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 International Conciliation 
 
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 Pi? <9 TRIA PER ORB/S CONCORDIAM 
 
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 Published Monthly by the 
 American Association for International Conciliation 
 
 AMERICAN IGNORANCE OF ORIENTAL 
 
 LANGUAGES 
 
 BY 
 
 j . h. deforest, d.d„ 
 
 Sendai, Japan 
 
 FEBRUARY, 1909, NO. 15 
 
 American Association for International Conciliation 
 Sub-station 84 (501 West 116th Street) 
 
 New York City 
 
The particular objects of the American Association for Interna¬ 
 tional Conciliation are to record, preserve and disseminate the 
 history of organized efforts for promoting international peace and 
 relations of comity and good fellowship between nations, to print 
 and circulate documents and otherwise to aid individual citizens, the 
 newspaper press, and organizations of various kinds to obtain ac¬ 
 curate information and just views upon these subjects; and to pro¬ 
 mote in all practicable ways mutual understanding and good feeling 
 between the American people and those of other nations. 
 
 Up to the limit of the editions printed, copies of the following 
 documents, published by the Association, will be sent post-paid 
 upon application: 
 
 1. Program of the Association, by Baron d’Estournelles de Constant. April, 
 
 1907. 
 
 2. Results of the National Arbitration and Peace Congress, by Andrew Car¬ 
 negie. April, 1907. 
 
 3. A League of Peace, by Andrew Carnegie. November, 1907. 
 
 4. The results of the Second Hague Conference, by Baron d’Estournelles de 
 Constant and Hon. David Jayne Hill. January, 1908. 
 
 5. The Work of the Second Hague Conference, by James Brown Scott. Jan¬ 
 uary, 1908. 
 
 6. Possibilities of Intellectual Co-operation Between North and South America, 
 by L. S. Rowe. April, 1908. 
 
 7. America and Japan, by George Trumbull Ladd. June, 1908. 
 
 8. The Sanction of International Law, by Elihu Root. July, 1908. 
 
 9. The United States and France, by Barrett Wendell. August, 1908. 
 
 10. The Approach of the Two Americas, by Joaquim Nabuco. September, 
 
 1908. 
 
 11. The United States and Canada, by J. S. Willison. October, 1908. 
 
 12. The Policy of the United States and Japan in the Far East. November, 
 1908. 
 
 13. European Sobriety in the Presence of the Balkan Crisis, by Charles Austin 
 Beard. December, 1908. 
 
 14. The Logic of International Co-operation, by F. W. Hirst. January, 1909. 
 
 15. American Ignorance of Oriental Languages, by J. H. DeForest. Feb¬ 
 ruary, 1909. 
 
 American Association for International Conciliation 
 
 Sub-station 84, New York 
 
 Executive Committee 
 
 Nicholas Murray Butler 
 Richard Bartholdt 
 Lyman Abbott 
 James Speyer 
 
 Richard Watson Gilder 
 Stephen Henry Olin 
 Seth Low 
 Robert A. Franks 
 
AMERICAN IGNORANCE OF ORIENTAL 
 
 LANGUAGES 
 
 There is no world problem that looms up so large 
 as the coming relations between the East and the 
 West. It is above all and beyond all the greatest 
 problem that ever confronted the human race. It 
 is one that involves profound changes not only in 
 diplomacy but in popular thinking. It affects as no 
 other problem ever has the action of governments 
 and of the peoples under those governments. And 
 it looks as though the burden of the solution of 
 this magnificently great problem, so far as the West 
 is concerned, must fall mainly upon the United States 
 government and the people of our Great Republic. 
 
 In helping on the right and righteous solution of 
 the many problems that arise from the coming to¬ 
 gether of the great East and the great West, I 
 desire to submit just one line of practical aid in 
 knowing and understanding one another. 
 
 It is by knowing the other s language. One can faintly 
 imagine the fearful responsibility of Ii Kamon no 
 Kami, the Premier of the Shogunate, when Commo¬ 
 dore Perry came. He had to make some kind of a 
 humiliating treaty with those “ Western barbarians” 
 of whose language and intentions he could know 
 nothing, or else involve his country in a disastrous 
 war. The dilemma forced from him this lamenta¬ 
 tion :— 
 
 “ Nothing is worse than a barrier to the 
 Communication of thought.” 
 
 It is just this vast vague barrier that exists be¬ 
 tween the East and the West, and that constitutes 
 a standing peril—ignorance of the other’s language. 
 Here are two historic civilizations with different po¬ 
 litical, social, religious evolutions, and with languages 
 and customs widely alien to each other. These 
 millions upon millions of human beings in the two 
 
 3 
 
hemispheres have been brought into dose contact 
 by commerce, by diplomacy, by the missionary world 
 movement, and by the press that now every morning 
 gathers up all the significant events of the nations 
 into one column of news. 
 
 This whole world of human beings is now in closer 
 geographical and intellectual touch with each and 
 every part of itself than any one nation was with 
 itself a hundred years ago. And yet collossal misun¬ 
 derstandings have arisen between these two halves 
 that have bred ill will and suspicions and wars, until 
 now, in spite of the Hague and other peace move¬ 
 ments, statesmen and scholars are found who allow 
 themselves to go on record as predicting that a bigger 
 war than the world has ever seen, one that “will 
 shake the earth,” is inevitable between the yellows 
 and the whites. 
 
 Now the first great duty of both sides is to get into 
 proper shape to understand each other, and there is 
 no other way of knowing each other more essential 
 than that of knowing the other’s language. 
 
 This Association of International Conciliation has 
 for one of its aims “To encourage the study of 
 foreign languages.” This is absolutely imperative, 
 and it is just here that the United States is absolutely 
 weak. We are comparatively rich in peace move¬ 
 ments; in our power to push arbitration; in gifted 
 and sympathetic statesmen; in misisonary work; in 
 our “American Diplomacy in the Orient,” as the 
 Honorable J. W. Foster has shown; and in our gen¬ 
 erous welcome of Eastern students to our universities. 
 But we are almost helpless when it comes to first hand 
 knowledge of the East through the languages thereof. 
 
 And it is this almost universal ignorance on our 
 part of the language and literature and history and 
 ideals of Japan, that made possible that wave of sus¬ 
 picion and distrust that so largely captured the atten¬ 
 tion of both our government and our people for over 
 a year. Had our government’s military attaches in 
 Manchuria, our naval officers on duty in the East, our 
 
 4 
 
war correspondents, our secret service men, our con¬ 
 sular and commercial agents, and our diplomatic 
 agents, as a rule been conversant with the Japanese 
 language, the margin for misunderstandings would 
 have been greatly narrowed. And then, had each of 
 our representative papers and magazines even one 
 writer capable of translating at sight Japanese papers 
 and giving their important contents to the public, 
 they could have spoken with authority and prevented 
 the larger part of the wretched stuff too many of our 
 papers printed about Japan and her intentions. I do 
 not claim that all misunderstandings would thus be 
 avoided, but I do fearlessly assert that until we have 
 a large body of competent Oriental linguists con¬ 
 nected with our press we are shamefully helpless to 
 prevent the spread of all kinds of mischievous misun¬ 
 derstandings and even of intentional falsehoods. 
 
 Let me give one illustration that I have already 
 published elsewhere. About a year ago, a correspon¬ 
 dent of a New York paper in Hawaii learned that the 
 Japanese there at a great gathering on one of their 
 national holidays listened with profound attention to 
 the reading of some Imperial Rescript, and he managed 
 to get this sentence:—“In case of emergency give 
 yourselves courageously to the State.” He at once 
 wired his paper that the ex-soldiers of Japan had just 
 received an order from their Emperor to be ready for 
 any emergency, and that this could have no other 
 meaning than getting ready for an attack on the 
 United States! When this was duly and impressively 
 published, the New York paper was informed by a 
 lady who had long lived in Japan as a teacher in one 
 of the highest schools for girls in Japan, that this 
 Rescript was promulgated in 1891 for especial use in 
 educational work, that it is read on national holidays in 
 all the schools of the Empire, including mission schools, 
 and that in a place like Hawaii where are some 60,000 
 Japanese laborers, it is a most natural thing to have 
 this moral Rescript read. Yet her letter of explana¬ 
 tion never appeared in the paper. 
 
 5 
 
Among our press writers of the last year, while of 
 course there were multitudes who took no stock in the 
 war agitation against Japan, and hundreds who wrote 
 with deep sincerity against the jingoes, yet they were 
 almost powerless to prevent the evil thinking which 
 the sensational press inspired by such heavy headlines 
 as these:— “Japan Made Warlike Threat to Act 
 Against California”; “The Yellow Peril, Its 
 Headquarters on this Continent”; “Japan a 
 Menace to American Civilization”; “Says War 
 of Races Will Shake the Earth.” 
 
 No matter how much our Taft and Wright and 
 O’Brien—men who knew—said war was “unthinkable” 
 and “not even respectable nonsense,” these and 
 similar headlines were kept up with such persistency 
 that many honest minds were bewildered. One paper 
 at last said:—“We wish it were possible to find the 
 fountain of falsehoods and guesses worse than false¬ 
 hood from which the press of the world is kept 
 misinformed as to the actual relations between this 
 country and Japan.” 
 
 Well, it seems to me that one fountain of these 
 falsehoods is the almost absolute inability of our press 
 to get at facts first hand, because of the ignorance 
 on the part of our influential writers of the language 
 of Japan. Our government is slowly waking up to 
 the need of a body of trained interpreters, and six 
 students were appointed last year to study under our 
 Embassy in Tokyo. Our military department also, I 
 believe, is represented by a few officers who are study¬ 
 ing Japanese. I wonder how many, or rather how 
 few, of the hundreds of officers of our fleet who were 
 so splendidly welcomed and entertained in Japan, 
 could carry on a conversation with their accomplished 
 hosts. 
 
 Our government has only a few trained Japanese 
 interpreters of whose work we may justly be proud. 
 But a great and neighboring nation like ours, upon 
 whom rests the exceedingly difficult and delicate 
 responsibility of exactly understanding every depart- 
 
 6 
 
ment of national life in Japan, might well have scores 
 of able university students living here and studying in 
 the language of this people not only their diplomacy, 
 but their system of laws, education, morals, family 
 life, religion, business methods, their local self-govern¬ 
 ment, their monuments and history and art, and all 
 that goes to make up that unique spirit of Japan 
 called Yamato Damashii. And if we had other scores 
 similarly equipped with the language in Hawaii and on 
 the Pacific Coast and in New York, to work in our 
 customs and police offices and as judges in our courts, 
 and to become possible candidates for our House of 
 Representatives, we should be in a far better condition 
 to meet the inevitable frictions and suspicions and mis¬ 
 representations that ceaselessly tend to arise between 
 two such mutually different peoples. There is no ex¬ 
 penditure of government money, in my judgment, 
 more necessary to a right understanding of the prob¬ 
 lems to be solved, and none that would be more 
 productive of abiding goodwill. 
 
 But our people should not await any action of the 
 government. Our universities should take steps at 
 once to make connection with the universities of 
 Japan for the purpose of having scores of fellowships 
 established here, where our gifted graduates can 
 study the language, literature, the customs and ideals 
 of the people, in order that, after their return, there 
 may be in our country a competent body of scholars 
 to write for our press and to give authoritative inter¬ 
 pretations of facts to the people. This is the one 
 necessary step to take in international education. 
 Every leading paper should have one such trained 
 writer on its staff, and then our press would reflect 
 with accuracy Japanese public opinion. It is a pleas¬ 
 ure to say that I know of four of our universities that 
 are considering with favor this plan. 
 
 Some of our universities have already done valuable 
 work in two ways: by employing Japanese professors 
 to lecture on things Japanese, and by encouraging the 
 coming of students from the East to our institutions. 
 
 7 
 
This is admirable, but any one can see that it is one 
 sided. There is just as much need, in view of press¬ 
 ing twentieth century problems, for us to have post¬ 
 graduate students at work in eastern universities, as 
 for the East to have her choice young men in western 
 universities. 
 
 Both as a government and as a people we are far 
 behind Japan in this essential step towards mutual 
 understanding. She has for decades called the United 
 States her teacher; and the wide welcome we have 
 given her students in all our institutions, and the 
 inspiration our political and educational and commer¬ 
 cial systems has given her, make us somewhat worthy 
 of the high appellation of teacher. But has not the 
 time come for us to return the compliment and take 
 Japan for our teacher? I affirm unhesitatingly that 
 there is no government and people in the world that under¬ 
 stands all the nations as well as Japan does. 
 
 Just as soon as she began to get on her feet after 
 the shock of forced treaties with “Western bar¬ 
 barians,” she set herself the task of learning every¬ 
 thing possible about other peoples. The significant 
 words of the Imperial Oath taken at the Restoration, 
 —“We Shall Seek for Knowledge Throughout 
 the Whole World” —has been a ceaseless inspiration 
 to this open minded people. The government has 
 sent year after year, and still keeps it up, her 
 choicest students and officials to every nation to 
 study it in every department of social, political, com¬ 
 mercial, and moral life, and then to bring back the 
 knowledge gained for the use of the government 
 and for the education of the people. 
 
 But we of the Great Republic, with our inexhausti¬ 
 ble resources and institutions, and with our world 
 language into which is translated pretty much all the 
 wisdom of all times and places, we seem so satisfied 
 with our own priceless intellectual treasures that we 
 are apt to be dominated by the thought, “We are IT. 
 If you want to learn anything come to us and we will 
 teach you. If you have anything worth knowing, 
 
 8 
 
bring it along and translate it into English, and then 
 we will examine it at our convenience.” 
 
 This thought unconsciously controls much of our 
 attitude towards the East. We have been thought¬ 
 lessly, if not cruelly, taught to think of the peoples of 
 the East as “heathen,” and we give little credit to 
 their civilization of millenniums. We have a tendency 
 to think of them as immoral, counting of little value 
 their morality that has conserved them for ages, ele¬ 
 ments of which morality we may well incorporate into 
 our Christian civilization. We have hardly taken the 
 trouble to ask what is the secret of their persistence 
 and power, unless startling success in war has forced 
 us to begin to inquire. 
 
 This attitude is apparent wherever we meet Orien¬ 
 tals. We expect them to use our language whether 
 in their own country or in ours. We show them 
 plainly that we have no interest in their language. 
 We indulge in fatherly admiration of their use of 
 English, never raising the question whether we have 
 any obligation to learn to speak their language, nor 
 feeling anything of shame in our attitude of lofty 
 superiority. 
 
 This came out in the welcome meeting given by the 
 Japan Society in New York to Baron Takahira, on his 
 appointment to the United States as Ambassador. 
 At this meeting of over three hundred ladies and 
 gentlemen of both nationalities, the Baron made an 
 able address in English on the relations between Japan 
 and the United States. Then Senator Depew was 
 called upon for a speech, and among other things he 
 said, “It is astonishing to hear this statesman from 
 distant Japan addressing us in stately language fit for 
 our senatorial hall.” I wished he had gone on from 
 admiration of the Ambassador’s English to the 
 humiliation we ought to feel in view of the fact that 
 we never have had, with the exception of one regular- 
 interpreter in our Legation, an officer in diplomatic 
 or consular service in Japan who could address in 
 
 9 
 
scholarly Japanese a company of ladies and gentlemen 
 such as welcomed the Baron. 
 
 I happened to be present at the reception tendered 
 by the Japanese residing in New York to Baron Saka- 
 tani in the spring of 1908. There was present about 
 an equal number of Americans and Japanese. Of the 
 five after dinner speeches by Dr. J. Takamine, Baron 
 Takahira, Baron Sakatani, the Consul General, and a 
 prominent banker, all but the Banker’s were in Eng¬ 
 lish, out of respect to their American guests. I could 
 not but think that had a similar welcome been given 
 in Yokohama by American merchants and officials re¬ 
 siding there, out of five speeches by Americans to 
 their Japanese guests, there would be just five in 
 English. 
 
 To go on with this comparison, it may be said that 
 of the thirty Honorary Commercial Commissioners 
 from the Pacific Coast who visited Japan last fall, not 
 one could speak Japanese. English speaking Japanese 
 met them and accompanied them everywhere. Even 
 in the interior towns there were officials and business 
 men who welcomed them in English, as this sentence 
 from their official report shows;—“Everywhere we 
 journeyed, in the villages and towns as well as in the 
 cities, delegations of prominent officials and business 
 men delivered addresses to us, a number of them being 
 in English.” The representatives of the Japanese 
 Chambers of Commerce will return this friendly call in 
 the near future. And I wonder how many of our 
 officials and business men will welcome them in 
 Japanese, and show them what they want to see with 
 explanations in their native tongue. In all probability 
 every member of the coming Japanese commissioners 
 will speak English to some degree, some of them with 
 as perfect a swing as Baron Takahira or Dr. Takamine. 
 
 It is announced that an exchange of editors is 
 planned between Japan and the United States. We 
 may safely say that among the American editors who 
 are to visit Japan, there will not be one who can read 
 what the morning papers will say about them and the 
 
 10 
 
editorials that give the safe clue to public opinion. 
 While among the Japanese editors who are to visit 
 America there will not be one who cannot carry on a 
 conversation in English and read our papers. And 
 several of them doubtless will leave valuable impres¬ 
 sions on large and appreciative audiences in our 
 cities as well as original articles in our principal 
 magazines. 
 
 Now any one who thinks that the historic friendship 
 between these two great and ambitious peoples is per¬ 
 fectly safe under this one-sided intercourse is, I fear, 
 blind to the trend of world movements. It is well 
 to have international visits, for they help to change 
 wrong opinions. As the able Chairman of the Com¬ 
 missioners of the Pacific Coast says in his frank re¬ 
 port:—Before visiting the Empire of Japan none of 
 us had the slightest conception of the sentiments 
 which the people of that country bear to our people. 
 
 The people of the United States ought to be 
 proud of the friends they have in the Far East.” And 
 then the Report ends with a Resolution that amounts 
 to a discovery:— 
 
 “That the friendship and good will of the people 
 of the Empire of Japan towards the citizens of the 
 United States is unquestioned.” 
 
 Thousands of tourists visit Japan, among whom are 
 some of our choicest scholars and officials and corre¬ 
 spondents, yet they have to get their facts through 
 interpreters. I do not deny that one can get at facts 
 and the right interpretation of them without the 
 knowledge of the language, for some of our ablest 
 diplomats and authors are of that class. But I do 
 not hesitate to say that the peaceful development of 
 international relations and real friendship between the 
 peoples that control the Pacific, are always exposed, 
 in times of excitement, to gross misunderstandings, 
 which when exaggerated become a huge wave of dis¬ 
 trust, thus giving jingoes and demagogues their chance 
 to inflame the unthinking and to flourish their sense¬ 
 less war talk. 
 
I have spoken mainly of Japan, for the people of 
 this land are our neighbors, whose friendship we 
 must strengthen by intellectual sympathy as well as 
 by commerce, if we would have their invaluable aid in 
 solving present and coming world problems. It is 
 the growing belief that something large must be un¬ 
 dertaken as soon as possible for international edu¬ 
 cation. For instance, in the Prime Minister’s address 
 before that “forever memorable” Seventeenth Uni¬ 
 versal Peace Congress held in London, July, 1908, he 
 said with all the emphasis possible:—- 
 
 “I have said it before, but I would say it again— 
 the main thing is that nations should get to know and 
 understand one another.'''' 
 
 To this should be added that governments, univer¬ 
 sities, churches, chambers of commerce, should have 
 some definite plan of raising up a body of sympathetic 
 scholars, who shall be first hand interpreters of one 
 nation to the other. If it is important that a hundred 
 American students should be sent to Oxford in order 
 that Americans may be better prepared to understand 
 the mother country with the same language, the same 
 religion, the same political institutions, and the same 
 family life, how much more necessary is it that our 
 universities should have at least as many students in 
 Japanese universities, who would return to be inter¬ 
 preters of the life and spirit of the people, and who 
 would become educators, ministers, judges, and con¬ 
 gressmen who know and are able to make others know 
 the truth about this nation with such a different 
 history, such a different moral and religious evolu¬ 
 tion. 
 
 Arbitration treaties, interchange of professors, inter¬ 
 national visits, the purification of international law, 
 peace societies, the Hague tribunal, the limitation of 
 armaments—all these are splendid manifestations of 
 the coming spirit of the world, but they will never 
 become the mighty influence they ought to be until 
 the nations make it a fundamental duty each to have 
 its own body of scholarly linguists whose great busi- 
 
 12 
 
ness it shall be “to get the nations to know and 
 understand one another.” 
 
 What I have said applies with even more force when 
 Great China with her four hundred millions is taken 
 into consideration. For nearly a century we have 
 been facing this wonderfully great and dangerous 
 problem of intercourse with China. Apart from the 
 missionary movement, the main American thought 
 seems to be that Chinese students should come to 
 the United States in large numbers to study in our 
 institutions and thus take back our civilization to 
 China. Everybody welcomes the thought of having 
 that returned indemnity surplus spent in educating 
 scores and hundreds of Chinese students in our land. 
 
 Mr. Taft is made to say in a New York paper:— 
 “Frankness compels me to say that China should 
 send more young men to study conditions here, and 
 work for the improvement of their country. I have 
 often met Chinese students at Yale and wished 
 more like them would come here. I think Chinese 
 educated in the United States greatly benefit 
 China.” 
 
 I do not believe that Mr. Taft is so one-sided as 
 these words imply, yet we must confess that this is 
 the American idea. I would like to add to the above 
 quotation these words:—I think American students, 
 with post-graduate training in China, would greatly 
 benefit America. When a sufficient number of our 
 statesmen, our university heads, and our world mer¬ 
 chants begin to think of this necessity, we shall have 
 begun one practical step in carrying out Prime Minister 
 Asquith’s earnest appeal that nations get to know and 
 understand one another. 
 
 We Americans are not the only ones who have this 
 one-sidedness towards the East. There is a plan in 
 England to have a large number of Japanese go to 
 Oxford. And as to France, my morning paper 
 announces that Mr. Albert Kahn, the eminent French 
 financier, on his visit to Japan, donated $10,000 to 
 the university to found scholarships for promoting the 
 
 *3 
 
visits of Japanese to Europe. All of which is most 
 commendable, and such international kindness will 
 certainly bear good fruit. When, however, we add 
 that there are probably a thousand Japanese who 
 know the English or French language where there is 
 one Englishman or Frenchman who knows Japanese, 
 we are simply stating that the necessity is on us to 
 have a movement of students towards the East. 
 
 If it be true that Japan knows all the nations beb 
 ter than any other nation does, then we might well 
 recognize Japan as the teacher of nations in the art of 
 knowing and understanding one another. If Japan 
 had not had thousands of scholars educated in Amer¬ 
 ica, among her military and civil officers, on her daily 
 press, among her educators, scattered all through the 
 the country, men who know and trust the real heart 
 of America, and so were able to refute the slanders 
 and insinuations of our agitators, and also to prevent 
 the influence of a similar class in Japan, that delight¬ 
 ful welcome of the Commissioners from the Pacific, 
 and that amazing welcome of our fleet would have 
 been impossible. And it would have been impossible 
 for Premier Marquis Katsura to have said as he did 
 with emphasis on November fourth, “I have never 
 doubted the sincere friendship of the United States. 
 
 In Japan both government and people are abso- 
 solutely one in their friendship for the United States, and 
 belief in your friendship for us." 
 
 It is this vast barrier of ignorance of the languages 
 and therefore of the heart of the peoples of the East 
 that constitutes a standing peril to international good 
 will. The remedying of this ignorance is one of the 
 most pressing steps to be taken in order that the mil¬ 
 lions of the East and the millions of the West may 
 come together on lines of mutual friendship. 
 
 J. H. De Forest 
 
 Sendai , Japan. 
 
 14 
 
COUNCIL OF DIRECTION OF THE 
 AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR INTERNATIONAL CONCILIATION 
 
 Lyman Abbott, New York. 
 
 Charles Francis Adams, Boston. 
 
 Edwin A. Alderman, Charlottesville, Va. 
 
 Charles H. Ames, Boston, Mass. 
 
 Richard Bartholdt, M. C., St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 Clifton R. Breckenridge, Fort Smith, Arkansas. 
 
 William J. Bryan, Lincoln, Neb. 
 
 T. E. Burton, M. C., Cleveland, Ohio. 
 
 Nicholas Murray Butler, New York. 
 
 Andrew Carnegie, New York. 
 
 Edward Cary, New York. 
 
 Joseph H. Choate, New York. 
 
 Richard H. Dana, Boston, Mass. 
 
 Arthur L. Dasher, Macon, Ga. 
 
 Horace E. Deming, New York. 
 
 Charles W. Eliot, Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 John W. Foster, Washington, D. C. 
 
 Roberta. Franks, Orange, N. J. 
 
 Richard Watson Gilder, New York. 
 
 John Arthur Greene, New York. 
 
 James M. Greenwood, Kansas City, Mo. 
 
 Franklin H. Head, Chicago, III. 
 
 William J. Holland, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 Hamilton Holt, New York. 
 
 James L. Houghtaling, Chicago, III. 
 
 David Starr Jordan, Stanford University, Cal. 
 
 Edmond Kelly, New York. 
 
 Adolph Lewisohn, New York. 
 
 Seth Low, New York. 
 
 Clarence H. Mackay, New York. 
 
 W. A. Mahony, Columbus, Ohio. 
 
 Brander Matthews, New York. 
 
 W. W. Morrow, San Francisco, Cal. 
 
 George B. McClellan, Mayor of New York. 
 
 Levi P. Morton, New York. 
 
 Silas McBee, New York. 
 
 Simon Newcomb, Washington, D. C. 
 
 Stephen H. Olin, New York. 
 
 A. V. V. Raymond, Buffalo, N. Y. 
 
 Ira Remsen, Baltimore, Md. 
 
 James Ford Rhodes, Boston, Mass. 
 
 Howard J. Rogers, Albany, N. Y. 
 
 Elihu Root, Washington, D. C. 
 
 J. G. Schurman, Ithaca, N. Y. 
 
 Isaac N. Seligman, New York. 
 
 F. J. V. Skiff, Chicago, III. 
 
 William M. Sloane, New York. 
 
 Albert K. Smiley, Lake Mohonk, N. Y. 
 
 James Speyer, New York. 
 
 Oscar S. Straus, Washington, D. C. 
 
 Mrs. Mary Wood Swift, San Francisco, Cal. 
 
 George W. Taylor, M. C., Demopolis, Ala. 
 
 O. H. Tittman, Washington, D. C. 
 
 W. H. Tolman, New York. 
 
 Benjamin Trueblood, Boston, Mass. 
 
 Edward Tuck, Paris, France. 
 
 William D. Wheelwright, Portland, Ore. 
 
 CONCILIATION INTERNATIONALE 
 
 119 Rue de la Tour, Paris, France 
 
 President Fondateur, Baron D’Estournelles de Constant 
 Member Hague Court, Senator 
 
 Honorary Presidents : Berthelot and Leon Bourgeois, Senators 
 Secretaries General : A. Metin and Jules Rais 
 Treasurer: Albert Kahn 
 
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