f 
 
 
 UNDER THE CARE 
 
 OF TH E 
 
 
 Board of 
 
 Foreign tl?i$$ion$ 
 of the 
 
 Presbyterian 
 
 Church 
 
 Historical 
 Sketch "" 
 IDissions in 
 Japan 
 
 ' 
 
 Sixth Edition 
 
 REVISED BY 
 
 REV. G. M. FULTON. D.D. 
 
 The Uloman’s Toreign 
 IDissionarv Society of 
 the Presbyterian Church, 
 lUitherspoon Building, 
 Philadelphia : 1910 
 
 ■ 
 
 Price. 10 Cents 
 

 UNDER THE CARE 
 
 OF TH E 
 
 
 Board of 
 
 Toreign n)i$$ion$ 
 of the 
 
 Presbyterian 
 
 Church 
 
 Historical 
 Sketch 
 missions in 
 3apan ^ ^ 
 
 
 Sixth Edition 
 
 REVISED BY 
 
 REV. G. M. FULTON, D.D. 
 
 The Uloman’s Toreiyn 
 FJlissionarv Society of 
 the Presbyterian Church, 
 Ulitherspoon Building, 
 Philadelphia : 1910 
 
JAPAN 
 
 The islands which compose the Japanese 
 THE COUNTRY Empire stretch in a crescent shape along the 
 northeastern coast of Asia, from Kamtchatka 
 on the north to Korea on the south, embracing an area of 
 about 160,000 square miles. They are very numerous, per- 
 haps 4,000 in number, but the four islands of Yezo, Hondo, 
 Shikoku and Kiushiu, together with Formosa, form the great 
 portion of the empire. The climate, except in the very north- 
 ern islands, is mild and healthful. The heats of summer are 
 tempered by the surrounding ocean, and the Kuro-Shio or 
 Gulf Stream of the Pacific, which washes the eastern shores of 
 these islands, mitigates the severity of the winter. In location 
 and climate there is a striking similarity between these islands 
 and those of the British Empire, so that Japan may be called 
 the Great Britain of the East. The great mountain chain 
 which forms the backbone of the islands is broken by frequent 
 valleys, exceedingly fertile, and opening out to the sea in small 
 but fruitful plains. The skies are clear and beautiful, and 
 nature clothes itself in its brightest robes of green. It is a 
 land of fruits and flowers, and its hills are stored with the 
 choicest minerals. At the census of 1908, the population of 
 the empire was 49,319,166. 
 
 A fertile soil, healthful air, temperate climate, abundant 
 food, and comparative isolation from other nations, with that 
 subtle, ever-present sense of uncertainty which clings to all 
 volcanic regions, have shaped, to a large extent, the character 
 and history of the people. 
 
 The Japanese are a kindly people, industrious 
 THE PEOPLE and patient, quick to observe and imitate, and 
 ready to adopt whatever may seem to pro- 
 mote their present good or advance their nation in the eyes 
 of the world. The long and bloody strifes which marked so 
 much of their past history not only left their impress in a 
 
4 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 strong martial spirit, but divided the people into two great 
 classes, the “Samurai” or military, who were at the same time 
 the literati; and the “Hrimin” or agriculturalists, merchants 
 and artisans. Formerly the distinction between these classes 
 was very great, not only in their social, but also in their intel- 
 lectual and moral character; but with the advance of the 
 national education and under the changed conditions of new 
 Japan, the difYerence is rapidly disappearing. At the present 
 day, the average Japanese is intelligent, with a real love for 
 knowledge, respectful to elders, gentle, courteous and intensely 
 loyal; he maintains a buoyant and happy spirit even in the 
 midst of much that is discouraging; while in a way he seems 
 to take life easy, still there is a patient perseverance about him 
 which surmounts obstacles and wins success. 
 
 In moral character he is as yet lacking in many of the 
 highest virtues; love of truth for its own sake, chastity, tem- 
 perance, straightforwardness, honesty, are not characteristic 
 qualities, though noticeable improvement along all these lines 
 has taken place in recent years. 
 
 Because of their eager desire for all that will prove bene- 
 ficial to them and their acceptance of much that is new and 
 strange from the West, the Japanese are regarded by many 
 as changeable, superficial and unreliable, but this impression 
 is gradually being removed as the people become settled in 
 their new conditions and accustomed to the new life which 
 they have adopted. 
 
 The history of Japan falls into three great 
 THE HISTORY periods. The lines of division are so well 
 
 marked that all writers recognize them. The 
 first stretches into the remote past, and comes down to about 
 the middle of the twelfth century. Here, as elsewhere, the 
 aborigines have gradually retired before a stronger foreign 
 power, until partly by destruction and partly by amalgama- 
 tion with their conquerors, they have well-nigh disappeared. 
 The pure Ainus, the original inhabitants, are now found 
 only in the northern portion of the islands. The Japanese 
 are evidently a mixed race; but the early immigrants, judging 
 from the language, had no affinity with the Chinese, but 
 were Tartars or Mongolians from central Asia, who came to 
 
THE MISSIONS IN JAPAN. 
 
 5 
 
 Japan by way of Korea, while another element of the popu- 
 lation is supposed to be of Malay origin. The present 
 Mikado or Emperor of Japan traces his line back in unbroken 
 succession to about 660 B. C., when, according to their tradi- 
 tion, Jimmu Tenno. the first Mikado, sprung from the sun- 
 goddess, landed upon the island with a few retainers, and, 
 after a severe and protracted struggle with the natives, 
 established the empire. The dynasty thus founded has never 
 lost its hold upon the people, who regard the Emperor as 
 divine, and whose loyalty has its support and strength in 
 their religion. Its actual power, however, has been liable 
 to great fluctuations. The ruling prince found it difficult at 
 times to restrain the power and pride of his nobles, or daimios. 
 They were restless, ambitious, wielding absolute power in 
 their own demain, and chafing under restraints — rendering 
 oftentimes a formal rather than a real allegiance to the 
 supreme ruler. It was not an unnatural step, therefore, when 
 Yoritomo, one of these powerful nobles, employed by the 
 Emperor to subdue his rebellious subjects, usurped the entire 
 executive authority, and thus closed the first period of the 
 history. 
 
 The second period reaches from the origin of this dual 
 power in the State — 1143 A. D. — until the restoration of the 
 imperial authority in 1868. Yoritomo never claimed the posi- 
 tion or honor of Emperor. He was not a rival to the Mikado. 
 He recognized the source of authority in the divine line, but 
 under the title of “Shogun” or general, exercised regal power, 
 and transmitted his office in his own line, or in rival families. 
 The edicts of the ruling Shogun were in the name of the 
 Emperor. It was his policy to assume only to be the first of 
 the princes under the divine head. The title of tycoon (taikim, 
 great lord), attributed to him by foreign powers, was never 
 claimed by him until the treaty with Commodore Perry in 
 1853. It was the assumption of this title which prepared the 
 way for his downfall and the overthrow of the whole system 
 connected with him — a system which, like the feudal system 
 of the Middle Ages, having served its purpose, now stood as 
 a bar to the nation’s progress, and must therefore perish. 
 
 It was during this period that the Roman Catholic mis- 
 
6 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 sionaries under Francis Xavier reached Japan in 1549. Al- 
 though meeting with serious difficulties in his ignorance of the 
 language and the opposition made by the followers of the 
 existing religions, Xavier was well received and had great 
 success. Converts were rapidly multiplied, so that in about 
 thirty years there were 250,000 native Christians. His success 
 was due partly to the doctrines he preached — in contrast with 
 Buddhism full of hope and promise — but mainly to the fact 
 that he made the transition from heathenism to Christianity 
 very easy. It was largely the substitution of one form of 
 idolatry for another. The political plans and intrigues of the 
 Jesuits soon awakened the opposition of the rulers. The 
 flames of civil war were kindled and the Christians were ex- 
 terminated, with the decree over their graves: “So long as 
 the sun shall warm the earth, let no Christian be so bold as 
 to come to Japan.” The edict forbidding Christianity was 
 followed by one rigidly excluding all foreigners from Japan, 
 with the exception of a few Dutch traders, who, under the 
 most humiliating conditions, were allowed a residence in 
 Deshima, a little island in the port of Nagasaki. The Japanese 
 were forbidden to leave their country, and those even who 
 were driven from their land by storms, or carried by the 
 currents of the sea to other shores, if they returned were to be 
 put to death. 
 
 The policy of entire seclusion, so inaugurated, was main- 
 tained until the treaty with Commodore Perry in 1854, which 
 introduces the third period in the history of Japan. It would 
 be a mistake, however (as Griffis — “The Mikado’s Empire,” 
 chap, xxviii — has clearly shown), to attribute the great revolu- 
 tion which then began, and was completed in the restoration 
 of the Mikado to his rightful throne in 1868, solely to such 
 an event as this, or to the subsequent treaties with other 
 Western powers. No mere external event like this could 
 have fired the popular heart unless it had been prepared for it. 
 Mighty forces were at work among the people tending to this 
 result. They were growing restless under the usurpation of 
 the Shogun. Rival families, who had been subjected, were 
 plotting his destruction. The more cultivated of the people 
 were growing acquainted with the facts and principles of their 
 
THE MISSIONS IN JAPAN. 
 
 7 
 
 earlier history. Men of culture and influence — scholars, 
 soldiers, statesmen — were laboring to bring back the old 
 regime. The introduction of the foreigner, even in the 
 restricted degree in which it was first permitted, only served 
 to hasten what was already sure to come. It was the spark 
 which kindled the elements into a flame. But whatever the 
 cause, a mighty revolution swept over the land. The Mikado 
 resumed his power. The Shogun was compelled to resign his 
 position, the more powerful daimios were removed from their 
 fiefs, the whole feudal system fell as at a single blow, and a 
 government administered like the modern governments of 
 Europe was established. The Mikado, without formally 
 renouncing his claim upon the loyalty and homage of his 
 people on the ground of his divine descent, has come out from 
 his seclusion, has changed his capital to the great city of 
 Tokyo, moves among his people like other princes, earnestly 
 seeks their interests, and has secured for Japan a recognized 
 place among the enlightened nations of the world. It was 
 this treaty and the revolution which followed it which opened 
 the way for Christian work in Japan. 
 
 An event which moved the entire nation to rejoicing, 
 and stirred the hearts of all Japan’s well-wishers with thanks- 
 giving, was the promulgation of the National Constitution, 
 in February, 1889. This pledge of the nation’s new existence 
 as a Constitutional Monarchy went into effect February nth, 
 1890, and the Diet provided for, comprising a House of Peers 
 and a House of Representatives, met for the first time Novem- 
 ber 29th, 1890. Freedom of conscience and liberty of worship 
 are guaranteed to all. 
 
 In 1894, the effort to gain commercial supremacy in 
 Korea brought on a war with China, in which the Japanese 
 army and navy were overwhelmingly victorious. By the 
 treaty of peace signed in 1895, the Island of Formosa was 
 ceded to Japan, as well as a district on the mainland, which 
 was later given up for an equivalent in money. The brilliant 
 success of the war greatly intensified national feeling, and 
 raised Japan to a commanding position among the eastern 
 nations. This enabled her to obtain from the European 
 powers the long-desired revision of the existing treaties. By 
 
8 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 this revision the foreign governments surrendered all rights 
 of extra-territoriality in Japan, and foreigners come under 
 the jurisdiction of Japanese courts and laws. In return, 
 foreigners are allowed to trade and reside without restriction 
 anywhere in the country, instead of only in the treaty ports. 
 The treaty went into effect July, 1899. 
 
 In the expedition for the rescue of the Legations at 
 Pekin, during the Chinese outbreak of 1900, the Japanese 
 contingent rendered great service and held a high place in 
 comparison with the European troops engaged. 
 
 In 1904-1905, Japan was engaged in the great struggle 
 with Russia, into which she was drawn for the sake of her 
 Korean neighbor, and to preserve her own national integrity. 
 After much hardship and many hard-fought battles, costing 
 great loss of life on both sides, Japan was the victor both on 
 land and on sea, and the Russian forces were driven com- 
 pletely out of southern Manchuria. By the treaty of Ports- 
 mouth, signed in the autumn of 1905, Japan succeeded to 
 Russia’s lease on the Idaotung Peninsula and the ownership 
 of the Manchurian Railway. Also the southern half of the 
 island of Saghalin was ceded to Japan and various other con- 
 cessions granted. But perhaps the greatest fruit of the victory 
 was the new consciousness of strength which dawned upon 
 the Japanese people and the prestige which accrued to the 
 nation as the result of their remarkable achievement, as well 
 as of the spirit and character displayed throughout the war. 
 There was henceforth no hesitation anywhere in recognizing 
 Japan as one of tffe great world powers. 
 
 The early faith of the Japanese (Shintoism) seems 
 RELIGION to have been little more than a deification and 
 worship of Nature, and a supreme reverence for 
 their ancestors and rulers, who were not the representatives 
 of God, but the divinities themselves. Its central principle 
 is the divinity of the Mikado, and the duty of all Japanese 
 to obey him implicitly. Its principles are expressed thus: 
 “Thou shalt honor the gods, and love thy country. Tliou 
 shalt clearly understand the principles of heaven and the duty 
 of man. Thou shalt revere the Mikado as thy sovereign and 
 obey the will of his court.” 
 
THE MISSIONS IN JAPAN. 
 
 9 
 
 The chief feature of popular Shintoism is the worship 
 of ancestors and the deification of emperors, heroes and 
 scholars. No idols or images are employed in its worship. 
 Its symbols are the mirror and the “gohei,” strips of notched 
 white paper hanging from a wooden wand. It has no written 
 code, and no defined system of ethics or belief. Indeed, within 
 a few years it has been officially proclaimed as no longer to 
 be regarded as a religion, but merely as a patriotic cult. 
 
 About 550 A. D., the Buddhists carried their faith from 
 Korea to Japan. Buddhism, originating in India, but sub- 
 sequently expelled from its native soil, swept through Bur- 
 mah, Siam, China, northeastern Asia and Japan, and now 
 holds nearly one-third of the human race among its adherents. 
 Theoretically, it is a system of godless philosophy, connected 
 with a relatively pure and elevated morality. 
 
 But this is not Buddhism as it came to Japan. In the 
 twelve hundred years of its existence, it had grown from a 
 philosophical system into a vast ecclesiastical and sacerdotal 
 system, with its idols, its altars, its priests and ritual, its monks 
 and nuns — indeed, a Roman Catholicism without Christ. It 
 found a congenial and unoccupied soil in the Japanese mind, 
 and, although meeting with opposition, spread rapidly, until 
 it ultimately embraced the great mass of the people. It 
 reached its golden age in Japan about the thirteenth and four- 
 teenth centuries, A. D., when the land was filled with its tem- 
 ples, priests and worshippers.* Buddhism in Japan has its 
 different sects or denominations, bearing the names of its 
 great teachers and apostles, varying almost as widely in doc- 
 trines and customs as Protestants vary from Romanists, but 
 still all united in opposition to the Christian faith. While it 
 has lost something of its power and glory and deteriorated in 
 its moral teachings, it is still the religion of the people, and 
 presents the great religious obstacle to the introduction and 
 spread of the Gospel. 
 
 Confucius also has his followers in Japan; but as that 
 
 * The most famous statues of Buddha are the Dai-Butsu (Great Buddha), at 
 Kamakura and Nara. That at Kamakura is a mass of copper about fifty feet high. 
 The Nara image is larger, although not so perfect as a work of art. It is fifty-three 
 and a half feet high; its face is sixteen feet long and nine feet wide. It is a bronze 
 composed of gold, tin, mercury and copper. 
 
lO 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 great philosopher never claimed to be a religious teacher, 
 never discussed or answered the momentous questions as to 
 man’s religious nature, his origin or his destiny, and regarded 
 man solely in his political, social and moral relations in this 
 life, Confucianism can hardly be regarded as a religion. It 
 is not a very serious hindrance to the progress of Christian 
 missions in Japan. Shintoism, as the embodiment of national 
 and ancestral traditions, allying itself with modern secularism 
 and atheism, and Buddhism, the religion of the masses, are 
 the Japanese rationalism and superstition which the Gospel 
 must meet and overcome. 
 
 For this work the way had been wonder- 
 PREPARATION fully prepared. The providence of God 
 FOR THE GOSPEL was clearly leading the Church to this field. 
 
 American enterprise had reached the Pacific 
 Slope, and was pushing its commerce to the eastern continent, 
 which now lay at its doors. The scanty information which the 
 civilized worldhad obtained through the Dutch traders, fed the 
 desire to know more. The necessities of commerce seemed to 
 demand that the long seclusion should cease. On the other 
 hand there had been, as we have seen, a great awakening 
 among the Japanese themselves. The spirit of inquiry which 
 led their scholars back into their earliest records, turned their 
 thoughts also to the outlying world. Eager and searching 
 questions were put to the Dutch traders. A dim conception 
 of the superior power and civilization of the Western world 
 began to dawn upon their minds. The more thoughtful were 
 longing for a clearer knowledge of the outside world, and 
 desired to break through the barriers which had so long shut 
 them in. 
 
 At this juncture, in 1853, a small American squadron 
 under Commodore Perry, sent in no spirit of conquest, but 
 in the interest of humanity, to secure better treatment for our 
 shipwrecked sailors and provisions for our whaling ships, 
 appeared in Japanese waters, and succeeded in opening the 
 long-sealed gates. 
 
 Perry negotiated a treaty of friendship, which permitted 
 American consuls to reside at Shimoda and Hakodate. Mr. 
 Townsend Harris was appointed to .Shimoda, and succeeded 
 
THE MISSIONS IN JAPAN. 
 
 II 
 
 in making a treaty of commerce, to take effect July 4th, 1859, 
 opening the ports of Yokohama and Nagasaki to foreign resi- 
 dents. There was no mention made of Christianity in this 
 treaty. Treaties with other powers soon followed, granting 
 larger privileges. The custom of trampling on the cross was 
 soon after discontinued, at the request of the foreign minis- 
 ters, but the edicts against Christianity continued in force 
 until 1873. 
 
 MISSION WORK IN JAPAN. 
 
 The Christian Church was watching with intense interest 
 the steps by which Japan was opened to the civilized world. 
 As early as 1855, the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions 
 requested D. B. McCartee, M. D., one of its missionaries in 
 China, to visit Japan and make inquiries preparatory to 
 sending forth a laborer to this long inaccessible field. Dr. 
 McCartee went at once to Shanghai, but was unable to obtain 
 a passage thence in any vessel to the Japanese ports, and after 
 some delay returned to. his work at Ningpo. It was thought 
 to be impracticable then to establish the mission contemplated, 
 and the Board waited, watching for the first favorable indica- 
 tion. After three years of waiting, the favorable indication 
 was seen; the Executive Committee reported that, in their 
 judgment, the way was open, and that it was the duty of our 
 Church now to take part in this great work. Dr. James C. 
 Hepburn and his wife, formerly missionaries in China, but 
 then residing in New York, where Dr. Hepburn had secured 
 a remunerative practice, were appointed by the Board, and 
 sailed for Shanghai, on their way to Japan, April 24th, 1859. 
 Rev. J. L. Nevius and his wife, on account of the failure of 
 Mrs. Nevius’s health in Ningpo, were appointed by the Board 
 to be associated with Dr. and Mrs. Hepburn in the new mis- 
 sion. Thus our Church was among the first to enter the open 
 field. Two clergymen of the Protestant Episcopal Church in 
 the United States reached Japan in June, 1859. Dr. Hepburn 
 arrived in Japan early in October, 1859, settled at Kana- 
 gawa, a few miles from Yedo (now Tokyo). Here a Buddhist 
 temple was soon obtained as a residence; the idols were 
 
12 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 removed, and the heathen temple was converted into a Chris- 
 tian home and church. The missionaries found the people 
 civil and friendly, inquisitive, bright, eager to learn, apt in 
 making anything needed if a model were given them. There 
 was no decided opposition from the government, although it 
 evidently knew who the m.issionaries were and what was the 
 object of their coming. They were kept under constant sur- 
 veillance, and all their movements were reported to the rulers. 
 The circumstances in which they were placed greatly facili- 
 tated their progress in the study of the language. Going 
 without servants, and relying entirely upon Japanese work- 
 men, carpenters, servants, etc., they were compelled to use 
 the language, and made rapid progress. Dr. Hepburn says; 
 “The written language is no doubt more difficult than the 
 Chinese, and the spoken is nearly as difficult, though quite 
 different in structure.” Public service, to which foreigners 
 were invited, was established in their home, and the mission 
 work began — Dr. Hepburn using his medical skill and prac- 
 tice as furnishing an opportunity to speak to the sick and 
 suffering of Chri.st, whose Gospel he was not permitted to 
 teach. 
 
 In November, 1859, Rev. S. R. Brown, D. B. Simmons, 
 M. D., and the Rev. G. F. Verbeck, sent by the Reformed 
 (Dutch) Church of America, settled at Kanagawa and 
 Nagasaki. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs, Nevius remained in Japan nine months 
 studying the language. Finding that direct missionary work 
 there was then impracticable and there being no indication 
 of favorable changes for the future, while in North China, 
 just opened under the recent treaty, there was an urgent call 
 for laborers, they obtained permission to return to China. 
 For a time there was some solicitude for the personal safety 
 of the missionaries in Japan, owing to a reactionary move- 
 ment among the ruling classes. They were jealous of their 
 prerogatives, and in many cases eager for a return to the old 
 exclusive policy of the government. But the danger soon 
 passed away. While the missionaries were watched with the 
 utmost vigilance, they were not interfered with, or subjected 
 to any restrictions which were not imposed upon other 
 
THE MISSIONS IN JAPAN. 
 
 13 
 
 foreigners residing within the empire. They could not yet 
 engage in direct missionary work, but were forced to content 
 themselves with acquiring the langnage, and distributing a 
 few copies of the New Testament in Chinese, which some of 
 the people could read. Meanwhile they were waiting in faith, 
 exploring the field, watching for opportunities which might 
 present themselves, and acquiring the facilities for efficient 
 work when the time should come. They found the people 
 eager for knowledge, fond of reading, and open to Christian 
 instruction. There was a great work, therefore, in the trans- 
 lation of the Scriptures and the preparation of religious tracts 
 pressing upon them. 
 
 It was found unadvisable to remain at Kanagawa, on 
 account of the opposition of the Japanese authorities to the 
 residence of foreigners there. Toward the close of the year 
 1862, Dr. Hepburn purchased a property for the mission in 
 Yokohama, and removed to that place. It lay just across the 
 bay from Kanagawa, but was more acceptable to the authori- 
 ties becuse it was the place where other foreigners mostly 
 resided. Here he opened a dispensary and hospital, which he 
 was not allowed to do at Kanagawa. The work in the study 
 of the language and the rough preliminary translation of the 
 Scriptures was pushed forward with greater energy and 
 success. Doors were partly opened to other work. Appli- 
 cation was made by the Japanese Government to Dr. Hepburn 
 to instruct a company of Japanese youth in geometry and 
 chemistry. To his surprise, he found these young men far 
 advanced in mathematical studies. With this instruction in 
 English, he was able to connect lessons in Christian doctrines 
 and duties; and thus, though informally, he really began to 
 preach the Gospel. 
 
 This school, which was so full of promise, was soon 
 broken up. The country was in a disturbed state; society 
 was rent into parties, which were bitterly hostile to each other, 
 but all more or less jealous of any foreign influence. The 
 young men were called away to fill posts in the army, but 
 most of them took copies of the Bible in English and Chinese. 
 In May, 1863, the Rev. David Thompson arrived and began 
 the study of the language. The missionaries could not yet 
 
14 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 preach the Gospel in the native tongue, but to meet the great 
 desire of the Japanese to learn the English language and to 
 be instructed in Western knowledge, they engaged in teach- 
 ing. They found some opportunities in connection with the 
 government schools, in which they had been invited to take 
 part; and Dr. Hepburn was already engaged in his great work 
 of preparing a Japanese and English dictionary. The first 
 edition of the dictionary was published in 1867, and it has 
 proved of the greatest service to all English-speaking mis- 
 sionaries in that land. This finished. Dr. Hepburn wrote 
 stating his strong conviction that the time for more direct 
 work had come, and urged the Church to increase her force, 
 so that she might be able to take her place in that work. Dur- 
 ing the year 1868, the mission was strengthened by the arrival 
 of Rev. Edward Comes and his wife. In Eebruary, 1869, Mr. 
 Thompson was permitted to baptize three converts, two men 
 of good education and talent, and an aged woman. Although 
 the government had not repealed the edicts against Christian- 
 ity — indeed, had republished them as soon as the Mikado 
 ascended his throne — these converts were not molested. 
 
 Rev. C. Carrothers and his wife arrived in Japan in 1869, 
 and in connection with Mr. and Mrs. Comes and Mr. 
 Thompson, established a new station at Yedo (now Tokyo), 
 which, as the capital of the country, and the residence of the 
 Emperor and his court, afforded a wide field of influence and 
 usefulness. A special feature of the work, growing in promi- 
 nence and interest, was the number of young men who sought 
 the acquaintance and instruction of the missionaries, and who 
 were destined to fill positions of influence among their country- 
 men. Some of these became thoughtful and interested stu- 
 dents of the Scriptures. 
 
 The mission was greatly tried by the sudden death of Mr. 
 and Mrs. Comes and one of their children, in August, 1870. 
 They had just embarked on board a steamer leaving Yedo 
 for Yokohama, when the boiler exploded, and all the family 
 but the little babe were lost. The Rev. Henry Loomis and his 
 wife and the Rev. E. Rothesay Miller joined the mission in 
 1872. 
 
 Erom 1859 to 1872, our missionaries, with those from 
 
THE MISSIONS IN JAPAN. 
 
 15 
 
 Other churches, had been engaged, as we have seen, in pre- 
 paratory work — studying the language, managing the dispen- 
 saries, translating the Scriptures, teaching in private classes 
 and in the government schools. During all this period there 
 was no regular stated preaching of the Gospel to a native 
 audience. The edicts declaring that every one accepting the 
 “vile Jesus doctrine” would be put to death, were published 
 all over the land. There was no actual persecution; there 
 was, on the contrary, a general belief that religious toleration 
 would be granted. The period was one of waiting and expec- 
 tation; and although it was true that “God led our mission- 
 aries into the schools, and the kingdom of Ghrist entered 
 Japan through the schools,” yet it was felt by all that this state 
 of things could not and ought not to continue. It w'as time 
 to try, at least, the public preaching of the Gospel and the 
 regular methods of church work. 
 
 But during these years of waiting the missionaries had 
 witnessed great events, and events which were full of hope. 
 The great political revolution had been completed; the Mikado 
 was seated on his throne; a new policy was inaugurated; wiser 
 hands were holding the helm of State; more liberal measures 
 were adopted, and the government, once repelling foreign 
 intercourse, now sought eagerly the advantages of Western 
 commerce and civilization. They had seen the departure and 
 return of that memorable Japanese embassy to the United 
 States and the nations of Western Europe. They had seen 
 that wonderful movement of students from Japan to Europe 
 and America, and were feeling its results in the new life all 
 around them. Dr. Eerris, in his paper at the Mildmay Con- 
 ference, says: 
 
 “Returning to my office in New York City on a chilly, rainy 
 afternoon in the fall of 1869, I found awaiting me a plain man and, as 
 I supposed, two young Chinamen. It proved to be the captain of a 
 sailing vessel and two Japanese young men, eighteen and twenty years 
 old. They presented a letter of introduction from Mr. Verbeck (a 
 missionary of the Reformed Church in Japan), stating that they were 
 of good family and worthy of attention. They said that they had 
 come to learn navigation and how to make ‘big ships and big guns.’ 
 They had left Japan without the consent of the government, and their 
 lives were forfeited. The young men were well connected, and through 
 the influence of their family and the missionaries, they obtained per- 
 
i6 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 mission to remain in the United States. This was the beginning of 
 the movement which has brought some five hundred Japanese youth to 
 the schools of this country, and as many more to the schools of Europe.” 
 
 Every one can understand how much this has had to do 
 with the marvellous progress of Japan. It was influential in 
 originating and maintaining a system of common schools 
 similar to that of the United States, now embracing nearly 
 thirty thousand schools, with over four million children 
 under instruction. 
 
 But now the “set time to favor” Japan had fully come. 
 The new order of things was established. Some of the 
 statesmen connected with the government had been pupils of 
 the missionaries. Others had been educated in this country. 
 A liberal policy was inaugurated; all connection of the State 
 with any form of religion ceased; the signboards denouncing 
 Christianity were removed, and toleration for all forms of 
 religion became practically, though not formally, the law of 
 the land. The calendar was changed to conform with that in 
 use among Western nations, including the weekdy day of rest. 
 
 The Japanese Church was born in prayer. In January, 
 1872, the missionaries at Yokohama, and English-speaking 
 residents of all denominations, united in the observance of 
 the Week of Prayer. Som.e Japanese students connected 
 with the private classes taught by the missionaries were present 
 through curiosity or through a desire to please their teachers, 
 and some, perhaps, from a true interest in Christianity. It 
 was concluded to read the Book of Acts in course day by day, 
 and, that the Japanese present might take part intelligently in 
 the service, the Scripture of the day was translated extempo- 
 raneously into their language. The meetings grew in interest, 
 and were continued from week to week until the end of Eebru- 
 ary. After a week or two, the Japanese, for the first time 
 in the history of the nation, were on their knees in a Christian 
 prayer meeting, entreating God with great emotion, and tears 
 streaming down their faces, that He would give His Spirit to 
 Japan, as to the early Church and to the hearers of the apos- 
 tles. These prayers were characterized by intense earnestness. 
 Captains of men-of-war, English and American, who witnessed 
 the scene, said, “The prayers of these Japanese take the heart 
 
THE MISSIONS IN JAPAN. 
 
 17 
 
 out of US.” The missionary in charge was almost overcome, 
 so intense was the feeling. Such was the first Japanese prayer 
 meeting. A church of eleven members was organized in Dr. 
 Hepburn’s dispensary by Rev. S. R. Brown, a missionary of 
 the Reformed Church. It grew rapidly in numbers, and its 
 members were not only consistent, but in many cases gave 
 unmistakable signs of growth in grace. The missionaries of 
 the Reformed Church and our own brethren had labored side 
 by side, and were now rejoicing in this first fruit of their com- 
 mon toil. For a part of the time, indeed, Mr. Thompson had 
 charge of the church. Everything now wore a cheering 
 aspect. The missionaries give an outline of their work as 
 follows; “Necessary books have been prepared, portions of 
 Scripture have been translated, printed, and to some extent 
 circulated, schools have been kept up and well attended, tracts 
 and works of elementary Christian instruction are in process 
 of preparation, and a church is organized.” They were look- 
 ing forward to a constant and rapid growth in years to come. 
 Their hopes were not unfounded. From this time the 
 progress has been rapid. 
 
 This year (1872) was marked also by the entrance of 
 women’s societies into this field of Christian work. The 
 claims of their Japanese sisters awakened a deep interest in 
 the hearts of our women. A home for single women in 
 Tokyo was established by the Women’s Board of Foreign 
 Missions in New York, needed buildings were furnished and 
 teachers supported; and the Woman’s Foreign Missionary 
 Society in Philadelphia took under their care Mrs. Hepburn, 
 at Yokohama, and Mrs. Loomis and Mrs. Carrothers, in 
 Tokyo, and all looked forward with eagerness and hope to a 
 large share in the Christian work in Japan. 
 
 Two native churches, in Yokohama and Tokyo, were 
 organized in the following year, partly through the preaching 
 and personal influence of our missionaries; but they did not 
 connect themselves with the Presbytery which was organized 
 in December of that year. Rev. Oliver M. Green and Misses 
 Youngman and Gamble, gave needed strength to the mission, 
 and the whole work of translating the Scriptures, dispensary 
 
i8 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 practice, teaching and preaching, was carried vigorously 
 forward. 
 
 In 1874, the mission received signal marks of Divine 
 favor. The schools were in a flourishing state, and doing 
 efficient service. Children and youth were grounded in the 
 knowledge and faith of the Bible. Two churches were regu- 
 larly organized under the care of the Presbytery, the one in 
 Yokohama and the other in Tokyo — the former consisting 
 of twenty-three members, all on confession of faith, and the 
 latter of twenty-three also, of whom sixteen were received oni 
 their confession of Christ. Each of these churches was repre- 
 sented in Presbytery by a native elder, and soon after their 
 reception eight young men applied to be taken under the care 
 of the Presbytery as candidates for the ministry. After due 
 examination, they were received, and arrangements were made 
 for their training for the work. Mr. Thompson was mean- 
 while acting as the pastor of one of the independent churches, 
 and had received about forty into the communion of the church 
 during the year. The very success of the work imposed new 
 burdens upon the brethren. The theological class required 
 constant care and instruction. It was easy to see that much 
 would depend for the future upon the qualifications and piety 
 of the native ministry. The care of the churches now organ- 
 ized, but as yet without native pastors, was heavy and constant. 
 The schools, mainly under the care of the women’s societies, 
 called for new workers and new appliances, in response to 
 which Mrs. Carrothers’ school at Tokyo was placed upon a 
 new basis by the prompt and liberal action of the Philadelphia 
 Society. A lot was purchased and funds for a suitable build- 
 ing promised, so that this school might be thoroughly equipped 
 for its work — a work which cannot be overestimated in its 
 relation to the moral purification and elevation of Japanese 
 women, and is second only in importance to the preaching of 
 the Gospel. While the mission was reduced in numbers by 
 the transfer of some of its members to other evangelical mis- 
 sions in Japan, and by the return to this country of Mr. and 
 Mrs. Loomis on account of ill health, it was soon reinforced 
 by the arrival of Rev. William Imbrie and Rev. George W. 
 Knox and their wives from this country, and by the appoint- 
 
THE MISSIONS IN JAPAN. 
 
 19 
 
 ment of Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Ballagh, who were already in 
 Japan. The mission was further reinforced in the later seven- 
 ties or early eighties by Rev. and Mrs. T. T. Alexander, Rev. 
 and Mrs. T. C. Winn, Rev. J. B. Porter, Miss Mary K. Hesser, 
 Miss A. E. Garvin and others, who, settling in the western 
 sections of the country, were in 1884 formally constituted the 
 West Japan Mission. 
 
 The native churches were not only growing in numbers, 
 but, what is of greater moment, they were manifesting a readi- 
 ness for every Christian work. The church at Tokyo began 
 at once to send out its offshoots in small nuclei of Christians, 
 gathered in other parts of the great capital and in adjoining- 
 towns, which were one after another organized into churches. 
 The fire was spreading in all directions. 
 
 In 1876 a movement was initiated on the part of the 
 missionaries of the Scotch United Presbyterian Church, the 
 Reformed (Dutch) Church, and our own brethren, holding 
 a common faith and occupying the same field, which looked 
 to the adoption of the same standard of faith, order and wor- 
 ship, and to a closer union in church work. This incipient 
 union was consummated in the following year, and the plan 
 proposed was to be referred to the highest court of each of 
 the denominations for approval. The result was the organi- 
 zation of the “United Church of Christ in Japan,” an inde- 
 pendent, self-governing Japanese Church. This church has 
 now co-operating with it the representatives of five foreign 
 missionary agencies, viz.: the Reformed (Dutch) Church, the 
 Reformed (German) Church, Presbyterian Church (North), 
 Presbyterian Church (South), and the Woman’s Union Mis- 
 sionary Society of America. It is the strongest body of Chris- 
 tians in Japan. 
 
 An earnest effort was made in 1889 to unite the Congre- 
 gational churches with the Church of Christ, but without 
 success. 
 
 On December 3d, 1890, the United Church of Christ in 
 Japan dropped the word “United” from its name, and adopted 
 as its Confession of Faith the .Apostles’ Creed, with the fol- 
 lowing doctrinal preface: 
 
20 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 “The Lord Jesus, whom we adore as God, the only begotten Son 
 of God, for us men and for our salvation became man and suffered. 
 For the sake of His perfect sacrifice for sin, he who is in Him by faith 
 is pardoned and accounted righteous; and faith, working by love, 
 purifies the heart. 
 
 “The Holy Spirit, who, with the Father and the Son, is worshipped 
 and glorified, reveals Jesus Christ to the soul; and without His grace 
 man, being dead in sin, cannot enter the Kingdom of God. By Him 
 vvere the prophets and holy men of old inspired; and He, speaking in 
 the Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments, is the supreme and 
 infallible Judge in all matters of faith and living. 
 
 “From these Holy Scriptures the ancient Church drew its Con- 
 fession; and we, holding the faith once delivered to the saints, join 
 in that Confession with praise and thanksgiving. 
 
 “I believe in God the Father Almighty,” etc. 
 
 The evangelistic spirit of the Church of Christ is worthy 
 of all praise. It has its own Board of Missions, to which the 
 contributions in 1908 amounted to nearly 10,000 yen.* It has 
 a successful work in Japan’s new possession, the island of 
 Formosa, where a Presbytery has been established, and it is 
 carrying on an active campaign among the Japanese in Korea 
 and Manchuria. Its first foreign missionary effort was begun 
 in 1909, by sending a Japanese missionary to North China. 
 
 The Union Theological School was organized in Septem- 
 ber, 1877, by the missions of the Presbyterian Church in the 
 United States of America, the Reformed Church in America, 
 and the United Presbyterian Church of Scotland. The Uniort 
 College was organized in June, 1883, by the missions of the 
 American Presbyterian and the Reformed Churches. In 
 June, 1886, these institutions were united, and, with the Special 
 Department then organized, became the Meiji Gakiiin, i. e., 
 “College of the Era of Enlightened Peace.” In this new 
 institution the Union Theological School became the Japanese 
 Theological Department, the Union College the Academic 
 Department, and the Special Department offered instruction 
 through the medium of the English language in theology and 
 other special studies to the graduates of the Academic De- 
 partment and to others similarly qualified. 
 
 The aim of the Meiji Gakiiin is to provide for its students 
 a thorough education under Christian influences, and espe- 
 cially to train young men for the Christian ministry. 
 
 *A yen is equivalent to about 50 cents in gold. 
 
THE MISSIONS IN JAPAN. 
 
 21 
 
 The institution is located at Shirokanemura, a southern 
 suburb of Tokyo, about one mile northwest of the railway 
 station at Shinagawa. Sandham Hall, Hepburn Hall and 
 Harris Hall contain recitation rooms sufficient for four hun- 
 dred students, with a library, besides dormitory and dining- 
 room accommodations for one hundred and fifty boarders. 
 Harris Hall was erected through the liberality of Messrs. G. 
 S. Harris & Sons, of Philadelphia. A theological hall was 
 built in 1891, a commodious chapel in 1904, and a dormitory 
 for theological students in 1908. 
 
 In 1880 the missionaries were permitted to rejoice in the 
 completed translation of the New Testament. In 1888 the 
 translation of the Old Testament was accomplished, thus 
 giving the whole Bible to the Japanese. It is a great satis- 
 faction to Dr. Hepburn and his co-laborers that he was spared 
 to put the finishing touch to this great work. It bids fair to 
 take rank among the best translations ever made. 
 
 It was only to be expected that an advance so unprece- 
 dented should be followed by reaction. The years 1889-90 
 were a period of great political activity and intense national 
 feeling, taking the form of violent prejudice against foreigners 
 and foreign teaching's, which was fostered by political leaders 
 for their own advantage. The result was seen in the decreased 
 attendance upon the mission schools and in the growing im- 
 patience of anything like foreign control in church affairs. A 
 strong feeling prevailed that those who became Christians 
 were faithless to their national traditions, and could not be 
 relied on for patriotic service. Tbe outbreak of the war with 
 China in 1894 and the enthusiasm with which Christians as 
 well as others responded to their country’s call, did much to 
 remove this prejudice. The excitement of the campaign in- 
 terfered seriously with regular mission work, but in many 
 ways the war was the means of opening wider doors to the 
 Gospel. 
 
 When the time came for the ratification of the new treaties 
 in 1899, there was great excitement among the conservatives 
 and the zealous Buddhists lest the country should be overrun 
 by foreigners and the faith of the people in Buddhism de- 
 stroyed. New educational regulations were adopted by the 
 
22 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 government, which placed all Christian schools at great dis- 
 advantage, and made it necessary to close some altogether. 
 This attitude of suspicion and alarm affected all missionary 
 work for a time; but the tension gradually relaxed, and the 
 steady growth of enlightenment tends constantly toward a 
 more liberal policy. 
 
 In April, 1900, the Evangelical Alliance of Japan met in 
 Osaka, and decided to inaugurate the new century by special 
 evangelistic work throughout the Empire. The General 
 Conference of Missionaries which met in Tokyo in October 
 appointed a committee to co-operate with the committee of 
 the Alliance in this work. From this beginning grew the 
 extraordinary movement known as the “Kirisvtokyo Taikyo 
 Dendo” (the universal extension of Christianity). The meet- 
 ings began in Tokyo in May, 1901, and a remarkable awaken- 
 ing of interest in Christianity was manifest throughout the 
 country. Crowded meetings, mostly carried on by Japanese 
 pastors and Christians, were held in all the principal towns. 
 At least 10,000 persons enrolled themselves as desirous to be 
 instructed in the Christian faith. Every department of work 
 has felt the inspiration of the new enthusiasm. The numbers 
 of the new converts actually brought into the communion of 
 the Church has not as yet been large; but it is too soon to 
 foresee what enduring results will follow this widespread 
 interest. 
 
 The work of the Young Men’s Christian Association has 
 been remarkably fruitful among Japanese students. There 
 are branches in all the principal colleges, including the Im- 
 perial Universities. In 1901, Mr. John R. Mott, Secretary of 
 the World’s Student Federation, visited the country, speaking 
 to crowds of young men in all the large cities. As a result, 
 more than 1,400 students professed their willingness to inves- 
 tigate Christianity, and a large number have applied for bap- 
 tism. 
 
 During the Russo-Japanese war, the Christian forces of 
 Japan combined and through the medium of the Christian 
 Association sent a number of workers to the front, both 
 Japanese and missionary, and throughout the war conducted 
 activities along social, intellectual, moral and spiritual lines 
 
THE MISSIONS IN JAPAN. 
 
 23 
 
 that proved so helpful to the army that not only were the 
 officers and men enthusiastic in their praise of the services 
 rendered, but leading non-Christian business men contributed 
 toward the support of the work, and the Emperor himself 
 made an unprecedented grant of 10,000 yen toward it. This 
 Christian campaign convinced the nation more than anything 
 that had preceded it that Christianity was a national blessing, 
 and something to be desired both for individual and social 
 good. It is a matter of congratulation that our own mission- 
 aries and Japanese workers had a leading share in this splendid 
 work. 
 
 EAST JAPAN MISSION. 
 
 Yokohama, first occupied by our Board in i860, 
 YOKOHAMA was then an insignificant village of fishermen. 
 
 Now it is a city of 350,000 inhabitants, with 
 many churches and schools. For many years our work there 
 was in charge of Dr. James Hepburn, whose wisdom and 
 devotion were blessed by rare success. A beautiful stone 
 church, erected by Dr. and Mrs. Hepburn and their friends, 
 was dedicated in 1891. There are now in Yokohama two 
 self-supporting churches, well organized for work under their 
 Japanese pastors. Since 1903, no missionaries have been 
 located here, as the workers of the Dutch Reformed Church 
 were regarded as being able to take care of the work in this 
 place. It is no less beloved, however, on account of the early 
 associations of our missionaries in the work. 
 
 Tokyo, the capital, has been since 1869 the head- 
 TOKYO quarters of our mission. The first church was or- 
 ganized in 1873. The regular work of the churches 
 is now largely assumed by the Japanese pastors, leaving the 
 missionaries free to carry on new work in the city and vicinity. 
 Many churches and preaching-places in the surrounding coun- 
 try are regularly visited. 
 
 For many years past open-air evangelistic work has been 
 maintained at Uyeno, a district of the city lying between two 
 popular shrines, where crowds pass to and fro. Missions and 
 chapels also for seed-sowing are conducted and thousands of 
 people are reached in this way every year. 
 
24 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 A training school for Bible women was established some 
 years since, and its graduates have done efficient service in 
 the homes of their people. The course gives half of each 
 year to the students for country work. A girls’ boarding- 
 school, one of the earliest agencies employed in Tokyo, was 
 begun by Mrs. Carrothers m 1871. Ground was bought in 
 1876, in the part of the city where foreigners were allowed, 
 and a building erected. It was afterwards named Graham 
 Seminary, in honor of the President of the New York Wo- 
 man’s Board. Three years afterward a Japanese lady, Mrs. 
 Sakurai, who had become a Christian, began a school in her 
 own house, in a district of the native city called Bancho. This 
 was afterward committed to Mrs. True and Miss Davis, under 
 whose devoted care it became very large and influential, hav- 
 ing at one time over 300 scholars. In 1890 it was thought 
 wise to unite these two schools. Both properties were sold, 
 and suitable buildings erected near the Bancho School. The 
 buildings are known as Graham Hall and Sakurai Hall, and 
 the school is called the Joshi Gakuin. It is organized in three 
 departments. Preparatory, Academic and Advanced, and ranks 
 very high among Christian schools for girls. It has an at- 
 tendance of about 250 pupils, most of the graduates being 
 Christians, who are filling positions of trust and responsibility 
 throughout the country. There are two day-schools and two 
 kindergartens, reaching in all about 500 children. 
 
 A training-school for nurses, planned by Mrs. J. Ballagh 
 before her death, was begun by Mrs. True in 1886. It soon 
 outgrew the care of the mission, and was transferred to 
 Japanese supporters. Miss Youngman and other ladies have 
 assisted in the care of a Leper Home supported by the Edin- 
 burgh Mission to Lepers, and a Rescue Home for Women. 
 
 The Hokkaido (Northern Sea Circuit), in- 
 THE HOKKAIDO eluding Yezo and the Kurile Islands, is the 
 most northern province of Japan. It is as 
 large as Ireland, containing one-fifth of the empire, but the 
 population is less than 1,000,000, and much of the interior is 
 wild forest and prairie. Immigrants are pouring in by 
 thousands from the southern provinces, attracted by the 
 wealth of minerals and timber. A few of the Ainu, the 
 
THE MISSIONS IN JAPAN. 
 
 25 
 
 aborigines of the islands, remain, but they are gradually 
 perishing through contact with a stronger race. Our mission 
 is working from three centres, where there have already 
 developed self-sustaining churches, and a number of bodies of 
 believers in out-stations. Sapporo, the capital city, is the 
 place where Christianity has taken deepest hold, and the 
 strong church established there is the fruit of a Sunday school 
 begun in 1887 by Miss S. C. Smith and Mrs. Watase, the first 
 graduate of Graham Seminary. The Hokusei Jo Gakko or 
 School for Girls, is doing a splendid work with its attendance 
 of 175 pupils. This school was opened in 1887 by Miss Smith, 
 who still presides over it and rejoices in its success. 
 
 The work in Otaru was begun in 1894 by Miss Glara H. 
 Rose, who from a little Sunday-school for fishermen’s children 
 has built up a promising Girls’ School of the industrial order, 
 with fifty pupils in attendance, besides a flourishing kinder- 
 garten of 100 pupils. The small town of a few years ago has 
 grown to a city of over 100,000 inhabitants, and a vigorous 
 church is making its power felt over the lives of the people. 
 
 The new town of Asahigawa is also the newest station, 
 having been opened in 1900 by the transfer to that place of 
 the Rev. and Mrs. George P. Pierson. With the rapid growth 
 of the town, the Church has kept pace, and the earnest, ener- 
 getic body of Christians have not only built themselves a 
 church and a pastor’s residence, but have assumed self-support 
 and assist in the work of the surrounding region. The Obihiro 
 prison, where the great revival took place in 1907, which re- 
 sulted in the conversion of several hundred of the convicts and 
 many of the officials and their families, is within the bounds of 
 this station. 
 
 WEST JAPAN MISSION. 
 
 The first station occupied on the western coast 
 KANAZAWA was Kanazawa, a city of 100,000 inhabitants. 
 
 When the first missionary, Rev. T. C. Winn, 
 went there in 1879, there was not, so' far as known, a single 
 Christian living in the western provinces. Now every im- 
 portant city has its groups of Christians, and some of them 
 vigorous churches. Of these, Kanazawa has two, under 
 
26 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 Japanese pastors, while the evangelistic w'ork in the city and 
 the country districts is superintended by the American 
 missionaries. 
 
 With the coming of the railroad and the increased inter- 
 course w'ith other places, much of the opposition which was 
 formerly so pronounced in this stronghold of Buddhism, has 
 died away. The missionaries find splendid opportunities in 
 Bible-class and Sunday-school work, wdiere individuals can be 
 known and reached, as w^ell as in the public preaching of the 
 Gospel in chapels and churches. A correspondence class for 
 Bible study has nearly 1,500 members, mostly people of edu- 
 cation. A systematic plan of itineration aims to reach all parts 
 of the country field during the year. 
 
 The schools of Kanazaw’a have always held high rank. 
 The girls’ boarding-school, founded by Miss Hesser in 1885, 
 still bears the impress of her devoted character. The name 
 has been changed to Hokuriku Girls’ School, from the name 
 of the district, and reports 150 scholars, of whom nearly half 
 are Christians. 
 
 The children’s school, long carried on by Miss F. E. 
 Porter, still exists in the form of a successful kindergarten, one 
 of the best in Japan. It has 70 pupils, and is the centre of a 
 strong evangelistic influence. A boys’ school, maintained for 
 some years, was given up because the American Methodists 
 have one of the same grade. 
 
 Osaka, on the Inland Sea. one of the imperial ports, 
 OSAKA and a great manufacturing centre, is the first city 
 of the Empire in commercial importance and the 
 second in population, containing nearly a million souls. The 
 results of many years of patient labor are seen in five w^ell- 
 established churches, with schools and chapels. Work in this 
 station w-as begun by the Rev. T. T. Alexander, D. D., and 
 fostered by his large influence until his death in 1903. This 
 was also the starting point of the former Cumberland Presby- 
 terian mission established in 1879 by Rev. A. D. Hail and Rev. 
 J. B. Hail, w'hich was united with the West Japan Mission in 
 1907. Extensive evangelistic work is carried on in the sur- 
 rounding territory. 
 
 The Naniw^a Jo Gakko, a girls’ school, established by Miss 
 
THE MISSIONS IN JAPAN. 
 
 27 
 
 A. E. Garvin in 1884, and the Wilmina Jo Gakko, the school 
 of the Cumberland mission, were merged at the time of the 
 union of the two Churches into a thriving institution, under 
 the name of the Wilmina Girls’ School of Osaka. It has 
 enrolled upwards of 200 pupils. 
 
 In 1904, the Rev. D. A. Murray, D. D., established a 
 Training School for Evangelists, following the methods of the 
 Moody Institute in Chicago. The school has been very suc- 
 cessful, and is training about thirty young men as practical 
 and useful workers. 
 
 The Rev. J. B. Hail, D. D., and Mrs. Hail, the 
 WAKAYAMA veteran missionaries of the former Cumberland 
 
 Presbyterian Church, removed to this field 
 from Osaka and established this station in 1881. It is beau- 
 tifully situated in one of the historic districts of the country. 
 Dr. and Mrs. Hail have labored for the most part alone in 
 this territory, and have kept the work purely evangelistic. An 
 extensive country work has been built up through patient and 
 persevering itineration. A strong church exists at Waka- 
 yama, and also at Tanabe to the eastward, where Miss Julia 
 Leavitt resides, and has labored faithfully for many years, 
 much of the time entirely alone, among a people by whom she 
 is greatly beloved. 
 
 Hiroshima, on the same coast, is next in im- 
 HIROSHIMA portance to Osaka. It is a military and naval 
 
 station, and some of the first converts were 
 among the soldiers. A little church was organized in 1883, 
 and the place occupied in 1887 by Rev. A. V. Bryan and Mrs. 
 Bryan, the first missionaries of any name in the region. The 
 work has grown slowly, in spite of the peculiar difficulties met 
 in a garrison town, and there are now in the city and neigh- 
 borhood a self-supporting church and five out-stations. In 
 the war of 1894, Hiroshima was for a time the seat of govern- 
 ment, and all regular work was temporarily suspended. The 
 church was rented by the government for a Red Cross hos- 
 pital. Every facility was given for access to the soldiers, both 
 in barracks and hospital, and quantities of Bibles and Chris- 
 tian reading were distributed among them. Almost the same 
 
28 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 conditions existed in the Russian War of 1904-1905, when the 
 good work was repeated in behalf of the soldiers. 
 
 Kyoto, the ancient sacred capital, is a very attractive 
 KYOTO city, and the centre of artistic manufactures. A 
 church of ninety members was organized in 1894, 
 and has grown into vigorous self-support. The mission 
 of the American Board has its headquarters here. 
 In 1895, their missionaries united with Mr. Porter in 
 holding daily services, with audiences ranging from 25 to 200. 
 Many of the hearers were from the country, and had never 
 heard the Word before. 
 
 Kyoto is a city of schools. Besides the Imperial Uni- 
 versity, there are numerous technical and secondary schools, 
 so that a great field for effort is opened among the students. 
 Services are held at Nishiji and at Gozo, where another church 
 is rapidly growing up. good location has been secured in 
 the student quarter and the work there is meeting with much 
 success. Women’s meetings are maintained, and two kinder- 
 gartens, which are always filled to overflowing. 
 
 This is one of the stations of the former Cumberland 
 TSU Church, established in 1890, and was the scene of the 
 devoted labors of Mrs. Drennan for many years. Her 
 influence was so strongly felt that a memorial church has been 
 erected to her memory, largely through the efforts of the 
 Japanese Christians. A large country work is full of promise, 
 and the territory is the undivided field of our Church. Tsu 
 is a city of 50,000, eastward from Kyoto, has a delightful 
 climate, and is the centre of a rich and prosperous district. 
 
 Yamaguchi, in the extreme southwest of Hondo, 
 YAMAGUCHI is the centre of a large population. The church 
 here has a devoted pastor, the Rev. Mr. Hattori, 
 and in 1891, Rev. J. B. Ayres and Rev. J. W. Doughty went 
 to take oversight of the outside work. The influence of an 
 excellent governor, whose wife is a Christian, creates a friendly 
 atmosphere for the truth. There are 2,500 students in Yama- 
 guchi, and its Y. M. C. A. is very prosperous. The people 
 of the surrounding country are most accessible and friendly. 
 Fourteen out-stations and seven occasional preaching-places 
 are visited by the evangelists and helpers. The most urgent 
 
THE MISSIONS IN JAPAN. 
 
 29 
 
 field is in the island of Kinshiu, lying opposite, where there 
 are more than five millions of people, for whom little has yet 
 been done. The Kojo (Castle of Light) Girls’ School, the 
 youngest school of the mission, is firmly established, with fifty 
 girls in attendance. A kindergarten attracts as many parents 
 as children. 
 
 Fukui is a city of 50,000 people on the west coast 
 FUKUI railway, fifty miles south from Kanazawa. It was 
 occupied by the Rev. G. W. Fulton, D. D., and Mrs. 
 Fulton in 1891. The people were at first strongly Buddhistic 
 and anti-Christian, but the patient and persevering work of 
 twenty years has largely overcome the antipathy. The young 
 church is growing, and the work of the region is being prose- 
 cuted in three or four out-stations. Tsuruga, one of the out- 
 stations, is a growing town, one of the new ports of Japan, 
 and the terminus of the steamship line connecting with Vladi- 
 vostock. 
 
 The Cumberland Church entered this, the head- 
 YAMADA quarters of Shinto, in 1893. It is a comparatively 
 small town, but the work is important, because of 
 the tens of thousands of pilgrims, who visit the celebrated 
 shrines of Ise annually, and lodge for days in the place. A 
 rapidly growing church, with a neat house of worship, is shed- 
 ding its light not only upon the residents of the place, but is 
 illumining many also who come from, distant parts of the 
 country. In addition to the local work, the missionary visits 
 a number of out-stations. 
 
 South of Hiroshima, five hours’ sail across the 
 MATSUYAMA beautiful Inland Sea, lies the city of Matsu- 
 yama, with about 36,000 inhabitants. There 
 is a little church, organized in 1899, with a good Japanese 
 pastor, and in 1901 Rev. A. V. Bryan and Mrs. Bryan were 
 transferred from Hiroshima to found the new station. The 
 people are friendly and receptive, and the work is most encour- 
 aging. 
 
 A few years ago this was hardly more than a fishing 
 KURE village, until it was made one of the three great naval 
 stations of the country. The population has rapidly 
 increased, until it is now a thriving city of over a hundred 
 
30 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 thousand people. A church was org'anized during the eighties, 
 but it was not till 1905 that it became a mission station by the 
 removal thither of the Rev. and Mrs. Harvey Brokaw. The 
 work has grown, the church become independent, and a num- 
 ber of out-stations are regularly visited by the missionaries. 
 The “Fukuin Geppo,” a monthly paper for evangelistic pur- 
 poses, has nearly 2,000 readers. 
 
 Our missionaries have felt the necessity of fol- 
 KOREA AND lowing the course of the Japanese Empire. 
 MANCHURIA After the war with Russia, many thousands of 
 Japanese subjects migrated to Korea and Man- 
 churia. The number is constantly increasing. Calls came 
 for Christian workers to labor among them, to which the 
 Japanese Church and the missions heartily responded. A 
 number of Japanese evangelists were sent and the Rev. and 
 Mrs. T. C. Winn were located in Dairen (Dalny) in 1906, 
 the Rev. and Mrs. A. V. Bryan in Port Arthur in 1907, and 
 the Rev. and Mrs. F. S. Curtis in Seoul the same year. The 
 work has since then been carried on from these three centres 
 with most encouraging results. It has the cordial sympathy 
 of the Japanese Government and the active co-operation of 
 many of the officials. 
 
 The work in Japan has just passed its half-century 
 PRESENT milestone. A grand celebration of this ev^nt was 
 OUTLOOK held October 5-10, 1909, planned and carried 
 through by a joint committee representing both 
 the churches and the missions. During the past fifty years 
 tremendous changes have taken place in Japan politically, 
 intellectually, socially, religiously. A new nation has been 
 formed, and Christianity has been one of the leading factors 
 in the re-creation. Count Okuma, Japan’s leading statesman 
 now living, in an address at the above celebration said that 
 “before the coming of the West in its missionary representa- 
 tives and by the spirit of the Gospel, Japan never took wide 
 views nor entered upon wide work; but under their influence 
 and inspiration, the nation has been led to world-wide thoughts 
 and world-wide work. The success of Christian work in Japan 
 
THE MISSIONS IN JAPAN. 
 
 31 
 
 is measured by the extent to which it has infused the Christian 
 spirit and ideal into almost the entire nation, and by its being 
 the means of putting into the last fifty years of its history an 
 advance equivalent to that of a century.” This is a striking 
 testimony from a man who has been closely associated with 
 all the movements of these recent years and who knows well 
 the power which Christianity has had in the development of 
 the nation. 
 
 A Protestant Church of 80,000 members, gathered into 
 nearly 600 organized churches, approximately one-third of 
 which are self-supporting, and raising for all purposes about 
 $150,000 gold annually, is the visible fruit of the work of the 
 last half-century. The Presbyterian Church, called “The 
 Church of Christ,” heads the list, with a membership of 20,000, 
 increasing at the rate of twelve per cent, net each year, having 
 seventy independent churches, and raising upwards of $50,000 
 for its own support and work. This Church has in it many 
 pastors and members of commanding ability and influence, 
 and is permeated with a strong evangelical faith and a spirit 
 of aggressive evangelism. It feels the burden of responsibility 
 for the evangelization of its own people, and is exerting itself 
 with very commendable zeal toward the accomplishing of the 
 task. It welcomes heartily the presence and assistance of 
 faithful missionaries, and the financial help accorded by the 
 Christians of x\merica. 
 
 In educational work we are represented by seven kinder- 
 gartens, two primary schools, six girls’ schools, one boys’ 
 school, one school for Bible women, one school for evangelists 
 and one theological seminary. These institutions are all of 
 good standing, and scattered over the country in strategical 
 centres, are doing a splendid work not only for the cause of 
 education, but for the cause of Christ. 
 
 Japan is open to the Gospel. The hearts of her people 
 are responding more and more to its teaching and its claims. 
 Perhaps a million people have felt the touch of its power, and 
 are ordering their lives more or less according to its standards 
 and cherishing secretly in their hearts the hope which it 
 affords. The remaining 4g,ooo,ooo are still to be evangelized. 
 The difficulties in the work are only such as are common to 
 
32 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 most missionary lands, in the way of ancient faiths which have 
 largely lost their hold on the people, but remain from force 
 of habit the recognized religions, or the evil of men’s hearts, 
 which exists among the Japanese in common with the rest of 
 humanity, and which opposes itself to the pure and holy living 
 demanded by the religion of Jesus. 
 
 It is unnecessary to argue for the strategical importance 
 of Christianizing the Japanese nation. They are to-day 
 leaders of the Orient. Their example is being watched and 
 their influence felt among all the peoples of Asia. Many stu- 
 dents from other Asiatic countries are studying in the schools 
 of Japan, and are taking back to their own lands impressions 
 received, as well as ideas and ideals, to guide their rulers in 
 remoulding their institutions and the trend of their national 
 life. Christ must be put into the heart of Japan, her influence 
 must be made in every sense distinctly and avowedly Chris- 
 tian, if we are to pursue a statesmanlike policy in the evangeli- 
 zation of Asia. 
 
 The Church m.ay well take courage from the past success 
 of her efforts in this land we have been considering, but what 
 has already been accomplished should only inspire her to re- 
 newed determination to finish the task of making Japan a 
 Christian nation. The call for the Gospel has never been so 
 eager, the need has never been so urgent, and the opportunity 
 has never been so hopeful as at present. We should redouble 
 our efforts, continue to send out our best missionaries, multi- 
 ply our gifts, and in particular should baptize the whole work 
 with such a spirit of prayer that all difficulties and obstacles 
 would disappear, and before the centennial milestone was 
 reached, Jesus Christ would be enthroned over the Japanese 
 Empire and all the people acknowledge Him as Lord and 
 Saviour. 
 
THE MISSIONS IN JAPAN. 
 
 33 
 
 SOME STATISTICS OF THE CHURCH OF CHRIST 
 IH JAPAN, 1908. 
 
 Japanese ministers 89 
 
 Other Japanese workers (estimated) 250 
 
 Churches self-supporting 68 
 
 Communicants 18,969 
 
 Pupils in schools 3>253 
 
 Pupils in Sunday-schools (partial) 11,925 
 
 Dependent churches I37 
 
 Preaching stations, additional 121 
 
 Contributions for all purposes (gold) $Si,535 
 
 EAST JAPAN MISSION. 
 
 Yokohama — On the bay, a few miles below Tokyo; mission begun 
 
 1859- 
 
 Tokyo, 1869 — Rev. David Thompson, D. D., and Mrs. Thompson, 
 Rev. William Imbrie, D. D., and Mrs. Imbrie, Mrs. J. M. McCauley, 
 Rev. H. M. Landis and Mrs. Landis, Rev. Theodore M. MacNair and 
 Mrs. MacNair, Mr. J. C. Ballagh and Mrs. Ballash, Rev. A. K. Reis- 
 chauer and Mrs. Reischauer, Miss Kate C. Youngman, Miss Annie B. 
 West, Miss Elizabeth T. Milliken. Miss Lida S. Halsey, Miss Elizabeth 
 R. Campbell, Miss Matilda H. London. 
 
 Hokkaido: Sapporo, the capital of the Hokkaido (Yezzo), 350 
 miles north of Tokyo; 1887 — Rev. W. T. Johnson and Mrs. Johnson, 
 -^Miss S. C. Smith, Miss I. M. Ward, Miss Alice M. Monk. Otaru, 25 
 miles northwest of Sapporo — Miss C. H. Rose. Asahigawa, about 100 
 miles northeast of Sapporo — Rev. George P. Pierson and Mrs. Pierson. 
 
 WEST JAPAN MISSION. 
 
 Kanazawa, 1879; on the west coast of the main island, about 180 
 miles northwest of Tokyo — Rev. G. W. Fulton and Mrs. Fulton, Miss 
 K. Anna Gibbons, Miss Janet M. Johnston, Miss E. Magnet, Miss Lucile 
 Dooley. 
 
 Osaka, 1881 ; a seaport on the main island, about 250 miles south 
 by west of Tokyo — Rev. A. D. Hail, D. D., and Mrs. Hail, Rev. G. W. 
 Van JJorn and Mrs. Van Horn, Rev. D. A. Murray, D. D., and Mrs. 
 Murray, Miss Agnes Morgan, Miss Mary Ransom, Miss Sallie Alex- 
 ander, Miss Annie Hail. 
 
 Hiroshima, 1887 : on northern coast of the Inland Sea, about 410 
 miles southwest of Tokyo — Rev. W. B. Langsdorf, Ph.D., and Mrs. 
 Langsdorf, Miss A. E. Garvin, Miss Mary B. M. Cooper. 
 
 Kyoto, 1890; 250 miles southwest of Tokyo, on Lake Biwako — 
 Rev. J. P. Gorbold and Mrs. Gorbold, Miss F. E. Porter. 
 
 Yamaguchi, 1891 ; about 470 miles southwest of Tokyo — Rev. J. 
 B. Ayres and Mrs. Ayres, Miss Gertrude Bigelow, Miss Lillian A. Wells, 
 and Miss Florence Iligelow. 
 
 Fukui, 1891 ; about 220 miles west of Tokyo — Rev. J. G. Dunlop 
 and Mrs. Dunlop. 
 
34 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 Dairen, Manchuria, 1907 — Rev. T, C. Winn and Mrs. 'W’inn. 
 
 Port Arthur (Dalny), Manchuria, 1907 — Rev. A. V. Bryan and 
 Mrs. Bryan. 
 
 Shimonoseki, 1904; on southwest point of Island of Hondo, about 
 480 miles southwest of Tokyo — Rev. W. Y. Jones, D. D., and Mrs. 
 Jones. 
 
 Kure, 1906; on the Inland Sea — Rev. Harvey Brokaw and Mrs. 
 Brokaw. 
 
 Korea, 1907; Work among Japanese — Rev. F. S. Curtis and Mrs. 
 Curtis. 
 
 Yamada, 1893; on island of Hondo, near Gulf of Ise, 200 miles 
 southwest of Tokyo — Rev. W. F. Hereford and Mrs. Hereford, Miss 
 Jessie Riker. 
 
 Wakayama, 1881 ; on east coast of Inland Sea, 270 miles south- 
 west of Tokyo — Rev. J. B. Hail, D. D., and Mrs. Hail, and Miss 
 Margaret Moore. 
 
 Tanabe ; on the southern coast of this province, 70 miles from 
 Wakayama— Miss Julia Leavitt and Miss Elva Robertson. 
 
 Tsu. 1890; on west coast of Gulf of Ise, about 200 miles a little 
 south of west of Tokyo — Rev. John E. Hail and Mrs. Hail, Miss M. 
 B. Sherman. 
 
THE MISSIONS IN JAPAN. 
 
 35 
 
 MISSIONAHIES m JAPAN, 1859-1910. 
 
 * Died. Figures, Term of Ser\dce in Field, 
 t Connected with the Board of Missions of the Cumberland Church until 1907. 
 
 *Alexander, Rev. T. T. .. 1877-1902 
 
 Alexander, Mrs 1877-IQ02 
 
 Alexander, Miss C. T. .. 1880-1892 
 *Alexander, Miss Emma. 1002-1903 
 
 tAlexander, Miss S 1894- 
 
 Ayres, Rev. J. B 18^- 
 
 Ayres, Mrs 1888- 
 
 Babbitt, Miss E 1895-1896 
 
 Ballagh, Mr. J. C 1875- 
 
 *Ballagh, Mrs. L. E 1875-1884 
 
 Ballagh, Mrs 1885- 
 
 Ballagh, Miss A. P 1884-1907 
 
 Bigelow. Miss G. S 1886- 
 
 Bigelow, Miss Florence. .1007- 
 
 Brokaw, Rev. H 1896- 
 
 Brokaw, Mrs 1896- 
 
 Brown, Miss Bessie 1802-1894 
 
 Bryan, Rev. A. V 1882- 
 
 *Bryan, iNIrs 1882-1891 
 
 Bryan, Mrs 1887- 
 
 Campbell, ]\Tiss E. R 1005- 
 
 .Carrotbers, Rev. C 1869-1875 
 
 Carrotbers, Mrs. J. D.. . .1869-1875 
 
 Case, Miss Etta 1887-1902 
 
 Cooper, Miss M. B. M. .. 1903-1908 
 *Cornes, Rev. Edward. . .1868-1S70 
 
 *Cornes, Mrs 1868-1870 
 
 Curtis, Rev. F. S 1887- 
 
 Curtis, Mrs 1887- 
 
 Cutbbert, ]\Iiss M. N. ... 1887-1892 
 
 Davis, Miss A. K 1880-1000 
 
 Doughty, Rev. J. W 1890-1903 
 
 Douebty. Mrs 1890-1903 
 
 Dunlop, Rev. J. G 1898- 
 
 Dunlop, Mrs 1898- 
 
 Eldred, Miss C. E 1877-1880 
 
 Erdman, Rev. J. P 1903- 1907 
 
 Erdman, klrs 1004-1007 
 
 Fisher, Rev. C. M 1883-1890 
 
 Fisher, Mrs 1883-1890 
 
 Fulton, Rev. G. W 1889- 
 
 Fulton, Mrs 1889- 
 
 Gamble, Miss A. kl 1873-1875 
 
 Gardner, Miss Sarah .... 1889-1907 
 
 Garvin, Miss A. E 1882- 
 
 Gibbons. Miss K. A T902- 
 
 Glenn, Miss Grace C 1900-1904 
 
 Gorbold, Rev. J. P 1904- 
 
 Gorbold, Mrs. (Miss M. 
 
 M. Palmer) 1892- 
 
 *Green, Rev. O. M 1873-1882 
 
 Gulick, Miss F 1876-1879 
 
 tHail, Rev. J. B., D. D...1877- 
 
 tHail, Mrs 1877- 
 
 tHail, Rev. A. D., D. D..1878- 
 
 tHail, Mrs 1878- 
 
 tHail, Rev. J. E 1900- 
 
 tHail, Mrs 1898- 
 
 Hail, Miss Anna M 1908- 
 
 Halsey, Miss L. S 1004- 
 
 Haworth, Rev. B. C 1887-1906 
 
 Haworth, Mrs 1887-1906 
 
 Haworth, Miss A. R 1887-1906 
 
 Hayes, Rev. M. C 1887-1^2 
 
 Hayes, Mrs 1887-1892 
 
 Hays, Miss Emma 1888-1891 
 
 Hearst, Rev. J. P 1884-1892 
 
 Hearst, Mrs 1884-1892 
 
 Henry, Miss M. E 1882-1883 
 
 Hepburn, J. C., M. D. ... 1859-1893 
 
 Hepburn, Mrs. 1859-1893 
 
 tHereford, Rev. W. F...1902- 
 
 tHereford, Mrs 1902- 
 
 *Hesser, Miss M. K 1882-1894 
 
 Imbrie, Rev. William. . . .1875- 
 
 Imbrie, Afrs 1875- 
 
 Johnson, Rev. W. T 1902- 
 
 Johnson, Mrs 1902- 
 
 Johnstone, Miss J- M. ...1905- 
 
 Jones, Rev. W. Y 1895-1900 
 
 Jones, Mrs 1899-1909 
 
 Tones, Miss A. W. 1003-1905 
 
 ivelly, ATiss M. E 1893- 
 
 Knox, Rev. G. W 1877-1893 
 
 Knox, Mrs 1877-1802 
 
 I.afferty, Miss Cora 1888-1891 
 
 Langsdorf, Rev. W. B. .. 1902-1909 
 
 Langsdorf, i\Irs 1002-1909 
 
 Landis, Rev. H. M 1888- 
 
 I.andis, Mrs 1888- 
 
 fl^eavitt. Miss J 1881- 
 
 Leete. Miss Isabella A. .. 1881-1808 
 
 Leete, Miss Lena 1881-1886 
 
 Leonard, Rev. J. M 1888-1894 
 
36 
 
 THE MISSIONS IN JAPAN. 
 
 Leonard, Mrs 1888-1894 
 
 Light, Effie_, M. D 1887-1888 
 
 London, Miss M. H 1907- 
 
 Loomis, Rev. Henry .... 1872-1876 
 
 Loomis, Mrs 1872-1876 
 
 Loveland, Miss H. S 1889-1892 
 
 Luther, Miss Ida R 1898- 
 
 MacNair, Rev. T. M 1883- 
 
 *AIacNair, Airs 1883-1887 
 
 AlacNair, Mrs 1895- 
 
 *AIcCartee, D. B,, AI. D. .18^-1900 
 
 McCartee,. Airs 1888-1900 
 
 *AIcCauIey, Rev. J. AI. .. 1880-1897 
 
 AIcCauley, Mrs 1877- 
 
 AIcGuire, Aliss M. E 1889-1897 
 
 AIcCartney, Aliss E 1884-1885 
 
 Alaguet, Aliss E 1907- 
 
 Alarsh, Aliss Belle 1876-1879 
 
 Alayo, Aliss L. E 1901-1907 
 
 Aliller, Rev. E. R 1872-1875 
 
 Alilliken, Aliss E. P 1884- 
 
 Alonk, Aliss A. M 1904- 
 
 Aloore , Aliss Alargaret. . 1906-1910 
 Alorgan, Aliss Agnes. .. .1889- 
 
 Alnrray, Aliss Lily 1888-1894 
 
 Aliirray, Rev. D. A 1902- 
 
 Alnrray, Airs. (Aliss 
 
 Foster) 1902- 
 
 Naylor, Airs. S. N 1886-1898 
 
 Nivling, Miss Marion. .. 1899-1902 
 Pierson, Rev. Geo. P....1888- 
 
 Pierson, Mrs 1895- 
 
 Porter, Rev. James B. ... 1881-1900 
 
 Porter, Airs. (Miss Cum- 
 mings, AI. D., 1883) .. .1884-1900 
 
 Porter, Miss F. E 1882-1900 
 
 1909- 
 
 Reede, Miss W. L 1881-1888 
 
 tRansom, Aliss M 1901- 
 
 Reischauer, Rev. A. K. ..1905- 
 
 Reischauer, Mrs 1905- 
 
 tRiker, Aliss J 1904- 
 
 IRobertson, Miss E 1905- 
 
 Rose, Aliss C. H 1885- 
 
 Settlemyer, Aliss E. L. .. 1893-1903 
 
 Shaw, Aliss Kate 1889-1904 
 
 Sherman, Aliss AI. B 1902- 
 
 Smith, Aliss S. C 1880- 
 
 Taylor, Rev. A. G 1888-1893 
 
 Taylor, Airs 1888-1893 
 
 Thompson, Rev. David.. 1862- 
 Thompson, Airs. (Miss 
 
 AI. C. Parke) 1873- 
 
 Thompson, Aliss S. AI. .. 1895-1898 
 
 *True, Airs. AI. T 1876-1892 
 
 tVan Horn, Rev. G. W..1888- 
 
 tVan Horn, Airs 1888- 
 
 Vaughn, Rev. A. P 1904-1907 
 
 Vaughn, Airs 1904-1907 
 
 Ward, Miss Isabella. ... 1901- 
 
 Warner, Miss A 1885-1897 
 
 Wlls, Miss L. A 1000- 
 
 )Vest, Aliss A. B 1883- 
 
 Winn, Rev. T. C 1877- 
 
 V'inn, Airs 1877- 
 
 *Woodhull, Rev. G. E.. . 1888-1896 
 
 Woodhull, Mrs 1888-1896 
 
 Worley, Rev. J. C 1908- 
 
 Worley, Mrs 1908- 
 
 Wyckoff, Miss H 1901-1907 
 
 A^oungman, Miss K. AI..1873- 
 
BOOKS OF REFERENCE. 
 
 An American Missionary in Japan. M. L. Gordon, D. D. (1892.) $1.25. 
 Christianity in Modern Japan. E. W. Clement. $1.50. 
 
 Evolution of the Japanese. Sidney L. Gulick. (1903.) $2.00. 
 
 From Far Formosa. Rev. G. L. MacKay, D. D. 
 
 Grandmamma’s Letters from Japan. Mrs. M. Pruyn. (1876.) $1.00. 
 
 Handbook of Modern Japan. Ernest W. Clement. (1904.) $1.50. 
 
 Japan. D. Murray. (Story of Nations Series.) 
 
 Japanese Girls and Women. A. M. Bacon. (1891.) 
 
 Japan To-day. J. A. Scherer. (1904.) 
 
 Japanese Life in Town and Country. George W. Knox. (1904.) 
 
 Kesa and Saijiro. Mrs. J. D. Carrothers. (t888.) $1.75. 
 
 Life and Adventure in Japan. E. Warren Clark. 
 
 Life and Letters of Joseph Hardy-Neesima. (1893.) 
 
 Makers of Japan. J. Morris. 
 
 Missions of the A. B. C. F. M. in Japan. 6 cents. 
 
 Religions of Japan. W. E. Griffis. 
 
 Reports of Missionary Conventions in Japan, 1878-1900. 
 
 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom. John H. DeForest, D. D. (1904.) 
 — The Ainu of Japan. J. Batchelor. (1892.) 
 
 The Christian Movement in Japan. (Year Book.) 
 
 The History of Christianity in Japan. Dr. Otis Cary. (1909.) Two 
 volumes. 
 
 The Mikado’s Empire. W. E. Griffis. $1.90. 
 
 The Real Japan. Henry Norman. (1892.) 
 
 The Sunrise Kingdom. Mrs. J. D. Carrothers. (1879.) $2.00. 
 
 Things Japanese. B. H. Chamberlain. (1898.) 
 
 Unbeaten Tracks in Japan. Isabella L. Bird. (1880.) $2.00. 
 
 Verheck of Japan. W. E. Griffis. $1.10.