Offence ; and fuchffujli- ces Jhall ijfue Mandates or Precepts to the Sheriffs of the refpeliht Counties (/Scotland, to return to them at fuch a Day and Place as they Jhall appoint, fuch and fo many good and lawful Men of the fame County as may be JuJpcient to enquire of the Offences afort- /aid; and twelve or more of them fo returned, being Jzuorn, Jhall be fujpeient to make fuch Enquiry, and Jind any IndiSiment, &c, Allthe Lordsof tho^w/iceCctirrhavePenfions. S0)e<£j:ct)etiuer.] The Court of Exchequer in Scotland is cftablifhedby an Aft of the Parliament'of Great- Britain, Amo Sexto Anna Regina, Entituled, An AH for Settling and EJla- blijhing a Court of Exchequer, in the North Part n/Great-Britairi, called Scotland : Purfuant to a Claufe or Provifo for thatPuf- pofe in the 19th Article of the Aft for a Union of the twoKing- doms of England and Scotland. This Court has the fame Power, Authority, Privilege and Jurifdiftion bier the Revenue of Scot. BookII. of Great-Britain. 40^ land, as the Court of Exchequer of England has over the Reve¬ nues there; and all Matters and Things competent to the Court of Exchequer of England relating thereto, is likewife competent to the Exchequer of Scotland. The Judges are likewife inveft- ed with the Power of palling Signatures, Gifts, and Tutories, and to revife and compound them in the fame Manner as was done by the Lord High Trcafurer,CommilIioncrs of the Trea- fury, and Court of Excheqnerin Scotlandbebtc the Union, and to receive Refignations in his Majefty’s Name in the Exchequer at the Time of the Union, and to appoint Officers, as was in Ufe to be done before. All Serjeants at Law, Barrifters at Law offive Years Handing in any of the four Inns ofCourtofi'wg- hnd, or fuch Perfons as (hall be Advocates in the College of Juftice in Scotland for five Years, are qualified to be made Ba¬ rons of this Court. Their Commiffions are, §uamditt fe bene gtfer'm. Court Of lomiraltp] Is asandentasin moft other Kingdoms of Europe: And the Office of Lord High Admiral of Scotland has been ufually intruded with Perfons of the great- efl Quality in the Nation. But concerning the Antiquity and Method of Proceedings of this Court, there are unhappily very fmall Accounts remain¬ ing: For thcRecords of the Court being carried up to London by the Ufurper Cromwell, after the Reftoration of King Charles the Second, when they were fent back again to Edinburgh, the Ship (in which they, with other ancient Writings were lodged) perifhedin. the Voyage; fo that though the Scotijh Lawyers mention in their Bool^s very ancient Records of the Admiralty Coutr, yet there are none now extant older than 1511 ; when Adam Hep bourn, Earl of Bothwel, was created Lord High Ad¬ miral of Scotland: He was fucceeded by Francis Earl of Both- t wtl ; and there are two Books extant of Records in his Time, one from 15+7 to HS9; and the oilier from 1559W 1561, in which the whole Tranfaftions of the Admiralty, and the Sen¬ tences both Civil and Criminal pronounced during thofe Years . In the Year 160;, Lodowick Duke of Lenox, Coufinto King James VI, was created Heretable Lord High Admiral of Scot¬ land, which Office continued in his Family till the Death of CiuWerDukeof Lenox, who diedin the Year 1671. That He- retable Office devolved thereby to King Charles II. as his next Heir, who conveyed it to Charles Duke of Lenox, his natural ton, Heretable as before, with a Refervation of a Term for Life to James Duke of Tori; ; which he retained’till the Revo¬ lution. In 1093, William Duke of Hamilton was made Lord High Admiral of Scotland, including the Ifles of Orkney and Sckctland-, and after his Death, the Admiralty was managed by Commiffioners, till King James VIl’s Death. Upon which Charles Duke of Lenox was qualified as Lord High Admiral of 40 6 z$z P?efent State Part n. Scotland ; and upon his Refignation of his heretable Offices in¬ to HerMajefty’s Hands, David Earl of H'etrns was made Lord High Admiral of Scotland ; with an Exemption of the Hies of Orkney and Schetland, in which Poll he continued till the Union. The Court of Admiralty in Scotland is by a particular Aft of Parliament (Alt 16. Pari. 3 Car. 11.) declared to be a fupreme Court, in allCaufes competent to its own Jurifdiftion, and the Lord High Admiral is declared to be the King’s Lieutenant and Juftice General upon the Seas, and in all Ports, Harbours, and Creeks of the fame, and upon frefh Waters and navigable Rivers, below the firft Bridge, or within Hood-mark. So that nothing competent to his jurifdiftion can be meddled with in the firft lnftance, but by the Lord High Admiral, and the Judges of his Court. Sentences puffed in all inferior Courts of Admiralty, may be brought again before his Court, but no Ad¬ vocation lies from it to the Lords of the Seflion, or any other Judicatory, unlefs in Cafes not Maratime. No Sufpenffon, or other Stop to the Decreets of the Admiralty can be parted, ex, cept by the whole Lords in prafentia, in Time of Seflion ; and by three Lords met together for that End in Vacation Time. An if they find that this Sufpenffon was unjuftly procured, they may give Damages to the Perfons aggrieved, over and above the Expence of their Plea before the Lords of the.Sef- fion. The Admiralty Court may alfo review their ownAfts, wherein they are controulable by no other Court; and in this Power they are veiled by that Aft of Parliament in the Admi¬ ralty Court of Scotland, by the 19th Article of the Union, only fubjeft to fuch Regulations and Alterations as the Parlia. ment of Great-Brita'm (hall think fit. The Caufes competent to the Admiralty Court of Scotland, are thefe among others. Revealing the King’s Secret over Sea in Time of War; Caufes relating to Pirates and their Abet¬ tors, Out-traders and Refetters; fortifying the King’s Ene¬ mies, and harming his Friends; breaking of the Admiral’s Arreftments and Attachments, and refilling his Precepts 5 feiz- ing prohibited and uncoflomed Goods imported or exported; punifhingForeftallers, Regraters, and Dearthers of Corn, 'Filh andDrink,Fire-wood carried over Sea; pleading before another Court in Matters belonging to their Jurifdiftion; determining in other Courts thereupon; procuring Pafles and. Certificates in Maritime Caufes, other than from the Admirals exporting beyond Sea Traitors, Rebels, Rogues, and Fugitives from Juftice; hiring and freighting foreign Ships, when their own would have done ^throwing Sand orBallaft into Harbours or Channels whereby they may he choaked; Shipwrights or Boat- makers extorting upon the Subjefts; taking away of Buoys, or cutting of Cables ; ufing falfe Weights and Meafures at Sea; committing Murder within the Jurifdiftion of the Court: Not appearing at the Mufters in Time of War, which the Admiral Book I. Of G'reat-Britain. 407 has Power of appointing at Pleafure, at which all Inhabitants within a Mile of the Coad are obliged to appear, under what Penalties he thinks fit. Punilhments of Offences committed within his J urifdi&ion by Mariners, the Amercements of which tall to him; as do alio Wafts, Strays, and Deodands, and Wrecks, befides his Share of lawful Prizes, Lagan, Flotfon, and Jetfon, and all Royal Filhes. In fhort, all Maritime Caufes are triable only before his Judge (for the Admiral never judges inPerfon) who is therefore ftiled Judex Supremus Curia Ad- miralitatis Scotia. Caufes are tried in that Court by the Civil Law (which is properly in fuch Cafes the Common Law of Scotland) in which alfo they areaflilled for deciding of particular Cafes, by the Laws of Olerm, Wisby, and the Hanfe Towns, and the later Con- dilutions of Amflerdam and other Towns of Holland. Alexander Boyne of Logie is Secretary to the Earl of Weems, Lord Vice-Admiral and Agent for the Trade of Scotland j but many Noblemen and Gentlemen are condituted Admirals De¬ pute of feveral Places in the Country by his Lordlhip, and are frequently changed at his Pleafure; and generally the Magi- flrates ofSea-Coad Towns are appointed Deputy Admirals within their own Precinffs, and fuch Englijh Men of War as come up the Frith for guarding and fecuring the Coafts, re¬ ceive their Orders from the Lord Provoft of Edinburgh. The Judges Salary is tool. Sterling a Year by Aft of Parlia¬ ment ; and for every Decree which he pronounces, whether Condemnator or Abfolvitor, he has a Fee, as the Lords of Sefli- on and Judiciary anciently had.before their Salaries were afeer- tained upon appropriated Funds. The Judge alfo has Feesfor all Fades and Safe-condudts granted to Ships, and a Gold Penny for every new Ship, or new Mailer of a Ship within Scotland. The Clerks have the Dues of all Summons of Precepts, and of all Extraffs of Decrees, Aids of Sentences that are paffed in that Court. Attendant upon the abovementioned Courts, efpecially on the Lords of the Seflion, is the College of Advocates^ of which take the following Account. Of the College or Faculty of Advocates. Jfittuitp Of atobocatefihl Immediately after the Inditution of the Selfion, a certain Number ofPerfons of the bed Repu¬ tation, Knowledge and Experience, were appointed to plead in all Aftions before that Court, who were called General Pro¬ curators of the Council or Advocates. Their Number was at firft but ten, and when any were wanting, the Number was to be fupplied by Advice of the Lords ofSeflion : Butin Procefsof 408 • Cfie P»fent State Part 11. Time, Bufinefs increafing,the Number of Advocates increafed likewifc ;fo that now their Number is i So. Ofthefe 140 con- ftantly attend the Houfe; many of the reft are Gentlemen of good Eftates,who entered into that Body with no other View, than the Honour of being Members of it. The whole Socie¬ ty goes commonly under theName of The ’Faculty of Advocates. They meet every Year the firft Tttefday in January, at which Time they choofe their annual Officers, namely, the Otari, Treafurer, Clerks, Private and Publick Examinators, and a Cura¬ tor of their Library. ’theDean’s Office is to prefide in all their Meetings; and upon any extraordinary Occaifion, when the Faculty cannot be convened, he affitmes to himfclf a certain Number of the 'molt intelligent and experienced of the Faculty as a Council, to look after the Interefts and Concerns of the Society. Tho' his Office is annual, yet the fame Perfon is ufually defied again, and is rarely changed. The Treafurer has the Cuftody and Management of their Stock, which arffeth from the Dues paid by fuch as are admit¬ ted into the Society, and he is frequently continued for feve- The Chris are two oftheir own Number, who attend their Meetings by Turns; and take Minutes of their Proceedings, and give out Extrafis of the Orders'of the Facility under their Hand; they are not frequently changed. Th^ Manner of Admiflioninto this'Society, is by a Trial in the Civil Law, and fometime's, tho’ rarely, by a Trial in the Scots Law. The Perfon defiring to be admitted, having upon a Petition obtained from the Lords a Recommendation,or Re¬ mit to the Dean of the Faculty, he giveth a Remit to the private Examinators,who ate chofen annually,and fwornto be faith¬ ful in their Office, They are nine in Number, and after their Eleftion they divide the Body of the Civil Law into nine Parts, each taking one and having appointed a Diet for Examina- tion,V/here feven at lead muft be prefent, they all'of them ex¬ amine the Candidate, and thereafter the Queftion being put, Qualify,, Yea, or No, theygive their Opinion by Balloting; upon which the Candidate is either admitted, by figning his Petition, or remitted to his Studies. After the private Trial, th t Candidate being recommended by site private Examinators, tlye Dean affigns him a Title of the Civil Law for the Subjeft of ■ His Thefts. 'And having obtained a Diet, i. e a fet Day for his publick Trial, he diftributes his Thefts among the Advocates tight Days before; and on the Day appointed, the Faculty be¬ ing met to the Number of 15, (which is a Quorum in all their Meetings, except in the extraordinary Difpofal of Money, and then the faid Quorum is enlarged to 45:) Three at lead of the 15 publick Examinators, chofen annually for that End, flifptite agairtft the Candidate’s Thefts, and afterwards the Fa-’ Book II. Of Great-Britain. ^qg- culty give their Opinion by Balloting as in the private Trial; and it he is found qualified, the Dean is defired to affign him a Lam, for the Subjeft of his Speech before the Lord's: For which End having aDay allowed him,he appears in the Inner Seflion-Kou(e,and is allowed to ftand in one of the Lori's Pla¬ ces covered while he makes his Harangue; after which he is admitted by taking of the Oaths to the Government, and one to be faithful in his Office. For the Ufe of the Society, the 'Faculty has a very valuable Library of Books, firft founded about the Year 1680. It was at firft intended for a Library of Books in the Civil Law chief¬ ly: But that End being in a great Meafure obtained by a very large Colleftion made of that Kind, they began to furnilh their Library with Books of all Kinds of Literature, and of late have made a confiderable Colle&ionof MSS. relating chiefly to the Hiftory of the Ifland; and have purchafed a curious Collection of Greek, Roman, Saxon, and Scotifh Medals, which the ingenious Mr. Jams Sutherland had with great Labour col¬ lected, together with feveral Pieces of Roman Antiquities, and a very noble Collection of Books relating to both : All which aredepofited in their Library, which is kept under the Outer Seffion-Houfe. The Charge of this Library is committed to one or more, andatprefenttothreeof their Number, who have a Deputy, that gives conftant Attendance in the Library at certain Hours. Befides the Keepers, there are three Curators of the Libra¬ ry, one of which goes off yearly, and his Place is fupplied at the yearly Meeting. Their Office is to infpeCt the State ofthe Library from Time to Time, and to give Directions for pur- chafing fuch Books as they judge proper, and to review and approve the Accounts of them when bought. The Faculty of Advocates enjoy a great many valuable Privi¬ leges in common with the reft of the College of Juftice; but have by the late Treaty of Union this fpecial Privilege, that hereafter none (hall be named by his Majefty or his Royal Succefl'ors to be Ordinary Lords of Seffion, but fuch who have been Advocates or principal Clerks of Seffion for the Space of five Years, or who have been Writers to the Signet for the Space of ten Y'ears, having two Years before their Nomination to be a Lord, undergone a private and publick T rial on the Civil Laze before the Faculty of Advocates find have by them been found qualified for the faid Office. By a late Aft of the faid Faculty, Mr. William Forbes, one of the Advo¬ cates, being authorized by the Lords of the Seffion, is to write the Decifions of every Seffion during the fucceeding Vacation, under the Title of the Journal of theSeffton, &c. for which he has a Salary from the Faculty ; and the faid Journal is to be lodged in the Faculty’s Library, for the Ufe of the Lawyers before another Seffion begins. 4to Efje patent State Part u. the Court of C h a n c e r t. The Courto(Chancery with the Proceeding therein, isfup. pofedto be one of the Engliji) Cuftoms which were brought Home by King jLiwer I. who lived in an eafy and honourable Confinement there forfome Years in the Beginning of his Reign; fo that we are not to expeft any Records of that, of a more ancient Date than the fetid Period; yet fome Authors af¬ firm that there was a Chancery before $ nines I. but own that it was much improved and enlarged by him after his Return front England, Writers to the Signe t.' There is at prefent about one Hundred ordinary Writers to the Signet, who only can fubferibe all Writs that ordinarily pafs the Signet: Of which Number about Thirty are Corn- miffioners to the Society appointed by the Lords Secretaries, for managing the Affairs of the Society, and for judging and trying of the Abufes and Mifdemeanors of the Members there¬ of; and punilhing Delinquents according to the Degrees of their Offence, even to the Depriving them of their Office as Writers to the Signet. Of the aforefaid Number ofCommiffi- oners, five, with one of the Keepers, are a Quartan ; and they are appointed by the Secretaries ofState at their Pleafure. In¬ trant Writers to the Signet obtain fit'll a Commiffion from the Secretaries, and then apply by Bill to the Keepers and Com- miffioners, reprefenting after what Manner they have quali¬ fied themfelves for being Writers to the Signet, and craved to be tried. Upon which a Committee is appointed to examine them.wlto make a Report to the Keepers and Commiffioners; and if they be found qualified, they are admitted, and have an Aft of Admiffion delivered to them: "f hey take an Oath de Tideii, and fign the Rules and Conflitution of the Society, which they are bound punftually to obferve. Of the Government of Counties, ©fieriffgand ^tliartfM Ir, every Canity or Shire into/- (uK(f,anciently the chief Magiftrate was the Sheriff, who was the ordinary judge in ail Caufes Civil and Criminal within his Jurifdiftion.fubjcft only to the JuJliciary, before the Inftitu- tion of the College of jufticc; he is ftill ordinary Judge in lefler Caufes, but the greater ones arerefetved to the Jttflici- ary by Statute, The Sentences which the Sheriffs give, may be reduced or fufpended by the Lords of the Seffion, who can alio call before them any Proceffes depending before a Sheriff. Queftions concerning Marches, and Controvcrfics arifing there anentbetweenNeighbours, arc cognizable properly be- Book II, OfGREAT-BRITAIN. 411 fore him. AU Breves and Precepts out of the Chancery are dircfted to him for infeoffing Heirs in Lands held by their Predeceifors : And there are feveral fmall Dues belonging to the Crown, which they are obliged to pay into the Exchequer. Moft Sheriffdoms were anciently Heretable, and many are fo {till. The Office was never Annual, fometimes for Life, ufually, when not Heretable, only durante hem plac'tto of the Sovereign. Some Jurifdidtions are called Stuart'tes, and the Stuart has the famePower in them as the Sheriff has in his Shire. Two of thefe Sttiarties, Kircudbright and Orkney, fend Mem¬ bers to Parliament; in Kyle, fome Part of the Propriety of the Great Stuart of Scotland, who was always theKing’s Eldeft Son, was eredted into a Stuarty by itfelf. The Stuarty of Annandalt was the Property of Bruce, and Mac Duff's Eftate in Fife i* Called the Stuarty of Fife. Courts; OfJXrgfllitp.] Befides thefe Courts there are other Courts of Regality, where, by Vertue of a Royal Jurifdi&ion invefted in the Lord of the Regality, they have many Immuni¬ ties and Privileges. Thefe,anciently belonged to the Ecclefi- afticks, and were appropriated to fuch Lands as they were pof- fefTed of in Property and Superiority: But of late many great Men have thofe Regalities granted to them. But thefe Burghs of Regalities being no Eftate, nor haying the Power of Pit and Gallows, they only try Caufes arifing in their own Liberties. Here are alfo Baron Courts 5 every Baron that holds a Baro¬ ny ofthe King, has fuch a Court, in which leffer Caufes are tried, and they can fine anddiftrain; anciently they could judge Caufes of Life and Death, but now they have loft that Power. However, they are admitted by fome learned Men of the Law to be Courts of Record. COmmiOTariejff.] Here are likewife Courts called the Com- mijfariot, anfwerable to thofe of the Englijh Diocelan Chan¬ cellors, the higheft of which is kept at Edinburgh ; wherein be¬ fore four Judges, Aftionsare pleaded concerning Matters re¬ lating to Wills and Teftanlents ; the Right of Patronage jo Ecdefiaftical Benefices, Tithes, Divorces, and Ecdefiaftical Caufes of that Nature ; but in almoft all other Parts of the Kingdom there fits but one Judgeon thefe Caufes. The Commiflaries in thefe Courts were formerly nominated by the Archbifhop of St. Andrews, In criminal Caufes the King's Chief Juftice holds his Courts generally at Edinburgh,yt\nc\\ Office was formerly executed by the Earls of Argyle, once Hereditary Juftice Generals of all Scotland (the Hies of Orkney and Schetland excepted;) but now the Criminal Jurifdi&ion ofthe Duke pf that Name does only extend to his own Lands. In the laid Court the Defendant is likewife permitted, even in Cafe of High-Treafon, to retain an Advocate to plead for him, 1 ' ' " 412. . Clie P?£ftU£ State Part II. • Moreover, in Criminal Matters,jf«/b'c« are fometimes ap- • pointed by the King’s CommiHIon, tor deciding this or that particular Caufe. 3jll8jCeS Oftljei&eace.] Thefe have been of along Hand- tug in Scotland, but under feveral Regulations; thelafl ren¬ dered the Cojmmiflion of the Peace wholly ineffcftual,’ viz. That they jvere nottotajte Cognizance of Riots till 15 Days after the Faft. This Aft of Parliament was procured by the Great Men, in Favour of themfelves, who had moil of the Sheriffs Courts and Regalities in their own Hands, and thereby kept,the Commons in a conilant Dependance on them. The only Check they had upon them, were the parliament and Council ; bntthe Seat of thefe being transferred by the Union, the Parliament of Great-Eritain hasreilorcd the fifteen Days 10 the Juflices of reace, that the Heretable Offices may not be arbitrary and without Controul; and that the Commons may have fanie Share in the Policy and publick Government, as they have irp Soutb-Britain. Cojfoner#.] The Coroners Inqueils are very ancient.their Office being largely preferibed in the Latys attributed to King Malcolm ll.whcre allMatters are faid to be cognisable by them jvhich are Breaches of the King’s Peace, and they are required to have Clerks to regifler Depofitions and Matters of Faft, as well as Verdifts of Jurors; butatprefentthis Office is inDe- fuetude, except in foirie particular Places,where the Coroners prefent all Malefaftors, and take them to and from Prifon. Of the Government of Royal Boroughs, Free Jit-; corporations, and Villages. . JRopal IStfZOUCjljS] Are Corporations made fo for the Ad¬ vantage pt Trane, by Charters granted by' feveral Kings of Scotland at feveral Times, which Corporations have a Privi¬ lege of fending Commiffioners to reprefent them in Paxlia- Thefe Boroughs have all their particular Privileges by them, felyes, and in general, they have all of them within their re- fpeftive Bounds, foie Power of Trade and Merchandize, cx- clufive of all others; they can keep Comts, have thejurifdi- tlion of Sheriffs, and can make Ey-Laws for the Govern¬ ment of their Borough, and the Regulation of their Trade : Actions alfo between Burgefles are ordinarily decided by their proppr Magistrates. The Guild is a Society of Merchants who are Freemen of a Borough; Every Royal Borough has a Dean cf Guild, who is nextMagiftrare to the Balffs-, he judges Controverfics between .Merchantsconcerning Trade, Difputes between Inhabitants concerning Buildings',Liglitr,V/afer-CuUrfes, apd other Nui- fances; calls Courts at which all the Brethren of the Guild are bound Book IT. of Great-Britain. 413 bound to give Attendance, manages the common Stock of the Guild, and amerces and coilefts all Fines. The Royal Boroughs arc not only f'everal diflinft Corpora¬ tions, but they are atfo one entire Body, govern’d by, and ac¬ countable to one general Court. This Court was anciently called the Court of four Boroughs, and was yearly held to treat and determine concerning Matters relating to the common Advantage of all the Burghs. The Four Boroughs which com- pofed this Court wer e Edinburgh, Stirling, Roxburgh and Ber¬ wick ; but when the two lall were fallen into the Hands of the Englifli, Lithgow and Lanerl: were put into their Places, but with a Saving for Roxburgh and Berwick, whenfoevcr they (liould be recovered to their ancient Allegiance. But this Court not being fufficient to anfwerthe Neceffiries ofthe Royal Boroughs in general, in King 'James Ill’s Time, Ann. Dorn. 1487, all the Boroughs were impower’d to fend Commiffioners to a Yearly Convention oi then- own, which was then appointed to meet.at lnrterskeithing, wherein they were to confute concerning Matters, belonging to the common Wel¬ fare of all the Boroughs: But there are no Records of thefe Conventions older than IS51, when a Convention of Bo¬ roughs fat at Edinburgh. Thefe Meetings made Acts for the Good of their Body, which were as binding as Afts of Par¬ liament, upon all and every of the Burghs which they did con- By the old Borough Laws no Man could be fent a Commiffi- oner to Parliament, or to. any Convention or Meeting of Bo¬ roughs, except he were a Merchant or Trafficker, free of, and refidingin the Borough which he was to reprefenr. But in 1699 the Boroughs made an Aft to capacitate the fame Man to be their Commiffioner in Parliament, and in the Convention of Bo¬ roughs ’(which he could not regularly be before) and likewife to capacitate any Man having Heritage or Intereft in any Burgh, or who might lofe or win in the Concerns of that Bo¬ rough. to be cholen as a Commiffioner to reprefentir. The Power of the Convention of Boroughs is very great. All Cafes ofTrade and Governmentwithin any Borough are there decidable: Differences between Burgh and Burgh are there de¬ termined : They can Unlaw any Burgh, or Burgefs, that ffiall difobev them: They determine the Eleftions of. Magiftrates and Councils: They fine Delinquents, and thofe that are dif- obedientto their Decrees: They judge Mifdemeanors of their Ccnfervatcrs and Factors abroad: They appoint Connniffioners ro vifit the Burghs, and to make Reports to the Convention, that they may determine what is propertdn 1691 there wasaGe- neral Viiitation of all the Royal Boroughs in. Scotland, and the Commiffioners were order’d to enquire into theStateof each Burgh, as to their real and cafual Rents and Revenues; Their Tradeand Shipping, and the Conftitution of their Prifons and publick 4 t 4 Cfje patent state Part n. publicfc Works: Their Harbours and Bulwarks, the Condition of their Houfes,and the Management of their common Stock; And this Commiffion was faithfully executed, by which Means' the Convention was fully appriz’d of all that concern’d the Boroughs in general, and every Borough in particular. They have made Laws relating to Shipping, to Mailers and Owners of Ships, to Mariners and Merchants, by whom they were freighted: .To Manufactures, fuch as Plaiding, Linnen, Yarn, ere. to the Curing and Packing of Filh, Salmons, Her¬ rings, vc. to the Importing and Exporting feveral Commo- The Trade between Scotland and the Netherlands is fubjecl to their Regulation: They fix the Staplcport ,which was former¬ ly at Dart ,and is now at Camphere. Their Confervator is indeed nominated by the Crown, but then the Convention regulates his Powers, approves his Deputies, and appoints his Salary; fo that in Truth the whole Staple Trade is fubjeft to their Ma¬ nagement. They have alfo an Agent, and two Clerks. Lad of all, they have fent, upon Occafion, Commifiloners from the whole Body into France, England, Denmark, and Pa- land , to negotiate Matters relating to their Body, to complain of Grievances, and the like; and. this too they have done with¬ in thefe few Years. The Convention of Boroughs _generally fits at Edinburgh, and they never remove from thence unlefs it has’been agreed in Convention, and another Place appointed bn Purpofe. It is ufually fummoned by the Provoft of Edin¬ burgh, who iffues out his Letters for that Purpofe, and who up¬ on any Emergency may fummon a Conventionpra re nata. ■ ITOtoluCOUneit.] The Town-Council meet once or twice ■ aWeek, to confider and deliberate about the Affairs of their Incorporation, and have their feveral didinft Courts for admi- •niftring judice in different Affairs; but their Magiftrates.by their Fundamental Rights, continue in their Offices but one Year; tho’ fometimes by Court Favour, and the private Inte- reft offome Citizens they continue longer. But all thefe in¬ ferior Judges and Magiftrates, tho' they have their own Laws and Cudoms to rule By, yet all their Decifions and Determi¬ nations center in the Common, Civil, and Municipal Law, by which the Sovereign Judicatures proceed, which gives a Check to any Irregularities that thofc may at any Time com¬ mit in their refpeftive Jurifdiftions, detent g§>tate O F SCO T L A N D. BOOK III.. Of Manners, Cuftoms, Laws ,&c. chap. i. Of Religious Manners, viz. of the Clergy, their Names, Orders, Privileges, Revenues j alfo of Diffenters from the Ejlablijb’d Church. O M the Beginning ofChrift'nnity the IlS Minifters of G O D in his Church have Ifliisnllili keen call’d th e Clergy, from the Grtek £j|S peculiarly God’s inheritance ; for fo tliac From thence came the Word Clerk, 'which has fince been taken into other ProfeiEons; fur which Keafon, Church- 4t<> C&e &tate Part n. men in Scotland have been ufually call’d Miniflers of God's Ho¬ ly Word and Sacrament. A’slongas Epifcopacy continued in Scotland, all the Parifh Priefts received Orders from Bilhopsonly, who were affifted by Presbyters. Now fince the Eftablifhmcnf of Presbyterian Church Government, that is not required, but inftead of Epif. copal Ordination, they receive Ordination by folemn Prayer and Impofition of Hands from the Presbytery. How a Clergyman becomes fettled in a Living. The Crown, the Nobility, and Gentry, by the ancient Laws and Conftitutions of Scotland, had the Right of pre- fenting Minifters to Livings in their Gift, to the Bilhop of the Diocefs for Inftitution and Induftion; but upon the Abo¬ lition of Epifcopacy, Lay-Patronages were takeri awdy by A& of Parliament, andinCafeofa Vacancy in any Church, the Right of Pr’efentation was fettled in the' Heretors bf the faid Parilh (being Protejlants ) and the Ruling Elders ; but that Method being found prejudicial to the Rights of Lay-Pa¬ trons in difpofing thereof, and for other Reafons alilgned, the Parliament oiGreat-Britain, in the toth Year of the Reign ot her late Majefly J^ueen \Anne, Enabled, That from and after)the firft Day of May, 1711, it (hall and maybe lawful forherMajefty, her Heirs and Succeffors, and for every 0- therPerfon and Perfons who have Right to any Patronage or Patronages of any Church or Churches whatfoever (who have not made and fubferib’d a formal Renunciation there¬ of under their Hands) to prefent a qualified Minifter or Mi¬ nifters to any Church or Churches, whereof they are Patrons, which (hall at any Time after the faid firft Day of May hap¬ pen to be vacant, and the Presbytery ofthe refpefiive Bounds lhall, and is obliged to receive and admit the Minifter fo pre- fented accordingly j any Thing in any other Aft to the con¬ trary notwithftanding. Oath of Allegiance. I A. B. do Jincerely Promife and Swear, that I will be Faith- fill, and bear true Allegiance to his Majefly King GEORGE. So help me God. ibe Affurance. I A. B. doir. the Sincerity ofmy Heart AJfert,Acknowledge, and Declare,That his Majefly King George is the only lawful undoubt¬ ed Sovereign of this Realm,aswell de]use,that is, of Right, King, as de^o&o, that is, in the PofleJJion and F.xercife of the Govern¬ ment-, and therefore do Jincerely and faithfully promife and en- Bodk lO. of Great-Britain.' 41? gave, that I will with Heart and Hand, Life and Goods, maintain and defend a his Majefty’s Title and Government aga'mfl the Pre¬ tended Prince of Wales, and his Adherents, and all other Ene¬ mies, who cither by open or fecret Attempts Jhall dijhtrb or difquiei his Majefiy in the Pejfeffton or Exercife thereof, ^ibilegc# ot the Cler£SP-i The Privileges of the Scotch Clergy fince the Reformation, are as.confiderable as in any other Proteftant Kingdom of State, in relation both to their Pcrfons and Eftates s for the Laty.has provided,that fuch as (hall be found'guilty of Aflaulting the Lives of Minifters, or roba bing their Houfes, or affually attempting the fame, (hall be pnniihed by Death, and Efcheat of Moveables ; and that this Law may be the better executed, five hundred Marks Reward is allowed to the Difcoverer, ■ and three hundred Marks to the Apprehender of the aforefaid Criminals, to be paid out of his Majefty’s Treafury: And for their better Accommodation, they are provided with convenient Manfes (i; e; Parfonage- Hoitfes) and where they are not fitting, the Heritors of the Pa- rilh fhill build compleat Manfes for them, not exceeding 1000 l. nor under 500 Marks Value. ilkebenuetf of the Clergy.] At the firft Plantation of Chrifti- anitv, People Werefo liberal in their Donations to the Church,' that'in a few Ages afterwards it grew very rich; but it wasfo impoverifb’d by the Hcmijh Clergy in latter Days, by letting long Leafesand corrupt Compolttions, and frequent Alienati¬ ons of theirRights, that had not K. James VI took fome Care in recovering and reftoring fome fmall Part of her former vafb Revenues,- this Church had been the pooreft in the World. However, the Ecclefiaftical Revenues are not fo contemptible as many would render them, if one conltders the Plenty of the Country in which they live j and that the Law has provided a- pind Pluralities-, and that every Parijh-Chnrch, andfuch Bounds as (hall be found to be a fitfficient and competent Parifh, Jhall have their own Pafter, with a fitfficient and reafonalle Stipend, according to the State and Ability of the Place ; and be exempted from paying Teynds (i. e. Tenths) And as a farther Addition to their Mainte¬ nance, every Minifter has Fewel, Foggage, Faill, and Diviots allow’d them (except Minifters in Burghs that have no Right to Glebes) with Grafs for one Horfe and two Cows to bedefign’d; .and if there be no ICirk-Land near the Manfe, or the fame be arable, then the Hereters pay t'ne.Miniftcr twenty Poundsyear- ly for their Grafs : And when the Right of Teynds was fettled Upon the Lay-Patrons, Care was taken by the Government, that the Teynds Ihould be burden’d with the Minifters Stipend, and fvith a proportionable Augmentation for the future, as the Rents of Lands encreafed. In the Provifion made for the Parochial Clergy in Scotland, One Thin* is very commendable, Which is that throughout the whole Country there are fcarceaoy 4*8 ®ije p?efent State Partin Benefices worth !efs than 50 l. Sterling per Annum, which in that Country is a good Maintenance. And this Equality in the Divifions, at lead the bringing of the fmaller Benefices to that Value, is chiefly owing to the Care and Piety of King Charles I. CHAP. II. Of the Scotifh Computation, Numbering , Weight t Meafures, Money. Computation.] *|-i H E Scots ufe the fame Compu. J. tations of Years, and Months, and Days, as the Englijh in their Vulgar Account, beginning and ending their Portions of Time alike with them. §cotid) jRumli^ing.] vide CngianB. SUdgljtfland sptafurcfii.] The Goldfmiths of Idinlurgh di- vide their Ounces into 16Drops,and their Drops into 36 Grains, 17 of their Grains making the Englijh Penny-Weight. The Stone.weight is 16 Pounds, and the Pound 16 Ouncc6 Troy, the Pint 3 Pounds and 7 Ounces Trey of clear Water of the River Leith , and the Firlot of Linlithgow, which is the Standard, contains Thirty One Pints Sterling Jug, for the Mea¬ suring of Wheat, Rye, Meal, Beans, white Sa'lt, Malt, Beer, and Oats; ahd’twas order’d by Parliament, that thefe Stan¬ dards be kept, two Eirlots of Linlithgow, the.Stone-weight at Tanerk ,the EU at Edinburgh , and the Pint at Stirling , and that thefe be the univetfal refpeftiye Meafures. The ApplicativeUei• fures are the Scorch Ell, containing 37 Inches, and the Foot Meafures iz of thefe Inches, the Standatd whereof is alfokept atEdinburgh ,and all Glafiers,Mafons,and other Workmen.wotk by it. Butfincethe Union, all Weights and Meafures are alike throughout the whole united Kingdoms; namely, thofe which are now eftablilh’d in England-, but then the Burghs in Scotland, to whom the keeping of theStandards of Weights and Mea¬ fures. formerly in ufe there, did of fpecial Right belong, keep the Standards which have been fent down to them from the Standards kept in the Exchequer at Wejlminjler, SJBOJWV.] The Wealth of Scotland anciently confifted in their Stocks or Cattle, and not of Money , tho’ it is not to be doubt¬ ed that thefe Parts of Great-Britain have all along maintained their Commerce in the fame Methods and Falhion with thofe that are more Southern. So that the Value of Money and the Prices of Goods were at a Par, among the feveral Nations Which anciently inhabited this llland. Of this we have an early Inftance in the Laws of King Malsom II, wherein a CoU findath, Book III. of Great-Britain. 419 pindach, or young Heifer, was valued at Thirty Pence; the very fame Price that was fet on an Ox in fome of our Saxon Laws, which are fuppofed to be enacted about the fame Time. When Gold was firft coin’d in Scotland is very uncertain: However, the Proportion betwixt Gold and Silver; has been ufually One to Twelve, fo that when the Ounce of Gold was Three Pounds, the Ounce of Silver went at Five Shillings, err. James the lid] raifed the Price firft of Silver to 8 s. an Ounce, and Gold to 41. 19 s, Afterwards he mounted the Ounce of Sil¬ ver to iu. and the Gold he advanced to6f. and James IV kept both at the laft mentioned Value. There are no remain¬ ing Afts of Council concerning Coinage in King James V’s Time, tho’ great Alterations were made in that Reign. The Vowglas Groats of to d. Sne, and Babies of 3 d. fine, were then brought into Ufe; as were liltewife the Bonnet Pieces of Gold. In Queen Mary's Time ( the Ounce of Silver rofe to 30 j. and the coin’d Placks of only x d. fine, at 14/, l6r. the Ounce. There is in the Bilbop of Carlifi's Seotijb Hijlorical Library , a very curious Account of the feveral Gold and Silver Pieces of Money, which have from Time to Time been coined in Scot¬ land : But all the current Money of that Country being, by the Articles of the Union, call’d in, and ordered to be reduced to the Enghfh Standard, that fo there may not be different Spe¬ cies of Money current in Great-Britain , there is the lefs need to be particular in fpccifyingof them : Thofe that are curious inthofe Matters, may recur to that excellent Book, where they Will find abundance of Satisfaftiort. As to what relates to the Nobility of Scotland, and their dif¬ ferent Degrees, their Privilege, Precedences &c. fee the fame in England. CHAP. III. Of the Commons o/Scotland, and therein of Knights of the Zhiftle ,. of Bannerets , Baronets ? Knights , Lairds , Scholars , Gentlemen , Landed-Men , Ci¬ tizens, Burghers t ?iLC. ©zDetofthefflliflle.] A MOHG the Nobles of a lower Degree, are Knights, who wetre formerly made here with greater Solemnity than any where elfe in • Europe, by taking of an Oath, and being proclaimed publickiy by the Herald, of whom the moft Honourable arc the Knights of the Ihijllt. E e * ■ "S'he 4 *° Clje piefent ©tate Part n. The Noble Order of Knights of the Thiftle was, as we are told, firlt erefted by King Acha'ms, but growing into Defue. tude by Length of Time, was reviv’d by King James VII. But his Misfortunes preventing the Completion of that Matter, it was reftor’d by the late Queen Anne. The Collar of the Or¬ der is compofed of TW/Wer, interwoven and linked with Sprigs of Leaves of Rue all of Gold, having thereunto Pendant on a Tlue Rundle, the Image of SI. Andrew , his Vefture of Cloth of Gold, with the white Crofs of his Martyrdom on his Bread, and in a Circle intervening, the Figure beautify’dwith Pearls: Thelnfcription is, Nemo me impun'e lacejfet, tho’ fome think ' it fhould be Nemo me impun'i lace fit, in the prefent Tenfe, asall other Motto’s are 5 but tho’the prefent Time makes more the Nature of the Thing, yet the Future is more Threatning, and expvefles more of Courage; And this Thiftle is chofen not for its Nature, but for its Aptnefs to exprefs this Efteft of Cou¬ rage. Theordinary and common Badge worn by the Knights of this Noble Order, is a Green R ihhen, whereat hangs a Thiftle of Geld, crown’d with an Imperial Crown, within a Circle alfo of Gold, bearing the aforefaid Motto, Nemo me impun'e lacejfet. Upon the Feaft of St. Andrew, being the 30th Day of Novern- ler, the Knights folemnly meet in the Cathedral Church of the Town of Si, Andrew, to celebrate their Feaft: During the So¬ lemnity they are richly Apparel’d; and being formerly all Lords .of ■ Parliament,they wear their Parliament Robes, having fixed on their left Shoulders in Azure Rundle, on which is embroi- deredSt. -tfnrfmu’s Crofs, Argent, environ’d in the Centre with a Crown, beautify’d with Flower de Lys, Or. USatUlBretBIJ Knights and Bannerets are created under the Royal Standard, in the King’s Army, and in the Field of Bat¬ tel, the King himfelf being prefent, and that Honour to con¬ tinue during the Banneret’s Life only: They have Precedency j before all of the fame Order, whofe Patents are of a pofteriot ; Date. King Charles I. did by his Letters Patents ordain that -the Wives of thefe Knights, and their Heirs Male fiiould have the Precedency as well after as before the Deaths of their Hus. bands, if they (hould happen to furvive, before the Wives of ' all thofe of whom the Knights Baronets, and their Heirs Male had the Precedency, and even before the Wives of Knights Baronets. JSftronetc] The Order of Baronet inScotlandwis (irft erefted for advancing the Plantation of Nova Scotia in America, and for fettling a Colony there, to which the Aid of thefe Knights was appropriated: This Order was defign’d by King James VI, be¬ fore hisDeath, but was nO ( t aftually founded 'till the Time of King Charles I. (A. D. 1615,) who difpofed to each of thefe Knights a certain Portion of Land ill Nova Scotia; and for their iuither Encouragement, did conftitute and ordain that Here- Book III. of Great-Britain. 421 table State and Stile of Baronet, to be enjoy’d by every of thefe Gentlemen who did hazard their Lives for theGood and Encreafe of thatPlantation, and their Heirs Male for ever,with Priority and Precedency before all Knights call'd Equitcs Au- rati, all Ieffer Barons, commonly call’d Lairds, and before all other Gentlemen (except Sir W. Alexander, his Majefty’s Lieu¬ tenant of Nova Scotia, and his Heirs, their Wives tynd Children) and that to the Chriflian Name of thefe Knights fhould be ad¬ ded the Title Sir A. B. Baronet ■, and his Sons Wives (hotild enjoy the Title and Appellation of Lady, Madam and Dame re- fpe&ivcly, according to theufual Phrafe in Speaking and Writ¬ ing. The King promifing that the Number of Baronets in Scot¬ land !hou\d not exceed the Number of 150, and that he would not create any other Dignity or Order Superior to that of Ba¬ ronet. Further to adorn this Order, they were allow'd to wear and carry about their Necks, in all Times coming, an Orange Tawny Silk Ribbon, whereon was to hang Pendant in a Scut¬ cheon Argent, a Saltire Azure, and thereon an Inefcutcheon of the Arms of Scotland, with an Imperial Crown above the Scut¬ cheon, and incircled with this Motto, Pax Mentis Honcftts Glo¬ ria. All which Gmb'«j are regiftred in the Books of Lion King of Arms and the Heralds, there to remain adfisturatn rei memori- am. But after the felling of Nova Scotia to the French, this Or¬ der became an honourable Title in Scotland, conferr’d at the King's Pleafure without Limitation of Number. Knights Batchelors, Equites Aurati, fucceed in the next Place 1 of Honour 5 next to them their Lairds, or Landed Gentlemen, though a Laird in EfFeft is but the Corruption of the Word Lord. Among fuch as profefs Sciences, the Rank is this ; 1, Such as profefs Lheclogy. 2. Such as profefs Canon Law. 3. The Civil Law. 4. Philofophy. 5. Medicine. 6 Rhetoric!;. 7. Poefy. 8. Hijlory. 9. Grammar, jo. Logic!;, n. Arithnetick. jz. Geo¬ metry. 13. Mttjiil;, 14. Affronomy. And among thefe, fuch as are Debtors precede thofe that are not; and among Dollars the Priority goesdty Age. In Towns, thofe who inhabit Cities are preferr’d to fuch as inhabit Burghs; and generally thofe in the Metropolitan, or Capital City, are preferr’d to all the reft. And thofe who have born Magiflracy are ever preferr’d to all ethers: And fo far is this Precedency obferv’d, that a younger Alderman, or Bailiff', takes not Precedency from his Senior becaufe he is Knighted. This holds not only among Aldermen, but even a- mong all Knights in the Country 3 the Burgeflcs of a Town give Place to thofe that have been Magiftrates in that Town, as to publick Meetings relating to the Town; though it’s doubted whether fuch a Knight is obliged to give Place to an Alderman or Bailiff in a neutral Place. But it is determined in the He¬ rald’s Office of England, that all fuch as have been Mayors of E e 3 London, t$l Patent %mz Part II. London, that is to fay. Brovofts in Scotland, ought to take I’lacc of all Knights Batchelors every where, becaufethey have been the King’s Lieutenants. The Members of Courts take Place according totbePrece. dency of the Courts where they ferve. In Families likewife, the Chief of the Family takes Place of any Gentleman of the Family; and tho’ it is generally believed that Gentlemen have no Precedency among one another,yet Reafonand Difcretion allow, that a Gentleman of three Ge- Derations ougnt to give Place to a Gentleman of ten, if there is not a great Difparity between their Fortunes; and that for the fame Reafon, that a Gentleman of three Generations claims Precedency from any ordinary Land-man, who has but newly acquired his Lands, CHAP. IV. Of the Women ^ Children, and Servants in Scot¬ land. T HEWomen in Scotland have as great Privileges as in any other Nation. I lhall begin witbtheir Precedency. Wo-' men before their Marriage have. Precedency by their Father’s Title; but there is this Difference betwixt them and the Male Children, that the fame Precedency is due to allthe Daughters thatisdue to the Eldeft, though it is notfo amongSons. During Marriage, the Wife regularly participates of the Condition of her Husband by the Civil Law and Law of Na¬ tions i’fot fince Iheis to be Sharer in his Misfortunes, the Laty thought it juft that (he Ihoutd participate of his Advantages. In Trance the Wives of thofe who have Dignity by their Qffice, enioy the fame Precedency with their Husbands, together with a Communication of their Title, and therefore they fay, Madam la Chanceliere, Madam la Prejidente ; but it is not fo in Scotland, Where Offices are believed to be bellowed on Husbands upon aperfbnai Account/tvhich is not communicable to their Wives^ and yet in fome temporary Dignities, fuch as that of Kritghti Batchelors, the Wife participates of the Husband's Title and precedency, tho’ this proceeded originally rather from Cour- tefey than Law: For by the Heralds Records of old, a Knight’s Wife enjoyed only his Honours during the Spoufals, and were not in Law to be called Dame Alice, or Dame Catherine, eye. When once the Marriage was diffolved. By the Law of Scotland alfo, if a Woman have Precedency by her Birth or D;fcenr,lbe ftjli retains the fame, tho! fhe marry i Perfonof inferior Dignity; bpt it is obfervabie, that if the Daughter Book III. of Great-Britain. 413 Daughter of a Nobleman marry another Nobleman, fhe lofes the Precedency due to her by her Birth, tho’ (he does not lofe it by marrying a Gentleman 5 the Reafon whereof is, becaufe by marrying a Nobleman fhe receives a Feudal Dignity, which fiipprelTes the firft. If a mean Woman marries a Nobleman who has been de¬ graded by Forfeiture or otherwife, (he (fill retains the Privilege due to her by her Husband, for Crimes are only perfonal. The Ladies of the Queen’s Privy-Chamber, tho’ the Queen is dead, in the Time of Mourning,' take their Place as if the Queen was living,’till the Funerals'are ended ; and the Queen’s Womenof the Bed-chamber at the Funeral, go before Coun- teffes Women, without Prejudice tp the Countefles Women thereafter. / The Wives and Daughters of all Dukes, MarquifTes, and Earls, err, take Place in this Order. The Wives of Dukes of the Blood Royal. The Wives of other Dukes. The Wives of the Elded Sons of Dukes of the Blood Royal. The Daughters of the Dukes of the Blood Royal. The Wives of MarquifTes. The Wives of the elded Sons of Dukes. The Daughters of Dukes. Countefles, The Wives of the elded Sons of MarquifTes. The Daughters of MarquifTes. The Wives of the younger Sons of Dukes. The Wives of the elded Sons of Earls, Daughters of Earls._ The Wives of Vifcounts. The Wives of the younger Sons of MarquifTes. The Wives of Barons that are called Lords. The Wives of the elded Sons of Vifcounts. The Daughters of Vifcounts. The Wives of the younger Sons of Earls, ■flre-Wives of-the elded Sons of Barons, The Daughters of Barons. The Wives of Knight Banne- The Wives of the younger Sons of Lords. The Wives of Knight Baro¬ nets. The Wives of the elded Sons of Bannerets. The Daughters of Bannerets.' The Wives of Knight Batche¬ lors. The Wives of the elded Sons of Knight Baronets, The Daughters of Knight Ba¬ ronets. The Wives of the elded Sons of Knight Batchelors. The Daughters of Knight Bat¬ chelors. The Queen’s Maids of Hq- The Wives of Lairds. The Daughters of Lairds.' The Wives of Gentlemen. The Daughters of Gentlemen. The Wives of Citizens. The Wives of Burgefles. Ee4 SterfomM.] 424 tU Went ©tate Part 14 ' £>etfoanf|6.] Servant! are diftinguilhedinto atwo.foIdCa- pacity in Scotland : The firft ate fuch as hold Lands of their Lords in perpetual VafTalage, and' fo they and their Pofterity are in this Manner Servants to the Lords for ever, in Tilling and Husbanding their Lands, and returning the Profits of them to the Proprietor, and with fjch Allowance for their Mainte¬ nance as their Lords are pleafed to allow them. The other arehired Servants of bothSexes, under certain annual Wages, and for a Time agreed upon, who are not to leave their Ser¬ vice at their own Pleafure; for, if only hired from Martinmas to Whhfttntidt, they may be detained by their Mailers, or compelled by a Juftice of thePeace today with them for the fame Hire, from V/hhfunday to Martinmas, unlefs the Servant can verily to the Judice of the Peace, or Condable of the Bounds, that he is hired to another Mader: And a judice of the Peace may compel a Servant running away, to return to bis Matter, or punilh him. CHAP. V. Of the Laws of Scotland. B Efore the Reign of King Malcolm, who for his great Head was called Gammon, and was contemporary with K. Wil¬ liam I. of England, the Scots had no Sorts of written Laws. The King gave Judgment from fome little Mount where he could be moft conveniently heard and feen by the Parties con¬ cerned, which for that Reafon was commonly known by the Name of the Mute-hill ; and all emergent Controverfies of an inferior Nature, and in Common-Pleas, were ended by a Jury qf Seven, Nine, Eleven, or Thirteen, or, as was moft ufual, Pifteen honeft Men in the Neighbourhood. Thefe were the ordinary Judges of Law and faff, and the Majority of their Votes was always acquiefced in, asa definitive and final Sen- The fird authentick Body of Laws of the Kingdom of Scot¬ land, if even that may be judly edeemed fo, is the Keg km Ma- y.fiatm, fo called from the two initial Words of the Book, or as it is commonly called, the Majefiy ; the Compiler wheteof declares, that King David 1 . put him upon makingthatCol- ie£lion,and that it was taken out of avail Number of old Law- Books, asa Manual cf the mod common Praffice of the then Courts of Judicature ; a great Part of which is borowed from the Civil Law. ’ CM Book III. of Great-Britaxn. 425 Cibil Jlato.] The Civil Law, ftriftly fo called, is the Rule, of all Proceedings in Scotland, where the Statute Law is defec¬ tive: Upon the Civil Law the folemn Judgments in LawCafes have been collcfted, which are called Pratiques, a Word of. the fame Import with that of Reports in England. There is a greater Harmony betwixtthe Laws of England and Scotland than one would imagine : Por the Afts of Sederunt are the fame with the Rules of Court in England : XTKe Scotifls Proclamations revive obfolete Statutes, and fo do the Engltfh : The Scotifi Letters of Advocation hk all one with the Prohibitions in Eng¬ land ; BothjNations agree in their Praftice in the fecret Exami¬ nation of married Women, in palling of Fines-, and the Jus Relilli, i. e. the Scoti/h Tercet, and the Englijb Thirds are the fame. The Scotifh Wadfets and Reverjions anfwer totheEnglifi Mortgages and Defiafances ; their Poinding of Goods after Letters of Horning, differs not from the Englifh Executions upon an Out¬ lawry : Nor does the King’s Remiffion in Scotland free from Affy thing, any more than his Pardon in England foredofes an Appeal. ^lindpal 'flato.] The Municipal Law confifls either of AHs of Parliament, or of the Cuftom and Practices of the Col¬ lege of Juftice, which in Cafes not otherwife adjudged, have the Forces of Afts of Parliaments; and when neither of thefe contradicts, the Civil Law is of Force, which in Truth is the Common Law of Scotland. JfO2e2iUto0.] Foreft Lawswere defigned for the good Go¬ vernment of the King's Forefts, Parks, Woods, and Chafes; to prevent Pafturing in Forefts by fuch as have no Right to it, or without Licence from the Comptrollers or Keepers, who if they fuffer it are to forfeit that Office,and the Offender’s Chat¬ tels to be efcheated to the King; alfoto puniffi Fellers of the King’s Woods, Slayers of Deer or Wild Fowl therein, with Bow, Gun, Dog, Hawk, or other Engine, or thofe that fhoot with any Gun therein, or in the Night, within a Mile thereof, or flay any DeerftrayinginTimeof Storm, under the Penalty of having all their Goods efcheated; to prevent Hunting or Hawk, ing within fix Miles of the King’s Woods,Parks, Chafes, and Palaces, under the Penalty of ioo l, half to the King, and half to the Delator (i. e. Informer) which Penaltiesthekeepersof Forefts, and others having Right thereto by their Infeofments, have Power to inflict upon TranfgrefTors, after Trial and Con- viftionbyanlnqueft. Kcgtliecis.] The Law of Scotland is eafy and regular by reafon of publick Regifters, of which there are two Sorts, for recording Conveyances of the Lands and Poffeflions of private Subjefts; whereof one is General, and fixed at Edinburgh, .for the Ufe of the whole Kingdom,' the other is more particular in the feveral Shires, Stuarties and Regalities i, they were firft eftablifhpd by Aft of Parliament in the Reign of K. James. 71. fines 4z 6 p?efe»t State rare ii, fince which Time they ate the bed Ropofitories of Records re¬ lating to Civil Rights of theSubje&S; which are fo full, that Titles are much more eafily underflood, than can be done without them; for by this Means Men are hot cheated in pur- jhafingand conveying Eftatcs; which mayappear by the fol¬ lowing fnftances. No Man can hare a Right to any Eftate, but by his being Seized ofit^ and that mull be Regiftred within fixty Days, o- therwife it is of no Effe&; by which Means all fecret Convey, paces are cut off; forif no Seizing be palled upon them, or if they be not entered in the Regifter, which every one is at Li¬ berty to fearch, the Conveyance is of no Force. Secondly, All Bonds have a Glaufe in them for inferting them ih the publick Regifters, and they being regiftred, without any further Rftion, by aCharge of fix Days the Debtor muft make Payment, oihenyifeWrits, called Letters of Horning, Caption and Ponding, are given out; by the firft of which the Party is under Outlawry and Rebellion, and forfeits to the King his Per- fonal Eftate, and if he continue a Vear under it, the Life Rtnt of his real Eftate, in which the Creditor is preferred for his Inte- reft, and the reft goes into the Exchequer, By the Letters of Captiontht Debtor is feized and put into Prifon, nor is his Houfe a Place of Security, but may be Hatched for him. By the Letters of Poinding, the Debtot’s Goods may be dijlrained wherever they can be found. A third Inftance is, that any Creditor may fetve a\Vrit on his Debtor, called Letters of Inhibition,which hinders him from making any Difpofition of bis Goods or Eftate, 'till the Credi, tor isfatisfiod, and all is Noli and to no Effeft that he doth af¬ terwards, if thefe Letters be returned Regiftred within Twen¬ ty-one Days after they arefetved, otherwife they are of no Force. In (hort, all Reverfions, Regrejfos, Bands and IVrits for making the fame, agnations thereto, Difcharges thereof, 8«. numiationi of Woodfcts, Grants of Redemption, and all Inftru- ments of Seizing, are to be regiftred to the General Regiftry, to be appointed by the Clerk Regifter at Edinburgh, or in parti¬ cular Regifters for that Purpofe, within thrcefcorcDays after Dateof thefame; and Extratls out of the laid Regifter make Faith in ail Cafes, except in the Cafe of lmprobation : And if any of the laid Writs fhall not Be Regiftrate, they are Null in Prejudice of a third Party; but not againft the Maker thereof and his Heirs, This Regiftration is annexed to the Clerk Regi- jfter's Office, and is to be made by him or his Deputies within 48 Hours after the Receipts of the Writs, under Pain of Depri¬ vation of the Clerk of his Place and Office of Notary; who are alfo to deliver back the Writs, marked with the Day, Month, Year and Leaf of the Regiftration, for which he is to receive Twenty-fix Shillings and Eight Pence for his Fee, and then they ate delivered to the Clerk Regifter, to be Patent, and Ex- Book III. Of Great-Britain. 427 tra&s thereof given to the Proprietors: Which Law now ex¬ tends to all Lands in Burghs and their Liberties, and the Town-Clerks are to keep a feveral Book for their Regidra- tions, depending only on the Magiflrates , and-not the Clerk- Regijler. All Letters of Horning, Inhibitions, Interdictions, Seajins and Reverfions, are all to be regiftred ; the firft with¬ in 15 Days, the fecond and third within 40 Days, and the twq lad within 60 Days, or elfe they are Null and of no Effeft. All Charters and other Writs palling the Great-Seal and Privy-Seal, mud be rcgidred by the Writers thereto, in the Regiders thereof, and no Keeper mud append the Seal to any Writ, before he receives a Certificate that the Indrumcnts are regidred. [A Jhort View of the Ads of Parliament of Great- Britain that have made any Alteration in the Laws of Scotland, from the Union of the two Kingdoms, Anno 1707, to theprefent Year 173*. Union of tije ttoo kingDomo.] By 5 a. k. cap. s, it was enafted that the Kingdoms of England and Scotland Ihould be united into one Kingdom, by the Name of. Great - Britain ; the faid Union to commence on the id of May, Ijdarliaiflenk] That the Laid united Kingdom Ihould be reptefcnted by one Parliament. 2£raDf.] That the Subjefts of the united Kingdom Ihould have free Trade to all Places belonging to either: That the Succellion of the Crown be fettled in the Protedant Bran¬ ches of the Hoiife of Hanover, as it ftands limited in Eng¬ land. <££Cift#.] The united Kingdoms to be liable to the fame Excife. idanDsSEajt;.] That when 1,997,763!. Sr. 4-d. i.fhall be railed in England by a Land-Tax, the Quota iotScotland Ihould be 48,000/. as the Quota of that Kingdom, Scotland, not to be charged with any Duties laid on by the Parliament of Eng¬ land before the Union. (EpiMenM The Sum of 398,0851- to be paid to Scotland , as an Equivalent 'for the Debts fhe may be charged with on account of this Union. Coin.] The Coin to be the fame as now in England, throughout the united Kingdom. ®leigl)tl0 and QJcafllrejS.] The Weights andMeafures to be the fame alfo as in England. Erase, ©uilomtf and Cjcife;] Trade, Cudoms and Re¬ cife to be regulated as in England, throughout the united KingdomOther Laws to remain the fame in Scotland as before. , ." fourty 42.8 Elje parent State Part n. Courts of 31ufiice.] The Courts of Sefiionor Coiiegeof Juftice, the Courts of Judiciary, and the Inferior Courts of Scotland, to remain as they are, and no Caufe in Scotland to be cognizable in the Courts of Weftm'mjler. •KopaUSutgl)#-] The Rights and Priviledges of the Royal ^iyteeu inters.] ■ Sixteen Peers of Scotland to fit and vote in the Houle of Lords, and forty-five Reprefentatives of Scotland in the Houfe of Commons, of the Parliament of Great-Rrita'm. ©reafcj&Eal.J One Great-Seal to be made for the united Kingdom, different from the Great-Seal ufed in either King¬ dom. Another Seal for Scotland to be ufed in Matters of private Right. - afttgalia -and JiUcojtff.] The Regalia and Records of Cl)Urfijr<©0i3ernmcnt.] The Presbyterian Church Govern- ment to remain eftablifhed in Scotland. The Church of Entlnnd to remain eftabliflied in this Kingdom. The fixteen Peers of Scotland to fit in the Britijh Houfe of Lords, to be elcfted by the Peers of Scotland. COmmOttEnL] Of the forty-five Reprefentatives of the Cpmmons, Thirty to be chofen by the Shires and Stewarties, and fifteen by the Royal Burghs. i^jitll^CoUllrii.] By 6 A. cap. 6. After the id of May, 1708, there (hall be but one Privy-Council for the united Kingdom. KillSlCf# of IJSfaCO.] A fufiicient Number of Juftices of Peace to be in Scotland, who befides the Powers fuch Juftices now have there, fliall have the fame Authority as Juftites of Peace in England. CircuiLCourtjS-] Circuit-Courts in Scotland to be held twice a Pear. SDfltljiS.] 6 A. cap, 14. An Afl: requiring the Abjuration Oath to be taken by all Officers in Scotland, REELS'] 6 A, cap. 13. An Aft regulating the Eleftion of the fixteen Peers. By the fame Aft Peers of Scotland are to be tried as Englijh -Peers are for Treafon orPelony. Ccpcljrqiur.] 6 A. cap. 26. An Aft for crefting a Court of Exchequer in Scotland, after the Model of that in England, Jurors to have 5/. per Annum four Terms annually for the Court of Exchequer. Writs of Error there to be returnable in the Parliament of Grcat-Britain. SErcafon-] 7 A. cap u. High Treafon andMifprifton of Treafon to be deemed the fame in Scotland as in England, and the Crown impower.ed. to grant Commiflions of Qytt andTerminerto try th’e fame in Scotland, 31 «rorsl.] Jurors at fuch Trials to have Eftgtes of forty Shillings per Annum each. ' 6 Capital Book III. of Great-Britain. 429 (Capital Crimes.] Theft of landed Men, Murder under Trull, Wilful Fire-railing, firing Colehughs, and Affaffina- tion, to be no longer Trealbn in Scotland, buc Capital Offences, and punifhedas fuch. SEreafOn and ginoittments.] After the Deceafe of the Pretender, and three Years after the Hanover Succellion (ltall take place, no Attainder for Treafon lhall diftnherit the Heir.-And then a Copy of the Indi&ment for Treafon, and a Lift of the Witneffes to prove it, and the Nantes of the Jury with thefe Additions lhall be delivered to the Party indifted, ten Days before the Trial. jSDatlpEf.] SA. cap. 14. The Oaths required.to be taken by all Officers, eye. in Scotland. CircuiMtOlirtfi.] 8 A. cap. t 5 . N.o Perrons obliged to attend the Lords of Judiciary in their Circuits, but the Sheriff and his Officers'. The Method of taking up Offenders by Ditt.ty, and exhibitin'* Informations by theftrefsof the portous Roll abolilhed. ° I!>jefentm8ntSiand31nOiltmEntje;.] Informations in order to makeup Dittays concerning Crimes to be tried in the Cir¬ cuits in Scotland, to be by Prefentments made by the Juftices a t their Quarter Seffions, or upon Information taken by them for Stewarts, Bailiffs of Regalities, #.] 5 Geo. cap. 30. An Aft for making the Laws more effeftual for repairing High-ways, Bridges and Ferries in Scotland. |luliice£( of $wce-] The Juftices of Peace, and Com- mtifioners of the Supply in every Gounty, are hereby impow- ered to Order the Highways to be repaired in the fame Man¬ ner as in England. gftoolm ©atUlftKlUtteR.] 6 Gee. cap. 13. An Aft for re¬ gulating the Woolen Manufafturies in Scotland. KberDeen 3RCC0^5fi.] 8 G'ee. cap. as. An Aft for applying the Records burht at at Aberdeen. $apilf£ and ^OnjurOJB to 3Regi£fer ] 9 Geo. cap.M- All Aft to oblige Papifts and Nonjurors, to Regifter their Eftates in ucotland. 10 Geo. cap. to, .An Aft to explain ;the faid Aft to oblige Papifts to Regifter their Eftates. JHlOOletl Sgamifatturil’ 0 .] to Gee. cap. ]8. AnAft.toex- plain and amend the Aft for regulating Woolen Manufafturies ■in Scotland. of DefCon.] 10 Geo. cap. 19. An Aft to explain the Law, concerning the Trial and Admilfion of Lords of Seflion in Scotland. ©Sit ftb] n Geo. cap. 8. The Duties on Malt in Scotland fettled at 3 thelBulhel, being half the Duty paid in £bj/s»/L T3igt)IanDerjs oifarm'd-] 11 Gee. cap. 16. An Aa for the more effeftual difarmingthe.Highlanders. Bail.] Enafted, that double Bail'be taken in Criminal Cafes. Capital and Co?po?al ]&unifl)ttients.] No capital or Corporal Punilhment to be executed to the South of the Frith, within 30 Days after Sentence, nor any North of the Frith, within lefs than 40 Days after Sentence. Lord-Lieutenants, vc. Impower’d by this Aft to futnmon the Clans to deliver in their Arms. Wnnm ©anUfattUtieB.] 13 Geo. Cop. 16. An Aft for re¬ gulating the Linnen Manufafturies in Scotland. Jj'iUiertEB and ©anUfaaurieB-] 13 Geo. r. cap. iS. An Aft for encouraging the Fifheties and other Manufafturies and Improvements in Scotland. This Aft recites that the annual Sum of aooof. had’not then been apply’d to the Improvement of the Filheries and Manufafturies in Scotland, as formerAfts required. And 43i ■ Cfje patent State fait 11 And grams that her Majcfty be impowered to fettle a plan for the Improvement of the faid Fifherres and Manufafturies, and to appoint Triiftees for putting the fame in Execution. 3 !?at>al jsDtOJSff.] a Geo. n. cap. 31, An Aft to encourage the Importation of Mafts, Yards andBowfprits from Scotland. Cojpdjal^unifliments;.] 3 gm. ii. cap. 31. An Aft f or enabling the Judges of the Court of Seftion in Scotland to ad¬ journ the faid Court, and to limit the Time for the execution of Sentences, importing Corporal Punilhments in that King- ■ cijtiffmas Vacation.] ’ r !' e J^ges ot , tlie c °urr of Seffion are hereby impowered to adjourn their Sedions be¬ tween the 13th of Dumber and the 13th of January, for. any (pace of Time not exceeding teii Days 3 fo that they may fiill have a Yule Vacance, or Chrifimas Vacation, if their Judges fee fit. . . . Cojpojal iduni(T)mentjer.] further enafted, that it (hall.be lawful for the Magiftrates and Courts of Judicature, to put. in Execution, any Sentence importing Corporal Punilhmcnf, lefs than Death or Difmembring, in any part of Scotland t louth of the frith, within eight Days after ir is pronounced ; and to the Northward of the frith, within ten Days after if is pronounced. afiuDge# map refpite execution.] And the Judges of the Court of Judiciary, or any of them, are authorized, upon Application to them, to delay Execution, if they think pro. per, for thirty Days, to the end Application may be made for. Relief againft any hard or unjuft Sentence.] CHAP. VI. Of the Diet , -Attire, Recreations , and Buildings of the Scots. ©iet -1 T’HE Diet of the Scots is agreeable to their EftateS ■ A and Qualities; No People eat better, or have greater Varieties of Flefh, Fifh, wild and tame Fowl, than the Scots Nobility and Gentry in their own Country, where they can furnith their Tables with Ten Difhes cheaper than the Emlilh can provide Three of the fame Kinds; and of their Wines, the French’themfelves did not before the Union drink better, and at very eafy Rates. The Tradefmen, Farmers and Common People; are hot- fuch exceflive Devourers of Flejit as Men of the fame Rank are in England. Milk-meats and Oat¬ meal feveral Ways prepared, and Cale and Roots drefled in feveral Manners, is the conftant Diet of the poor People (tor Eoa/2- Book III. of Great-Britain; 433 Roajl-meat is feldom had but on Gaudy-Days) and with this kind of Food they enjoy a better State of Health than theic more Southern Neighbours, who fare higher. aittire.] Anciently, All Degrees of Men and Women were determined in Scotland by the Sumptuary Laws of the Kingdom. None might wear Silk or coftly Furring, except Knights and Barons of Two Hundred Marks yearly,and their eldeft Sons.with- out Licenfe from the King, nor no otherPerfons wear Broidery, Pearls or Bullion; and by afpecial Aft of Parliament made in the Reign of King James II, no Women are allowed to come to Kirk or Mercat with their Faces Mujfel'd, under Pain of the EfcheatoftheCwtfrAy; the folemn Apparel, or Manner of Ar- rayments for Members of Parliament, for Speakers,tor Magifrates of Burghs, Lord of Seflion and other inferior Judges, were ap¬ pointed by the King. And all Kirk-men (i. e. Minifters) were ordered to wear Black; and by the Aft of Trade, in the Reign of K. Charles ll, Menand Women were prohibited from wearing any Cloaths trimmed with Gold and Silver Buttons, Laces, Em¬ broidery, Fringes, or Filigrane, Silks or Stuffs wherein was either Silver or Gold Thread, upon Pain of Forfeiting the Cloaths and Five hundred Marks of Fine, Joties quoties: Which has been carefully obferved, and at prefent nothing is worn but decent plain Cloth or Staff by Men of the bcft Quality of this Country, except Military Officers, that are privileged in Time of Service to wear Laced Liveries, and out of Service, ’till they have worn them out. The meaner Sort in the Lomlands are habited like the Englijls, except their Sennets and Plaids, which they wear different from the Highlanders, who are con- ftant in their Cloathing in Plaids, which are only one Piece of 7 or S Yards long, with which they cover their whole Bo¬ dies from Neck to Knee, excepting the Right Arm, which they manage fo artificially, as to fupply the Defeft of Drawsrs and Breeches; they cover their Heads with Thrum Caps, Blue, Grey, or Sad Colour, asthe Buyer pleafes. JRecreatiOnS.l Not to mention Hunting, Hawking,Setting, Hotlc-racing, Filhing, Fowling, Courfing, Bow-ling, and fuch Manly Sports, proper only to the Nobility, Gentry, and their Attendants;the Sportfcalled Foot-Ball playing, and Golf, were the ufual Recreations of the Common People, to which they Were fo addifted, that there was no lefs than three Afts ofPar«l liament in fo many fevcral Reigns to difeharge the Ufe of them, under the Penalty of 50 Shillings to the Lord of the Land, or to the Sheriff in his Negleft; which being of no Advantage to the Publick, the Wifdomof the State Enafted, ThztlVeaping Shaming (hould fitcceed in the (lead of them, and be kept four Times a Year in every Shire, and fo likewife in the Boroughs;all Men being fufficiently Harnafled and Armed, F f and 43+ Cfje^efent ©tate Partin. and Buts (or as they call them, Bow-marks) fet up for Shoot¬ ing in every Parilh, with the Ufe of Guns and Fire-Arms; that fo the King’s Lesges might be ready and fit for War upon eight Days Warning. This was defrgned to inftruft the Stand¬ ing Militia of the Kingdom. ffiuiltungtf.l If we may judge of the Statelinefs, Grandure, and Beauty of the Publick Buildings in Scotland, by their pre- fent Ruins, we mud needs conclude that they were Magnifi¬ cent Structures. Mod of the Cathedral and Collegiate Churches Were, and thofe that remain are, of Free-done, with which this. Country abounds; and fo were iheAbbys, Convents, and Monafleries, which the Rabble in the Beginning ofthe Reforma¬ tion razed from the very Foundation, and converted the Stones and other ufeful Materials to the Building of Houfes and Ci. ties, which in many Places are covered with Slate. The Houfes of the Nobility and Gentry are alfo builtwith Free-done, and well-furnifhed, agreeable to their Qualities. CHAP. VII. Of Punijhments in Scotland. i» Mong the Crimes that in the Laws of Scotland are called XI Capital, High Treafin is the firffc: And for the Punifhment of that and other Capital Crimes, there is a late Aft of the Par¬ liament of Great-Brstain, Annofeptimo Ann/e Regent, end- tuled. An ACl for improving the Union of the Two Kingdoms-, Which datutes and appoints the Method and Manner of Pro¬ ceedings in the Trial of fuch Criminals. Now, High-Treafon confids in Confpiring,Plotting, Contriving and Intending the Death and Dedruftion of the King or Queen, or any bodily Harm tending thereto, or any Redraint upon their Perfons; or to Deprive, Depofe, or to Sufpend them from the Stile, Honour, or Kingly Name, of this, or any other his Majedy’s Dominions; or to Sufpend him from the Exercife of his Go¬ vernment ; or to levy War, or to take up Arms againd him, or any Commiffionate by him; or to enticeStrangers, or others, to invade any of his Dominions; and by Writing, Printing, or other malicious and advifed Speaking, exprefs or declare fuch other Treafonable Intentions: And the Offenders are pu- miihed as Traitors, with Death, Lofs of Honour to their Po- fterities, and their whole Edates forfeited to the Crown. They are put to Death in the fame Manner as in England, byDraw- ing, Hanging, Quartering of Men, and Burning of Women: But a " ' ' Nobleman Book III; of Great-Britain. 435* Hoblemen are generally Beheaded, not with an Ax, as in Un-v¬ iand, or a Sword as in Holland ; but by an Inflrument called a Maiden-, which is a broad Piece of Iron about a Foot fquare, very lharp on the lower Part, and loaded above with fuch a Weight of Lead, that is fcarce to be lifted. At the Time of Execution it is pulled up to the.Top of a narrow Wooden Frame about to Foot high,and as broad as the Engine,withMouldings on each Side for the Maiden to Hide in: About four Foot from the Ground, a Convenience is made for the Ptifoner to lay his Heck, with a kind' of a Bar fo fattened as to keep him from Sirring: Upon a Sign given, the Maiden is let loofe, and in a Moment feparates the Head from the Body. The Sms have a Tradition, that the firft Inventor of this Machine was the fit ft thatfuffered by it. Bringing in of any kind of Poifon into the Realm, thro’ which Man or Woman may take any bodily Harm, for any Manner of Ufe, is alfo Trea/eu; and fo isdeclining.the King’s Authority, or impugning the Authority and Dignity of the States in Parliament ; Accufing another calumnioufly of Trea- fon, is Treafon-, and if the Perfon accufed be acquit, the Ac- cufermaft fuffer as a Traitor. Murder and Slaughter of a Per- fon under the Trull, Credit, Afl'urance, and Power of the Slayer, is alfo Treafon, andpuriifhable as fuch. [Thefe Offen¬ ces are not Treafon at this Day, as appears by an Aft made fince the Union, which fee at the end of this Trail.] Robbers upon the High-way, Breakers of Houfes, Re-fetters of Thieves,at hitercommumrs with them to that Effeft.and Prayers of Black Mail, are guilty of Felony, and pur,i[liable with Con- fife,ition of Goods and Death : But Stealers of Wood, Breakers of Hedges, Dykes, Fences, and Stealers of Fruit, Honey, or Fife out of Ponds or Lochs, are punilhed with Pains Pectmial, not ex¬ ceeding Forty Pounds Scots. And if Children under Age commit any of thefe Things, their Fathers or Mailers are to pay 13 s. 4 d. or on£ Mark Scots, for every Angle Offence; or elfe deli¬ ver them to the Judge to be whipped. But fuch as fell the Goods of Thieves of Clans, that dare not come to Market in the Lowlands themfelves, are punilhed with Banilhment and Ef- cheat of Moveables; Half to the King, and the other Half to the Apprehender. Forgers of Inflrument s, Falfe-Witneffes, or Men guilty of Suity- nation, and their Accomplices, are punilhed by piercing their Tongues, Forfeiture of Goods and Chattels, andTrifamy : And fur¬ ther at the'judge's Difcretion. But it is to beobferved, although the Lords of Sejfson pu ni(h thefe Crimes ad Arbitr'tum, yet the Juftices punilh them with Death. If 43 6 €lje f aefent ^>tate Part n. Extortioners, ot Takers, or Makers of Bargains, for greater Intereft and Profit for the Loan of Money , than at the Rate of Ten Pounds, or live Bolt Victual per Cent, for the Year, in cafe that be the prefent legal Intereft, forfeit the Principal Money, and all their Moveables. The Party is to pay it; and for the Ufury, if he reveal it, isdifchargedof the Debt ; and if ano¬ ther reveal it, be has Right to the Sum; and the Receiver or Contraftor for the faid Ufury, fhall ufe the Principal. Forejiallers of Markets, or Regraters, that buy any Merchan¬ dize or Viftual by Land or Water, before it is prefentedinthe Market, or in the Market before lawful Time of Day, are punilhed by Imprifonment, and a Pine of Pony Pounds Scots for the firft Fault; for the fecond, an Hundred Maries, and for the third, Lofs of Moveables. All Judges and Officers, whom it concerns,upon any bodily Hurt done, or Slaughter committed, upon Complaint, are di. ligentlyto enquire, if the Deed was done on Forethought, Felony, or through Chaud Mella, i. e. upon a Rencounter in a Pajfton ; if upon the former, the Trefpajfer is incontinently imprifoned,and his Life and Goods at the King's Will; but if the Faff is found to be done thro’ Chaud Mella, uponTrial he is acquitted. Forefaulture ofPerfons convifted for Lefe Majejlie, or Treafons of any kind.are punifhed by the King’s feizing all Lands hold- enof himfelf, and their Lives are at the King’s Will. Confejfton extorted from fufpefted Criminals in Scotland, is by an lnftrument called the Soot, made of 4 Pieces of narrow Boards nailed together, of a competent Length for the Leg ; in which they put the Leg of the Party, which they wedge tight on all Sides, asOccafion requires, according to theNoto. riety of the fuppofed Crime. Something alfo they have like it for the Thumb, which they call the Tkumhins, for left fufpe£lei Offences. [Torture is abolilh’d fince the Union, by an A& of Parliament, which fee at the End of thisTraft.] CHAP. VIII. Of Societies inputted in Scotland, for the Ad¬ vancement of Religion , whether Incorporated or Voluntary. T HE lateQueen’sMajefty underftanding the charitable In¬ clinations of many of her Sub]eft:s, for raifmg a voluntary Contribution towards the further promoting Chrtflm Knowledge, Book III. Of Great-Britain. 437 and the Increafe of Piety and Virtue within Scotland, efpeciallyin the Highlands, Iflands, and remote Corners thereof, where Error, Idolatry, Superfiition, and Ignorance, do mojlly abound j did fir£t by her Royal Proclamation, dated Auguft 18,1703, approveand recommend the aforefaid charitable Defign; and afterwards granted her Letters Patent for incorporating the Subfcribers and Contributors to this pious Dejign into a Body Politick, by the Name of SDje Societp in&cotlano foj propagating Cfjciffian Knotolesgt; granting them full Power toreceive Subfcriptions, Mortifications, Donations, Legacies, Sums of Money, Lands, Goodi and Gear, and therewith to ereH and maintain Schools to leach to read, efpecially theHoly Scriptures, and other good and pious Books 5 and alfo to teach Writing, Arithmetick, and fitch like Degrees of Knowledge in (ftejHighlands, Iflands, and remote Corners o/Scot- land, appointing them a general Meeting Quarterly at Edin¬ burgh, in the Town-Hall, the firft Thurfday of January, March, June, and November, Yearly, andoftener when and where the Society Ihall think meet. Nine of their Number to be a %uorum, with Power by Plurality of Voices to eleft a Prejident, a Treafttrer, a Secretary or Clerk, and other Officers’; all which are obliged to take an Oath de fideli Adminifiratione Ojficij ; with feveral other Rights, Privileges and Immuni¬ ties for the better and more orderly carrrying on this Good Defign. Thefe Letters Patent bearDate the 25th of May, 1709. And to do Juftice to the General Aflembly of the Church of Scot¬ land, it mull be obferved that they palled an A cl to encourage' the Defign ok Charity-Schools in April thisvery Year 1709, and Subfcriptions were then begun to be made: And there appeared a good Profpeft of Succefs; for by the Patent which they now have received, the Defign was really begun, and xooo l. Ster¬ ling was fubferibed to it: And the Dutchefs of Hamilton, to her great Honour, fettled fome of thefe Schools in the Ifle of Arran. For altho’ every Parilh in Scotland is obliged to maintain one School-Mafier, yet it is but in fome Places that the School-Mafiers are obliged to teach the Poor gratis. So that not- withflanding that Legal Provifion, Charity-Schools are found to be highly neceflary in Scotland, as well as in England and Foreign Countries, Two noble Examples are come to Know¬ ledge, which ought not to be omitted, viz. that to Ci R- I, A FROCK, near DUMFRIES in Dumfriesjhire, a pri¬ vate Gentleman gave lalt Year 1000/. towards erefting a Charity-School for all the Poor Children in the Town and Neigh¬ bourhood, the fame being much infefled with Papifis. And James Frafer, Efq; has lately done the fame. The Genet al Alfembly having interefled themfelves in this Glorious Under¬ taking, by publilhing their AH and Recommendation for fur- f f 3 thcrtr.g 43 8 Hit pjefcnt State Part 11. thering the TSeftgn of Propagating Chriftian Knowledge, an In- ftrument fora Subfcription has been drawn up, and Printed Co. fits thereof fentto all the Presbyteries, to the Knd that the Mi. jiifters may propofe this good Work to thofe within their Bounds,'and deal withpioufly difpofedPerfons, for obtaining their Concurrence, getting Subfcriptions, &c. 0 CHAP. IX. Of SCHOOLS, and other Benefaffions for Stu¬ dies in Scotland. ' £ 3 rl) 00 lS-] x N every Parifh there is a School fet up by Aft JL of Parliament, as hath been already mention- ed, whofe Majler has a Salary from the Publick, and the Scholars allow him fome fmall Matter Quarterly. In Country Schools they teach Writing and Arithmetic^ and Reading Eng- lip, and in fome Latin. In the Royal Burghs they teach La¬ tin and Greek, and have tolerable Salaries; befides that each Scholar gives ir. or i j. 6 d, a Quarter; and in thefe Schools they teach nothing elfe, having Englip' and Writing-Schools bo¬ lides in all Places where they have Grammar-Schools . In Country Parilhes the School-mafter is ufually Precentor and Xirk-Sejjion-Clerk, which bring him in fome Advantage; for he receives i s, and fometimes t s. 8 d. for asking of Banns of Marriage ; 6 d. for liegiftring a Child that is Chriftned ; and 3 d. for a Certificate (css any Perfon that removes out of the Parifh. Alt School-Majlers are obliged to take the Oath of Allegiance, to fubferibe the Confejfton of Faith , and muff fub. mit to a Trial from the Presbytery of the Bounds, Burfarsh] For a continual Supply of Miniflers in the Kirk of Scotland, it was ordained by the General AJfembly fitting at Edinburgh, AID. 16+5, That a Number of pious Youths of good Expectations and approved Abilities, (hould be cho- fen, and fent Burfars, or Exhibitioners, to the Unherjities, by tbefeveral Presbyteries of Scotland, every Presbytery confiding of u Kirks, being required to fend and maintain' one Burfar yearly at the Univerftty ; and where the Presbyteries are fewer in Number, they are to join with other Presbyteries to make up the Number; And the Overplus oi the Number to be or¬ dered and difpbfed by the Presbyteries and Synods-, and their Books to bear Record thereof. Thefe Burfars are to be al¬ lowed for their Maintenance tool. Scots per Annum at lead. Book III. of Gkeat-Britain. 439 which is to be taken out of the Kick Penalties, and thefaid Maintenance to be collefted by the Moderator of every Pres- bytery, by equal divided Portions, the one half to be brought in at the Winter Synod, and given to the Eurfars, and the other half at the Summer Synod, to be font unto them. The Time of the Eurfars Continuance at the Univerfity is not to exceed four Years; if before that Tina any of thefe Eurfars Ihould be removed by Death, or be called to a particular Charge, another is to fucceed in his Room. kWBurfars of Theology are obliged to bring fufEcientTeftimonies from the Univerfities where they are bred, of their Proficiency and good Behaviour, and be aifo ready to give a Proof of their Labours aj the feveral Synods, if it fhall be required: And if they are found deficient, their Exhibitions are taken away and given to others. Befides Eurfars from Presbyteries, therearealfo others main¬ tained by Noblemen and Gentlemen, Minifters and others who have left great Sums of Money for that End; the Intereft whereof is applied to maintain poor Students: And by a Gift of King William 111 , diverfe Students have confiderable Allow¬ ances to ftudy beyond Seas; which Gifc is charged upon the Revenues of the late Bilhops. In theYear 1578, theTown of Edinburgh iomiei their high School, by Warrant and Encouragement from (he Royal Boun¬ ty of King^ams; VI, whence ittook the Name of the King’s School; it hasa Matter, four' Ulhers, a Writing-Matter and a Janitor ; all which are provided with fixed competent Salaries, except the Writing-Matter, whofe Benefit is cafual. It hath a publick Library, erefted by the Authority of the Town-Couh 7 cil, Anno i 6 ; 3 , principally confiding of Latin and Greek Claf- fick Authors. CHAP. X. Of the City of Edinburgh, < 2 tltnbuTgtj *3 T? Lsinburgh is the Metropolis of Scotland, for- . li merly the Royal Seat, and far furpafleth all the other Cities of North-Britain in the Statelinefc of its Churches, the Beauty and Neatnefs of its publick and pri¬ vate Buildings, the Largenefs of its Circumference, and in the Number and Wealth of its Inhabitants. Very many of the F f 4 Hpqfes '440 €fje pefettt ©tats Part il Houfes are parted into diverfe Tenements, and they very of. ten have as many Landlords as Stories, having no Dependance upon one another, faying that they are built upon one and the fame Foundation. $ame and antiquity.] By the mod ancient Inhabitants it was called Dun 'Eden ; by the Latins, Edimiumtm ; and by their Saxon Ancedors, Edinburgh ; ' all which lignify 3 Town upon a Hill, or rather the City of th tEdeni, built up- on a Hill. The Edeni were thofe whom Ptolemy called Otto, deni-, which Word, as fomelearned Men think, wasmidaken for Scottodeni, the two firft Letters SC being through Hade of the Copiers omitted. Ptolemy calls this Place Cajlnim alatum, the -winged Caftle, not from the Greek Way of Building mentioned by Vitruvius, but from the very Nature of the Place ; for, belides the Lake on both Sides, there aretwo Hills near theRock on which the Cadledands, which fomething referable? Wings, as may be eafily perceived, if one goes to the City from theSouth-Ead by the Sea-fidej for. then' thofe Rocks appear like Wings firetched forth, and theRock on which theCadle dands, like the Head of a Bird with a Tuft. This feems to be the true Reafon of the Name. ; Situation.] The Hill on which the City dands, hath upon the Notthftdea ftandingPool, Commonly called the Norths Loch 5 upon the South-lide there was formerly another dand. ingPool, called the South-Loch, as appears by fome Leafes of Houfes in Si. Ninian’i-Row, which were let with the Pri¬ vilege of a Boat annexed. Thefe two Lochs or Lakes bounded the City upon thofe two Sides, as the North-Loch doesatpre- fent on' the Northbut the South-Loch was drained above 100 Tears ago, and upon its Banks are built two feveral Ranges of Houfes, between which is a Street called the Cow-gate, built upon the Ground which was once covered with Water. A great Part of the City dands upon anAfcent ; and it is very probable, that the Cadle was the Caufe of building the City; for fird the Neighbours having built a few Houfes near the Cadle, others followed their Example, that they might be defended by it from.thelnfults of their Enemies. This City is rnciofed with fomething which feems to have been an old Roman Wall on every Side except the North, Where it is fecured by the Loch. It has 6 Gates, two to the Ea/l, two to the South, one to the Weft, and another lately built to the North. One of the Gates to the Eaft is called the Netherbow, which was magnificently rebuilt in 1616, and adorned with Towers on both Sides, and is the chief Gate of the City. The other Gate to the Ead is called the Cowgau, from vvhich there’s an Etyry into the Netherftreet, which runs ■Book III. of.G re a ^Britain. 44 f the Length of the whole City, and is fomctimes called the Cowgate-ftreet. The Eaftermoft of the Gates to the South is called the Potter-Row-Port, from the Suburbs called the Pot¬ ter-Row. The Weftermoft of thefe is called the Society-Port , properly the Brewers-Port. In that Place is a great fquare Court with Buildings round about' it, to the very Walls of the City. The Weft-Gate at the other End of the City lying beneath the Cattle, affords an Entrance from the Suburb of of the fame Name. The North-Gate , which was laft made, at the lower End of the North-Loch, is twofold, the Inner and Outer Port, through which there is an Entry into the City from the Suburb called the Mtttters-Hill. There are two Streets extending the Length of the whole Town. The chief Street, \vhich is called th eHigh-ftreet, is one of the broadeft Streets in Europe-, from it run many Lanes or Winds, as the Scott call them, on both Sides. The Nether or Lcwer-ftreet has alfo many Winds running to the South. In the very Middle of the City is a Cathedral Church, called St. Giles's; fo large that it is divided in three Places for preach¬ ing, every one of which is appropriated to a diftinff Parilh. It is built of hewn Srone, beautified with Pillars and Arches of the fame. In the Middle it forms a perfect Crofs, by four Parts of this Church meeting together, which fupporta (lately high Tower, with a Top of curious Workmanlhip, reprefent- ingan Imperial Grown. Befides this Cathedral Church, there are in the City, The South Church, called the Grey-friars Church, which {lands in the Middle of the common Burying Place. Many Tombs and Monuments furround the Church, and amongwhich that of Sir George Mackenzie appears like a MaufoUum. There is alfo a Church of fquare hewn Stone with a Tower, built Anno 1641, which is called the Trone-Chxrch. The Collegiate Church of the Sacred Trinity was built by Mary of Gelders, King James Il’s Queen, where alfo (lie lies interred. The LadyT/Zer’s Church was built by the Ladyljfcr, who alfo left a Sum of Money for maintaining a good able Man to preach and perform Divine Service therein. Befides thefe Churches, there are two Chapels in the City, St. Mary Magdalen's in the Cowgate, and St. Mary's in Nedries Wind. There is another Chapel of the fame Name at the Foot of the Canon-Gate; .as likewife feveral Meeting-Houfes lately built both in the City and Suburbs, Within thefe 10 Years has been built a very beautiful Church about the Middle of the Canon-Gate, on the North- lide, and a confidcrable Piece of Ground indofed for a • Church- 442. Cfie ©tais Part II. Church-yard, by a Legacy left by Sir Thomas Motile of Sack- ton-Hall for that Purpofe. Near the Cathedral Church is the Parliatnent-Houfe, where the Eftates of the Kingdom formerly fat. It Hands in a great Court, wherein is a handfome Figure of King Charles 11, on Horfeback: The Court is abounded on the North by the Church it felf; The Wefl-fide is indofed by the Comcil-Hottfe, wiiere the Town-Council afiembles: The Scarf; is bounded by the Sejflon-Houfc, where the Judges and Lord of Scffion fit ; jn the upper Part of this Building are the Privy Council and Exchequer Chambers. The reft of the South and Eaft-fide of this Court is indofed with the upper and lower Exchange, and jwith a Row of very ftately Buildings. Almoft 40 Years ago, the Magiftrates of Edinburgh, at a vaft Expence, brought one of the beft Springs in Scotland into the City by Leaden Pipes, from a Hill above three Miles diftant from it; and have erefted very ftately Fountains in the Middle of the High-Street, to ferve the Town with Water. 53auk of ^COtlant),] At the Foot of a Clofe on the North Side of the Land Market is the Bank of Scotland, which was erefted by Aft of Parliament, 1695. Their chief Bufinefs and Defign is to make Payments, and lend Money at an eafy Jntereft. The Office is managed by a Governour, a Deputy- Governour, and 14 Direftors 5 whereof 1 a are ordinary, and iz extraordinary. The whole Managers meet only once a Quarter, the tz ordinary Direftors meet the firft Tuefday in every Month; which Meetings arc termed The Court of Di¬ rectors. The ordinary Direftors are fubdivided into 4 Claffes or Sub-committees, Who attend by Turns Weekly every or¬ dinary Day, except Saturday: The Direftors perform all Mat¬ ters of Moment by Balloting. The principal Officers of the Bank arc, 1. A Treafurer, who has convenient Lodgings in the Office, under whom are 'three Tellers. 1. A Secretary, 3. An Accomptant. The annual Eleftions are in March-, and the firft Court of General DireSlirs is hold on the firft Thttrfday in April. aiir.] The great Breadth of the High-flreet, and the many Lanes which lie on each Side of ir, from North to South, and which fend up the Air as it were in Pipes into the High-ftreet, and the Nearnefs of the two Hills called Neils Craigs on the North, Sarisbury Craigs on the South, do all contribute to the Town’s being very airy ; which conduces not a little to the Wholefomenefs of it, infomuchthat it was never heard ihat.the Plague raged in Edinburgh, except it was brought thither by infefted Merchandizes: Which Purity of the Air is daily increafed by bringing in the Water above-mentioned, which as it has been ordered by a wife Aft of Council, Book III. Of-GRE at-Britain. 443 cleaves the City from Naftinefs. Without the Walls of the' City are the Suburbs , among which, that which lies from the Fiether-bow to the Abby, called the Canon-gate, has the Pre¬ eminence ; it is adorned with goodly Buildings and fine Gar¬ dens. ' On the South Side is a very fine Houfe belonging to the Earl of Murray, with very pleafant Gardens adjoining to it. At the lower End of this Suburb is the Abby of Holy- Bood-Houfe, founded by King David I, for the Monks of the Order of St. Augujlin, which was formerly confumed by Fire, ail but the Church, in which feveral of the Scotch Kings and. Queens are interred. On the North-Side of the City, in a pleafant Valley, is the Phyjick-Garden, of which the ingenious and learned Botaniji Mr. Jams Sutherland was Overfeer, who was placed there by the excellent Founder Sir Andrew Balfour ; and who by his indefatigable Induftry has brought together fo many 'Plants, that itwasin 30 Years time one of the belt flocked Gardens in Europe. Spagnitune.] The Number of Inhabitants increafing in Edinburgh from what they were of Old, the City is now ftretched forth to the very Foot of the Afcent to the Eaft; fo that the City and Suburbs of the Canon-Gate, and the King’s Palace, is in.Length an entire Scotch Mile : In Breadth, includ¬ ing the Suburbs, half a Scotch Mile, and in Circumference three Miles. jyritl), jjfirtf}, or JpOtTI).] Above the Mouth of the River Tyne, upon the Doubling of the Shore, is a noble Arm of the Sea, well furnilhed with Iflands, and by the Influx of many Rivers, and the Sea Tides, is dilated to a great Breadth. Pto¬ lemy calls it Boaeria ; Tacitus, Bodotria ; the Scots, the Forth or Frith ; the Englijli, Edinborottgb Frith. plubfick ©minings'.] Befides the Cathedral and the other Churches, Chapels and Hofpitals, with the Partiament-Houfq already dcfcribed, and the Colleges, which will be accounted for when we come to the IJniverfity, there is aftrong Cattle, called by the Scots the Maiden-Cajlle, becaufe the Daughters of the PiSli/h Kings were faid to have been taught here the Dfe of their Needles. It is fituate at the Head of the Town, on the Weft, where the Hill rifes into a large Top. It is properly a Citadel, for it both hangs over and commands the Town. The Rock on which it is fituated, is upon the South, Weft, and North inacceflible. The Entrance into the Caftle is from the Town. The chief Defence on this Side, is the round Battery ; at the Foot whereof is a defigned Outwork, which is yet fcarce brought to a Condition of De-. fence ; but will add very much to the Strength of it when finilhed. In the Caftle alfo is a Royal Palace, built of Square -.. ’ ; • Stone. 444 ffi$e l&efent State -Tartu. Stone, where the Regalia of the Kingdom are kept. An Ac¬ count whereof, 1 prefume, will not difplcafe the Reader, though itoccafion fome fmall Digreflion. The Imperial Crown of Scotland is of pure Gold, enriched with many precious Stones, Diamonds, Pearls, and curious Enamellings: Its Parts and Spccifick Form arethefe: Prime, It's compofed of a large broad Curl or Fillet, which goes round the Head, adorned with Twenty-two large precious Stones, viz. Topazes, Amethyifs, Garnets, Emeraulds, Ru¬ bies, and Hyacinths, in Collets of Gold of various Forms, and with curious Enamellings: And betwixt each of thcfe Collets of Stones, are interpofed great Oriental Pearls, one of which is wanting, i. Above the great Circle there is another fmall one formed with Twenty Points, adorned with the like Number of Diamonds and Saphires alternately ; and the Points are topped with as many great Pearls, after which Form are the Coronets of our Lords Barons. 3. The upper Circle is relevate, or heightned with ten Crofles Fiore'e, each being adorned in the Centre with a great Diamond betwixt four great Pearls placed in Crofs, ten, one and one: But fome of the Pearls are wanting; and the Number extent upon the upper Part of the Crown, befideswhat are in the under Circle; and in the Crofs Patc'e, are Fifty-one; and thefe Crofles Floree are interchanged with other ten high Flours do Lys, alternative with the forefaid great Pearls below, which top the Points of the fecond fmall Circle. Neta, This is faid to bp the ancient Form of the Crown of Scotland fince the League made betwixt Athaw.s King of Scots, and Charles the Great of France : The fppcifick Form of this Crown differ¬ ing from other imperial Crowns, in that it is heightened with Crofles Floree alternatively with Fleurs de Lys, and that of England with Crofles Patee alternatively with Fleurs de Lys. The Crown of Scotland, fince King James VI went to England, has been ignorantly reprefented.by Herald-Painters, Engravers, and other Tradefmen, after the Form of the Crown of England, with Crofles Patee ; whereas there is not one but that which tops the Mond, but all Crofles Floree: Such as we fee in our old Coins, and thefe which top our old Churches: Thefe Crowns were not anciently arched or clofe, Charles the Eighth of France is faid to be the firft in Frame who took a clofe Crown, as appears by his Medals coined in the Year 1495, being defigned jmperatcr Orientis. Edward the Fifth of England, in the Year 1483, carried a clofe Crown, as is obferved by Selden: And the Scotch Crown is arched thus: 4. From the upper Circle proceed four fetches, adorned with Enamelled Figures, w hich meet and clofe at the Top, furmounted with a Mond of Book III. of Gr.eat-Br.it AIN. 44£ Gold, or Celeftial Globe, Enamelled Blue Semite, Or, pow¬ dered with Stars, Crofted and Enamelled with a large Crofs Patce, adorned in the Extremities with a great Pearl; fuch a Crofs tops the Church of Holy-Rocd-Hottfe, and cantoned with other four in the Angles; in the Centre of the Crofs- Patee, there is a Square Amethift, which points the Fore-part of the Crown, and behind, or on the other Side, is a great Pearl, and below it, on the Toot of the Palar Part of the Crofs, are thefe Cliaraftcrs, J. R. 5. By which it feems that King James V was the firft that clofed the Crown with Ar¬ ches, and topped it with a Mond or Crofs Patee. But it is evident, Prime, that the Money and Medals coined in the Reigns of King James III and IV, have a dofe Crown; and it is no lefs clear, that the Arches of the Crown were not put there from the Beginning, or at the making of the Crown; becaufe, Prime, they are tacked by Tacks of Gold to the an¬ cient Crown, i. The Workmanthip of the Arch is not fo good, and there is a fmallDiftinCtionin Finenefs betwixt the firft and laft ; the latter being of fuperfine Gold, and the other not fo exaftly to that Standard; Trial thereof has been made. The Tire or Bonnet of the Crown was of Pur¬ ple Velvet, but in the Year 1685, it got a Cape of Crimfon Velvet, adorned as before, with four Plates of Gold richly Wrought and enamelled, and on each of them a great Pearl half an Inch in Diameter, which appears between the fouc Arrhes, and the Bonnet is turned up with Ermine; upon the loweft Circle of the Crown, immediately above the Ermine, there are eight fmall Holes, difpofed two and two together on the four Quarters of the Crown, in the middle Space be¬ twixt the Arches, to which they have laced or tied Diamonds ot precious Stones. The Crown is nine Inches broad in Dia¬ meter, being Twenty-feven Inches about; and in Height, from under the Circle to the Top of the Crofs Pate'e fix Inches and a half: It always ftandson a fquare Culhionof Crimfon Velvet, adorned with Fringes, and four Taffals of Gold Thread hanging down at each Corner. The Sceptre: The Stalk or Stem of the Sceptre being Silver double over Gilt, is two Foot in Length, of Hexagoa Form, with three Buttons or Knots anftvcring thereto ; betwixt the firft Button and the fecond is the Handle of Hexagon Form, furling in the Middle and plain; betwixt the fecond Button and the third there are three Sides engraven; on that under the Virgin Mary t oneof the Statues that are on theTop of the Stalk, is the Letter J ; upon the fecond Side, undec St. James, is the Letter R; and on the third, under St .Andrew, is the Figure 5. The Side betwixt J and R, is engraven with fourteen Flours de Lys, and.on the Side betwixt the Figure 5 444 P?efentState Parti! and the Letter J, are ten Thirties continued-from one Stem from the third Button to the Capita!; the three Sides under the Statues are plain, and on the other three are antique En¬ gravings, viz. Sacramental Cups, antique Medttfa's Heads, and Rullion Foliages; upon the Top of the Stalk is an anti¬ que Capital of Leaves emboffed; upon the Abacus whereof arifes round the prolonged Stem, furrounded with three Sta¬ tues, Firft, that of the Bleffed Virgin, crowned with an open Crown, holding in her Right Arm OUR BLESSED SAVIOUR, and in her left Hand a Mond enfigned with a Crofs: Next to her, on her Right Hand, Hands the Statue of St. Andrew in an Apoftolical Garment, and on his Head a Bonnet, like a Scot’s Bonnet, holding in his Right Hand a Crofs, or Saltire, a Part whereof is broke off; and in his Left elevate, a Book open, on the Bleffed Virgin’s Left Hand, On St. Andrew's Right Hand Hands another Statue, Teeming to reprefent St. James with the like Apoftolical Garment, and a hanging Neck fuperadded thereto, and upon his Head a little Hat like to the Reman Pileum : In his Right Hand, half elevate, a Book open, and in his Left a Paftoral Staff, the Head is broke off; and above each Statue, being two Inches and an half, excepting the Virgin, which is little lefs, the finilhing of a Gethick Niche. Betwixt each Statue arifes in a Rullion in Form of a Dolphin, very diftinft, in Length four Inches, Foliage along the Body, their Heads upward and affronted inward, and the Turning of their Tails ending in a Rofe or Cinque-Foil outward. Above thefe Rulli- ons and Statues Hands another Hexagon Button, or Knot, with Oak Leaves under every Corner, and above it a Cryftal Globe of two Inches and a quarter Diameter; within three Bars jointed above, where it is furmounted with fix Bullions: And here again with an Oval Globe topped with an Oriental Pearl, half an Inch Diameter, the whole Sceptre in Length is Thirty-four Inches, The Sword is in Length five Foot; the Handle and Pom¬ mel are of Silver over Gilt, in Length fixteen Inches; the Pom¬ mel is round and fomewhat flat on the twoSides; on the Middle of each there is of Emboffed Work a Garland, and in the Centre there have been two enamelled Plates which are brokeoff; theTraverfe orCrofs of the Sword being of Silver over Gilt, is in Length feventcen Inches and a Half: Its Form is like two Dolphins, the Heads joining, and their Tails End into Acorns; the Shell is hanging downward; the Point of the Sword formed like an Efcafop flourifhed, or ra¬ ther like a great Oak Leaf. On the Blade of the Sword are indented with Gold thefe Letters, Julius II. P. The Scab¬ bard is of Crimfon Velvet, covered with Silver, gilded and wrought Book III. of G R E A T-B R I T AX N., 447 wrought in Philagrain Work into Branches of the Oak-tree Leaves and Acorns * on the Scabbard are placed four round Plates of Silver over-gilt, two of them near to the Crampet are enamelled with Blue, and thereon in Golden Character, Julius II. Pent. Max. P. C. At the Mouth of the Scabbard, oppofite to the Neck, is a large fquare Plate of Silver enamelled Purple, into a Cartouch Azure an Oak-tree eradi¬ cated and fruited, Or. And above the Cartouch the Papal Enfign, viz. Two Keys in Saltire Adofce, their Bowls formed like Rofes, or Cinque-foils, tied with Trappingsand Talfels hanging down at each Side of the Cartouch. Above the Keys is the Papal Tiar, environed with three Crowns, with two Labels turned up, adorned with Crolfes. Pope Juli¬ us II, who gave this Sword to King James IV, had for his Armorial Figures, an Oak-tree fruited, which is the Reafon the Sword is adorned with fuch Figures, a Hill, a Star; which Figures I find not on any Part of the Sword ; if they have been on the two enamelled Plates, which are loft off from the Pommel, I know not. But it is certain this Pope had fuch Figures, as appears by thefe Verfes made by Volttline, a famous Isalian Poet; as the fame are mentioned by Hcr- mansss Hermes a German Writer, who gives us thefe Lines found in the Monaltery. Quercia, Mens, Jklla, formant tua Stemmata Pr'mteps, Hifjue tribus trinum flat Diadema tmm. Tula Navis Petri, media nonfledlitur Uniis, Mens reget a, vento, Stellaque menflrat iter. This Account was copied from the Principal Inventory. This Caftle is the chief .Magazine for the Arms and Ammu¬ nition of the Nation; and has a moft pleafant Profpeft into the neighbouring Fields and the Forth, from whence it is fa- luted by fuch Ships of War as come to Anchor in Leith Road ; and perhaps the Romans could not have found a better Place for a Fortification. The Governours of this Fortrefs lince the Reftoration of King Charles II, were the Earl of Middleton , the Dukes of Lauderdale, Queensbttry and Gordon. After the Acceflton of K. William and Q. Mary to the Throne of Scot¬ land, the Eqrl of Lcvcn was Chief Commander of Edin¬ burgh- Caftle, which Government was continued to him by her late Majefty. The Royal Palate, which Hands where Holy-Rood Abby formerly flood, has its Name from thence; It has four 448 ti)z l&efent State Part If; Courts; the outer Court, which is as big as ail the reft, has four principal Entries, befides feverai Inlets into the adjacent Gardens, three of which are on the Weft, and the other on the Eaft-Side. The Entry of the Palace is adornt ed with noble Pillars of Stone, and a fine Cupola made like a Crown above it. The fore-part of the Palace is terminated by four high Towers, two of which toward the North, were erefted by K. James V, and the reft by K. Charles II, The fabrick of the inner Court is very ftately, with Pillars round it, all of Stone. From thefe Piazzas there are PalTages to the feverai Appartments, which are truly Royal and Magnificent. But above all, the Long Gallery is remarkable, being adorned with the Pi&ures of all the Kings of Scotland, from Fergus : II downwards. The Palace on all Hands is bounded with lovely Gardens. On the South Side lies the King’s Park, which is ftored with great Variety of Medicinal Plants. Here is alfo an admirable Fountain which, through Conduits, ferves the whole Houfe. Of the Government of the City of Edinburgh. The Eccleftaftical Government of Edinburgh is accord¬ ing to the Presbyterian Difcipline, as has been already dift courfed in the Chapter of Church-Government. They afi- femble orderly in the Church, and Notice is taken of all that are abfent, and if, without lawful Caufe, upon Proof, are punifhable as Prophaners of the Sabbath. No Sports or Recreations, not fo much as walking in the Fields, is to¬ lerated on that Day; Burials at Edinburgh, and generally thtough the Kingdom, are performed without any Cere¬ mony of Words, only the Bodies are decently attended to the Grave by all that pleafe to go ; of which they have No¬ tice by the ringing of a Hand-bell through the Street by the Crier, who fays. All brethren and Sifters, I let you to wot, that there is a Brother —or Sifter ___ departed at the Plea fire of Almighty God, &c. and then gives Notice when he or (he is to be interred. This is all the Invitation: And when the Dead Corpfe is filently laid in the Grave, the Funeral Rues are ended, and the Company retire every one to their feverai Habitations. Cibil dSotaummt.] The Government of Edinburgh is in general much the fame with that of moft of the other Royal Burghs, of which it is the chiefeft, though in moft Burghs there ate fome Variation from the Government of the Book III. of Gre a f-B R i t A i n.' 449 the reft. Tlie Magiftrates and Council of the good Town °f Edinburgh, as it is peculiarly called, are a Provojl, 4 Bailiffs, a Dean of Guild, a Treafurer, 6 Deacons of Crafts, and two Craftfmen. This Council governs the Town, and no others are allowed to be prefent with them, except in extraordina¬ ry Cafes, in which the 14 Deacons of Crafts may be con¬ vened. Some of thefe extraordinary Cafes are Elections of Maniftrates, who are all annual, and ufually chofen about Michaelmas, fetting of Fines, or any other Manner of Tacks, aivino of Benefices, or other Offices of Burgh, building of publick Works, and difpofmg of the common Stock above fuch a Sum. The Powers and Privileges of the City of Edinburgh are very . confiderable; but what they anciently were, is not diftintftly known, mod of the ancient Charters of that City being loft through the Calamities of the Times. In general, it is cer¬ tain, = that their Privileges and Rights were atleaft asextenflva as the Privileges and Rights of any other Royal Burgh in . the Kingdom. Edinburgh was one of the four Burghs that affilted the Chamberlain inthe faffing of Dooms; and when Berwick and Roxburgh were in the Hands oitbe Englijh, King David III, in the Parliament of Perth, 1384, joined Linlithgow and Lanerk to Edinburgh and Sterling, in the room of Berwick and Roxburgh ; and in King James the lid’s Time, the good Town of Edinburgh obtained a Charter, by which the Court of the four Burghs, which gave Rife to the Convention of the Burghs,, fhould always in Time coming be held at Edinburgh, as the Convention of Burghs has been ufually held fince. The Magiltracy of Edinburgh have the entire Jurifdiflion of Sheriffs within the City, and without the City, from Inchbuck- linbrae Eaft, to Cramond-Water Weft, and as far to the South as the Mid-water of the Earth reaches towards the North. The Provojl is principal Sheriffs the Bailiffs are jointly and feverally his Deputies. All Efcheats of Petfons guilty of Crimes that have been convened before them as Sheriffs, fall to them, as alfo the Efcheats of all who have been put to the Horn within their Bounds ; as alfo the Efcheats of their own Inhabitants, convift of any Crime before any other Judge of the King-; dom. They are Juftices of the Peace, and Coroners alfo within their own Bounds, and have Rights of Admiralty over the Coafts of their own Sheriffdom. The Lord Provojl ot Edinburgh , as he is always ftiled, calls the Convention of Burghsby his own Mfftves: And in the In¬ tervals oi Conventions, if there is a Fear, of any Infraction of | the Privileges of the Burgh, the Magiftracy of Edinburgh have j a Right to take Notice of it, and to prevent any Encroach- 4p ttje pjtfent State Part n. mentsupon their 'Ptivileg.es, which may pafs by private Grants furreptitioufly obtained from the Sovereign. The Power of gatheringand regulating the Militia of the Town, lies within itfelf, and they are exempt from quartering ofany Soldiers, except what belongsto themfelves, without their own Leave, upon any Occ.ifion. The Towns of Leith and Newhaven are under their Jurifdiflion : And as to their Power, whatfoever is necelfary for the Confervation of the Peace, or Prefervation and Encouragement of Trade, is lodged in the Hands of the Lord Provoft, and the Council of the City. When K. Henry V-I. of England was in Exile in Scotland, in Edward IV’s Time, he flay’d long in Edinburgh, where he was very kindly entertained; inConfideration whereof, he gave them a Grant, the Original of which is {fill extant among the Records of that City, impowering the Merchants of that City to trade and traffick wichin the Kingdom of England, and to pay no other Duties for Importing or Exporting any Common dities than what the Citizens of the City of London would be obliged to payin filch Cafes; and granting to them the fame Iranchifes and Privileges which the Citizens of London do any where enjoy throughout that whole Kingdom. The Lord Provoft is Right Honourable by his Office, and the Council take the Title of Honourable. Of the Royal College of Pbyficms in Edinburgh. That Edinburgh might want no Accommodation for Men of Letters, King Charles II. netted a College of Phvficians in Edinburgh , giving them by Patent under the Great Seal, an ample Jurifdiflion within this City and the Liberties thereof, commanding the Courts of Juftice to alfift them in the Execu¬ tion of their Orders: They have the foie Faculty of profcffing Phyfick. They hold Conferences once a Month for the Im¬ provement of Medicine, and they have begun to eretta Library, This College confifts of a Prefident, two Cenfors, a Secre¬ tary, and the ordinary Society of fellows, who upon St, Jn- drew' s Day, if it fall on a Thurfday, or if not, the firft Thur/day after, elett feven Counfellors, who choofe the Prefident and the other Officers for the enfuing Year. By their Charter, the Prefident and Cenfots have Power to convene before them all Ferfons that prefume to ptattife Phyfick within the City of Edinburgh, or the Liberties thereof, without the Licence of the College, and to fine them in five Pounds Sterling. . They are are alfo impowered to vifit Apothecaries Shops, and examine themfelves; with fevcral other Rights and Privileges, Marks, of Knights and Barons 10 Marks, and of all others that have a Right to bear Arms, 5 Marks. Lion and his Brethren ate alfo the Judges of the Malverfation of Meflengers, whofe Bufinefs is to execute Summons and Letters of Diligence for Civil Debt, Real or Perfonal. The laft Step of Perfonal Di¬ ligence is called a Caption, which is a Warrant to feize the Debtor’s Perfon. In the Execution whereof he toucheth the Party to be taken with his Rod or Wand, which is one of the Badges ofhis Office. They are called MeffenjrsatArms, from the Imprefs of the King’s Arms on their B1 rzon, which is a Piece of Brafs or Silver fixed upon the MeS'enger’s Bread, to difcover his Warrant and Authority when he difcharges the Duty of his Office: And the refilling him therein is a Crime in the Law of Scotland, a\\zd Deforcement. Hofpitals. fmct'S J&orpitan ^riot's Hofpital is a publick School^ founded by Georpc Hertot, Jeweller to King James Vl-defcencJ- ed from the Family of Trehoam-, who after he had loftzSpiS by Shipwreck going from Scotland to London, and dying with¬ out ICTue, Itb. 15, 1624, left in Legacy to this Hofpital, Two Hundred Thoufand Pounds Sects Money, that Youth might be maintained therein, and intlmited in Arts and Sciences ’till they were of mature Age, and left the' City of Edinburgh his Execu¬ tors. It is properly a Nurfery for Hoys, in which the Citizens Children who are poor, are brought up under the Tutelage of a Govern our, who, according to the Conflitution of the Foun- der, is to live (ingle. If the Boys prove Scholars, they are fent' to the Caf.'tge, and have an Exhibition of 7 1. Sterling per Annum ; and if put to Trades, have it/. Sterling to bind them Appren¬ tices,and furnidh them with Neceflaries. They have likewife a Chaplain to inftrudt them in the Grounds of- Learning, ’till they are fitted for the publick Schools and Colleges. The Tabrickof this Hofpi-.al is very (lately, and the Statue of the Founder is erefted upon the Inner Frontifpisce, Round about the Houfe are very pleafant Gardens, adorned with largeWalks and delishtfu! Greens. St. 2T[jomasV.l Near the Collegiate Church of the Sacred Trinity is St. Thomas's Hofpital, in which the poorer Sort of Inhabitants', both Men and Women, arc liberally maintained, and have their own proper Chaplain. - There was a Maiden-Hofpital founded, and liberally en¬ dowed here in the Year 1701, for the Relief and Education of young Girls, by fome of the Merchant Company, who were much encouraged thereto by Mary Erstin, Relift of James Hairt, Druggift in Edinburgh, who not only purchafed convenient Lodgings, with pleafant large Yards, and other Accommodations for the Hofpital, but alfo left them a'con- ftderable Sum of Money. The Work has been confiderably advanced by Mortifications and Donations from other Perfons, both in the Town and Country, and out of a virtuous Emula¬ tion, theTradefmen or Artificers of Edinburgh have inltaniiy founded and endowed another Maiden Hofpital. Houfe of Correction. Over-agair.ll the Collegiate Church of the Sacred Trinity is the Houfe of Correction, commonly called Pant’s Work, in which there are diverfe Manufa&oties of Lir.nen, Wool, and Silk; where diffolute Perfons are forced to earn their Living by their Labour. the Baflc. The taffe is a little Ifland within the Forth, about a Mile dillant from the Shore. The Ptolpeftsofit, asreprefented in ■ ‘ Slszcr's Book'HL of Gre at-Brit a in. 4.5 } Slezer’s Theatrttm Scotia, will fufficiently (hew the Difficulty of Accels to it. Upon the Top of this Ifiand is a Spring which furniffies the Garrifonwith Water, and there is alio Pafturage for ao or 30 Sheep. ’Tis alfo famous for the great Flocks of Fowls, which refort thither in the Months of May and 'June, the Surface of it being almoft covered with Nells, Eggs, and young Birds. The mod delicious among thefe different Sorts, are the SoUnd Geefc andKr ttieWaike. There is only one Ifland more in the We[l of Scotland, called Ailfey, where thefe Geefe do breed, and from thefe two Places the Country is furniffied with them during the Months of July and Augujl. This Uland of the Bajfe was an ancient Pofleffion of the Family of Lauder, and in the Reign of King Charles II, it was bought of them, and annexed to the Crown. This Garrifonis commanded and kept by an Enfign, a Ser¬ jeant, a Corporal, and Soldiers 5 whofe Pay is as follows. 1. s. d. The Serjeamf ' —Ll. -. .-00 1 o The Corporal, - -— - —— 00 1 4 The Soldiers are taken'out of his Majeffy’s Regiment of Guards, and paid with them, with an Allowance of id. Ster¬ ling to each of them, which makes their Pay 9 d. fer diem. The Town Company of Edinburgh is at prefent command¬ ed by Two Captain-Lieutenants, lately chofen, who have each 4 1. Sterling per Diem for their Pay. Here it may not be amifs juft to mention fome of the Calfles of Scotland : The Three chiefelt of which are, Edinburgh, Dumbarton, and Sterling Callles. The mod confiderable after thefe Three, are, Ijland Donnand Caltle, (landing on a Roc!c,which is a Penin- fula on the Weil-fide of Kintail in the Shire of Refs-, it has a Garrifonof the King’s Forces. Invcrnefs Caflle Hands on a Hill in the Town and Shire of Imernefs. The Duke of Gordon is Heretable Keeper of it, and there is a Garrifon in it. The Caflle of Blacknefs in the Shire of Galloway has a Gar- rilon. The Caflle of Dr tnflafage on the Weft-Coafl of Lorn. The Duke of ArgyU is Heretable Keeper .of it. All thefe above belong to his Majelly. The Caflle of Glengary in the Shire of Invernefs, has a Garri- fpn, and itis the Property of AlexanderMac-donaid of Glengary, ' G g 3 ' The 4*4 Cfje f ?eCcnt Me Part hi, The Caftle of Swar(, poflciled by the Duke of Argyle, and in that Shire, hasaGarrifon. Caftle T yrom in Mcydort, on the Weft-Coaft over-againft Mull-IJle, has a Garrifon, and is the Property of Alexander Mac-Sonald of Moydort. The Mount-Fort in Scalloway, is a large Rock about n Pa, ces above the Ground. It is capaeious for Muttering a Regi¬ ment of Men. There are fome Houfes within it. There are 38 Iron Guns on the Wall, and it commands Brejla-Sound in Schetland. Univerfities of Scotland. The Vniverjities in Scotland are 4. St. Andrew's, Glafgow, Aberdeen and Edinburgh. In defcribing thefe Vniverjities, I (hall premife fome few particular Things concerning the Founda¬ tion of every Univerfity by itfelf, and then I (hall give an Ac¬ count of the Difcipline and Method of Study ufed in the Uni- ver/ity of Edinburgh, which will be fufficient to give the Eng- HJh Reader a full View of all the reft. SCI )t (SJniiierfttp of £t. InPreta’iS. Was founded by Bilhop Henry Wardlow, A.D. 1411, and endowed with very ample Privileges. The Archbilhops of St. Andrew’s were formerly Chancellors of that Univtrjity ; but now it is governed by a Rector, who is yearly chofen, and has the fame Authority with the Vice-Chancellors of Oxford and Cambridge, and, by the Statutes of the Univerfity, ought to be one of the Principals of the Colleges. A ProfefTor of Ma- thematicks was lately added to this Univerfity. It has 3 Col¬ leges, St. Salvator’s, St. Leonard's, and St. Mary’s College j St. Salvator’s, commonly called the Old College, was found¬ ed by James Kennedy, Archbifhop of St. Andrew’s, who built the Edifice, together with a Church, wherein he has a curious Monument: He furnifhed it with coftly Ornaments, and endowed it with a fufficient Revenue for the Maintenance of a Provoft, ’Matters and ProfefTors. At the firft Foundati¬ on it was endowed with a SoSlor, a Batchelor, and a Licentiate in Divinity, FourProfeiTors of Philofiphy ,and Eight.Poor Scholars, called B urfars, who are here inftrufted Gratis. Dr. Skene, late Principal of this College, repaired and augmented it, and alfo founded a Library, which is itow well furnifhed with Seeks, St, Book III, of Great-Britain. 4^5 St; Leonard's College ms founded by John Hepburn, Prior off St. Andrew's, A. D. 1524, who endowed it with a Mainte¬ nance for a Principal or Warden, who is always to be aDo- ftor of Divinity, 4 Profeffors of Philofiphy, called Regents, and 8 Poor Scholars. Sit John Scot added a ProfefTor of Philo¬ logy with a liberal Maintenance, and augmented the Library with theGifc of feveral conltderable Volumes; which was fince increafed by the munificent Collection of Books left to it by Sir John Wedderburn, St-Mary's, Or New College, was founded by James Beaton, Archbilhop of St. Andrew’s, A.D. 1536, and endowed with a Maintenance for two Profeffors, who are to be Doftors of Di¬ vinity : One, (filed Principal Profejfor of Theology ; the other, only Profejfor of Theology. To thele was lately added i Pro¬ fejfor of Mathematicks ; for the Improvement of which Sci¬ ence, the firft ProfefTor, Mr. James Gregory, procured an Ob- (ervatory to be erefted in the College.Garden, furnifhed with many Mathematical Injlrttments, No Philofiphy is taught in this College , K\)t miniiietfitp of ©lafgoto Was founded by ArchbilhopT«rnf«l/,and byPopeNicMu/V. endowed with the Privileges of aUniverfity after the Manner of Bononia. It had originally conliderable Revenues for the Maintenance of a Reclor, a Dean of Faculty, a Principal or War¬ den to teach Divinity, and 3 Profeffors to teach Philofiphy. The Privileges of this IJniverfity were confirmed by King Jamesll, 111, IV, andV. and by Queen Mary, and yet it was almoft deferted, if King James VI. in his Minority had not granted it a new Charter, bellowed the Tythes of the Church of Gunenupon it, and countenanced it by Afts of Royal Bounty and Munificence, A. D. 1577. But that was not all, for in the Year 1617, heellablifhed 12 Perfonsinthe tollege, viz. a Principal, 3 Profeffors of Philofiphy, called Regents, 4 Burfars, an Ooconotnus, or a Provider, a Principal Servant, a Janitor, and a Cook. K. Charles ratified all its ancient Privi¬ leges, and gave Money to repair the Fabrick. The like did Y..Charles II. attheRequeftol the Eftatesof Parliament. The Archbilhopsof Glajgow were formerly perpetual Chancellors of this Univerfity; but now it is governed by a Reftor,who is the chief Magiilrate of the Place under the King, and is an¬ nually elefted, The College is feparated from the reft of the Town by an exceeding high Wall, the Precinfts whereof are enlarged and adorned by the Care and prudent Adminiftrati- on of, the then Principal, Dr .Fall, lately Precentor of York. The College is one unilorm Square well built; has a little Chapel, feveral Schools, a Common Hall, a well digefted G g 4 Library 45 6 • y t$z pjefent dilate Part 11 . Library,; arid behind the College a large Garden furround- ed yrith a high Wall. EClje 3&nitofitp of 30-berDeen. In the Reign of K. Alexander II, A. D. in 3, here tvas a Stadkm Generate in Collegia Canonicontm, with 3 Profeflbrs, Doftors of Divinity, ard of the Canon and Civil Laws, and many learned Men flouriffied therein. K. fames IV, and William Elpbinjlon, Ep. of Aberdeen, procured from Pope Alexander VI, the Privilege of an Vniverjity in Aberdeen, A. D. 1494, which is endowed with as ample Privileges as any Univerfity in Chriftendom, and the Foundation is conformable - to that of the CJniverfi- ties of Ptiris and Bononia, and not of Oxford and Cam¬ bridge, becaufe there were Wars at that Time between England and Scotland. The Bilhops of Aberdeen were formerly perpetual Chan¬ cellors of this Univerfity; had Power to viftt in their own I’crfons, and reform Abufes; and even when they were not Doftors of Divinity themfelvcs, had Authority to con. fer that Degree on others. The Office of Vice-Chancellor was then lodged in the Official or Commiffary of Aber¬ deen ; but now it is governed by a Reftor annually chofen, who, with the Affillance of his four Afieflors, takes Cog¬ nizance of Abufes, eye. in that Univerfity. In this Univetfity are a Colleges, one in Old Aber¬ deen, founded by Btfhop William Elphinjlon, A. D. 1500, which is called The King’s College, from K. fames IV, who affiliated the Patronage of it. It is feated on the South-fide of the Town, and for Neatnefs and Statclinefs far exceeds the reft of the Houfes; one Side is covered with Slate, and the other with Lead. This College has a Principal, a ProfefTor of Divinity, a ProfefTor of Civil Law, a Profeflbr of Phyfick, a Sub-Principal^ who is alfo a ProfefTor of Philofophy, three other Profeflors of Philo¬ sophy, and a Profeflbr of Languages. In Blew Aberdeen is a College called the Harefchalian 'Academy , founded by George Keith, Earl Marefchal of Scotland, A. D. 1693. which the City of Aberdeen has very much adorned with feveral additional Buildings, beftdes ad¬ ding a Primary ProfefTor, called The Principal. It has four Profeffors of Philofophy, one of Divinity, and one of Maihematicks. Here is alfo a famous Library, founded by the Citizens; fuppljed with Books by the Benefaftions of jfcyeral learned Men, and well fuvnifhcd with Mathema- Book 111 . of Great-Britain.' '45^ tical Inftruments. This College with that in the Old Town makes one Univerfity, called The Vniverjity of King Charles XI. SClje of fEbitvtmrglj Was founded by King James VI, A, D. 1580, who en¬ dowed it with as ample Privileges as any Univerfity in Europe. The Magiftrates of Edinburgh are Curators, and the Provojl is Chancellor. The Buildings are rather convenient than fine; they have a Common-Hall, Schools for every Profeffion, two Libraries, a Printing-Houfe, and a good many Chambers, in which the Students may lie if they pleafe. The Students do not eat in common, and at Edin¬ burgh they have no diftindf Habit, as they have in other Univerfities of Scotland, where the Students wear Red Gowns. No Tejl or Subfcription is offered to a Student at his Admif- fion, but every Man is free to come that will. In this Univerfity are taught Divinity, Philofophy, Maths- maticks, Ecclefiajlical Hijlory, the Eajlern Languages, Oratory, Humanity, Roman Hijlory and Greek ; for all which there is a Profejfor, and a Principal that overfees them all, and pre- fides among them when they meet as a Faculty. Every one of their Prcfejfors, and all Officers in the Univerfity fwear to acknowledge the Government as now ejlablijhed, Ci¬ vil and Ecclejiajlical ; they fubfcribe to the Confejfton of Faith, •and declare their Conformity to the Kirk-Government, and that they never will direlily, or indirellly, endeavour the Subverjion of the fame. prom June ao, to Oilobcr-i 0, is a Vacation of all Profef- Jions but Humanity, and from Attgufl 1, to October 1, for that too. All the Prcfejfors are paid by their Pupils, except thofe of Divinity and Ecclejiajlical Hijlory, who for that Rea- fon have larger Salaries than the reft. The Principal confers all Degrees; reads a Lefture in Divinity in the Common-Hall once a Week, at which Stu¬ dents and Profejfors conftantly attend. He prefides at Exa- minations and Trials of Students, and takes an Account of their Behaviour; in (hort, it is his Bufinefs to overfee all the Members of the Univerfity : He has no Money from the Scholars, but has a Salary from the City, and good Lodgings within the Univerfity. ' The Students in Divinity are divided into + or 5 Clafles, according to their Number. They meet once a Week, tq confer about their Studies, and to give each other an Ac¬ count of what they have read, and what Oofervations they have 4?S Efje Parent State part II. have made upon their Reading. The Profejfor attends every Day in the Week but Saturday. On Mondays the Exer- cifes are in Englijls, which are a Homily, or prattical Dif- courfe, a Presbyterial Exerc'tfe, or an Exercife and Addition, i. e. when one Studtnt handles the Text critically, folves its Doubts, and Paraphrafes it at laft; after which another Student opens its Doftrines, and confirms them with pro¬ per Reafons; Thefe Exercifes are to laft but halt an Hour a-piece; and laft of all a Leflure, in which a Portion of Scripture is paraphraftically and praftically explained. On Tttefday either the Profejfor reads- a Latin Lefture in Divi¬ nity , or elfe they have a- Collatio Dogmatical, the Manner of which is this: On the Tuefdity preceding, the Profejfor gives the Students a Queftion, upon which they are to an. lwer the Queftions that (hall be propofed, which they do thus. The Profejfor begins with dating the Queftion.Hifto- lically, and then defires any one Student to give an Ac¬ count of the various Opinions about it-, asks another which is the right Side of'the Queftion fpeaks to a Third to prove it, and commands a Fourth to defend it againft his Objeftions; after which the Profejfor determines upon the .Whole. This is all done in Latin. Wednefday is ap¬ pointed for Students newly entered, who are examined up¬ on fome little Syftem which is put into their Hands ; fuch ns the Confejfton of Faith, Marcij Medulli, Parcus upon Ur- fin's Catechifms, and the like. Thurfday is fet apart for Divinity Deputations. They are opened by a Poftion, which they call an Exegejis, in which the Queftion is fully and dearly (fated by the Refpondent, who is then oppofed by two or three other Students in their Turns, during which Time the Profefjor moderates, and folves the Difficul¬ ties which the Refpondent cannot overcome. On Friday a Queftion in Church-Hiftory is debated, or eife there is a ■Scriptural Conference, in which Queftions of Senfe or Hif- tory, or any other Difficulties obferved in a Chapter of the Bible, propofed -the Friday preceeding by the Profejfor, are anfwered by the Students, as the Profejfor fhall pro- pofe them; all which Difficulties the Profejfor is obliged to clear fully after the Students have given their Judg- In Philofophy there are four Regents or Profefors ; they teach Philofophy and Greek. Every Regent has his Clafs; which Clafles are divided according to the Years that the Students have been entered in the -Univerfity. The Stu¬ dents now do every Year change the Regent as well as their School ; Book III. Of Great-Brit ain. 45^ School; for one of the four Profeffors of Philofophy is eftablilhed conftant Profeffor of Greek, under whole Tui¬ tion the Students continue the firft Year. The fecond Year they learn Logick and Metaphyficks from another Profeffor j and the third Year they come under the Infpeftion of a third Profeffor, who teaches Natural Philofophy. The fourth Regent has no fixed Clafs, but reads publick Le&ures of Mathematicks, Moral Philofophy, and Natural Religion, to all that pleafe to come and hear him. This is the New Scheme of teaching in the College of Edinburgh ; but the Philofophy Profefforsin the other Colleges ate not yet moulded into this pafhion: But at St. Andrew's zniGlafgow they have already a fixed and conftant Profeffor of Greek. The firft Year the Students, who are called Bajans, are taught only Greek. The next Year they change the School, but not their Regent ; they are then called the Semi-Clafs. That Year they learn lo¬ gick, and every Day read fome Greek. The Profeffor, as he is is now called, illuftrates fome printed Syftem of Lo- giek, and makes them difpute upon a Logical Queftion. This Year every Student is obliged to recite an Oration publickly before his Profeffor. The third Year, without changing their Profeffor, they remove into another School, where, under the Name of Batchelors, they ftudy Meta- phypcks and Ethicks. The Metaphyficks which are read to them are ufually Be Erie's or Le Clerc’s. In Ethicks, befides fome fhort Account of the Paifions and Virtues thereunto belonging, they read Pttfeniorf de Officio Hominis O' Civis, and Grotius de Jure Belli V Pads, and they have frequent - Difputations upon Queftions arifing in thefe Sciences. The fourth Year, retainingftill the fame Profeffor, they are taught Natural Philofophy. le Clerc's Phyficks is the Book chiefly received; then alfo they read Greek: This is the laft Year, after which they go out Maflers of Arts ; and for that Rea. fon this is called the Magijlrand Clafs. Every Student at his Entrance gives his Regent a Premium, which is not fet¬ tled, only never lefs than a Guinea is given any Body; and this is his Tuition Money for one whole Year. About the 10th of December, every Year, there are Pub- lick Examinations of all the Gaffes. The Semi-Clafs is examined firft. They are examined by the Principal and every Profeffor but their own, in the Studies proper to every Clafs. This is performed in the Common-Hall. Every Saturday the Students of the Magijlrand Clafs re¬ peat Orations publickly in the Common-Hall before the Principal and Profeflors. The Magijlrand and Batchelor Claffes 460- &ljc piefent @tnte Part it. Cittjfei difpute alfo upon Tome Philofophical Quejciont, in which Di(ptttatioris the Magijirands oppofc thofe Thefcs which the Batchelors defend. The Batchelor Regent mode¬ rates; the Batchelors after that make Speeches and oppofe Quefims, which the Students of the Semi Clafs defend. ' The, Four ProfefTors call their ClafTes together twice p.very Day in the Wee's, and three Days thrice. The Hours are from Seven to Njne, and front Ten to Eleven in the Morning; and from Two go Three in the Afternoons. Every Sunday after Evening-Sermon the Sl/tdcnts are all convened and inflrufled in fome Syftem of Divinity. After Four Y cars Study, the Students expeft to take the Degree of Mafler of Arts, which they call Laugeation. Be¬ fore that, they are part'culary examined, and, if approved, they fake the Title of Candidates; at which Time they take an Oath to he true,to the Proteftant Religion, and theVnivcr- ftty of Edinburgh; a'nd when they are regiftred Mafters of Arts, they pay 6.5. S'd. a-piece to the Library. • Upon the Day of Laureation the Magiftrates of the City, and any other Gentlemen that pieafe, attend the Principal and the Members of'the Univerfity in the Common-Hall, where the Candidates appear with their Proffjj'or, doathed with Black Gowns like his: The Ceremony is opened by the Pro- fcjfor, with a fhort Prayer, and a Difcourfe fuitable to the Occafion; after which 'ihefes, which were printed and di- perfed fome Days before upon any Part of Philofophy, are oppofed by the Principal Profeffors, and whoever elfe pieafe, and defended by the Candidates, under the Prefi- Hency of their Vrofejfcr. Then fome of the Candidates make Speeches in Latin, Greets, and Hebrew, and demonftrate fome Phyficai Phenomena, or fome Mathematical Propofitions. This being done, the Principal makes a Latin Speech up¬ on the Occafion, and proceeds to Graduation, which is performed upon a Carpet fpread upon the Floor, on which the Candidates kneel before the Principal, who prays, and by virtue of the Authority- and Power given to him by King fames VI, declares them Mafters cf Arts, and in Tef- timor.y thereof puts a Cap upon their Heads; which Cere¬ mony, Mtttatis Mutandis, is obferved in other Degrees. The Mathematics Prefejfor reads twice a Week in the Com¬ mon-Hall, and convenes his Scholars once a Day. Hq begins his LeBures about Nov. t, and ends about May- Day. He is gratified by his Scholars in the fame Mannej is the ordinary Regents. "The Profejf.r of F.cdeftaficalllijlory reads thrice a Week, once in the Common-Hall, and twice in his own School. His Salary is too l, per Annum. a The Book III. Of Great-Britain. 461 The Profeffor of Humanity, Homan Bijlcry, and Oratory, teaches from October i, to Aitgufi i, is paid by his Scholars, as the Prof effort of Phitofophy ate, and convenes them at the fame Times. Students ufually flay two Teats in this Clafs before they learn Greek. The Profeffor of the Eajhrn Languages reads once a Week in the Common-Hall, and convenes his Scholars There is a New Profeflion erefted in the Univerfity of Edinburgh, for the Law of Nature and Nations: The Salary is 150/. Sterling per Annum. Any Member of the Univerfity may ftudy in the Library Gratis, and may, for paying a Crown, have Leave to borrow any Book out of it. Every Monday Morning, from Seven to Nine, the Pro- feffor explains the Confeffion of Paith, or fame Ibort Syftem of Divinity to his Clafs. During the Seffions of the Uni¬ verfity (i.e. in Term-time, as We call it in England) the great Bell rings at Nine at Night, and by Ten the Gates are flint, after which none can have Accefs. FINIS.