COLUMBIA LIBRARIES OFFSITE HEALTH SCIENCES STANDARD HX64070808 RK651 W25 Acompendofdental Compend of Den esis RECAP WW Columbia Unibersitp in tfje Citp of Jfreto Hork g>cfjool of Bental anb d^ral gmrgerp Reference Uttirarp •^ V DENTAL PROSTHESIS AND METALLURGY. WARREN. JUST READY— SECOND EDITION— ILLUSTRATED. A Compend of Dental Pathology and Dental Medicine. Containing all the most noteworthy points upon these subjects, INCLUDING A SECTION ON EMERGENCIES. BY GEORGE W. WARREN, D.D.S., Chief of Clinical Staff Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery, Editor Oj Richardson' s Mechanical Dentistry. Illustrated. i2mo. Cloth, $1.00 ; Interleaved, for Notes, $1.25. Jg^ 15 This book contains a vast deal of practical information in a concise shape. It will be found invaluable to the student, and of great use to the Dental Practitioner who wishes to keep himself informed of the latest methods of investigation and treatment. JUST READY, NEW-SIXTH-EDITION, RICHARDSON'S MECHANICAL DENTISTRY. THOROUGHLY REVISED AND REWRITTEN. BY GEORGE W. WARREN, D.D.S., Clinical Chief Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery, Philadelphia. 600 Illustrations. Octavo. Cloth, $4.50 ; Leather, $5.50. The Dental Cosmos says of this new edition : — " The present edition of Richardson is practically a new book. In all depart- ments it has been carefully brought into accord with present needs, and is fully up to the latest thought in its field. The chapters upon fuels, the application and generation of heat, metals and alloys used in the work, impressions of the mouth, dies and counter-dies, etc., are full and satisfactory. The section upon crown and bridge work, embracing over two hundred pages, is a volume in itself." P. BLAKISTON, SON & CO., PHILADELPHIA. C M P E N D OF DENTAL PROSTHESIS AND METALLURGY. liY GEO. W. WARREN, D.D.S., CHIEF OF THE CLINICAL STAFF, PENNSYLVANIA COLLEGE OF DENTAL SURGERY PHILADELPHIA; AUTHOR OF "A COMFEND OF DENTAL PATHOLOGY AND DENTAL MEDICINE;" EDITOR OF " RICHARDSON'S MECHANICAL DENTISTRY," ETC., ETC. WITH ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-NINE ILLUSTRATIONS. PHILADELPHIA: P. BLAKISTON, SON & CO., I O I 2 WALNUT STREET. 1894. Copyright, 1894, by P. Blakiston, Son & Co. PRESS OF WM. F. FELL 8l CO., 1220-24 SANSON! ST., PHILADELPHIA. NOTE. For assistance in the preparation of this manual, the author's thanks are due Mr. Alfred E. Hunt, President of the Pittsburgh Reduction Co., for data concerning the latest experiments with Aluminum, and Mr. E. A. Kretschman for suggestions in reference to the Electro- deposition of metals. He is also indebted to the writings of well known authorities, to which he has frequently referred ; nota- bly those of Profs. Wilber F. Litch, Henry Leffmann, S. H. Guilford, Chas. J. Essig, Joseph Richardson, and Drs. James W. White, Edward C. Kirk, John Allen, and Theo. F. Chupein. Geo. W. Warren, i 718 Walnut St., Philadelphia. September, i8g4. CONTENTS. PAGE Introduction, 9 Examination of the Mouth, II Materials Employed in Obtaining Impressions of the Mouth, . 18 Methods of Taking Impressions of the Mouth, 20 Plaster Models or Casts, 30 The Selection and Arrangement of the Teeth, 43 Flasking, Vulcanizing, and Finishing the Rubber Base, ... 64 Celluloid as a Dental Base, 85 Artificial Dentures Constructed by the Swaging Process, . . . 102 Artificial Dentures upon a Cast Metal Base, 129 Artificial Dentures upon an Electro-deposited Base, .... 132 Deposition of Copper, 132 Deposition of Silver, 134 Deposition of Gold, 137 Artificial Dentures Formed by the Continuous-Gum Process, • 139 Metallic Base with Rubber or Celluloid Attachment, .... 147 Obturators and Artificial Velum, 15 1 Interdental Splints, 160 Appliances for the Correction of Dental Irregularities, ... 167 Crown- and Bridge- Work, 185 Bridge Dentures, 209 Dental Metallurgy, 219 Gold, General Properties, etc., 222 Preparing Alloys of Gold for Dental Purposes, .... 223 Refining Gold, 230 Platinum, 236 vii Vlll CONTENTS. PAGE Silver, 239 Aluminum, 243 Zinc, 247 Lead, 247 Tin, ' 248 Copper, 249 Iron, 251 Antimony, 254 Bismuth, 254 Mercury, 255 Amalgams, 257 Alloys, their Treatment and Behavior in the Process of Compounding, 259* DENTAL PROSTHESIS AND METALLURGY. INTRODUCTION. The thoroughly qualified dentist is to some extent physician, surgeon, artist, and mechanic. In these pages we are to set aside the operative and medical aspect and consider the principles, methods and mate- rials involved to develop in him the mechanic, the artisan. In our study of dental prosthesis we must recognize at once, that the fundamental principles of mechanics are based upon established laws — they are scientific, that is, they agree with or depend upon the rules or principles of science. Also that dental mechanics embodies unusual art possibilities, and that the esthetic requirements are met in accordance with the artistic conception and culture of the dentist. Before taking up the processes and methods apper- taining to this department of dental practice, some general reflections may be advantageous to the student. 9 IO DENTAL PROSTHESIS AND METALLURGY. Dr. Richardson, in his Treatise on Mechanical Dentistry, says: "The untimely or premature loss of the natural teeth may be ascribed to a number of diverse causes. Multitudes are lost in consequence of abuse or neglect, or the dread of pain so commonly associated with the means employed in their preservation ; many from unavoidable accident ; and countless numbers are sacrificed through the incompetency and . dis- honesty of ignorant and unscrupulous persons who, in one guise or another, infest and prey upon com- munities." Though the intelligent practitioner finds it necessary to extract many teeth, it is in nearly all cases due to negligence on the part of the patients or their parents, the teeth having been permitted to remain in a diseased condition until such procedure is necessary, and it is fair to assume that the time will never come when thousands of teeth will not be sacrificed. We cannot transgress Nature's laws without paying the penalty. This field, then, will ever be a growing one, not in the number of artificial dentures required, perhaps, but in fulfilment of the possibilities of the prosthetic and esthetic. While it is the distinctive office of prosthetic den- tistry to devise and perfect means and appliances for correcting the deformities caused by the loss of the natural teeth, the first step in all cases is to make a thorough examination of the mouth, so that more in- telligent advice may be given as to the form and class of denture to be inserted. EXAMINATION OF THE MOUTH. IT EXAMINATION OF THE MOUTH. In our special field of human endeavor the highest order of qualification is demanded for the fulfilment of its diversified and complex requirements ; and one who, in examining the mouth, is not able to take in all the conditions, or who lacks sufficient judgment to decide just what form of appliance will be the most comfort- able and useful in each individual case, is no more equipped for the practice of dentistry than is the physician who is not a good diagnostician, for the practice of his profession. In examining the mouth the following conditions should be considered : first, where only a few teeth are lost, whether a removable denture in the form of a plate, or a removable or immovable bridge should be advised ; and where all the teeth are lost, or where an impression is required for a plate of any kind, we should consider the shape of the jaws, whether long or short, deep or shallow, hard or soft; whether the alveolar ridge is solid or in a soft and flexible condition ; whether the relative position of the jaws are correct, or the upper or lower protrude ; and then if there are any remaining teeth, whether or not they can be made useful or whether they would interfere with the comfort, use- fulness and artistic appearance of the artificial denture. To illustrate and impress upon the student's mind the importance of sound judgment at all times, we will call attention especially to two or three deformities. A gentleman called upon us for our opinion as to 12 DENTAL PROSTHESIS AND METALLURGY. whether an artificial denture could be constructed so that he could use it for mastication. The accompany- ing illustration (Fig. i) shows the condition of his superior maxillary. The alveolar ridge in the anterior part of the mouth was completely absorbed, while the posterior portion in the region of the tuberosities was Fig. i. very much hypertrophied. He reported that within three years he had had plates constructed by as many different dentists, but without receiving any permanent satisfaction. It was the writer's pleasure to insert a denture which has been worn for over six years with much comfort and usefulness. The secret of our suc- cess in this case lies (i) in securing an accurate cast; EXAMINATION OF THE MOUTH. !3 (2) in the location of the plate line and in carving the cast sufficiently at the soft points, and (3) in securing a correct articulation. Our plate line and the extent of the carving is shown in the illustration. One of the most frequent deformities is the lack of symmetry in the alveolar ridge. For instance, in a large percentage of cases, it will be found that there is Fig 2. a greater depression upon the left side of the mouth than upon the right. Fig. 2 shows a base-plate which has been formed over such a model. Dr. Eugene Talbot writes that out of 298 examinations of models he found 268 with marked depressions upon the left side, and 24 with the depression upon the right side, and only 6 cases showing both sides to be alike. This depression is not so apparent upon a casual 14 DENTAL PROSTHESIS AND METALLURGY. glance, for it is not so much in the alveolar process as in the maxillary bones. Dr. Haskell says of this, that a plate swaged upon a model from an impression taken high over the region of the cuspids (as should always be done) shows at once the depression of the left side, which occurs, to a greater or less extent, in 95 per cent, of cases. The difference becomes apparent in arrang- ing artificial teeth. Every dentist of experience must have observed that greater length of teeth and gums is required upon the left side than upon the right. How often it is seen that the left side of the lip rises higher in talking and laughing, than the right side. The dif- ference in the two sides of the lower jaw does not occur as often, but is apparent in the divergence of the left side from a line drawn through the center of the model, . so that the posterior teeth on that side must be set farther in upon the plate. This deformity should be recognized and studied by every operator, especially those engaged in arranging artificial teeth and waxing up plates, for the purpose of restoring the contour of the face. A case showing to what extreme the dentist may be called upon for services, and illustrating anew the need of sound judgment in determining the best course to pursue, is that presented to the American Dental Asso- ciation by Dr. J. D. Patterson, of Kansas City. The patient, a member of the United States Cavalry, in a battle with the Indians, was struck upon the lower maxilla with a ball from a Winchester rifle. The an- terior part of the maxilla, from the second bicuspid upon EXAMINATION OF THE MOUTH. !5 the left side to the second molar on the right was badly shattered, and at a point in the region of the right cuspid for the space of about six lines, the bone was entirely gone (see Fig. 3, A, B) leaving the remaining posterior parts freely movable. This loose bone and the teeth had been removed, and the case had been in Fig. 3. a surgeon's hands for six weeks, when he was brought to Dr. Patterson presenting the following condition. The outside wounds had healed with considerable cicatricial tissue ; the left fragment of the maxilla was easily movable, and an abscess was discharging freely upon the face opposite the loose end with another ab- scess opening under the chin near the symphysis ; the 1 6 DENTAL PROSTHESIS AND METALLURGY. left side of the jaw was much firmer than the right, but had healed far inside — about a half-inch from the nor- mal position. There was still considerable swelling, and small spiculae of bone frequently made their way to the surface. The lower jaw was, of course, entirely useless, and was kept tightly bandaged to the upper. The first treatment instituted, as described by Dr. Patterson, is as follows : "I found that a bridge-splint placed upon the parts as presented would result in re- taining the incorrect position of the left side, and that pressure brought to bear or force the pieces apart would result in still greater deformity, because the more easily movable right fragment would give way, leaving the left in its former position. The first step then was, if pos- sible, to remedy the distorted position of the left side. I proceeded as follows : I banded the first lower molar upon the right side and also the first upper molar upon the same side, attaching lugs to the bands for the recep- tion of a screw, and firmly screwed them together. I then placed a jack-screw upon these molars on the pal- atal side and against the molar on the left side, and forced that side into its correct position, which had been determined by models beforehand. I then banded the upper and lower teeth upon this side as upon the other, and screwed them firmly together. "I then dismissed the patient for ten weeks, the in- tention being to overcome the growth of cicatricial tissue which forced the left side against the tongue. I believed the abscesses were caused by the movement of the loose ends upon the soft tissue, and the result proved that EXAMINATION OF THE MOUTH. I 7 this surmise was correct, as they soon healed after the parts were secured firmly to the upper jaw. "At the end of three months the patient returned. He reported himself as very comfortable, save only that he was limited entirely to soft foods. On the removal of the bands the left side, after two or three days, swerved slightly inward and there remained, not quite but nearly in correct position. I then proceeded to make the splint-bridge shown in the accompanying illus- tration (Fig. 4)." Fig. 4. The details of making such an appliance of course cannot be considered at this time. It is sufficient to say that this denture, which serves as a splint as well as a bridge, restored the contour of the lower lip and lost portion of the jaw, and at the last report was being worn with entire satisfaction. This case is given here as it shows the necessity of good judgment upon the part of the dentist, and how, when possessing the re- quirements, he can supplement the best that the sur- geon can do. After the mouth has been restored to a healthy and iS DENTAL PROSTHESIS AND METALLURGY. suitable condition, and where an artificial denture is to be inserted, the next procedure is to secure as perfect an impression as is possible, as such an impression with a correct articulation is the foundation upon which we have to work. But before taking up the methods of securing impressions of the mouth, we will consider the different materials used for that purpose, and in doing so they will be classified according to their excellence. MATERIALS EMPLOYED IN OBTAIN- ING IMPRESSIONS OF THE MOUTH. Plaster -of- Paris . — Plaster • of- Paris, technically, calcium sulphate (CaSOJ, has been employed for many years for taking impressions of the mouth, and is in nearly all cases the very best material known for that purpose. Plaster-of- Paris occurs in nature as a mineral called gypsum. This differs, however, from the dried cal- cium sulphate of commerce (sulphate of lime or plaster- of- Paris) in that it contains two molecules of water of crystallization (CaS0 4 ,2H 2 0). The water of crystalli- zation is driven off at 39 2° F., leaving a white, opaque mass, which is then known as plaster-of-Paris. This, however, readily recombines with water, forming a hard mass. The setting process is regarded as a chemi- cal action, the water being absorbed in proportion of two molecules to one of the plaster. The result being chemi- cally the same as it is in its native state, CaS0 4 ,2H 2 0. Professor Henry Leffmann says: "The facility with MATERIALS EMPLOYED IN TAKING IMPRESSIONS. 1 9 which this combination occurs depends largely on the care which has been taken in preparing the plaster. If it has been too highly heated, the power of taking up water is lost. The presence of impurities also, of course, interferes with the setting qualities. It is well known that the many saline substances, e. g., common salt, hasten the setting, but the exact cause of this is not definitely known. In the case of common salt a double composition occurs to a slight extent, by which calcium chlorid and sodium sulphate are formed. When a solu- tion of the so-called liquid silex, which is sodium sili- cate, is put on a plaster cast, a similar reaction often occurs, forming sodium sulphate and calcium silicate, and the sodium sulphate appears on the surface of the cast in white, moss-like tufts." Plaster-of-Paris has taken its name from its abounding at Mont-Martre, near Paris, this being the most import- ant deposit known. Modeling Composition. — Modeling composition or compound is composed of gum dammar, stearin, and French chalk, with carmin as a coloring-material, and a little perfume to render it more pleasant. There are several varieties manufactured ; the degree of hardness of each is due to the quantity of stearin and chalk in- corporated with the gum. This material has of late years largely superseded the use of beeswax for impressions, on account of its taking a somewhat sharper impression and being more elastic. It has also many more desirable properties than gutta- percha, which was formerly used extensively, but is now 20 DENTAL PROSTHESIS AND METALLURGY. employed to such a limited extent that it will not be considered in this work. Beeswax. — Beeswax is a solid, concrete animal product, prepared by the honey bees, and is extracted from the comb after the honey has been removed. There are two varieties of this wax in common use, the white and yellow. When first obtained from the comb it is of a bright yellow color, and in order to bleach it and obtain what is known as white wax it is reduced to thin cakes and exposed for a long time to the sun in the open air ; this renders it less tenacious, but it is pre- ferred by some on account of its color. METHODS OF TAKING IMPRESSIONS OF THE MOUTH. Impressions in Plaster. — Before mixing the plas- ter a suitable impression tray or cup should be selected. In determining this the cup should be tried in the mouth, and if exactly adapted to the case proceed as follows : — For full upper impressions place a piece of sof- tened beeswax across the rear of the palatine portion of the cup (Fig. 5 shows the form of cup to be used) just sufficient to support the plaster at that point, making it more certain to secure a correct impression of the pal- ate, especially where the arch is very high. It also aids in keeping the plaster from being forced over the rear of the cup into the fauces. If the tuberosities are deep METHODS OF TAKING IMPRESSIONS. 21 a little wax should be placed around the posterior cor- ners of the cup, and when the alveolar ridge is unusually deep, and it is desirable to obtain a high impression over the region of the cuspids, place a layer of wax over the edge of the cup at these points also, before mixing the plaster. Method of Mixing Plaster. — The best method Fig. 5. is that which most perfectly excludes the air, prevents expansion, and gives the sharpest and smoothest impres- sion or cast. (1) A medium-sized bowl (rubber is the most convenient) should be partially filled with water (warm water is pleasanter for the patient and hastens the setting of the plaster) ; to this should be added about ten grains of common salt, to hasten the setting and to make the plaster more brittle. It is better to 2 2 DENTAL PROSTHESIS AND METALLURGY. add the salt at this time, that is, before adding the plas- ter, as it gives it a better opportunity to become uni- formly diffused. Other agents, such as chlorate of pot- ash, potassium sulphate, and alum, have been and are used to hasten the setting of plaster, but salt is the least objectionable and answers every purpose. (2) The plaster should then be sprinkled into the water by tapping the spatula on the edge of the bowl; this will allow the air which is always found in plaster to es- cape before the plaster sinks. This sprinkling process should be continued until all the water is taken up; or when a sufficient quantity for the case in hand has been added, pour off the surplus water, then add what plaster can be conveniently carried on the spatula. This will usually give the proper consistency for taking impressions, that is, just thick enough not to run off an inverted impression cup or the spatula. (3) The mix- ture should then be quickly and thoroughly stirred for about ten seconds, so that every particle of plaster has an opportunity to absorb the proper amount of water. After the plaster has been prepared and mixed as directed, fill the cup about level full, not more unless the palate or arch is unusually high, in which case place a little more over the wax at this point. Stand at the right side of the chair, and direct the patient to sit erect ; then pass the left hand around the patient's head and distend the lips so as to allow the cup with the plaster to pass in freely, carefully pressing the rear of the cup in place ; afterward bring it up firmly in front. This will force any excess of plaster forward. Now, by METHODS OF TAKING IMPRESSIONS. 23 having the first two fingers of each hand support the cup under the center of the alveolar ridge, the pressure will be equally distributed, and the thumbs will be free to press the lip in and up so as to force the plaster well up over the alveolar ridge. If there is retching (tendency to vomit), incline the patient's head a little further forward and direct him to resist the tendency, to keep the tongue and throat quiet, and breathe entirely through the nose. If the line of wax has been placed across the heel of the impression cup, and the directions carried out, it is the impression of the author that further treatment need seldom be resorted to. There are rare instances, how- ever, — some cases of cleft palate, for example, — where the soft palate is so extremely sensitive that it will not permit sufficient contact without some local or constitu- tional treatment.* Tests for Perfect Impression. — The most relia- ble test for a perfect impression is the degree of resist- ance to its removal. The time for removal can be ascertained by breaking a small piece of the plaster from the surplus in front ; if there is a clean, sharp break the impression should be promptly removed. * As a constitutional remedy, bromid of potassium is probably the best; give 10 grains before retiring, 20 grains the following morning, and 20 grains additional in a few hours; one hour after which take impression. Local treatment consists in making appli- cation of cocain or manipulating the parts with a feather or edge of a napkin, or in gargling the throat with camphor water just before taking impression. 24 DENTAL PROSTHESIS AND METALLURGY. Manner of Removing Impression. — The resist- ance which results from the exclusion of the air from between the plaster and the mucous membrane of the palate should be considerable where a perfect impres- sion has been secured. This is best overcome by rais- ing the lip and cheek on the sides and in front, allowing the air to pass in over the rim of the cup ; this will usually allow it to be readily removed. Should there be further difficulty, however, the air may be admitted by pressing up the soft palate at the rear of the cup ; or the patient may be directed to give a slight cough ; this will raise the soft palate and admit the air between it and the impression, allowing it to be easily taken out. For Full Lower Impression. — A cup of suitable shape (see Fig. 6) and size should be selected, and modi- fied with a rim of wax to suit the case in hand ; it is also advisable, especially where a new or very smooth cup is to be used, and where the mouth presents a decided undercut, to place a film of wax over ks surface to pre- vent the plaster leaving it. Fill the cup with plaster, prepared as before, then step to the right side and a little in front of the chair, facing the patient, so that you can more readily see to place the cup in the proper position. Distend the left corner of the mouth and the cheek with the side of the impression cup as it is being passed into the mouth, and the right at the same time with the left hand, and adjust the cup to the ridge, that is, place it so that the center of the cup will come directly over the top of the ridge. Now step back quickly to the position taken for upper METHODS OF TAKING IMPRESSIONS. 25 impressions, and pass the left hand back of and around the patient's head ; press the cheeks away from the cup when necessary, so there will not be a fold of membrane underneath; then with the thumbs, one on either side over the center of the ridge, press the cup down care- fully but firmly into position. At the same time direct the patient to thrust the tongue upward and forward. In this way an impression of that portion of the mylo- Fig. 6. hyoid muscle and the cord (fraenum linguae) which is attached to the ridge just beneath the tip of the tongue, is secured, while they are elevated and tense ; they will then not disturb the plate while they are in motion, as in speech and mastication. It will sometimes be found that a perfect lower impression will offer consid- erable resistance to removal, on account of the adhe- sion and undercuts. Where this is the case, air can 26 DENTAL PROSTHESIS AND METALLURGY. readily be admitted by drawing away the lips and cheeks. For partial impressions, cups of a different pat- tern are required. Fig. 7, a, I?, c, shows the general form of cups used for such a purpose. Many partial impressions can be readily taken by simply preparing the cups as directed for full impressions. The simplest method is to first take an impression in wax and then Fig. 7. a. remove a layer from its surface, that is, from the surface representing that portion of the mouth or ridge where the plate and teeth are to rest ; place sufficient plaster at these points to replace this layer of wax, and carefully return it to the mouth. In taking partial impressions it is important that the surface of the wax should be roughened by cutting grooves, so that the plaster will be thoroughly anchored METHODS OK TAKING IMPRESSIONS. 27 to the cup. It is also important, when a layer of wax is removed, especially in the interdental spaces where c. the teeth are to go, that it be of considerable thickness, so that the plaster, should it break, will have sufficient strength to allow of accurate replacement. Again, it is 28 DENTAL PROSTHESIS AND METALLURGY. important that the plaster should not set as hard as in full cases, so that the impression will not adhere to the mouth and have to be broken away in pieces ; this can usually be avoided by a little care. Manner of Obtaining Impression in Wax or Compound. — The first step, of course, is to select a properly shaped cup for the case in hand ; then look to the secretions of the mouth. If the secretions are abundant, thick, or viscid, they should be removed by rinsing the mouth with salt and water. The impression material, whether wax or compound, may then be soft- ened by gently heating over a lamp or Bunsen burner, or, as some prefer, by immersing in hot water ; when the latter method is employed the moisture should always be absorbed from the surface with a towel or napkin before manipulating with the hands. The cup should then be filled with the softened mate- rial and impression taken. The position of both patient and operator, and the manner of introducing the cup into the mouth is the same as has been directed for tak- ing impressions in plaster. But it must be remembered that these materials will not flow as plaster does, so it is very necessary that firm and steady pressure should be used against the cup in order to secure a good impres- sion of every desirable part, and to aid in this the patient should be directed to draw down the lip, and the impression material should be pressed in all around above the rim, the pressure on the surface of the cup must at the same time be kept firm and steady. The hardening of these materials may be hastened by dip- METHODS OF TAKING IMPRESSIONS. 29 I ping the corner of a napkin or a piece of cotton in cold water, and passing it over the surface of the cup. When it is firm enough to remove it must be done with great care, and the direction of its removal must be deter- mined by the position of any remaining teeth, or the projection of the ridge. And though much care is taken the impression is never as sharp as where plaster is used, and there exists such a probability of imperfec- tion from bending or dragging due to undercuts, that plaster should be the material used in all cases possible, the more difficult the case the more reason why it should be employed. Preparing the Vacuum Chamber. — In full cases it is not necessary, as a rule, to make a vacuum cham- ber in the plate. All that is required to secure suffi- cient adhesion is to have the plate come in close contact with the palate and ridge at every point, that is to have the pressure equally distributed. (See carving of models.) In partial cases or where for any reason it is desired to use a vacuum chamber, the simplest and one of the best methods is to cut the form of the chamber in the impression before using the varnish. The plaster in this way will be raised at a corresponding point upon the cast, and will have the same form and depth as the cavity cut in the impression. Should it, however, be desirable to change the general shape of the chamber, this raised portion can readily be carved to the desired shape and size. With this form of vacuum chamber there is no danger of displacement or having holes in 3-> o-r, rt u .S 60 s IS *3 t/3 'o 6 -* . .2 -a • » o v. >> 3 a. vibra ling a lity. 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H rt *J 5 w ^ 3 *> — 2 73 W n M >> o >. m-o octc •- 1 £ "l 3 t) 4J Ul 73 T3 o3 <£ rt rt rt T3 tu bJO . Mu 3 t/3 u >. a a ci 3 S 43 M 3 O .- 4J o > « rt t3 W.g 43 tn .£ ba G. >-. tn — tn u "u tn ■ _ _' , , y ^ , v ^-\^— ' ^ , u >> . ~ y ~ — -^ "^■^T ' •J 5 J2.t? 3 3 < S « 2 U 2 o ti«o J. o O D tn « o l ,03 U u « 5 _rt o u rt un 3 O CD O W i O O < Ph O N a in u U 61.75 27.25 O.I5 0.25 10.60 63-55 31-85 0.65 0.15 2.35 i-45 55- 45- 2.5 2-5 . . 50.35 43 35 3-35 1.30 1.65 37- 58. 5- 53-36 44-74 1.50 0.40 50.40 44-3° 3.80 •30 • • 1.20 ■_■ 61.15 36 75 .15 ■So i-45 59 - IO 35.20 0.32 0.08 3 5° 1 80 54-75 42-75 . . 2.50 5Q-43 44 06 . • 5.5i 40. 55- 4- • • r. 54-65 43- I S 0.20 2 00 54-5o 44 -5o 1. 51-9° 46.00 1.70 .40 " ALLOYS, THEIR TREATMENT AND BEHAVIOR IN THE PROCESS OF COMPOUNDING. General Properties. — All alloys possess metallic luster, are opaque, conduct heat and electricity, and, in a greater or less degree, are ductile, malleable, elas- tic, and sonorous. Some alloys, as brass and gong metal, are usually malleable in the cold and brittle when hot. Metals sometimes unite in atomic ratios, forming compounds of definite or equivalent proportions of the 260 DENTAL PROSTHESIS AND METALLURGY. component metals, as certain alloys of copper and zinc, gold and copper, gold and silver, mercurial alloys, etc., while, on the other hand, many are formed in all pro- portions, like mixtures of salt and water. Metals differ in respect to their affinity for each other, and do not, therefore, alloy with equal facility ; thus it is difficult to unite silver and iron, but the former combines readily with gold, copper, or lead. The ductility of an alloy is, in general, less than that of its constituent metals, and this difference is, in some instances, remarkably prominent, as in the case of certain alloys of copper and tin, already men- tioned. An alloy is generally harder than the mean hardness of its components, a property which, when taken in connection with their increased fusibility, gives to al- loys peculiar value in the formation of dies for stamping purposes. To the rule stated, amalgams, or mercurial alloys, are cited as exceptions. The density of an alloy varies with the peculiar metals composing it, being generally either greater or less than the mean density of its several components. The Fusing Point. — It is impossible to predict with certainty the melting point of an alloy from that of its separate constituents, but, generally, the fusibil- ity of the alloy is increased, sometimes in a most re- markable degree. The alloy of 5 parts of bismuth, 3 of lead, and 2 of tin is a striking example of this fact, this compound melting at 197 , while the mean melt- ing point of its constituents is 514 . Silver solder is ALLOYS. 26l also a familiar illustration of the influence of alloying on the fusibility of metals; copper, melting at 1996°, and silver at 1873 , when combined fuse at a heat much below that required to melt silver, the more fusi- ble component of the alloy. Examples might be multiplied, but it will be sufficient to add that, in general, metallic alloys melt at a lower heat than is re- quired to fuse the most refractory or infusible component, and sometimes than the most fusible ingredient. The color of an alloy cannot, in general, be in- ferred from that of component metals ; thus it would "be conjectured that copper would be rendered very much paler by adding to it zinc in considerable quantities, but the fallacy of such an inference is at once shown by an examination of some of the rich-looking gold-colored varieties of brass, as Prince's metal, pinchbeck, and similor, composed each of nearly equal parts of copper and zinc ; and Manheim gold, compounded of 3 parts copper and 1 of zinc. The affinity of an alloy for oxygen is greater than that of the separate metals, a phenomenon that is ascribed by some, to the increase of affinity for oxygen which results from the tendency of one of the oxids to combine with the other ; by others it is attributed to galvanic action. According to Faraday, 100 parts of steel alloyed with one of platinum is dissolved with effervescence in dilute sulphuric acid too weak to act with perceptible energy on common steel. It is offered in explanation of this fact that the steel is rendered positive by the presence of platinum. 262 DENTAL PROSTHESIS AND METALLURGY. Other points of interest will suggest themselves in connection with the behavior of alloys in the process of compounding. INDEX. ADHESION, 25, 113, 220 Air-chamber, manner of forming, 29 Alloys, general properties, etc., 221, 259 gold, 223 method of determining carat, converting into required forms, 227 Aluminum, general properties, etc., 243 alloys of, 246 Alveolar ridge, lack of symmetry in, Amalgams, 257 formulae for, 259 Annealing, 109 Antagonizing models, for partial den- tures, 39 entire dentures, 38 upper dentures, 36 Antimony, 254 Appliances for correcting irregulari- ties, 167 Application of gum enamel, 146 Arrangement of teeth, 57, 122 Articulation, securing, 35 Artificial dentures, cast metai base, 129 celluloid base, 85 electro-deposit base, 132 rubber base, 64 swaged base, 102 Artificial palates, 153 Atomic weight, 221 Attaching teeth to a metallic base with rubber or celluloid, 147 Babbitt metal, 250 Backing teeth, 126 Baker's velum, 159 Baking furnaces, 143 Beeswax, 20 " Best " celluloid heater, 95 Bismuth, 254 Bridge-dentures, 209 -splint, 17 Brittleness of metals, 220 Carving the model, 41 Case's enamel cleaver, iqo Cast metal base, 129 Celluloid base, 85, carving for, 89 composition of, 87 facing to other bases, 100 finishing process, 99 flasking for, 91 formula for, 87 grooves or gates, 92 heater, 95 metal casts for, 88 molding, 103 plaster model, 30 processes preliminary to mold- ing, 102 Clasps, 84, 110 modification in form of, 84 uniting the plate and, 111 vulcanite plate attached to, 147 Cohesion, 220 Conductivity of metals, 220 Continuous-gum work, 139 applying the body, 142 applying the gum enamel, 146 attaching the teeth, 141 final baking, 146 first baking, 142 the Sharp furnace, 145 Converting gold alloys into required forms, 223 Copper, general properties, etc., 249 Counter-dies, metallic, 102 Crown, Downie, 202 gold, 204 Richmond, 189 26 264 INDEX. Defects in palatine organs, 151 Dentimeter, Weirich's, 192 Dies, metallic, 102, 108 Ductility, 220 Electro-deposit, base, 132 copper, 132 gold, 137 silver, 134 preparation of batteries, 132, 137 Elasticity of metals, 220 Elements employed in refining gold, 230 Enamel cleaver, 190 Entire dentures, 36 antagonizing wax models, 38 esthetic requirements in the selec- tion and arrangement of the teeth for, 43 table of temperaments, 52 Esthetic requirements in selecting and arrangement of teeth, 43 Examination of the mouth, 11 Faulty articulation, 60 Flasking for rubber, 65 for celluloid, 91 Flasks for moulding, 105 Formulas for Babbitt metal, 250 celluloid, 87 gold plate, 225 gold solders, 227 silver solders, 242 Furnace, Sharp's, 143 Fusibility, 220 Fusible alloys, 129 Gas furnace, Sharp's, 143 Gates or outlet grooves in flasking rubber, 69 General properties of alloys, 259. Gold, properties of, 222 elements employed in refining, 230 formulas for plate and solder, 225, 227 influences of alloying, 222 reduction of, to lower standard of fineness, 228 solders, 226 to raise from a lower to a higher standard, 228 Grinding and articulating teeth, 57 Hardening and tempering steel, 252 Hardness of metals, 220 Hawes molding flask, 105 Heaters, celluloid, 95 Impression cups or trays, 21-27 Impressions of the mouth, 20 manner of taking, 20-29 materials used for, 18-20 Interdental splints, 160 Investing, 125 Iridium, 239 Iron, general properties, etc., 251 Irregularities, appliances for correct- ing, 167 Jointing gum or block teeth, 63 Kingsley's artificial velum, 151 interdental splint, 165 Lead, general properties, etc , 247 use in laboratory, 248 Lower dentures, 118 Malleability, 219 Manner of removing impressions, 24 Materials for impressions, 18 Mercury, physical properties, ^tc, 255 Meial casts for moulding celluloid, 88 Metallic base plate, rubber attach- ment, 147 methods of making attachments, 149 clasps attached to rubber plates, 84 dies and counter-dies, 102 Metallurgy, 219 Metals, physical properties of, 219 Method of taking impressions, 20 Modeling composition, 19 Models, plaster, 30 Molding, materials for, 102 preparation of cast for, 103 Molecular structure of metals, 219 Obturators, Baker's, 159 Kingsley's, 151 Suerson's, 156 Oil, objections to, 32 Ottolengui root-facers, 186 root reamers, 188 Packing rubber, 71 Palatal organs, defects of, 151 Partial dentures, 120 antagonizing models for, 39 INDEX. 265 Pattern, forming, for plate, 107 Physical properties of metals, 219 Plaster casts, 30 from an impression in wax or modeling compound, 30 from an impression in plaster, 31- 34 Plaster-of-Paris, 18 derivation, 18 method of hastening setting, 21 preparation of, 18 Platinum, general properties, etc. , 236 Preparation of root for crowning, 185 Preparing the vacuum chamber, 29 Reduction of gold to a lower standard of fineness, 228 of gold solders to proper forms for use, 226 Refining gold, 230 silver, 240 Re posing the features, 44 Retching, treatment of, 23 Rimming plate, 124 Root crowning, 185 Rubber as a dental base, 64 composition of, 65 Selecting artificial teeth, 43, 54 Separating fluids, 31, 34 Separation of cast from impression, 32 of foreign metals from gold, 230 Shade of the teeth, 42 Shaping the cutting edges of teeth, 60 Silver, general properties of, 239 refining, 240 solders, 242 Solder, gold, 226 Solder, silver, 242 Soldering, 127 Suerson's obturator, 156 Swaging plates, 108 Table of temperaments, 52 Taking the bite, 35 Tenacity, 220 Tests for perfect impression, 23 The teeth as indicated by tempera- ment, 49 The Philadelphia vulcanizer, 77 Tin, general properties, etc., 248 dental uses, 249 Toughness of metals, 220 Treatment for retching, 23 Vacuum chamber, 29, 115 Varnish, formulae for, 34 holder, the clover leaf, 35 Vulcanized base plate, 64 finishing, 80 flasking for, 65 outlet grooves or gates, 69 packing, 71 pink rubber facing, 82 vulcanizing, 73 Vulcanizers, 76 Wax, yellow, 20 white, 20 Weirich's enamel cleaver, 191 Welding, 221 Zinc, general properties, 247 use for dental purposes, 247 17 No. 8 November, 1900 A Classified Catalogue of Books on Medicine and the Collateral Sciences, Phar- macy, Dentistry, Chemistry, Hygiene, Microscopy, Etc. *&P P. Blakiston's Son & Company, Pub- lishers of Medical and Scientific Books, 1012 Walnut Street, Philadelphia SUBJECT INDEX. Special Catalogues of Books on Pharmacy, Dentistry, Chemistry, Hygiene, and Nursing will be sent free upon application. All inquiries regarding prices, dates of edition, terms, etc., will receive prompt attention. SUBJECT PAGE Alimentary Canal (see Surgery) 19 Anatomy 3 Anesthetics 14 Autopsies (see Pathology) 16 Bacteriology (see Pathology) . 16 Bandaging (see Surgery) 19 Blood, Examination of 16 Brain 4 Chemistry 4 Children, Diseases of 6 Climatology 14 Clinical Charts 6 Compends 22, 23 Consumption (see Lungs) n Cyclopedia of Medicine 8 Dentistry 7 Diabetes (see Urin. Organs).. 21 Diagnosis 17 Diagrams (see Anatomy) 3 Dictionaries, Cyclopedias 8 Diet and Food 14 Dissectors 3 Ear 9 Electricity 9 Emergencies (see Surgery) 19 Eye 9 Fevers 9 Gout 10 Gynecology 21 Hay Fever 20 Heart 10 Histology 10 Hospitals (see Hygiene) 11 Hydrotherapy 14 Hygiene 11 Insanity 4 Intestines (see Miscellaneous) 14 Latin, Medical (see Miscella- neous and Pharmacy) 14, 16 Life Insurance 14 Lungs 12 Massage 12 Materia Medica 12 Medical Jurisprudence 13 Microscopy 13 Milk Analysis (see Chemistry) 4 SUBJECT. 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In one volume, including the above two parts, a Section on Skin Diseases, and an Index. 6th Revised Edition. 625 pp. Just Ready. Full Morocco, Gilt Edge, $2.25 TAYLOR. Practice of Medicine, sthrdition. Cloth, $4.00 TYSON. The Practice of Medicine. By James Tyson, m.d., Professor of Medicine in the University of Pennsylvania. A Com- plete Systematic Text-book with Special Reference to Diagnosis and Treatment. 2d Edition, Enlarged and Revised. Colored Plates and 125 other Illustrations. 1222 Pages. 8vo. Just Ready. Cloth, $5.50; Leather, $6. 50 PRESCRIPTION BOOKS. BEASLEY. Book of 3100 Prescriptions. Collected from the Practice of the Most Eminent Physicians and Surgeons — English, French, and American. A Compendious History of the Materia, Medica, Lists of the Doses of all Officinal and Established Prepara- tions, and an Index of Diseases and their Remedies. 7th Ed. $2.00 MEDICAL BOOKS. 19 BEASLEY. Druggists' General Receipt Book. 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The Best Series of Manuals for the Use of Students. Price of each, Cloth, .80. Interleaved, for taking Notes, $1.00. 49" These Compends are based on the most popular text-books and the lectures of prominent professors, and are kept constantly re- vised, so that they may thoroughly represent the present state of the subjects upon which they treat. 4Qf* The authors have had large experience as Quiz-Masters and attaches of colleges, and are well acquainted with the wants of students. 49* They are arranged in the most approved form, thorough and concise, containing over 6oo fine illustrations, inserted wherever they could be used to advantage. Can be used by students of any college. They contain information nowhere else collected in such a condensed, practical shape. Illustrated Circular free. No. i. POTTER. HUMAN ANATOMY. Sixth Revised and Enlarged Edition. Including Visceral Anatomy. Can be used with either Morris's or Gray's Anatomy. 117 Illustrations and 16 Lithographic Plates of Nerves and Arteries, with Explanatory Tables, etc. By Samuel O. L. Potter, m.d., Professor of the Practice of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, San Francisco ; Brgade Surgeon, U. S. Vol. No. 2. HUGHES. PRACTICE OF MEDICINE. Part I. Sixth Edition, Enlarged and Improved. By Daniel E. Hughes, m.d., Physician-in-Chief, Philadelphia Hospital, lafe Demonstrator of Clinical Medicine, Jefferson Medical College, Phila. No. 3. HUGHES. PRACTICE OF MEDICINE. Part II. Sixth Edition, Revised and Improved. Same author as No. 2. No. 4. BRUBAKER. PHYSIOLOGY. Tenth Edition, with Illustrations and a table of Physiological Constants. Enlarged and Revised. By A. P. Brubaker, m.d., Professor of Physiology and General Pathology in the Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery; Adjunct Professor of Physiology, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, etc. No. 5. LANDIS. OBSTETRICS. Sixth Edition. By Henry G. Landis, m.d. Revised and Edited by Wm. H. Wells, m.d., Instructor of Obstetrics, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia. Enlarged. 47 Illustrations. No. 6. POTTER. MATERIA MEDICA, THERAPEUTICS, AND PRESCRIPTION WRITING. Sixth Revised Edition (U. S. P. 1890). By Samuel O. L. Potter, m.d., Professor of Practice, College of Physicians and Surgeons, San Francisco; Brigade Surgeon, U. S. Vol. MEDICAL BOOKS. 23 PQUIZ-COMPENDS ?— Continued. No. 7. WELLS. GYNECOLOGY. Second Edition. ByW M . H. Wells, m.d., Instructor of Obstetrics, JeffersoD College, Philadel- phia. 140 Illustrations. No. 8. GOULD AND PYLE. DISEASES OF THE EYE AND REFRACTION. Second Edition. Including Treatment and Surgery, and a Section on Local Therapeutics. By George M. Gould, m.d., and W. L. Pyle, m.d. With Formulae, Glossary, Tables, and 109 Illustrations, several of which are Colored. No. 9. HORWITZ. SURGERY, Minor Surgery, and Bandag- ing. Fifth Edition, Enlarged and Improved. By Orvillb Horwitz, b. S-, m.d., Clinical Professor of Genito-Urinary Surgery and Venereal Diseases in Jefferson Medical College ; Surgeon to Philadelphia Hospital, etc. With 98 Formulae and 71 Illustrations. No. 10. LEFFMANN. MEDICAL CHEMISTRY. Fourth Edition. Including Urinalysis, Animal Chemistry, Chemistry of Milk, Blood, Tissues, the Secretions, etc. By Henry Leffmann, m.d., Professor of Chemistry in Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery and in the Woman's Medical College, Philadelphia. No. 11. STEWART. PHARMACY. Fifth Edition. Based upon Prof. Remington's Text-Book of Pharmacy. By F. E. Stewart, m.d., ph.g., late Quiz-Master in Pharmacy and Chemistry, Phila- delphia College of Pharmacy ; Lecturer at Jefferson Medical College. Carefully revised in accordance with the new U. S. P. No. 12. BALLOU. VETERINARY ANATOMY AND PHY- SIOLOGY. Illustrated. By Wm. R. Ballou, m.d., Professor of Equine Anatomy at New York College of Veterinary Surgeons ; Physician to Bellevue Dispensary, etc. 29 graphic Illustrations No. 13. WARREN. DENTAL PATHOLOGY AND DEN- TAL MEDICINE. Third Edition, Illustrated. Containing a Section on Emergencies. By Geo. W. Warren, d.d.s., Chief ot Clinical Staff, Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery. No. 1A. HATFIELD. DISEASES OF CHILDREN. Second Edition. Colored Plate. By Marcus P. Hatfield, Profes- sor of Diseases of Children, Chicago Medical College. No. 15. GENERAL PATHOLOGY. Illustrated Preparing. No. 16. DISEASES OF THE SKIN. Second Edition. By Jay F. Schamberg, m.d., Professor of Diseases of the Skin, Philadelphia Polyclinic. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. 105 handsome Illustrations. Price, each, Cloth, .80. Interleaved, for taking Notes, $1.00 In preparing, revising, and improving Blakiston's ?Quiz-Com- pends ? the particular wants of the student have always been kept in mind. Careful attention has been given to the construction of each sentence, and while the books will be found to contain an immense amount of knowledge in small space, they will likewise be found easy reading ; there is no stilted repetition of words ; the style is clear, lucid, and dis- tinct. The arrangement of subjects is systematic and thorough ; there Is a reason for every word. They contain over 600 illustrations. Morris' Anatomy Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. 790 Illustrations, of which many are in Colors. Royal Octavo. Cloth, $6.00 ; Sheep, $7.00 ; Half Russia, $8.00. From The Medical Record, New York. " The reproach that the English language can boast of no treatise on anatomy deserving to be ranked with the masterly works of Henle, Luschka, Hyrtl, and others, is fast losing its force. During the past few years several works of great merit have appeared, and among these Morris's "Anatomy" seems destined to take first place in disputing the palm in anatomical fields with the German classics. The nomencla- ture, arrangement, and entire general character resemble strongly those of the above-mentioned handbooks, while in the beauty and profuseness of its illustrations it surpasses them. . . . The ever-growing popularity of the book with teachers and students is an index of its value, and it may safely be recommended to all interested." From The Philadelphia Medical Journal. " Of all the text-books of moderate size on human anatomy in the English language, Morris is undoubtedly the most up-to-date and accurate." V Handsome Descriptive Circular, with Sample Pages and Colored Illustrations, will be sent free upon application. RK551 W25 v.arren COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES (hsl.stx) RK 651 W25 C.1 A compend of dental prosthesis and metal 2002385597 n ™^BB