THE AMERICAN BOARD MISSIONS IN THE NEAR EAST From the Annual Report of 1922 Stations: Location and Special Work of Missionaries BULGARIAN MISSION Samokov (1857). — Rev.Leroy F. Ostrander: Principal of Collegiate Institute. Mrs. Mary R. Ostrander. Edward B. Haskell, D. D.: Religious and educational work in the Boys' School and station. Mrs. Elizabeth F. Haskell: Work for women. Rev. William P. Clarke; Mrs. Martha G. Clarke: Mission secretary and treasurer; church work. Miss Inez L. Abbott: Principal of the American Girls' Gymnasium. Miss Edith L. Douglass; Miss Helen M. Crockett; Miss Mabel E.Long: Teachers in the Girls' Gymnasium. Philippopolis. (1858). — Rev. William C. Cooper: In charge of the station and evangelistic work. Mrs. Eugenia F. Cooper: Work for women. Rev. Theodore T. Holway; Mrs. Charlotte T. Holway: Evangelistic work. Rev. Reuben H. Markham; Mrs. Mary G. Markham: Literary and evangelistic work. Mrs. Alma S. Woodruff: Social and educational work. Sofia ( ). — Miss Elizabeth C. Clarke: Kindergarten supervision and training school. Miss Agnes M. Baird: Evangelistic and social work. On Furlough. — Mr. Herbert B. King; Mrs. Mary M. King. Associated with the Mission. — (Samokov) Mr. Paul Rowland; Mr. John F. Stearns: Teachers in the Collegiate Institute. Miss So fie M. Meebold: Teacher in the Girls' School. The work in Albania and Servia having been discontinued, and that in Salonica and Greece transferred to the Western Turkey Mission, the report for this year is confined to Bulgaria. Mr. and Mrs. Ostrander and Miss Douglass have returned to Samokov leaving Mr. and Mrs. King the only missionaries on furlough. They will not return to Bulgaria until building operations begin. Mr. and Mrs. Kennedy of Albania and Miss Mary Haskell of Bulgaria have withdrawn from the service of the Board. Rev. Theodore T. Holway was reappointed, 1 2 The Near East Missions and Mrs. Holway appointed, in September 1922 and they are now in Philippopolis. Mr. John F. Stearns has joined the faculty in the Institute for a three year term. Mr. and Mrs. Markham have been transferred from Samokov to Philippopolis. The untimely death of Rev.Lyle D. Woodruff on June 14, 1922, took from the ranks a loved and efficient worker. STATISTICS (1921). — These statistics, which include those for Salonica, are in some respects incomplete. Four stations; 34 out- stations. 8 ordained men, and 1 unordained; 9 wives; 9 single women ; total number of missionaries 27; associate workers, 3. The native force consists of 20 ordained preachers; 5 unordained; 9 men teachers; 24 women teachers; 8 Bible women; 1 other woman worker, making a total of 67. The church and evangelistic work is repre- sented in 37 places, with 26 organized churches; 11 unorganized; 2 self supporting, with 1,196 communicants. Last year 46 were added to the membership out of a total constituency of 3,386. Sunday schools 28 with a membership of 1,446; Christian Endeavor Societies 16 with a membership of 461. In connection with the institute in Samokov a training and theological school of 4 mem- bers was maintained. 4 secondary schools with 301 boys and 259 girls; 1 kindergarten with 63 pupils; in all 6 schools with a total of 627 under instruction. Native contributions show $5,009 for Christian work; $1 ,500 for educational work, making a total of $6,509. WESTERN TURKEY MISSION Smyrna (1920). — Alexander MacLachlan, D. D.: President of International College. Mrs. RoseB. MacLachlan: Work for students. Rev. Cass Arthur Reed, Ed. D.: Professor of Philosophy and Education in International College; Dean of College. Mrs. Rosalind M. Reed: Assistant in college work. Samuel L. Caldwell: Professor of Mathe- matics in International College. Rev. J. Kingsley Birge: Professor in International College; club work for young men in the city. Caleb W. Lawrence: Professor of English Literature in International College; Librarian. Miss Emily McCallum: Principal of the Collegiate In- stitute for Girls. Miss Minnie B. Mills; Miss Annie E. Pinneo; Miss Olive Greene: Teachers in the Collegiate Institute for Girls. Constantinople (1831). — William W. Peet, L.L.D.: Treasurer of the Turkey and Bulgarian Missions and of relief organizations. Rev. Charles T. Riggs: Evangelistic work for Greeks; Mission Secretary. The Near East Missions 3 Luther R. Fowle; Mrs. Helen C. Fowle: Assistant Treasurer for the Turkey and Bulgarian Missions. Rev. Fred F. Goodsell; Mrs. Lulu G. Goodsell: Director of the Language School and School of Religious Education; evangelistic work. Frederick W. MacCallum, D. D.; Mrs. Henrietta W. MacCallum: In charge of the Publication Depart- ment. Rev. Ernest Pye; Mrs. DeEtta D. Pye: Professor in School of Religious Education. James P. Mc Naughton, D. D.: Principal of Bithynia High School. Rev. R. Finney Markham; Mrs. Evangeline McN. Markham: Teaching in Bithynia High School. Miss Ethel W. Putney: Principal of the Gedik Pasha School. Miss AnnaB. Jones; Mrs. Etta D. Marden; Miss Annie M. Barker; Miss Ellen W. Catlin: Teachers in the Gedik Pasha School. Charles E. Clark, M. D.; Mrs. Ina C. Clark: Medical relief work. Wilson F. Dodd, M. D.; Mrs. MaryB. Dodd; Rev. John H. Kingsbury; Mrs. RuthB. Kings- bury: Studying in the Language School. Miss Mary E. Kinney: Principal of the Girls' School at Scutari. Miss Mary I. Ward: Or- phanage Work. Residing at Brousa. — Miss JeannieL. Jillson: Relief and educa- tional work. Miss Edith F. Parsons: Teacher in Girls' School. Trebizond (1835). — Mrs. Olive T. Crawford: Station and school work. Sivas (1851). — Miss Nina E. Rice: In charge of the Station and school work. Marsovan (1852). — Miss Charlotte R. Willard: In charge of the Station and relief work. Talas (Cesarea) (1854). — Albert W. Dewey, M. D.; Mrs. Elsie G. Dewey: Medical and relief work. Miss Stella A r . Loughbridge ; Miss Susan W. Orvis; Miss Clara C. Richmond: Station, educational and relief work. Miss Lillian C. Sewny: Medical, nursing and relief work. Angora. ■ — Carl C. Compton; Mrs. Ruth McG. Compton: Diploma- tic and relief work. Salonica, Greece (1894). — /. Henry House, D. D.: President of the Thessalonica Agricultural and Industrial Institute. Mrs. Addie B. House: Work for women and students. Dana K. Getchell: General 4 The Near East Missions relief; Station treasurer. Mrs. Susan R. Getchell: Home maker for missionaries; school matron. Miss Bertha B. Morley: Relief work. Miss Lena L. Lietzau; Miss Grace M. Elliott: Educational work in Girls' School. Mr. Theodore D. Riggs; Mrs. Winnifred C. Riggs: Business manager; station and school accounts. Outside the Mission. — (Caucasus) Jesse K. Marden, M. D.; Mrs. Lucy M. Marden: Director of relief work. (Erivan) Rev. Ernest C. Partridge; Mrs. Winona G. Partridge: Educational and evan- gelistic work. On Furlough. — George E. White, D.D.; Mrs. Esther B. White; Rev. S. Ralph Harlow: Mrs. Marion S. Harlow; Mrs. Anna H.Birge; Mrs. Carrie B. Caldwell; Mrs. Helen L. Lawrence; Miss Nellie A. Cole; Miss Sophie S. Holt; Miss Theda B. Phelps; Mrs. Mary S. Riggs; Mrs. Rebecca G. Mc Naughton; Rev. J. Riggs Brewster ; Mrs. Ethel B. Brewster; Miss Gertrude C. Grohe. Associated with the Mission. — (Constantinople) Miss Eliza- beth L. Lewis: Teacher in the Gedik Pasha School* Miss Eleanor A. Ketchum; Miss Josephine Dana: Secretarial work in the treasurer's office. Miss Annie A. Phelps: Helping in the American Hospital. (Smyrna) Mr. Francis S. Holton: Agricultural director of College. Robert T. Trueblood; James L. Murray; T. Raymond Moremen: In- structors in the International College. Miss Marion Savage: Teacher in Collegiate Institute. (Brousa) Miss Margaret Hinman; Teaching in the Girls' School. (Marsovan) Miss Fanny G. Noyes: Nursing and relief work. (Scutari) Miss Emma Zbinden : Teacher of French in the Girls' School. (Salonica) Mr. CharlesL. House; Miss Ruth E. House: Educational work in the Thessalonica Institute. Mr. Malcolm R. Irwin: Teacher in the Institute. Mr. and Mrs. Arthur J. Bertholf: Connected with the Institute. Owing to the disturbed state of almost all of the station in this mis- sion it is impossible to give permanent locations to all of our>missionaries, or to describe their work with much accuracy. The following mission- aries from Smyrna are at present in Greece engaging in some form of relief work. Mr. and Mrs. Getchell, Mrs. Reed, Miss Mills, Miss Pinneo, Miss Greene, Miss Savage and Miss Morley. Mr. and Mrs. Harlow, Mrs. Birge, Mrs. Caldwell, Mrs. Lawrence, Miss Way and The Near East Missions 5 Miss Craig, have come to this country. The others on furlough are, Mr. and Mrs. Brewster of Salonica, Miss Cole, Miss Holt and Miss Phelps. Mrs. Charles Riggs and Mrs. McNaughton are on leave of absence in America. Miss Orvis is planning for her furlough as soon as she can get away. Miss Snell and Miss Perkins have come to America not expecting to resume their missionary work. Mr. and Mrs. Partridge have returned to the field and are located in Erivan in the Caucasus. Mr. and Mrs. Pye are in Constantinople at the new School of Religious Education, and Dr. and Mrs. Clark have taken up medical relief work in Constantinople. Rev. and Mrs. Henry K. Wingate, and Rev. and Mrs. Herbert M. Irwin, all former missionaries in Talas, have located in America for the present. Dr. George E. White is continuing as Director of the Near East Relief in Minnesota. Miss Putney is back in the Gedik Pasha School in Constantinople and Miss Willard is the only missionary representative of the Board in Marsovan except Miss Noyes who was transferred from Brousa. Miss Ward who was in Beirut in orphanage work is in Constantinople wait- ing for a favorable opening. Dr. and Mrs. Dewey are now located in Talas, in charge of the medical work. Dr. and Mrs. Phillips F. Greene, after their year of language study have been helping in the medical work in connection with Constantinople College, but are expected to go to the hospital at Aintab, Central Turkey in the near future. Mr. James E. Goldsbury who has been teaching in the college at Tarsus has joined that station. Dr. and Mrs. Wilson F. Dodd are the new appointees now at the language school in Constantinople. Mr. and Mrs. Kingsbury are also studying at the language school. Rev. and Mrs. Joseph W. Beach are at Talas but at present under the Near East Relief. STATISTICS (1921). — The statistics are much abbreviated, and in a number of instances only estimates, owing to the disturbed situa- tion in the Near East. There are 6 stations and 7 outstations. No figures are available for the population of the field which is necessarily greatly decimated because of the deportations and the ravages of war. The present missionary force includes 14 ordained missionaries; 11 men not ordained; 24 wives; 25 single women; total number of mis- sionaries 74 ; associate workers, 17. The native force includes 9 ordained preachers ; 4 unordained preachers ; 26 men teachers ; 15 women teachers ; 4 Bible women ; total 93. The work is maintained in 20 places of regular meeting with 9 organized churches. The communicants number 871 of whom 24 were added during the year. The total constituency is estimated at 2,518. There are 11 Sunday schools with 810 members and 12 Christian Endeavor Societies with 318 members. 6 The Near East Missions Before the exodus from Smyrna there were 2 colleges with 503 stu- dents. In Constantinople and Smyrna there are 7 primary schools with 382 boys and 257 girls. Total number of schools 13, and total number under instruction 1,866. The native contributions were $3,374 for Christian work; $28,760 for educational work; $901 for other objects; total contributions $32,945. 3 hospitals; no report. Pages printed on presses outside the missions 3,750,000. CENTRAL TURKEY MISSION Aintab (1847). — Lorrin A. Shepard, M. D.; Mrs. Virginia M. Shepard: In charge of hospital and medical work. Rev. Merrill N. Isely; Mrs. Mildred M. Isely: Educational work in College; hospital work. Miss Harriet C. Norton: In charge of Girls' Seminary; Sta- tion treasurer. Caroline F. Hamilton, M. D.: Medical work. Phillips F. Greene, M. D.; Mrs. Ruth A. Greene: Associate physician in the hospital; Miss Louise M. Clark: Nurse in hospital ; training for nurses. Miss Elizabeth M. Trowbridge: Evangelistic work for women. Adana (1852). — W. Nesbitt Chambers, D. D.; Mrs. Cornelia P. Chambers: Religious work among Armenian refugees. Cyril H. Haas, M. D.: In charge of the International Hospital. Miss Elizabeth S. Webb: Educational work among refugees. Miss Mary G. Webb: City and hospital work. Miss Hazel K. Hotson: Nurse in hospital; training of nurses. Miss C. Grace Towner; Miss Jessie E. Martin: Educational work, Adana Seminary. Miss Lillian C. Brauer: City mission work. Marash (1854). — Rev. William Sage Woolworth, Jr.: Evangelistic and treasury work. Miss Edith Cold; Miss Ellen M. Blakely; Miss Pauline M. Rehder: Educational and general work. Oorfa (1854). — Tarsus (1859). — Rev. Paul E. Nilson; Mrs. Harriet F. Nilson: , In charge of St. Paul's College. Hadjin (1872).— Alexandretta. — John C. Martin, D. D.; Mrs. Mary C. Martin: Outstation and relief work. The Near East Missions 7 Aleppo. — Miss Lucile Foreman: Educational work. Outside the Mission. — Miss Annie E. Gordon: Relief work in Greece; Miss Myrtle E. Nolan: Relief work in Constantinople. On Furlough. — Rev. John E. Merrill; Mrs. Isabel T. Merrill- Mrs. Ruth D. Haas; Rev. James K. Lyman; Mrs. Bessie H. Lyman; Miss KateE. Ainslee; Miss Inez M. Lied; Mrs. Margaret N. Trowbridge. Associated with the Mission. — (Aintab) Miss Martha J. Frear- son: Orphanage work in Beirut. (Marash) William A. Kristensen, M.D.: In charge of hospital. (Adana) Miss Lucie Borel: Relief and orphanage work. (Beirut) Miss Annie Davies: Orphanage and hospi- tal worker. (Tarsus) Mr. Paid F. Bobb; Mr. James L. Goldsbury: Instructors in St. Paul's College. Mrs. Emily Block: College matron. Circumstances, including the question of health, have compelled Dr. and Mrs. Merrill arid Mrs. Trowbridge to prolong their stay in America. Mrs. Haas is also taking an extra furlough period. Mr. Lyman came home in the summer of 1922 and he and Miss Bessie Hardy were married on August 17, 1922. They expect to return to Marash at the end of his furlough. Miss Blakely has returned to Marash after a stop in Constantinople. Miss Ainslee has recently arrived in the United States, and Miss Cold is expected to take a fur- lough soon. Miss Vaughan, formerly of Hadjin, is delayed in this country by home responsibilities. Miss Addie M. Harris has com- pleted her term of service in the Girls' Seminary at Adana. Miss Elsa Reckman of Marash married Mr. Stanley Kerr of the Near East Relief on August 5, 1922. Dr. and Mrs. Martin have been transferred from Aintab to Alexandretta and Miss Foreman to Aleppo, to continue the mission work among the refugees who were driven south. Miss Gordon of Marash and Miss Nolan of Adana were engaged in relief activities after their enforced withdrawal from Smyrna. Dr. and Mrs. Chambers and Miss Elizabeth Webb of Adana are temporarily in the Beirut area working with the Armenians who left Cilicia in the exodus. Dr. Kristensen, who was in Aintab has taken charge tem- porarily of the hospital in Marash. Miss Agnes Salmond of Marash has retired from active service. Mr. Hoaglund and Mr. Stacy of Tarsus have withdrawn, and Mr. James M. Goldsbury has joined the staff of St. Paul's College. Dr. and Mrs. Phillips F. Greene have 8 The Near East Missions been assigned to the hospital in Aintab and are expected to arrive early in 1923. STATISTICS (1921). — There are 4 stations not counting Aleppo and Alexandretta and 25 outstations. The population of the field is greatly reduced by deportations and cannot be accurately estimated. The present missionary force comprises 7 ordained missionaries ; 3 un- ordained men; 9 wives; 19 single women, making a total of 38 mission- aries; associate workers, 7. The native force includes 7 ordained preach- ers; 13 unordained preachers; 92 men and women teachers; 18 Bible women; 8 other workers, making a total of 135 workers. A general estimate of the mission work shows 28 places of regular meeting; 18 organized churches, of which 13 are self supporting; 2,792 communi- cants, and a total constituency of 12,665. There are 8 Sunday schools with 1,870 pupils. The educational work is carried on in three colleges with 79 students; 4 secondary schools with 448 pupils; 5 primary schools with 1,075 pupils; 1 kindergarten with 35 pupils; making 13 schools having 1,637 under instruction. Incomplete returns for the medical work show 3 hospitals and 3 dispensaries giving 24,490 treatments. 10,000 pages were printed by the mission press at Aintab. EASTERN TURKEY MISSION Erzroom (1839). — Diarbekir (1853).— Harpoot (1855). — Bitlis (1855). — Van (1872). — Outside the Mission. — (Constantinople) Rev. Henry H. Riggs; Mrs. Annie B. Riggs: Evangelistic work for Armenians in Constanti- nople and vicinity. (Scutari) Miss Isabelle Harley: Kindergarten teacher. Miss Mary W. Riggs: Assisting in the Girls' School. (Alexandropol) Miss Grisell M. McLaren: Nursing and relief work. Miss Caroline Silliman : Relief work. (Trebizond) Rev. Robert Staple- ton: Station and Evangelistic work. (Erivan, Caucasus) Rev. Harrison A. Maynard; Mrs. Mary W. Maynard: Educational and Evangelistic The Near East Missions 9 work. Miss Myrtle 0. Shane: Evangelistic and educational work. (Salonica) Ruth A. Parmelee, M. D.: Medical relief work. On Furlough. — Mrs. Ida S. Stapleton; Mark H. Ward, M. D.; Mrs. Anna R. Ward; Rev. Clarence D. Ussher, M. D. It will be noticed that all five stations are vacant, and the members of the mission are engaged in service outside mission boundaries. There are no mission operations as such and it exists only in name. This is the result of the war and the political changes which have swept the region. Of the three missionaries who were in Harpoot a year ago, Dr. Parmelee had to leave, and after a visit in America she returned to Constantinople and is now helping in the relief work in Greece, and Miss Harley came out to Constantinople. Finally Dr. Ward was compelled to leave by the authorities. The only American Board representative was Rev. Lester J. Wright who was in charge of the orphans. His tragic death occurred near Aleppo on October 27, 1922 when his party was attacked by bandits. Miss Grisell Mc- Laren joined the forces in the Caucasus, and is located at Alexandro- pol. Mr. and Mrs. Maynard are established in Erivan where they are developing a mission station. Miss Jacobsen after a furlough in Denmark and the United States returned to Beirut and has joined the Near East Relief. STATISTICS (1921). — Since the mission is not in operation there are practically no statistics to report. Five stations are listed , but none of them are occupied. The mission force which is greatly re- duced includes 4 ordained missionaries; one unordained man; 4 wives and six single women; a total of 15 missionaries. There are a very few native workers who have been scattered, but their number is not known. The churches and schools have been closed. The hospital in Harpoot, if in operation is doing relief work. There is no report for the past year. THE BALKAN MISSION There has been some discussion as to whether what was formerly the European Turkey Mission, later the Balkan Mission, should not be christened again the Bulgarian Mission. It is already known that the American Board has passed over to the Methodist Board all of the work which it formerly had in Serbia. The one station passed over 10 The Near East Missions was the station of Monastir, so that the American Board has now no mission work in Serbia. The American Board was not able to develop or even to continue the small work that was begun in Albania fifteen years ago, and it did not seem fair for the American Board to hold on to Albania as one of its mission fields unless it was able more fully to develop the work. We have had only two missionary families in Albania from the beginning. Mr. and Mrs. Erickson retired three years ago and Mr. and Mrs. Kennedy came home this last year on account of Mr. Kennedy's ill health. The American Board has felt that it could not carry on the work in Albania and develop it as that most needy and promising field should be developed. Therefore it was decided not to continue the Albanian work as an American Board mission. But the suggestion has been made to the Methodist and the Presbyterian Board of Mis- sions that a united mission be opened in Albania. The American Board holds some funds that have been contributed purely for educa- tional and medical work in Albania which will be available under a joint mission. That matter is now under consideration. In the meantime the American Board has no work in Albania. The Bulgarian Mission and the Western Turkey Mission, in view of the political conditions, have voted asking that Salonica be temporarily transferred to the Western Turkey Mission because there are no politi- cal, commercial or any other relations existing between Salonica, which is under the Greek flag, and Bulgaria. This question is still pending before the Prudential Committee. If Salonica is transferred to the Western Turkey Mission, it will be a temporary move pending the settlement of political questions in the Near East, but primarily for conveniences of administration. That will bring Salonica directly into touch with Constantinople rather than with Sofia, Bulgaria. The contacts with Constantinople are direct and regular, but very indirect and irregular with Bulgaria, with nothing in common between the two fields. Therefore our former European Turkey Mission, or the Balkan Mission, will become simply the Bulgarian Mission. The Mission has met with a very severe loss in the sudden death of Mr. Woodruff. Mrs. Woodruff is remaining on in the work at her own request and at the request of the Mission. The Mission has been reinforced by the return of Mr. and Mrs. Holway and also the return of Mr. and Mrs. Ostrander after a furlough in the United States. The relation of the Mission with the Government has been close and sympathetic. The Government's interest in the school at Samo- The Near East Missions 11 kov and its transfer down to the vicinity of the capital, Sofia, has al- ready been reported. The Government, in addition to its interest and co-operation in this line, has also promised substantial aid in the erec- tion of a Christian social center in connection with Miss Clarke's kindergarten and primary work in the heart of the city of Sofia. The Government has also changed the educational regulations so far as relate to the school now at Samokov and later to be transferred to Sofia, giving the school a free hand in its curriculum. The national curriculum for its middle schools has been very strict, but narrow. They have now given the school at Samokov authority to prepare its own curriculum with the exception of the study of the Bulgarian lan- guage and history in the native tongue. In this respect the school at Samokov must follow the national regulations for its own schools, and surely nothing less than this would ever be considered satisfactory. This puts the school at Samokov upon practically an independent educational basis, while the Government recognizes the diplomas of the school graduates the same as it does the diplomas of its own uni- versity. The school is hoping to work out under its new privilege a model school for Bulgaria, taking as the foundation, not the German system upon which the national gymnasia were formed, but the best type of American secondary schools. This is what both the Govern- ment and the people of Bulgaria expect of us. W hile we are speaking of the American School at Samokov, it might be well to mention that during the year, in the absence of Mr.Ostrander, Mr. Paul Rowland has been the acting Principal. The school has had a total attendance of 148 pupils, of whom 124 were Bulgarian. The school has been active along many lines and some innovations have been introduced. The students have been organized into a great number of societies under their own control and this has been one of the means of education quite apart from the curriculum followed in the class room. They have even published a school paper, edited and managed entirely by themselves, which has been not only of great value to the editors and managers but to the school itself as well as to outside circles. A student council has been organized that is to take responsibility for questions gathering about the student life and dis- cipline. The American School at Samokov now, with the hearty ap- proval of the Bulgarian Government and its manifest desire to back the school in all of its good purposes, has a field before it of almost un- limited possibilities. The Bulgarian officials themselves repeatedly express not only their confidence in the school but the conviction that 12 The Near East Missions there is a large place in the educational system of Bulgaria for a school of this character. The Mission has raised the question as to whether the girls' school and the boys' should not be incorporated under a single board when it moves down to its new site (which is practically purchased at the present time), and begins its operation there under a new regime. There are very few schools connected with the American Board that seem more worthy of a strong financial backing, with larger promise for the years to come, than these two schools united in the one progres- sive, strong institution re-established close by the Bulgarian capital. The evangelistic work has been largely under the general direction of Mr. Cooper. He will be reinforced this summer by the return of Mr. Holway. The Mission puts large emphasis on evangelism and the National Protestant Church of Bulgaria is a strong organization with several outstanding leaders, intellectually and spiritually strong men, as well as women. Mr. Furnajieff, the pastor of the large, powerful church in Sofia, is eager to put up a plant for social work close by the church. The Bulgarians themselves are contributing most liberally for this purpose. Mr. Furnajieff has come to the United States endeavor- ing here to interest some of his old Princeton classmates in helping him to raise funds so that this most worthy work can be carried through to completion. Bulgaria needs the Gospel of Christ, not only as it is taught in the school and preached fr6m the pulpit, but as it is lived in the community as well. All departments of evangelism need to be pressed in a country where the religion has been largely formal and from which the spirit has to a large degree departed. As an illustration of the religious thinking of the Bulgarian student as reported by Mr. Row- land, we quote from the report of a census recently taken among the pupils of the school as to their religious belief: "Three questions were put to the pupils of the school. 1. Do you believe in the Christian God? 2. Do you believe there is no God? 3. Are you undecided? In the answers gathered from the three upper classes 22 expressed their belief in the Christian God, 14 had no belief in any God, and 12 were undecided." It is an alarming fact that many in Bulgaria are slipping into infidelity, which shows the importance of the strongest possible evangelistic effort in order to arrest the movement and turn the thoughts and the hearts of the people toward Christ. To this end there are 32 places for regular meetings in connection with the American Board Mission in Bulgaria alone. There are many strong, effective Bulgarian pastors, preachers and evangelists, but the number is quite inadequate The Near East Missions 13 to meet the real demands of the field. The appeal comes from Bulgaria, as from every other Mission of the American Board, that the supreme need is for trained, devoted, consecrated Christian leaders. These are needed for every department of the work, the Sunday School, the young people's societies, as well as in the more organized work of the church. Only 21 of the churches receive any aid from the American Board, and for every dollar given by the Board more is given by the churches. This is a very significant fact in view of the disorganized state of Bul- garian finances at the present time. Mr. Cooper in rendering his re- port expresses the judgment that the churches are slowly recovering from the forced neglect during the entire period of the war. We can- not lose sight of the fact that Bulgaria was one of the war fields on the Eastern front for several years. Attention is called in the report to the position which the Protestant church itself holds in its standing and influence with the nation. This is far in excess of the members of the church or the numbers in the congregations. Our work is known and understood and appreciated throughout Bulgaria. The work of the Eulgarian churches is respected and approved by the majority of the people, including many who would not make public profession of their approval. During the past few months evangelistic workers have been going into many new villages and cities and they find everywhere a welcome and usually large audiences to hear the simple gospel preached, and after the services people often wait to express their appreciation and to invite the preacher to come again. The whole Bulgarian field is open. In view of the facts that have just been stated one can see immediate- ly the importance of producing an evangelistic literature which is not being produced by the Bulgarians themselves. We must bear in mind that the percentage of illiteracy in Bulgaria is lower than that of any other country in the Balkans; in fact, there are few countries in the world where so large a percentage of the people are able to read their own language. This shows the importance of producing a broad, enlightening, enlarging, Christian literature, and to meet this need Mr. Markham, with funds that have been supplied him from outside the Board, has started a Review for the purpose of discussing questions of religion and of morality which is attracting considerable attention. It of course has not yet achieved a circulation that will make it self- supporting, but it is worthy of every support and backing. The evangelistic paper, the Zornitsa, has a large circulation far outside the church membership. 14 The Near East Missions The three departments of the work that need to be pressed to the limit are evangelism, Christian education and Christian literature, and the three are one. The women's work moves along in all departments parallel with that of the work for men, and in the above report we have had the whole undivided work in mind. TURKEY The boundaries of the missions in Turkey are changed again. So far as this year's report is concerned there are three missions in the Near East,' — the Bulgarian Mission, reviewed elsewhere, the Western Turkey Mission, and the Central Turkey Mission. Because of the disturbances which have so disrupted our work at the meeting point of Europe and Asia the Salonica Station and the Caucasus work have been co-ordinated with the Western Turkey Mission. The Eastern Turkey Mission has almost completely dropped out as we can report neither missionaries nor institutions at work. The Central Turkey Mission has extended its borders forwards to include the Armenian refugee populations of Syria and northern Palestine. This has been a year of horrors. The fall and winter brought the deportation of the Greeks from Pontus and northern Asia Minor up into the mountains of Armenia with enormous loss of life and untold suffering. During the same period the whole region of Cilicia was evacuated by the Armenians who fled in view of the restoration of the country by the French to the Turks. The Greek reverses in Asia Minor in the summer of the present year resulted in a wholesale flight of the Christian peoples of western Asia Minor to Greece and the Euro- pean countries. The fourth horror is still in progress as this report is written. It is the general flight of all Christians from the interior of Asia Minor just at the approach of winter. In response to a "per- mission" issued by the Angora government that all Christians might have freedom to travel, panic has seized those who have long been witnesses to the gradual elimination of the Christian minorities and they flee in every direction. On the sea coast the terror of the people has not been alleviated, for friendly ships cannot be found to take the exiles away to some safe haven. Neither the countries of Europe nor the United States seem willing to undertake to absorb this great mass of diseased and suffering humanity. Massed in great numbers in the coast cities they are a prey to disease and the oncoming winter. The Near East Missions 15 The year has been a year of missionary disappointments also. The last of the missionaries in Harpoot were ejected in March of the present year, with the exception of Rev. Lester J. Wright, who was assassinated in October. He had been giving himself with full devotion to the care of the Greek orphans in Malatia and had just safely escorted his charges to Aleppo when his promising career was cut off by the bullet of a bandit. Thus the uninterrupted missionary service in Harpoot of seventy years is temporarily closed. In Marsovan it was with high hopes of active missionary service that Miss Willard and Miss Noyes returned in the early summer. The attitude of the government, how- ever, has prevented any active missionary work and these ladies have joined in the relief work so needed in that region. The story has been much the same in Trebizond, Sivas and Talas where our representa- tives give themselves largely to relief. In Smyrna and Brousa most promising and far-reaching activities were suddenly cut off by the military reverses of the Greeks which swept away the whole of the Christian population. At the same time the year has been one of new missionary openings. The work in the Caucasus mentioned a year ago has expanded and de- veloped until it suggests the necessity of establishing a new mission in Russian Armenia. The extension of the activities of the Central Turkey Mission into Syria, following as our missionaries did the people of Central Turkey in the places of their exile, has necessitated the temporary assignment of six of our missionaries to work in the territory ordinarily covered by the Presbyterian Board. This activity has, how- ever, been undertaken with the fullest co-operation of the representa- tives of that Board. Churches and schools have been established among the Armenians in Beirut and Damascus, in Zahleh and Tripoli, and in various lesser centers up and down the Lebanon. Fleeing from Smyrna our workers found new opportunities in the islands and in Greece. Engaged for the most part in relief work they have still found opportunity to consider the re-opening of their work among the refugees and among the native people of Greece. It has seemed to many a most opportune time to begin a definite educational work in Athens. The government schools are sadly distracted by the political divisions and private schools are eagerly patronized. There would seem to be just at the present time an opportunity for the establish- ment of a great American Christian college for boys and girls in the metropolis of Greece. In Constantinople the wonderful opportunities have been grasped 16 The Near East Missions by our missionaries with the result that unprecedented success has attended our school work, our publication work and the new effort to prepare religious leaders for all the people. The Bithynia High School moved from Bardizag to the shores of the Marmora near Constantino- ple, and the Adabazar Girls' School re-established in Scutari after a period of sojourn at Nicomedia, and the Gedik Pasha School so long a power for uplift in the crowded heart of the metropolis, have all been over- crowded and eager to expand. The opportunity for service by these schools and others which might be founded in the less favored districts of Constantinople seems unlimited. The new School of Religion open- ed this fall under the shadow of Robert College is unique in missionary history. According to its prospectus it is open "for the training of pastors, priests and other Christian leaders in the Near East." It has secured the co-operation of the Eastern Liturgical Churches in an un- precedented way. The support of the Greek Patriarch and the Rus- sian Orthodox Archimandrite has been enthusiastically given. Twenty young Russians competed for the five positions in the School open to them. Two of these are definitely planning to enter the Russian priest- hood. In this way the School of Religion is so organized that it may reach with a powerful influence all the Christian peoples of the Near East. A new survey of literature especially fitted for Moslem readers has been made by a special committee on which representatives of the American Board has served. As a result of the work of this committee it is expected that new and valuable literature will be produced for the Turks, calculated to meet the peculiar circumstances of the present day. In the meantime certain tracts have been published in Constanti- nople which have had a remarkable circulation among the Turks of that city. The reading public is largely increased, due to the political interest of the last seven years. The product of the Turkish press, however, has not been elevating nor inspiring. Many thousands of Turkish minds are eager for something better. A most promising enterprise had been begun in Smyrna in the way of the publishing of good clean wholesome family magazines, one especially for women and one especially for children. These had met with not only the approval of eager readers but with the keen opposition of religious leaders when the tragedy of Smyrna forced the suspension of the enter- prise. New efforts along the line of social service have met with gratify- ing success both in Smyrna and in Constantinople. Hundreds of Turks otherwise untouched have come into daily contact with our missionary leaders. The Near East Missions 17 As this report is written the world waits eagerly for the outcome of the Lausanne conference. Our missionary activities are vitally in- volved. The Turkish authorities have at the same time declared that our missionary work must cease and that they will welcome both educa- tional and evangelistic workers. What their final stand will be re- mains to be seen. The capitulations under which our work had been protected during one hundred years have been abrogated by the Turks. The State Department assures us that the missionary activities will be protected, however, and the nature of that protection remains to be determined at this conference. While the conference is in session there seem to be fervent efforts on the part of the Turks in power not only in the interior but in the capital itself to eliminate all the Christian people. On the other hand the conference is set for preserving the rights of the minorities in Turkey. This again has a most vital bear- ing upon the missionary work which thus far has had its greatest suc- cess among the nominal Christians. One thing however is certain, that whatever the outcome of the conference the Christian approach to the Turks will not be given up and the missionary zeal of the American Board in Turkey will not slacken. The Near Eastern problem cannot permanently be solved by armies or treaties; the ultimate solution lies only in the evangelization of the Turkish people. NEAR EAST INSTITUTIONS* *Before the Smyrna disaster. Educational and Social Adabazar: Girls' School. See Constantinople: American School for Girls. Adana: Girls' Seminary. (C. T. M.) Miss Grace C. Towner, Principal. Opening in September with about 200 pupils, it found itself almost in a day without pupils or teachers — all had fled. In a few weeks a school had again been built up; 55 Moslems, Jews and Chris- tians. Other schools 3 with 734 pupils. Aintab: Central Turkey College. (C. T. M.) Dr. John E. Merrill, President. Enrolment in College and 2 middle schools in 1921, 229. The efforts of Dr. T. C. Trowbridge led to the founding of 18 The Near East Missions this college, which was incorporated under the laws of Massachusetts in 1874. It is the only Board institution using Turkish as a medium of instruction. The majority of the teaching staff are now living, which cannot be said of any other college in the interior. Aintab: Girls' Seminary. Miss Harriet C. Norton, Principal. Enrolment 30. Ordinary enrolment used to be 200. The buildings, like the other mission buildings, were taken over by the Turks. An order from Angora came in June, 1922 to return them. At that time the Seminary is reported as having completed a successful year. Albania: Girls' Boarding School, Kortcha. (Balkan). This has passed quite recently with the whole of the work in Albania from the management of the American Board to the Methodist Mission in Bulgaria. Aleppo: Girls' School (C. T. M.). Opened in the fall of 1921 as a branch of Aintab Girls' Seminary. Miss Lucile Foreman, Prin- cipal. Enrolment 50. It is planned to have the freshman and sopho- more work of the Central Turkey Girls' College done in conjunction with this school. Bardizag: Bithynia High School. See Constantinople: Bithynia High School. Bitlis: George C. Knapp Academy. (E. T. M.) Named in honor of its founder, who began classes for men and boys in his own home in the early sixties. It supplied the province with teachers and preachers; a very large proportion of the day-scholars were Gregorian. In 1915 the Turks put to death all the teaching staff — Kevork Kouyoomjian, the headmaster, giving himself up voluntarily to avert the vengeance the Turks would have wreaked on the women and chil- dren had they not readily found him — and most of the students. A number escaped to the Caucasus or to Harpoot. Closed. Bitlis: Mount Holyoke School. Begun by Mrs. George C. Knapp in the early sixties, it was made one of the most influential schools of the interior by the Misses Charlotte and Mary Ely, who went out in 1868. Miss Charlotte was its principal for 45 years. Its graduates were in demand as teachers in schools in other stations and 1 The Near East Missions • 19 missions. During the deportations the school succeeded in protecting its boarders and a few women and in 1916 sixty of these escaped to the Caucasus, Closed. Brousa: Girls' School. (W. T. M.) Miss Jeannie L. Jillson, Principal. Enrolment 166, of whom 61 are boarders; staff 13. It was closed after the break with Turkey but reopened in 1919. In 1921 the registration was the largest it had ever been — 365 — on account of the many Greek refugees. The buildings have been renovated and new rooms and new balco*nies built. Bulgaria: American Girls' Gymnasium at Samokov. (Balkan). Miss Inez L. Abbott, Principal. Enrolment 179. A new site is soon to be secured for the school. School work has been interrupted thrice this year by scarlet fever, but the standard of scholarship has been un- usually high. Unusually fine work has been done in music; courses in mother craft, child psychology, theory of cooking, were begun. Bulgaria: American School for Boys at Samokov. Mr. Leroy F. Ostrander, Principal. Enrolment 148, of whom 124 are boarders. This school was founded in 1861 in Philippopolis, transferred to Samo- kov and known as the Theological Seminary in 1872; in 1881 it was called the Collegiate and Theological Institute. The Government now grants us the privilege of working out our own curriculum, expect- ing from us a model of the best type of American secondary school. A program not Overcrowded as of old makes possible the development of the student organizations which arouse school spirit and loyalty, and develop executive ability : literary and temperance societies, Y.M.C.A., Sport Club, Boy Scouts, Student Council, Orchestra, Choir and School Paper. The courses in Religion and in English have been enlarged. Bulgaria: Kindergarten at Sofia. Opened in 1900. Miss Elizabeth Clarke, Principal. Enrolment 40. This school was recog- nized by the Government in 1921. Miss Clarke has been invited by the Inspector to sit with a committee of education to devise plans for the special training of abnormal children. Several subjects have been added to the courses in the Teachers' Training School connected with the Kindergarten. 20 The Near East Missions Cesarea: Kindergarten Training School. (W. T. M.) Miss Clara Richmond in charge. She is now carrying on relief work in the building. Constantinople: American School for Girls. (W. T. M). Miss Mary E. Kinney, Principal. Enrolment 207, of whom 60 are boarders. The 100 girls of the school at Adabazar were removed to Ismid in 1920 when Circassians were in control in the former city, and the new term began with an enrolment of 400. When the Greeks evacu- ated Ismid the school was again removed, this time to the buildings of the former American College at Scutari. A Kindergarten Training School was opened early in September, 1922, in connection with this school, with Miss Harley of Harpoot in charge. Constantinople: Bithynia High School. Rev. James P. McNaughton, Principal. Enrolment 100, of whom 60 are boarders. The school was removed from Bardizag to Geoz Tepe in September, 1921. A 35 acre farm has been bought and a house large enough for 50 boys was bought in March. Constantinople: Gedik Pasha School. Established 1888. Miss Ethel W. Putney, Principal. Enrolment, 260 boys and girls, a larger number than usual. American, Armenian, Greek, Turkish, and French teachers have co-operated harmoniously. Emphasis has been laid on moral and religious training and Bible lessons have been given three times a week in all the 8 grades and kindergarten. Primary Schools : 6, enrolment 376 boys, 232 girls. Constantinople: Language School. 1921. Mrs. Lulu S. Goodsell, Director. 16 were enrolled the first year. Turkish is the language studied by the greater number. Lectures on subjects vitally connected with life in the Turkish Empire are given by college pro- fessors and others. Constantinople: School of Religion. September, 1922. Rev. F. F. Goodsell, President. Its purpose is to train preachers and pas- tors, teachers for advanced schools, Bible school leaders and teachers, Y. M. C. A., and Y. W. C. A. secretaries and social service workers. It is open to both men and women, but its regular theological course is open only to college graduates. Its management is in the hands of representatives of the American Board, the Methodist Mission in The Near East Missions 21 Bulgaria, the Armenian and Greek Patriarchates, the Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A. the Protestant Chancellery, Robert College, Constanti- nople College, and International College. Erivan, Transcaucasia: Schools. (E. T. M.) One in the city, 3 village schools, 12 teachers, 230 pupils in city grades, 120 in the kindergartens, 175 in the village schools. About 25% are girls, the rest boys. Miss Myrtle O. Shane formerly of Bitlis, late N. E. R. worker, in charge of schools. The educational work may be con- sidered a continuation of the Eastern Turkey Mission work. Erzeroum: Boys' High and Boarding School. (E. T. M.) Before the war the enrolment averaged about 60. The building was given up to the use of wounded soldiers during the war. Girls' High and Boarding School the enrolment in which had averaged 123 with a kindergarten of 50 pupils, also gave up its building. Evacua- tion of city, 1915. Hadjin: Home School for Girls and the Boys' School. Es- tablished 1882 by Mrs. Josephine Coffing. Miss Olive Vaughan held to her post alone during and after the massacres and was rejoined by Miss Edith Cold in 1919. In May, 1920 the city surrendered after a long siege and was destroyed. The Americans reached safety with some of their pupils. Harpoot: Euphrates College. Incorporated in Massachusetts in 1878. It was a college for men and women with a usual registra- tion of 600 in all departments. Staff 23, most of whom were killed in 1915. Since then the educational work in Harpoot has been in connection with the orphanage, the largest in the Empire, except for over two years preceding 1922, when Miss Harley conducted an elementary mission school. Harpoot: Theological Seminary. Affiliated with Euphrates College. Like the two other interior theological seminaries it has been closed for some time. The new School of Religion in Constan- tinople is to some extent making up for the loss. Marash: Central Turkey Girls' College. (C. T. M.) Founded 1882. Miss Ellen M. Blakely, President, Enrolment 91. The college 22 The Near East Missions has never ceased functioning throughout these troublous times. In 1919 peace seemed to have settled over the country with the French mandate over Cilicia. In January 1920 there was fighting between French and Turks and 10,000 of the city's inhabitants were killed, among them 11 College students, 2 teachers; 33 others followed the retreating French army. In March class work was resumed and in June diplomas were given to six seniors. The following years seniors and juniors taught faithfully all the year, returning to the college in the fall of 1921. Primary Schools: 4, enrolment 1000. Marash: Central Turkey Theological Seminary. Closed. Mardin: Boys' High School. (Formerly E. T. M.) Founded in the early sixties by Rev. William F. Williams; made a High School in 1885 by Dr. C. F. Gates. Its last principal, Rev. Richard Emrich, died in 1919 while on his way back to the mission. Girls' High School. Miss Agnes Fenenga, Principal. It was founded in the early sixties by Miss Olive Parmelee, later Mrs. Andrus, who died in Mardin in 1915. These schools, with the entire work in Mardin, were transferred in 1920 to the Presbyterian Board, as the language is that of that Board's missions in Syria. Marsovan: Anatolia College. (W. T. M.) Founded 1886. Incorporated in Massachusetts in 1894. Dr. George E. White, Presi- dent. Normal number of students before the war 425. In May, 1916 the grounds, buildings and equipment were requisitioned by the Turks. Reopened in September 1919 with an enrolment of 166 and teaching staff of 14, 11 of its former staff having died and 14 having been drafted. The Wickes Industrial Self-Help Shops were also reopened. A night school was in successful operation, the college students acting as teachers. The College was closed in February, 1921 and Americans sent away. Marsovan: Anatolia Girls' School. Miss Charlotte R. Willard, Principal. Established in the early sixties. Normal attendance be- fore the war 300. In 1915, 60 of the girls were deported by the Turks; Miss Willard and Miss Gage followed them and secured permission in Sivas to bring back all the girls who had reached that city. In May 1916 the Turks requisitioned the buildings and sent away the Americans. Some two months later Miss Willard secured permission to return, got The Near East Missions 23 the Turks to vacate the ladies' apartments, found some of her girls, and the school was in running order before long. Closed again in February 1921 and Americans sent away. But again Miss Willard has secured permission to return, though the school has not been re- opened. The affiliated Martha A. King School for the Deaf has also been closed. Marsovan: The Theological Seminary. This was transferred from Constantinople in 1863. Its work, brought to a halt by the war, seems to have been transferred back again in 1922 to the new School of Religion. Oorfa: Industrial Institute. (C. T. M.) Closed. Oorfa: Shattuck School for the Blind. Named for Miss Corinna Shattuck who went out to Aintab in 1873 and to Oorfa in the latter eighties, and worked there, mostly alone, till her death in 1910. The course included elementary work in English, Armenian and Turkish Braille; instruction was given in tent-weaving, hammock-making, canning, knitting and sewing. Closed. Publications: Demet, a fortnightly magazine for children is published at Smyrna. Hai Badani is a weekly Armenian magazine for young people published in Constantinople and fills a long felt want. The Orient, a weekly paper in English, published in Constantinople, deals with affairs in Turkey and the Near East. It was discontinued when the war broke out, but its publication was later resumed. The Publication Department in Constantinople completed this year a century of service. The Star of the East, formerly published in Athens, has been resuscitated by the Salonica station and in six months the list of subscribers reached 1 ,000 and kept on increasing. Yildiz, a fortnightly magazine for adults is published in Smyrna. The Zornitza is an evangelical weekly published in Samokov, Bulgaria. Salonica, Greece: Girls' School. (W. T. M.) Miss Lena L. Lietzau, Principal. A day school started in 1914 was expanded last year into a boarding school, and for this purpose took over the four rooms on the second story of the main school building which had been used as a missionary residence. Enrolment 12 boarders, 140 day- scholars. During the year the entire school has been regraded with additional work in English and special emphasis on Bible teaching. 24 The Near East Missions Salonica: Thessalonica Agricultural and Industrial Insti- tute. Dr. J. Henry House, President. Founded by him about 17 years ago. Modern machinery is used; substantial buildings have been erected; two fine wells, one artesian, supply water; an electric plant has been locally installed. All farm products not consumed by the school are readily disposed of. The Institute has also served as an experiment station, new seeds and new fruit being introduced. The grain yield per acre far exceeds that of any other farm in the country. The same holds true of its vineyards and farmers come from far and near to learn the art of grape-culture. Serbia: Girls' Boarding School, Monastir. Founded 1878. With 'the entire work in Serbia, this has recently passed into the hands of the Methodist Mission in Bulgaria. Sivas: Girls' High School. (W. T. M.) Miss Nina E. Rice, Principal. Founded in 1864 by Miss Flavia Bliss. Usual enrolment before the war over 400. The work in Sivas is now under the direction of the N. E. R. with a large number of orphans. Sivas: Teachers' College. Had an enrolment before the war of 500. Rev. E. C. Partridge was then Principal. Closed temporarily as a college. In 1920 the building was housing 4,000 orphans. Smyrna: American Collegiate Institute. (W. T. M.) Founded 1877 by Miss Maria West. Miss Emily McCallum, Principal. Enrolment 304. It has for a long time been the Mission's special training school for teachers. This year men were admitted to the special teachers' training department. Plans have been made to raise the Institute to college grade, secure a charter in Massachusetts as the American College for Women, and form a separate Board of Trus- tees. The Turkish department has been moved to Geoz Tepe, two miles farther out of the city. Seven nationalities and six religions have been represented in the institute this year. Smyrna: International College. Organized in 1891, incorpo- rated in Massachusetts in 1903. Dr. Alexander MacLachlan, President. Enrolment 162. It began with a boys' school started by Miss Maria West in 1878. Before the war about a fifth of its students were Mos- lems. It maintained its work uninterruptedly through the war years. The Near East Missions 25 Social Service: Community Fireside, Sofia. The city has granted a plot of ground equivalent to 7 city lots; the Government promises a quantity of lumber and the labor of 50 men for the erec- tion of this Social Service House, and architects have given their ser- vices freely in making the plans. Miss Clark's home has long been in reality a social service center. Prophet Elia Settlement House, Smyrna was dedicated Nov. 20, 1921. It is carrying social settle- ment work begun by the International College in 1915. Miss Sara Snell has organized classes, clinics, Boy Scouts, and a community playground. The building was financed by the Amherst Community Church near Buffalo, N. Y. Talas: American School for Boys. (W. T. M.) This grew out of a school for boys in Cesarea of which Mr. James Fowle was head in the late eighties. Mr. Henry K. Wingate was principal from 1900 to 1916, when teachers and pupils were deported. Now orphanage work is carried on here. Talas: Girls' Boarding School. Founded 1869 by Miss Sarah A. Closson who was Principal 1869-1901. Miss Stella Loughbridge was Principal 1901-1916, and is now Director of Orphanages. 3,000 orphans are being cared for by the missionaries. Enrolment before the war over 160 usually. A fine new building was completed shortly before the war. Tarsus: St. Paul's College. (C. T. M.) Was organized by Dr. Thomas D. Christie and incorporated under the laws of the State of New York in 1887. Rev. Paul Nilson in charge. Enrolment 268 in the Fall of 1921. A Summer Trade School has been very success- ful for 2 years. When the evacuation of Cilicia followed the French- Turkish treaty, teachers and boys left till only 15 remained. A new work developed after Jan. 1st, 1922, till the Academy had in April 53 students, a grade school for boys and girls 75, and Mrs. Nilson had a kindergarten of 35. Some of the college boys who left were received by the International College; one became Director of the Antilyas Orphanage, Beirut. Trebizond: Girls' School and Kindergarten Training School. (W. T. M.) Miss Nellie A. Cole in charge. Enrolment 100 before Miss Cole left for America in December, 1921. The school work 26 The Near East Missions then went out of the hands of the Mission, the Armenian Bishop tak- ing charge of it and also of the N. E. R. orphanages. Van College. (E. T. M.) Opened 1913. Dr. George C. Rey- nolds, founder of the station, first President. Enrolment 5 regular college students, 10 special, 548 in the High School Department. Work in Van ceased with the evacuation in 1915 but the Erivan schools are in reality a continuation of the Van and Bitlis schools and many of the students and faculty of the latter have held posts of great responsi- bility in connection with relief and orphanage work in the Caucasus. Van: Girls' High and Boarding School. Mrs. Martha W. Ray- nolds opened the school in a stable in 1878 with four boarders. Four years later it was removed to its own building which doubled in size in the next 25 years, while a fine new building, Jewell Hall, was built for it by the New Haven Branch near the end of that period. Miss E. Gertrude Rogers was principal 1907-1915 of the school in the Gardens and its branch in the old city, while Miss Silliman had charge of three kindergartens, one of which had been opened in 1894 by Miss Eliza- beth Huntington, and another, a Turkish kindergarten, in 1913. At the time of the evacuation the enrolment was 470 with 86 in the Gardens kindergarten. The Erivan schools are a continuation of the Van schools, with Miss Shane and Mr. Partridge in charge of educational work. MEDICAL Adana: International Hospital. (C. T. M.) Dr. Cyril H. Haas, physician in charge. Capacity 34 beds. Before the war some 200 men and 160 women were in-patients each year and 3,400 were treated in the clinics. The hospital was taken over by the Government about 1916 though Dr. Haas and Miss Davies, the nurse, remained in charge. Nearly four years later it was taken over by the Near East Relief, but reverted to the Mission in 1921. An Arab clinic was started in 1920. Aintab: Azariah Smith Memorial Hospital. (C. T. M.) Dr. Lorrin A. Shepard, physician in charge, Dr. Caroline F. Hamilton, Associate Physician. Named for the first American physician who had been allowed by ignorant opposition to remain at his post, it was organized by Dr. Fred D. Shepard in 1882 and maintained a high The Near East Missions 27 standard of efficiency till his death in 1915. His son took up the work in 1919 after it had been in the hands of the Turks for a year. During the past year the chief surgeon of the Turkish army hospital has not allowed the American hospital to be hampered by Turkish interference and it has regained its old prestige. December, 1921 — May, 1922 there were 2,670 new cases in the out-patient department, 13,271 visits in all. Diarbekir: Hospital and Dispensary. (E. T. M.) Established through funds given by Armenians and opened by Dr. Edwin St. John Ward about 1908. Closed 1910-1914. Reopened by Dr. Floyd O. Smith. Some 8,000 treatments yearly. $12,000 was left by an Armenian for a new building. Closed. Erzeroum: Hospital and Dispensary. (E. T. M.) Medical work was begun in Erzeroum by Dr. Ida S. Stapleton in 1899 though it was confined to women and averaged 1,200 visits a year. Hospital with 15 beds opened by Dr. Herbert L. Underwood in 1903 and for five years he had a very large practice. Reopened 1912 by Dr. Ed- ward P. Case. Evacuation 1915. Harpoot: Annie Tracy Riggs Memorial Hospital. (E. T M.) Built 1906. Medical work begun in Harpoot by Dr. Clarence D. Ussher in 1898. Dr. Henry H. Atkinson was physician here from 1902 to his death in Harpoot, 1915. Serving then as a Turkish military hospital, it was taken over by the Near East Relief in 1920, but a little over a year later reverted to the Mission under the manage- ment of Drs. Mark Ward and Ruth Parmelee, who were sent out by the Kemalists in 1922. Capacity of the hospital was 60 beds and treat- ments averaged about 26,000 yearly. Konia: American Hospital. Dr. Wilson F. Dodd, Physician in charge (now in Constantinople). Established about 1912 as an inde- pendent hospital but in close co-operation with the Board. Taken over by the Near East Relief for about two years, it was returned to the missionaries in 1921. Marash: American Hospital. (C. T. M.) Dr. William A. Kristensen, Physician in charge. Formerly a German hospital, it was taken over about 1920 by the Near East Relief , which is now co- operating with the American Board there. 28 The Near East Missions Mardin: Hospital and Dispensary. (E. T. M.) Built in the early nineties by Dr. Daniel B. Thorn, who was the only physician in Mardin from 1875 until his death as a result of war conditions in 1915. Taken over by the Near East Relief in 1919. Turned over to the Presbyterian Board in 1920. Marsovan: Anatolia Hospital. (W. T. M.) Dr. Jesse K. Mar- den, Physician in charge 1910-1916, 1919-1921 (now in Alexandropol). Affiliated with Anatolia College. Before the war it had a staff of 4 physicians, 4 nurses, 1 dispenser, treated 1,000 yearly in the hospital, 3,200 in the dispensary. Fine new buildings completed in 1914 were requisitioned twice by the Turks. Near East Relief maintained it 1919 to Oct. 1920 when it was returned to the missionaries. They were forced out in February, 1921. Sivas: West Memorial Hospital. (W. T. M.) Dr. Charles E. Clark, Physician in charge 1903-1921 (now in Constantinople). No missionary physician in Sivas 1881-1903. In the latest report from this hospital 300 patients were stated to have been discharged in two months and 7,288 treated in the clinic. Talas: American Hospital. (W. T. M.) Dr. Alden R. Hoover, Physician in charge 1906-1914. Nurse, Miss Theda B. Phelps. 85 beds. Average number of treatments yearly about 13,000. Taken over by the Turks during the war. Van: American Hospital. (E. T. M.) Built 1903. Dr. Clarence D. Ussher, Physician in charge, Miss Louise Bond, Nurse. Hos- pital work was begun in a rented building in 1900. Capacity 50 beds; in-patients normally 260, new patients at dispensary 872, and 792 were visited in their homes. During the siege of Van the hospital and several temporary annexes were crowded to their utmost capacity. The building was burned after the evacuation in 1915. Van Medical work was continued in Erivan 1919-1922. The Near East Missions 29 STATISTICAL SUMMARY FOR NEAR EAST Stations 15; outstations 66. The missionary force includes 33 or- dained men; 16 unordained; 46 wives; 59 single women, making a total of 154. The native force is composed of 36 ordained preachers; 22 unordained preachers; total teachers 166; Bible women 20; other workers 9; total number of workers 295. The native church has 85 places of meeting; 53 unorganized churches, of which 15 are self sup- porting. The communicants number 4,859 in a total constituency of 18,569. There are 47 Sunday schools with a membership of 4,126; 28 Christian Endeavor Societies with a membership of 779. The edu- cational work is carried on in 6 colleges and training schools having 58 students; 8 secondary schools with 1,008 pupils; 12 primary schools with 1,714 pupils; 2 kindergartens with 98 pupils; making the total number of schools 32 with 4,130 pupils. The contributions of the na- tive churches to Christian work amounted to $8,383; for education $30,260 ; for other purposes $901 ; total gifts $39,454. The report on the medical work is very incomplete. There are 6 hospitals, and at least 4 dispensaries, and the treatments reported amounted to 24,490. Pages printed, 3,760,000.