Committee on Cooperation in Latin America Report for 1921 New York City 25 M adison Ave. This committee was constituted by and represents the various mission boards of the United States and Canada which sustain evangelical work in Latin America. Robert E. Speer^ Chairman. William I. Haven, Acting Chairman. Samuel G. Inman, Executive Secretary. Webster E. Browning, Educational Secretary. John Orts Gonzales, Spanish Editor. COOPERATION IN LATIN AMERICA REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1921 The Committee on Cooperation: Robert E. Speer, Chairman; William C, Brown, Vice-Chairman; William I, Haven, Vice-Chairman; Samuel G. Inman, Executive Secre¬ tary; Webster E. Browning, Educational Secretary; Juan Orts Gonzales, Editor of Span¬ ish Publications; James H. Post, Treasurer; Mrs. Anna R. Atwater, George I. Babcock, L. C. Barnes, B, W. Beede, Enoch F. Bell, Mrs. F. S. Bennett. C. L. Brown, Frank L. Brown, Fred L. Brownlee, James Cannon, Jr., Miss Carrie J. Carnahan, Miss Esther Case, S. H. Chester, E. T. Colton, Paul de Schweinitz, C. S. Detweiler, Harry Farmer, D, D. Forsyth, E. M. Halford, Francis J. McConnell, John A. Marquis, Wilson P. Minton, John R. Mott, S. G. Neil, Frank Mason North, Eben E. Olcott, E, H. Rawlings, Fleming H. Revell, Frank K. Sanders, George Smith, A. C. Snead, W. A. Spicer, H. E. Stillwell, Miss Harriet E. Taylor, Miss Edna Voss, Mrs. K. S. Westfall, W. Reginald Wheeler, Mrs. May L. Woodruff, S. G. Ziegler. Five years have passed since the holding of the Panama Congress in 1916. It is therefore a good time to survey the mis¬ sionary situation in Latin America and to inquire whether the Panama Congress and the activities of the Committee on Coopera¬ tion in Latin America have led to improvement and enlargement of the missionary work in Latin America. The Committee on Survey has recently studied comparatively the work of Mission Boards in Latin America in 1916 and in 1921. Among the twenty-five Boards reporting, each one shows real progress, and the total gain is inspiring. The annual cost of maintenance for these twenty-five Boards has grown from $1,268,585 in 1916 to $2,577,877 in 1921, showing the remarkable increase of 115 per cent. Property increases have been from $6,494,000 to $9,789,000, or 51 per cent. Foreign mis¬ sionaries, maintained by these Boards, have increased from 771 in this five year period to 1,066, or 39 per cent. The table which accompanies this report, showing the increase by individual Boards, suggests most interesting stories of devotion and sacrifice. There has also been a remarkable increase in the interest in Latin America, as shown by the Churches and the public in general. This fact is illustrated by the last convention of the Student Volun¬ teer Movement at Des Moines, where, out of a total enrollment of about 7,000, there were 2,100 who attended the meeting to consider missionary service in Latin America. DIVISION OF TERRITORIAL RESPONSIBILITY The situation on the mission field itself, as related to cooperation, has been completely changed in practically all of the twenty Latin American republics. A well-considered division of territory has been accepted in nearly all of the fields. The most remarkable program for distribution of territorial responsibility, probably un¬ equalled in any other mission field in the world, is that which has 1 $ 1 , 268,585 $ 2 , 577:877 $6,494,762 m 2 > 2 O m m >- CO $ 9 , 789,649 '5 ro 777 to lO > 1066 ;;; m to sD vO ro 230 to to 2 Five Years of Latin American Missions now been completely carried out in Mexico. In Central America each one of the republics is definitely assigned as the special responsi¬ bility of a particular Board. In Cuba, by the withdrawal of two Mission Boards and the readjustment of territory among others, a situation which was formerly most unsatisfactory has now been adjusted so as to eliminate almost all overlapping. In Porto Rico the excellent zone system, the only national agreement concerning territory in all of Latin America before the organization of the Committee on Cooperation in Latin America, continues to be satis¬ factory. In Peru three Mission Boards have arrived at an agree¬ ment as to territory, though there are still minor difficulties to be settled. In Bolivia the same is true. In Chile the Presbyterians and Methodists, the two Boards doing the greater part of the work, have, by exchanging territory, improved former agreements and eliminated all overlapping. In Paraguay the Methodist Board has withdrawn, leaving that field to the Disciples of Christ. In Uruguay the Methodist Board is the only member of the Committee on Coopera¬ tion in Latin America. In Argentina and Brazil, the two largest South American countries,-there has been much readjustment be¬ tween the various Boards since the holding of the Panama Congress. There is yet to be worked out, however, a national division of territorial responsibility in these countries. Venezuela and Colombia are still the peculiar responsibility of the Presbyterian Mission Board. Ecuador, where the Christian and Missionary Alliance is the only Board at work, awaits the help of another strong missionary organiza¬ tion. Work especially for the Indians has been much discussed, but it remains the one great field in which there is scarcely any practical result to show for all the agitation. UNION INSTITUTIONS The development of union institutions has been encouraging, as the following list will show: (1) Union theological seminaries in Mexico, Porto Rico, Chile, Argentina and Brazil; (2) Union papers and bookstores in Mexico, Porto Rico, Cuba and Chile; (3) Union literature work in Brazil and Santo Domingo; plans are now being developed for such work in Argentina; (4) a Union college and a woman’s training school in Argentina; (5) federated educational work in Chile and Brazil; (6) Union hospitals in Alexico, Santo Domingo and Brazil; (7) a Union organization in Santo Domingo, an entirely new plan for administering the whole work which five denominational Boards support through a central administrative body. In Montevideo there is about to be inaugurated the largest of all of the projects developed through the. Committee on Cooperation in Latin America. This is to be not only an interdenominational but an international institution for the graduate training of men and women for leadership in the pastorate and in the social work of the Church. The plan of this institution indicates something of the range of the 3 Committee on Cooperation in that that work has taken into its pur¬ view not only what all the Mission Boards are doing, but the whole social, economic and religious conditions of all twenty Latin American republics. This is the only part of the world where a continent and a half speaks practically the same language and has, essentially, the same problems and ideals. It is inspiring to plan a united program for a whole country. But to serve one of the great sections of the world, embracing twenty republics, is a far more challenging task. Ten regional committees, covering the various sections of Latin America, have been organized. Through these, the missions on the field have developed their cooperative programs. To this close co¬ operation on the field, as much as to the great increase in expenditures by the Boards themselves, is due the remarkable increase in influence of evangelical missionary work as seen today in Latin America. Quite as remarkable a development has taken place in the service side of the work in Latin America. Community activities, medical work and many forms of social service have contributed to strengthen greatly the evangelical work in the eyes of the public. STRONG INFLUENCE OF EVANGELICAL WORK The present development of this work and its influence will surprise those who have not followed it closely. The city of Rio de Janeiro is the largest center of the Protestant Church in the Latin world, if Paris is not to be excepted. There are more than one hundred preaching points in that city and its suburbs. The Pastors’ Association has a membership of sixty-five. One of the churches, with a thousand members, has an annual budget of $15,000 and supports fourteen missions. The large dailies of Brazil give continuous notices of the evangelical work, and members of that church occupy important places in the government. In Santiago, Chile, there are now sixty-four foreign missionaries. The two evangelical schools are counted as among the most important ethical and educational influences in all of Chile. Missionaries are called to teach in the University and occupy prominent places in social movements. In Buenos Aires the Young Men’s Christian Associa¬ tion has over 3,000 members. On its staff are found some of the best known leaders in social reform in Argentina. Montevideo boasts of the finest Spanish-speaking evangelical church building in the world. The influence of the evangelicals is very strong, a jus¬ tice of the supreme court and other men of leadership being mem¬ bers of that church. In Lima, Peru,. one of the missionaries has been elected a regular member of the faculty of the exclusive Uni¬ versity of San Marcos. In the City of Mexico an audience of a thousand often gathers on a Sunday evening in one of the churches, which has a Sunday School of some eight hundred members. In Porto Rico the evangelical church is recognized as the most aggres¬ sive force for social reform. 4 The old discussion whether the simple evangelical church can ever satisfy the Latin temperament with its love for display and cere¬ mony, or the other question whether Protestant missions to South Americans were justified or would be welcomed by them—these discussions, in the light of actual developments, have ceased to have living value. In modern parlance, the Evangelical Church in South America “has arrived.” A certain type of publicists, ecclesiastics, politicians and sentimentalists may go on ignoring or opposing this fact. But no real student of the social life of the Continent, what¬ ever may be his likes or dislikes, will fail to recognize this grow- ingly important situation. Organizers of the Panama Congress and workers in the Com¬ mittee on Cooperation in Latin America may well take courage at the part this movement has had in bringing the evangelical work to its present strength. The dif¥erence between the impact of the evangelical work in the community as seen in visits in 1914 and in 1921 is truly remarkable. It has been brought about by a united study of the task, a united program of action, the presentation of a united front before the community and a broader, more positive, more comprehensive conception of the service to be rendered. In his most recent trip to South America, the Executive Secre¬ tary took occasion to inquire definitely from the missionaries in each one of the fields whether they thought that the regional com¬ mittees had accomplished their purpose and now might be allowed to disintegrate, or whether there was still a real work before them. He found unanimous and enthusiastic sentiment in favor of the work of these committees and a feeling that they have contributed very largely to the wise development of mission work and should not only be continued but broadened in scope. Even where mis¬ understandings were making cooperation very difficult, as in Peru, the need of it was still clearly recognized. The Committee on Cooperation has always tried to keep its program practical. While it has done much toward interesting the membership of the churches and the general public in Latin America, it has purposely avoided expending its energies in a gen¬ eral program of propaganda for the cause, having largely concen¬ trated its efiforts on securing the definite advancement of missionary work in the field. OUTSTANDING ACCOMPLISHMENTS The following may be mentioned as outstanding achievements on the field for 1921: p) The opening of a hospital in Santo Domingo, the $3,000 equipment being presented by the evangelical forces of Porto Rico. This is the first instance in Latin America of a united missionary effort on one field for the benefit of another Latin-American country. (2) The enlargement and better equip¬ ment of the union press and bookstore in Mexico City. (3) The beginning of a rest home for missionaries in Brazil. (4) The 5 opening of an office in Rio de Janeiro for union headquarters for Evangelical workers. (5) Development of plans for a union book¬ store in Buenos Aires. (6) Formal recognition of the Evangelical work by the governments of Mexico, Chile and Brazil. (7) A survey of Brazil showing 103,000 Protestants and 430,000 adherents to the Protestant Church. (8) The organization of a union com¬ mittee in Brazil for the development of work among Indians. (9) The inauguration of the united forward movement called “Porto Rico for Christ.” ENLARGED RELATIONS The Committee continues to enlarge its relationships, not only with church organizations but with other organizations interested in Latin Afnerica, such as educational associations, colleges and universities, publishing houses and organizations interested in inter¬ national friendship. The trip of the Executive Secretary to South America and Europe, from March to July of this present year, brought a number of increased relationships. These had to do, in the first place, with universities in which he was invited to lecture. Contacts were also made with leading journalists and other intel¬ lectuals of South America. In a visit to Spain to study especially the question of literature, connections were made with leading pub¬ lishers and with the evangelical workers, who strongly desired the working out of a close relationship between them and the Committee on Cooperation in Latin America. In France, after a conference with leaders of the evangelical movement, a committee was ap¬ pointed to consider the sending of lecturers to South America and the translation of some of the best French books on apologetics into Spanish. In Great Britain, a meeting of the secretaries of Boards having work in Latin America resulted later in the organi¬ zation of a British Committee on Cooperation. At a meeting at Lake Mohonk, where the International Missionary Council, suc¬ cessor to the Edinburgh Continuation Committee, was organized, the Committee on Cooperation was represented. It was decided there to coopt a representative of Latin America for each of the meetings of this Council. The subject of Latin America has been presented afresh in summer conferences in this country, a study pamphlet to aid in this presentation having been issued by the Com¬ mittee. Addresses and lecture courses on Latin America have been given in numerous church and colleges. Conferences have been held with officers of the Pan-American Union, the Pan-American Society, the Latin-American Section of the Department of State, the Carnegie Foundation, with publishers and journalists, student organizations, Latin-American diplomatic representatives and others interested in the common cause. An extensive correspondence has been carried on with leaders of intellectual life in Latin America. Relations have been established with North American leaders inter¬ ested in, the labor movement, the feminist movement, the temperance 6 movement and the educational movement, all of which are develop¬ ing rapidly in Latin America. THE EDUCATIONAL SECRETARY This year the Educational Secretary, acting on the request of the General Committee, has spent most of the time in Montevideo and Buenos Aires, pushing the work of education and general cooperation in that field. He has served as secretary for the Com¬ mittee on Cooperation for the River Plate region, with headquar¬ ters in Buenos Aires. This Committee had almost ceased to func¬ tion, but Dr. Browning has succeeded in reorganizing it and leading it in important activities. He has also organized the Christian work¬ ers of Uruguay for general cooperative work and for preparation for the Congress to be held at Montevideo in 1923. Through the Educational Associations of Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay, organized by the secretary several years ago, and the School Masters’ Club of Montevideo, organized this year, teachers have been brought together to study their problems and have been encouraged to read the best works on education. Special help has been given to “Crandon Institute” in its building program in Monte¬ video and to “Colegio Americano,” the union school of Buenos Aires, the rapid growth of which requires increasing attention. Contacts have been maintained and enlarged with the intellectuals in various countries, addresses made at several important gatherings for social reform, and service rendered as interpreter on several occasions of international importance. The manuscript for a book on missions, “The Call of Latin America,” has been completed during the year. A pamphlet on Ecuador has been published as well as articles in “The Hispanic American Historical Review” and in “The Missionary Review of the World.” The Educational Secre¬ tary has been at the service of all the different missions and in answering tlteir calls has made valuable contributions to each of them. LITERATURE From the beginning of the work of the Committee on Co¬ operation, it has been realized that a major part of its work should be on literature, both because this is one of the greatest needs of Latin America and because there are fewer complications involved in united work. The outstanding developments in the department of literature this year have been: the enlargement of the book department of La Nucva Dcmocracia; the beginning of a service to furnish s(^rmon material to the Latin American pastors; and the publication of a Sunday School commentary. This department has had a very severe loss through the resig¬ nation of the Editorial Secretary, Dr. George B. Winton. Dr. Ortz Gonzales, as Spanish editor, has continued to render outstanding service as editor of La Nueva Democracia, as author of sermon material and of the syndicated articles sent, to the Spanish press, and as joint author with Dr. Winton of the Sunday School Com- 7 mentary. In view of the number of manuscripts prepared by the editorial department for which no way of publication has been found, and of the fact that the* matter of publication is so closely bound up with that of circulation, the Executive Committee decided for the present not to seek a successor to Dr. Winton, but to place the funds available for the literature committee in a revolving fund to help stock evangelical bookstores of Latin America and the book department of La Nueva Democracia, and for the purchase of parts of editions from publishers who bring out works desired by this committee. After five years of study and experiment, the way seems to have been found by a relatively small expenditure of funds to promote in a very large way the publication and circulation of literature in Latin America. The new road was opened through the above-mentioned visit to Spain, where connections were made with large publishing houses who agreed to bring out books recom¬ mended and backed by the Committee. With the wide contacts now established with publishers in all parts of the Spanish-speaking world, it will be possible, through this revolving fund, for the Com¬ mittee to act as purchasing agent for all evangelical bookstores and agents on the field, keeping them stocked with the best literature now being produced in surprisingly large quantities in Spain and in different parts of Latin America. Thus the literature which, when produced on one part of the field, has heretofore been un¬ known to the other part, will, both by announcement and by credits, be made available to workers everywhere. * Technical books, not interesting to the general public but of importance to Christian workers, can be brought out also by guaranteeing, through the revolving fund, a certain proportion of an edition. A leading pub¬ lishing house in Spain has already agreed to bring out the Losdick series of books without any other help from the Committee than the translation of the manuscripts. Other publishers have promised, on the simple recommendation of the Committee, to publish books of general interest written by North American leaders of thought. The way seems to have finally opened, therefore, by simply enlarging and carefully administering this revolving fund, to render a litera¬ ture service far beyond what has heretofore seemed possible. While the present small fund has only been at work a few months, on the morning that this report was written, there were received in the central office orders for books amounting to $200.00. Probably the most direct help that the Committee has ever rendered to ministers is in the issuance of sermon outlines, carefully prepared for Latin American audiences by Dr. Orts. These sermon outlines are mimeographed and sent once a month to four hundred and seventy-five preachers, who have directly asked for this aid. The syndicating of material to the evangelical press and to some hundred and fifty daily and weekly secular papers throughout Latin America has also been continued during the year. This material, which covers matters’ of international friendship, the Christian 8 interpretation of important events and the Evangelical Church’s * attitude toward social movements, temperance, etc., has been used in all kinds of ways, varying from special articles in Sunday maga¬ zine sections of the large dailies to handy fillers for small weekly publications in remote sections away from all telegraphic news. The publication of the monthly review. La Nueva Dernocracia, is the most far-reaching effort the mission Boards have ever made to reach the intellectual classes of Latin America with the Chris¬ tian message. The reception of the magazine, the favorable reaction of its readers toward evangelical work and their developing sym¬ pathy toward the Gospel show that the magazine is already pro¬ ducing large results. It is the only publication in the Spanish lan¬ guage that seeks definitely to interpret world events from the Christian standpoint and to discuss present economical, political and social movements of the world on a genuine Christian basis, which shows that that religion offers the only adequate solution of these problems. In personal conversations of the Secretary with the presidents of six Latin American republics and a large number of cabinet members, the value placed upon the magazine by such men has been revealed. Missionaries, who at first failed to appreciate the review, because it did not seek to present directly news of evangelical progress and to advocate missionary work, leaving that field to the papers published by the missions themselves, are now coming to a realiza¬ tion of what the magazine can do for their work through indirect methods. If one ever has any doubts about the great need of a publica¬ tion like La Nueva De'mocracia with its wide field of service, a trip to South America will quickly dispel it. On the very boat on which a representative traveled from New York to Peru, the first fruits of the magazine’s being put on the reading table were talks with a number of prominent South Americans on religious questions. On a West Coast boat, where a few French novels and anti-American books were found in one lone bookcase. La Nueva Democracia created a new atmosphere, when placed on the center table of the salon. In little out of the way towns visited, where connection with the outside world is seldom had, the coming of the magazine was reported to be the greatest inspiration of the month. Even in cities where there is much reading matter, men who are neither Catholic nor Protestant grew enthusiastic about a publication which is emphasizing what they themselves have come to believe strongly— that only by establishing a spiritual basis of thought and action will the world be able to save itself from destruction. BOOKS IN SPANISH The following books have been published in Spanish, either directly or through translations of manuscripts furnished by the Literature Committee during 1921: 9 The Sunday School Commentary for 1922. Personal Elements in the Religious Life. Weatherford. The World Student Christian Federation. Mott. Prayer and Missions. Speer. The following manuscripts are' now ready for publication: The Social Principles of Jesus. Rauschenbusch. The Manhood of the Master. Fosdick. The Pilgrim Teacher Training Course. Weigle, Winchester and Athearn. Religious Education in the Church. Cope. The Social Significance of the Teachings of Jesus. Jenks. The Efficient’ Church. York. (Now being published in serial form in Puerto Rico Evangelico.) The Gospel of John. Speer. The publication of the Sunday School Commentary was under¬ taken by the Committee, after the American Tract Society, which promised to published it, had refused to do so. Although the delay left a very brief time for announcing the book before the beginning of the year, this commentary will probably have the largest sale of any yet published, a single order from Buenos Aires calling for twelve hundred copies. This year has been marked by an enlarged contribution of the mission field itself to Christian literature. The following books have been produced, the circulation of which is being promoted by the Literature Committee: The Power of the Holy Spirit. Wesley. The Call to the Ministry. Miller. Forty Years of Struggle (a biography of one of the first Chilean ministers). Torregrosa. PORTUGUESE LITERATURE The Literature Secretary for Brazil, Prof. Erasmo Braga, has had the hearty cooperation of the Secretary of the World’s Sunday School Association of Brazil, the Manager of the Methodist Press and of other important distributors of literature. The results of his work for the year are most worth-while. The beginnings of a library on religious education have been made by the issuance of the following books: Learning and Teaching. Sheridan and White. (Translated by Pro¬ fessor Toledo, of the National Normal School.) Life in Formation. Barclay and others. (Translated by Prof. Brasil Silvado, of the National Institute for the Deaf.) How to Organize the Sunday School. North and Cunninggin. (Translated by Rev. Jose Ferraz.) The Sunday School in Action. John T. Faris. (Translated by various pastors of Brazil.) The following books have also been issued in Portuguese or are now on the press: Commentaries on Matthew and Luke. Ryle. The Meaning of Prayer. Fosdick. The Treatment of Doubt, Drummond. The Life of Paul (reprint). Stalker. The Aims of Practical Education. Erasmo Braga. Homiletics. Burke. 10 The following pamphlets have also been issued: On Temperance. Topics for Prayer. A Reply to the Archbishop of Marianna. An Address by Dr. B. C. Almeda. The Secretary has also conducted a syndicate service through which material has been sent to the secular and religious press of Brazil, resulting in wide publicity for evangelical work. He has conducted a weekly column in one of the dailies of Rio de Janeiro and has written several articles for important Brazilian publications. The Secretary has also prepared the manuscript of a Sunday School Commentary ■ for 1922, which will be issued both in book and pamphlet form. Work on the translation of a Concordance and of a Bible Dictionary is now being pushed. An important event has been the appearance of a quarterly, “A Revista de Cultura Reli- giosa,” edited cooperatively by representative, evangelical intellec¬ tuals of different churches. In both appearance and contents, this quarterly ranks with the best publications in Brazil. BOOKSTORES Union bookstores are now being conducted in the following centers: Mexico City, Ponce, P. R., Havana, Cuba, Santiago de Chile and Santo Domingo City. Marked progress has been made in Mexico City. The union presses of Porto Rico and Mexico have both just added linotype machines to their equipment. With the development of these union literature enterprises, there has arisen the need for missionaries who are technically trained in the matter of producing and marketing Christian literature. At this present moment there is immediate need for four such managers of literature enterprises in Latin America. With the developing plans for new union literature work in Central America, Argentina, and other countries, others will soon be needed. It is evident that we should be seeking diligently for such men. The importance of clearing all of the Christian publications in Spanish and Portuguese through the office of the Committee on Cooperation in Latin America has often been pointed out. Now that the Committee is in so much better condition to promote the circulation of all good literature, this need should be more than ever kept in mind. It is most unfortunate to find books, which should be made available in all parts of the Evangelical Church in Latin America, confined to some small area of the field, and wholly unknown to those in other sections, who very often are planning to produce publications of the same sort. THE EXECUTIVE OFFICE Correspondence, concerning all phases of the work mentioned in this report, is carried on through the Executive Office, which has had two employees during the last year. All kinds of inquiries on the subjects related to Latin America have been answered. The *11 routine work increases from year to year as the influence of the Committee grows and becomes better known. The minutes and records of all meetings of sub-committees are prepared, mimeo¬ graphed and mailed, this year a system having been inaugurated whereby people outside of the Committee, interested in certain lines of work, receive the minutes of meetings where discussion takes place concerning those interests. A large number of circular letters, reports, pamphlets and literature of all descriptions helpful to the missionaries has been mailed to the field. The bookkeeping and banking for the Committee on Cooperation in Latin America, for La N'ueva Democracia, and for the Board for Christian Work in Santo Domingo has been handled in the Executive Office. The typewritten manuscript in Spanish for the Sunday School Com¬ mentary for 1922 was prepared at the office, which likewise has cared for the printing and buying of supplies for the Committee and its various enterprises. It has carried the office work of the Board for Christian Work in Santo Domingo, and looked after the transportation of workers to the field. It has filled and recorded the photographs of the Committee for reference, making them available for illustrating purposes; mimeographed and circulated all syndicated press articles and preaching material in Spanish and English; aided in the preparation for the Spanish book exhibit; prepared the manuscript and handled the printing of “South America Today,” and looked after the distribution of the publications of the Committee, which are coming to be considerable. Meanwhile the files of informational material have been growing, and data are being constantly revised to coincide with the latest advices received. Maps and statistics for sub-committee needs have been prepared and cooperation furnished gladly to all members and friends who have requested assistance. The Executive Secretary has spent four months of the year on the field. Besides the ordinary program of administrative work and of public addresses, courses of lectures have been given in Columbia University, Union Theological Seminary and Princeton Theological Seminary. Some twenty-five articles have been written for the press. Two books have been published. “Problems in Pan-Americanism” deals with the development of friendly relations between the peoples of America from the Christian standpoint. “South America* Today” is a tracing of the social, educational and religious conditions, as observed on a recent trip. WEST INDIES World readjustments and economic difficulties have not failed to have their efifect on the West Indies along with the rest of the world. The old proposal for European countries to transfer their island possessions in the West Indies to the United States has been revived, largely because of the financial depression in the islands and in Europe. In mission matters this transfer of responsibility 12 is going forward. The English Baptists recently asked the Amer¬ ican Baptist Home Missionary Society to share with them the responsibility for work in Jamaica. The political dominance ot the United States in the West Indies has been challenged ver^ sharply during the year. After a general discussion of the United States’ occupation of Haiti and the cruelties of the expeditionary forces, the United States Senate appointed a committee to investi¬ gate these charges. This committee is now in Haiti. The State Department has announced the impending withdrawal of the United States military government from Santo Domingo. Difficulties have been encountered, however, in securing a satisfactory agreement with the Dominican* people fo,r a continued supervision of their affairs. Much agitation over this proposal has taken place in Santo Domingo. The republic continues to be governed by the Navy Department of the United States Government. Porto Ricans have protested strenuously against the activities of Governor Riley, who was recently appointed to that post. Industrial conditions in most of the West Indies islands are more than ever depressing and urge solution. Some economists point out that these tropical islands are the next logical part of the world to be exploited by capitalists. The difficult situation in which the population of these crowded islands already find themselves, has forced a large emigration to the United States. There is great need of a thorough study of the economic and spiritual problems of this part of the world. Practically no data exist which are reliable. With modern agricultural inventions and the development of sani¬ tation, the tropics are no longer uninhabitable for the white man but may be looked upon as an open field for his future activities. In spite of these pressing industrial problems, the missionary societies of the world have only one adequate industrial school, the most needed type of education, in all of the West Indies. It is encouraging to note, however, that deputations representing prac¬ tically all of the mission Boards doing work in Porto Rico have visited that island during this year. A deputation, representing the Baptist Home Missionary Society, has just gone to Haiti and a depu¬ tation for Santo Domingo is planning to sail the middle of February. There is imperative need of much more attention being given to this part of the world by the home missionary societies to which the development of the spiritual life of these countries has been largely committed. This will, no doubt, be brought about by the holding of a conference to consider Christian work in the West Indies, Cen¬ tral America and Mexico, which is a proposal now before the Com¬ mittee on Cooperation. PORTO RICO Cooperation among the Christian forces of Porto Rico has, as in the past, produced splendid results during the present year. The Secretary of the Porto Rican Evangelical Union returned to the 13 field, after a brief furlough in the United States, and is now leading in the movement “Porto Rico for Christ/’ There have been four outstanding achievements during this past year. First may be mentioned the “Porto Rico for Christ” movement, which is a spontaneous development among the churches themselves, pressing for a deeper spirit of devotion and for emphasis on evan¬ gelism, Christian stewardship, and some form of community work for each local church. In the month of November, a special effort was made to promote family worship, tracts on Christian family life and on prayer being circulated. In December, special prayer- meetings are being held and personal workers’ classes organized. In January, February and March of 1922, simultaneous evangelistic campaigns will be promoted in all the churches. In April, the cam¬ paign will be directed toward building up the Sunday Schools and Young People’s Societies. In May, stewardship will be stressed; and in June, Christian literature, including a drive for subscribers to the union evangelical paper. Great enthusiasm has been awakened over this campaign, and reports indicate that already there is quick¬ ened life among the churches. The development of the Evangelical Seminary in this third year of its life has been most encouraging. The enrollment has included four Baptists, three Congregationalists, three Disciples, six Methodists and ten Presbyterians, a total of twenty-six. A corre¬ spondence course has been inaugurated which reaches about a hundred workers. The students have carried out a successful open-air evangelistic campaign, covering several districts of the island. A much greater interest in the ministry has been aroused. Movements have been inaugurated for bringing students for the ministry from the Virgin Islands, Venezuela, Santo Domingo, and other points in the West Indies. The Seminary needs another professor, the imme¬ diate enlargement of its library and increased accommodations. The Porto Rico press, bookstore and paper have had a most successful year. The press is busy turning out literature for the “Porto Rico for Christ” campaign. A campaign for subscriptions for the union paper had to be stopped, because the press was not able to turn out more papers. Several of the mission Boards have come to the rescue, however, and have made possible the recent purchase of a linotype machine. The total amount contributed and promised by the mission Boards this year for new equipment will amount to nearly $6,000. They are asked for the same amount next year. Thus, in time, the proposed fund of $45,000, truly needed for the enterprise, will be secured. The last annual report of the press shows receipts of $14,759, of which $5,553 came from sub¬ scriptions, $3,240 from various other sources, and $4,545 from con¬ tributions by mission Boards for the linotype machine. In the book department, 3,301 books v/ere sold during the year. The whole enterprise is practically self-supporting in its operating expenses. Our Boards are merely asked to supply a much needed enlargement 14 of the equipment and a building in which to house these varied literature activities. The second annual interdenominational summer assembly was successfully held at San German on the grounds of the Polytechnic Institute. Dr. Orts was sent from the Committee on Cooperation as a special lecturer. He afterward toured the island, lecturing on Protestantism, with most favorable results. The assembly was well attended and supported by all of the cooperating denominations. Many feel that the holding of these gatherings specifically for Bible study, inspiration and fellowship, does.more to promote the spiritual unity of the different missions than any other agency. CUBA If Porto Rico is an example of what a secretary for inter¬ denominational work can do, when giving his whole time to the task, Cuba shows how cooperation suffers for the lack of such a secre¬ tary. Since the resignation of Rev. Sylvester Jones, more than two years ago, the work so splendidly begun under his direction has been neglected. The securing of another secretary has been before the Committee, but up to the present time the right man has not been found. The Committee of Conference in Cuba, how¬ ever, has done some splendid work. The evangelical bookstore has been continued, although the small store rented in the central part of the city has been closed. Its stock is now kept in the Young- Men’s Christian Association building. There is no greater need than the enlargement of this bookstore and its location in a promi¬ nent center. Experience has already shown what a far-reaching work it may do with the proper support. It is hoped that the Boards will not allow another year to pass without the opening of a representative literature center in the heart of Havana. The second interdenominational summer assembly was held last year at Sancti Spiritus. Dr. R. M. Vaughan, of Newton Theologi¬ cal Institute, was for the second time the acceptable special lecturer from the North. His services were secured by the Committee on the West Indies, the Baptist Board generously providing for his expenses. It was voted to hold the third summer assembly on the grounds of the Baptist College at El Cristo in the eastern part of the island. The union paper has been continued with success. The Pres¬ byterians have opened a theological seminary in the city of Car¬ denas. They are anxious to make ‘this a union seminary and it is hoped that other Boards ihay enter into the project. SANTO DOMINGO The Board for Christian Work in Santo Domingo has- been fully organized this year with ten trustees, representing the gen¬ eral and women’s home mission societies of the Methodist Episcopal Church, the general and women’s home mission societies of the 15 Presbyterian Church, U. S. A., and the Foreign Mission Board of the United Brethren in Christ. At the beginning of the year the new mission building, purchased for $50,000, located in the heart of the city of Santo Domingo, was opened. This building furnishes an auditorium for the church work, rooms for social work, a room for the bookstore and a residence for some of the workers. By beginning the work with this splendid building, a good impression has been made upon the city at large. Across the street from this building, there was located a private hospital. The evangelical churches of Porto Rico, who have long been interested in Santo Domingo, offered to purchase the equipment and lease of this hos¬ pital for the Santo Domingo work. This has been done and a North American physician, with experience in Porto Rico, has been placed in charge of the hospital. Two North American nurses have been sent recently to his aid. Even before these nurses arrived. Dr. Taylor had treated in one month 903 patients in the dispensary. A nurses’ training school and district nursing work are planned for the coming year. Three of the best trained Porto Rican ministers are now con¬ ducting successful evangelistic work in Santo Domingo City, San Pedro de Macoris and La Romana. The beginnings of an institu¬ tional work have been* made in the central building in Santo Domingo City. The budget for this last year has been $80,000, all of which has been carried by the Boards named above and administered by the union organization. There are now eight workers on the field, not counting wives. The following denominations are represented by these workers, which shows that it is a real union development: Baptist, Episcopal, Methodist, Presbyterian and United Brethren. The plans for the near future contemplate a concentration on the building up of several outstanding institutions in the important centers. This next year it is hoped to open an industrial school and to erect a building for the hospital. The board is now looking for a superintendent, whose acquaintance with social, evangelistic and educational work will make him capable of administering the whole enterprise on the island. HAITI The American Baptist Home Mission Society has accepted the allocation of Haiti as its field by the Committee on the West Indies. It has not found it possible to begin work during this past year. At the time this report is being presented -a special deputation from the Board is on the island, having sailed December 30th. It is considering educational work to provide leaders for the enlargement of missionary work already sponsored by Jamaican Baptists. The Society seeks to provide an institution that shall be not simply a training school for ministers, but shall prepare young people for leadership in all departments of life. 16 The Secretary of the Navy, the Honoral^le Edwin Denby, in turning his attention to Haiti recently, made the following observa¬ tion about the necessity of Christian work in that neglected island: “It is my opinion that the missionary societies and churches of the United States could not do better than to send representa¬ tives to that field. They would not alone be conferring benefits upon the people of Haiti, but their kindly ofifices should do much toward bringing about a friendly feeling between the people of that country and the United States. We have a great and very practical interest in its condition and are vitally concerned with its relations to the United States. Whatever can be done toward encouraging friendly feeling among the people of Haiti toward us should be done and the churches and missionaries socities in my opinion can be of very material assistance.” MEXICO Investment in cooperation in Mexico is larger than that in any of the other countries, by reason of the extensive program, adopted five years ago, and now carried to a successful conclusion. Because of the many-sidedness of this program, the missionaries in Mexico have insisted on their need of a secretary for cooperation. One was employed last year, but unfortunately had to resign on account of sickness in his family. This past year the Rev. Jasper T. Moses was appointed as manager of the press and given also the work of the Secretary of the Committee on Cooperation in Mexico, until a suitable person' could be found for that position. The sudden death of Mr. Moses, a few months after he had gone to his post and when he was in the midst of carrying out a splendid program for the union press, was a great blow to the work. Fortunately, Professor Andres Osuna, one of the best known educationists in Mexico, who has also had wide experience in administration, agreed to take the management of the press. During the last few months, he has re¬ organized the press and the bookstore and conducted a campaign for subscriptions for the union paper, El Mundo Cristiano. He now has plans which will make the union press one of the most useful organizations in all Latin America. The press has recently been incorporated under the laws of Mexico. Its business is now run¬ ning smoothly and is most worthy of the hearty support of the mission Boards. The equipment of the press must be enlarged and its work concentrated in one building. At present the bookstore is in one part of the city, the office in another and the press in still an¬ other, which works greatly to the disadvantage of efficiency. The work of the bookstore has been recently broadened and a much larger stock of books added, so that it is now becoming an important distributor of good literature in the City of Mexico, standing well in the community at large. The Union Theological Seminary continues to be a most satis¬ factory cooperative enterprise, with seven Boards heartily support- 17 ing the institution, and with its influence permeating all of the evan- gelical life of the country. This year has seen the revival of the interdenominational convention, the one held at Chihuahua in July being a most important contribution to the life of the Mexican Church. In connection with it an extensive campaign for prohibi¬ tion was held in Chihuahua. Other temperance work has been carried on by Mr. Moses and Mr. Osuna, aided by contributions from temperance organizations of the United States. The prohibi¬ tion sentiment in Mexico is growing rapidly. With proper support the Committee on Cooperation in Mexico could do very large things for temperance during the next year or two. That Committee has also had under its direction the expenditure of small funds furnished by the International Sunday School Asso¬ ciation and by the United Society of Christian Endeavor. In fact, all of the various union enterprises have been carried on under the general direction of the Committee on Cooperation in Mexico. There are so many of these enterprises that it is easy to see the necessity of having an Executive Secretary to look after them. The division of territory, as carried out by the mission Boards, is giving excellent results. Some questions have arisen when new missions went into territory where the national Churches were strong and had decided to maintain their independence. The Com¬ mittee on Cooperation in Mexico has been working on this problem and should receive the sympathetic help of the mission Boards in its solution. Protestantism in Mexico has been more universally recognized this year than ever before. The national government has taken several opportunities publicly to recognize the work. It asked the Evangelicals to take part in the Centennial celebration and furnished them with an auditorium for their ceremonies. President Obregon has contributed to the Young Men’s Christian Association, and the members of his Cabinet have recognized in various ways the im¬ portance of the work of Protestantism. Foreign correspondents have cabled long dispatches to their newspapers in other parts of the world concerning the good work done by the missionaries, and the native press has made generous reference to the same. The doors of opportunity were never more widely open than at present. The following may be mentioned as the outstanding needs for united work for the next year: a larger equipment of the union press; the purchase of a permanent site for the Union Seminary; a practical beginning on the plans for the union university in the City of Mexico; the securing of an Executive Secretary for the Committee on Cooperation in Mexico to coordinate and push a larger program for temperance, for Sunday School work, for young people’s work, for the annual convention of evangelical workers and for educational work, pending the appointment of a secretary for education, which has been urged for some time. 18 BRAZIL Brazil was one of the last countries to get its Committee on Cooperation organized, but its Committee has come to be one of the first in efficiency. This is, no doubt, due largely to its choice of a secretary, Professor Erasmo Braga. At first Professor Braga was appointed for literary work only, but this year he has been elected Executive Secretary of the general committee. He has had the hearty cooperation of Rev. Herbert S. Harris, Secretary of the World’s Sunday School Association in Brazil. , They, with the General Secretary for Brazil of the Young Men’s Christian Asso¬ ciation, have opened an office in Rio de Janeiro, which has become the center of cooperative work for Brazil. The following are some of the outstanding developments of cooperation in Brazil, with the exception of the literature work, which has been reported above, under the head of Literature. First is the opening of a rest home for missionaries and friends of evan¬ gelical work. This home was begun YQry modestly, but, no doubt, will receive large support in the future. Its opening is due entirely to the activities of the workers in Brazil. Dr. Allyn has been re¬ leased by the Southern Presbyterian Board to superintend this work and a building has been recently rented in Caxambu. The Brazilian workers have faced the Indian problem very seriously this year. It has appointed a committee which has drawn up a constitution providing for a union work among the Indians. They have been invited into conference with the Indian Department of the Brazilian Government and are receiving every encouragement from the offi¬ cials. The National Government has requested the Committee to act as its agent in securing statistics of Protestantism in Brazil. In its published reports, it has commended the Evangelicals for their help in the gathering of statistics, as contrasted with the way the Roman Catholics seek to prevent the securing of facts. The Union Theological Seminary has been carried on this year in the People’s Institute of Rio de Janeiro. The classes have been largely held in the evening. Thirteen students, some of them already distinguished in Brazilian life, have followed the courses. An un¬ fortunate division of opinion has developed concerning the perma¬ nent location of the Seminary. Until this is settled, the work will be greatly hampered. The University Federation, which acts as the Committee on Education for Brazil, held a meeting this year at Granbery College, which took the form of an institute for teachers. It also faced the question of the attitude of evangelical schools toward a reactionary movement in national education, which threat¬ ened to limit these schools in their activities. Prof. Braga was asked to give some of his time to working out these problems with the Government. He has accomplished a good deal toward clearing up the situation. With the President of Mackenzie College, he has about secured the recognition of the diplomas of that institution by the Government. 19 The annual meeting of the Committee on Cooperation in Brazil this year was the most satisfactory ever held. It passed the follow¬ ing general resolutions: (1) To require organizations appointing delegates to the Committee, to have a national or international or¬ ganization. (2) To overture the Lutheran churches in Brazil for closer relationship. (3) To recommend to the church councils, the plan for the federation of the native churches, as amended by the Committee. (4) To express to the Comniittee in New York its opinion that another Congress on Christian work in Latin America, to study the problems of cooperation and to bring up to date the data collected in 1916, will be highly desirable. (5) To express heart¬ felt thankfulness to God for the cordial spirit of work and com¬ radeship prevailing at the meeting. (6) To authorize the Executive Sub-Committee to cooperate with the ministerial association of Rio in any steps to be taken to ask the National Government to make an inquiry into the missionary work of Protestant churches in Brazil, in reply to recent accusations made by Roman Catholic bishops. LA PLATA REGION The Committee of Cooperation for the River Plate Region has been reorganized under the leadership of Dr. W. E. Browning, who has served as its Executive vSecretary-. during the last half of the year, in connection with his work as Educational Secretary of the general committee. Sub-committees have been appointed and several important movements started, including preparations for a conference of all the workers preliminary to the general Congress for South America proposed for Montevideo in 1923. A number of important interdenominational conventions have been held in Argentina this year, including that of the Evangelical Teachers’ Association, of the League of Evangelical Women and of the Sunday School Association. In connection with these conventions a large amount of interde¬ nominational work had to be done. Rev. George P. Howard, Secretary of the World’s Sunday School Association, has had one of his most encouraging years. The two union schools, conducted by the Methodists and the Disciples, the Colegio Americano, for boys, and the theological school, have both had good sessions this year. These two Boards have also approved the opening of a training school for women. The most important step has been in connection with the opening of a union bookstore in the city of Buenos Aires. The plan, as ap¬ proved by the Committee on Cooperation, calls for a store in the center of the city with a capital of $60,000 (Arg.), distributed as follows: Methodist Episcopal Mission, $20,000; Disciples of Christ, $9,000; the Y. W. C. A., $6,000; the Y. M. C. A., $6,000; the American Bible Society, $3,000; other organizations, $16,000. This next year should see the opening of this bookstore, which has long been needed in the largest city of Latin America. 20 CHILE Chile, always noteworthy for its cooperation among Christian forces, has this year become the center of a number of important developments. Both the Presbyterian and the Methodist Missions have set aside a director for their forward movements, carrying the aims of those movements in the United States down to the churches in Chile. This has brought remarkable results in self-support, in¬ creased spiritual life and general activity among Chilean churches. The directors of these two denominational forward movements have worked so closely together that the movements have done as much for a general spirit of unity as they have for strengthening the in¬ dividual churches. The Methodist Episcopal Church has also located this year in Santiago two other general officers, one for Sunday School work and the other for social work. These have generously given their time to all of the churches and are therefore contributing to the spirit, of unity. These officers all headquarter at one of the downtown buildings, which has become quite a center for all interested in social and religious work. Moreover, the downtown bookstore, maintained by the Methodists and Presbyterians, is also the office of the editor of the union paper. Thus it can be seen that the city of Santiago has prominently before it the evangelical Church and its union spirit. The union seminary and the union paper have both had a good year. The Social Service Committee of the Committee on Coopera¬ tion in Chile is studying ways to help solve the critical economic problems now pressing on every hand. When they printed a trans¬ lation of the social creed, adopted by the Federal Council of Churches, the president of the Republic asked for several hundred copies for distribution. The evangelical forces have taken a prominent part in the temperance campaign, which has developed very rapidly in Chile this last year. Further plans for federated educational work by the missions now call for a normal school in Valparaiso, supported by the Presbyterians, a tra’ining school for nurses and women Bible workers in Santiago, supported by the Methodists, and the use of the boys’ school in Concepcion as a preparatory school for the Union Seminary in Santiago. Regional Committees in other countries have no doubt con¬ tributed to cooperation in their respective fields, but sufficient in¬ formation is not at hand to make a statement concerning their o activities. SPECIAL FUNDS The Christian Literature Fund. Some three years ago the Mission Boards working in Latin America approved a special fund of $1,200,000 for the production and distribution of Christian litera¬ ture in the Spanish and Portuguese speaking world. Recent financial difficulties within the Boards have caused this program to be laid aside. The development of the possibilities of cooperation with publishers in Spain has also shown that some parts of this fund 21 will not be necessary. However, it is very clear that we can never do what should be done for the production and distribution of Christian literature in these countries without a large literature fund. This matter should be kept before us continually. A Fund for Apologetic Lecturers. Such a fund was also ap¬ proved three years ago. It is as necessary today as ever. In fact, with the open-mindedness of the Latin Americans today and the evident turn toward things spiritual, such a fund to employ both foreign and native lecturers and evangelists to give public addresses in schools, colleges, theaters, clubs and labor organizations, is absolutely necessary, if the people in large numbers are to be reached. A Fund for Conference Centers. Summer Conferences which have done so much for the development of spiritual life for Chris¬ tians in the United States and Great Britain have recently been started in a small way in Cuba, Porto Rico and Chile. The results already are most gratifying. Both for the spiritual and physical health of Christian workers in Latin America, such centers, con¬ taining rest homes as well as equipment for conference and summer schools, should be developed in every large Latin American area. THE PROPOSED GATHERINGS IN MONTEVIDEO AND MEXICO CITY Conditions have shifted rapidly both in the evangelical work and in general in Latin America since the holding of the Panama Congress in 1916. Indications have come from various sources, both in Latin America and the United States, that the time has come to face up to these new conditions. The Executive Committee has therefore appointed committees to report to this annual meeting con¬ cerning the holding of two gatherings, one probably for South America in Montevideo in February of 1923, and the other for the regions north of Panama in Mexico City one year later. They will face up to the duty of Evangelical Christianity before the revolt against political and social conservatism seen especially in all the southern republics. This revolt has some extraordinary phases. As in China, students are finding themselves as a social and political factor. They are often foolish, in aims and methods, after the manner of youth, but their influence is extraordinary. Lately they have taken to joining forces with the labor unions. These unions have grown very rapidly. They are often decidedly radical, and some of the results of this pooling of interests is startling. Both the students and the unions are compactly organized; usually they con¬ centrate on some concrete objective. The vigor of their organized movements is such that they are able to bring about compliance with their demands. In one or two of the South American republics the governments, local and general, are in open fear of what these new crusaders may do. Already the students are electing the faculties and laying out the courses of study for the schools. The women, too, are partaking of this new freedom. 22 Not unrelated to this radicalism is the demand of the intellectuals and of the public generally for fresh information concerning the modern world. They are weary of erotic French fiction, on the one hand, and of standardized and rather antiquated philosophy and theology, on the other hand. The hostility of their theologians toward modern science has held back the type of sociological, pedagogical and humanitarian studies now so general in most of the world. If these people are to be saved to Christianity, its friends must find ways to show them the possibility of accepting modern views of science, sociology, ethics, physics and the rest, without surrendering the Christian faith. But right theory is not enough. The way must be shown into a real service for themselves and humanity. To this task the members of the Committee on Cooperation must address themselves. It is made easier by the open-mindedness characteristic today of all Latin America. William I. Haven, Acting Chairman. Samuel G. Inman, Executive Secretary, 25 Madison Ave., New York City. o p w w P k: op >> ^ : s'*. B. ^ 't. 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