C ON ST I TUTION FOR THE United Nations Of The Earth THIRD EDITION PAMPHLET PUBLISHING CO., Fall River, Mass. / PREFACE. This Constitution" was originally issued without a foreword. Some nave regarded the proposed convention as a mere copy of the Constitution of the United Status of America, others have criticised it for us deviations from the American model, and still others have seen in the document an attempt to mould the entire world into one nation In the hope of inducing a more careful reading of the Suggested com- pact, the author ventures to write a preface to this third edition. In 1X42 Tennyson's phrase was, "In the Parliament of man, in the Federation of the world." Victor Hugo had ideas on a "United States of Europe." In a hook printed by the League to Enforce Peace, page 50, Pro- fessor John Bates Clark is reported as saying, "In the long' run all Europe should he consolidated." Still more advanced ground is taken hy many. In the meantime the people of America have been appalled hy the prodigious military and naval power displayed hy the warring nations, and they have been forced to acknowledge their comparative helplessness. At Molionk Lake. May 20. 1015, Dr. John Grier Hibben, President of Princeton University, was reported as advocating a "wise prepared- ness of our military forces in the United States." Shocking as this proposal is, and necessary as every patriotic man must admit it to be tinder the circumstances, the question is in the minds of all, "Cannot something he added to preparedness? Cannot preventive measures be taken in addition?" Saiil Mr. Herbert S. Houston at the annual meeting of the New \ork Peace Society. "Peace must be put on a war fooling." In the New York Times of November 2,j. 11)14, Dr. David Starr Jordan. Chancellor of Leland Stanford, Jr., 'University, is quoted as saying at the Broadway Tabernacle, New York, "We should lake the initiative in organizing a United Slates of the World." That great superman, W. T. Stead, bad a similar idea. But beware of an inadequate combination of nations. Remember the United States of America under the Articles of Confederation, 1781 to 1789. At Mohonk Lake, May 18, Dr. George Haven Putnam said, "The international tribunal at The Hague had the weakness of presenting no provision for the enforcement of its decisions." John Bassett Moore, in his presidential address before the Lake Mohonk Conference of International Arbitration on May ig, 1915, says: "At the present day the world is groping about for something that w ill establish a reign of law among nations similar to that which exists within each individual State." Also, he stated. "Before a reign of law among nations could become a fact, the principle that every nation has the right to declare war and assume the rights of conquest would have to be restricted." President A. Lawrence Lowell, of Harvard University, warns against consultation after difficulties arise about what to do, and is reported by the League to Enforce Peace as saying, "We need abso- lute enforcement." Also. "For us to meet together and advise the nations of Europe what they had rjetter do, but which we think we had better not take a part in, is, to say the least, injudicious." And agajn, "The fact is that the United States should be a member of any League of Peace which we advocate." The Hon. Theodore Marburg cites the reluctance of nations to make the surrender of sovereignty and independence that would be involved in a league whose purpose is to resort to force. Says Norman Angell, "If we do not mix in European affairs, Europe will mix in ours." In an article in the New York Times of August 16, 1914, and also in his pamphlet issued by the Church Peace Union, Professor Irving Fisher exclaims: "Wanted, an international government!" He mentions a possible plan providing "that the entire miltary force of the members should be subject to the call of the league when necessary." "The league would be, in fact, a rudimentary super-government. But its powers would be limited to the one function of keeping the peace, unless by common consent the nations chose to add to those powers a supervision over other international affairs. No nation would lose anything except the right to fight other nations." in (be New York Times of October 15, 1914, Andrew Carnegie is reported as writing, "After the present belligerents agree upon peaceful settlement, Germany and Austria should be the first invited jy the {entente) allies to join in forming a league of peace. Should they accept, then some of the other nations should be invited. One general World Peace Commission should be established to which each member shall contribute toward expenditure in proportion to its popula- tion and wealth." Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler, President of Columbia University, in the New York Times of Sunday, October 18, 1914, is quoted as say- ing approving!), "There will be a federation into the United States of Europe." In the New York Times Magazine of May 16, 1915, he is quoted by Edward Marshall as counseling against a United States of the two Americas but in favor of a sufficiently close understanding with the republics of the southern continent to enable Pan-America to say to (he old world, "Now. you gentlemen of Europe, if you must fight, we serve notice that you have got to fight on your side of the world. Please stay on your -side of the Atlantic when you go to war," and the gentle- men arc still doing so. The world seems to be losing faith in mere treaties, ententes and alliances. And it does not seem to wish to see the world again divided between a Rome and a Carthage. There seems to be little faith that the stronger party will always fight on its own side of the water. It is generally realized that the Atlantic, or even the Pacific, is far narrower than the Mediterranean used to be. In a series of remarkably lucid and instructive articles in the New "York Times, Dr. Charles W. Eliot. President Emeritus of Harvard •University, has been developing more and more advanced ideas on world union. Under date of September 22, 1914, he commended a tribunal not competent of itself, but authorized to call upon the aflili- .ated nations for force necessary to induce obedience to its decrees. On March 12, 19 15, he takes still more progressive ground and advo- cates a comprehensive European union and federation competent to procure and keep peace. In the same periodical on July 18, 191 5, the ■doctor presents still more progressive ideas involving the inclusion of the United States of America, and demonstrating that the world league's military and naval forces should be ready, effective, strong, trustworthy and sufficient, while limited to the prevention and punish- ment of violation of international agreements. On January 9, 1916, Dr. Eliot makes still further advance in the suggestion of a small naval ■defensive league of faith-keeping nations, to include Great Britain, France and the United States, thus relieving Britain of her fear of Hosing her colonies and affiliated commonwealths, relieving France of her fear of superior land power, and relieving the United States of the fear of foreign invasions by great military powers. Representative Bartholdt's joint resolution, introduced into the House of Representatives on January 19, 191 5, as reported the next •day by the New York Times, declares for the creation of an inter- national court of decree and enforcement for the adjustment of dis- putes among nations, this court to have its place of meeting at The Hague. The resolution also presents in tentative form a proposed international agreement, the object of which is stated to be the aboli- tion of international war and the furtherance of peaceful co-operation between governments. Some of the provisions of this agreement are, the creation of a minimum international army and navy, the establish- ment and maintenance of such civil and armed forces on land as the ■court may decree, the contribution by each signatory country accord- ng to population to the support of army and navy, the surrender to the international court of each government's war vessels, the main- taining or dismantling of these vessels as directed by the court, the limiting of standing armies of member countries to one soldier for ■every one thousand inhabitants, and for representation in the court •on the basis of population of the several countries, with the exception •of China, a special provision and basis being made for that country. One wonders why China is singled out for partial representation. Alfred Owen Crozier's "Supreme Constitution for the Nation of Nations," allows China as many representatives as any other nation •of over fifty millions. The League to Enforce Peace has laid aside all its early squeam- ishness about force. On May 31, 1915, the New York Tribune re- ports the committee of one hundred as announcing that "it is desir- able for the United States to join a league of all the great nations." The same newspaper on June 17, 19 15, reports ex-President Taft as saying at old Independence Hall in Philadelphia, "We do not think the ultimate resort to force can be safely omitted from an effective league of peace." In the New York Times of May 13, 1915, President Taft is. ^P°[|f d as making the following remarks at Cleveland, Ohio, before the World Court Congress: "It is to be observed that this does not involve the members of the league in an obligation to enforce the judg- ment of the court or the recommendation of the Commission of Con- ciliation. It only furnishes the instrumentality of force to prevent attack without submission. It is believed it is more practical than to. attempt to enforce judgments after the hearing. It is wiser not to attempt too much. I am aware that membership in the league would involve 011 the part of the United States an obligation to take part in European and Asiatic wars, it may be, and that in this respect it would be a departure from the traditional policy of the United States in avoiding entangling alliances with European or Asiatic countries But I conceive that the interest of the United States in the close relatione it has of a business and social character with the other countries of the world— much closer now than ever before— would justify it if such a league could be formed, in running the risk (hat there might be of such a war in making more probable the securing of the inestimable boon of peace of the world that now seems so far away." _ John Hays Hammond, chairman of the World Court Congress in his opening address at Cleveland, Ohio, May 12, 1915, says "We- pacifists, if we are to dominate the situation and supplant' the institu- tion of war by those of peace must be prepared to select a practical plan for the maintenance of peace, and not be longer content with, pacifists platitudes." And only the other day, May 27, 1916, President Wilson, in his- speech before the League to Enforce Peace said that he was sure the- people of the United States of America would wish their government to become a partner in a universal association of nations to maintain, security and prevent war. The Hon. Oscar S. Straus, in the New York Times of May 2 1915, takes the most advanced position, as follows: "The federation or" league of all the States of the American Union embodies the ideal if not the plan, for a universal league or federation of the nations as the- surest and safest guarantee for securing the permanent peace of the- world. Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler, in the New York Times of October - 18> " ,[ - ! ! * e keen assertion, "True internationalism is not the- enemy of the nationalistic principle." The writer does not believe that there is any more necessity of waiting for mrther evolutional change todav than there was in i 7 8t or 17S0 i\ow, as then, strong individuals largely supplement bio- logical development. A world's government is as feasible at this time- as an American Government was one hundred and twenty-seven years, ago, it the world s overmen will onlv bestir themselves Let the nations unite under a government that is at once so general' and so limited that every man can say, "The world is my country but my nation is safe. '' The following Constitution is offered as a means of furnishing- the required machinery. It is only intended to be tentative, the object: being to lure on some one else to produce a better or more acceptable one. Only one change of importance has been made since the issue of the first edition of October 31, 1914, namely, in Article 1, Section 8, Part 10, in which the idea of a militia has been superseded by a volun- teer system. This must be valued as a change from weakness to strength, for the reason that the world's central government is endowed with almost unlimited financial means with which to secure the services of volunteers. Attention is earnestly called to certain articles and sections, as follows : Article 1, Section 2, Paragraph 1. acknowledges the right of a dominion to conduct itself, if it so chooses, without any formal national legislature. Article I, Section 8, Paragraph 1, enables the central government to collect its own taxes, especially duties, thus furnishing it with the chief characteristic which brought success to the United States of America under the Constitution as contrasted with the United States of America under the Articles of Confederation. Article 1, Section 3, Paragraphs 2 and 3, supply the central gov- ernment with a currency while protecting each dominion from any obli- gation to use this currency internally. Article 1, Section 8, Paragraph 12, keeps the general government's hands off of commerce, except when the interests of peace are threat- ened. Article 1, Section 8, Paragraph 14, rids the world of the old inter- national law as fast as the new government may wish to abrogate it. Article 1, Section 9, Paragraphs 4 to 8. tend to limit taxation to forms that will interfere as little as possible with national internal affairs. Article 1, Section 9, Paragraph 15, emphasizes the limitation of federal powers to the requirements of peace. Article 1, Section 10, Paragraph 3, implies the freedom of each nation to choose for itself between a republican and a monarchical government. Article I, Section 8, Paragraph 3, ensures sound money for the central government, while Section 10, Paragraph 1, ieaves each dominion government free to adopt sound money if it so desires. Article 1, Section 11. Paragraph 1. protects the world in general from the preponderant military growth of any one nation or group of nations. Article 1, Section 11, Paragraph 7, prevents international seces- sion. Article 1. Section 2, Paragraph 3, gives nations representation in the lower house according to population, but other parts of the Con- stitution introduce all the valuable checks and balances of the Ameri- can Constitution. Article 4, Section 4, preserves a means of revenue to the general government in cases where an attempt might otherwise be made to discourage all maritime trade. Article 8, Paragraph I, makes the general government at its incep- tion safe from any outside combination of nations. Article 8, Paragraph 2, secures the blessings of international peace to the entire world. Let it be noted that the central government is not left dependent upon any national government for contributions of men, arms or money. Edgar D. Brinkerhoff. Fall River, Mass. T916, May 30. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED NATIONS OF THE EARTH PREAMBLE. We, the people of the United Nations, in order to form a mutually beneficial union, establish international justice, insure international tranquillity, provide for international defense, promote international] welfare, and secure the blessings of interdominiou peace to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this constitution for the United Nations of Earth. ARTICLE I. Parliament and Its Powers. Section i. Legislative Powers. I. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a parlia- ment of the United Nations of Earth, which shall consist of a senate and duma. Section 2. The Duma. 1. The duma shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several dominions, and the electors in each dominion shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of its legislature. Dumaists from dominions not electing a national legislature shall be chosen by a method consistent with the political institutions of such dominions. 2. No person shall be a dumaist who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the dominion by which delegated, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that dominion in which he shall be chosen. 3. Dumaists and capitation taxes shall be apportioned among the several dominions which may be included within this Union according to their respective numbers of persons. The number of dumaists shall not exceed one for every three million, but each dominion shall have at least one dumaist, and until enumeration shall indicate to the con- trary, the following fifty-four dominions shall be entitled to choose as follows: Abyssinia, four; Afghanistan, two; Albania, one; Alsace- Lorraine-Luxemberg, one; Argentina, three; Austria-Hungary, six- teen; Baluchistan, one; Belgian Empire, ten; Bolivia, one; Bosnia, one; Brazil, eight; Bulgaria, two; Chili, two; China, one hundred fourteen, Columbia, two; Cesta Rica, one; Cuba, one; Denmark, one; Dutch Empire, fifteen; Ecuador, one; French Empire, thirty-two; German Empire (Germany, German East Africa, German Southwest Africa and Kamerun), twenty-five; Greece, one; Guatemala, one; Hayti, one; Honduras, one; Italian Empire, twelve; Japanese Empire, twenty- three; Liberia, one; Mexico, six; Montenegro, one; Nicaragua, one; Norway, one; Palestine, one; Panama, one; Paraguay, one; Persia, four: Peru, two; Poland, four; Portuguese Empire, five; Rumania, three; Russian Empire, fifty-five; Salvador, one: Santo Domingo, one; Servia, one; Siam, three; Spain, seven; Sweden, two; Switzerland, two; Turkey, nine; United States of America, thirty-six; Uruguay, one ; Venezuela, one. and British Empire, one hundred and forty-three, the above fifty-four states electing five hundred and seventy-six dumaists. 4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any do- minion, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 5. The duma shall choose their speaker and other officers, and shall have sole power of impeachment. Section 3. The Senate. 1. The senate of the United Nations of Earth shall be composed of two senators from each dominion, elected by the people or legisla- ture or proper authority thereof, for six years, and each senator shall have one vote. 2. The electors in each dominion shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the dominion legislature. When vacancies happen in the representation of any dominion in the senate, the executive authority of such dominion shall issue writs of election or take other appropriate measures to fill such vacancies; Provided, That the legislature of any dominion may em- power the executive thereof to make temporary appointment until the people or legislature rill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct. 3. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year : of the second class, at the expiration of the fourth year; and of the third class, at the expira- tion of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year. 4. No person shall be a senator who shall not have' attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the dominion by which delegated, and wdio shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of- that dominion for which he shall be chosen. 5. The vice-president of the United Nations of Earth shall be president of the senate, but shall have no vote unless they be equally divided. 6. The senate shall choose their other officers, and also a presi- dent pro tempore in the absence of the vice-president, or when he shall exercise the office of president of the United Nations. 7. The senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachment*. .When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the president of the United Nations is tried, the chief jus- tice shall preside ; and no person shall be convicted without the con- •currence of two-thirds of the members present. • 8. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under the United Nations ; but the inrtv convicted shall, nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment trial judgment and punishment according to law. Section 4. Elections and Meetings. 1. The times, places and manner of holding elections for sena- tors and dumaists shall be prescribed in each dominion by the legis- lature or regularly constituted authority thereof. 2. T he parliament shall assemble at least once in every year and such meetings shall be on the last Monday in fanuary, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. Section 5. Separate Powers. 1. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns and quali- fications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner and under such penalties as each house may provide. 2. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish it.< members for disorderly behavior, and. with the concurrence of two- thirds, expel a member. 3. Each bouse shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and promptly publish the same, and the yeas and nays of the members of cither house on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. 4. Neither house, during the session of parliament, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. Section Ci. COMPENSATION. 1. The senators and dumaists shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury oi ilie United Nations of Earth. They shall, in all cases except trea- son, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest, during their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and ill going to and returning from the same : and for any speech or debate in cither house they shall not be questioned in any other place. 2. No senator or dumaist shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United Nations which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such timej and no person holding any office under the United Nations shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office. Section 7. Bills. 1. All bills for raisng revenue shall originate in the duma, but the senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other bills. 2. Every bill which shall have passed the duma and the senate shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the president of the United Nations of Earth; if he approve he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and 1 rbceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be recon- sidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be deter- mined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respec- tivelv. If any bill shall not be returned by the president within ten days after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless parliament by their adjourn- ment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 3. Every order, resolution or vote to which the concurrence of the senate and duma may be necessary (except on a question of ad- journment) shall be presented to the president of the United Nations; and before the same shall take effect shall be approved by him, or, being disapproved by him. shall be repassed by two-thirds of the senate end duma. according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. Section 8. General Powers. t. The parliament shall have power: To lay and collect taxes for the sole purpose of paying the debts of the United Nations of Earth and providing for the defense of any dominion attacked by any dominion or power of any kind outside of itself : but all duties shall be uniform throughout the United Nations, and shall apply to all articles imported by any dominion from any region outside of itself except the interdominion waters, and to all articles exported by any dominion to any region outside of itself, the collection being made at both point of export and of import, export and import duty being equal, and the rate being only ad valorem and always the same for one article as for another. 2. To borrow money on the credit of the United Nations when necessary ; but no currencies or other obligations of the general gov- ernment shall be made a universal legal tender nor so regulated as to supplant the currencies of the individual nations. 3. To coin gold in multiples of units of twenty-five and eight- tent!''.; grains nine-tenths fine, which the United Nations will receive for customs duties, and pay out for services or debt, and to adopt the metric system of weights and measures for the use of the general gov- ernment; but in the vicissitude of the depreciation of gold to such an extent as to unfit this metal for use as standard money, another sub- stance may be adopted for this purpose by the parliament ; but under no circumstances shall more than one substance be authorized as money of redemption, nor shall a labor standard or a composite standard of any kind be adopted. 4. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the bonds, notes, currencies and other securities and coin of the general govern- ment of the United Nations. 5. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court. 6. To raise and support armies ; but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than three years. 7. To provide for the United Nations a regular standing army, sufficient to enforce interdominion peace, selected from all nations as nearly as may be in the proportion of the population of the several dominions, and all its officers to be required to understand or acquire Esperanto, Ido or other artificial language adopted by the parliament. 8. To provide and maintain a navy. 9. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces. 10. To provide for calling forth volunteers from all nations in proportion to population to augment the regular army and navy when necessary to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrection against the government of the Union and repel invasion of any do- minion by any power outside of itself. 11. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever over such district (not exceeding twenty miles square) as may, by cession of particular dominions, and the acceptance of parliament become the seat of government of the United Nations, and to exercise like author- ity over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the dominion in which the same shall be. for the erection of forts, maga- zines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings. 12. To exercise regulation of commerce among the several dominions, if necessary to the conservation of international peace, and with any native tribes not included within the territory af any do- minion. 13. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offenses against that part of what has hitherto been known as international law which may be adopted by the world gov- ernment. 14. To declare war on nations outside of the Union. 15. To make rules concerning captures on land and water; and 16. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this constitution in the government of the United Nations, or in any department or officer thereof. Section 9. Limitation of Powers. 1 Parliament shall not prohibit the migration of such persons as any of the dominions of this Union shall think proper to admit. 2. Parliament shall not suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, unless when, in cases of rebellion against the govern- ment of the United Nations of Earth or invasion of a dominion by a power outside of itself, the public safety may require it. 3. The parliament shall not pass any bill of attainder or ex post facto law. 4. The parliament shall not lay any income or excise tax. 5. The parliament shall 'not lav any tax or duty on articles ex- ported from one part of any of the fifty-four nations admitted to this Union to another part of the same nation. 0. The parliament shall not lay any tax other than customs duties so long as in their judgment this source is sufficient for public pur- poses. 7. The parliament shall not lay any capitation tax unless in pro- portion to the population of the several dominions. 8. The parliament shall not lay any other direct tax unless in proportion to the rental value of the land of the several dominions. 9. The parliament shall not make any regulation of commerce 0: revenue giving preference to the ports of one dominion over those of another; nor shall vessels bound to or from one dominion be obliged to enter, clear or pay duties in an}' other except the one for which its papers are drawn up. 10. The parliament shall not make any law establishing patents, copyrights, bankruptcies, extradition or rules of naturalization. Leg- islation on these subjects is to be left to the several dominions. 11. 1'he parliament shall not enact any law interfering with the liquor trade, or opium trade, or restricting any dominion in its policy as to banking, coinage, money, credit and extradition, unless, in case of extradition, interdominion peace require it. \2. Parliament shall make no law respecting an establishment of leligion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, or abridging the free- dom of speech, or of the press, or of the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. 13. The parliament shall not make any law denying or abridging on account of race, color or previous condition of servitude the right of citizens of the United Nations to vote. 14. A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, parliament shall not make any law infringing the right of the people to keep and bear arms. 13. In general the laws made by parliament under this constitu- tion shall tend to be confined to measures conducive directly or indi- rectly to interdominion peace, leaving to the individual dominions the right to administer internal affairs in their own way. Section 10. General Limitations. I. The general government of the United Nations shall net inter- fere with the policy of any dominion as to patets, copyrights, coinage, banking, extradition, bankruptcies, naturalization, standards of weights and measures, or regulating the value of foreign coin, so long as said policy does not conflict with the constitution of the United Nations. 2. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. 3. No title of nobility shall be granted by the general govern- ment of the United Nations, and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them shall, without the consent of the parliament, accept of any present, emolument, office or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince or government other than those of the dominion from which he has been delegated. 4. Suffrage as accorded by the government of each dominion in its internal affairs is not to be interfered with or abridged by the United Nations. Suffrage as accorded by the several dominions in United Nations affairs is nut to he interfered with by the govemnment of the United Nations unless inconsistent with this constitution. 5. No soldier of the government of the United Nations shall in time ai peace be quartered 111 any house without the consent of the owner; nor in time of war but in a manner to be prescribed by law. 6. The federal government, that is. the government of the United Nations of Earth, shall not violate the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures, and it shall not issue warrants, but upon prob- able cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized. 7. In the administration of the government of the United Na- tions, no person shall he held to answer for a capital or otherwise in- famous crime unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces or in the forces of any dominion when in actual service of the general government in time of war or public danger, nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be com- pelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself; nor be de- prived of life, liberty or property without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation. 8. In administering the constitution' and laws of the United Nations, in all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury of the dominion and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the wit- nesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. 9. In administering the constitution and laws of the United Na- tions, when reviewing suits at common law where the value in ci : '.:<.• versy shall exceed the value of 464.4 grains of pure gold, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved; and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any federal court of the United Nations than according to the rules of the common law of the dominion in which |he offense occurred. 10. In administering the constitution and laws of the United Nations, excessive bail shall not be required nor excessive fines im- posed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. Section II. National Powers. 1. No dominion shall, without the consent of parliament, keep Jroops or ships of war in time of peace beyond its internal necessities. 2. No dominion shall grant letters of marque and reprisal. 3. No dominion shall engage in war with any dominion in or out Of this Union unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. ~ 4. The separate dominions shall not acquire or hold coaling sta- tions outside of their own domain. 5. No dominion shall enter into any treaty, alliance, entente or Confederation; or enter into any agreement or compact with another nation except as to copyrights, patents, postal matters and extradition. 6. All persons born or naturalized in the United Nations and Subject to the jurisdiction thereof are citizens of the United Nations. No dominion shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the orivileges or immunities of citizens of the United Nations. 7. No nation shall secede from this Union. ARTICLE II. The President and His Powers. Section 1. Election of President. 1. The executive power shall be vested in a president of the United Nations of Earth. He shall hold his office during a single term of six years, and, together with the vice-president, chosen for ihe same term, be elected as follows : 2. Each dominion shall appoint in such manner as the legislature tKereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number pf senators and dumaists to which the dominion may be entitled in the parliament; but no senator or dumaist or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United Nations shall be appointed an elector. 3. The electors shall meet in their respective dominions and vote By ballot for president and vice-president, one of whom at least shall flOf be an inhabitant of the same dominion with themselves ; they shall tfatne in their ballots the person voted for as president, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as vice-president, and they shall make dis- tinct lists of all persons voted for as president, and of all persons voted for as vice-president, and of the number of votes for 'each ; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of govern- ment of the United Nations, directed to the president of the senate. The president of the senate shall, in the presence of the senate and duma, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted ; the person having the greatest number of votes for president shall be tble president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of elec- tors appointed; and if no person have such a majority, then from trie persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as president, the duma shall choose immediately, by ballot, the president. But in choosing the president, the vote shall he taken by dominions, the representation from each dominion having cne vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or mem- bers from two-thirds of the dominions, and a majority of all the do- minions shall be necessary to a choice. And if the duma shall nojt choose a president whenever the right of a choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of April next following, then the vice presi- dent shall act as president, as in the case of the death or other consti- tutional disability of the president. The person having the greatest number of votes as vice-president shall be the vice-president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers oa the list the senate shall choose the vice-president ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice, but no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of president shall be eligible to that of vice-president of the United Nations. 4. The parliament may determine the time of choosing the elec- tors, and the day on which they shall give their votes ; which day shall be the same throughout the United Nations. 5. No person shall be eligible to the office of president who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years. 6. In case of the removal of the president from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the vice-president, and the parliament may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resig- nation or inability both of the president and vice-president, declaring what officer shall then act as president, and such officer shall act accord- ingly until the disability be removed or a president shall be elected. 7. The president shall at stated times receive for his services a compensation which shall be neither increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and lie shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United Nations or any of them, or from any other power whatever. 8. Before he enter on the execution of his office he shall take the following oath or affirmation: "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of president of the United Nations and will, to the best of my ability preserve, protect and defend the constitution of the United Nations of Earth." Section 2. Powers of President. i The president shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United Nations of Earth and of any volunteer forces of the several dominions, when called into the actual service of the United Nations He may require the opinion in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United Nations, except in cases of impeachment. 2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the senate to make with nations remaining outside of this Union, treaties terminating not later than ten years after the adoption of this constitution provided two-thirds of the senators present concur. 3 The president shall nominate, and, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, shall appoint consuls, judges of the supreme court, ambassadors and public ministers to dominions outside of this Union for ten years after the adoption of this constitution, and all Other officers of the United Nations whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law ; but the parliament may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in the president alone, in the courts of law or in the heads of departments. 4. The president shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session. Section 3. Duties of President. I. He shall from time to time give to the parliament informa- tion of the state of the union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may on extraordinary occasions»convene both houses or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper ; he shall receive ambassadors and public ministers from nations outside of this Union for ten years after the adoption of this consti- tution ; and he shall take care that the laws of the parliament be faith- fully executed, and shall commission all of the officers of the United Nations. Section 4. Removal. I. The president, vice-president, and all civil officers of the United Nations of Earth shall be removed from office on impeachment for and conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and mis- demeanors. ARTICLE III. Supreme Court and Judicial Poivers. Section I. I. The judicial power of the United Nations of Earth shall he vested in one supreme court and in such inferior courts as the parlia- ment may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall at stated times receive for their services a com- pensation which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. Section 2. 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity arising under this constitution, the laws of the United Nations, and treaties made in the first ten years under their authority ; to all cases affecting consuls; to all cases affecting ambassadors and public minis- ters for the first ten years; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to which the United Nations shall be a party ; to controversies between two or more dominions ; between a dominion and citizens or subjects of another dominion ; between citi- zens or subjects of different dominions ; and between citizens of the same dominion claiming lands under grants of different national gov- ernments. 2. In all cases in which a dominion of this Union shall be a party, the supreme court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the supreme court shall have appellate jurisdic- tion, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regu- lations as the parliament shall make. 3. The federal trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeach- ment shall be by jury, and such trial shall be held in the dominion where the said crimes shall have been committed, but when not com- mitted within any dominion, the trial shall be at such place or places as the parliament may by law have directed. Section 3. 1. Treason against the United Nations shall consist only in levy- ing war against them or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 2. The parliament shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood except during the life of the person attainted. Section 4. 1. The judicial power of the United Nations shall not be con- strued to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United Nations by citizens or subjects of that do- minion or of another dominion of this Union. ARTICLE IV. | Rights of Nations and Citizetis. Section I. I. A person charged in any dominion with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another do- minion, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the dominion from which he fled, be delivered up to be removed to the dominion having jurisdiction of the crime, provided there is a mutual extradition treaty to this effect. In the absence of an extradition treaty, the gen- eral government must not intervene, except in the interest of inter- dominion peace and interdominion justice. Section 2. 1. New dominions may be admitted by the parliament into this Union; but no new dominion shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other dominion of this Union; nor any dominion be formed by the junction of two or more dominions of this Union, or parts of dominions of this Union, without the consent of the legislature ( of the dominions concerned as well as of the parliament of the United Nations of Earth. 2. The parliament shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United Nations of Earth ; and nothing in this consti- tution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United Nations of Earth, or of any particular dominion. Section 3. I. The United Nations shall protect each of them against inva- sion from without, and, on joint application of the legislature, the executive and the judiciary, against domestic violence. Section 4. I. No dominion shall be interfered with in its policy to lay on any article of export or import a duty not exceeding four times the duty laid by the general government on the same article. But the entire prohibition of the importation or exportation of any article by any government shall be followed by a special direct tax levied by the general government to an amount estimated to equal the loss of revenue on account of such prohibition, except that parliament may name cer- tain articles that any dominion will be allowed to prohibit as a police measure without bearing such special tax as a consequence. Section 5. 1. No interdominion slave trade shall exist anywhere in the Earth. Section 6. r. The enumeration in this constitution of certain rights shail not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the individual dominions or by the people. Section 7. 1. The powers not delegated to the United Nations by this con- stitution, nor prohibited by it to the dominions, arc reserved to the dominions respectively, or to the people. ARTICLE V. Disqualification by Rebellion. Section 1. I. No person shall be a senator or dumaist in parliament or elector of president or vice-president, or hold any office, civil or mili- tary, under the United Nations of Earth who, having previously taken an oath as member of parliament, or as an officer of the United Na- tions, or as a member of any dominion legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any dominion, to support the constitution of the United Nations, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof ; but parlia- ment may, by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove such disa- bility. Section 2. 1. The validity of the public debt of the United Nations, author- ized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing any insurrection or rebellion against the general government shall not be questioned. But neither the United Nations nor any of them shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United Nations ; or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave ; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void. Section 3. 1. The parliament shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. ARTICLE VI. Amendments to the Constitution. I. The parliament, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this constitution of the United Nations of Earth, or on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several dominions, shall call a convention for pro- posing amendments, which in either case shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this constitution, when ratified by the legisla- tures of three-fourths of the several dominions, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the parliament ; provided that no dominion, without its consent, shall 'be deprived of its equal suffrage in the senate. ARTICLE VII. Supreme Authority of Constitution. 1. This constitution and the laws of the United Nations which shall be. made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made under the authority of the United Nations for the first ten years, shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the judges in every dominion shall be bound thereby, anything in the constitution or laws of any dominion to the contrary notwithstanding. 2. The senators and dumaisfs before mentioned, and the members of the several dominion legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United Nations of Earth and of the several domin- ions, shall be bound by oatli or affirmation to support this constitution ; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United Nations. ARTICLE VIII. Ratification of tlie Constitution. 1. The ratification of the government of the British Empire, Russia, the United States of America, Fiance, Germany, Japan, Austria-Hungary, Italy and ten other dominions shall be sufficient for the establishment of this constitution among the nations so ratifying the same. 2. Within ten years after the adoption of this constitution by the above eighteen governments, the remaining nations of the globe shall join the Union, and measures shall be taken by the general gov- niment to cstend its limited authority over all. Such dominions join- ing voluntarily or by coercion shall be admitted into the Union with the territorial delimitations fixed by the peace convention at the termi- nation of the War of the Fourteen Nations. ( r * I 1 I 1