The Cast Central 
 African Mission 
 
 IN G A Z A L A N D 
 
 American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions 
 Congregational House, Boston 
 1903 
 

SKETCH 
 
 OF THE 
 
 East Central African Mission 
 
 GAZALAND 
 
 The Youngest of the Family 
 
 BETWEEN UMTALI AND SILINDA. OUTSPANNED FOR BREAKFAST 
 
 American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions 
 Congregational House, Boston 
 1903 
 
The following story of the East Central African Mission of the 
 American Board has been prepared by a committee of that mis¬ 
 sion, consisting of Mrs. Laura H. Bates and Mrs. Mary E. Thomp¬ 
 son. Preceding the establishment of this mission in Gazaland, in 
 1893, a mission was begun at Inhambane on the coast, some 550 
 miles north of Durban, but after a few years it was found that the 
 location was unfavorable. The work in that section was there¬ 
 fore discontinued, and the story which follows covers the period 
 from the establishment of the mission in Gazaland until the begin¬ 
 ning of the year 1903. 
 
 (Htjr iFurt IjUl JJrpsa 
 
 SAMUEL USHER 
 
 BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS, U.S.A. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 I. The Land of its Birth.5 
 
 II. Ante-Natal Events. 6 
 
 III. The Birth of the Mission, 1893.9 
 
 IV. Pioneer Experiences on the Field.13 
 
 V. Hindrances to Development . 16 
 
 VI. Evidences of Growth. 21 
 
 VII. The Stations.22 
 
 VIII. The Medical Department.22 
 
 IX. The Educational Department.24 
 
 X. Industrial Training.28 
 
 XI. The Evangelistic Work.29 
 
 XII. Conditions Essential to Future Growth . . . , .31 
 
 XIII. The Personal Element. 33 
 
SKETCH MAP OF THE GAZALAND MISSION 
 
The East Central African Mission 
 
 IN GAZALAND 
 
 I 
 
 THE LAND OF ITS BIRTH 
 
 Stretching along the east coast of Africa from the Zambezi River southward to 
 the Inhambane Bay, and inland from the Indian Ocean to the famous Zimbabwe 
 ruins, lies a territory as remarkable for its lack of authentic history as it is rich 
 
 CHARACTERISTIC GROUP OF NATIVES 
 
 in myth and fable. Reputed to have been once a portion of the storied Empire 
 of Monomotapa, a country declared to be rich in resources, highly civilized, 
 some of whose inhabitants were cannibals, with hair reaching to the ground, 
 whose warriors tamed the lions and used them in war,— and furthermore claimed 
 by no insignificant authorities to be the very land whence King Solomon secured 
 
6 
 
 THE EAST CENTRAL AFRICAN MISSION 
 
 his golden treasure, — it is still shrouded in a veil of mystery which no subse¬ 
 quent exploration or discovery can ever wholly lift. 
 
 At the time this story opens it was certainly a land splendid in the beauty and 
 variety of its scenery, well watered and of great fertility. With its abundance of 
 animal life, — elephant, buffalo, giraffe, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, zebra, gnu, 
 eland and a host of lesser quadrupeds, — it was a paradise for hunters. As 
 regards its natural resources, whether its greater value should prove to be derived 
 from the glittering gold and other mineral products, whose magnetic force first 
 attracted the British energy and capital which has opened this immense territory 
 to the world, or to the less fascinating if no less essential products of agricultural 
 industries, remained to be disclosed. 
 
 Its inhabitants were of the Bantu race. Their worship, which was for the most 
 part propitiatory, was chiefly a worship of their ancestral spirits, though there 
 were also trees and groves specially dedicated to the worship of the “ unknown 
 gods.” The people were of fine physique, intelligent, courageous, but grossly 
 heathen, and had been reduced to still lower depths of degradation by contact 
 with unprincipled traders and adventurers whose presence was, as yet, the sole 
 gift of civilization to these children of the wilderness. While many dialects were 
 spoken, the Zulu language was so widely known as easily to pass as the Open 
 Sesame to all the people. Although bordered along the coast by a dangerous 
 malarial belt, at no great distance inland were healthful heights suitable for occu¬ 
 pation by white settlers. In fact, in the excellence of its available building sites, 
 in the populousness of the region, in the utter absence of uplifting influences, and 
 consequent needs, it afforded a situation unsurpassed as a field for missionary 
 effort. 
 
 II 
 
 ANTE-NATAL EVENTS 
 
 At the very inception of its work in southeastern Africa the American Board, 
 realizing the desirability of undertaking work in the interior, directed one half 
 the original force sent out to inaugurate a work at some distance from the coast. 
 Acting thus under instructions, three families penetrated in 1836 as far as the now 
 famous village of Mafeking, and some fifteen miles to the northeast they opened 
 a station. At this point one of the heroic six, Mrs. Wilson, yielded her life, and 
 it is said that to this day her grave is cared for by resident Boers with a rever¬ 
 ence not unmixed with superstition. Because of a violent uprising of the natives 
 against their enemies, the Boers, the vantage ground so dearly bought was soon 
 relinquished, and the missionaries were compelled to withdraw to Natal, on the 
 coast, where they joined with others in founding what is now known as the Zulu 
 Mission. But from that day the American Board has continually cherished the 
 intention of pushing their original plan to a successful issue. 
 
 In 1879 ^e Board sent Dr. John O. Means to Europe to consult with officials 
 of other missionary societies and with gentlemen well acquainted with Africa as 
 to the best openings in that continent for new missions, and as a result of his 
 investigations the Board at its annual meeting in 1879 resolved to commence one 
 
THE EAST CENTRAL AFRICAN MISSION 
 
 7 
 
 mission on the west side near Bihe and another on the east side, within the 
 kingdom of Umzila. With a view to gaining a more thorough knowledge of 
 the facts concerning the latter region, Rev. Myron W. Pinkerton, who for nine 
 years had been a member of the Zulu Mission, set out upon a tour of inspection 
 in Umzila’s country. But not fully realizing, perhaps, the dangers of the mala¬ 
 rial regions, long before he reached his destination he fell a victim to fever 
 and dysentery, and his lonely grave is one of the first landmarks in the march 
 of Christianity into that vast stronghold of the Prince of Darkness. 
 
 The following year, to prosecute the work which Mr. Pinkerton had laid down, 
 Rev. E. H. Richards made his way to the capital of the heathen ruler, Umzila, 
 by whom he was cordially received, 
 and urged to summon his own family 
 and other laborers to join him and 
 take up work among the people of 
 that region. In the report of thi<= 
 expedition a ringing appeal was made 
 to the Christian people of America to 
 heed this new Macedonian call for 
 help in another continent, and four 
 families were urged to embrace this 
 unparalleled opportunity to plant the 
 standard of the Cross in that remote 
 corner of the earth. But—to the 
 shame of Christian America be it said 
 — four families with means for their 
 support could not be found, and the 
 door of opportunity, never again to 
 be so widely opened, was indefinitely 
 closed. 
 
 Disheartened, but not despairing, 
 the American Board, in 1888, au¬ 
 thorized still another expedition, and 
 Messrs. Wilder and Bates visited the 
 heathen ruler Gungunyana, son and successor of Umzila. But now new influ¬ 
 ences were found to have crept in. The gold prospector was abroad in the land, 
 and already Gungunyana and his people had scented danger in the air. The 
 Portuguese, too, awaking from the lethargy of centuries, hastened to make friends 
 with the heathen king, and to warn him against all intruders. At this time all 
 white men were forbidden to enter the country without the special permission of 
 Gungunyana. The exploring party, therefore, remained at the coast until messen¬ 
 gers were sent to secure the desired permission. At length, with guides and car¬ 
 riers furnished by his heathen majesty, the journey toward the royal kraal began. 
 But even after they arrived, the travelers were forced to wait for weeks before 
 they gained the ear of the king. Meantime they were under the closest surveil¬ 
 lance. Spies were continually at hand, one of whom proved to be familiar with 
 the English language, to discover, if possible, the real object of their journey 
 
8 
 
 THE EAST CENTRAL AFRICAN MISSION 
 
 thither. At last the weary waiting came to a close, and the sable monarch, 
 clothed chiefly in his royal dignity, and surrounded by his dusky councilors, gra¬ 
 ciously gave the visitors audience. From the first, the travelers had noted with 
 misgivings the powerful influence of the Portuguese, one of whom — a military 
 officer — posed as a missionary to the royal family, but in reality remained 
 there to keep the Portuguese flag floating over the royal kraal. Yet with an ear¬ 
 nestness born of intense desire, they laid before the king the object of their 
 visit, reminding him of the promise of his father to receive the American mis¬ 
 sionaries. After listening courteously to their message and deliberating thereon, 
 the king replied in these memorable words : “ Your feet have been too slow in 
 coming; we have other missionaries now, we cannot take you also.” With 
 
 A CHIEF'S HOUSE 
 
 hearts burning with shame at this merited rebuke to the Christians of America 
 from a heathen king, the travelers retraced their steps and sent the bitter mes¬ 
 sage home, “Too late; ye cannot enter now.” 
 
 Years of waiting followed, and meantime the inestimable advantages of enter¬ 
 ing in the van of civilization steadily receded and finally vanished. 
 
 In order that the American Board might be kept thoroughly informed as to 
 the course of events, after the British South Africa Company had assumed con¬ 
 trol of the territory granted under the charter, Messrs. Wilcox and Thompson 
 made a brief expedition in 1891 into the same region. During their travels they 
 had the good fortune to meet the Hon. Cecil J. Rhodes, who rendered them very 
 material assistance in providing rifles, etc., for their use. 
 
 On being informed of the project of the American missionaries to enter the 
 country, Mr. Rhodes expressed his cordial approval of the scheme, and taking a 
 
THE EAST CENTRAL AFRICAN MISSION 
 
 9 
 
 map, marked upon it what he considered a favorable location for the mission, 
 which is, as nearly as can be judged, the very site of the Silinda station. 
 
 In 1892 still another expedition, consisting of Messrs. Thompson, Wilder and 
 Bunker, was sent to explore with a view to permanent settlement. After taking 
 a careful survey of the situation, and selecting a site for the first station, they 
 sent home a favorable report of existing conditions, and returned to Natal to 
 await instructions. 
 
 The recommendations formulated by the volunteers, — Messrs. G. A. Wilder, 
 W. F. Bates, W. L. Thompson and F. R. Bunker, — and afterward ratified by 
 the Zulu Mission, embodied the following points : — 
 
 “ (1) That this mission be started with the definite policy of employing native 
 evangelists and of supporting the same, so far as is necessary, from the funds of 
 the Board. 
 
 “ (2) That inasmuch as we consider the carrying on of industrial work to be 
 essential to the success of the mission, that the mission be started with the definite 
 policy of employing industrial agencies to such an extent as shall seem to the 
 mission necessary for the most successful prosecution of the work, the support 
 for the same to come, so far as is necessary, from the funds of the Board. 
 
 “ (3) That the volunteer party, together with six Zulu helpers from Natal, 
 should proceed the next season, via the Buzi River, to Silinda, there to form a 
 central station, from which, under the supervision of the missionaries, systematic 
 work shall be carried on by the native helpers. 
 
 “ (4) That a station be opened at the head of navigation, and that, as soon as 
 advisable, two stations, one on the lower Buzi, and one on the lower Sabi, be 
 opened, to be occupied during the winter months at least.” 
 
 The Prudential Committee indicated their approval of the proposed plan by a 
 cable message, and the mission only awaited their full letter of instructions 
 before setting out on their eventful journey to the “ Regions Beyond.” 
 
 Ill 
 
 THE BIRTH OF THE MISSION, 1893 
 
 The unswerving determination of the Prudential Committee to establish a 
 successful work in the interior of eastern Africa now, after nearly sixty years of 
 waiting, had its fruition, and the mission in Gazaland was fully organized. There 
 were appointed to this mission Mr. and Mrs. G. A. Wilder, Mr. and Mrs. F. W. 
 Bates and Mrs. W. L. Thompson, of the Zulu Mission, and Mr. and Mrs. B. F. 
 Ousley, Mr. and Mrs. F. R. Bunker, Dr. W. L. Thompson and Miss N. Jones, of 
 the Inhambane Mission. Owing to the impaired health of Mr. Ousley, he was 
 unable to accompany the party, but returned with Mrs. Ousley to America, and 
 thus two valuable workers were lost to the infant mission. 
 
 The pioneer party sailed from Durban June 21, 1893, reaching Beira, the port 
 of entry, on June 25. On the 29th they set forth in two sailboats for 
 Jobo’s kraal,—twenty miles from Beira, — which point is the head of naviga- 
 
I o 
 
 THE EAST CENTRAL AFRICAN MISSION 
 
 tion for larger craft on the Lower Buzi. Jobo is one of the most influential 
 chiefs. He expressed a strong desire to have the missionaries remain with his 
 people to teach them, — a request it was hard to refuse, — but the expectation 
 was that before long this wish might be met. From Jobo’s the party pursued 
 their journey for eighty miles in a corrugated iron boat propelled by oars, or 
 where the river is too swift and shallow, by poles, skillfully manipulated by the 
 boatmen. The goods belonging to the party were transported in native canoes, 
 twenty-two in number. (These canoes are simply the trunks of trees hollowed 
 out. The opening is a mere slot scarcely more than a foot in width, which ren¬ 
 ders the loading a difficult matter.) All large boxes were of necessity unpacked 
 and the cases themselves discarded. This was a matter of serious disadvantage 
 as, owing to the very limited amount of furniture it was possible to carry to the 
 highlands, the ladies had hoped to make the packing cases, with pretty draperies, 
 of great service in the furnishing of their homes in the wilderness. 
 
 TEMPORARY RESIDENCE OF MR. AND MRS. BATES, MT. SILINDA 
 
 The progress of the party was slow and tedious. At Nyambita’s, another chief 
 of note, the party were assured of a cordial welcome if they would consent to re¬ 
 main and teach his people. The travelers spent their nights ashore, and from 
 time to time, a day or two also, in order to attend to necessary matters, such 
 as laundry work,and hunting to provide the boatmen with food. 
 
 July 14 found the party one hundred miles up the Buzi, at Manyayi’s kraal, 
 from which point the boatmen with their canoes left them and returned to their 
 homes down the river. Here preparations were made for the third mode of 
 travel — a foot journey of one hundred and fifty miles. In case of necessity a 
 “mashila” was improvised for the ladies and children by swinging the camp 
 beds on a pole to be carried on the shoulders of natives. But untrained carriers 
 proved painfully awkward. They bumped the helpless passengers against stumps 
 and stones, the tall grass brushed their faces, the motion was disagreeable, so 
 that this mode of travel was distinctly unpopular and rarely resorted to save in 
 cases of sickness. A serious barrier to progress during this foot journey was the 
 insuperable difficulty of securing sufficient carriers. This necessitated the sepa- 
 
THE EAST CENTRAL AFRICAN MISSION 
 
 11 
 
 rating of the party, — none too large at best, — into small divisions, one of which 
 went forward as a few carriers could be gathered together, while the rest awaited 
 the return of the carriers to proceed on their journey. On being removed from 
 the canoes, the goods had to be repacked and, so far as possible, made into con¬ 
 venient-sized loads of fifty or sixty pounds’ weight, to be carried on the heads of 
 men. This readjustment compelled the abandonment of still other packing 
 cases, and the prospect of a comfortably furnished abode in the future dwindled 
 in proportion. All the party had by this time received many lessons in “ re¬ 
 ceiving joyfully the spoiling of their goods.” There were mildewed books and 
 
 A KOPJE BETWEEN SILINDA AND UMTALI 
 
 dry goods, broken dishes, and vacancies in cases never opened since leaving the 
 customs house. Among the medical stores all bottles of spirits and strong 
 ammonia were empty; the castor oil had been sampled, but evidently a little 
 was sufficient. Most disheartening of all, it was evident that for lack of trans¬ 
 port, all but the most absolute essentials must be left behind, to be carried up at 
 a more convenient season. Each family, therefore, summed up their belongings 
 under three general heads, “ Must have,” “ Would like,” “ Can’t take.” A glance 
 into the domestic arrangements of the camp would indicate that even at this 
 time some of the articles usually regarded as necessities were lacking. “Would 
 you like a glimpse into our camp?” wrote one. “We have a tent for each 
 family, and a large one for a dining room and general depository. Several small 
 
12 
 
 THE EAST CENTRAL AFRICAN MISSION 
 
 sewing tables set side by side serve as a dining table, while our work table, legs, 
 sides, top and all, is made of sticks fastened together with bark fiber. Our cook¬ 
 ing is done over an open fire on the ground, the pots and kettles resting on stones 
 or hard pieces of ant heap of fairly uniform size. It requires no little skill to 
 keep everything sputtering merrily, to say nothing of keeping the dust out when 
 a high wind is blowing. A false move is sure to send the stew pot flying, and 
 wreck our hopes of a good dinner. We bake our bread in a biscuit tin or some 
 such thing, set in a native pot and covered with a frying pan, with coals surround¬ 
 ing all.” 
 
 Though wearisome, the time spent in waiting for carriers was by no means 
 wasted. Now a surgical operation would be performed in the open, with a large 
 audience in attendance. Such confidence would be gained by a successful out¬ 
 come that the natives expected that all their sick, chronic cases, incurables and 
 even madmen would be as easily and as quickly cured. 
 
 The weeks of waiting, too, afforded a good opportunity to study at close quarters 
 the characteristics and needs of the people. While the Zulu language was found 
 to be generally understood, the people are more familiar with the Chindao, an 
 allied dialect, which, in order to insure the most effective work among these 
 people, should be mastered. The natives rise at dawn to begin the work of the 
 day, digging, grinding, cooking, hunting, etc., each accompanied by its own 
 peculiar song, which is usually some minor melody not unpleasant to the ear. 
 Haste is not in the makeup of these people. It has well been said that unless a 
 
THE EAST CENTRAL AFRICAN MISSION 
 
 13 
 
 native is in pursuit of game, or is fleeing from his enemies or his just obligations, 
 he cannot understand why any one should be in haste. 
 
 The letters and journals of the party during their journey are of exceeding 
 interest, and it is to be regretted that on account of the necessity for brevity any 
 lengthy quotations from these may not be made. Brief excerpts may, however, 
 throw some side light upon the trials and pleasures of the way. 
 
 “August 9. Here our bag of bedding came up missing. Others shared with us 
 such articles of toilet, etc., as could be spared until the bag came several days 
 later, having been soaked in the river.” 
 
 “August 31. Our table is bountifully supplied with venison, birds and fish. 
 The barking of the antelope, the grunting of the hippo, the screech of the hyena, 
 the cry of the baboon and leopard, the chatter of guinea fowl and other wild 
 birds are familiar sounds. Lions abound here. Once we heard one very near 
 — the grandest roar I ever heard ! ” 
 
 “ To-day we arrived at Chibababa’s. Our journey has been through wild, fine 
 scenery with frequent views of the Buzi River. At times our path was but a 
 narrow opening through dense foliage, sometimes into deep ravines, where we 
 slid down, clinging to “ monkey rope ” or reeds, and pulled ourselves up the other 
 side by similar support.” 
 
 But the weary journey came to an end at last. On October 19 the entire 
 party, in spite of many dangers, privations and illnesses, was reunited at Mt. 
 Silinda, and Gazaland was taken possession of in the name of Christ the King ! 
 
 IV 
 
 PIONEER EXPERIENCES ON THE FIELD 
 
 History was making rapidly in those early days. When the exploring party of 
 1892 entered the country, with the exception of one or two men at the 
 Portuguese Government Establishment at Mossurize there were no white 
 settlers within one hundred miles of Mt. Silinda. Before the mission party had 
 reached their destination, in 1893, a company of English and Dutch farmers 
 had entered overland from the south and formed a temporary settlement some 
 thirty miles north of Silinda. A pedestrian party, also, had been for more than 
 six months traveling inland along the Sabi River, a portion of whom made their 
 way to Mt. Silinda, where they remained for a time. Here one of the party, 
 having contracted malaria in the lowlands, died on December 20, 1893. Here 
 also to the wife of the leader of this party was born a son — the first white child 
 born in Gazaland. Complications regarding the claim to the mission farm 
 necessitated a visit to the seat of government at Salisbury, three hundred miles 
 away. This journey was accomplished on horseback and occupied a month’s 
 time. 
 
 Meantime the approaching rainy season had spurred on the missionaries to 
 provide themselves with such temporary shelter as would in some measure avert 
 danger to life and health. The building operations, with green sticks from the 
 
H 
 
 THE EAST CENTRAL AFRICAN MISSION 
 
 forest for lumber, wooden pegs for nails, and grass for roofing, were necessarily 
 laborious. For the most part the missionaries built according to the native style 
 of architecture — round huts with mud floors, mud-plastered walls, thatched 
 roofs, etc., the greatest improvement being that the doors were made sufficiently 
 high to allow one to walk in instead of crawling in on his hands and knees, and 
 that there were windows, —often of cloth in lieu of glass, — which in the native 
 huts are absent. How to provide fireplaces — a necessity both on account of 
 dampness and cold—was a burning question, and various expedients were 
 tried. One built a sod chimney, but it proved unsatisfactory and was replaced 
 by one of “ wattle and daub,” that is, a framework of wood plastered with mud. 
 This, except for its tendency to catch fire and endanger the whole building, was 
 an entire success. One built a stone chimney, but with mud in place of mortar 
 it collapsed with the first rain, and a different plan was adopted. 
 
 The question of transport, too, was a perplexing one. From a party of 
 
 travelers who 
 were leaving the 
 country a wagon 
 and oxen were 
 purchased for 
 this purpose. 
 This necessita¬ 
 ted the building 
 of an enclosure 
 to protect them 
 from the wild 
 beasts, for lions 
 and leopards and 
 other animals 
 were frequent 
 visitors, whose 
 depredations 
 among the do¬ 
 mestic animals caused much loss throughout the district. Spring had come, and 
 the planting of gardens was one of the pressing duties of the hour. “ We suc¬ 
 ceeded,” writes one, “ in buying a plow of one of our neighbors, which, with our 
 oxen, we hoped would be a great help in preparing soil for our gardens, but we 
 had just begun to plow when it struck a root and went to pieces. There being 
 no shop at which to get it mended, we set to work ourselves to repair it as best 
 we could, but amateur blacksmithing without a forge did not stand the test, and 
 again it went to pieces. Later we succeeded in securing other plows, but mean¬ 
 time most of our oxen sickened and died, and again we were disappointed.” 
 
 While under favorable circumstances it was possible to raise nearly every kind 
 of vegetable besides the maize, poko — resembling millet — and kaffir corn, 
 which are the staple crops of the natives, under existing conditions the garden 
 produce in the early days was very meager, and the missionaries were compelled 
 to depend largely upon the natives for food. No small amount of time was spent 
 
THE EAST CENTRAL AFRICAN MISSION 
 
 15 
 
 in haggling with unreasonable natives for food upon which subsistence depended. 
 They were paid in the current coin of the land — “a stretch of cloth ” ; “to the- 
 first shoulder,” “ to the second shoulder,” being the various denominations. 
 This daily contact with the natives may seem to have furnished a rare oppor¬ 
 tunity for scattering seeds of truth. This was indeed done, but the effect, both 
 on the buyer and seller, of an hour or two’s bartering over a small basket of meal 
 or a dozen eggs was not most favorable to the imparting or receiving of Christian 
 instruction. 
 
 The problems of domestic economy were not such as are discussed in any 
 housekeeper’s manual in the hands of the mission ladies. The long delay in 
 
 OX RIDINO ILLUSTRATED 
 
 the lowlands had sadly depleted the groceries and other supplies, and swollen 
 rivers and the lack of transport had precluded the possibility of renewing the 
 supply. What remained at the end of the journey had been apportioned among 
 the families, but of flour, sugar, baking powder, soda, etc., there was only enough 
 to use on rare occasions. Native meal took the place of flour; honey, of sugar; 
 unknown vegetables, of familiar ones ; and it was necessary first to learn to pre¬ 
 pare food with these substitutes and then to learn to eat it. 
 
 But the conditions were gradually changing. As the natives came to know 
 the missionaries better, they felt that they could trust them, and it became less 
 difficult to engage them as carriers. A railway, too, was constructed, which ma¬ 
 terially assisted in the problem of transporting goods. When Mrs. Bates and Miss 
 Gilson entered the country, in 1896, they traveled about one hundred and sixty 
 miles by rail, seventy-five miles on foot, and sixty-five by ox wagon, and 
 
i6 
 
 THE EAST CENTRAL AFRICAN MISSION 
 
 reached Silinda in one fourth the time that the pioneer party had occupied in 
 their journey in 1893. In 1900 Mrs. Lawrence came two hundred and ten miles 
 by rail to Umtali, the nearest railway station to Silinda, thence by wagon to Mel- 
 setter, and from that point on horseback to Silinda. 
 
 These pioneer experiences within the tropics have been somewhat wearing to 
 the members of the mission, but it has been possible for the ladies, on rare occa¬ 
 sions, to break away from the “Daily round and common task ’’for a much 
 needed holiday, each in a fashion of her own. One mounts a donkey or even an 
 ox, and sallies forth in search of renewed vigor. One clambers into a springless 
 two-wheeled ox cart, and goes with a thump and a bump over the fearful roads 
 seeking rest. One leads out her wheel, and in spots where the grade permits, 
 exults in the strength derived from a lively spin. One preferring to walk, as the 
 safer and surer mode of travel, tramps her twenty miles a day, buoyed up by the 
 consciousness that change is rest! And still the times are changing ! 
 
 V 
 
 HINDRANCES TO DEVELOPMENT 
 
 From the time of its organization, the infant mission has found itself beset 
 with difficulties compared to which the trifling personal discomforts and tem¬ 
 porary deprivations were as nothing. These difficulties may be classified in 
 general as arising ; (1) from the early unfriendliness of officials and colonists ; (2) 
 from the attitude and character of the natives ; and (3) from an inadequate sup¬ 
 port, due to the straitened financial condition of the Board. 
 
 Unfortunately the site selected as the most desirable in all the region for a 
 mission station proved to be in disputed territory. While apparently lying well 
 within the borders of Rhodesia, it was, nevertheless, claimed as well by the 
 Portuguese. For this reason, the mission was forced for several years to pay full 
 Portuguese duties, amounting to about thirty per cent ad valorem, instead of 
 the three per cent transit duties into British territory, which should have sufficed. 
 This was always done with a vigorous protest on the part of the mission, which, 
 however, availed nothing at the time, save the securing from the Portuguese 
 of a written promise that, in case the mission site proved to be within British 
 territory, the excess of duties would be refunded. 
 
 A spurious claim to prior occupation of the mission site, recognized, however, 
 by the British South Africa Company’s representative, caused the mission untold 
 annoyance, and involved the outlay of a large amount of money, which, with its 
 slender resources, would have been most serious had not the churches of the 
 Rockford Association, in Illinois, nobly come to the rescue and provided the 
 necessary funds. 
 
 The majority of the colonists, possessing an inherent aversion to any efforts 
 looking toward the betterment of the natives, cast upon the mission an un¬ 
 friendly eye, and at times their cold disfavor exhibited itself in hostile action. 
 
 It is perhaps little wonder that the natives listened to the declaration of the 
 
THE EAST CENTRAL AFRICAN MISSION 
 
 17 
 
 mission as to the object of their coming with mingled feelings of astonishment 
 and distrust — of astonishment, that if the Glad Tidings were surely for all the 
 people, they had not heard it long ago ; of distrust, that white men, whom expe¬ 
 rience had led them to regard as of all men most evil, could be actuated by any 
 other motive than a selfish one. 
 
 Among the native characteristics which have most seriously interfered with the 
 results aimed at by the mission workers are the love of drink and the desire to 
 enter into polygamy. The native beer, containing all the substance of the 
 grain from which it is made, is, as is constantly claimed by natives defending 
 its use, both food and drink. Yet knowing the loathsome train of evils which 
 follow its habitual use,— the bestial physical condition, the besotted intellect, 
 the quarrelsomeness resulting in fights and often bloodshed, — the missionaries 
 look upon a year of plenty, when the grain from which beer is made is abun¬ 
 dant, as sure to 
 be one of exces¬ 
 sive debauchery 
 and crime. To 
 combat these 
 evils the mission¬ 
 aries of necessity 
 become the most 
 ardent of tem¬ 
 perance reform¬ 
 ers. 
 
 Inasmuch as a 
 man’s social 
 standing here in¬ 
 creases in direct 
 
 , MR. WILDER’S HOUSE AT MT. SILINDA 
 
 ratio to the num¬ 
 ber of his wives, it is not surprising that polygamy constitutes one of the crying 
 evils to be corrected in the struggle for the uplifting of the nation. Closely 
 correlated with this is the practice of “ lobola ” or the buying of wives, the most 
 odious feature of the system as practiced in this region being that the payment 
 made for the bride by the husband to her owners is usually a female relative, 
 it may be a mere child, or even a mortgage upon an unborn babe. Not infre¬ 
 quently the payment of fines and debts is made in a similar manner. 
 
 A further indication of the depths from which the natives must be lifted is the 
 customary practice of conducting trials by ordeal. In petty cases, such as theft 
 or injury to property, the usual mode of trial is that of administering poison to 
 both parties in the case, the one most seriously affected being declared guilty. 
 The plaintiff and defendant appear before the “inyanga” or “doctor,” accom¬ 
 panied by their supporters, each with his gifts, which are set forth for inspection. 
 A careful survey of the latter indicates to the “ doctor ” which of the two it is 
 expedient to convict, the party bringing the less valuable gifts being, in fact, pre¬ 
 judged. The skill of the “ doctor ” lies in the deftness with which he manipu¬ 
 lates his medicines. First a draught is administered to each; next two powders,. 
 
IS THE EAST CENTRAL AFRICAN MISSION 
 
 supposedly of the same kind, are mixed in water and swallowed, but the “ doc¬ 
 tor ” knows full well the potency of the one, the harmlessness of the other and 
 the result which will necessarily follow. 
 
 In conducting trials for witchcraft different methods prevail, and since all 
 events, such as failure of crops, sickness and death, are supposed never to come 
 by natural causes, but are the result of the witchcraft of an enemy, such cases 
 are of great frequency. Among the means resorted to to discover the guilty 
 party is one which may be called the “ licking of the heated hoe.” The 
 accused and accuser appear before the “ doctor ” with their gifts. The “ doc¬ 
 tor,” wishing to clear the one, heats his hoe in the fire, and withdrawing it gives 
 a harangue of sufficient length to allow the hoe time to cool, then pouring on fat 
 he presents it to be licked. Since the mere act of licking warm fat from a 
 cooled surface leaves no dire effects, the innocence of the party is triumphantly 
 proved. To insure the conviction of the other, the “ doctor,” on removing the 
 hoe from the fire, speaks but a few words, applies the fat, which at once bursts 
 into flame, and the hapless victim with frightful burns and scarified tongue bears 
 on his person the terrible proof of his guilt. The extraordinary confidence of the 
 people in the power of witchcraft, as exhibited, for example, in their willingness 
 to pay the rain doctors the enormous fees demanded by them for their services in 
 bringing rain, — curiously modified by superstitions of a nature tending toward 
 incredulity in the same, — suggests that only time will work the complete change 
 which must come before the best result of missionary efforts can be attained. 
 Several boys, for instance, in a time of severe drought traveled many miles from 
 home and worked a month to obtain a certain kind of cloth acceptable to the 
 great rain doctor. Having secured the cloth, they set out to beseech him to 
 send them rain. They had been gone but a short time when they returned to 
 the one from whom they had obtained the cloth. “Why did you turn back? ” 
 they were asked. “ We met some baboons beyond the forest,” they replied. 
 “They laughed at us, we are afraid to go on, so we are going back to our 
 homes.” A man came to ask permission to build on the mission farm. He 
 began to make his preparations, but a wasp stung him and immediately he 
 changed his plan. Another proposed to move his kraal from one part of the 
 farm to another; in cutting sticks for his new hut he accidentally cut his leg, 
 and his intention was abandoned. Any such accidents happening at the begin¬ 
 ning of an undertaking are a certain evidence that the spirits are not propitious. 
 The practice of destroying twins to avert disaster from the parents, or a child 
 who cuts its upper teeth first; the habit of banishing the sick from the home, 
 perhaps to suffer and to die uncared for and alone; the unmentionable social 
 customs (see Rom. i), —all these and many others explain in part the absence 
 of striking results in the earlier stages of missionary work. 
 
 Last but not least among the hindrances to the best development of the work 
 has been the apparent impossibility, either by pen pictures aided by photo¬ 
 graphic illustration, or by the personal narrative of missionaries returning on 
 furlough to America, to convey to those who should be most interested any 
 adequate conception of the conditions existing on the field. The situation in 
 brief was this : — 
 
THE EAST CENTRAL AFRICAN MISSION 
 
 IQ 
 
 Only yesterday had the great splendid territory of Rhodesia been carved out 
 of this hitherto undeveloped portion of the continent. Only two avenues of 
 entrance were available—one overland from the Transvaal northward through 
 trackless wastes alive with the terrors of the unknown ; the other through the 
 port of Beira, then little else than a forwarding station for the steady stream of 
 traffic already setting in toward the newly opened colony, and thence inland 
 through low-lying malarial regions to the healthier heights beyond. The nearest 
 base of supplies was Beira, two hundred and fifty miles from the site of the mis¬ 
 sion. Owing to the swelling of rivers caused by the violent storms of the rainy 
 season, for several months in the year all traffic with the coast was suspended. 
 
 PLOWING ON THE FARM AT MT. SILINDA 
 
 Transport rates, whether by canoe, by native carrier or ox wagon, were enor¬ 
 mous ; and this, together with the loss of goods in transit, by inclement 
 weather, by the ravages of white ants, and later by pilfering and robbery, com¬ 
 pelled the curtailment of imported supplies below the point consistent with good 
 health and efficiency. By a strange perversion of the law of supply and demand, 
 a fictitious value was placed upon articles by the few who had them to sell, 
 which was so high as to be prohibitive. Rather than sell butter at a reasonable 
 price, they would convert it into soap or use it to polish their earthen floors; 
 rather than sell potatoes, cabbages and other vegetables at any less than their 
 own exorbitant figure, they allowed them to rot in the garden or to be destroyed 
 by rats. Of skilled labor there was practically none, and the merest tyro at a 
 trade, having the right of way, set the pace by demanding wages higher than, 
 
20 
 
 THE EAST CENTRAL AFRICAN MISSION 
 
 under normal conditions, are commanded by the best. The pit sawyer, cutting 
 from twenty-five to thirty feet of twelve-inch timber in a day, demanded for 
 this service from $2.50 to $5.00 and his board. The mason to whom the laying 
 of a few hundred bricks was a full day’s work, received $4.75 besides his food. 
 The teamster, after the ravages had destroyed nearly all the cattle in the coun¬ 
 try, charged about $7.00 for what he felt inclined to do in the course of a day. 
 Native labor, quite erroneously supposed to be cheap labor, was uncertain and 
 unsatisfactory, the labor value of an average farm hand in America being at 
 least ten times more valuable. 
 
 Under such conditions the inevitable struggle merely for existence was suffi¬ 
 cient to absorb attention, to the exclusion of all other interests. To secure for 
 himself the garden produce so essential to the maintenance of health, the mis¬ 
 sionary had first to clear and cultivate the virgin soil, and then, at great expense, 
 to ward off the devastating swarms of locusts and other pests that threatened to 
 utterly devour the fruit of his labor. To provide dwellings such as would ade¬ 
 quately protect the occupants from the dangers of the tropical climate, he must, 
 with native help, unearth the stones imbedded in the mountain side, seek out 
 the hidden clay beds along the water ways from which to prepare the bricks and 
 tiles, fell the giant trees in the forest primeval, and — oh, giant task ! — by the 
 slow process of pit sawing convert them into lumber. Qualified only by com¬ 
 mon sense and Yankee ingenuity, the moments caught between the personal 
 supervision of these and similar operations he must spend at the carpenter’s 
 bench, where, untaught himself, he becomes the teacher of others. Where in 
 the midst of these exacting duties comes time for the prosecution of those 
 labors for which his training and his inclination have naturally fitted him ? Who 
 shall estimate the amount of energy wasted in performing tasks, however admi¬ 
 rable in themselves, for which his early instruction had never prepared him? 
 And where rests the responsibility for lost opportunities to extend the cup of 
 healing to perishing souls, to rescue whom he had volunteered his life’s best 
 service? 
 
 Since the mission was established in Gazaland no less than three societies, in 
 as many different directions, have, within a radius of one hundred and fifty 
 miles, entered the field — a field which, with the wisest distribution of Chris¬ 
 tianizing agencies, would naturally have fallen to the care of one well-qualified 
 organization. The cry of the infant mission is not by reason of its bondage to 
 servitude. Each missionary recognizes with peculiar force the dignity of labor; 
 each recognizes, as few have cause to do, its imperative necessity, and each is 
 ready with hand and heart and brain to perform to the uttermost whatever he 
 is called of God to perform. But let not the Christian Church be too quick to 
 characterize as God’s plans their own trivial efforts for the evangelization of the 
 nations ! 
 
THE EAST CENTRAL AFRICAN MISSION 
 
 21 
 
 VI 
 
 EVIDENCES OF GROWTH 
 
 After the boundary commission had decided that the site of the mission lay 
 within British territory, the long contest with the Portuguese to recover the 
 excess of duties was ended. As a result ^227^ were refunded and became 
 available for other uses. 
 
 The mission rejoices in the conviction that now — in strong contrast to the 
 prejudice which was their portion in earlier years — they hold the entire confi¬ 
 dence and respect of the government officials. This is doubtless due in part to 
 unswerving insistence of the mission upon securing its rights and their steady 
 and conspicuous example of loyalty to the laws of the land, and especially to the 
 fact that government positions of honor and trust, to a far greater degree than 
 formerly, are now filled by men of broad sympathies, high mental ability and 
 business honor. The mission is distinctly fortunate in being located within the 
 sphere of British influence, and it bears its cordial testimony to the high order of 
 moral integrity and justice insured under British government. 
 
 While the laws governing the colony of Rhodesia are still in a somewhat ex¬ 
 perimental stage, the tendency of legislation is markedly toward an improvement 
 in its code. The law recently passed, for example, involving a severe penalty 
 for the practice of witchcraft, is doing much to break down this powerful imped¬ 
 iment in the upward progress of the nation. Another law pertaining to mar¬ 
 riage, while retaining some undesirable features, is decidedly helpful, in that it 
 forbids the settlement of “lobola” claims by giving a female relative. It declares 
 all “lobola” paid more than a year previous to marriage invalid, and it requires 
 all marriages to be performed in the presence of a duly-appointed marriage offi¬ 
 cer, and then only when the full consent of the bride has been secured. 
 
 Another source of gratification to the mission is the changing attitude of the 
 colonists toward its members and its work. An evidence of this, much appreci¬ 
 ated by the mission, was the recent forwarding to the government of a petition 
 drawn up by the settlers in this vicinity, in which it was stated that but for the 
 location of the American mission in Southern Melsetter there would be no white 
 settlers in that part of the district. Of prime importance in bringing about this 
 better feeling have been the skillful medical services rendered in times of dire 
 distress by the missionary physicians. Another factor scarcely less prominent 
 was the opening of the Silinda school to the children of Europeans, who, but for 
 this opportunity, would have been utterly without such educational advantages. 
 
 The missionaries have from the first sought to identify themselves with all 
 movements looking toward the best development of the infant colony. They A 
 have joined the Farmers’ Association and the Rifle Club, they have mingled with 
 the settlers in the social life of the district, assisted in the services of their 
 church, officiated at their weddings, christened their children, conducted the last 
 sad rites of burial. Even the Portuguese neighbors across the border frankly 
 express their appreciation of the results of the mission’s practical work among 
 the natives. In an official report of the commandant of the Mossurize District 
 
22 
 
 THE EAST CENTRAL AFRICAN MISSION 
 
 he cited the excellent work of the American mission as exhibited in the improved 
 bearing of the boys who had been in attendance at the Silinda school as an 
 argument for establishing a Catholic school at his headquarters ! 
 
 Especially cheering to the mission worker is the confidence and favor won 
 from the natives themselves. Fair dealing and a rigid adherence to all promises 
 given are characteristics which they admire in others if they do not exhibit such 
 themselves, and while, for the most part, they are reluctant to exchange the old 
 life for the new, a multitude in their heart of hearts would be grieved to see the 
 missionaries depart out of their coasts. 
 
 VII 
 
 THE STATIONS 
 
 The centers from which the work is carried on are Mt. Silinda, about 20 S. 
 latitude and 30 E. latitude, Chikore, twenty miles west of Silinda, and the out- 
 station, Mangundi’s, one hundred miles east of Silinda in the lowlands, which, 
 owing to the presence of malaria, is occupied but a portion of the year. Each 
 of the principal stations is some four thousand feet above the sea level, and each 
 has proved remarkably healthful, abundantly confirming the mission in its choice 
 of location. The station at Silinda, comprising some seven thousand acres of 
 land, and that at Chikore some eighteen thousand, were secured from the 
 Chartered Company under the same conditions as land held by any colonist, and 
 are the absolute property of the American Board. The fact of the ownership of 
 this land is peculiarly advantageous. It enables the mission to protect the na¬ 
 tives resident thereon. It affords a constant, rather than a changing company, 
 upon whom, under most favorable circumstances, a continuously helpful influence 
 is exerted. This will, in the natural course of events, develop into a native 
 Christian community, which in its turn will leaven the whole region. 
 
 Silinda is selected as the site of the boarding and training school of the 
 mission. Chikore is surrounded by conditions peculiarly favorably to the devel¬ 
 opment of a large and important day school. Otherwise the development along 
 the various lines of mission work is essentially the same at the two stations. 
 
 The work naturally divides itself into four departments, namely, medical, 
 educational, industrial and evangelistic. 
 
 VIII 
 
 THE MEDICAL DEPARTMENT 
 
 This department may be characterized as preeminently the great advertising 
 ^ agency of the mission. Statistics are utterly inadequate to demonstrate the value 
 and extent of the work accomplished in this department. Far and wide among 
 the inhabitants of the land, both black and white, has gone the fame of its skilled 
 physicians. Faithfully has the constant stream of patients, while being relieved 
 
THE EAST CENTRAL AFRICAN MISSION 
 
 23 
 
 of physical suffering, been pointed to the Great Physician who would heal the soul. 
 The appreciation of these ministries has been variously manifested. One, dead 
 to all sense of obligation or gratitude, slips away in the night without even paying 
 the small fee imposed for affording him relief from pain. One from a far distant 
 country says, “ One thing I do believe, that you have saved my life, but I do not 
 know what to say to your words ; I shall carry them away with me to think 
 about.” And many have testified that the service of the physician in daily dress¬ 
 ing the wounds of people not only not his relatives, but not even of his race, has, 
 more than all else, convinced them of the sincerity of motive in all the mission- 
 
 MISS GILSON’S HOUSE AT MT. SILINDA 
 
 aries. Yet whatever the attitude of the individual patient, he is sure to report 
 to his friends at home the results of his visit to the missionary physician, and by 
 this means the seed has been scattered broadcast, with results that no man 
 can measure. 
 
 That so much has been accomplished in this department is almost a matter of 
 surprise when the adverse conditions which have existed are considered. 
 
 I11 their work among the natives the physicians have powerful rivals in the 
 “ izinyanga ” or native doctors. The great confidence of the people leads them 
 usually to consult first one of these. And it is only after the inefficacy of his treat¬ 
 ment is evident that they seek the missionary physician, and even then they not 
 infrequently apply the remedies of both at the same time. The difficulty also of 
 inducing patients to follow instructions often leads to unfavorable consequences. 
 
24 
 
 THE EAST CENTRAL AFRICAN MISSION 
 
 One man, for example, suffering from a severe attack of fever, was given 
 medicines of various sorts sufficient to last several days, with minute instructions 
 as to how they should be used. His friends, arguing no doubt that if a little was 
 good a larger amount would be better, administered all the medicine at one dose. 
 Shortly after friends of the patient came rushing to the physician in distress to 
 report that the sick man was deaf and dumb and blind from the effect of the 
 medicine. The wonder is that he did not remain so while life lasted ! 
 
 When the stress of work at Silinda was at its height there were constant and 
 urgent calls for professional services from distances varying from three to seventy 
 miles. These calls within a period of four months necessitated no less than 
 sixteen trips from home, and occupied the larger part of the time. These 
 journeys were for the most part performed on foot, and in spite of crooked paths 
 overgrown with grass, drenching storms and swollen streams, thirty miles was not 
 unusual as a “ day’s journey.” The necessity of haste compelled the taking of 
 the least possible amount of luggage, and made the physician dependent upon the 
 people for lodgings and often for food, a phase of life compared to which 
 the “boarding around ” of the teachers of “ye olden time” was a most delight¬ 
 ful experience. Had the physician made it his first duty to attend to the housing 
 of his department, he would justly have laid himself open to the charge of being 
 “worse than an infidel.” That this department is not properly housed, then, 
 casts no reflection upon the mission. The hospital and dispensary accommo¬ 
 dations are insufficient, and of the rudest kind. The consulting room, — the 
 physician’s doorway, — the operating table, — the broad bosom of Mother Earth 
 (except indeed in such cases as require some privacy, when the physician’s dining 
 table must sometimes be resorted to), — are certainly spacious, but other features 
 quite as essential are lacking. In spite of these adverse conditions the depart¬ 
 ment has, from the first, been more than self-supporting. The mission rule that 
 “ natives shall be required to pay for all material advantages ” has been as helpful 
 in developing a manly independence as it has in assisting in the financial main¬ 
 tenance of this department. 
 
 IX 
 
 THE EDUCATIONAL DEPARTMENT 
 
 The growth in the Educational Department of mission work has been unique 
 in the history of mission work in South Africa. It is in this department that the 
 raw material is taken, and by long and toilsome processes converted into that 
 which is intrinsically of greater value, and is besides far better adapted to the 
 needs of a growing civilization. 
 
 In the records of the mission stands a vote passed December 2, 1893,— less 
 than two months after the arrival of the pioneer party upon the field,-— “ That a 
 day school be begun on December n.” That the mission, in the midst of the 
 imperative duties incident to its establishment, should thus early inaugurate this 
 work is convincing evidence of its vital importance in their eyes. The process 
 
THE EAST CENTRAL AFRICAN MISSION 
 
 25 
 
 of evolving a well-regulated school system out of the material in hand was slow 
 and difficult. The native children were invited to attend school. They refused 
 to do so without first knowing the will of their parents in the matter. The par¬ 
 ents were approached upon the subject, but they feared to consent without 
 the permission of their chief. A conference with the chief was now in order. 
 He would first learn the will of his chief, Gungunyana, and on this pretext 
 deferred giving his permission. The mission records of this period abound in 
 statements of action relative to forwarding the interests of the school. Again 
 and again the missionaries pressed the chief for his approval. Whether he finally 
 communicated with Gungunyana is doubtful, but persistence won the day, and 
 the tardy consent of the chief was at last secured. His consent was reported to 
 
 SCHOOLHOUSE AT CHIKORE 
 
 the parents, who, in turn, gave their permission for the children to attend the 
 school. It now appeared that the kernel of the difficulty lay, not with the par¬ 
 ents or chief, but with the children themselves. The wild and wily progeny of 
 heathenism had no aspirations to become other than their fathers were, and 
 scorned all proffers of assistance up the Hill of Knowledge. The teachers now 
 set out into the byways and hedges to compel them to come in. But for months 
 the advent of a teacher in the kraal was the signal for the skurrying of little 
 bodies into the corn field, down behind the river bank,— anywhere to escape 
 the spell of the mission teacher. The people, too, though not openly violating 
 their word of assent, were still suspicious and skeptical. “ What do they want 
 with our children?” one said; “They are scheming to get them into their hands, 
 and some day they will put them in a wagon and carry them off as slaves.” 
 “ Why attempt to teach our children?” said another. “They cannot learn — 
 it is impossible ; learning out of books is tor the white people alone.” Not a year 
 had passed before the reward of patient effort was manifest. A few children had 
 
26 
 
 THE EAST CENTRAL AFRICAN MISSION 
 
 been persuaded to attend the school and had learned to read. A school exhibi¬ 
 tion was now arranged which some of the parents, in response to a general in¬ 
 vitation, attended. The little bright-eyed urchins were put through their paces, 
 but at the reading from the blackboard the visitors smiled derisively. “ They 
 are not reading,” they said, “ they cannot read; they are only repeating what 
 they have been taught.” The pupils were dismissed from the room, and a sen¬ 
 tence suggested by one of the parents was written upon the board. Great was 
 the astonishment when the children, on being recalled, read accurately what had 
 been written in their absence. The exhibition was a success, and ranks among 
 the factors which ultimately won from the people a recognition of, and acquies¬ 
 cence in, the scheme for the intellectual development of the nation. 
 
 In 1896 a brick schoolhouse was erected at Silinda. The school was opened 
 with an attendance of twenty-two boys and two girls. During the years which 
 have followed nearly two hundred pupils have been enrolled, the majority of 
 whom were in the boarding department. Besides the boarding pupils, all the 
 children on the mission farm at Silinda within three miles of the schoolhouse are 
 in regular attendance at the school. All are taught reading, writing and the ele¬ 
 ments of arithmetic in Zulu, and the more advanced classes are taught to read 
 and speak English. All are obliged to perform manual labor from one to five 
 hours a day — the girls being taught general housework, laundry work, sewing and 
 gardening, the boys pit sawing, brick and tile making, plastering, carpentry, 
 gardening, care of cattle and laundry work. It is a significant fact that the ma¬ 
 jority of the school have been drawn from that portion of the field lying in the 
 lowlands. Scattered throughout the length and breadth of that region are num¬ 
 bers of children in whom the baser blood of civilized and heathen races is equally 
 mingled. That a half-caste Portuguese has been sent up from the coast by his 
 parents to attend this school on the ground that here the boy would be taught to 
 read, and especially to work, may prove the beginning of a branch of school work 
 which will be second to none in far-reaching influences. 
 
 Many of the pupils have remained in the school for a term of years, and, aside 
 from performing the work required to cover the expenses of board and tuition, 
 have by labor outside school hours and in vacations earned sufficient to -supply 
 themselves with all their books, clothing and other necessities. 
 
 In the utter absence of parental or other restraint, the native children, by the 
 time they arrive at school age, are singularly well established in the habit of 
 having their own way. The inevitable consequence is that the matter of school 
 discipline requires the highest degree of tact, patience and persistence. Once 
 and again in the earlier days the pupils waited upon their teachers in a body to 
 instruct them as to the best method of conducting the school. 
 
 On one occasion a class, deciding that it was both unnecessary and unwise to 
 adopt a certain textbook, calmly refused to purchase them. It is needless to say 
 that the strikers yielded. When the book was completed the missionary kindly 
 offered to buy back the books for which the class had so great an aversion, but 
 none would by any means part with his book, and the following class, impatient 
 of delay, eagerly asked when they might be privileged to take up the same. 
 The invariable triumph of the teachers in this and similar contests has tended 
 
THE EAST CENTRAL AFRICAN MISSION 
 
 2 7 
 
 to lessen the frequency of such incidents, and has impressed upon the pupils 
 such wholesome lessons of obedience to authority as will last them for a life¬ 
 time., 
 
 The admission into the school of the children of the white settlers, when but 
 for this opportunity they must be deprived of any educational advantages, was a 
 privilege which, in spite of much prejudice against schools for native instruction, 
 was eagerly embraced by the better class of colonists in the district, and some 
 twenty colonial children have from time to time been in attendance at the school. 
 This plan, while far from being an ideal one, was productive of excellent results, 
 not only in bringing the colonist and missionary into more sympathetic relations, 
 but also in creating in the white children a juster appreciation of the needs and 
 capabilities of the children of a despised race. 
 
 The equipment for this work has been most primitive and inadequate. Fam¬ 
 ine has seriously interfered with the continuance of the school sessions ; insufficient 
 teaching force has, with disastrous consequences, compelled the closing of the 
 boarding department for boys. All these things, together with the lack of in¬ 
 dustrial equipment, which would have enabled the school from the first to be 
 wholly self-supporting, have created in the mind of the mission a sense of 
 deepest regret at the thought of what might have been had the conditions been 
 favorable. 
 
 Yet in the face of all disadvantages, the results already attained are such as am¬ 
 ply justify the mission in its estimate of the importncae of this branch of its work. 
 From out this infant school, in time, came forth the material from which the first 
 church of Christ in Gazaland was formed. Out from its fostering care have gone 
 forth a score or more of stalwart youth, fitted as none of their kindred ever were, 
 to undertake with courage and manliness the uncertain race of life. Not content 
 to drink the cup of idleness in their heathen kraals, they have gone in search of 
 work in the mines, on to the railway construction lines, into the offices and 
 shops of the larger towns of Rhodesia, and have always commanded the best posi¬ 
 tions and wages attainable by natives. 
 
 The reports reaching the missionaries of these former pupils are such as 
 lighten the hearts of these foundation builders. One and all tell of their efforts 
 to interest their fellow workers in the “ old, old story ” ; one having voluntarily 
 undertaken to teach an evening class finds out by experience the disadvantages 
 of irregular attendance, but is encouraged that one of his pupils can now “ strike 
 A, B and O ” ; one evinces his thirst for and delight in Christian fellowship 
 when on meeting a missionary worker he writes, “ It was the happiest day of my 
 life here when I met this missionary ” ; one shows the new standard by which 
 he measures a man’s worth when he comments thus on his employer : “ I do not 
 know what his faith may be, but he is a man of good character, and he doesn’t 
 drink, either.” The ambition of these young men to provide themselves with 
 means to establish homes unlike the unwholesome abodes of their kindred is 
 teaching them frugality and forethought. A passing traveler received with in¬ 
 credulous astonishment the information that already these young men had sent 
 back to their missionary £60 to be invested in live stock, or placed in the bank 
 to their credit against a time of need. 
 
28 
 
 THE EAST CENTRAL AFRICAN MISSION 
 
 X 
 
 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING 
 
 Closely correlated with the educational department, yet so important as to be 
 a department by itself, is the work of industrial training. In the economy of 
 forces utilized in the process of regenerating a heathen and wholly uncivilized 
 nation, it is the special function of industrial training to give to the individual 
 withdrawn for a time from the deadening effect of his home surroundings a 
 fitness to return again, equipped with the moral determination and mental and 
 physical ability necessary to eliminate from his home environment the condi¬ 
 tions unfavorable to his best development. Up to the present time, however, 
 
 WATERFALL AT CHIKORE 
 
 the industrial department of the mission has existed, not as a fact, but as a 
 principle. 
 
 Very material results indeed have been secured merely by the application of 
 the principle. At Silinda are six substantial brick buildings; at Chikore, four. 
 The tens of thousands of bricks and tiles and the thousands of feet of lumber ne¬ 
 cessary to their construction have been the product, under missionary supervision, 
 of the labor of natives, many of whom, before the arrival of the missionaries, had 
 never seen a brick, a tile or sawn timber. Brick walls have been laid and plas¬ 
 tered, hundreds of bushels of corn, sweet potatoes and other garden produce 
 have been raised, palm-leaf hats have been braided and sewed, garments cut and 
 made, boots fashioned and repaired. But when the safety of life and health 
 depends upon haste in the preparation of building materials; when mason work 
 
THE EAST CENTRAL AFRICAN MISSION 
 
 2 9 
 
 must be pushed at any cost lest important school work be discontinued or de¬ 
 layed ; when a much-needed article can only be procured by the work of an 
 amateur carpenter however crudely performed ; when his own danger of becoming 
 shoeless is the goad the teacher holds in the side of his pupil at the cobbler’s 
 bench, — it is self-evident that the training acquired in the performance of these 
 labors is not the end, but merely the incidental result of such toil, and the advan¬ 
 tages of industrial training as conceived by the mission are in great measure 
 unattained. 
 
 It is needless, therefore, to dwell further on the negative results obtained in 
 this department, save to make the single assertion that the mission is fully con¬ 
 vinced that if the industrial department had been thoroughly equipped from the 
 beginning, the mission, aside from the mere item of salaries, would from the first 
 have been entirely self-supporting. 
 
 XI 
 
 THE EVANGELISTIC WORK 
 
 Of surpassing importance, permeating and lending to every other the very 
 essence of its value, stands the evangelistic work of the mission. It is only after 
 receiving the revivifying touch applied through the application of this agency 
 that the product of all missionary effort stands stamped with the seal of divine 
 approval. The visible results along the line of evangelistic work have been, under 
 God, the product of three distinct agencies, namely, the missionaries, the Zulu 
 assistants and, in time, the native agency, raised up by the united efforts of the 
 other two. 
 
 Whatever specific duties, in the division of missionary labor, fall to the lot 
 of the individual worker, he is, first and foremost, an evangelist. He is mighty, 
 not in infallibility of judgment, for in this he often errs; not in the amount or 
 diversity of work he may undertake, for the results of these are ofttimes trivial; 
 but in this— that his consuming passion is to win the souls of men. Yet as God 
 has chosen the weak things of the world to confound the mighty, so here he has 
 chosen as the keen-edged instrument for the working out of his purposes the 
 Christian Zulus, who, themselves the fairest flower of missionary effort, have left 
 their homes in Natal and entered fully and heartily into the joy of spreading the 
 glad tidings among these, their distant kindred. In them as “ living witnesses 
 known and read of all men,” is the effectual refutation of the excuses so often 
 urged by natives, that the Christian religion is for the white man only; that it 
 is ill-adapted to their needs; that their lives can never be touched by its trans¬ 
 forming influence. It is they who, having a perfect knowledge of the Zulu 
 tongue, comprehending the subtle meaning hidden in its imagery, and knowing 
 by experience the peculiar difficulties that assail the heathen mind, can best suit 
 the message to the individual need and press it home with most effectiveness. 
 It is their Christian homes, aglow with light from heaven, that stand like beacons 
 
30 
 
 THE EAST CENTRAL AFRICAN MISSION 
 
 on the rock-bound coasts of heathenism, guiding the wanderer in his journey to 
 the eternal city. 
 
 The long, weary months spent by the pioneer band in their journey inland 
 were by no means lost. It was one long season of seed sowing. By the way- 
 side, at each resting place, at every kraal near which the travelers pitched their 
 camp, was told the story of a Saviour’s love. By word and deed, by the silent 
 but potent influence of righteous living, by prayer and song, the knowledge of 
 the gospel was spread among the people. A thirst to know more of the strange 
 new doctrine attracted some to accompany the party to the Highlands. By the 
 passing back and forth of bands, in the following years, of carriers headed by 
 missionary or Zulu, the interest thus kindled was kept burning. The sick, seek¬ 
 ing only the healing of the body, lingered to inquire more fully into God’s plan 
 for the healing of the soul. The opportunity to secure work without being 
 fraudulently deprived of their wages led many to seek the mission station. 
 Finding that attendance at school offered the best opportunity for increasing 
 their knowledge of the wonderful Story, many readily adjusted themselves 
 to the carefully laid plans for their best development. Removed from the 
 restraining influences of their heathen surroundings, fostered by the genial 
 atmosphere of Christian love, the seed germinated, and in time the harvest 
 came. 
 
 It was a momentous event in the history of the mission when steps were taken 
 looking toward the organization of a Christian church. This was in January, 
 1897, when the mission had but lately passed its third birthday, and the decisive 
 action was taken only after much deliberation and earnest prayer. A meeting 
 was duly called and over twenty young people presented themselves to be ex¬ 
 amined as to their fitness for church membership. It was during this examina¬ 
 tion that the divine acceptance of the faithful, though imperfect, work of that 
 pioneer band became conspicuously manifest. One testified that his attention 
 was first arrested by seeing a Zulu, before retiring, with closed eyes and on bended 
 knee, beseech from some unknown presence protection through the night. One 
 had been touched by the words of a Zulu hymn. One spoke of his longing to 
 be forgiven for such a catalogue of sins as appalled the mind, and each and all 
 gave abundant evidence of the working of that resistless force before whom in 
 time every knee shall bow. As a result of this examination nineteen were ap¬ 
 proved as fitted to enter into Christian fellowship, and the First Church of Christ 
 in Gazaland was duly organized. To the original membership of this church 
 fifteen have since been added. Of this number two are not. for God has taken 
 them. A very few, having been tried in the burning fiery furnace of temptations 
 offered by heathenism, have been found wanting. The rest, scattered through¬ 
 out the length and breadth of this whole region, are bearing a noble witness 
 which in due season will bring its sure reward. 
 
 Both at Silinda and Chikore, and radiating from these two centers in every 
 direction, the evangelizing forces are steadily and systematically at work. 
 The work in the lowlands, carried on by Zulus under the supervision of the 
 missionary, is bright with promise. Each year, as temporary relaxation from 
 exacting duties at the stations gives opportunity, the leaders of this most po- 
 
THE EAST CENTRAL AFRICAN MISSION 
 
 31 
 
 tent agency go farther afield, strengthening the weak and scattered bands of 
 native Christians, garnering in the fruits which in other seasons have been 
 planted, and preparing new fields, that the boundaries of God’s kingdom in the 
 earth may be enlarged. 
 
 XII 
 
 CONDITIONS ESSENTIAL TO FUTURE GROWTH 
 
 That the results of the first eight years of missionary effort in Gazaland are not 
 commensurate with the labors involved is evident. That to avert the same 
 disappointing results in the future demands a clear conception of the causes of 
 failure, and a resolute determination to overcome them, is equally manifest. 
 
 The underlying reasons to which the meager results thus far attained are 
 chiefly due maybe summed up under three heads,— (1) the failure at the outset 
 to grasp those strategic points the holding of which would have insured to the 
 mission the mastery of the situation, (2) the insufficient force, which has always 
 been less than the force originally designated to this field, and (3) the lack of in¬ 
 dustrial appliances and of men specially prepared to superintend the operations 
 involved in their use. 
 
 The field of the Gazaland Mission is practically unlimited. There are, how¬ 
 ever, within a radius of two hundred miles certain important points which must 
 be taken or the very existence of the whole work is endangered. To expect 
 to accomplish the regeneration of the nation by working merely in spots would 
 be as futile as to hope to free this country of malaria by draining two or three 
 of the ponds where mosquitoes breed. It must be remembered that in the origi¬ 
 nal plan of the mission as approved by the Prudential Committee in authorizing 
 its formal organization, three sites were suggested as strategic points, to be occu¬ 
 pied as soon as, in the natural course of development, the work seemed to de¬ 
 mand it. It was the expectation of the mission, amply justified by time, that 
 this would need to be done almost immediately on entering the field. But the 
 great populous regions around the Buzi and the more southerly regions at the 
 mouth of the Sabi, whose immeasurable need especially attracted the mission to 
 this field, still lie untouched by saving influences. Away to the west from Chi- 
 kore, across the great Sabi valley, are thousands of natives who, if once enlisted 
 under the banner of the King of kings, would prove a mighty force in wresting 
 this whole nation from the thraldom of the prince of evil. 
 
 Directly in the line, also, of work tending to win Gazaland for Christ is the 
 necessity forced upon the mission by the crying need of effectual agencies of 
 assisting in the educational and spiritual development of the children of the 
 colonists. 
 
 The immediate needs of the future as regards the field, then, are the opening 
 of another station in the highlands across the Sabi valley to the westward of Chi- 
 kore, the inauguration of systematic work under the superintendence of resident 
 missionaries at the two most healthful situations to be found in the regions of the 
 
32 
 
 THE EAST CENTRAL AFRICAN MISSION 
 
 lower Buzi and Sabi rivers, and the ratification of the already carefully matured 
 plan of the mission to aid in the intellectual and moral development of the col¬ 
 onial children. 
 
 Turning now to a consideration of the force essential to the carrying out of 
 the plan thus outlined, attention is called to the fixed policy of the mission that 
 at least two missionary families shall be located on every station. The necessity 
 of departing from this principle, lest the little vantage ground already gained be 
 lost, has been a minor cause of incomplete success. It is the profound convic¬ 
 tion of the mission, intensified by experience, that to locate individuals or fami¬ 
 lies alone in the midst of a purely heathen community is harmful to their best 
 efficiency, that two men located within so easy access of one another as to insure 
 their mutual assistance and fellowship will easily do the work of three not so 
 situated. 
 
 The work already in hand at Silinda demands the immediate location there of 
 at least three families and two lady teachers; at Chikore two families can barely 
 cope with the present needs of the situation. At each of the three new stations 
 to be opened two families are required. To carryout the new scheme for provid¬ 
 ing for the education of colonial children, the entire time of one lady is essential. 
 In addition to this, to provide more adequately for furthering the evangelistic 
 and educational interests of the work the present force of Zulu assistants — 
 four families — should at least be doubled. By the strenuous personal efforts of 
 Dr. W. L. Thompson and others, augmented by a grant from the funds of the 
 Board, a beginning has been made in the establishment of the department for 
 industrial training. The advantages to be gained by placing this department on 
 a sound financial basis are so important as to warrant a reiteration of the argu¬ 
 ments already set forth in favor of a rigorous prosecution of this form of mis¬ 
 sionary labor. Silinda is by nature unequaled in all the region as a site for an 
 industrial training school. It has an abundance of arable land suitable for a 
 large agricultural industry; it has a magnificent forest where are ready at hand 
 the materials to be utilized in industrial training; it has an abundant water 
 supply which, if desirable, could be converted into power ; it is surrounded by 
 natives of intelligence, from whom, in preference to all other tribes in Rhodesia, 
 mine owners and other employers are fain to draw their labor supply. The pros¬ 
 pect that this department will prove itself to be not only self-supporting but even 
 remunerative is exceptionally bright. But setting this aside as an argument of 
 lesser importance, it should be fully understood that unless the mission, in con¬ 
 nection with the training of head and heart , undertake also the training of the 
 hand, its success is doomed. A casual visit to the abodes of the native people 
 would convince the most skeptical that no high type of Christian character can be 
 developed without radically changing the home environment. The temptations 
 of life in the heathen kraals are too great for human weakness. The mission 
 takes the youth into its homes and schools; it surrounds them with the atmos¬ 
 phere of Christian love; it awakens in them new aspirations; it leads them, 
 perhaps, to drink at the very fountain of life, but it cannot keep them always in 
 its immediate care. Yet is it justified, having led them so far, in sending them 
 back to the scenes of the old life, without first giving them that training which 
 
THE EAST CENTRAL AFRICAN MISSION 
 
 33 
 
 will enable them to improve their home surroundings, which will give them the 
 power, by the skillful and honest labor of their hands, to acquire such needful 
 things as in their deepest degradation they had no desire for? The mission is 
 unwilling to assume this responsibility. 
 
 The views of the Gazaland Mission as to what is needed for its proper develop¬ 
 ment may be briefly summarized as follows : ( i) The opening of work at four new 
 centers; (2) six new missionary families and two lady teachers, and provision for 
 securing four additional families of Zulus from Natal; (3) if necessary for estab¬ 
 lishing the industrial department on a sound financial basis, a further grant from 
 the funds of the Board for this purpose. 
 
 XIII 
 
 THE PERSONAL ELEMENT 
 
 It is only necessary to give the briefest mention of the individuals whose 
 combined efforts have accomplished the results secured, that their friends may 
 be enabled to extend to each the right hand of fellowship, of which, as absentees 
 from the Christian privileges of the home land, and as sufferers from the drag¬ 
 ging weight of heathenism, they sorely stand in need. 
 
 Rev. George A. Wilder, d.d., the son of Rev. H. A. Wilder, long a member 
 of the Zulu Mission, was born in Natal, South Africa; graduated at Williams 
 College and Hartford Seminary, and married Miss Alice C. Scamman, with whom 
 he sailed to join the Zulu Mission in 1880. Mrs. Wilder, the daughter of Mr. N. 
 Scamman, of Waltham, Mass., is a native of Maine. She was educated in Buffalo, 
 N. Y., and has shared her husband’s work in Natal, and later the pioneer life 
 in the Gazaland field. 
 
 Rev. Francis W. Bates — Doane College and Oberlin Seminary — is the son 
 of Rev. H. Bates, for many years a home missionary on the frontier. He married 
 Miss Laura C. Herrick, a graduate of Oberlin, the daughter of Mr. L. E. Herrick, 
 of Rockford, Ill., with whom he sailed for Africa in 1888. 
 
 Dr. William L. Thompson, the son of Rev. George Thompson, a veteran mis¬ 
 sionary in West Africa, received his college training at Oberlin, and his medi¬ 
 cal course at the University of the City of New York. One of the happiest 
 events preliminary to his setting out for Gazaland was his marriage to Miss Mary 
 E. McCornack, who had been for four years a member of the Zulu Mission. 
 Mrs. Thompson’s parents were of Scotch ancestry, who settled in their early 
 youth in Illinois, which is their daughter’s native State. She also received her 
 education in Oberlin. 
 
 Rev. Fred R. Bunker and his wife, formerly Miss Belle Richards, the daugh¬ 
 ter of Judge Richards, of Kalamazoo, Mich., graduated, the one at Olivet, the 
 other at Kalamazoo. They sailed for Africa in 1891 and entered Gazaland with 
 the pioneer party, but in 1896 withdrew and joined the Zulu Mission. 
 
 Miss Nancy Jones, a graduate of Fisk University, came to Africa in 1888, ac- 
 
34 
 
 THE EAST CENTRAL AFRICAN MISSION 
 
 companied the pioneer party to Gazaland, but after four years of service in this 
 field retired from the service of the Board. 
 
 Miss Harriet J. Gilson, the daughter of Mr. William Gilson, of Milford, N. H., 
 after her graduation from Mt. Holyoke was for many years a prominent educator 
 in Cape Colony. After rendering much needed assistance for two years in the 
 Zulu Mission she returned to America, completed a course in Hartford Theo- 
 
 BRICK HOUSE OF MR. AND MRS. BATES, MT. SILINDA 
 
 logical Seminary and when her aged parents no longer required her tender minis¬ 
 tries, joined the Gazaland Mission in 1896. 
 
 Dr. William T. Lawrence, the son of Mr. Edwin Lawrence, of Binghamton, 
 N. Y., received his medical degree in New York City, and with his wife sailed 
 to recruit the Gazaland Mission in 1900. Mrs. Lawrence, the daughter of Rev. 
 George Henderson, for many years a missionary of the English Baptist Society, 
 in Jamaica, went to Baltimore to pursue her studies and only failed to complete 
 a full course as trained hospital nurse in New York City in order that she might 
 accompany her husband to Gazaland, where his services were so much needed. 
 
[MU a WH EN CE mm 
 
 GEO.AW/LDE/? 
 
 M/ss. H.J, OILSON 
 
 Af/?s. G.A.W/io£H\ 
 
 1 Mr s.W- TLawr ence 
 
 ML. THOMPSON,M.D. 
 
 ...■. 
 
 Thanc/s ht Ba te s 
 
 A/PS. W. L . THOMPSON 
 
 ; M P AjE JM. SATME 1 
 
36 
 
 THE EAST CENTRAL AFRICAN MISSION 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. C. C. Fuller are the latest appointees to the mission, having 
 arrived in November, 1902. Mr. Fuller was born in Ohio. After pursuing his 
 studies in Hiram College he was engaged in civil engineering and in business, 
 and is to have special charge of the industrial department, for which he is abun¬ 
 dantly prepared. 
 
 To omit to mention the children of the mission would be to leave out of ac¬ 
 count an element at once of keenest joy and gravest responsibility. There have 
 been connected with the misson, through their parents, since its organization, 
 nine children : Cleo, Leopold and Lincoln Wilder; Mary, Laura and Marjorie 
 Bates ; Paul Bunker ; Harold Lawrence ; and Laura Fuller. 
 
 The Zulus who have been connected with the mission and have proved such 
 valuable assistants are : 'Pom Zonzo, Mjadu Shabane, Henry Mbesa, Laduma Si- 
 piki, Bangizwe Ndwandwe, Elijah Hlanti and their wives. Of these a few were 
 born of Christian parents and enjoyed the blessing of Christian nurture in the 
 home; some were reared in homes where civilization, but not Christianity, had 
 gained a foothold ; and two were surrounded in their youth by a wholly heathen 
 environment. Of these two families, those of Mjadu Shabane and Henry Mbesa 
 have returned to Natal. Of the children of the Zulus two have died on the field. 
 
 The first epoch in the history of the Gazaland Mission is closed. It has 
 survived the privations of infancy, and enters with a vigorous constitution on 
 the second stage of life.