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AUTHOR: KNAPP, CHARLES TITLE: REFERENCES TO LITE RATURE IN PLAUTUS PLACE: [NEW YORK] DA TE : [1919?] Restrictions on Use: COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES PRESERVATION DEPARTMENT Master Negative # \'i BIBLIOGRAPHIC MICROFORM TARCRT Original Material as Filmed - Existing Bibliographic Record BKS/PROD Books FUL/BIB NYCG92-B973'^ Acquisitions FIN it) NYCG92-B9734 - Record 1 of 1 - Record updated todav ID:NYCG92-B9734 CL:9668 BL7:ani CPrnyti PC:s MMD: 040 100 i 245 iO 260 300 LOG QD DCF:? [ r! [ ; ? RTYPia CSC:? ST:p MOD: B I U : '? CPl:? I-RN: 3NR r- 1 C : ? FSI:? COL: MS: EL: ATC CON ILC EML NYCG-PT AD:02-ll-92 UD:02-12-92 ??? 97?'? II:? GEN: Lionel [HI:? GPC:? PU:i9L9/ REP:? OR: POL: DM: RR: NNC^cNNC Knapp, Charle-s. References to literature in Plautus and Terencei-hL'microf orm] (New YorK.{:bColunibia University ,i:cl9i9? 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Whole No. 159. L— REFERENCES TO LITERATURE^ IN PLAUTUS AND TERENCE. In Plautus and Terence there are many passages which deal with literary or quasi-literary matters. For the most part such references are Greek in origin and character, though we shall find, especially in Plautus, a surprising amount of material bearing on Latin literature rather than on Greek.^ The references fall into two main classes. Of these one deals primarily with the stories ^ that form so large a part of Greek literature, especially of Greek dramatic literature.* The other consists of allusions to literary works or literary passages, which are, in general, not named. * I use this term in a very wide sense, to cover some things that might well fall also under such captions as folklore, mythology, and religion. By the time of Menander, Philemon, and Diphilus, and even more by that of Plautus and Terence, such matters had become, in part at least, bookish. Certainly, from the point of view indicated in footnote 3, below, the inclusion here of such matters is warranted. ' This remark applies more fully to matters to be discussed in a later paper, as a continuation of the present discussion. See note 4. * Long after the present paper had been begun I found that Professor F. F. Abbott, in his Society and Politics in Ancient Rome (1909). 178-179, had sought to infer the intellectual interests and capacities of Plautus's audiences by noting what Greek myths appear in his plays. So Professor J. S. Reid, in his edition of the Academica (1885), page 20, uses the allusions to philosophy and the philosophical reflections in the fragments of the Roman drama, tragic and comic, as a means of deter- mining the measure of Roman acquaintance with philosophic matters. He appends three references to Terence, but none to Plautus, a much more important source of information in this connection. See page 248, note 2. * This class only will be considered in this paper. 17 \ i 232 AMERICAN JOURH4;. OF PHIWIQGY In both classes the allusion is frequently, 'perhaps more com- monly, employed f or .pi^rppsneg of •j^arody. : Eurther, the effec- tiveness of the parDdy: ii-Jiicr^asI^'^jDy: khe',f^ct that it is frequently put into the mouth of^a slaved in the disparity between the sentiments' utterea\and;tl>e| status of the speaker lies much of the fun. * -^ .'•**'.* r ♦.: ^ .. : Sometimes we need to bring the two classes of allusions into closest relation to each other. Thus, we have numerous allu- sions in Plautus to the story of the Trojan War and the various matters contained in the Iliad, the Odyssey, and the Cyclic • Poems: see e. g. Ba. 925-978 (cf. below, pp. 258-260). Here Latin and Greek works both were in Plautus's mind ; the Latin works rather than the Greek were likely to be in the minds of the spectators. In several passages Plautus had specific parts of the Odyssey, at least, in mind. The references to matters involving the Iliad, the Odyssey, and the Cyclic Poems (see PP- 254-260) are especially interesting in view of the belief, first securely established in Plautus's time,^ in the Trojan origin of the Romans and in view of the predominance of the Trojan War among the themes of Roman tragedy.' ' In his paper, The Ancient Editions of Plautus, 48, note e, Professor Lindsay wrote thus : " How far Plautus suits his language, his metre, and perhaps his prosody to his characters is a subject that would reward investigation". The present paper shows that there is another ques- tion : How far does Plautus, to gain comic effect, fail, on the surface, to adapt the language to his characters, in that he makes them speak of things of which, one would say, they would not naturally speak? Though, we may be sure, some slaves exceeded their masters in culture, slaves must often have been illiterate (witness the freedmen in the Cena Trimalchionis, though Professor C W. Mendell, in a paper entitled Petronius and the Greek Romance, in Classical Philology, XH, 158-172, denies the realistic character of Petronius's work. For its realistic character see e. g. the two discussions by Professor F. F. Abbott, in The Common People of Ancient Rome, 1 17-144, and in Society and Politics in Ancient Rome, 11 5-130). In a note on Aris- tophanes, Ranae 554, Professor Tucker declares that the Greek comic writers do not make vulgar people speak vulgar Attic. In view of what is written above, I have thought it well to indicate in this paper the roles played by the speakers of the various passages cited. 'See especially Nettleship, The Story of Aeneas's Wanderings, in Conington's Vergil *, 2. 1-lii. 'Livius Andronicus wrote an Achilles, an Aiax Mastigophorus, an Aegisthus, and an Equos Troianus. See Ribbeck, Romische Dichtung ', LITERATURE IN PLAUTUS AND TERENCE. 233 I. A study of the words graphicus, poema, and poeta'^ is not without value for our purposes. Once graphicus gives us real help, St. 570.2 i^ ^05 ff. Antipho senex has been seeking an invitation to dinner from his sons-in-law; driven to despera- tion by his failure he has tried the effect of an elaborate apologus (' allegory \ ' parable ' : cf. Gellius 2. 29. i) in 538 ff. At 570 Pamphilippus cries : Graphicum mortalem Antiphonem ! Ut apologum fecit quam f abre ! ^ II. Several references to historical personages may be included here, because their ultimate source is, to some extent at least, bookish. Agathocles.—ln Men. 369 ff. Menaechmus II Syracusanus has denied knowledge of Erotium meretrix; the latter, as- tounded and hurt by what she tries to regard as a joke,* cries (407 fT.) : Non ego te novi Menaechum, Moscho prognatum patre, qui Syracusis perhibere natus esse in Sicilia, ubi rex Agathocles regnator fuit et iterum Pintia, tertium Liparo, qui in morte regnum Hieroni tradidit, nunc Hiero est? I. 17. For Naevius's use of the Trojan War story see Ribbeck again, I. 20, for Ennius's, i. 29. Naevius wrote an Equos Troianus and a Hector Proficiscens. Half of Ennius's plays dealt with the Trojan cycle. See further e. g. Teuffel, 102; Ribbeck, Romische Tragodie, 684; Sellar, Roman Poets of the Republic', 85; Duff, A Literary History of Rome, 125, 128, 142. ^The use of poema and poeta in Plautus I have discussed fully m Classical Philology, XII, 149, and footnote. The suggestion in the foot- note, that Plautus at times deliberately used poeta in parody of Naevius's proud application of that term to himself, has direct bearing^ on our present inquiry. In this connection, we may well recall Plautus's refer- ^ence, in Mi. 20&-212, to Naevius's imprisonment. So, too, the discus- ^ion'in Classical Philology, XII, 156-157, of describo, pingo, depingo, Victor and pictura in Plautus is in point now. M use Lindsay's text. The punctuation, capitalization, and at times the spelling are mine. "The other examples of graphicus* (Ep. 410; Ps. 519, 7oo; Tr. 930, 1024) and of graphice (Pe. 306, 464, 843 ; Tr. 767) do not directly help us. * For Menaechmus I Epidamniensis as a practical joker and the bearmg of that circumstance on this scene and others in the play, see A. J. P. XXXV 27, n. I. 234 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGY, This is a most amusing jumble of fact and fancy : see Brix- Niemeyer'^ (1912) and Fowler ad loc. Mr. P. Thoresby Jones, in his edition (1918), is too serious by far when he writes, " Plautus (or his Greek original) is true to life in representmg a woman of Erotium's class as guilty of such blunders. An Aspasia was rare." In Ps. 524-530 Pseudolus servos, speak- ing in burlesque tone, promises a pugnam claram et commem- orabilem (525). At 531-532 Simo senex exclaims, si quidem istaec opera, ut praedicas, perfeceris, virtute regi Agathocli antecesseris. In Mo. 775 ^- Tranio servos counts himself as great as Alexander Magnus and Agathocles. Alexander.— Set above, under Agathocles. The foundation of Alexandria by Alexander the Great is perhaps referred to by Gripus servos (piscator) as he builds castles in Spain, Ru Q^^a-g^5a. See below, under Stratonicus. Antiochus.-ln Poe. 693-694 Collybiscus vilicus, masquerad- ing as a miles, says : Ego id quaero hospitium ubi ego curer mollius quam regi Antiocho oculi curari solent*. Attalus.-ln Pe. 339 Saturio parasitus mentions rex Philippus and Attalus. In Poe. 644 « • the Advocati are telling Lycus leno about the miles, who had that day arrived in Calydon, and wishes potare, amare (655-661). Compare now 662-666: ADV. At enim hie dam, f urtim esse volt, ne quis sciat neve arbiter sit, nam hie latro in Sparta f uit, ut quidem ipse nobis dixit, apud regem Attalum ; inde nunc aufugit, quoniam capitur oppidum. CO. Nimis lepide de latrone, de Sparta optume. Here Plautus takes the pains to tell us (666) that he has been jesting. *The point of these verses is lost to us. Salmasius guessed that the original of the Poenulus was written in the lifetime of Antiochus, and thlt the latter had had trouble with his eyes. Rost, Opuscula Plautma 1 19 suggested that Antiochus, " mollitiei omni deditus " (so Vissermg Quaestiones Plautinae 32), had, for reasons now unknown, given special care to his eyes. Naudet mentions the view of some that favorites of Antiochus were known as his 'eyes' and 'ears'; he refers to Pollux 2 7 In his App. Crit. Leo writes simply: "nihil molhus quam oculos curamus, ut nihil magis quam oculos amamus ''. ^he Romans often talked of loving something magis ocuhs or of something as canus cults. LITERATURE IN PLAUTUS AND TERENCE. 235 Dareus. — See below, under Philippus. Hiero. — See above, under Agathocles. lason. — In Ps. 173 ff. Ballio leno bids his meretrices bring him profit. One is to bring him stores of grain (188 ff.), ut civitas nomen mihi commutet meque ut praedicet lenone ex Ballione regem lasonem (192-193). On this Calidorus adulescens remarks, to Pseudolus servos (193-194), Audin? furcifer satin magnuficus tibi videtur? See Professor E. P. Morris, on 193. H. W. Auden, in his annotated edition (1896), reads lasionem, thinking of a Cretan, son of Zeus and Electra, and father, by Ceres, of Plutus. See the article lasion in Pauly-Wissowa, 8. 751-758. Leo, in his text-edition, read lasonem, interpreting of the personage whom Auden calls lasion. Liparo. — See above, under Agathocles. Lycurgus. — In Ba. 1 1 1 Lydus paedagogus refers to Lycurgus, the law-giver. Philippus. — See above, under Attalus. In Au. 85-88 Euclio senex says to Staphyla anus : Mirum quin tua me caussa faciat luppiter Philippum regem aut Dareum, trivenefica. In Au. 701 ff., Lyconidis servos, exulting because he has the miser's aula, says, ego sum ille rex Philippus. O lepidum diem ! The frequent references to the coin called Philippus or Philippeus are more or less in point. J. Egli, Die Hyperbel in den Ko- modien des Plautus und in Ciceros Briefen an Atticus, 3. 18, and Vissering, Quaestiones Plautinae 31, hold that the name Philippus, like Croesus, was proverbial for great wealth. Pintia. — See above, under Agathocles. Pyrrhus. — In Eun. 781-783 we have a very amusing refer- ence, in a burlesque passage (see from 771), by Thraso miles to Pyrrhus's skill as a strategist. Seleucus. — In Mi. 75-77 the soldier declares that he has been requested by rex Seleucus to enroll mercenaries for him. In 948-950 he states that he had sent his parasite to take the latrones to the king. Seleucia is mentioned several times in the Trinummus (112, 771, 845). Stratonicus. — In Ru. 932 Gripus servos (a piscator), build- ing castles in Spain on the strength of the vidulus he had fished 236 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGY, up from the sea, says, Post animi caussa mihi navem faciam atque imitabor Stratonicum, oppida circumvectabor.^ III. AccHERON ; Orcus.^ Accheron. — In Poe. 71 the prologist declares that the father who had lost Agorastocles, the stolen boy, ipse obit ad Accheruntem sme viatico. Naudet interprets sine viatico of the lack of the precious things commonly set on the funeral pyre or in or on the tomb, especially of the lack of money needed to pay Charon ; for that money compare e. g. such well- known passages as Aristophanes, Ranae 141, Juv. 3. 265-267, Swift, The Battle of the Books, last paragraph. In Poe. 344 Adelphasium puella promises quo die Orcus Accherunte mortuos amiserit. This verse has a proverbial ring (reminding one of references to the Greek Kalends) and so has definite connec- tion, perhaps, with literature. Closely akin are the words of Astaphium ancilla in Tru. 747-750. Ca. 999-1000 contains an interesting and important reference to paintings of Acheron. See my paper, References to Paint- ing in Plautus and Terence, Classical Philology, XII, 150. In Tr. 525 Stasimus servos, seeking to deter Philto senex from accepting the ager as a dowry for Lesbonicus's sister, if she marries his son, says : Accheruntis ostium in nostrost agro. With this compare Ba. 368, cited below, under Orcus.^ * Professor Sonnenschein, following Ussing, holds that the reference is to a celebrated musician, contemporary of Diphilus, who travelled about in Greece to exhibit his skill. " Diphilus ", he adds, " appears ... in the original of this play to have indulged in a little light banter of the successful performer Stratonicus ". Dousa, however, in the Naudet (Lemaire) edition, thinks that Stratonicus was a "quaestor regis Philippi, et deinde Alexandri Magni ", whose wealth passed into a proverb. In any case to Plautus's audience the reference was bookish. ' See notes i and 3. Matters of religion, too, were by the time of the New Attic Comedy and the days of Plautus and Terence more or less bookish. The stories figured too in painting : see the discussion, referred to in the text, of Ca. 999-1000, and, perhaps, of the Alcmena story (below, pages 239-242). 'Less significant are certain other passages. In Cas. 159 fif. Cleustrata matrona calls her husband Accheruntis pabulum. Accherunticus, used m LITERATURE IN PLAUTUS AND TERENCE. 2^7 Orcus.— For Orcus see first Poe. 344, cited above, page 236. (In Ba. 368, Lydus paedagogus calls the house of the Bacchides lianuam Orci. Compare Tr. 525, cited in the preceding para- Igraph. See further As. 606-607 (adulescens) : !ARG. Vale. PH. Quo properas? ARG. Bene vale: apud Orcum te videbo, nam equidem me iam quantum potest a vita abiudicabo. The addition of an explanatory line, wholly Latin, is here natural enough. In Ca. 282-284 Hegio is questioning Philocrates, whom he takes to be the slave Tyndarus, thus : HE. Quid pater? vivitne? PH. Vivom, quom inde abimus, liquimus: nunc vivatne necne, id Orcum scire oportet scilicet. TY.-Salva res est: philosophatur quoque iam, non mendax modo est. The last verse (on it see further below, page 261, note i) is justification enough for including in this paper references to Acheron and Orcus. In Hec. 852-^53 Pamphilus adulescens says to Parmeno his slave, who had brought him good news, Egon' qui ab Oreo mortuom me reducem in lucem feceris sinam sine munere a me abire? There may be a reference here to the Orpheus-Eurydice story. In 874-875 Parmeno, tantalized because no one will explain to him the happenings of the play, cries, evidently with the foregoing passage in mind: Tamen suspicor: ego hunc ab Oreo mortuom quo pacto ... I Other passages, which there is not space here to quote, are Ep. 173-177 (senex), 362-363 (adulescens), Ps. 795^797 (leno). twice derisively by a senex of an old man (Mer. 290-291, Mi. 627-630), has a proverbial ring. In Poe. 428-431, 827-833 gentleman and slave, the latter with special detail, dwell on the number and the varied classes of the dead in Acheron. Kindred to these passages is the reference in Tr. 493-494 by a senex to the fact that Acheron is no respecter of per- sons ; there, at least, the rich and the poor are on a par. See, finally, Ba. 199 (adulescens), Ca. 689 (senex), Cas. 448 (servos). Am. 1029 (Amphitruo dux). Am. 1078 (Amphitruo), Mo. 499 (Tranio servos professes to quote the ghost of a gentleman). Note that the words in parenthesis here and elsewhere in like cases give the role played by the speaker. See above, page 232, note i, end. 'Sc. te as the subject of abire, and as antecedent of qui. 238 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGY. IV. LITERATURE IN PLAUTUS AND TERENCE. 239 A. Stories Apart from Those Relating to the Trojan War. Let us consider now the stories to which allusion more or less definite is made. Quite often the allusion is made by an actor as he enters, particularly if he is to occupy the stage for a time solus} For convenience of reference the passages are arranged in an alphabetical sequence of story-titles and theme- titles. Aeacides. — In the Asinaria Libanus servos calls attention to the (supposed) Saurea, who is entering at 403 quassanti capite, adding (404) : quisque obviam huic occesserit irato vapulabit. The Mercator rejoins (405-406) : Siquidem hercle Aeacidinis minis animisque expletus cedit, si med iratus tetigerit, iratus vapulabit. Aiax, Alcumeus. — See below, pp. 238-239. In Ca. 561-563 there is reference (by Tyndarus servos) to three famous mad- men of Greek story, Lycurgus, Orestes, and Alcumeus ( Alcmaeon) . In Ca. 613 fT. there is a very interesting reference to mad Aiax.2 See also below, page 241, note i. In Cis. 639-644 there is a delicious parody of a suicide scene, which may well have reminded the audience of plays both Greek and Latin, e. g. the Aiax of Sophocles, and the Aiax Mastigophorus of Livius Andronicus.^ In Men. 828-875 is the famous scene in which Menaechmus II Syracusanus, by pretending to be mad, drives ofif the matrona and her father. The scene is too long to reproduce here. This passage and Ca. 547-616 are to be compared each with the other, in detail, as giving some hints of the diagnosis and pathology of insanity among the Romans. Compare especially Ca. 557 Viden tu hunc quam inimico voltu intuitur? concedi optumumst, Hegio : fit quod tibi ego dixi — gliscit rabies — cave * The best example is Ba. 925 ff., the passage so excellent in many- ways (see below, pp. 258-260). Others are Ru. 83 ff., Pe. iff., 251 ff., Mer. 469, Ru. 593 ff. *With this passage compare (with Lindsay's note in his annotated edition, on 562) Anacr. 31: Ge'Xw, OeXw /jLavijvai' 'Efiaber' 'AXKfialuv re Xw XevKdirovs 'OpiarTjs, ras firjTepas KravoPTcs. ' See Suetonius, Aug. 85, for Augustus's parodic description of the fate of his tragedy, Ajax. tibi, with Men. 828 Viden tu illic oculos virere ? Compare also Ca. 595-596 Viden tu illi maculari corpus totum maculis luridis? Atra bilis agitat hominem, with Men. 829-^30 ut viridis exoritur colos ex temporibus atque f route! ut oculi scintillant vide! I cannot help connecting these passages with certain charac- teristics of Ennius's tragic style. DufT, A Literary History of Rome, 142, writing of Ennius, well says : In tragedy the preference of the age was for Greek themes with moving situations, such as the revenge of Medea, the guilt of the house of Atreus, the sacrifice of Iphigenia, and other portions of the Trojan Cycle, comprising in conflict, danger, and bloodshed the requisite ap- peals to pity and fear. See Mommsen, History of Rome, English Translation, 2. 252 ; Dimsdale, A History of Latin Literature, 22. Scenes of suicide, surely, would be in keeping with such preference. Ennius's fondness for scenes in which some one goes mad is marked ; he displays in general a love of the fantastic — for the prophetic frenzy of a Cassandra or the madness of an Alcumeo (this motive had already appeared in both Livius and Naevius). His Ajax, Eumenides, and Athamas all have to do with some form of mental derangement. If my point here is well taken, it is one of great importance. Vahlen, in discussing the relations between Ennius and Plautus, felt obliged to content himself with a reference to the prologue of the Poenulus and to a few passages of Plautus, which, he thinks, show imitation of Ennius. I have not been able, my- self, however, to see such imitation in these passages. See my remarks in American Journal of Philology, XXXH 16. But if I am right above, we have in the Plautine passages there dis- cussed valuable contemporary evidence on two points: (a) Plautus's relation to Ennius, (b) the general question of Ennius's fame in his own time, a fame and reputation based on work antecedent to the composition, or at least to the publi- cation, of the Annales. See further my remarks in Qassical Philology, XIV, 49-51, with notes, and below, page 258. Alcmaeon. — See above, under Aiax, page 238. Alcumena.— The Alcumena ( ' AAK/xT/vr?) - Amphitruo-Iupiter- luno-Hercules story is, of course, omnipresent in the Amphi- truo. The Alcumena story appears again in Mer. 690. In 240 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGY. Mer. 667 ff. Dorippa, wife of Lysimachus senex, and Syra anus, her attendant, come from the country to town. Syra enters the house and finds there the ancilla that belongs to their neighbor Demipho, the amorous senex. Of course she mis- understands the situation. She hurries out again, and at 689- 690 cries to her mistress : I hac mecum, ut videas simul tuam Alcumenam paeHcem, luno mea. Verses 83-88 of the Rudens, spoken by Sceparnio servos as he enters, to begin the play proper, are full of difficulty : Pro di immortales, tempestatem quoiusmodi Neptunus nobis nocte hac misit proxuma! Detexit ventus villam — quid verbis opust? Non ventus fuit, verum Alcumena Euripidi: ita omnis de tecto deturbavit tegulas ; inlustriores fecit fenestrasque indidit. Professor Sonnenschein, the latest editor of the Rudens, in neither version of his edition (the maior in 1891, the minor in 1901), offers a solution. All he was able to say was this: " The precise point of comparison between the wind and the lost play of Euripides, or the chief character in it, is obscure: the * tertium quid ' may be either violence in general or the unroofing of a building in particular ". Nor does the further remark (in the editio maior) that " Hermann suggests that in the original of Diphilus the passage may have run : ri 8' avc/xos ; 'AkKfirjvrj fih Tjv EvpLniBov ", explain the point of Alcumena Euri- pidi. Professor Sonnenschein is but reflecting the helplessness of the earlier editors of Plautus ; one after the other they re- peat, in terms or in substance, Lambinus's suggestion that there was a tragedy of Euripides in which " quum Alcumena parie- bat, Jupiter faciebat spurcam tempestatem oriri ". Thornton (Translation 2. 272-273) accepts this view, and even goes so far as to conjecture that the Euripidean play in question sup- plied material for the Amphitruo, especially for the more serious parts of the Plautine play. C. S. Harrington, in an edition of the Captivi, Trinummus and Rudens, with very brief notes (1870), took the same view. Now, if there was a play of Euripides with such a theme, we should at once think in connection with it of Plautus Amphi- truo 1059 ff., especially 1062 ff., 1094 ff.^ But for the existence ^ Nothing is said in this play of ventus! LITERATURE IN PLAUTUS AND TERENCE, 241 of such a play neither Lambinus nor anyone else has produced I any evidence whatever. What has happened is this, I take it : iin trying to find some explanation of Sceparnio's words ^ Lambinus thought of the Amphitruo, and from that argued ' for the theme of the Euripidean play Sceparnio had in mind. ^ A good example of petitio principii, surely. I In editing Euripides for the Teubner text series Nauck gath- ' ered into Volume 3 (1892) the fragments of Euripides. On pages 20-23 he gives 17 citations, aggregating 28 verses, from an 'AAK/i^vr/. Prefixed to this collection is the following note by Nauck: " Omittit banc fabulam marmor Albanum (C. I. 6047), argumentum ignoramus. Plautus Rudent. i. i. 4* proh di . . . Euripidi ". Clearly Nauck did not question the reading in Plautus. But in the 28 verses of the 'AAk/x^v,? I fail to find anything that in the remotest degree resembles the situ- ation in the Rudens or that in the Amphitruo. Our investigation, evidently, has not carried us very far. If we keep the reading Alcumena (and there is no variation in the MSS), we are not in position to improve upon Lambinus's view, utterly unsupported though that view is.^ ' Nauck, 1. c. 14-20. gives 23 fragments of two plays, by Euripides, called 'A\K^u,p or 'AXKfxaliVK The fragments aggregate 47 verses, whole or partial. It is clear enough from Nauck, 15. that in both plays the madness of Alcmaeon was in evidence. It would be possible to read in Ru. 86, in place of Alcumena, Plautus's form of 'A\K,xaio,y, Alcumeus, seen in Ca. 562. For a scribe who had some knowledge of Plautus the thought of the Amphitruo might easily have led to the alteration of Alcumeus to Alcumena. An allusion to the madness of Alcmaeon (Alcumeus) seems more natural and more intelligible by itself m the mouth of one seeking to describe a wild tempest than would be a refer- ence to Alcumena, who, in Plautus's Amphitruo at least, is the very embodiment of the stately calmness one associates with the Roman matrona at her best. As seen above, page 238, the madness of Alcmaeon was proverbial (see under Aiax). Palaeographically, the substitution of Alcumena for Alcumeus is not inconceivable. The suggestion made in the foregoing paragraph does far less vio- lence to the MS evidence than is done by the emendation proposed, m The Classical Review 27. i59, by Mr. D. A. Slater: "In view of pas- sages like the Bacchae, 576-689 and H. F, 874 sqq., it may be felt that some generalization would be more natural in this context, to suggest * a storm such as blows in the pages of Euripides ', rather than the name m 242 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGY. When I wrote the above, I overlooked Professor Son- nenschein's discussion in The Classical Review 28 (1914), 40-41. He accepts a view, suggested first, apparently, by Engelmann, in 1882, that certain vases, two in number, show scenes or a scene which " must have formed part of the story of the lost play of Euripides." These vases display a storm of rain. On the basis of these vases, as inter- preted by Engelmann, K. Wernicke, in Pauly-Wissowa i. 1573 (1894), held that in the Alkmene of Euripides Amphitruo planned to burn Alcmene to death, but that the pyre was ex- tinguished by a storm of rain sent by Zeus. Admitting, for the sake of argument, that Engelmann and others rightly in- terpret the vases (Nauck, TGF.^, p. 386, refers to Engel- mann's paper, and seems to favor his theory), we still need light on the contrast between ventus and Alcumena Euripidi. When Professor Sonnenschein says, "The story has disappeared from literature; but it has left a trace behind in the allusion which Plautus makes to it in Rud. 86," he is writing with less than his usual exactness : what does he mean by " the story " ? Again, he stresses the fact that '' the particular storm t£;a^ accompanied by rain; see 1. 576 f. . . ." But, in order to get the other member of Plautus's comparison, we need to know what it was that, in some play, Euripides mentioned in connection with the Alcmena story that would outdo a ventus. This we do not yet know, pace Professor Sonnenschein and the array of scholars he cited in his note. of a single character (however demented) from a play that had per- ished ". Hence he would read non ventus fuit verum ruina Euripidi, taking ruina in the sense of ' cataclysm '. He supposes that by haplog- raphy the rum of verum was lost before ruina, so that the line became NONVENTUSFVITVERVINAEVRIPIDI. He writes thus : "... if we may assume that the allusion was explained by a reference in the margin to the * Alcumenae filius ', it would not be unreasonable to sup- pose that the editor or corrector reduced the line to metre by interpret- ing the forlorn A in the text to mean ' Alcumena ' ". This does violence at once to palaeography and to Plautus's manner, which, surely, is to use names rather than such vague generalities as ruina (for proof see the present paper, passim). Further, Mr. Slater's suggestions postulate a truly remarkable editor or corrector. LITERATURE IN PLAUTUS AND TERENCE. 243 Alcumeus (Alcmaeon).— See above, under Aiax, page 238. Ar^us (lo).^Au. 551-559 is a most interestmg passage. Meeadorus senex has sent cooks, etc., into the house of Euclio, his prospective father-in-law (280-360). The latter, desperate with fear for his pot of gold, drove them out with a club (406 ff.). Later he meets Megadorus, and the foUowmg dialogue ensues (55^^559) • EVC. Pol ego te ut accusem merito meditabar. ME. Quid est? EVC. Quid sit me rogitas? qui mihi omnis angulos furum implevisti in aedibus misero mihi, qui mi intro misti in aedis quingentos coquos cum senis manibus, genere Geryonaceo; quos si Argus servet, qui oculeus totus fuit, quem quondam loni luno custodem addidit, is numquam servet, praeterea tibicinam, quae mi interbibere sola, si vino scatat, Corinthiensem fontem Pirenam potest. A bookish passage, surely. Bacchae.— In several places reference is made to the Bacchae and their orgies. In part these references reflect common modes of speech (are proverbial), in part they seem to be re- flections of contemporary Roman life ^ (in the early part of the second century B. C. the Bacchanalian orgies were givmg trou- ble to the government at Rome : recall the Senatus Consultum De Bacchanalibus, and note especially Cas. 980, cited below), in part they seem to me bookish.^ I have therefore mcluded them all here. In Am. 703-705 Sosia servos, rebul-ed by his master Amphi- truo for agreeing with Alcumena, cries : Non tu scis? Bacchae bacchanti si veiis advorsarier, ex insana insaniorem f acies, f eriet saepius ; si opsequare, una resolvas plaga. In Au. 408 Congrio cocus, who has been driven violently forth by Euclio senex, cries, neque ego umquam nisi hodie ad Bacchas ' If this suggestion is correct, we have evidence of Plautus's interest in contemporary life, another case in which he reflects that life. Every proof that Plautus was interested in contemporary Roman hfe, social, religious, and political, and would and could refer to it, increases the possibility that he referred to contemporary writers and contemporary writings. , 1 -n i, ' In another paper I shall seek to show that Plautus knew the Bacchae of Euripides. 244 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGY. veni in bacchanal coquinatum, ita me miserum et meos discipulos fustibus male contuderunt. Cf. also 411 a. Cas. 978 ff. is even more interesting (the speakers are a senex and two matronae — Lysidamus, Cleustrata- and Myrrhina) : CL. Quin responde, tuo quid factum est pallio? LY. Bacchae hercle, uxor— CL. Bacchae ? LY. Bacchae hercle, uxor — MY. Nugatur sciens, nam ecastor nunc Bacchae nullae ludunt \ LY. Oblitus f ui, sed tamen Bacchae — CL. Quid Bacchae? After this point the play is badly mutilated for some verses. At Mi. 818 Lurcio puer enters, in answer to Palaestrio's call for Sceledrus, to say that the latter sorbet dormiens, tetigit calk em clancidiim (823). He describes in comic vein the drinking of Sceledrus, thus (855 ff.) : opera maxuma, ubi bacchabatur aula, cassabant cadi. PA. Abi, abi intro iam. Vos in cella vinaria bacchanal facitis. Interesting too is Mi. 1015-1016. In 1013 Palaestrio servos describes himself to Milphidippa ancilla as socium tuorum con- ciliortim et participem consiliorum. In 1016 she says: Cedo signum, si harunc Bacchariim es; one is strongly tempted to render by * Give the password \ Palaestrio does in fact give the password when he replies at once, A^nat mtilier quae dam quendam. References in the Bacchides to the Bacchae were of course inevitable. In 53 Pistoclerus adulescens, resisting Bacchis's invitation to enter her house, says, Bacchis, Bacchas metuo et bacchanal tuom. In 368 Lydus paedagogus calls the house of the Bacchides ianuam hanc Orci; in 371 he cries, Bacchides non Bacchides, sed Bacchae sunt acerrumae. Cf. 372 fT. Finally, in Men. 835 flp., Menaechmus II Syracusanus, pretending to be mad, cries wildly : Euhoe atque euhoe ', Bromie, quo me in silvam venatum vocas ? Audio, sed non abire possum ab his regionibus : ita ilia me ab laeva rabiosa femina adservat canes. "^9. * It is hard not to see here an allusion to efforts by the government to repress the Bacchanalian orgies : see above, page 243. 'That such a passage may rest on books (be parodic), as well as on actual life, can be seen from e. g. Horace, Carm. 2. 19, 3. 25. LITERATURE IN PLAUTUS AND TERENCE. 245 The matrona is here thought of as one of the Bacchae. Here, surely there is travesty of some tragic original: on this whole 'scene see pp. 238 f. For a reference to the Bacchae which is 'bevond question bookish, see below, under Pentheus, page 252. ^Bcllerop lion. —In the Bacchides Chrysalus servos carries a letter from Mnesilochus to his father Nicobulus, in which the son had asked his father to keep Chrysalus bound at home (735-747)- Nicobulus, having read the letter (79^793), bids Chrysalus wait a moment (794), and goes within his house, to return at 799 with slaves who are to bind Chrysalus. At 809 he explains by showing the letter to Chrysalus ' and saying, Em hae te vinciri itibent. At 810-81 1 the latter rejoins, with great pretended bitterness : Aha, Bellerophantam tuos me fecit filius : egomet tabellas tetuli ut vincirer. Circe.— In Epid. 604 Periphanes senex calls the girl whom he had mistakenly supposed to be his daughter hanc . . . Circam Solis aiiam. Danaides.— In Ps. 101-102 Pseudolus servos says to his master Calidorus: quod tu istis lacrumis te probare postulas, non pluris refert quam si imbrim in cribrum geras. See Lorenz and Morris ad loc. In 369 Pseudolus says In pertus- sum ingerimus dicta dolium: operam ludimus. See Morris here. If the reference in these passages really is to the story of the Danaides, the omission of the name is significant. Dirce.— In Ps. 196 fif. Ballio leno, threatening Aeschrodora meretrix unless she brings him much profit, says (198-201) : eras te quasi Dircam olim ut memorant duo gnati lovis devinxere ad taurum, item ego te distringam ad carnarium: id tibi profecto taurus fiet. Eurydice-Orpheus.-S^^ Hec. 852-853, discussed above, page 237, under Orcus. Ganymedes.-ln Men. no Menaechmus I Epidamniensis comes out of his house, intending to carry to Erotium meretrix a palla which he has stolen from his wife. As he commends himself on his shrewdness in overreaching his wife, Peniculus * Chrysalus servos can read : cf. 1023. 246 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGY. parasitus overhears him and applies for a share of the plunder (^35)- At 141 if. this dialogue ensues: MEN. Vin tu f acinus luculentum inspicere? PE. Quis id coxit coquos? lam sciam, si quid titubatumst, ubi reliquias videro. MEN. Die mi, enumquam tu vidisti tabulam pictam * in pariete ubi aquila Catameitum raperet aut ubi Venus Adoneum?' PE. Saepe. Sed quid istae picturae ad me attinent? Menaechmus's allusion is, to be sure, rather far-fetched; he thinks of himself as the eagle or as Venus, of the cloak as Ganymede or as Adonis. But precisely in this, as in the (delib- erate) perversion of the name Ganymedes, lies part of the fun of this grandiloquent utterance (see also note 2, below). There may be another reference to the story of Ganymede, in a corrupt passage, Tr. 946-947. The sycophanta, in a de- scription of his imaginary journeyings, had declared in 940 ff. that he had reached heaven itself. Charmides senex then says : pudicum neminem . . . f re oportet, qui aps terra ad caelum pervenerit. Geryones. — See above, under Argus, page 243. Halcyones,—Com^2Lrt Gas. Prol. 24-26 (a non-Plautine pro- logue, in part), in an address to the spectators : Ne quis f ormidet flagitatorem suom ; ludi sunt, ludus datus est argentariis ; tranquillum est, Alcedonia sunt circum forum. In Poe. 355-356 Agorastocles adulescens says to his slave Milphio : * On the reference here to painting see my paper, References to Paint- ing in Plautus and Terence, Classical Philology, XII, 152-153. 'For Venus's love of Adonis see Diimmler, in Pauly-Wissowa i. 391- 392. Compare especially these words : " Dass das Verhaltnis notwendig als brautliches, keusches aufgefasst worden sei . . . ist nicht als wesentlich f iir den Kult zuzugeben ; die Vorstellung wurde erst durch die hellenistische Kunst begiinstigt, die A., ihn mit Eros vermischend, in geradezu unreifem Alter darstellt. Aus einem solchen Bilde macht Plautus Men. I. 2. 34 einen Raub des A. durch Aphrodite. Die alexan- drinische Feier ver- bietet, das Verhaltnis als platonisch aufzufassen, ganz abgesehen von dem Schmutz der Komodie, welcher keinen echt sagenhaften Hinter- grund hat ". Plautus seems, then, to have blundered, whether by accident or by design. A deliberate perversion or confusion would be sufficiently humorous. LITERATURE IN PLAUTUS AND TERENCE. 247 lam hercle tu periisti, nisi illam mihi tam tranquillam facis quam mare olimst quom ibi alcedo puUos educit suos. Hercules.— ThQ Amphitruo is concerned throughout, of course with Hercules. For his birth and his feat in stranghng the snakes (so well represented e. g. by the well-known fresco in the House of the Vettii at Pompeii) see 1107-1116, a narra- tive by Bromia ancilla. In Pe. 1-5 Toxilus servos says to Sagaristio servos : Qui amans egens ingressus est princeps in Amoris vias superavit aerumnis is suis aerumnas Herculi, nam cum leone. cum excetra, cum cervo, cum apro Aetolico, cum avibus Stymphalicis, cum Antaeo deluctan mavelim quam cum Amore : ita fio miser quaerendo argento mutuo . . . In Epid. 177-178 Periphanes senex, reminded of his dead wife, says: Hercules ego fui, dum ilia mecum fuit, neque sexta aerumna acerbior Herculi quam ilia mihi obiectast. In Men. 199 ff. Menaechmus I Epidamniensis, speaking of his theft of a palla from his wife, proudly says: Nimio ego banc periculo surrupui hodie: meo quidem animo ab Hippolyta subcingulum haud Hercules aeque magno umquam apstulit penculo. In Ba. 109 ff. Lydus paedagogus seeks to keep ^is younger master Pistoclerus out of the clutches of the Bacchides. A 147 Pistoclerus says : Omitte, Lyde, ac cave malo. Lydus, cut to the quick, cries (151 ff.) '• LY. Vixisse nimio satiust iam quam vivere. Magistron quemquam discipulum minitaner . Nil moror discipulos mi esse iam plenos sangmnis : valens adflictat me vacivom virium. PI. Fiam, ut ego opinor, Hercules, tu autem Lmus. LY. Pol metuo magis ne Phoenix tuis factis fuam teque ad patrem esse mortuom renuntiem. PI. Satis historiarumst \ Lydus keeps the Linus story in mind; in 440-441, contrasting contemporary education with that of the good old days, he says: at nunc prius quam septuennis est, si attingas eum manu, extemplo puer paedagogo tabula dirrumpit caput. 'A very significant word here: compare Men. 247-248 and see my remarks in Classical Philology, II, 295, "• 1- 18 248 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGY, In Eun. 1026 ff. Thraso miles refers to the Hercules-Omphale story : GN. Quid coeptas, Thraso? TH. Egone? ut Thaidi me dedam et faciam quod iubeat. GN. Quid est? qui minus* quam Hercules servivit Omphalae? GN. Exemplum placet. Utinam tibi conmitigari videam sandalio caput. The words of the senex in Men. 795-797, as he chides his daughter, are perhaps in point: servirin tibi postulas vires? dare una opera pensum postules, inter ancillas sedere iubeas, lanam carere. For the Hercules- Phoenix story see Ba. 151 ff. cited above, page 247. In Cas. 396 ff. we have this dialogue between two slaves : CH. Deos quaeso — ut tua sors ex sitella ecfugerit. OL. Ain tu? quia tute es fugitivos, omnis te imitari cupis? utinam tua quidem < tibi > sic, uti Herculeis praedicant quondam prognatis, in sortiendo sors deliquerit. CH. Tu ut liquescas ipse, actutum virgis calefactabere. See Naudet's edition here, and Pausanias 4. 3. 3-5, 4. 5. i, with the notes in the Hitzig-Bliimner edition.^ Obscure is Ru. 485-490- There Labrax leno, fresh from shipwreck, exclaims: tqui homo sese miserum et mendicum volet.f Neptuno credat sese atque aetatem suam, nam si quis cum eo quid rei commiscuit, ad hoc exemplum amittit ornatum domum. Edepol, Libertas, lepida es, quae numquam pedem voluisti in navem cum Hercule una imponere. The commentators have been baffled here. Sonnenschein, in both editions (1891, 1901), merely wrote, " An allusion to some ' Sc. Thaidi me dedam. ' This is an extremely interesting passage. One would hardly expect an average audience, Roman or modern, to be familiar with the story of the trickery of Cresphontes and Temenus. This may be true, as has been argued, of others of the allusions cited in this paper. Indeed, it has been maintained " that the very strangeness of many things 'in the comoedia palliata added to the interest of the plays ; the existence of the togata side by side with the palliata lends considerable support to this view" (so Professor A. L. Wheeler, in a review of Leffingwell, Social and Private Life at Rome in the Time of Plautus and Terence, which is to appear in The Classical Weekly, XHI). LITERATURE IN PLAUTUS AND TERENCE. 249 lost myth about Herakles. Lucian (De mercede conductis, 23) says that Libertas never enters the house of a rich man ". The reference to Lucian had been made by Gruter, and, after Gruter, by Leo, in his text-edition (1896). Ussing saw, some- how, a reference to the Hercules-Omphale story (for the ap- pearance of that story in Plautus see above, page 248). Pro- fessor A. F. West, in A. J. P. XV 356, interpreted Hercules here and in Mo. 984, vel Herculi f conterere quaes- tum potest t, as a name for a very rich man. This interpreta- tion he connects with the statement of Sonnenschein, quoted above, about Lucian De Mercede Conductis 23. There is, of course, no difficulty in thus interpreting Hercules— in the right context: see e. g. Horace, Serm. 2. 6. 10-14, and the editors there. Assuming, then, for the moment that Professor West's view of our passage is correct, compare Au. 226-235, said by Euclio senex, pauper, to Megadorus senex, vir ditissimus, his prospective son-in-law : Venit hoc mihi, Megadore, in mentem, ted esse hominem divitem, factiosum, me item esse hominem pauperum pauperrumum; nunc si filiam locassim meam tibi, in mentem venit te boven) esse et me esse asellum : ubi tecum coniunctus siem, ubi onus nequeam ferre pariter, iaceam ego asinus in luto, tu me bos magis hau respicias gnatus quasi numquam siem. Et te utar iniquiore et meu' me ordo inrideat, neutrubi habeam stabile stabulum, si quid divorti f uat : asini me mordicibus scindant, boves incursent cornibus. Hoc magnum est periculum, ab asinis ad boves transcendere. But, if this is the thought of Ru. 485-490. Lucian De Mercede Conductis, 23, is not in point, for nothing is said there to the effect that " Libertas never enters the house of a rich man '\ There to the man who plans to work for pay these words are spoken : koX trpCirov ye filfivrjao fir)K€TL ikevOepov to air' Udvov firjhk tvirarpihyiv aeavrov oUaOat ' Trc^vra yhp Tavra, to ycVo?, Trjv cAcv^c- piav, Tok rrpoyovovs c^o> tou oBov xaTaActVcuv laBi, cTrctSav iirl roiavrrjv aavTov Xarpeiav SiTrefiTroXrjcras ehirj's ' ov yap c^cA^act aoi^ ^ 'EAcu- Stpia $vv€LG€\6€lv £>' ouTO)? Aycvvij TTpdyfxaTa Kal Taireivk elatovTL. Aoi3Ao9 oiv, €L Kal Ttdw axOiar} tco ovd/xaTt, Kal o^x ^^'os, dAA^^ 7roAA<5v SovAos dmyxaiu)? eVy Kal OrjTevaeL^: Kcirto vev€VKwnia had been trying to reach a nidus hirundininus, but in vain ; finally it had sought to borrow a ladder from Daemones (59^-^2). Compare now 603 ff . : ego ad hoc exemplum simiae respondeo . . . natas ex Philomela ac Progne esse hirundines : ago cum ilia ne quid noceat meis popu- laribus.^ See also, below, on this page, under Tereus. Phoenix.—See above, under Hercules, page 247. Phrixus.-ln Ba. 239-243 Chrysalus servos refers m a very interesting way to the story of the aries Phrixi {extexam ego ilium pulchre iam, si di volunt, in 239 paves the way very naturally for 241-242). Porthaon.-ln Men. 745 Menaechmus II Syracusanus, ad- dressing the matrona, says : Ego te simitu novi cum Porthaone. Cf his words to her at 748 : Novi cum Calcha simul. Rhadamanthus.-ln Tr. 928 the sycophanta, master supreme of tall talk, when asked to give Charmides's whereabouts, says : Pol ilium reliqui ad Rhadamantem in Cercopio. See Brix and Fairclough ad loc. Sibulla.— In Ps. 25-26 Pseudolus servos says of the letter written by the meretrix to Calidorus adulescens : has quidem pol credo nisi Sibulla legerit, interpretari ahum potesse neminem. . Sisyphus.-ln Eun. 1084-1085 Gnatho parasitus has the Sisyphus story in mind : Unum etiam hoc vos oro, ut me in vostrum gregem recipiatis : satis diu hoc iam saxum vorso. The saxum is the miles. See Donatus and Fabia ad loc. Sphinx.— Se^ above, under Oedipus, page 252. Tereus.—See under Philomela, Progne, pages 252 f . In Ru 508^509 Charmides senex, the voluptuous Sicilian friend of Labrax leno, says to Labrax : Scelestiorem cenam cenavi tuam quam quae Thyestae quondam aut posita est Tereo. Thyestes.—See above, under Tereus. Titanes.— In Pe. 26 Toxilus servos asks: Quid ego faciam? disne advorser? quasi Titani cum is belligerem quibus sat esse non queam ? ^ ' Compare the appeal of Epops in Aristophanes, Aves 366-368 to the birds to spare Peisthetaerus and Euelpides, rij, ifiijs yvmcKbs 6pre I.TTe.'^ icat v\iTa. ' In Men. 853 f . Menaechmus II Syracusanus, pretending to be mad, says, Hau male illanc amovi : < amoveo > nunc hunc inpurissumum. 254 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGY. Volcanus. — In Ru. 761 Labrax leno, after Daemones has forbidden him to touch the maidens, says : Volcanum adducam, is Venerist advorsarius. For the story he has in mind compare e. g. Odyssey 8. 270-365. See Naudet's note. See also above, under Mulciber, page 252. Miscellaneous Matters. — In Pe. 549 ff. Sagaristio servos is talking to the virgo whom he is bringing in as a supposed prisoner of war ; he asks her opinion of Athens and receives a clever answer (549-550). In 553-554 we have this further dialogue : SAG. Ut munitum muro tibi visum oppidumst ? VI. Si incolae bene sunt morati, id pulchre moenitum arbitror, etc. There may be a reference to Sparta and its human walls. In Tr. 547-552 there is an elaborate reference to the Fortuna- torum Insulae. In As. 34, in the words of Libanus servos, apud fustitudinas, ferricrepinas insulas, I see a parodic refer- ence again to these Islands. B. Stories Relating to the Trojan War (Involving Homer and the Cyclic Poets). ^ Attention was called, p. 232, n. 3, to the role played by the story of Troy in early Roman tragedy. Comedy, too, was interested in this theme. At any rate, we find in Plautus (though not in Terence) references repeatedly to well-known details of the story still to be seen in the Iliad and the Odyssey, but which, in the days when the so-called Cyclic Poems were yet extant, was far more fully rounded out for both Greeks and Romans than it can be for us. Achilles. — In Tru. 730-731 Astaphium ancilla says to Diniarchus adulescens : Stultus es qui facta infecta facere verbis postules. Theti' quoque etiam lamentando pausam fecit filio. barbatum, tremulum Titanum qui cluet Cycno patre. So Lindsay, and Brix-Niemeyer ', with the MSS, rightly. Most editors read Tithonum for Titanum. But they are obliged to admit that nowhere else is Tithonus son of Cycnus. This consideration would, of course, be without weight if the MSS gave Tithonum; in this very play, 141-143, as shown above, page 246, note 2, we have a story without parallel in extant classical literature. * To get the properly cumulative effect, it has seemed best to group under this one caption all the pertinent material. LITERATURE IN PLAUTUS AND TERENCE. 255 Epid. 29-38 is a very interesting passage. Two slaves are talking, Thesprio, slave of Stratippocles, who has just come back from Thebes from some campaign, and Epidicus : EP. Ubi arma sunt Stratippocli ? TH. Pol ilia ad hostis transfugerunt. EP. Armane? TH. Atque quidem cito. EP. Serione dici' tu ? TH. Serio, inquam : hostes habent. EP. Edepol facinus inprobum. TH. At iam ante alii fecerunt idem*. Erit illi ilia res honori. EP. Qui? TH. Quia ante aliis fuit*. Mulciber, credo, arma fecit quae habuit Stratippocles : travolaverunt ad hostis '. EP. Tum ille prognatus Theti sine perdat : alia adportabunt ei Neri filiae. Id modo videndum est, ut materies suppetat scutariis, si in singulis stipendiis is ad hostis exuvias dabit *. In Mi. 59 ff. Artotrogus parasitus tells how the day before some women had questioned him concerning the miles. Cf . 61 if. : AR. Rogitabant: " Hicine Achilles est?", inquit mihi. " Immo eius f rater " ', inquam, " est ". Ibi illarum altera " Ergo mecastor pulcher est " inquit mihi, " et liberalis. Vide caesaries quam decet ". Cf. also 68. In Mi. 1054a, 1055 Milphidippa ancilla calls the soldier Mi Achilles . . . urbicape, occisor regum. In Mi. ' Leo and Lindsay rightly keep the MS order of the verses. ' Gray ad loc. holds that " this probably alludes to some well-known persons who had undeservedly received promotion. They are the Pi^d '. The sarcasm is of a piece with that seen e g in Men. 748^749 MA. Novistin tu ilium? MEN. Novi cum Calcha simul : eodem die ilium vidi quo te ante hunc diem. See also Men. 745 Ego te simitu novi cum Porthaone. For an- other reference to Hector see above, under Icarus, page 251. Iphigenia.— In Epid. 488-490 there is probably a reference, in the dialogue between the miles and the senex, to the Iphi- genia story : MI Em istic homo te articulatim concidit, senex, tuo' servos. PE. Quid ' concidit ' ? MI. Sic suspiciost, nam pro fidicina haec cerva supposita est tibi. See Gray ad loc. Nestor.— In Men. 934 ff- the Medicus and the senex talk thus about Menaechmus II Syracusanus: MED Nunc homo insanire occeptat : de iUis verbis cave tibi. SE. Immo Nestor nunc quidem est de verbis, praeut dudum fuit. Penelope.— In St. 1-9 there is a most elaborate reference to Penelope's sorrow because of the long absence of Ulysses (the speaker, Panegyris, has heard nothing of her husband in more than two years : see 29-36) : Credo ego miseram fmsse Penelopam, soror, suo ex animo, quae tam diu vidua viro suo caruit, nam nos eius animum de nostris f actis noscimus, quarum viri hinc apsunt, quorumque nos negotiis apsentum, ita ut aequom est, sollicitae noctes et dies, soror, sumus semper. ' This sort of interruption is frequent in the Casina. 258 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGY. Talthybius. — In St. 274 flF. Pinacium, rather tipsy ^ (270 fi.), is bringing good news to his mistress. In 305 ff. he cries, contundam facta Talthubi contemnamque omnis nuntios simulque ad cursuram meditabor me ad ludos Olumpios. Ulixes. — In plays in which the chief role is borne by the tricky slave we should naturally expect references to Ulixes.^ In Ba. 21-23, among the fragments of this play, we have a reference to the sorrows of Ulixes, particularly to the sorrows caused by his wanderings (the words are spoken, apparently, by one of the Bacchides) : Ulixem audivi fuisse aerumnosissumum qui annos viginti errans a patria afuit; verum hie adulescens multo Ulixem anteit < fide > qui ilico errat intra muros civicos*. In Ba. 925-978 there is a long parody, in general of many Greek and Latin plays portraying the fall of Troy and its con- sequences, in particular, I suspect, of Ennius; the parody is uttered by Chrysalus servos. In this Ulixes has a place more than once. Compare 940 flf . : Ego sum Ulixes, quoius consilio haec gerunt ; 946 miles Menelaust, ego Agamemno, idem Ulixes Lartius; 949 flF. nam illi (=adv., ' there,' i. e. at Troy) itidem Ulixem audivi, ut ego sum, fuisse et audacem et malum : dolis ego deprensus sum, ille mendicans paene inventus interit, dum ibi exquirit fata Iliorum ; adsimiliter mi hodie optigit ; vinctus sum, sed dolis me exemi : item se ille servavit dolis ; 962 flF. ibi vix me exsolvi : atque id periclum adsimilo, Ulixem ut praedicant cognitum ab Helena esse proditum Hecubae; sed, ut olim ille se blanditiis exemit et persuasit se ut amitteret, item ego dolis me illo extuli e periclo et decepi senem. Cf. p. 239. * See the discussion of this passage in my paper, References to Paint- ing in Plautus and Terence, Classical Philology, XII, 151-152. 'On this conception of Ulixes as a feature of Greek tragedy see Conington, Vergil,* 2. xxxvi. Such a conception, of course, suited the Romans as descendants of the Trojans: see Conington, ibid, xxiv-xxvii. ' The passage is cited by Charisius, to illustrate ilico (the word seems to mean ' forthwith ', i. e. even before he leaves his patria). Ude in 23 is due to Leo ; Lindsay reads it, but doubtfully. I have not been able to see how the word can be fitted into the context. What we need is a dissyllabic word meaning 'wandering' or 'trouble'. Professor Paul Nixon, in his text and translation (1916), omits Me: evidently to him too it was meaningless. For the passage as a whole compare St. i-^, quoted above, under Penelope, page 257. LITERATURE IN PLAUTUS AND TERENCE. 259 In Ps. 1063-1064 Simo senex, entering, says: Visso quid rerum meus Ulixes egerit, iamne habeat signum ex arce Ballionia. Pseudolus, of course, is here Ulixes, and the signum (the Palladium) is the girl owned by Ballio. Again, in 1243- 1244, Simo says of Pseudolus : Nimis illic mortalis doctus, nimis vorsutus, nimis malus ; superavit dolum Troianum atque Ulixem Pseudolus.^ In Men. 899 fit. Menaechmus I Epidamniensis, for whom things have turned out badly, entering, says : Edepol ne hie dies pervorsus atque advorsus mi optigit : quae me clam ratus sum facere, omnia ea fecit palam parasitus qui me complevit flagiti et formidinis, meus Ulixes, suo qui regi tantum concivit mali.* _ .,. . I group here several very general references, in Mi. 1025 Milphidippa ancilla calls the soldier Ilium, thus : quo pacto hoc Ilium appelli velis, id fero ad te consilium. So in the fine parody in Ba. 925 flF. the senex of the play is referred to as Ilium (945. 948, 972), and as Priuinus (978). In Mi. 740 AF. Pleusicles adulescens, praising Periplecomenus senex for his hospitality, declares that usually when a guest is three days together at one's house east odiorum Bias (743)- ^^ Tru. 482 flF. Stratophanes miles, entering, declares that he will not, as many others have done, recount his battles : scio ego multos memoravisse milites mendacium: et Homer onida et postilla mille memorari potest, qui et convicti et condemnati falsis de pugnis sient (see also the following lines).* Finally, as the climax of this paper, I take up again a passage to which I have already often referred, Ba. 925-978, the best of all parodies in Plautus, spoken by Chrysalus servos. It is im- possible to do this passage justice. Lack of space forbids the ^ I think at once of Livius Andronicus's line : Virum mihi, Camena, insece vorsutum. On this verse see my remarks m A. J. P., XXXV 17-19; XXXIX 109. _. u • T u- 'Brix-Niemeyer» think here of Ulixes's " uble Dienste bei Iphi- geniens Opferung (Eurip. Iph. Aul. 524. 1361), wodurch die Verfemdung zwischen Agamemnon und seiner Gattin entstand ". » I am reminded here of the Greek debate on the question, Is the absolute truth to be demanded of the poet? See W. R. Hardie, Lectures on Oassical Subjects, 267-268, 283. Plautus's words are interesting too, when put beside what is said-e. g. by Cicero and Gellius-of the liber- ties accorded to rhetoricians : compare Gellius, N. A. i. 6. 4-5- 26o AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGY, quotation of the whole (it is reinforced by later allusions in the play: see 979 ff.) J to discuss in detail every point raised by it would be at once too lengthy and needless. Some indication of the richness of this passage for our purposes may, however, be afforded even by a bare catalogue of the names which appear within it: Achilles, 938; Agamemnon, 946; Alexander ( = Paris), 947; Atridae, 925; Epius, 937; Hecuba, 963; Helena, 948, 963; Ilium, 945, 948, 951, 95^, 97^ (9^7); Menelaus, 946 ; the Palladium, 954, 958 ; Pergamum, 926, 933 (1053, 1054); Priamus, 926, 933, 973, 976, 97^; Sinon, relichis . . . in hiisto Achilli, 937; Sinon's fire-signal, 939; Troia, 933 (1053, 1058) ; Troilus, 954, 960; Ulixes, 940, 949- 952, 962-965 ; the 1000 ships, 928 ; the wooden horse, 936, 941 ; the tria fata of Troy, 953 ff., 959 (987) • ^^^ breaking through of the portae Phrygiae limen superum, 955 (987). V. References to Philosophers. Socrates, Solon, Thales.—ln Ps. 464-465 Simo senex, speak- ing to Callipho senex, says of Pseudolus servos : Conficiet iam te hie verbis ut tu censeas non Pseudolum, sed Socratem tecum loqui. See Morris ad loc. The tone here is not so plainly sarcastic as is that of the references to Thales (see below). In As. 598-600 Libanus servos says sarcastically of his younger master Argyrippus : Audin hunc opera ut largus est nocturna ? nunc enim esse negotiosum interdius videlicet Solonem, leges ut conscribat quibus se populus teneat. Witness the following dialogue, from Ba. 120-124, between Pistoclerus adulescens and Lydus paedagogus : LY. An deus est ullus Suavisaviatio? PL. An non putasti esse umquam ? O Lyde, es barbarus * : quern ego sapere nimio censui plus quam Thalem, is stultior es barbaro poticio . . . In Cap. 274-276 Tyndarus servos, commenting on the inter- view between Hegio and Philocrates, exclaims: Eugepae! Thalem talento non emam Milesium, nam ad sapientiam huiius nimius nugator fuit. In Ru. 1003 two slaves, Trachalio, and Gripus, talk thus : TR. Stultus es. GR. Salve, * For the lusus verborum here cf. Cu. 150. LITERATURE IN PLAUTUS AND TERENCE. 261 Thales. In 986 Gripus had already derisively addressed Trachalio with the word Philosophe} Charles Knapp. Columbia University. ' For a similar reference to Thales in Greek comedy see e. g. Aristoph- anes, Aves icx)9 avOpioiros eaXijs (said of Meton). See the editors there, especially Van Leeuwen. The tone in all the references in Plautus to Socrates, Solon, and Thales, it will be noted, is sarcastic We may compare other passages in which there is allusion to philosophy, though no philosopher is named. In Cap. 284 Tyndarus, overhearing Philocrates's remark about Orcus (see above, page 237), says: Salva res est: philosophatur quoque iam, non mendax modo est. To Tyndarus, philosophia was the quintessence of lying. Cf. also Mer. 147-148 (Acanthio servos): Nescio ego istaec: philosophari ('refine', 'split hairs') numquam didici neque scio; Ps. 687 (Pseudolus servos, who had been philosophizing since 675) Sed iam satis est philosophatum : nimi' diu et longum loquor; Ps. 974 (Pseudolus, commenting on his master's remark, in foro vix decumus quisque est qui ipsus sese noverit) Salvos sum, iam philosophatur. It would be easy, especially in view of passages in Cicero's works (e. g. De Fin. i. i) which show Roman opposition to philosophy, and in view of the still more significant fact that Cicero repeatedly makes elaborate apologies for devoting himself to philosophy (see Reid, Academica, 23, note), to suppose that in the passages cited in this note Plautus was reflecting Roman rather than Grecian views of philosophy. But let us recall how in Anabasis 2. i. 13, in answer to Theopompus's labored effort to show why the Greeks should not surrender their arms to the King, Phalinus iy^Xaae Kal clirev, 'AXXa (a fiev loi/cas, w vea- vlffKC, Kal Xe7ct$ ovk dxapiffra. ladi fievroi dvoTjTOS iav, el oiei rriv vfieTcpav dperrjv vepiyeviadai Slv Trjs /3a7 '■> Sinon's fire-signal, 939; Troia, 933 (1053, 1058) ; Troilus, 954, 960; Ulixes, 940, 949- 952, 962-965 ; the 1000 ships, 928 ; the wooden horse, 936, 941 ; the tria fata of Troy, 953 ff., 959 (987) ; the breaking through of the portae Phrygiae limen superum, 955 (987). V. References to Philosophers. Socrates, Solon, Thales. — In Ps. 464-465 Simo senex, speak- ing to Callipho senex, says of Pseudolus servos : Conficiet iam te hie verbis ut tu censeas non Pseudolum, sed Socratem tecum loqui. See Morris ad loc. The tone here is not so plainly sarcastic as is that of the references to Thales (see below). In As. 598-6()0 Libanus servos says sarcastically of his younger master Argyrippus : Audin hunc opera ut largus est nocturna ? nunc enim esse negotiosum interdius videlicet Solonem, leges ut conscribat quibus se populus teneat. Witness the following dialogue, from Ba. 120-124, between Pistoclerus adulescens and Lydus paedagogus : LY. An deus est ullus Suavisaviatio? PL. An non putasti esse umquam ? O Lyde, es barbarus * : quern ego sapere nimio censui plus quam Thalem, is stultior es barbaro poticio . . . In Cap. 274-276 Tyndarus servos, commenting on the inter- view between Hegio and Philocrates, exclaims: Eugepae! Thalem talento non emam Milesium, nam ad sapientiam huiius nimius nugator fuit. In Ru. 1003 two slaves, Trachalio, and Gripus, talk thus : TR. Stultus es. GR. Salve, * For the lusus verborum here cf. Cu. 150. Thales. In 986 Gripus had already derisively addressed Trachalio with the word Philosophe} Charles Knapp. Columbia University. * For a similar reference to Thales in Greek comedy see e. g. Aristoph- anes, Aves 1009 &v6pu}iros QaXijs (said of Meton). See the editors there, especially Van Leeuwen. The tone in all the references in Plautus to Socrates, Solon, and Thales, it will be noted, is sarcastic We may compare other passages in which there is allusion to philosophy, though no philosopher is named. In Cap. 284 Tyndarus, overhearing Philocrates's remark about Orcus (see above, page 237), says: Salva res est: philosophatur quoque iam, non mendax modo est. To Tyndarus, philosophia was the quintessence of lying. Cf. also Mer. 147-148 (Acanthio servos): Nescio ego istaec: philosophari ('refine', * split hairs') numquam didici neque scio; Ps. 687 (Pseudolus servos, who had been philosophizing since 675) Sed iam satis est philosophatum : nimi' diu et longum loquor; Ps. 974 (Pseudolus, commenting on his master's remark, in foro vix decumus quisque est qui ipsus sese noverit) Salvos sum, iam philosophatur. It would be easy, especially in view of passages in Cicero's works (e. g. De Fin. i. i) which show Roman opposition to philosophy, and in view of the still more significant fact that Cicero repeatedly makes elaborate apologies for devoting himself to philosophy (see Reid, Academica, 23, note), to suppose that in the passages cited in this note Plautus was reflecting Roman rather than Grecian views of philosophy. But let us recall how in Anabasis 2. i. 13, in answer to Theopompus's labored effort to show why the Greeks should not surrender their arms to the King, Phalinus iy^Xaae Kai elirev, 'AXXd