COLUMBIA LIBRARIES OFFSITE AVERY FINE ARTS RESTRICTED AR01551841 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY TIDES AND CURRENTS IN HUDSON RIVER SPECIAL PUBLICATION No. 180 ALBERT V. SIELKE M. AM. SOC. a E. CONSULTING ENGINEER 132 Nassau St., New York City When you leave, please leave this book Because it has been said "Ever'lbing comes t' him who waits Except a loaned book." Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library Gift of Seymour B. Dlrst Old York Library U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE DANIEL C. ROPER, Secretary COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY R. S. PATTON, Director Special Publication No. 180 TIDES AND CURRENTS IN HUDSON RIVER By PAUL SCHUREMAN Senior Mathematician, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1934 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C Price 25 cents PREFACE The growth of commerce, engineering, and scientific work during recent years has created an urgent and constantly growing demand from navigators, engineers, scientists, and the public generally for complete tide and current information for the important waterways of the United States. To meet this demand and to augment and co- ordinate the tide and current data on file in the arclrives of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, this Bureau started in 1902 a series of compre- hensive tide and current surveys of the important waterways of the country. Tliis work has been completed for a number of the more important harbors of the country, and is now being carried on as rapidly as the available funds permit. This volume is the ninth of the series on tides and currents in the important waterways of the United States. The material presented here is based upon observations made at various times, and includes in addition to the observations taken by this Bureau, data obtained from other sources. Special acknowledgment is made to the United States Army Engineers of the first district, New York, who have cooperated in tidal current surveys of New York Harbor and have also furnished this office with much valuable tidal information from various tide gages along the Hudson River. The special aim in tliis publication is to give in some detail the actual results ohtained from individual series of observations of both tides and currents. Tables of adjusted values based upon the observational data at hand at the time of the adjustment are included, but these will be subject to revision as new information may become available from time to time. Special attention is called to the tide and current tables which are published in advance annually by this Bureau, and which contain mean values based upon the latest information. They include the predicted tides and currents for every day in the year at a number of principal ports and give differences and ratios for obtaining similar predictions for several thousand other places throughout the world. The manuscript of tliis publication was prepared in 1931, using the data up to and including the year 1930. A delay in the printing of the publication, due to the curtailment of appropriations, made it possible to include later data in some of the tables. In general, how- ever, the tables and illustrations pertain to the years prior to 1931. ii CONTENTS Page Preface II Description of Hudson River 1 Tide observations 2 Tabulation and reduction of tides 3 Primary reduction 3 Adjusted tidal data 8 Harmonic reduction 9 Phase reduction 9 Parallax reduction 11 Declinational reduction 11 Extreme tides 11 Tidal datums 13 Mean sea level 13 Hudson River datum 13 Current observations 15 Tabulation and reduction of currents 18 Adjusted current data 19 Harmonic reduction 20 Diagrams of hourly tide and current conditions in Hudson River 22 Temperature and density observations , 36 Tables 37 Index 105 ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Index chart, Hudson River, Governors Island to Forty-third Street.. 3 2. Index chart, Hudson River, Days Point to One Hundred and Fifty- third Street 3 3. Index chart, Hudson River, One Hundred and Fifty-fifth Street to Haverstraw 3 4. Index chart, Hudson River, Haverstraw Bay to Low Point 3 5. Index chart, Hudson River, Danskammer Point to Kingston Point. . 3 6. Index chart, Hudson River, Barrytown to Hudson 3 7. Index chart, Hudson River, Four Mile Point to Coeymans 3 8. Index chart, Hudson River, Mull to Troy 3 9. Tide and current intervals, Hudson River 8 10. Mean range of tide, Hudson River 10 11. Tidal datums, Hudson River 14 12. Mean velocity of flood current, Hudson River 20 13. Mean velocity of ebb current, Hudson River 21 14. Tide and current in Hudson River at time of high water at the Battery. 23 15. Tide and current 1 hour after high water at the Battery 24 16. Tide and current 2 hours after high water at the Battery 25 17. Tide and current 3 hours after high water at the Battery 26 18. Tide and current 4 hours after high water at the Battery 27 19. Tide and current 5 hours after high water at the Battery 28 20. Tide and current 6 hours after high water at the Battery 29 21. Tide and current 7 hours after high water at the Battery 30 22. Tide and current 8 hours after high water at the Battery 31 23. Tide and current 9 hours after high water at the Battery 32 24. Tide and current 10 hours after high water at the Battery 33 25. Tide and current 11 hours after high water at the Battery 34 26. Tide and current 12 hours after high water at the Battery 35 in IV CONTENTS TABLES Page 1. High-water lunitidal interval, Fort Hamilton, N.Y 37 2. Low-water lunitidal interval, Fort Hamilton, N.Y 38 3. Duration of rise and fall of tide, Fort Hamilton, N.Y 38 4. High water, Fort Hamilton, N.Y 39 5. Low water. Fort Hamilton, N.Y 40 6. Range of tide, Fort Hamilton, N.Y 41 7. Half-tide level, Fort Hamilton, N.Y 42 8. Sea level, Fort Hamilton, N.Y 43 9. Tidal means for 19-year periods, Fort Hamilton, N.Y 43 10. Extreme high' water, Fort Hamilton, N.Y. 44 11. Extreme low water, Fort Hamilton, N.Y 45 12. High-water lunitidal interval, New York (the Battery), N.Y 45 13. Low-water lunitidal interval, New York (the Battery), N.Y 46 14. Duration of rise and fall of tide, New York (the Batterv), N.Y 46 15. High water, New York (the Batterv), N.Y 46 16. Low water, New York (the Batterv), N.Y 47 17. Range of tide, New York (the Batterv), N.Y 47 18. Half-tide level, New York (the Batterv), N.Y. 47 19. Sea level, New York (the Batterv), N'.Y 48 20. Fxtreme high water, hv months (1920-32), New York (the Batterv), N.Y... 48 21. Extreme low water, by months (1920 32), New York (the Batterv), N.Y 48 22. Extreme high water, bv vears (1886-1932), New York (the Batterv), N.Y 49 23. Extreme low water, bv vears (1886-1932), New York (the Batterv), N.Y 49 24. High-water lunitidal interval, Spuyten Duyvil, N.Y 49 25. Low-water lunitidal interval, Spuvten Duvvil, N.Y 50 26. High water, Spuyten Duyvil, N.Y 50 27. Low water, Spuvten Duvvil, N.Y 50 28. Range of tide, Spuvten Duvvil, N.Y 51 29. Half-tide level, Spuyten Duyvil, N.Y 51 30. Tidal means, Julv to September, Spuvten Duvvil, N.Y 51 31. High water, Yonkers, N.Y 52 32. Low water, Yonkers, N.Y 52 33. Range of tide, Yonkers, N.Y 53 34. Half-tide level, Yonkers, N.Y 53 35. Tidal means, July to September, Yonkers, N.Y 54 36. Extreme high water, Yonkers, N.Y 54 37. Extreme low water, Yonkers, N.Y 55 38. High-water lunitidal interval, Verplanck, N.Y 55 39. Low-water lunitidal interval, Verplanck, N.Y 55 40. High water, Verplanck, N.Y 56 41. Low water, Verplanck, N.Y 56 42. Range of tide, Verplanck, N.Y 56 43. Half-tide level, Verplanck, N.Y 56 44. Tidal means, July to September, Verplanck, N.Y 57 45. High-water lunitidal interval, Rhinecliff, N.Y 57 46. Low-water lunitidal interval, Rhinecliff, N.Y 57 47. High water, Rhinecliff, N.Y 58 48. Low water, Rhinecliff, N.Y 5g 49. Range of tide, Rhinecliff, N.Y * 5s 50. Half-tide level, Rhinecliff, N.Y 58 51. Tidal means, July to September, Rhinecliff, N.Y 59 52. High water lunitidal interval, Hudson, N.Y 59 53. Low-water lunitidal interval, Hudson, N.Y 59 54. High water, Hudson, N.Y 60 55. Low water, Hudson, N.Y 60 56. Range of tide, Hudson, N.Y 60 57. Half-tide level, Hudson, N.Y 60 58. Tidal means, July to September, Hudson, N.Y 6l 59. High-water lunitidal interval, Four Mile Point, N.Y 6l 60. Low-water lunitidal interval, Four Mile Point, N.Y 6l 61. High water, Four Mile Point, N.Y 61 62. Low water, Four Mile Point, N.Y 62 CONTENTS V Page 63. Range of tide, Four Mile Point, N.Y 62 64. Half-tide level, Four Mile Point, N.Y 62 65. Tidal means, July to September, Four Mile Point, N.Y 62 66. High-water lunitidal interval, Stonehouse Bar, N.Y 63 67. Low-water lunitidal interval, Stonehouse Bar, N.Y 63 68. High water, Stonehouse Bar, N.Y 63 69. Low water, Stonehouse Bar, N.Y 63 70. Range of tide, Stonehouse Bar, N.Y 64 71. Half-tide level, Stonehouse Bar, N.Y 64 72. Tidal means, July to September, Stonehouse Bar, N.Y 64 73. High-water lunitidal interval, Barren Island, N.Y 64 74. Low-water lunitidal interval, Barren Island, N.Y 65 75. High water, Barren Island, N.Y 65 76. Low water, Barren Island, N.Y 65 77. Range of tide, Barren Island, N.Y 65 78. Half-tide level, Barren Island, N.Y 66 79. Tidal mean, July to September, Barren Island, N.Y 66 80. High-water lunitidal interval, Castleton, N.Y 66 81. Low-water lunitidal interval, Castleton, N.Y 66- 82. High water, Castleton, N.Y 67 83. Low water, Castleton, N.Y 67 84. Range of tide, Castleton, N.Y 67 85. Half-tide level, Castleton, N.Y 67 86. Tidal means, July to September, Castleton, N.Y 68 87. High-water lunitidal interval, Albany, N.Y 68 88. Low-water lunitidal interval, Albany, N.Y 69 1 89. High water, Albany, N.Y 69' 90. Low water, Albany, N.Y 70 91. Range of tide, Albany, N.Y 70 92. Half-tide level, Albany, N.Y 71 93. Tidal means, July to September, Albany, N.Y 71 94. Extreme high water, Albany, N.Y 72 95. Extreme low water, Albany, N.Y 72 96. Summary of tidal data from observations, Hudson River 73 97. Adjusted tidal data, Hudson River 78 98. Tidal harmonic constants, Fort Hamilton, N.Y 79 99. Tidal harmonic constants, Governors Island, N.Y 79 100. Tidal harmonic constants, the Battery, N.Y 80 101. Tidal harmonic constants, Albany, N.Y 80 102. Spring and neap tides 81 103. Perigean and apogean tides 81 104. Results from declinational reduction 81 105. Current data, Hudson River: Observations of Maxwell Woodhull, 1854 82 Observations of Richard Wainwright, 1855 82 Observations of Henry Mitchell, 1858-73 83 Observations of H. L. Marindin, 1885 84 Observations of J. B. Boutelle, 1901 84 Observations of Isaac Winston, 1919 85 Observations of H. C. Denson, 1922 86 Observations of H. E. Finnegan, 1929 89 Observations of U.S. Engineers, 1932 93 Observations of I. E. Rittenburg, 1932 93 106. Adjusted current data, Hudson River • 96 107. Current harmonic constants, Hudson River 97 108. Temperature and density of water, New York (the Battery), N.Y., 1927-32 98 109. Temperature and density of water, Hudson River, 1929 99 110. Temperature and density of water, Hudson River, 1932 102 TIDES AND CURRENTS IN HUDSON RIVER DESCRIPTION OF HUDSON RIVER Hudson River, sometimes called North River in the vicinity of New York, has its source in Tear of the Clouds, a small lake in the Adirondack Mountains in the northeastern part of the State of New York. It flows southerly and empties in New York Upper Bay, the total length of the river being about 300 miles. The Federal dam at Troy, which is about 132 nautical miles above the Battery at the mouth of the river, is the head of tidewater, and it is that portion of the river lying below this dam that is considered in this publication. The dam contains a lock which permits boats to pass above Troy to the town of Waterford which is about 2% miles above the dam. The river at its mouth is about three fourths of a nautical mile wide. An expansion of the river which is known as Tappan Sea has a maximum width of about 2}i miles and extends from Irvington to Croton Point, a distance of about 8 miles. The section of the river adjoining Tappan Sea on the north and extending from Croton Point to Verplanck, a distance of 5 miles, is known as Haverstraw Bay and has a maximum width of about 3 miles. Above Haverstraw Bay is a constricted portion of the river with an average width of about one fourth mile and extending a distance of about 10 miles to Storm King where the river expands to a width of more than a mile. This is followed by a series of contractions and expansions until at Albany the width is approximately 200 yards. From the Battery to Albany, the river now has a deep and unob- structed channel with a least depth of 27 feet. The generally prevail- ing depth in the channel from the Battery to Kingston Point is 50 feet or more. The deepest portion of the river is in the narrow section between Iona Island and Cold Spring where the depth in many places exceeds 100 feet, and at one place above West Point a sounding of 216 feet has been recorded. The river channel above the town of Hudson was originally obstructed by sand bars and was somewhat unstable but as a result of various projects there is now a channel 27 feet deep with a width of not less than 200 feet extending up to Albany. Above Albany there is a channel 12 feet deep to the Federal dam at Troy. Improvements of the Hudson River were commenced by the State of New York in 1797 and were carried on exclusively by the State until 1834 when the United States Government also took up the work. Between 1834 and 1892 the work was carried on by both authorities. The question of jurisdiction over the Hudson River having been settled by the courts in 1891, the Federal Government assumed legal control in that year. The work at first consisted of dredging and the construction of jetties. The State dam at Troy was built about the year 1832 and 1 2 U.S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY was later replaced by the Federal dam about 1,400 feet further north in 1915. In 1834 a board of engineers of the United States Army recommended a system of longitudinal dikes and two such dikes were constructed on the west side of the river between Troy and Van Wies Point during the period 1835-1838. The State of New York during the years 1863 and 1867 built a series of dikes extending from Albany to Hotaling Island opposite New Baltimore. In 1866 a project was adopted by the Federal Government for a navigable channel 11 feet deep between New Baltimore and Albany and 9 feet deep between Albany and Troy, the work being continued through a number of years. Between 1876 and 1880 there was more or less dredging done by the State of New York. A plan adopted by Congress in 1892 provided for a channel 400 feet wide and 12 feet deep at mean low water from Coxsackie to Troy. During the years 1893-1896, there was considerable dredging done under this project. After 1896, the dredging was done principally between Albany and Troy, the dredging below Albany being that necessary to maintain the channel already made. A project adopted by Congress June 25, 1910, provided for the con- struction of a Federal dam at Troy to replace the then existing State dam, and the excavation of a channel 12 feet deep at all stages from deep water in the lower river to Waterford, which is located above the dam at Troy, the general width below the dam to be 400 feet with wider sections forming harbors in front of Albany and Troy. This project was modified by act of Congress of March 3, 1925, which provided for a channel 27 feet deep at mean low water, 400 feet wide through rock cuts and 300 feet wide elsewhere from Hudson to Albany. An act of Congress of July 3, 1930, provided for the exten- sion of the 27-foot channel below the town of Hudson. The carrying out of the various projects for the improvement of the Hudson River has had a marked effect upon the tides, especially in the upper portion of the river. The general tendency has been to advance the times of both high and low water, to increase the range of tide, and to lower the plane of mean low water. In the vicinity of Alban3 T the range of tide has been increased by more than a foot since the improvements were commenced. The river level is subject to considerable fluctuation resulting from the discharge of fresh water. Freshets frequently occur during the spring months, especially in March and April. Navigation in the upper portion of the river is usually closed by ice from the middle of December to the middle of March but the period varies in different years. TIDE OBSERVATIONS The earliest tide observations in the Hudson River by the Coast and Geodetic Survey were made in 1837 at Fort Lee, N.J. Since then there have been numerous other series of tide observations taken in connection with various hydrographic surveys. Many valuable series of observations at a number of points along the river have been secured by the United States Army Engineers, and through their courtesy the results are included in this publication. The location of the various tide stations are shown on the index charts, figures 1 to 8, by small solid circles, the stations being num- bered to correspond with the designations as listed in table 96. The Fit re &— Index chart, Hadsoo Htwr. Mull to Troj- 3S805— 34. (Fmc* p. 8.) No. 8 7 - Figure 7 — Index chart, Hudson It Kef, Four Mil* Point to Cotymtas. 35805—34. (Face p. 3.) No. T r ■ Fiocbi 1— Inrte* char!. Hndaon Klver, Days Point to One Hundred anil Fifty-third Street. 35805—34. (Pace p. 8.) No. 2 TIDES AND CURRENTS IN HUDSON RIVER 3 Battery tide station is represented on the chart both as "T-3" and "T-3a", the first being its position at the Barge Office Pier where originally installed and the latter its position at the foot of Whitehall Street where it was moved in 1927. Although Fort Hamilton is located in the Narrows 6 miles below the mouth of the river, the tidal results are included in this publica- tion as the long period covered by the observations makes them especially valuable. This tide station was established by the Coast and Geodetic Survey on December 30, 1892, and maintained in operation practically continuously until December 5, 1920, when it was destroyed by fire. After the rebuilding of the pier on which the station had been located, the United States Army Engineers in the early part of the year 1921, installed a Gurley printing water stage register and have continued it in operation since that time. During the period November 18, 1926, to December 31, 1928, a standard gage of the Coast and Geodetic Survey was also maintained at this place in connection with some special research work being carried on in Jamaica Bay. The principal tide station now in operation by the Coast and Geodetic Survey in this area is located at the foot of Whitehall Street and is known as the Battery tide station. The United States Army Engineers commenced tide observation at the Barge Office Pier, which is about 300 yards westerly from the present location, on May 24, 1920, a Gurley printing water stage register being used. On November 22, 1926, a Coast and Geodetic Survey standard gage was also installed at the same location. It was necessary to discontinue both gages on June 3, 1927, because of repairs to the Barge Office Pier. The gages were reestablished at the foot of Whitehall Street on August 9, 1927. TABULATION AND REDUCTION OF TIDES There are two forms for the tabulation of original tide records — first, as high and low waters, and second, as hourly heights. In the high- and low-water tabulation both the time and height of each high and low water are given. In the hourly height tabulation the height is given for each hour of the day. The time generally used for the tabulation is the standard time for the locality, which, for the Hudson River, is that based upon the meridian 75° west of Greenwich. For convenience the hours of the day are numbered consecutively from 0 b at midnight to 23 b at 11 p.m., thus making unnecessary the use of the terms "a.m." and "p.m." The decimal system is now being used in the tabulation of the times of high and low water, and in the various tables of this publication time is generally expressed in hours and hundredths unless hours and minutes are indicated. PRIMARY REDUCTIONS The primary results sought in the reduction of any series of high and low waters are the mean high and low water lunitidal intervals, the mean high and low water heights, the mean range of tide, and the half-tide level. From the hourly heights there is obtained a plane designated as mean sea level if the tide station is on the open coast or in adjacent waters with free access to the sea. The corresponding 4 U.S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY plane determined from hourly heights observed in a river is called mean river level and such a plane would be expected to have a slope from the mouth to the head of the river. When a series of observations covers a considerable period of time, as at the primary tide stations, the calendar month is taken as the unit and averages obtained separately for each month, the monthly averages afterwards being combined to form yearly averages. In taking the monthly averages, it has sometimes been the practice to use only the first 29 days of each month in order to conform more closely to the synodical and anomalistic months. However, the results are practically the same as when the full calendar month is used, and any slight difference that might occur in an individual month will be absorbed in the yearly average. For long series of observations no corrections to the lunitidal inter- vals are required except such as may be necessary to reduce them to the Greenwich or the local meridian. To reduce the range of tide to its mean value, factors depending upon the longitude of the moon's node are necessary unless the series covers a period of 19 years, which is approximately the time required for the node to pass through • 3G0° of longitude. The half-tide level and the mean sea level or mean river level are subject to considerable variations, more or less irregular, depending largely upon meteorological conditions, and for a satisfactory inde- pendent determination of these planes many years of observations are required. When there is available a suitable reference station with these planes already determined, corrections for other stations in the same general area may be derived through a comparison of results from simultaneous observations. The mean high- and low- water planes depend upon the range of tide and the half-tide level and after the latter have been reduced to mean values, the high- and low-water planes may be readily derived. When a series of observations covers only a very short period of time, it is the general practice to reduce through comparison with simultaneous observations at a primary tide station not only the half- tide level but also the range of tide and the lunitidal intervals. Results from the primary reductions at the principal tide stations are given in tables 1 to 96. The first 11 tables include the monthly means and extremes for Fort Hamilton covering a period of 40 years. Seasonal variations in these values are shown by means given in the bottom line of the table, these means being based upon the first 38 years of observations to include two 19-year cycles. Table 8, which gives the sea level at Fort Hamilton by months, covers the period 1893 to 1920, when the tide station was being operated by the Coast and Geodetic Survey. As the difference between sea level and half- tide level remains very nearly constant from month to month, the sea level for years subsequent to 1920 may be readily inferred from the half-tide level. From a comparison of the two planes for 28 years (1893-1920), the sea level at Fort Hamilton is found to be .04 foot higher than half-tide level. Tidal means for 19-year periods at Fort Hamilton are included in table 9. A period of 19 years is generally considered as constituting a full tidal cycle, for during this period of time the more important of the tidal variations will have gone through complete cycles. With observations extending over this length of time, it is also reasonable TIDES AND CURRENTS IN HUDSON RIVER to assume that irregularities due to meteorological changes will be largely averaged out. Variations in these means may therefore be attributed to more or less permanent changes in the tidal regime of the locality. It will be noted that the variations in the lunitidal intervals are small and irregular. The mean high-water interval for the last 19-year period is 0.06 hour (4 minutes) less than for the first 19-year period. The mean low-water interval for the last period is only 0.03 hour (2 minutes) less than it was for the first period. The mean range of tide gradually and consistently increased from 4.67 feet during the period 1893-1911 to 4.75 feet during the period 1908-26. For subsequent 19-year periods the range has remained fixed at 4.75 feet. The half- tide level shows a gradual and consistent rising throughout the observations, except that for the periods 1911-29 and 1912-30 there was an apparent recession of 0.01 foot from the previous height. Between the first and last 19-year period there has been a total change of 0.10 foot in the half-tide level. As the interval between the middle of these two periods is 21 years, the average yearly change in half-tide level has been 0.005 foot. The same rate of change applies to the mean sea level as observed and inferred from the half-tide level. The exact causes of these changes are somewhat conjectural, as is also the answer to the question whether the changes will continue in the future at the same rate as in the past. Tidal means and extremes for the Battery, New York City, are included in tables 12 to 23. The means and extremes for the period June 1920 to May 1927 are from observations at the Barge Office Pier, and from September 1927 to date from observations at the foot of Whitehall Street. The values for the months June, July, and August 1927, are inferred from the record at Fort Hamilton, as the gage at the Battery was not in operation at that time. The sea level in table 19 is given for such months as the data are available. The sea level for other months may be inferred from the half-tide level in .table 18 by the application of the difference 0.08 foot, the average height of the sea level above half-tide level at the Battery. In tables 22 and 23 the extreme high and low waters for the years prior to 1920 are from records of the dock department of New York City, which maintains a tide gage at Pier A. Tables 24 to 95 contain monthly means and some extremes for a number of places along the river where the observations have covered a considerable period of time. The data in these tables are from records furnished by the United States Army Engineers, who have maintained the gages at all of the stations excepting at Yonkers, where the observations were secured by the dock department of New York City. The mean high- and low-water heights for Albany were taken mostly from the annual reports of the Chief of Engineers, United States Army, other data being furnished in manuscript form. In general this group of tables include all monthly means as directly obtained, and as the observations were discontinued during the winter- time at most of the stations, only a portion of the year is usually represented. Mean tidal constants for a stream like the Hudson River do not have the same significance as when applied to places along the coasts. In general, mean tidal quantities are averages representing all seasons of the year and all weather conditions prevailing in the locality, and averages obtained for different months do not usually differ much 6 U.S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY from each other. In the Hudson River, however, tidal conditions vary greatly with changes in the stages of the river, and an average value representing all of the stages may differ considerably from one representing the actual tidal conditions prevailing at any particular time. At the time of the larger freshets, the tide may he completely masked in the upper portion of the river, the water continuing to rise or fall for a period of several days without any tidal oscillation. At the time of the smaller freshets the range of tide is greatly dimin- ished and the times of high and low waters somewhat delayed. Freshets most frequently occur during the spring months, especially in March and April. The tide may also he affected in the winter time by the formation of ice which reduces the fresh-water discharge. Because of these conditions it does not seem feasihle to include the entire calendar year in the calculation of the tidal constants for the river excepting for that portion near the mouth where the fluctua- tions are relatively small. Accordingly, for that portion of the river lying ahove George Washington Bridge the quarter of the year rep- resented by the months of July, August, and September lias been selected as the period when tidal conditions are most nearly normal, the fresh-water discharge usually being at a minimum at this time. Tidal means as compiled for this portion of the year for the principal series of observations above George Washington Bridge are given in separate tables. Table 30 includes such means for Spuyten Duyvil for 7 years. In this table corrections were applied to the range of tide to take account of the longitude of the moon's node. The heights were also compared with simultaneous observations at the Battery and the results from this comparison are given in the bottom line of the table. Table 35 includes the means for Yonkers covering the months of July to September for a period of 20 years. Factors have been applied to take account of the longitude of the moon's node but on account of the length of the series no comparison with a primary station was deemed necessary. The ranges and heights in table 44 for Verplanck and table 51 for Rhineeliff have been compared with simultaneous observations at the Battery and the results are given in the bottom line for each table. For the principal stations above Rhineeliff reduction by comparison with the primary tide station at the mouth of the river is of doubtful value because of the change in tidal conditions in advancing up the stream. With the observations covering a number of months, the independent determination of the tidal constants is considered preferable. Table 93 contains the tidal means for Albany for the months of July, August, and September for a number of years. From this table there is evidence that there has been a pronounced change in the tidal conditions in this part of the river during recent years. During the period covered by these observations the times of high and low water have advanced by more than an hour and the range of tide increased by about 2 feet. The changes have not been uniform but somewhat irregular, the greatest change occurring between the summer of 1929 and the summer of 1930, when the range of tide increased bv about 0.7 foot. An examination of the records for tide stations below Albany shows that a similar increase in range of tide took place between the summer TIDES AND CURRENTS IN HUDSON RIVER 7 of 1929 and the summer of 1930 as far south as Stonehouse Bar (sta- tion T-60, fig. 7). At the tide stations below Stonehouse Bar the change in the range of tide was negligible during this period. While the great drought of 1930 may have been a factor in changing tidal conditions in the upper portion of the river during that year, it is be- lieved that the large increase in the range of tide at that time was primarily the result of the removal of some obstructing shoal in the vicinity of Stonehouse Bar, thus permitting the tide to have freer access to the river channel above. It will be noted that changes in the range of tide at Albany has affected the low-water heights to a greater extent than the high-water heights, and has resulted in the lowering of the half-tide level. Table 96 contains a summary of tidal data from the various series of observations along the river. The station numbers in the first column correspond to the designations of the stations on the index charts, figures 1 to 8. The name of the locality is given in the second column. In some instances where several different series were made in approximately the same location, these are grouped together as a single locality such as New York, Forty-first to Forty-third Streets. The beginning and ending of each series of observations are indicated in the fifth column, but, excepting the principal tide stations, the series were in general noncontinuous. The length of the very short series of observations as expressed in days was obtained by dividing the whole number of high and low waters by four. For the longer series of observations, excepting near the mouth of the river, the re- sults compiled are based upon observations taken during the months of July, August, and September only for reasons given on page 6. The lunitidal intervals and duration of rise are expressed in hours and decimals. Both Greenwich and local intervals are given. For convenience in comparison, the Greenwich intervals are referred to the same transit of the moon for the entire river. In the local intervals the period 12.42 hours has been rejected when necessary in order to refer to the transit which next precedes the time of the tide. The duration of rise is the time from low water to high water. The dura- tion of fall from high water to low water may be found by subtracting the duration of rise from 12.42 hours. Following the column of mean range of tide is a column containing the half-tide level as referred to the Sandy Hook sea level datum. Values for this column were obtainable only when the tide staff used for the observations was connected with a bench mark of the first order level net. The last column of the table contains the reference station used in reducing the observation of the several series through a comparison of simultaneous observations. Where no comparison was made the method of reduction is indicated by a reference to a footnote at the end of the table. In using this summary of observational data several facts should be kept in mind. First, the tides in a river are subject to much irregu- larity due to meteorological conditions. Wind and fresh-water dis- charge are probably the most important disturbing factors. For this reason results obtained from a very short series of observations may vary largely from the means as derived from a very long series. Reduction by comparison of simultaneous observations can be relied upon only when there is a standard reference station so situated 8 U.S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY that the tides may he expected to be similarly affected hy hoth astronomical and meteorological variations as at the subordinate station. The value of the several available reference stations in New York Harbor diminishes rather rapidly in passing up the river, and while all the very short series of observations have been reduced by comparison with simultaneous observations in order to eliminate some of the astronomical inequalities, the longer series in the upper portion of the river have been reduced independently without com- parison. Consideration must also be given to the more or less permanent changes in the tide due to changes in the river bed which may result either from natural causes or from improvements carried on by man. The tabular values refer to the period covered by the observations and would therefore not necessarily be applicable to the tides of a later period following any material change in the river bed. ADJUSTED TIDAL DATA As results obtained directly from short series of observations at the different stations in the river depend largely upon the particular conditions which happen to prevail at the time, they are to be con- sidered only as very rough approximations to true mean values. To correlate these results and obtain the most probable average values of the tidal constants for points along the river, the observa- tional values were plotted as ordinates on cross-section paper with the distance of each station from the mouth of the river as represented by its latitude as the abscissa. wSmooth curves were then drawn to follow the general trend of the plotted points, special weight being given to those from the longer series of observations. The adjusted values given in table 97 were taken from these curves. Above George Washington Bridge they represent average conditions for the months of July, August, and September. The Iunitidal intervals and duration of rise are given in hours and hundredths and the mean range of tide in feet and tenths. The elevation of half-tide level above the Sandy Hook sea-level datum is given to the nearest five hundredths of a foot excepting in the vicinity of the Battery and at Albany where the nearest hundredth of a foot is used. The adjusted tidal results are also represented graphically in figures 9, 10, and 11. The scale at the top of each illustration repre- sents latitude and just below this scale are given the names of a number of points along the river. In figure 9 are given the tide and current intervals as referred to the transit of the moon over the meridian of Greenwich. The curves representing the high water and low water Iunitidal intervals were derived from the adjustment described above. The lunicurrent intervals were obtained from a similar adjustment of the current data. Figure 10 illustrates the adjusted mean range of tide along the river. In passing up the river it will be noted that the range of tide diminishes to a minimum at a point near Storm King and then increases to a maximum at a point near Catskill. This change in range may be considered as due primarily to the presence of a stationary tide wave, which, in combination with a progressive wave advancing up the river, would tend to produce a tide of this character. Figure 11 illustrates the principal tidal datums for the Hudson River with elevations referred to mean sea level, the latter being the Sandy Troy Albany Van Wies Pt Castleton New Baltimore Sluyvesant Coxsackie Four Mile Pt Hudson Catskill Tivoli Barrytown — Rhinecliff Dmsmore Pt. Hyde Park Poughkeepsie New Hamburg Low Point — Newburg « i \ eg \ -i , ~>~-. Figure 9.— Tide am! current intervals, Iludsoa Uivcr. 3j80u — 34. (Face p. 8.) TIDES AND CUERENTS IN HUDSON RIVER 9 Hook datum described on page 13. The half- tide level is the adjusted level representing in general the months of July, August, and Septem- ber, and indicates the average slope in the river. The total fall from Troy to the sea is approximately 2 feet. The slope is greatest in the section of the river from Troy to Tivoli and least between Tivoli and Ossining. The mean high water is a surface elevated above the half-tide level by an amount equal to half range of tide and the mean low water a surface depressed below the half-tide level by the same amount. The Hudson River datum which is shown in this illustration is described on p. 13. Attention is called to the fact that the adjusted values of table 97 and the graphic representations of the same are based primarily upon observations taken prior to the year 1931. Later observations at Albany indicate a permanent change in the tides in the upper part of the river which is not fully reflected in these values. HARMONIC REDUCTION Through the application of the harmonic analysis to the observed hourly heights of the tide, elementary tidal constituents are ob- tained which are represented by their amplitudes and phase lags, these being known as harmonic constants. Such constants form the basis for the prediction of tides and they may also be used in certain formulas to obtain values for some of the nonharmonic constants which are usually derived from the reduction of high and low waters. There are included in this publication, in tables 98 to 101, the harmonic constants from 2 years of observations at Fort Hamilton, 3 years of observations at Governors Island, 2 years of observations at the Battery, and 1 year of observations at Albany. The first series analyzed for the Battery was from observations at the Barge Office Pier and the second series was from observations at the foot of Whitehall Street, the tide gage having been moved to the lattei place in 1927. The two locations are about 300 yards apart so that very little difference in the tide would be expected. The harmonic constants for Albany from observations for the year 1914 are given as a matter of record. Because of recent im- provements in this section of the river considerable change in the tide has taken place and the harmonic analysis of a later series of observations is now being planned. For the predictions of tides for Albany, approximate allowances are being made for the change. PHASE REDUCTION The principal results to be derived from the phase reduction are the spring and neap range of tide. The moon and sun act in conjunction at times of the syzygies, causing the range to be greater than the mean, although the maximum effect does not usually become evident until a day or two after new or full moon, this lag being known as the age of the phase inequality. Similarly, the tide- producing effects of the moon and sun are opposed to each other at the times of the quadratures, causing the neap tides with a range less than the mean. Table 102 includes results from phase reductions for several stations on the Hudson River. For the Battery the phase age and the ratios of the spring and neap ranges to the mean range were derived from the harmonic constants in table 100. For Albany the phase 10 U.S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY age and all ratios were from the spring low water and mean low i reduction of high and low waters for the period June 27 to Sep- tember 23, 1930. For all other stations and including the phase ine- quality ratios at the Batter}', the ages and ratios were derived from reductions of the high and low waters for the period June 27 to Octo- ber 22, 1930, at each of the stations. The ac- cepted spring and neap ranges at the several stations were obtained by applying the respec- tive ratios to the ac- cepted mean ranges which were derived from an adjustment of the i tidal data for the river. It will be noted that I the ratio of the spring I range to the mean range ! decreases from 1.2 at the i Battery to 1.09 at Albany, while the ratio f of the neap range to the mean range increases in nearly the same pro- portion. From an ex- amination of the phase inequalities which re- present the amount by which the spring high and low waters vary from the mean high and low waters, respec- tively, it will be seen that most of the change in the spring range ratio is due to the low-water phase inequality, the ratio of which decreases from 0.09 at the Bat- tery to only 0.01 at Albany. Hence, while the spring high water at Albany may differ by an appreciable amount from the mean high water, the difference between water is almost negligible. TIDES AND CURRENTS IN HUDSON RIVER 11 PARALLAX REDUCTIONS The principal results to be derived from the parallax reduction are the perigean and apogean range of tide. As the moon approaches its perigee and its distance from the earth becomes less, the range of tide increases; and as it approaches its apogee and the distance becomes greater, the range diminishes. The maximum effect on the range of tide, however, does not usually occur until some hours after the moon has passed its perigee or apogee, this lag being known as the age of the parallax inequality. Table 103 includes the perigean and apogean ranges for the Battery and Albany. The ratios of the perigean and apogean ranges, together with the age of the parallax inequality for the Battery, were derived from the harmonic constants in table 100. The corresponding values for Albany were derived from a reduction of high and low waters for the period June 15 to October 3, 1930. The perigean and apogean ranges for both places were obtained by applying the ratios to the accepted mean ranges. Through a comparison with the values in table 102 it will be noted that the perigean range is slightly greater than the spring range, both at the Battery and at Albany. When the perigean and spring tides occur about the same time of month the range of tide will be unusually large, and when the apogean and neap tides occur together the range will be especially small. DECLINATION AL REDUCTION This reduction has for its purpose the determination of constants depending upon changes in the declination of the moon. Table 104 includes results from declinational reductions for the Battery and Albany. The tropic intervals and tropic ranges were obtained by applying to the best determined mean intervals and ranges differences derived from the harmonic constants listed in tables 100 and 101. The tropic inequalities were based directly upon these constants. The diurnal high- and low-water inequalities for the Battery were derived directly from the high and low waters for the calendar year 1930. The corresponding inequalities for Albany were obtained from the high and low waters for the months of June, July, August, and September 1930. EXTREME TIDES Monthly extreme liigh and low waters for Fort Hamilton are given in tables 10 and 11, and for the Battery in tables 20 and 21. There are also included in tables 22 and 23 the yearly highest and lowest tides at the Battery from 1886 to 1932, the extremes for the years 1886 to 1920 being from records of the dock department of the city of New York. Tides in New York Harbor reaching a height of 6 feet or more above the sea-level datum have been observed as follows: November 24, 1901, 6 feet at Fort Hamilton, 5.9 feet at the Battery. April 11, 1918, 6.2 feet at Fort Hamilton, 6.1 feet at the Battery. February 5, 1920, 5.8 feet at Fort Hamilton, 6.1 feet at the Battery. February 20, 1927, 6.2 feet at Fort Hamilton, 6 feet at the Battery. November 10, 1932, 6.4 feet at Fort Hamilton, 6 feet at the Battery. At the times of the extreme high waters of 1901, 1918, and 1920, the phase and parallax of the moon were somewhat favorable to high 35805—34 2 12 U.S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY tides and the heights observed were approximately 3 feet higher than the predicted heights. The astronomical conditions accompanying the liigh water of February 20, 1927, were such as would be expected to cause a tide below the average. The observed heights at Fort Hamilton and at the Battery wore 4.2 feet above the corresponding predicted heights at both places. This exceptionally high water resulted from a very severe storm which had been raging over the North and Middle Atlantic States for 2 days and causing extensive loss of life and property. At Spuyten Duyvil and at Yonkers the water reached a height of 3% feet above the local mean high water. At Albany the height reached was 2.7 feet above the local mean high water. The extreme height observed November 10, 1932, also fol- lowed a severe storm of several days duration with winds from the northeast and east reaching a velocity of more than 50 miles an hour. The observed height at Fort Hamilton was 3.8 feet above the cor- responding prediction for that place and at the Battery the height was 3.6 feet above the prediction. Tides in New York Harbor which have fallen 6 feet or more below the sea-level datum have been observed as follows: February 27, 1886, -6.1 feet at the Battery. Februarv 8, 1895, —5.9 feet at Fort Hamilton, —6.2 feet at the Battery. February 2, 1908, -6.4 feet at Fort Hamilton, -6.1 feet at the Battery. January 6, 1912, -6.2 feet at Fort Hamilton, -5.9 feet at the Batteryl February 22, 1912, -6.2 feet at Fort Hamilton. January 13, 1914, —6.2 feet at Fort Hamilton, —5.8 feet at the Battery. January 26, 1928, -6.2 feet at Fort Hamilton, —5.8 feet at the Battery. The lowest tide at Fort Hamilton, which occurred on February 2, 1908, was 3 feet below the corresponding predicted low water. The lowest tide at the Battery, recorded February 8, 1895, was 3.1 feet below the corresponding predicted height. Extreme high waters at Albany are given in table 94, which includes heights which have been reported as being 14 feet or more above the datum of the tabulations, which is 2 feet below the Sandy Hook sea-level datum. Subsequent to 1920, the highest reading is also given for each of the years that the water did not reach the 14-foot height. The two highest waters recorded at Albany occurred on February 9, 1857, and March 28, 1913. Each of these reached a height of approxi- mately 23% feet above the datum of tabulations or 21% feet above the Sandy Hook sea-level datum. The high water of 1857 resulted from an ice gorge above Van Weis Point. That of 1913 was due to a freshet that followed unusually heavy rains during the latter part of March and the rapid melting of snow in the Adirondacks caused by the mildness of the weather. The height reached by the water below the dam at Troy was 29% feet above the sea-level datum or 8 feet higher than at Albany, making a slope of a little more than 1 foot per mile. At Castle ton a height of 16.4 feet above the sea-level datum and at Stuyvesant a height of 11.2 feet above the same datum were reported, making an average slope of about 0.6 foot per mile between Albany and Stuyvesant. Between Troy and Albany a maximum surface current of 8 miles per hour was observed and at Albany about 6 miles per hour. Extreme low waters at Albany are given in table 95, which includes the lowest recorded tide for each year from 1920 to 1932, inclusive. Improvements in the river have caused a general lowering of all tide TIDES AND CURRENTS IN HUDSON RIVER 13 planes so that the low waters of recent years have fallen lower than ever previously reported. It is interesting to note that for each of the last 3 years the extreme low water at Albany occurred on the same date as the lowest tide for the same year at the Battery, and during the 2 preceding years the extreme low waters at Albany occurred when the tides were exceptionally low at the Battery al- though not the lowest for the year. This indicates that at low water stages, the tides at Albany reflect somewhat the tidal condi- tions at the mouth of the river. Similar conditions are of course not to be expected at the high water stages which result largely from ex- cessive drainage into the river. TIDAL DATUMS A tidal datum may be defined as a plane or surface derived from tidal observations and used as a reference from which to reckon elevations. For general use over large areas the best and most universally accepted datum is one based on the mean level of the sea as derived from observed hourly heights. For hydrographic pur- poses, especially in the preparation of charts for the use of mariners, a datum approximating mean low water is generally adopted. For the Hudson River, the basic datum is mean sea level as derived from observations at Sandy Hook. The datum of soundings on the charts for the lower portion of the river is mean low water, and above Ossining the Hudson River datum. These datum?, together with mean high water, half-tide level, and mean low water, are illustrated in figure 11. MEAN SEA LEVEL The mean sea level illustrated in figure 11 is the Sandy Hook sea- level datum and is used as a standard for the area covered by this publication. It was derived from hourly heights of the tide observed at Sandy Hook, N.J., during a period of 6 years from 1876 to 1881, inclusive. It was originally adopted in 1882 as the datum for the adjustment of a first-order level line beginning at Sandy Hook and since that time has been accepted as the basic datum for this general region. It was used by the City of New York as the datum for a comprehensive net of precise levels covering the several boroughs of Greater New York, which were run in the years 1909-12 under the direction of Frederick W. Koop, of the board of estimate and appor- tionment. The principal tidal series along the Hudson River have been connected with this datum through bench marks of the first- order level net. HUDSON RIVER DATUM Because of the large fluctuations in the level of the Hudson River due to meteorological changes and other causes, especially in the upper portion of the river, a datum derived from local tides is somewhat uncertain as it must depend to a considerable extent upon an arbitrary decision as to what constitute normal tides. To provide a standard reference plane for hydrographic work there has been adopted a plane known as the "Hudson River datum." This datum is defined as being a plane .75 foot below the Sandy Hook sea -level datum for the section of the river extending from Troy to Barren Island, and 1 foot below the Sandy Hook sea-level datum between Barren Island and Ossining. This datum, so far as applying to the section of the river 14 U.S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY TIDES AND CURRENTS IN HUDSON RIVER 15 between Troy and Hudson, was originally adopted by the United States Engineers Office, first district, New York City, in 1926; and at the suggestion of the Coast and Geodetic Survey in September 1931, the datum was extended to Ossining. Below Ossining where the tidal planes are more stable with less seasonal fluctuations, the hydro- graphic datum is taken as coinciding with the mean low water. The Hudson River datum, which is illustrated in figure 11, may be considered as approximating the mean low water of the summer months when the river is usually at its lowest stages. The mean low water itself in the upper part of the river has been subject to consider- able change as a result of recent improvements. In figure 11, the mean low water represented for Albany is based upon the average low water during the summer months for the 10-year period from 1921 to 1930, inclusive. It now appears from later observations, which were not available when the adjustment of the tidal data for the river was made, that with the completion of the improvements to the river the mean low \\ ater in the vicinity of Albany will approximate very closely to the adopted datum. CURRENT OBSERVATIONS Current observations in the Hudson River have been taken from time to time in connection with general surveys of New York Harbor. The stations occupied are indicated on the set of index charts (fig- ures 1 to 8) by open circles or circles enclosing a cross, each station being designated by a numeral with certain letters prefixed. The numeral in general is the same as the original number used by the observing party to designate the station. An exception was made for the stations occupied by Henry Mitchell in years subsequent to 1871 to avoid duplication of numbers by the same party. Also a few stations occupied by H. C. Denson in 1922 which were originally designated by letters are here indicated by numbers. The letters preceding the numerals indicate the party in charge of the work. They are as follows: Wd = Maxwell Woodhull, 1854. W= Isaac Winston, 1919. Wa = Richard Wainwright, 1855. D=H. C. Denson, 1922. Mt =Henrv Mitchell, 1858, 1871, 1872, F =H. E. Finnegan. 1929. 1873. E =U.S. Engineers, 1932. M =H. L. Marindin, 1885. R = I. E. Rittenburg, 1932. B =J. B. Boutelle, 1901. A number of the stations occupied in 1932 were located essentially the same as earlier stations. In these cases, the stations are desig- nated on the index chart by their original numbers only, cross refer- ences to the other numbers being indicated in the table giving the results of the observations. OBSERVATIONS OF 1854 The observations of 1854 were taken under the direction of Lieut. Maxwell Woodhull, commanding the schooner Madison, and the work extended up the Hudson River as far as Fiftieth Street, New York City. The apparatus used in these observations was not described in the records, but the bearings of the float were taken by compass and sometimes by angles. Velocities were taken on the surface and at a depth of 15 feet, the tabulated results including averages for both depths. 16 U.S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY OBSERVATIONS OF 1855 The observations of 1855 were taken under the direction of Lieut. Richard Wainwright, commanding the schooner Nautilus. These observations were taken in connection with a survey of New York Harbor which had been authorized by the State of New York and in which the United States Coast Survey cooperated. The work extended up the Hudson River as far as Spuyten Duyvil. The apparatus used in these observations was not described in the records. The bearings were taken by compass and velocities are given for only one depth, presumably at the surface. OBSERVATIONS OF 1858 In connection with a study of tides and currents in New York Harbor in 1858 by Assistant Henry Mitchell, one current station was occupied in the Hudson River near Forty-first Street, New York City. The current pole used for surface velocities was a piece of timber 12 feet long and weighted to float with 1 1 feet submerged. A tin tube 4 inches in diameter and 24 feet long and weighted to float with 23% feet submerged was also used. OBSERVATIONS OF 1871, 1872, AND 1873 Current observations were taken in the Hudson River during several successive years under the general direction of Assistant Henry Mitchell in connection with a physical survey of New York Harbor. In this work Mr. Mitchell was assisted by H. L. Marindin and F. F. Ness. The boats Bowditch, Hassler, Argo, and Caswell were used for the work and various stations were occupied from the mouth of the river to a point opposite Poughkeepsie. Surface velocities were observed by current poles drawing 10 to 12 feet and directions by compass. While subsurface-currents were also observed by means of two cylinders connected by a small wire, the results were not very satisfactory and reductions were made for the surface currents only. OBSERVATIONS OF 1885 Observations in 1885 were made by party of Assistant H. L. Marindin at sections of the river opposite Dobbs Ferry and Thirty- ninth Street, New York City. A Price current meter was used in the work. The direction of the current was determined by the boat- heading. OBSERVATIONS OF 1901 Stations off Ossining and Peekskill were occupied by party of Assistant J. B. Boutelle in 1901. A 12-foot pole weighted to float with 10 feet submerged was used in this work. OBSERVATIONS OF 1919 The observations of 1919 were taken under the direction of Isaac Winston, inspector at the New York field station, the work being carried on by Jack Senior, commanding the launch Elsie III. A number of stations were occupied between the Battery and Spuyten Duyvil. A 15-foot pole weighted to float with 14 feet submerged was used for surface velocities and directions. A Price current meter was used at three different depths at each station, namely at two tenths, five tenths, and seven tenths of total depth at the station occupied. Directions of the surface currents were obtained both by compass and pelorus. TIDES AND CURRENTS IN HUDSON RIVER 17 OBSERVATIONS OF 1922 In the summer of 1922 a comprehensive current survey of New York Harbor was carried out jointly by the Coast and Geodetic Sur- vey and the United States Army Engineers of the first district, New York. The work was in charge of H. C. Denson and included a number of current stations in the lower part of the Hudson River to River dale. Current poles 15 feet long and weighted to float with 14 feet sub- merged were used for the surface currents. The poles gave the current conditions for an average depth of 7 feet. Price current meters were used to obtain the current velocities at three depths at each station, these depths approximating two tenths, five tenths, and eight tenths of the depth of water at the station. The direction of the current at different depths was obtained by a device called the bifilar direction indicator. It consisted essentially of a set of three vanes, each sus- pended by two parallel wires which actuated a pointer moving over a pelorus. Each vane could be set independently at any desired depth so that the directions of the current at three different depths were indicated simultaneously. OBSERVATIONS OF 1929 The observations of 1929 were made under the direction of H. E. Finnegan and covered the section of the river from Riverdale to Troy. A 15-foot current pole was used for the surface currents except where insufficient depths made it necessary to use shorter poles. Price current meters were used to obtain subsurface velocities. A Petters- son current meter was also used to a limited extent. OBSERVATIONS OF 1932 The current observations in the Hudson River during the year 1932 were obtained in connection with a general tide and current survey of New York Harbor which was undertaken by the United States Engineers with the cooperation of the Coast and Geodetic Survey as a result of unemployment relief activities of New York City whereby a large number of men became available to assist in the work. The United States Engineers occupied five current stations in a cross section of the Hudson River near its mouth, this section being opposite Pier 9 near foot of Carlisle Street, New York City. At each station observations were taken at three depths, namely, 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 of total depth. The observations were taken with an automatic current meter recently developed by the United States Engineers. This meter is a large Price meter to which a protective frame and a stabilizing vane have been added, and which is fitted with an electrical recording apparatus to take the place of the earphone ordinarily used by the observer in counting the revolutions of the meter wheel. The contact made during each revolution of the wheel actuates an electromagnet which moves a ratchet wheel forward one step. Through the use of an interchangeable cam keyed to the ratchet wheel shaft, a pen is caused to make a fine on a time chart for a certain number of turns of the meter wheel. With a velocity of 3 to 5 knots, the cam generally used provides for the registering of each 50 turns of the meter wheel. The velocity of the current at any time may be readily determined by the frequency of these lines on the time chart. 18 U.S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY A detailed description of this apparatus will be found in an article on Measuring Currents in New York Harbor, by Harold E. Libby, engineer, first New York district, which was published in the Military Engineer for September-October 1932. The current observations of the Coast and Geodetic Survey during the year 1932 were taken under the direction of I. E. Kittenburg. In the Hudson River, cross sections of three stations each were occupied off Pier 52, foot of Gansevoort Street; off Pier 97 at Fifty -seventh Street; at George Washington Bridge; and off Riverdale. Two stations were also occupied near the entrance to Spuyten Duyvil Creek. Surface observations were taken with a 15-foot current pole. The Price current meter was used in obtaining the velocity at three different depths at each station, these depths being 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 of the total depth. Observations with pole and meter were taken half hourly as is the usual practice. TABULATION AND REDUCTION OF CURRENTS For the reversing type of current, which prevails in the Hudson River, the usual method of reduction is as follows. The observed half hourly velocities are first plotted on cross-section paper, the flood velocities above and the ebb velocities below a horizontal line of zero velocity. Although individual velocities may plot somewhat irregularly, they usually roughly follow a sine curve having a period corresponding in length to that of the semidiurnal tide. A curve is then drawn by hand wliich follows the general trend of the plotted velocities. The points where the curve intersects the line of zero velocity are tabulated as the times of slack water and the maximum and minimum points of the curve as the times of flood and ebb strength. The corresponding flood and ebb velocities are determined by the ordinates at the maximum and minimum points. The direction of the current at the time of each strength is taken from the original record. The times of the slack water and strength of current are usually compared with the times of high and low water at some principal tide station. Comparisons may also be made with the times of slack water and strength of current at another current station if there should be one available with well-determined constants. The time differences for each current phase, and the velocity and direction of flood and ebb strength are then averaged. The average time differences give the relation of the current at the secondary station to the tide or current at the standard station. Reference may afterwards be readily made to any other standard tide or current station or to the moon's transit by the application of known differences. The velocities of the flood and ebb strength are reduced to mean values by factors based upon the range of tide or velocity of the current at the standard station. Table 105 contains the results from the various current surveys in the Hudson River. The station number in the first column cor- responds to the designation of the station on the index charts (figs. 1 to 8). In a few cases where the station was occupied in another year under a different designation, the latter is given in parentheses. In the second column, the location of the station is described, the point on the shore opposite the station and also the latitude and longi- TIDES AND CURRENTS IN HUDSON RIVER 19 tude being given. Following the location, the dates of the beginning and end of each series of observations and the length of the series to the nearest half day are given. Observations of 1 day usually included 25 hours and those of 2 days 50 hours in order to cover complete tidal cycles. The results from the earlier series of observations are for surface currents only, which in this publication are taken to include any depth up to 15 feet. These observations were in general taken with a pole, but other devices were also sometimes used. For the observations of 1919, 1922, 1929, and 1932, the results for several different depths are given. In this table all times are expressed in hours and hundredths. The times of slack water and flood and ebb strength are referred to either high or low water at the Battery according to the inscription at the top of the column. A minus sign before the difference indicates that the time of the current is earlier than the time of the corresponding tide. The direction of the current at the times of flood and ebb strength is given in degrees as reckoned from the true north. The direction of the surface current was usually obtained from the position of the current line in passing over a pelorus or compass. Excepting the observations for 1922 when a bifilar direction indicator was used, the directions of the subsurface current were not generally obtained. The mean current hour is the interval expressed in solar hours between the time of the moon's transit over the meridian of Green- wich and the time of strength of flood modified by the times of the other current phases. ADJUSTED CURRENT DATA Direct results as derived from current observations covering only a few days may be influenced to a large extent by temporary meteoro- logical conditions. This is especially true for currents in a river which is subject to large fluctuations in the fresh- water discharge. Such re- sults are therefore to be considered only as very rough approxima- tions to true mean values. By correlating and adjusting the results from different series of observations in the same general locality closer approximations may be obtained. In such correlation consideration must be given to the fact that the current may sometimes differ con- siderably at points only a short distance apart. The current in the midchannel of a stream usually flows with a greater velocity and turns later than the current near shore. Eddies and counter currents may be created by shoals or other obstructions. Table 106 contains adjusted data for the surface currents along the midchannel of the Hudson River. For the purposes of this table, the surface currents are taken to include those to a depth of 15 feet. The adjustment was accomplished by plotting on cross-section paper the observational data, using the distance of each station from the mouth of the river as measured by its latitude as the abscissa and the result to be adjusted as the ordinate, separate adjustments being made for each current phase interval and for flood and ebb velocities. The stations used for the adjustment were those located well out in the stream, stations near the shore being excluded. Smooth curves were drawn to follow as near as practicable the general trend of the plotted points. The resulting interval curves are illustrated in figure 9 and the velocity curves in figures 12 and 13. 20 U.S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY The adjusted values for table 106 were then scaled off from these curves. For convenience in mak- ing comparisons between the times of the tide and the current phases, the values were taken for the same localities as those used for the adjusted tidal data in table 97. A direct comparison in the times may be made through the Greenwich intervals. The times of slack water and flood and ebb strength are referred also to the times of the high and low water at the Battery, and through the application of these dif- ferences to the predicted tides at the latter place, the times of the current phases may be readily estimated. It should be kept in mind, however, that the differences rep- resent average values and are subject to varia- tions depending upon the special conditions which may prevail at the time. The last two columns of table 106 con- tain the average veloci- ties at strength of flood and strength of ebb. Spe- cial attention is called to the fact that these adjusted values refer to the midchannel. Near the shore the currents may turn from a half hour to an hour earlier than in midchannel and the velocity may be con- siderably less. HARMONIC REDUCTION The process of the harmonic analysis used for the reduction of the hourly heights of the tide is also applicable to the reduction of the TIDES AND CURRENTS IN HUDSON RIVER 21 22 U.S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY hourly velocities of the current. When, applied to the reversing type of current, the flood current is usually considered as a movement in the positive direction and the ehb current as a movement in the negative direction, the epochs having reference to the times of the maximum flood strength of each constituent. Harmonic analyses have been made for two current stations in the lower part of the Hudson River, station D-14, where observations were taken in 1922, and station E-l, where observations were taken in 1932. The loca- tions of these stations are shown on the index chart, figure I. At station D-14, analyses were made for two overlapping 15-day series covering a total of 21 days. At station E-l the series of observations analyzed covered a period of 27 days, which by extrapolation of hourly velocities was extended to the standard length of 29 days. The harmonic constants obtained from these analyses are given in table 107. In addition to the usual kappas («), which refer to the equilib- rium arguments pertaining to the local meridian, the table includes also the corresponding Greenwich epochs which refer to the Greenwich arguments, the difference between the local kappas and the Greenwich epochs being equal to the product of the longitude by the subscript of the constituent. A general use of Greenwich epochs would permit a direct and convenient comparison between the times of constituent current phases for stations located in any part of the world. DIAGRAMS OF HOURLY TIDE AND CURRENT CONDITIONS IN HUDSON RIVER The 13 diagrams, figures 14 to 26, illustrate the average tide and current conditions in the axis of the main channel of the Hudson River during the summer months, as referred to the time of high water at the Battery. The scale at the top of each diagram represents latitude, and as the river runs nearly north and south tliis is approxi- mately proportional to the distance as measured along the axis of the stream. The vertical scale on the side of the diagram indicates height as referred to the Sandy Hook sea-level datum. Each curve represents a profile of the river surface from the Battery to Troy for the hour indicated. The slope of the river, however, is greatly exaggerated, as the vertical scale of heights is more than 60,000 times as great as the horizontal scale of distances. The vertical arrows indicate by their direction whether the tide is rising or falling at the various places along the river at the time represented by the curve. The currents are represented by horizontal arrows wliich by their direction show whether the current is flooding or ebbing. The figures at each arrow show the velocity of the current in knots. Special attention is called to the fact that these currents refer to the main channel of the stream. In approaching the shore diminished veloci- ties are to be expected. Moreover, the time of the turning of the current from flood to ebb or ebb to flood may be from a half hour to an hour earlier near the shore than is the case in mid-channel. The tides and currents in the river are subject to large seasonal variations due primarily to fluctuations in the fresh-water discharge. Near the mouth of the river this variation in the tide is relatively small, but in advancing up the river the seasonal variations become more important and above George Washington Bridge the tides used were generally limited to those observed during the months of July, August, and September as the period when the tidal effects are most TIDES AND CURRENTS IN HUDSON RIVER 24 U.S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY TIDES AND CURRENTS IN HUDSON RIVER 25 26 U.S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY Hyde Park Poughkeepsie New Hamburg Low Point - Newburg Storm King West Point Con Hook Peekskill Verplanck Haverstraw - Ossming Tarrytown Dobbs Ferry Yonkers Spuyten Duyvil Geo. Washington Br Grants Tomb 42nd Street The Battery TIDES AND CURRENTS IN HUDSON RIVER 27 35805-34 3 28 U.8. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY TIDES AND CURRENTS IN HUDSON RIVER 29 30 U.S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY TIDES AND CURRENTS IN HUDSON RIVER 31 32 U.S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY — Newburg Tivoli - Barrytown Rhinecliff Dinsmore Pt. Hyde Park Poughkeepsie New Hamburg Low Point Storm King West Point Con Hook Peekskill Verplanck Haverstraw - Ossining Tarrytown Dobbs Ferry Yonkers Spuyten Duyvil Geo. Washington Br. Grants Tomb 42nd Street The Battery 1 J TIDES AND CURRENTS IN HUDSON RIVER 33 Albany Van Wies Pt Castleton New Baltimore Stuyvesant Coxsackie Four Mile Pt. Hudson Catskill New Hamburg Low Point - Newburg Stprm King West Point Con Hook Peekskili Verplanck Haverstraw - Ossining Tarrytown Dobbs Ferry Yonkers Spuyten Duyvil Geo. Washington Br Grants Tomb 42nd Street The Battery on 34 U.S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY 1 I 1 I Tivoh - Barrytown Rhinecliff Dinsmore Pt. Hyde Park Poughkeepsie New Hamburg Low Point - Newburg Storm King West Point Con Hook Peekskiii Verplanck Haverstraw - Ossining Tarrytown Dobbs Ferry Yorikers Spuyten Duyvil Geo. Washington Br » Grants Tomb 42nd Street The Battery l«0 TIDE8 AND CURRENTS IN HUDSON RIVER 35 30 U.S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY pronounced and least masked by excessive river discharge. It is also the period when navigation on the river is usually the greatest. Besides the seasonal variation in the tides of the river, there are other changes more or less permanent resulting from improvements in the river. The changes from year to year are somewhat irregular and there is a degree of uncertainty as to what extent any change may be considered as permanent and to what extent it may depend upon some special climatic conditions prevailing at the time. In the construction of the diagrams the tide records used have generally been limited to observations taken between the years 1920 and 1930. The current data available for the construction of the diagrams con- sisted of observations taken at various times, usually during the summer months, between the years 1854 and 1932, inclusive. Above Poughkeepsie, current observations during the year 1929 only were available. The principal series were at station D-14 off the Battery, where a total of 31 days of observations were secured in 1922, and at station E-l oil* Carlisle Street, New York City, where observations were taken over a period of 27 days in 1932. Other stations were occupied for periods from a few hours to 7 days, although in general each series consisted of from 1 to 2 days of observations. In using these current diagrams it should be kept in mind that they represent only average conditions, and considerable variation arising from both astronomical and meteorological causes may be expected from day to day. At the time of spring tides velocities may be from 10 to 20 percent greater and at the time of neap tides 10 to 20 percent less than indicated on the diagrams. Changes in the stages of the river may greatly modify both tide and current. The marked change in the tides in the upper portion of the river between the summer of 1929 and the summer of 1930, to which atten- tion has already been called, may have been accompanied by corre- sponding changes in the currents, but as the current observations above Poughkeepsie are limited to those taken in 1929, no data are now available to determine the extent of such changes. TEMPERATURE AND DENSITY OBSERVATIONS Table 108 contains the monthly means and extremes of temperature and density observations taken at the primary tide station at the Battery. The observations were incidental to the main purpose of securing the tide record, and were taken once a day, Sundays and holidays excluded, by the observer on his regular visits to the tide station. There are no requirements that the station be visited at any specified hour and it may be assumed that the distribution of the observations is approximately uniform over all phases of the tide. The observed densities were reduced to a standard temperature of 15° C. Tables 109 and 110 include temperature and density records from observations taken during the surveys of 1929 and 1932. These observations were incidental to the main purpose of the survey and were usually taken at three different depths at the same stations occupied for the current observations. The densities have been reduced to the standard temperature of 15° C. Other temperature and density observations were made in the Hudson River in 1871 and 1885, these observations being taken in connection with the current surveys of those years. Tabular results TIDES AND CURRENTS IN HUDSON RIVER 37 from the observations of 1871 were published on page 130 of the An- nual Report of the Coast Survey for 1871 and those for the year 1885 on page 303 of the Annual Report of the Coast and Geodetic Survey for 1887. It will be noted that in the lower portion of the river the density generally increases with the depth. This is to be expected as the upper strata of water would naturally be affected to some degree by the fresh water run-off. The density of pure water when reduced to a temperature of 15° C. is about 0.99913 acccording to the Smith- sonian physical tables. During the observations of 1929 the water approximately reached this density in the vicinity of Cave Point a short distance above Poughkeepsie. Table 1. — High-water lunitidal interval, Fort Hamilton, N.Y. i ear Janu- ary Feb- ruary March April May June July Au- gust bep- tem- ber Octo- ber AO- vem- ber ue- cem- ber Mean Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours Hon rs Hours Hours Hours 1893 7.73 7.77 7. 62 7. 57 7. 60 7. 72 7. 72 7. 73 7. 70 7. 70 7.80 7. 85 7.71 1894 7.77 7. 87 7. 77 7.73 7. 67 7. 67 7. 70 7. 72 7. 72 7. 73 7. 72 7. 72 7. 73 1895 7. 67 7. 77 7. 73 7. 55 7.57 7.67 7. 67 7. 63 7. 75 7. 75 7. 77 7. 57 7. 68 1896._ 7. 67 7. 65 7. 63 7. 57 7. 58 7. 67 7.63 7. 70 7. 63 7. 63 7.67 7. 72 7. 65 1897.. 7.72 7.67 7.60 7. 55 7. 62 7.67 7.67 7.63 7.67 7. 73 7.68 7.65 7. 66 1898. 7.63 7.73 7.64 7.65 7.60 7.66 7. 77 7.66 7.78 7. 82 7. 79 7. 68 7. 70 1899 7. 72 7. 78 7.78 7. 61 7. 64 7. 72 7.74 7. 83 7. 79 7. 87 7. 90 7. 67 7. 75 1900 7.66 7.83 7. 71 7. 70 7.70 7.73 7.86 7. 84 7.80 7.86 7.86 7. 73 7. 77 1901 7. 81 7 74 7. 72 7. 74 7. 72 7 67 7 76 7. 78 7. 79 7 81 7. 82 7. 77 7. 76 1902 7.64 7. 80 7. 63 7. 53 7! 66 7. 75 7. 74 7. 65 7^82 7.' 70 7. 75 7! 68 7! 70 1903 7. 81 7. 72 7.55 7. 61 7. 62 7.68 7. 65 7. 67 7.61 7.69 7. 67 7. 66 7. 66 1904 7.74 7.77 7. 66 7. 65 7.64 7. 66 7. 73 7. 04 7. 71 7. 70 7.75 7. 81 7. 70 1905 7. 83 7.66 7. 75 7.64 7. 70 7. 69 7.73 7. 73 7. 70 7. 79 7. 75 7. 67 7.72 1906 7 87 7. 85 7 78 7 72 7. 66 7. 69 7. 70 7 73 7 70 7. 75 7. 85 7. 77 7. 76 1907. 7] 66 7^78 7. 73 7. 70 7'. 64 7^67 7. 69 7. 67 7. 70 7] 78 7.64 7.64 7.69 1908 7. 71 7. 74 7. 59 7. 72 7. 73 7. 64 7. 69 7. 77 7. 78 7. 84 7. 82 7. 80 7. 74 1909 7.75 7.68 7. 78 7. 64 7. 62 7.62 7. 74 7. 75 7.70 7. 78 7. 84 7.85 7. 73 1910 7.75 7. 79 7.56 7.53 7. 56 7. 58 7. 75 7. 60 7. 62 7. 78 7. 79 7.83 7. 68 1911 — 7.56 7. 69 7. 65 7. 61 7. 59 7. 66 7.67 7.74 7. 67 7. 66 7.71 7.66 7. 66 1912 7.61 7. 64 7. 56 7.57 7.65 7.54 7. 62 7. 67 7.68 7.65 7.66 7.66 7.63 1913- _ 7. 51 7. 56 7. 56 7. 56 7.60 7. 52 7.62 7.69 7. 78 7. 66 7.66 7. 76 7.62 1914. 7. 62 7.69 7.56 7. 45 7. 46 7. 47 7.52 7. 52 7.58 7. 55 7. 65 7. 62 7. 56 1915 7.51 7. 48 7. 50 7.44 7.51 7. 58 7. 67 7.59 7. 65 7. 57 7. 63 7.59 7.56 1916 7. 65 7.64 7. 61 7. 40 7.51 7.43 7.51 7. 53 7.69 7. 00 7.59 7. 67 7. 57 1917.. 7.65 7.50 7. 56 7.50 7. 57 7.51 7. 69 7. 55 7. 67 7.73 7.65 7. 82 7.62 1918 _ (7. 61) 7.48 7. 47 7. 57 7. 49 7. 49 7.68 7.59 7. 91 7.60 7. 75 7. 72 7. 61 1919- 7.64 7.64 7.63 7. 54 7. 63 7. 60 7. 63 7. 75 7.74 7.80 7.65 7. 79 7. 67 1920 7. 90 7. 86 7. 68 7. 56 7. 59 7. 53 7.69 7. 85 7.59 7.61 7.70 (7. 68) 7.69 1921 (7. 66) (7. 76) (7. 67) 7. 69 7.90 7. 83 7. 73 7. 72 7. 81 7. 84 7.86 7. 72 7.77 1922 7.79 7.67 7. 63 7.57 7. 62 7.60 7. 62 7.69 7. 75 7.60 7.80 7.79 7. 68 1923. - 7.68 7.80 7.59 7. 65 7.61 7. 70 7.66 7.68 7. 72 7. 73 7.82 7.63 7.69 1924 7.76 7. 58 7.67 7.56 7.59 7.61 7.64 7. 62 7.66 7.68 7. 73 7. 73 7. 65 1925.. 7. 80 7.76 7. 55 7. 36 7. 52 7.61 7. 65 7. 60 7. 63 7.72 7. 58 7. 63 7. 62 1926. 7.74 7. 75 7. 53 7.54 7. 58 7. 64 7. 62 7. 65 7. 63 7.66 7. 60 7. 47 7.62 1927 7.74 7. 57 7.64 7.62 7. 64 7.68 7.81 7.66 7. 55 7.49 7. 57 7.86 7. 65 1928- 7.71 7.72 7.65 7. 57 7.68 7. 50 7. 56 7. 53 7. 66 7. 58 7. 62 7.73 7. 63 1929 7. 78 7. 59 7.52 7. 46 7. 52 7. 66 7.69 7.69 7. 71 7. 76 7. 75 7.68 7. 65 1930. 7.73 7.73 7. 68 7. 50 7. 65 7. 80 7. 71 7. 77 7. 74 7. 86 7.92 (7.91) 7.75 1931. 7.71 7.60 7. 74 7.69 7.74 7. 68 7.54 7.03 7.67 7.67 7.71 7. 53 7. 66 1932 7.67 7.69 7. 57 7. 62 7. 05 7. 80 7.74 7.69 7.76 7.88 7.70 7.73 7.71 Mean'. 7.70 7.70 7.64 7.58 7.62 7. 63 7.68 7.68 7.70 7. 71 7. 73 7. 72 7.67 > Mean for 38 years (1893-1930). Note.— Values in parentheses have been inferred. For reference to above table see p. 4. 38 U.S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY Table 2. — Low-water lunitidal interval, Fort Hamilton, .V. Y. Year Janu- ary Feb- ruary March April May June July Au- gust Sep- tem- ber Octo- ber No- vem- ber De- cem- ber Mean 1893 Hourt Hourt Hourt Hours Hourt Hourt Hourt Hourt Hourt Hourt Hourt Hour J Hourt 1 67 1 65 1.60 1 47 1 56 1.70 1 08 1 73 1.68 1 06 I 72 1.67 1.66 1894. 1 72 1 80 1.77 t 73 1 58 1.67 1 68 1 75 1.73 1 07 1 60 1. 56 1. 69 1 62 1 70 L 50 l 45 1 63 1 . 02 1 67 1 67 1 62 1 60 1 05 1.63 L61 1896.. 1 S3 1 82 LM 1 17 1 55 l! 67 1 65 l 60 i]eo 1 52 1 60 1.58 1.58 1897 1 63 1 52 1.47 1 50 1 62 1.60 1 00 1 00 1. 60 1 58 1 62 1.58 1.57 1898 1 5fi 1 50 1.51 1 57 1 62 1.63 ] 60 1 06 1.72 1 71 1 01 1.60 1.62 1899 1900 1 67 1 63 1.61 1 54 1 59 1.73 1 71 1 72 1.74 1 12 1 79 1. 77 1. 68 1 75 1 63 1 60 1 61 1 65 1 77 1 71 1 73 1 74 1 83 1 00 1.72 1.78 1901. " 1 70 1 65 1.72 1 62 J 65 L71 1 70 1 81 L73 1 77 1 73 1.64 1.70 1902. 1 61 1 73 1.51 1 58 1 64 1.72 1 70 1 77 1.76 1 72 1 60 1.62 1.68 1903 1 59 1 69 1.53 1 52 1 62 1.63 1 62 1 07 1.73 1 04 1 0» 1.60 1.63 1904 1 60 1 69 1.57 1 68 1 65 1.67 1 70 1 70 L 09 1 56 1 77 1. 72 1. 60 1905 1 66 1 64 1. 61 1 M 1 67 1 09 1 0!) 1 76 1 73 1 74 1 81 1.75 1.69 1906 1 03 1. 7M L65 1 00 1 09 L08 1 74 1 71 I.' 78 1 82 i 80 1. 73 1.72 1907 1 62 1 77 1.72 1 60 1 62 L 67 1 71 1 71 1. 73 1 80 i 57 1.66 1. 68 1908. 1 70 1 71 1.58 1 5 s 1 59 1.64 1 08 1 71 1.74 1 72 i 72 1.75 1.68 1909 . 1 65 1. 58 1.52 L M 1 64 1.59 1 74 1 07 1.67 1 08 i s.' 1. 79 1.60 1910 1 70 1. 63 1 50 1. 62 1 50 1 03 l 68 1 08 1 69 1 74 i 73 1.77 1.00 1911 1 54 1. 67 reo 1. 51 1 46 i ! fib l 66 1 06 ro7 1 09 i 72 1. 54 1.62 1912. . 1 60 1. 58 1.46 1 47 1 66 1.56 1 62 1 60 1.73 1 61 i 68 1.66 1.60 1913 1 44 1 50 1.55 l 45 1 63 1.56 1 50 1 01 1.71 1 61 i 50 1. 59 1.56 1. 51 1.45 1 38 1 42 1.50 1 52 1 50 1.53 1 57 i 62 1.00 1. 51 1915 1 43 1. 47 L 43 1. 39 1 65 1 . 55 1. 65 1 02 1. 68 1 60 i 60 1.56 1.54 1916 1 60 1. 62 L57 1. 43 1 51 l.K l 54 1 67 L65 1 07 i 08 1. 61 1.59 1917 1 60 1 60 1.68 1. 58 1 53 1.50 1. 59 1. 05 1.69 1 06 i 60 1. 77 1.62 1918 <1 46) 1. 71 1.50 1. 53 1 51 1.63 1 60 1. 07 1.65 1 71 i 73 1. 68 1. 62 1919 I. 52 1. 51 1.61 L 62 1 53 1.71 ) 60 1 80 1.79 1 83 i 74 1.68 1.60 1920 1 79 1. 77 1 58 1. 58 1 55 1 64 l 67 1 07 1 05 1 02 i 02 (1.63) 1.65 1921 (t 54) a. 63) (l'01) 1. 60 1 79 1.86 1. 70 1 76 L84 1 81 i SO 1. 76 1.72 1922 1 - [ 1 1.52 | 1 A7 1.59 | 1. 1.66 1. 58 1 71 la iO 1. 64 1923 L 58 i. 56 1.54 1. .50. 1 06 1.60 1. 72 1 77 1.83 1 71 i 91 1.59 1.67 1924. l 65 i. 61 1.58 1. 65 1 59 1.59 1. 68 1 62 1.72 1 03 i 76 1.65 1.64 1925 1. 73 i. 73 I. 60 1. 47 1 64 L 64 1. 04 1 62 1. 08 1 70 i 64 1.66 1.63 1926 1. -ii i. 69 1.56 1. 53 1 62 1.61 1. 74 1 68 L62 1 00 i 63 1.68 1.65 1927 1. 75 i. 59 1.53 L 63 1 05 1.66 1. 77 1. 73 1.55 1 47 i 63 1. 61 1.62 1928 1. 66 L 58 1.60 1. 65 1 74 1.G5 1. 73 1. 69 1.77 1 70 i 71 1.83 1.69 1929.. 1. 72 1. 54 1.42 L 63 1. 51 1.60 1. 63 1. 73 1.72 1 75 i. 60 1.56 1.61 1930 1. 05 1. 66 1.72 L 40 1 55 1.72 1. 73 1. 08 1.72 1 K0 i 88 (1.82) 1.69 1931 1. 59 1. 51 1.54 L 53 1 54 1.60 1. 59 1. 50 1.63 1. 60 i. 66 1.53 1.57 1932. 1. 59 1. 53 1.56 1. 67 1. 50 1.76 1. 75 1. 70 1.70 1. 81 i 69 1.70 1.65 Mean 1 1. 03 1. 64 1.57 1. 64 1. 69 1.64 1. 66 L 65) 1.70 1.68 i. 70 1.67 1.64 ' Mean for 38 years (1893-1930J. Note.- -Values in parentheses have been inferred. For reference to above table see p. 4. Table 3. — Duration of rise and fall of tide, Fort Hamilton, A'. }'. Yearly means Year 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 Duration of— Rise Fall Hourt Hours 6.06 6. 36 6.04 6.38 6.07 6.35 6. 07 6.35 6.09 6.33 6.08 6.34 6.07 6.35 6.04 6.38 6.06 6.36 6.02 6. 40 6.03 6. 39 6.04 6.38 6. 03 6.39 Yearly means Year Duration of— | Rise Fall Hours Hours 1906 6.04 6.38 1907 6. 01 6.41 1908 6.06 6.36 1909 6. 07 6.35 1910 6.02 6.40 1911 6.04 6. 38 1912 6.03 6.39 1913 6.06 6.36 1914 6. 05 6.37 1915 6.02 6.40 | 1916 5.98 6.44 1917 6.00 6.42 1918 5.99 6.43 Yearly means Year 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927. 1928. 1929. 1930. Duration of- Rise Hours 6. 01 6.04 6.05 6.04 6.02 6.01 5.99 5. 97 6.03 5. 92 6.04 6.06 Fall Hourt 6.41 6.38 6. 37 6.38 6.40 6.41 6. 43 6. 45 6.39 6.50 6.38 6.36 Annual variation Month (1893- 1930) Jan Feb... Mar... Apr... May_ . June.. July... Aug... Sept... Oct.... Nov Dec... Duration of— Rise Fall Hours 6.07 6.06 6.07 6.04 6.03 5.99 6.02 5.99 6.00 6.03 6.03 6.05 Hours 6. 35 6.36 6.36 6.38 6.39 6.43 6. 40 6.43 6.42 6. 39 6.39 6.37 Mean duration of rise 38 years (1893-1930) =6.03 hours. Mean duration of fall 38 years (1893-1930) =6.39 hours. For reference to above table see p. 4. TIDES AND CURRENTS IN HUDSON RIVER 39 Table 4. — High water, Fort Hamilton, N. Y. [Referred to a plane 5 feet below Sandy Hook sea-level datum] Year Janu- ary Feb- ruary March April May June July Au- gust Sep- tem- ber Octo- ber No- vem- ber De- cem- ber Mean Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet 6. 89 6. 50 7. 01 7 30 7 32 7 39 7 15 7 43 7. 33 7. 42 7. 18 6. 74 7. 14 1894 7. 14 ft fift 7 QQ 7 46 7 40 7. 20 7. 22 7. 32 7. 45 7. 32 6. 77 7. 03 7. 18 6. 76 A Att 0. oo 7 25 7 16 7 45 7 45 7. 29 7. 32 7. 21 7. 11 7. 25 7. 11 "7 1ft ft 7(1 6 57 7 17 7 36 7. 36 7. 23 7. 37 7. 43 7. 67 7. 29 7. 33 7 23 1897. -- 6. 78 7.29 7^06 7] 06 7. 35 7] 48 7^65 7^66 ?! 53 7. 75 7. 04 7! 12 7. 31 uu 7 04 7 10 7 47 7 70 7. 49 7. 52 7. 48 7. 44 7. 60 7. 35 6. 89 7. 34 6. 79 6. 95 7 33 7 41 7 55 7. 40 7. 36 7. 67 7. 60 7. 41 7. 51 7. 17 7. 35 1900 a ai O. DO a 7t; 6 96 7 18 7 39 7. 49 7. 38 7. 61 7. 54 7. 57 7. 26 7. 21 7. 25 1901 4 . iO 6. 40 7 94 7 78 7 68 7 66 7. 76 7. 87 7. 42 7. 43 7. 38 7. 47 1902 7.04 7. 18 7.58 7! 52 7. 42 7! 55 7l 72 7^78 7] 79 7. 81 7. 73 7! 52 7^55 1903.. o, y-i A 7*1 7 1^ 7 gA. 7 51 8 03 7. 73 7. 84 7. 75 8. 01 7. 36 6. 87 7. 50 A 7fi 7 17 7 37 7 49 7. 64 7. 55 7. 50 7. 61 7. 52 7. 45 7. 25 7. 37 1905 7. 04 A 7(1 O. to 7 Att 7 32 7 30 7 44 7. 50 7 65 7. 64 7. 45 7. 21 7. 31 7. 31 7 OQ 7 Q2 6 86 7 39 7 39 7 71 7. 72 7 74 7 61 7. 69 7. 28 7 02 7 39 1907 - 7.02 6! 81 7l 13 7] 37 7. 43 7^70 7] 55 7. 51 7^41 7. 35 7. 53 7. 36 ?! 35 iyuo 7 Q7 6 81 7. 07 7. 02 7. 48 7. 48 7. 46 7. 71 7. 63 7. 72 6. 97 7. 02 7. 29 7 14 7 13 7 13 7. 24 7. 78 7. 53 7. 47 7. 69 7. 64 7. 35 7, 42 7. 39 7. 41 7 91 7 03 7 35 7 69 7 53 7 69 7. 62 7. 46 7. 71 7. 50 7. 47 7. 21 7. 46 6 95 7 26 7 00 7 42 7 39 7 72 7 43 7 55 7. 75 7. 73 7 13 7. 23 7. 38 1912 6.73 6^84 7] 06 7*22 7. 40 7. 28 7^20 7. 44 7! 67 7. 48 7^27 6^87 7^20 1 Q1 7 00 6 67 6 64 7 28 7 35 7. 37 7. 33 7. 55 7. 47 7. 75 7. 33 7. 05 7. 23 1914 7 39 6 83 7 13 7. 37 7. 47 7. 43 7. 59 7. 49 7. 54 7. 58 7. 10 7. 25 7. 35 l Ql e; 7 25 7 33 7 20 7 18 7 42 7 55 7. 65 7. 84 7. 48 7. 57 7. 35 7. 22 7. 42 1916 7 03 7 03 7 29 7. 76 7. 06 7. 80 7. 42 7. 64 7. 60 7. 54 7. 37 6 89 7 41 1917~"~~"~---"~! 6! 98 6^97 7. 32 7! 42 7. 82 7^65 7^66 7^71 7^68 7^64 7. 45 7. 21 7^46 1918 ^ ' • f7 91^ 7 43 7. 70 7 23 7. 64 7. 67 7. 66 7. 53 7. 40 7. 42 7. 53 7. 48 1919 7 10 7 30 7 45 7 54 7 89 7. 84 7 74 7 94 7. 76 7. 88 7. 87 7. 38 7. 64 7 19 7 38 7 01 7. 81 7 79 7. 90 7. 69 7. 80 7. 77 7. 66 (7 'SKI 7. 61 1921 V'- \i. AO) 7 78 8. 11 7. 68 7. 83 7. 74 7. 80 7 51 7. 72 7. 34 7. 63 1922 6.84 7. 25 7. 40 7^51 7! 66 7. 76 7^83 7. 81 7! 83 7. 79 7. 56 7^40 7^55 1923.. 7. 34 7. 14 7.40 7. 41 7. 56 7.64 7.67 7.64 7.66 7. 72 7. 77 7.49 7.54 1924 _ 6.99 7.51 7. 78 7. 62 7. 86 7. 65 7. 54 7.68 7.66 7. 67 7. 36 6. 91 7.52 1925., _ 7.44 7.25 7. 32 7. 49 7. 50 7. 52 7. 61 7.63 7.75 7. 42 7. 27 7. 11 7. 44 1926 6. 90 7.28 6. 96 7. 27 7. 47 7.49 7.57 7.80 7. 82 7. 66 7. 27 7. 16 7.39 1927 6. 91 7. 42 7. 43 7. 45 7. 62 7.59 7. 42 7. 77 7.61 7.64 7.51 7. 61 7. 50 1928 6.80 7. 03 7. 07 7. 20 7. 57 7. 77 7.66 7. 77 7. 78 7. 39 7.19 7.02 7. 35 1929 6.50 7.11 7. 07 7. 65 7. 18 7. 67 7.46 7. 54 7. 63 7.31 7. 34 7. 15 7. 30 1930 6. 96 7.01 7.06 7. 12 7. 36 7. 36 7.60 7.71 7.61 7. 73 7. 14 (7. 29) 7.33 1931 7.08 7. 16 7. 89 7. 46 7. 55 7. 81 7.85 7.88 7.81 7. 63 7.31 7. 33 7. 56 1932 7. 67 7. 48 7.00 1 7.50 7. 39 7.56 7. 61 7.58 7. 84 7.60 7.91 7. 43 7.55 Mean 1 7.03 7. 02 7.15 7. 43 7.51 7.58 7.54 7.64 7. 62 7.58 7. 35 7. 20 7.39 > Mean for 38 years (1893-1930) Note. — Values in parentheses have been inferred. For reference to above table see p. 4. 40 U.S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY Table 5. — Low water, Fort Hamilton, N.Y. [Referred to a plane 5 feet below Sandy Hook sea-level datum] Year 25?" ary Feb- ruary March April May June July Au- gust Sep- tem- ber Octo- ber No- vem- ber De- cem- ber Mean Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet 1803 1 52 2.06 2. 60 2.64 2. 74 3.04 2. 78 2. 00 2. 77 2.03 2.67 2. 17 2.86 1894 2. 73 2. 47 2. 62 2.97 2.89 2. 65 2.69 2. 82 2. 90 2.87 2. 27 2. 56 2.70 1895 2.29 2.04 2. 15 2.66 2. .58 2.86 2.86 2 70 2. 87 2. 78 2.74 2. 86 2.62 1896 2.67 2. 19 1. 03 2. 49 2.83 2.78 2.71 2 87 2 t 06 3.20 2.71 2.85 2.68 1897 2.31 2.86 2. 44 2. 37 2. 72 2.92 3.09 Z. 00 2. 04 3.18 2. 52 2. 43 2.73 1898 2.45 2.52 2. 60 2.90 3.06 2. 82 2.90 2. 80 2. 86 3. 02 2. 72 2.32 2.74 1899 2.25 2. 39 2. 68 2.67 2.87 2. 74 2.74 3. 08 2 07 2. 85 2. 95 2. 54 2. 73 1900. 2. 03 2.04 2. 21 2. 40 2.69 2.85 2. 73 2 06 2. 87 2. 03 2. 55 2. 42 2.56 1901 2.55 1. 80 2. 4} 3. 13 3.05 2. 94 2.99 3. 04 3^ 07 2. 66 2. 78 2. 55 2. 75 1902 2.33 2.52 i. 61 2.68 2.55 2.71 2.86 2, 00 3! 10 2.98 3.02 2.83 2.76 1903 2.24 1.95 2. 43 3. 01 2.73 3. 18 2.79 3. 01 2 85 3.17 2. 57 2. 13 2.67 1904 2.33 1.92 2. 31 2.48 2.61 2.86 2. 78 2 68 2 74 2.63 2.64 2. 42 2. 53 1905 2.28 1.97 2. 27 2.39 2.46 2.70 2.66 2. 02 2. 74 2.62 2. 42 2.51 2. 50 1906 2.57 2. 29 2. 1 1 2. 55 2.52 2.83 2.88 2. DO 2 87 3. 03 2. 61 2. 40 2.63 1907 2.25 2. 13 2. 45 2.56 2.58 2.81 2. 72 a 78 2. 74 2.57 2.74 2.54 2.57 1908 2.21 2.09 2. 10 2. 16 2.66 2.73 2.80 3. 14 2. 96 3.14 2.30 2. 32 2.56 1909 2. 49 2.35 2. 35 2. 37 2.93 2.90 2.90 3. 17 3. 112 2. 72 2. 88 2.83 2.74 1910 2.66 2.36 2. 66 2.97 2. 78 2.96 2.90 2. 82 3. (»; 2.88 2. 87 2.63 2.70 1911 2.35 2.70 2. Hi 2.65 2.76 2.98 2.74 2, 96 3. 23 3. 19 2. 43 2.55 2.74 1912 2. 13 2. 18 2. 37 2. 42 2.66 2.71 2.73 2. 01 3. 10 2.84 2.60 2. 21 2.57 1913 2.29 2.15 1. 00 2.64 2.78 2.80 2. 75 2. 07 2. 04 3.23 2.71 2.52 2.65 1914 2.85 2. 32 2. 55 2.68 2.83 2.80 2.92 2. 87 2. 01 3.04 2.59 2.86 2.77 1915 2.80 2.71 2. 60 2. tt 2. 75 2.06 2.99 3. 00 2. 86 3. 01 2. 78 2. 51 2.79 1916 2.31 2.36 2. 65 2.94 2.83 3. 14 2.82 2. 06 3. 00 2.83 2. 65 2. 10 2. 72 1917 2.24 2.28 2. 68 2.68 3.06 2.86 2.06 2. 00 2. 06 2.92 2.74 2.52 2.73 1918 (2.61) (2. 49) 2. 68 2.90 2.38 2.81 2. 82 2. 82 2. 75 2.67 2.69 2.88 2. 71 1919 2. 41 2.51 2. 66 2.70 3. 01 3.05 2.91 3. 18 3. 04 3. 13 3. 10 2.55 2.85 1920 2.36 2.58 2. (17 2.88 2. s>> 3.05 2.78 2. 08 2. 02 2.92 2.82 (2. b4l 2.74 1921 (2. 28) (2. 82) (2. 46) 2.80 3.23 2.84 2.05 2. 82 2.96 2.62 2.95 2.50 2.77 1922 2.27 2.43 2. 43 2.50 2.67 2.76 2.80 2. 84 2.94 2.82 2.67 2.66 2.65 1923 2.61 2.35 2. 49 2.50 2.52 2.77 2.83 2. 84 2. 88 2.93 2.06 2.46 2.68 1924 1.90 2.59 2. 88 2.59 2.80 2. 74 2.67 2 88 •J 84 2.71 2. 49 2.01 2.59 1925 2.70 2.35 2. SB 2.63 2.61 2.65 2.69 2 70 2. 04 2.51 2.45 2.27 2.57 1926 2. 10 2. 51 2. 23 2.38 2.58 2.69 2.76 3. 03 3. 04 2.87 2.42 2.55 2.60 1927 2.31 2. 81 2. 60 2.54 2.73 2.88 2.85 3. 00 2. 95 2.98 2.73 2.74 2.77 1928 1.99 2.31 2. 11 2.39 2.82 3.05 2.98 3. 12 3. 02 2.64 2.59 2.39 2.64 1929 - 1.84 2.44 2 J 4 2. 97 2. 42 2.97 2. 72 2 85 3. 00 2.68 2.69 2.52 2.61 1930 2.38 2.38 2 31 2.47 2.69 2. 72 2.89 3 (17 3. DO 3.24 2.69 (2. 82) 2.72 1031 2.55 2.60 3. 28 2.71 2.82 3. 17 3.28 3 31 3 21 3.07 2.74 2. 74 2.96 1932 2.98 2.81 2. 44 2.77 2.74 3.03 3. 10 3. 12 3. 36 3.06 3.29 2.88 2.06 Mean 1 2.37 2.35 2 il 2.64 2.74 2.86 2. 82 2 94 Z 27 9. 9 Feb. 12 8. 8 9, 2 8. 7 8. 9 9. 1 9. 2 8. 7 8. 5 9. 3 9 0 9. 8 9. 1 9. 02 9. 8 Nov. 7 1912 9. 4 9 6 8. g 9. 1, 8. 7 9. 0 9 8. 9 8. 9 9. 0 9. 6 9. 2 '■) 11 U 6 1 Apr. 2 1913 9. 1 9 0 8. 1 8. 8 8.9 8. 4 8 6 9. 0 9.2 9. 7 9.4 10.2 (I 06 10 2 Dec. SO 10 0 in 2 8. 6 9. 2 9. 7 8. 8 8 9 8. 7 9. 0 4 9. 6 10. 2 i) 35 10 2 'Feb. 14 1915 10 0 10 0 9. 1 9. 5 9. 6 9. 3 9. 0 8. 9 8. 6 8. 9 9. 4 9. 6 1 32 10 0 i Jan. 13 1916 9. 0 9 3 9. 5 9. 1 v. a 9. 6 8 9. 0 9. 0 8. 7 8. 7 9. 1 B n 0 6 June lfj 1917 8. 9 8 9 9. 3 8. 9 9. 4 8. 9 8. 9 9. 0 9. 2 10 3 8. 6 9. 2 9. 12 10 3 Oct. 24 1918 (10. 4) 9 0 9. 8 11. 2 8.9 ■ 4. 8 8. 7 8. 6 8.7 9. 3 9.8 9.6 U 38 11. 2 Apr. 11 8. 7 9 1 8. 7 9. 4 9. 6 9. 6 8. 8 9. 6 9. 2 9. 4 10. 6 9. 9 '.) w 10 6 Nov. 8 1920 8. 9 in 8 9. 3 9. 4 9. 2 10. 7 9 3 9. 0 9. 3 8. 9 9. 9 (9. 7) :i 53 10 8 Feb. 5 iyzi (9. 2) (9 t) (9. 0) 9. 3 y. w 8. 7 9 6 9. 2 9. 3 9. 3 10. 1 8. 6 9. 29 10. 1 Nov. 29 1922 10 3 9 2 9. 3 9. 8 9. 0 8. 9 9. 3 8. 9 9. 7 9. 2 9. 4 9. 2 0 36 10.3 Jan. 29 1923 s. 6 9 3 9. 8 9. 0 9.6 9. 3 8 8 8 5 8.7 10. 2 9.2 10.2 1932 10 6 9. 2 10 0 9. 2 8.7 9.3 8. 9 8.6 9.6 9. 1 11.4 9.5 9. 51 11.4 Nov. 10 Mean •. . 9.26 9. 37 9.06 9.41 9. 17 9. 14 8.93 9.03 9.07 9. 42 9.40 9.42 9.22 ' Also Nov. 24, 1912. 1 Also Dec. 7, 1914. » Also Jan. 14 and Feb. 2, 1915. * Also Dec. 6, 1923. « Also Oct. 20, 1926. 4 Means for 38 years (1893-1930). Note. — Highest tide of series is 11.4 feet and occurred on Nov. 10, 1932. Values in parentheses have been inferred. For reference to above table see p. 11. TIDES AND CURRENTS IN HUDSON RIVER Table 11. — Extreme low water, Fort Hamilton, N.Y. [Referred to a plane 5 feet below Sandy Hook sea-level datum] Year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Mean Lowest Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Date 1893 1.5 -0.7 0.1 1.5 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.7 0.8 0.3 1.25 — 0. 7 Feb. 20 1894 0. 4 0. 2 1 4 1. 7 1. 8 1. 8 1. 8 1 9 1. 8 0 8 0. 8 0. 3 1. 22 0. 2 Feb! 16 1895."!.. 0. 1 -o!9 0.3 0.8 1.4 2.0 2.0 1.3 1.8 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.96 — 0. 9 Feb. 8 1896 0.4 -0.6 0.0 0.6 2.0 2.0 1.9 2. 1 1.7 1.6 1.4 1. 2 1. 19 -o!6 Feb! 11 1897 0.5 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.5 2.0 2. 1 1.9 1.5 2.1 0.9 0. 4 1.29 0.4 Dec. 25 1898 -0. 1 -0.8 1.5 1. 3 2. 1 2. 0 1.6 1.6 1. 5 1.3 1. 4 0.7 1. 18 — 0. 8 Feb. 16 1899 0 5 — 0 8 0.5 1.6 1.7 1. 7 2 0 2 1 1. 7 1.9 1. 5 1. 1 1. 29 — 0. 8 Feb. 11 1900 -0.7 -0.4 0.1 1.2 1.9 2. 1 1.8 1. 7 1.7 1.8 -0.3 0.1 0. 92 — o! 7 Jan. 26 1901 0.7 0. 1 0.9 1.7 1.9 2. 2 2. 1 2. 3 2.2 1. 4 0.4 0. 8 1. 39 0.1 Feb. 5 1902 0.5 0. 2 1.3 1.7 0.7 1.6 2.0 2.2 2.0 1.8 1. 1 1. 1 1.35 0.2 Feb. 3 1903 -0.2 0. 0 0.7 1.7 1.8 2. 0 1. 7 1.5 1. 8 1. 1 1. 3 0. 5 1. 16 — 0. 2 i Jan. 13 1904 0. 7 — 0. 5 0.7 1.2 1.8 1.9 1 9 1.4 1.4 1.4 1. 1 0. 7 1. 14 — 0. 5 Feb. 3 1905 0.6 -0.3 1.4 0.6 1.7 1.8 1.7 2.0 1.7 1.7 0.2 0.3 1.12 — 0 3 Feb. 18 1906 0.8 0.9 -0.5 1.6 1. 1 1.6 1.7 2. 1 1.6 1.6 0.9 0.3 1. 14 -0^5 Mar. 11 1907 0.9 0. 3 0.9 1. 6 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.9 1. 7 0. 2 0.9 0. 7 1. 14 0.2 Oct. 8 1908 -0. 1 -1. 4 0.8 0.4 1. 5 1. 9 1. 7 1. 5 1.3 1.3 0.9 0.8 0. 88 — 1. 4 Feb. 2 1909 1 3 -0. 3 0.8 1. 1 2. 1 2. 0 2. 0 2. 0 1. 8 0.6 1. 5 1. 2 1. 34 — 0. 3 Feb! 25 1910 0.9 0.6 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.7 0.6 -0.9 1. 18 — 0 9 Dec. 16 1911 0.9 0.8 -0.3 0.5 1.9 2. 1 1.6 1. 7 2.3 1.8 0.7 0. 1 1. 18 -0.3 Mar. 16 1912 — 1. 2 — 1. 2 0. 2 1. 5 1.3 2. 1 1.8 1. 8 1. 5 2.0 0.6 0.6 0. 92 -1.2 a Jan. 6 1913 -0.9 0. 7 — 0. 1 0. 5 1. 8 1. 9 1. 8 2. 2 1. 5 1. 2 1. 2 — 0. 1 0. 98 — 0. 9 Jan. 4 1914 — 1. 2 —0.6 1.2 0.9 1.8 1 6 2.0 1.9 1. 7 1.9 0 7 0.2 1.01 — 1. 2 Jan. 33 1915 1.4 1.2 0.3 1.3 1.3 1. S 2.1 2.1 0.6 1.8 1.3 0.0 1.27 0. 0 Dec. 26 1916 0.6 0. 1 1.2 1.5 2. 0 2. 3 1. 7 1. 6 2. 1 1. 3 1. 0 -0.6 1. 23 -0.6 Dec! 23 1917 0. 6 0. 2 1. 2 1.5 1.8 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.6 1. 1 1. 2 0. 1 1. 22 0. 1 Dec. 10 1918 (0. 2) 0.8 0. 6 1.6 1. 4 1. 7 1. 9 1. 3 1. 0 1.5 1.4 0. 7 1. 18 0. 2 Jan. 13 1919 0.6 0.6 -0 1 1.3 1.9 2. 1 1.8 2. 3 2. 0 1.9 1. 2 0.7 1.36 — o! 1 Mar. 28 1920 0.6 0.9 0.3 1.8 1.4 2.4 1.7 1.8 2.4 1.7 1.7 (0.9) 1.47 0 3 Mar. 8 1921 (0. 2) (1.6) (0. 8) 0.9 1.8 2.0 2.0 1. 8 1.6 1.8 1.6 0. 7 1.40 (0. 2) Jan. 25 1922 0.4 0. 5 1.3 1.6 1. 4 1.9 2. 1 1.5 2. 0 0.7 1. 2 0. 7 1. 28 0. 4 Jan. 16 1923 1. 3 0. 2 0. 7 0.4 1. 5 1. 7 2. 1 1.6 2. 0 1.6 0.9 1. 2 1. 28 0.2 Feb. 15 1924 -0.1 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.3 1.7 1.7 1.9 1.7 1.5 1. 1 0.4 1. 17 -0.1 Jan. 26 1925 -0.4 -0.6 1.1 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.0 -0.4 -0.5 0.7S -0.6 Feb. 27 1926 -0.1 0.7 0.7 1.2 1. 1 1.8 1.9 2.1 1.8 1.4 1.3 0.5 1.20 -0.1 Jan. 24 iy it 0. 6 0. 5 1. 1 1 r 1. O i e 1. 0 1. 9 2. 0 1. 9 1. 8 0. 6 0. 7 1. 38 0.5 Feb. 4 1928 -1.2 0.3 0.5 0.4 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.2 1.2 1.3 1.0 0.9 1.02 -1.2 Jan. 26 1929 0.1 0.9 0.6 1. 1 1.0 2. 1 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.0 0.6 0.2 1.01 0. 1 Jan. 20 1930 0.8 0.3 0.4 1.3 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.1 1.7 1.5 0.4 1.4 1.28 0.3 Feb. 16 1931 0.3 1. 1 1.6 0.9 1.4 2.4 2.3 1.8 1.8 1.4 1.4 0.2 1.38 0.2 Dec. 8 1932 0.4 0.9 -0.9 1.2 1.4 2.3 2.3 2.4 1.8 0.9 1. 1 1.4 1.27 -0.9 Mar. 8 Mean'. 0.31 0. 13 0.67 1.21 1. 62 1.91 1.83 1.83 1.69 1. 44 0.94 0.50 1.18 i Also Jan. 14, 1903. » Also Feb. 22, 1912. > Mean for 38 years (1893-1930). Note.— Lowest tide of series is —1.4 feet and occurred on Feb. 2, 1908. Values in parentheses have been inferred. For reference to above table see p. 11. Table 12. — High-water lunilidal interval, New York (the Battery), N.Y. Year Janu- ary Feb- ruary March April May June July Au- gust Sep- tem- ber Octo- ber No- vem- ber De- cem- ber Mean Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours 1920 8. 17 8. 17 8.27 8. 21 8. 18 8.24 8.22 8.21 1921 8. 27 8.36 8.27 8.25 8.26 8.29 8.22 8.21 8.32 8.28 8. 37 8. 32 8.28 1922 8.48 8.25 8.20 8. 11 8. 18 8. 16 8.23 8.23 8.32 8.33 8.31 8.27 8.26 1923.. 8.26 8.29 8. 21 8.23 8. 16 8.24 8. 18 8. 30 8.28 8.25 8. 36 8.28 8.25 1924 8.24 8.23 8.14 8. 14 8. 10 8. 15 8.20 8. 17 8.26 8.31 8.22 8. 22 8.20 1925 8. 34 8.27 8.22 8. 15 8.08 8. 19 8. 14 8.22 8.23 8.24 8.36 8. 22 8.22 1926... 8. 13 8.31 8.09 8.08 8. 12 8. 12 8.27 8.23 8. 35 8. 32 8. 19 8.34 8.21 1927.. 8. 18 8.08 8. 19 8. 17 8.26 (8. 28) (8.41) (8. 26) 8.30 8.23 8.23 8.44 8.25 1928 8.32 8.32 8. 34 8. 17 8.20 8. 15 8. 13 8 21 8.28 8.23 8.29 8.26 8.24 1929 8.33 8.30 8. 13 8.26 8. 13 8. 15 8.21 8.27 8. 35 8. 32 8.41 8.38 8.27 1930 8.31 8.32 8.29 8. 37 8.27 8.29 8.27 8. 40 8. 36 8.41 8.46 8.48 8. 35 1931 8.29 8. 35 8.41 8.36 8. 35 8. 21 8.23 8.31 8.22 8. 32 8. 37 8.30 8. 31 1932 8. 21 8.24 8.23 8.24 8.27 8.26 8.25 8.24 8. 30 8.38 8. 37 8. 19 8.27 Note. — Values in parentheses have been inferred. Mean high-water lunitidal interval from 12 years (1921-32) is 8.26 hours. For reference to above table see p. 5. 46 U.S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY Table 13. — Low-water lunitidal interval, New York (the Battery), N.Y. Year Janu- ary — — Feb- ruary M , l r ' ) i April Mav * July Au- gust Sep- Octo- ber IX O- \em- Der cem- Der H ean Hours IlOU TX Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours 2. 18 2. 24 2. 22 2. 22 2. 15 2. 17 2. 10 2. 18 2. 15 2 21 2. 24 2. 20 2. 20 2. 36 2. 15 2. 20 2. 29 2. 21 2. 30 2. 29 2.23 1022. 2. 33 2. 23 2. 16 2. 16 2. 20 2. 18 2. 18 2. 18 2. 20 2. 27 2. 19 2. 16 2. 20 1923 2. 07 2.10 2. 18 2.07 2. 19 2. 19 2.26 2. 32 2.32 2.26 2. 17 2. 18 2. 19 1924 2 20 2 IK 2. 12 2. 16 2. 14 2. 12 2. 17 2. 16 2 *>3 2. 17 2. 22 2. 18 2 17 1925 2.20 2. IS 2.21 2. 10 2.00 2. 14 2. 12 2. 19 2. 18 2^24 2! 22 2. 21 2! 18 1926 2.21 2.21 2. 13 2. 14 2. 18 2.05 2.22 2. 19 2.26 2. 19 2.20 2.22 2.18 1927 2.27 2. 15 2. 11 2. 17 2. 10 (2. 16) (2. 27) (2. 23) 2. It 2. 11 2. 15 2. 18 2. 18 1928 2.2 feet below SaDdy Hook sea-level datum] Year Janu- ary Feb- March April May June July Au- gust Sep- tem- ber Octo- Der Feet 7.39 7.36 7.62 7. 13 7. 13 7.51 No- vem- ber De- cem- ber 1910 Feet Fett Feet Fett Feet 7.55 Feet Feet 7.27 7. 14 7. 18 7.56 7.25 7.40 Feet 7.30 7.26 7.40 7.62 7.24 7.63 Feet 7.32 Feet 7.62 7.22 Feet 1020 7.36 7.33 7. 57 7.50 7. 32 1927 7.01 7. 21 7.86 7.08 7.88 7.46 7.22 7.20 7.40 7.56 7.40 7.46 1028 6.87 7.32 1929 6.33 6.65 7.33 6. 72 1930 6.98 7.05 Mean 6.33 6.65 7.03 7.29 | 7.86 7. 41 7.30. 7.39 7.43 7.34 7. 15 j 7. 19 Note.- For reference to above table see p. 5. Table 41. — Low water, Verplank, N.Y. [Referred to a plane 5 feet below Sandy Uook sea-level datum) Year Janu- ary Feb- ruary March April May June July Au- gust Sep- tem- ber Octo- ber No- vem- ber De- cem- ber 1019 Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet 4.69 Feet Feet 4.49 4.30 4.32 4.69 4.37 4.48 Feet 4.61 Feet 4. 57 Feet 4.60 4.54 4. 72 4.32 4.42 4.65 Feet 4.73 4.44 Fett 1920 4.49 4. 62 4.63 4.53 144 4.46 1927 4.10 4.44 5.18 4.27 4. 49 4.59 4.46 4. 34 4.56 4.77 4.30 4. 61 4.56 4.70 4. 54 4.66 1928 4.07 4.48 1929 3.62 4. 17 4.62 4.20 1930 Mean 4.19 4.23 3. 62 4.17 4.41 4.50 4.51 4.54 4.44 4.57 4.59 4.54 4.36 4.36 Note — For reference to above table see p. 5. Table 42. — Range of tide, Verplanck, N.Y. Year Janu- ary Feb- ruary March April May June July Au- gust Sep- tem- ber Octo- ber No- vem- ber De- cem- ber 1910 Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet 2.86 Fett Feet 2.78 2.84 2.86 2.86 2.88 2.92 Feet 2.69 2.80 2.84 2.85 2.85 2.92 Feet 2.75 Feet 2.79 2.82 2.80 2.81 2.71 286 Feet 2.79 2.78 Feet 1920 2.86 2.71 2.94 2.97 2.88 1927 2.91 2.77 2.67 2.81 2.89 2.87 2.76 2.86 2.84 2.86 2.86 2.89 1928 2.80 2.84 1029 2.71 2.48 2.71 2.52 1930 Mean 2.79 2.82 2.71 2.48 2.62 1 2.70 1 2.85 2.87 ! 2.86 2.82 2.84 2.80 2.79 1 1 1 2.83 Note. — For reference to above table see p. .5. Table 43. — Half-tide level, Verplanck, N.Y. [Referred to a plane 5 feet below Sandy Hook sea-level datum] Year Janu- ary Feb- ruary March April May June July Au- gust Sep- tem- ber Octo- ber No- vem- ber De- cem- ber 1919 Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet 6. 12 Feet Feet 5.88 5.72 5.75 Feet 5.96 5.86 5.98 Feet 5.94 Feet 6.00 5.95 6. 12 5.72 5.78 6.08 Feet 6.12 5.83 Feet 1920 5.92 5.97 6.11 6.01 5.88 1927 5.56 5.82 6.52 5.68 5.93 6.02 5.84 5.77 5.98 6.13 5.97 6.00 1928. 6. 12 6. 19 5.47 5.90 1929 4.97 5.41 5.97 5.46 5.81 5.94 5.82 6.07 1930 5.58 5.64 Mean 4.97 5.41 5. 72 5.90 5.94 5.98 5.87 5.98 6.00 5.94 5.75 5.77 Note. — For reference to above table see p. 5. TIDES AND CURRENTS IN HUDSON RIVER 57 Table 44. — Tidal means, July to September, Verplanck, N.Y. Year Intervals Duration Range High water Low water Half- tide level High water Low water Rise Fall (A) (B) 1919 1920 _ 1927 . 1928 1929 1930 Mean (C) Mean (D) Hours 10.68 10.67 10.56 10.47 10.52 10.37 Hours 5. 02 5.06 4. 96 4. 85 4. 91 4.86 Hours 5.56 5. 51 5.60 5. 62 5. 61 5.51 Hours 6. 86 6.91 6. 82 6.80 6.81 6.91 Feet 2.74 2.82 2.85 2.86 2.86 2.91 Feet 2. 70 2.76 2. 85 2.89 2. 92 2.99 Feet 7. 30 7.20 7.33 7.58 7.30 7.46 Feet 4. 56 4.38 4.48 4. 72 4. 43 4.55 Feet 5.93 5.79 5.90 6.15 5. 87 6.00 10. 51 4.94 5. 57 6.85 2.84 2.94 2.85 7.36 7.19 4.52 4.25 5. 94 5.72 Range (A) directly from observations. Range (B) reduced for longitude of moon's node. Mean (C) obtained directly from values above. Mean (D) reduced by comparison with observations at the Battery. Note. — Heights in last 3 columns are referred to a plane 5 feet below the Sandy Hook sea-level datum. For reference to above table see p. 6. Table 45. — High-water lunitidal interval, Rhinecliff, N.Y. Year May June July August Septem- ber October Novem- ber 1919 Hours 1. 18 1. 10 Hours Hours Hours Hours 1. 18 1.19 1.09 1.01 1. 02 1.00 Hours 1.22 1.14 1.09 0.96 1.08 1.09 Hours 1.23 1.20 0. 94 1. 16 1. 01 1.24 1920 1927 1.22 1.26 0. 99 1.08 0.99 1.14 1.08 0. 97 1.13 1.05 1.18 1.12 0.96 1.06 1. 01 1928 1 1929... 1930 Mean _ 1. 01 1.10 1. 11 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.10 1.13 Note. — For reference to above table, see p. 5. Table 46. — Low-water lunitidal interval, Rhinecliff, N. Y. Year May June July August Septem- ber October Novem- ber 1919.. Hours 7.93 7.82 Hours Hours Hours Hours 7. 85 7. 86 7.70 7. 72 7.68 7.69 Hours 7. 87 7. 85 7.78 7.68 7.73 7.68 Hours 7.91 7.87 7.81 7. 76 7. 62 7.81 1920.. 1927. 7. 87 7. 86 7. 77 7.71 7.70 7. 86 7.66 7.74 7.62 7.68 7. 84 7. 76 7. 72 7. 71 7.68 1928... 1929 1930 Mean 7.65 7.80 7.78 7. 71 7. 74 7. 75 7. 76 7. 80 Note.— For reference to above table, see p. 5. 58 U.S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY Table 47. — High water, Ithinecliff, N.Y. [Referred to a plane 5 feet below Sandy Hook sea-level datum] Vear May June July August Septem- ber October Novem- ber 1919 Feet 7.93 7.76 Feet Feet Feet Feet 7.89 7.71 7. 72 7.91 7.79 7.63 Feet 7.95 7.86 7.94 7.55 7.62 7.63 Feet 7.86 7.70 7.96 7.28 7.54 7. U 1920 1927 7.74 7. 74 7. 94 7.90 7.50 7. 62 7. 66 7.91 7. 70 7.68 7.77 7.78 8. 01 7.69 7.70 1928 1929 1930 Mean 7. 37 7.69 7.76 7.69 7.79 7. 77 7. 74 7.58 NOTE.-For reference to above table, see p. 5. Table 48. — Low water, Ithinecliff, N.Y. [Referred to a plane 5 feet below Sandy Hook sea-level datum] Year May June July August .Septem- ber October Novem- ber 1919 Feet 4.64 4.34 Feet Feet Feet Feet 4.38 4.16 4.28 4.35 4.21 4.13 Feel 4. 47 4.34 4. 47 4.00 4. 12 4.25 Feet 4.52 4.27 4.71 3. 78 4.17 3.79 1920 1927 4.22 4.06 4.43 4.36 4.35 4.01 4.06 4.48 4.03 3.99 4.20 4.26 4.48 4.08 4.17 1928 1929 1930 Mean 3. 91 4. 30 4.28 4.11 4.24 4.25 4.27 4.21 Note.— For reference to above table, see p. 5. Table 49. — Range of tide, Ithinecliff, N. Y. Year May June July August Septem- ber October Novem- ber 1919 Feet 3.29 3. 42 Feet Feet Fed Feet 3. 51 3.65 3.44 3.56 3.58 3.50 Feet 3.48 3. 52 3.47 3.55 3.40 3.38 Feet 3. 34 3.43 3.24 3.50 3.37 3.37 1920 1927 3. 52 3.68 3. 51 3.54 3.15 3. 61 3. 59 3. 43 3.67 3.59 3. 57 3. 52 3.53 3. 61 3.53 1928 1929 1930 Mean 3.46 3. 39 3.48 3.58 3.55 3. 52 3.47 3. 37 Note.— For reference to above table see p. 5. Table 50. — Half -tide level, Rhinecliff, N.Y. [Referred to a plane 5 feet below Sandy Hook sea-level datum] Year May June July August Septem- ber October Novem- ber 1919 Feet 6.28 6.05 Feet Feet Feet Feet 6.14 5.94 6.00 6.13 6.00 5.88 Feet 6. 21 6.10 6.20 5.78 5.82 5.94 Feet 6.19 5.98 6.33 5.53 5.86 5.48 1920 _ 1927 5.98 5. 90 6. 19 6.13 5.92 5.82 5.85 6.20 5.87 5.78 5.98 6.02 6.24 5.89 5.94 1928 _ 1929 1930 Mean 5.64 5.99 6.02 5.90 6. 01 6.02 6.01 5.90 Note.— For reference to above table see p. 5. TIDES AND CURRENTS IN HUDSON RIVER 59 Table 51. — Tidal means, July to September, Rhinecliff, N.Y. Year Intervals Duration Range High water Low water Half- tide level High water Low water Kise Pall c dll (A) 1927 1928.. 1929. 1930 Mean (C).. Mean (D) Hours 1.17 1.10 0.98 1.07 1.02 Hours 7.85 7. 71 7.73 7. 67 7.68 Honrs 5. 74 5.81 5. 67 5. 82 5.76 Hours 6.68 6. 61 6.75 6. 60 6.66 Feet 3.58 3. 52 3.50 3. 62 3.54 Feet 3.50 3. 52 3.54 3.69 3.63 Feet 7. 72 7.94 7. 73 7.64 Feet 4.20 4.44 4.11 4. 10 Feet Z. Q1 d. yi 5.96 6. 19 5. 92 5. 87 1.07 7. 73 5. 76 6.66 3. 55 3.58 7.75 4. 19 5. 97 3. 62 7. 54 3. 92 5. 73 Range (A) directly from observations. Range (B) reduced for longitude of moon's node. Mean (C) obtained directly from values above. Mean (D) reduced by comparison with observations at the Battery. Note.— Heights in last 3 columns are referred to a plane 5 feet below the Sandy Hook sea-level datum. For reference to above table see p. 6. Table 52. — High-water lunitidal interval, Hudson, N. Y. Year May June July August Sep- tember Octo- ber No- vember De- cember 1919 Hours Hours Hours Hours 2.71 2.71 2. 64 2. 47 2.38 2. 58 2.71 Hours 2. 72 2.70 2. 66 2. 54 2. 46 2. 53 2.65 Hours 2. 74 2. 70 2.71 2.54 2. 48 Hours 2.71 2. 74 2.78 2.52 2. 53 Hours 1920 2.64 2.70 2.63 2. 55 2.50 2. 44 2. 65 2. 68 2.61 2. 52 2.41 2. 58 2.70 2. 61 1921.. 1927 1928 1929 1930 _._ _ 2.65 2.84 3.02 Mean 2. 64 2.58 2.58 2. 60 2.61 2. 67 2. 72 2.61 Note. — For reference to above table see p. 5. Table 53. — Low-water lunitidal interval, Hudson, N. Y. Year May June July August Sep- tember Octo- ber No- vember De- cember 1919 Hours Hours Hours Hours 9. 35 9. 38 9. 27 9. 24 9. 18 9. 14 9.29 Hours 9. 40 9. 37 9. 30 9. 30 9.26 9. 14 9.30 Hours 9.51 9.50 9. 27 9. 38 9. 17 Hours 9. 62 9.59 9.51 9. 56 9.21 Hours 1920 9. 55 9. 46 9. 28 9.37 9. 38 9. 25 9. 36 9.38 9. 29 9. 21 9. 32 9. 27 9.33 9.72 1921 1927 1928 1929... 1930 __ - 9. 38 9.31 9. 38 Mean 9. 46 9. 35 9. 30 9.26 9. 30 9. 36 9. 48 9. 72 Note.— For reference to above table see p. 5. 35805—34 5 00 U.S. COAST AND GEODETIC SUHYEY Table 54. — High water, Hudson N.Y. IKeferred to a plane 5 feet below Handy Hook sca-levcl datum) Year May June July August Sep- tember Octo- ber No- vember Feet 8.49 8. 15 8.23 8.56 7. 52 Decem- ber 1919 Feet Feet Feet Feet 8. 35 8. 12 8. 13 8.04 8.25 7.79 7.78 Feet 8.28 8.07 8.24 8 00 8. 14 7. 87 7.71 Feet 8. 32 8.31 7. 97 8.21 7. 78 Feet 1920 8.31 8. 21 8.07 7.92 8.25 X . 08 7.70 8.03 8. 33 7. 90 8.26 7.84 7.69 8.44 1921 1927 1928 1929 1930 7.53 7.69 7.29 7.92 8.04 8.01 8.07 8.04 8.05 8.04 8.44 Note.— For reference to above table see p. 5. Table 55. — Low water, Hudnon, N.Y. IKeferred to a plane 5 feet below Sandy Hook sea-level datum] Year May June July August Sep- tember Octo- ber No- vember Decem- ber 1919 Feet Feet Feet Feet 4. 26 4.08 3. 97 4.01 4.28 3.68 3.84 Feet 4.30 4. 05 4. 19 4.07 4.09 3.83 3.83 Feet 4.39 4.33 3.92 4.34 3.70 Feet 4.58 4.25 4.34 4.84 3.45 Feet 1920 4.33 4.17 3. 87 3.94 4. 32 3.99 3.79 3.91 4.25 3.80 4.30 3.70 3.70 4.80 1921 1927 1928 1929 1930 3.59 3.93 3.50 l feet below Sandy Hook sea-level datum) > ear May June July August Septem- ber October Novem- ber 3018 Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Fed 6. 87 7.50 7.02 6.98 1919 7. 92 7. 18 6.90 0. 7fl 0.30 6.71 6.78 6.81 6.68 fi. 42 6.57 7.00 fi. 28 fi.52 6. 95 6. 58 6.59 fi. «4 6. 73 fi. 50 6.46 7.02 I'M 6.30 7.08 0.36 fi.30 6.39 1920 1921 6.86 6.44 1927 1928 6.16 6.38 6.02 1929 6.83 8. 47 6.03 1930 6.30 Mean 7. 13 6.67 6. «N 6.61 6.64 6.63 6.70 Note.— For reference to above table see p. 5. Table 79. — Tidal means, July to September, Barren Inland, N.Y. Year Intervals Duration Range High water Low water Half- tide level High Water Low Water Rise Fall (A) (B) (A) (B) (A) (B) 1919 1920 1921 1927 . 1928. 1929 1930 Mean Hours 4. 45 4.49 4.39 4. 32 4. 25 4.3fi 4.07 Hours 11. 28 11.22 11. 10 II. IS 11. 22 11.09 10. 72 Hours 5.64 5.69 5.71 5.65 5.45 5.69 5.77 Hours 0. 78 6. 73 6.71 6. 87 fi.97 6.73 6.65 Feet 3. 12 3. 11 3. 18 3. 14 3. Ifi 3. 37 4.00 Fed 3.07 a. <)4 3.07 3. 14 3. 19 3. 44 4. 10 Fed 8.41 8. 18 8.21 8. 12 8.44 8. 16 8. 49 Feet 8.39 8. 15 8. 15 8.12 8. 45 8. 19 8.54 Fed 5.29 5.07 5.04 4.98 5.28 4.78 4. 49 Fed 5.32 5. 11 5.08 4.98 5.26 4.75 4.44 Fed 6.85 6.83 fi. 62 6.55 6.86 6. 47 6.49 4.33 11. 11 5.64 fi. 7* 3.29 3.29 8.29 8.28 4.99 4.99 6.64 Columns (A) contain direct means from observations. Columns (B) contain values which have been reduced for longitude of moon's node. Note —Heights in last 5 columns are referred to a plane 5 feet below the Sandy Hook sea-level datum. For reference to above table, see p. 5. Table 80. — High-water lunitidal interval, Caslleton, N.Y. Year May June July August Septem- ber October Novem- ber 1918 Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours 4.63 4.59 4. 28 4.66 4.39 4. 71 1919 1927 4. 47 4.84 4.81 4.45 4.51 4.25 4.84 4.85 4.44 4. 67 4.39 4.96 4. 75 4.42 4.62 4.46 4.84 4.60 4.61 4.58 4.39 4.78 4.44 4.64 4. 49 4. 49 1928 1929.. _ 1930 Mean.. 4. 15 4.24 4.20 4.26 4.57 4.64 4.64 4.60 4. 57 4.54 Note.— For reference to above table, see p. 5. Table 81. — Lou-water lunitidal interval, Castlelon, A*. Y. Year May- June July August Septem- ber October Novem- ber 1918... Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours 12. 11 12.26 11.91 11.65 11. 37 11.41 1919. 1927 12.35 11.93 11.89 12.03 11.69 11.26 11.77 11.62 11.83 11. 74 11. 18 11.80 11.62 11.64 11.44 11. 21 11.87 11.64 11.61 11.40 11. 10 12.02 11.77 11.59 11.45 it 17 1928. — - 1929.. 1930 Mean.. 11.85 12.08 11. 27 11.89 11. 76 11.63 11.54 11. 52 11.60 11.78 Note.— For reference to above table, see p. 5. TIDES AND CURRENTS IN HUDSON RIVER 67 Table 82. — High-water, Castleton, N.Y. [Referred to a plane 5 feet below Sandy Hook sea-level datum] Year May June July August Septem- ber October Novem- ber Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet 1918 8.47 1919 9.41 8. 54 8.39 8. 36 8.48 8. 63 9. 05 1927 _. 8. 28 8.01 8. 86 8. 15 8. 27 8. 70 9. 47 1928 8.89 8. 94 8. 73 8.45 8.05 7. 85 1929 8. 62 8. 47 8.24 8. 06 8. 22 8. 10 8.31 1930... 8. 30 8. 56 8. 35 8. 45 8.40 8.38 7.97 Mean. 8.81 8. 56 8. 37 8. 35 8. 36 8. 37 8. 52 Note. — For reference to above table see p. 5. Table 83. — Low water, Castleton, N.Y. [Referred to a plane 5 feet below Sandy Hook sea-level datum] Year May June July August Septem- ber October Novem- ber 1918 Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet 5.79 6.59 6. 78 4.59 4.42 3.75 1919 1927.. 7. 18 5. 36 4. 95 5. 86 5.00 4. 42 5.28 4.69 5.64 4.74 4. 10 5.24 4. 87 5. 37 4. 49 4. 12 5. 47 4. 96 5. 07 4.60 4. 18 5.68 5.56 4. 74 4. 36 4. 11 1928. 1929. _. 1930. Mean _. 6. 07 6. 09 4. 46 5. 95 5. 12 4. 89 4. 82 4. 86 4.89 5.32 Note.— For reference to above table see p. 5. Table 84. — Range of tide, Castleton, N.Y. Year May June July August Septem- ber October Novem- ber 1918 _. Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet 2.68 2.46 2.69 3.26 3.89 4. 22 1919.. _ 1927.. 2.23 3. 18 3. 33 3.07 3. 46 4. 14 3. 11 3. 32 3. 22 3.50 4.25 3. 12 3. 28 3. 36 3. 57 4. 33 3. 01 3.31 3. 38 3. 62 4. 22 2. 95 3. 14 3.31 3. 74 4. 27 1928 1929 1930 Mean 2. 82 2. 53 3.84 2.86 3. 44 3.48 3. 53 3.51 3.48 3.20 Note.— For reference to above table see p. 5. Table 85. — Half-tide level, Castleton, N. Y. [Referred to a plane 5 feet below Sandy Hook sea-level datum] Year May June July August Septem- ber October Novem- ber 1918.. Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet 7. 13 7. 82 8. 12 6. 22 6. 37 5.86 1919 8.30 6. 95 6.62 7.40 6. 74 6. 49 6. 84 6. 35 7.25 6. 49 6. 22 6.80 6.51 7. 05 6. 27 6.28 6.98 6. 62 fi. 76 6. 41 6.29 7. 16 7.13 6. 39 6.23 6. 24 1927 1928 7. 48 7.36 6. 38 1929 1930.. 7. 38 6. 84 6.63 6.58 6. 61 6. 63 6. 92 Note.— For reference to above table see p. 5. 68 U.S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY Table 80. — Tidal means, July to September, Castleton, N.Y. Year Intervals Duration Range High water Low water Half- tide level nigh water Low- water Rise Fall (A) (B) (A) (B) (A) (B) 1918 1927 1928 1929 1930 Mean Ilourt 4.88 4. 73 4. 49 4.02 4.41 Hour* 11.81 11.03 11.01) 11. S3 11. 10 Ilourt 5. 49 6. 52 5.22 5.61 6. 67 Ilourt 6. 93 6.90 7.20 0.91 6. 75 Feet 3.03 3. 30 3. 32 3.50 4.27 Feet 3.08 3.30 3. 36 3.63 4.38 Feet 8.41 8. 14 8.08 8. 17 8.40 Feet 8. 39 8. 14 8.70 8. 21 8. 45 Feet 6.33 4. 84 5.36 4.61 4. 13 Feet 5.36 4.84 5.34 4.58 4. 07 Feet 6.87 6.49 7.02 6.39 6.26 4.03 11. 50 6. 49 6.93 3. 51 3.54 8.36 8.38 4.85 4.84 6. 61 Columns (A) contain direct means from observations. Columns (B) contain values which have been reduced for longitude of moon's node. Note. — Heights in last 5 columns are referred to a plane 5 feet below the Sandy Hook sea-level datum. For reference to above table see p. 6. Table 87. — High-water lunitidal interval, Albany, A T . Y. Janu ary Feb- ruary March April May June July Au- gust Sep- tem- ber Octo- ber No- vem- ber Ilouri Hours Ilourt Ilourt Ilourt 5.23 5.53 5.48 5.85 5.94 5.53 5.69 0. 19 5.93 5.84 6. 15 7.31 5.92 6. 13 6.31 5.72 5.95 4.90 5.79 5.50 5.27 5. 17 5.28 Ilourt 5.63 5. 45 5.52 5.51 5.60 5. 43 5.31 5.21 5. 57 / lou rt 5. 70 5.70 5. 73 5.59 5. 37 5.61 5.60 5.57 5.49 Ilourt 5. 92 5.09 5.56 5. 34 5. 47 5.59 5.50 5.56 5.55 Ilourt 5.90 5.81 6. 62 5.59 5.56 5. 03 5. 57 5. 42 5. 49 Ilourt 5. 75 5. 77 5.60 5.32 5.50 5.55 5.43 5. 19 5. 57 5.59 5. 47 6.23 5.86 5. 55 5.76 5.64 5. 67 5.90 5.38 4.93 5. 67 5. 30 5. 55 5.72 5.29 5. 49 5.50 6.38 5.58 5.64 5.62 5.38 4.94 5. 72 6.66 5. 45 ~5.~8i" 5.41 5.94 5. 32 6.01 5. 87 5.63 5. 16 5.81 4.50 5.70 6.09 5.83 5.04 5.31 5.00 5. 53 5.20 5. 57 4.96 5. 19 5.49 4. 44 5. 43 5.24 5. 32 5.09 4. 32 4.51 5.05 5. 33 4. 93 5. 07 4.90 4. 92 4.88 4.49 5.09 5.25 5. 33 5.23 4. 98 4.80 5.20 6. 18 5. 12 5.06 5.09 4.83 4.84 4.56 5. 21 5.44 5. 38 5. 16 4. 72 4.70 5.33 5.08 5.09 5. 16 5.24 4.78 4. 97 4.70 5.28 5.54 5. 48 5.30 4. 87 4.78 5. 35 5. 32 5.05 5.25 5. 14 4.89 5.04 4.70 5.31 5. 47 5. 35 5.25 4. 98 4.86 5. 34 5.17 5. 14 5. 34 5.04 5. 01 4.99 4.65 Ilourt 5.38 5.82 5. 77 5.43 5.52 Hourt 5.68 5. 14 5.09 5. 57 5.40 5.27 5.20 4.94 4.88 5.40 5. 19 5.22 5.23 4. 95 5. 05 4.88 4.77 5. 33 I 5. 28 5. 33 5. 15 5.04 4. 94 4.94 5. 17 5.26 5.25 5. 17 5. 14 5.04 4.79 4.76 5.22 4.90 4.81 4.65 5.27 5.11 5.10 4.67 5.38 Note.— For reference to above table see p. 5. TIDES AND CURRENTS IN HUDSON RIVER Table 88. — Low-water lunitidal interval, Albany, N. Y. 69 Year Janu ary Feb- ruary March April May June July Au- gust Sep- tem- ber Octo- ber No- vem- ber De- cem- ber Mean Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours 1899 0. 93 0. 53 0. 49 0. 47 0. 57 0.58 0. 92 1. 16 0.71 1900- 1 43 1. 12 0. 52 0. 37 0.39 0. 36 0.43 1.03 0.71 1901.. I. 27 1 22 1.08 0.59 0. 63 0. 62 0. 67 0. 82 0.86 1902 1. 07 0. 55 0. 58 0. 57 0.83 0. 75 0. 72 1903-.- 1. 15 0.61 0. 89 0. OS 0. 85 0.69 1.02 0. 89 0.85 1904- 0.78 0.58 0. 66 0.69 1. 08 0.76 1910.. 0.88 1.93 1 72 0. 82 1. 07 0.98 0. 30 0. 33 0.31 0.17 0.45 0. 80 0.81 1911-- 1.30 0 68 0. 46 1. or, 0. 39 0. 52 0. 11 0. 35 0. 35 0.65 0. 77 0. 65 0.61 1914 0.77 1. 10 1 10 0. 52 0. 84 0.28 0. 21 0. 24 0.27 0. 21 0. 36 0.86 0. 56 1915 1.39 1918-- 1 32 1. 12 0. 72 0. 32 0. 25 0. 20 0.23 0. 54 0. 62 0. 73 0.60 0. 44 0 85 0. 92 0 33 0. 10 0. 18 0 27 0. 15 0. 59 0 22 0 41 1920 0.45 0. 42 1. 01 0. 57 0. 22 0. 15 0. 18 o'.oo 0. 20 0. 3f 6. 77 6. 40 1921 _._ 0. 81 0. 94 "6 96 0. 07 -0. 16 -0. 35 -0. 33 -0. 40 -0. 45 -0. 30 0. 04 0.24 0. 13 1922 -0. 10 0. 42 0. 41 0. 69 0. 10 0. 16 -0. 22 -0. 61 -0. 42 -0. 31 -0. 18 -0.01 -0. 01 1923_ 0.87 0. 58 1. 04 0. 87 0. 11 0.22 -0. 02 -0. 04 0.02 0. 04 0. 25 0.25 0. 35 1924.. 0. 86 0. 59 0 41 0. 88 0. 69 0. 11 -0. 52 -0. 04 -0.04 0. 25 0. 19 0. 12 0.29 1925 - 1. 01 1. 23 1. 00 0. 84 0. 42 0. 17 0. 11 0. 10 0. 11 0. 44 0. 12 0.66 0. 52 1926 0. 75 0. 72 0 73 0. 83 0. 39 0. 12 0. 00 -0. 02 -0.28 0. 22 0. 34 0. 94 0.40 1927 0. 68 0. 95 1. 01 0. 52 0. 44 0.09 -0. 07 -0. 15 -0. 07 0. 12 0. 34 0.87 0.39 1928.. 1.06 0. 91 0. 51 0. 54 0. 41 0. 26 0. 04 -0. 14 -0. 16 -0. 19 -0. 13 -0. 06 0. 25 1929.- 0.57 0. 4.' 0. 4(1 0. 57 0. 38 -0. 18 -0. 25 -0. 35 -0.40 -0. 36 -0. 45 -0. 40 0. 00 1930 0.11 -0. 14 0. 07 -0. 36 -0. 49 -0. 62 -0. 76 -0. 81 -0.80 -0. 75 -0. 81 -0. 57 -0. 49 Mean 0.76 0.75 0.80 0. 80 0.53 0. 34 0. 11 0. 12 0.11 0.26 0. 35 0. 43 0.45 Note.— For reference to above table see p. 5. Table 89. — High water, Albany, N.Y. [Referred to a plane 2 feet below Sandy Hook sea-level datum] Year Janu- ary Feb- ruary March April May June July Au- gust Sep- tem- ber Octo- ber No- vem- ber De- cem- ber Mean Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet 1899.. 11. 10 6. 37 5. 22 5. 17 5. 09 5. 27 5. 01 5. 56 6. 01 6.09 1900 9. 27 6. 06 5. 52 5. 17 5. 22 5. 06 5. 02 5. 58 6. 26 5.91 1901 10.37 7. 01 6. 64 5. 60 5. 84 5. 74 5 42 5. 12 6. 47 1902 5.76 5 97 7. 03 6. 04 5. 71 6. 49 6. 07 5. 47 6. 07 1903.. 7.35 5. 31 6 80 5. 78 6. 13 5. 58 6. 38 5. 39 6.09 1904.. _. 6.53 6. 05 5. 46 5. 51 5. 50 6. 18 5. 54 5.82 1910. 5.88 5.08 6.75 7. 51 6. 05 6. 45 5. 43 5. 35 5. 36 5 21 5 27 4 90 5. 77 1911 5.29 4.80 5.37 7. 93 6.23 5 74 5. 07 5. 08 5. 50 6 17 5 80 5. 76 5. 73 1914 4. 75 4. 50 6. 54 11.36 6.80 5. 08 5. 44 5. 21 5. 13 5. 03 4. 91 4. 78 5.80 1915 _. 6.45 7.22 5.55 6.30 5.51 5. 18 6. 47 6. 26 5. 51 5. 61 5. 43 5. 89 5.95 1916.. 7. 39 6. 21 5.86 9.70 6. 78 6. 13 5. 72 5. 43 5. 34 5. 20 5. 36 5. 27 6.20 1917 4. 98 4. 26 7. 03 7. 93 6. 30 7. 19 5. 85 5. 48 5. 33 5 93 5 79 4. 47 5.88 1918_. 4. 34 5. 99 7. 95 9. 59 6. 30 5. 74 5. 43 5. 26 5. 60 5. 69 5 80 5. 99 6. 14 1919.. 5. 48 5. 07 6.63 7. 54 7.09 5. 89 5. 67 5. 67 5. 77 5 94 6. 53 5. 72 6.08 1920.. 4.59 4. 75 7.54 9.44 6.31 5. 77 5. 52 5. 66 5. 52 5 85 6. 10 7. 14 6.18 1921.. 5.30 5. 3fi 8. 63 6.73 6.29 5 31 5. 83 5. 42 5. 48 5 27 5. 86 6. 79 5.94 1922 4. 57 5. 34 7. 38 9. 66 6.39 15 6. 07 5. 69 5. 54 5. 36 5 15 4 80 6.09 1923. 5.08 4.70 6. 43 8.61 6. 66 5 57 5. 34 5. 29 5. 28 5. 38 5 72 6. 59 5. 89 1924- 6. 05 5.04 5. 79 8.53 8.03 5 67 5 36 5. 40 5. 59 5 86 S. 39 4. 79 5.96 4.56 7.25 7.69 7.04 6.07 5. 67 5. 64 5. 62 5. 80 5. 67 6. 73 5 76 6. 12 1926 4.88 5. 02 5. 77 8.48 6. 52 5 78 5. 54 5. 65 5. 65 08 6. 46 5. 02 5.82 1927. 4. 73 5. 67 7.50 6. 10 6.41 5 72 5. 57 5. 68 5. 70 6. 07 7. 32 7. 30 6. 15 1928 5.01 5. 57 5.99 7. 53 6.57 6 38 6 17 5. 95 5. 77 5 36 5. 12 5. 07 5. 87 1929 4.69 4. 94 7. 57 8.65 6.86 5 87 6. 55 5. 39 5. 51 5 38 5 56 5. 14 5.93 1930 5. 82 5. 36 6. 13 5.88 5.64 5 79 5 61 5 67 5. 63 5 55 5. 28 5. 13 5.62 Mean 5.25 5. 38 6. 74 8. 37 6. 39 5 93 5.66 5 56 5 51 5 60 5 71 5. 59 5. 97 Note.— For reference to above table, see p. 5. 70 U.S. CO.VST AND GEODETIC SURVEY Table 90. — Low water, Albany, N.Y. IKcfcrred to I plane I feet below Sandy Hook sea-level datum) Year Janu- ary Feb- ruary rU ■ i r i ■ \ i 1*1 ill 1. 1 1 1899 Feet Feet Feet Feet 10. 74 * t\H O. fJO U 71 1900 1901 1902 l 903 f er 2.33 Feet 2. 63 2. 24 2.94 2. 92 2.88 2.78 2. 48 2.74 2. 03 2.31 2. 11 1.97 2,58 2 65 2.28 2. 03 2.08 1 93 2. 32 2. .54 2.30 2. 12 2. 12 1.54 0 99 Octo- lier 2. 30 2. 30 2. 29 2.86 4.27 4.39 4.31 2. 43 3.90 I 94 2.78 2.07 3. 21 2.82 3.01 2. 49 1.96 1.97 1.98 2. 55 2.86 2.86 2. K4 1.76 1.38 1.00 No- vem- Iwr Feet 3.20 3. 48 2. 62 3. 97 3. 07 3. 01 2.78 3.79 1.95 2.67 2.38 3. II 3. 36 4.32 3.38 3. 13 1.81 2. 53 2.01 4. 81 4.26 5.01 1.60 1.44 0. 77 2.65 2.98 Note -For reference to aboVe tible see p. 5. Table 91. — Range of tide, Albany, N.Y. Year Janu- ary 1V.HI. 1900 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1910 1911 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. 1923. 1924. 1925. 1926. 1927. 1928. 1929. 1930. Mean. Feet 1.57 1. 16 1.85 0.99 0.58 1.61 1.97 2. 45 1.91 2.08 1.96 1.57 1 54 2.24 1.81 1.79 0.51 2.07 2.50 l.( Feb- ruary Feet 1. 17 1.46 1.45 0.51 0.S5 1.62 1.43 2.70 1. 87 1.67 1.63 1.97 2.06 1.45 1.77 1.49 1.36 2. 19 2.85 1.G6 March Feet 1.43 1.83 0.96 2.06 0.99 0.77 0.59 1.65 1.36 0.82 1.39 1.54 1.96 1. 13 1.35 1.35 2.03 1.60 3. 30 1.48 April Feet 0.36 0.59 0.66 1.37 1.27 1.01 0.34 1.89 0. 66 1. 17 2.28 1.47 0. 95 2. 16 1.03 1.31 0. 81 1.78 1. 19 2.56 1.67 1.34 3. 65 1.37 May June July Au- gust Sep- tem- ber Octo- ber No- vem- ber De- cem- ber Mean Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet 1.96 2.82 2.89 2.81 2.64 2.71 2. 36 1.95 2.28 1.96 2. 73 2.87 2.84 2.82 2.73 2. 10 1.64 2.25 1.56 1.97 2.93 2.79 2.80 2.56 2. .50 2.22 1.98 2. 22 1.72 2.45 2.79 2.22 2. 10 1.84 2. 16 2.84 2. 12 2.57 2.29 2.70 1.99 2.32 2.28 1.97 2.55 2.98 2.74 2.72 1.87 2.53 2.48 2. 10 1.92 3. 21 2.98 2.88 2. 78 2. 49 1.94 2. 14 2.23 2.68 3. 10 2.93 2.76 2. 27 2. 01 1.86 2. 11 2.04 3. 12 3. 17 3.06 3. 10 3.09 2.96 2.21 2.28 3.00 3.25 2.63 2.69 3.20 2.83 2.76 1.33 2.26 1.89 2.86 3. 17 3.33 3.23 3. 13 2.98 1.89 2. 13 2.07 2.00 3. 16 3. 37 3.36 2. 72 2.68 2.08 2.22 2. 37 3. 11 3.31 3.29 3. 02 2.87 2. 44 2.26 2.41 1.89 3. 35 3. 21 3. 34 3. 12 2.93 2.21 1.89 2.52 2.66 3. 35 3.38 3.33 3.24 3. 36 2.72 1.88 2.50 2.95 3.40 3.27 3. 48 3.45 3.31 2.73 2.14 2.62 2. 67 2.54 3.27 3.39 3. 46 3.39 3. 34 2.63 2.56 2.44 3.44 3.50 3. 47 3.35 3. 40 3. 19 2.28 2.62 1.67 3. 45 3. 51 3.44 3.27 3.31 3.38 2.64 2.59 2.75 3.26 2.72 3.37 3.26 2.81 1.92 2.25 2.41 2.36 3.32 3.54 3.50 3. 35 2.22 2.20 1.86 2.37 2.68 3.54 3.78 3.63 3. 58 3.23 2.31 1.66 2.63 2. 56 3. 13 3.36 3. 48 3. 65 3.60 3. 52 3. 46 2.69 2.20 3.74 3. S3 3. 97 3.97 4.00 4. 12 3.35 3.03 4. 25 4.38 4.54 4.66 4.64 4. 55 4.51 4.30 4.01 2.3G 2.97 3. 18 3.23 3. 21 2.P6 2.74 2.24 2,42 Note.— For reference to above table, see p. 5. TIDES AND CURRENTS IN HUDSON RIVER 71 Table 92. — Half-tide level, Albany, N.Y [Referred to a plane 2 feet below Sandy Hook sca-level datum! Year Janu- ary ruary March April May June July Au- gust Sep- tem- ber Octo- ber No- vem- ber be- cem- ber Mean Feet Feet Feet Feet Feel Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet 1899 10.92 5.39 3.81 3. 72 3. 68 3. 95 3. 66 4. 38 5.04 4. 95 1900 --- 8.98 5.08 4. 15 3. 74 3.80 3. 65 3. 66 4. 53 5.44 4. 78 1901 10.04 6. 23 5. 66 4. 13 4. 44 4. 34 4. 14 3. 87 5. 36 1902 4. 77 4. 86 6. 17 4.81 4.31 5. 38 5. 02 4.55 4.(8 1903 6. 67 3. 89 5. 74 4. 49 4.99 4.23 5.39 4.23 4.95 1904 5.54 4. 78 3. 97 4. 14 4. 14 5.24 4.28 4.58 1910 5.09 4. 49 6.03 6. 87 5.00 5. 49 3. 82 3. 86 3. 92 3. 82 4.02 3.93 4.70 1911 4. 71 4. 07 4. 45 7. 42 5. 11 4. 40 3.52 3.61 4.12 5. 03 4. 79 4. 83 4. 67 1914 3. 82 3.83 6.06 11. 19 5.78 3. 52 3.86 3.68 3.58 3. 48 3. 43 3.68 4.66 1915 5.96 6. 96 4. 52 5. 36 4. 01 3. 56 5. 16 4. 92 3.91 4.20 4.05 5. 22 4.87 1916 7. 10 5. 78 5. 36 9.37 5. 84 4. 70 4. 14 3.76 3. 72 3. 64 3. 87 4. 32 5. 13 1917 4. 18 3. 45 6.64 7. 34 5. 26 6. 19 4. 27 3. 80 3. 65 4. 57 4. 45 3. 43 4. 77 1918 3. 36 5. 28 7. 66 8. 45 5. 12 4. 18 3. 78 3. 62 4. 09 4. 26 4.58 4. 86 4. 94 1919 4. 20 3. 72 5. 80 6. 80 6.14 4. 22 4.06 4.00 4. 21 4.48 5. 42 4. 78 4. 82 1920 -- 3.64 3. 82 6. 86 8. 96 4.98 4. 10 3. 83 4.00 3. 90 4. 17 4.74 6.20 4.93 1921 4.31 4. 52 8. 22 5.65 ' 4. 82 3. 61 4. 20 3. 68 3. 76 3. 62 4.50 4. 72 4.63 1922.. 3.59 4. 52 6. 68 9. 14 5.06 5.88 4. 44 4. 00 3.81 3. 66 3. 48 3. 48 4.81 4. 30 3. 72 5. 66 7. 96 5. 44 3. 85 3. 59 3. 56 3. 60 3. 68 4. 12 5. 45 4. 58 1924 5.28 4. 01 4.81 8. 12 7.20 3.94 3.60 3.68 3. 96 4. 20 3. 70 3. 47 4. 66 1925. 3. 44 6.52 7. 12 6. 15 4.69 4.04 4.28 3.94 4. 17 4. 26 5. 77 4.64 4. 92 1926 3.98 4. 14 5. 10 7.88 5. 34 4. 12 3. 77 3. 90 3.98 3. 97 5.36 4.09 4.64 1927 _ 3. 84 4. 92 6. 82 4. 82 5. 07 3. 95 3.68 3. 86 3.91 4.46 6. 16 6. 47 4. 83 1928 4. 76 4. 89 4. 98 6.70 5. 29 4. 82 4. 49 4. 21 3. 94 3.56 3. 36 3. 34 4.53 1929 3.66 3. 84 6. 77 7. 98 5.76 4.00 3. 64 3. 40 3.52 3. 38 3.50 3. 46 4.41 1930 -. 4.57 3. 94 4. 48 4. C6 3.52 3. 60 3. 34 3. 34 3. 31 3.28 3.02 2.98 3. 62 Mean. — 4.41 4. 55 6. CO 7.69 5. 21 4. 45 4. 07 3. 95 3.91 4.13 4.35 4. 47 4.77 Note.— For reference to above table, see p. 5. Table 93. — Tidal means, July to September, Albany, X.Y. Intervals High Water Hours 5. 86 5. 73 5. 64 5.51 5. 47 5.01 5. 56 5. 52 5.51 5. 48 5. 40 5.24 4. 86 4. 78 5. 34 5. 19 5.09 5. 25 5. 14 4.89 5.00 4.68 5.31 5.02 Low Water Hon rs 0.51 0. 37 0.61 0. 57 0.74 0.64 0.31 0. 27 0. 24 0. 23 0. 21 0.11 -0.41 -0.42 -0.01 -0. 20 0. 11 -0.10 -0. 10 -0. 09 -0. 33 -0. 79 +0. 11 -0. 23 Duration Rise Hours 5. 35 5. 36 5. 03 4.94 4.73 4.97 5. 25 5. 25 5. 27 5. 25 5. 19 5. 13 5. 27 5. 20 5. 35 5.39 4.98 5. 35 5. 24 4. 98 5. 33 5.47 5. 20 5. 25 Fall Hours 7.07 7. 06 7.39 7. 48 7. 69 7.45 7.17 7. 17 7.15 7. 17 7. 23 7. 29 7. 15 7 22 7.07 7. 03 7. 44 7. 07 7. 18 7.44 7.09 6. 95 7. 22 7. 17 Range (A) Feet 2. 78 2. 84 2. 84 2. 32 2. 52 2. 81 3.02 2. 93 3. 11 2. 84 3. 24 3.30 3. 21 3. 22 3. 32 3.40 3. 37 3.44 3.41 3. 12 3.92 4. 62 3.21 3. 59 3. 19 3. 57 High water (A) Feet 5. 18 5. 15 5. 73 6. 26 5. 83 5. 49 5. 38 5. 22 5. 26 6. 08 5.50 5. 55 5. 43 5. 70 5. 57 5.58 5. 77 5. 30 5.45 5.69 5.61 5. 65 5.96 5. 48 5. 64 5. 58 5. 61 (B) Feet 5. 17 5. 13 5. 69 6. 23 5. 79 5. 45 5.41 5. 25 5.31 6. 11 5.51 5. 57 5. 43 5. 67 5. 53 5. 53 5. 72 5. 25 5.41 5. 66 5.59 5. 65 5. 98 5. 52 5. 70 5. 57 5. 60 Low water (A) Feet 2. 40 2. 31 2.89 3.94 3.31 2. 68 2. 36 2.29 2. 15 3.24 2. 25 2. 26 2. 22 2. 48 2.25 2.18 2.39 1.86 2. 04 2. 57 2. 15 1.99 2. 47 1. 56 1.02 2. 37 2. 02 Columns (A) contain direct means from observations. Columns (B) contain values which have been reduced for longitude of moon's node. Mean (C) includes data from every year of the scries. Mean (D) includes values for last 10 years 1921-30. Note.— Heights in last 5 columns are referred to a plane 2 feet below the Sandy Hook sea level datum. For reference to above table see p. 6. 72 U.S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY Table 94. — Extreme high water, Albany, N.Y. [Referred to a plane 2 feet below Sandy Hook sea-level datum ] Date 1830, 1846, 1857, 1869, 18(19, 1K69, 187fi, 188«, 1887, 1893, 1893, 18H6, I K96, 1900, 1801, Jan. 27 Mar. 19 Ken. 9 . Jan. II Apr. 22 Oct. 5. . Feb. 6.. Feb. 14 Apr. 12 Mar. 20 May 5. Apr. 10 Mar. 1 Feb. 14. Apr. 22. Height Feet 20.2 20.7 23.7 20.5 21. 5 21.0 1«. 5 20.4 17.5 20.9 18.6 18.4 20.2 22.4 18.5 Date 1901, Dec. 12... 1902, Mar. 2 1903, Mar. 2 1903, Mar. 24 . . 1903, Oct 1910, Jan. 23 1913, Mar. 28... 1914, Mar. 29. . . 1914, Apr. 2 1914, Apr. 9 1914, Apr. 21... 191«, Apr. 2 1920, .Mar. 17-18 1920, Mar. 27 ... 1921, Mar. 10 . Height Feet 16.0 21.0 18.8 17.5 18.5 15.8 23.4 10.8 14.0 15.8 17.5 17.0 14.5 15. 1 12. 1 Date 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1927, I92K, 1929, 1929, 1930, 1930, 1931, 1932, Height Apr. 12-13 Apr. 7 Apr. 8 Feb. 12-13 Apr. 20... Nov. 5.... Dec. 9 Apr. 9 Mar. 16... Apr. 22... Jan. 15 Mar. 9.... July 22 ... Nov. 19... Feet 18.0 15.0 15.7 14.2 14. 1 18.0 14.2 11.9 14.7 14. 1 9.3 9.3 8.6 10.9 Note — Highest water recorded 23.7 feet on F'eb. 9, 1857. For a reference to above table see p. 12. Table 95.— Extreme low water, Albany, N.Y. [Referred to a plane 2 feet below Sjn ly Ho'ik sea-level datum ] Date 1920, August 23 1920. Sept. 19.. 1921, June 14... 1921, Oct. 23... 1922, Dec. 7.... Height Feel 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.8 Date 1923. Aug. 22 1924. Nov. i7 1925. Oct. 11. 1926. Aug. 15 1927. July 4.. Height Feet 0.8 -1.8 -0.2 0.9 0.8 Date 1928, Dec. 30 1929, Dec. 1 . 1930, Nov. 7. 1931, Dec. 8. 1932, Mar. 8. Height Feet -0.3 -1.2 -1.7 -2.2 -1.7 Note.— Lowest tide recorded -2.2 feet on Dec. 8, 1931. For a reference to above table see p. 12. TIDES AND CURRENTS IN HUDSON RIVER 3 CS 03 a 6 o g J "coo" on»Bo 2 > a > > ■5 o in © ,£3 o ~>>2 Ml S2«l o fc* o © w ® w ffl q « o a) E> © Oil O Hj3 OH fc,o a a> as bo ) t~> ^ ^< CO £ ^ 00 t- OS — • gOOOOOO »2 CO *C CO »0 CO lOCiOiCiO lO iO »C CO iO >0 iO >C O £H 00 CT) CO 00 0QOOWIC OOOiCOt- O MO 01 © ~-r c - ~h CO CM C ONNNN CJ) — I ~* tJ. C0 H CO iO CM t}« CM CO r-i Oi CO 00 ■— < V - «5CO CDiOOONh- CNCOCNCN CD mt'f'f 05 >o fooooo O^hOOO 00000 r- O N CD — ' >o CM CO 1— I Ol OS t— < Ol Tt* ^00*0 ri ©" i4 r-i 03 >-i CD J" tB aj CD >, CD >, CO c3 5' >» >. 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' OS O -h Tl •- 1 CO tM CS cT >»cs t/. ■Os - § -5 ^ rH CO ^2 = ic2 S 00 g O 0> 3 — «- 2a5 > O O T»< E c O (fl M jc m a •„ - a js P 5 W g 5 3 03 ,'SO IP,'-' ! D a . .£ ^ S a a 00^ ■° to 2 Q — M M E-HE- I- 00 O - 2 IZ E-E-E-* •a ? 5 03 ■a 0J .Sot _ p o g w SJ Q CS o |^ 3 § * 3,»3 > a - -° « ^ ai 3 S a « 9 "a vi CD *- o o B 2 g £3 »62 " * = a ~ ~ 78 U.S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY Table 97. — Adjusted tidal data, Hudson River Lunitidal intervals Lati- Dura- Mean Half- Locality tude Greenwich Local tion of tide (north) rise range level 1 I W r Li n i II W 1 1 . W I 0 Hours Hours I lour s Hours Hours Feet Feel The Ilattery, New York 40 42 0. H 7. 30 8. 26 2. 19 6.07 4.4 0.07 Jersey City (Pennsylvania K.H 8. 36 40 43 1. 05 7. 40 2. 29 6.07 4.4 0.08 40 43 1. 10 7. 45 8.41 2. 34 6. 07 4. 4 0. 09 Jersey City (1> L. A; W. U.K. ferry,). 10 44 1. 15 7. 49 8. 46 2.38 6.08 4.3 0. 10 Castle Point, Hoboken . 40 45 1. 22 7. 55 8. 53 2. 44 6.09 4.3 0. 10 New York (23<1 St.) 40 45 1.25 7. 57 8. 56 2. 46 6. 10 4.3 0. 10 New York (42d St.) 40 46 1.31 7. 63 8. 62 2. 52 6. 10 4.2 0. 10 Days Point, Weehawken 40 46 1 34 7. 66 8. 65 2 55 6. 10 4. 2 0. 10 New York (Union Stock Yards) 40 17 I . 39 7. 71 8. 70 2 60 6. 10 4.2 0. 10 New York (With St.) 40 48 L 47 7. 78 8. 78 2.67 6. 11 4. 1 0. 10 Orants Tomb (123d St.) 40 49 1. 54 7.85 8.86 2.75 6. 11 4.0 0. 15 New York (130th 8t.) 40 49 1.55 7.86 s. k; 2.76 6. 11 4.0 0. 15 r M-.rye Washington liridpe 40 51 1.70 8.00 9. 02 2.90 6. 12 3.9 0.20 Tubby Hook 40 52 1 79 8. 09 9. U 2.99 6. 12 3. 8 0. 20 40 53 1.88 8. 17 9. 20 3.07 6. 13 3. 8 0. 25 40 54 1. 95 8. 25 9. 27 3. 15 6. 12 - 3. 4 0. 25 40 56 - Oo fi lit (j j/t \i. HI .1. £n 6. 12 3 5 0. 35 Dobbf Ferry 41 01 2. 42 8.80 9. 74 3. 70 6. 04 3.2 0^40 Irvinplon 41 02 2. 48 8. 90 9.80 3.80 6.00 3.2 0.45 Tarry town A 1 *1 ni uo 2. 63 9. 17 9. 95 4.07 5.88 3.1 0. 55 Nyack 41 05 2. 65 9. 19 9.97 4.09 5. 88 3. 1 0. 55 4 1 10 2 90 9 60 lO. £6 4 50 5. 72 3. 0 0. 65 41 12 3. 00 9. 78 10. 32 \. 68 5^64 3^0 0i6S Verplanck - _ A 1 i *; 10 3. 19 10. 04 10. 51 4. 94 5.57 2.9 0.65 Peekskill A 1 1 7 1 i :t. 3s 10. 20 10. 70 5. 10 5.60 2.9 0.65 Iona Island 41 18 3. 49 10. 31 10.81 5. 21 5. 60 2. 9 0. 65 It.i .i \ f/kiirif - i i Ti ltriif'M' 41 19 3. 10 10. 42 10. 92 5. 32 5. 60 2. 8 0. 65 A 1 1 1 91 £1 3.80 10. 62 11. 12 5. 52 5^60 2. 7 0.65 Highlands Falls 4 1 oo 3. 96 10. 75 11. 28 5. 65 5.63 2. 7 0.65 \\ cm Point AX 1 1 OA 4. 22 10. 95 11. 54 5. 85 5.69 2.6 0.70 Cold Spring 41 25 4. 32 11.03 11.64 5. 93 5. 71 2. 6 0. 70 41 ■>f. 4. 43 11.12 1 1 . 75 6. 02 5 73 2. 5 0. 70 New burgh i i **n M) 4. 80 1 1 . 45 12. 1 1 6. 34 5." 2^6 0^70 Low Point 41 5. 02 11. 66 12. 34 6. 56 5. 78 2.7 0.70 New llamburg 41 mm Jo 5. 13 11. 76 0 03 6. 66 5.79 2.7 0.70 Barnegat 41 38 5. 32 11.94 0. 22 6.84 5. 80 2. 8 0. 70 41 42 5. 57 12. 15 0. 47 7. 05 5 84 2 9 0. 70 Hvde Park A 1 5. 80 12. 43 0. 70 7. 33 5^79 3^2 0^70 Dinsmore Point A 1 Z.O 6. 03 12. 68 0. 93 7. 58 5.77 3.5 0.70 HhineclifT 41 55 6. 17 12. 83 1. 07 7. 73 5. 76 3.6 0.70 41 56 6.22 12.90 1. 12 7.80 5. 74 3. 7 - 0. 7fi JO 1 - on 00 6. 45 13. 12 1. 35 8. 02 5 75 3. 7 0. 75 Tivoli AO f\A 6. 77 13. 43 1. 67 8. 33 5^76 M 0. 75 Saucerties Light 42 04 0. 81 13. 47 1. 71 8. 37 5.76 3.8 0.75 Maiden 42 06 6. 90 13. 57 l' go 8. 47 5.75 3.8 0.80 Silver Point _._ 42 09 7. 10 13. 78 2.00 8.68 5. 74 3. 9 0. 80 42 1 1 7. 25 13. 93 2. 15 8. 83 5 74 4. 0 0. 85 Catskill 42 13 7. 45 14. 14 2. 35 9. 04 5! 73 4!l 0.90 Hudson 42 15 7^68 14. 37 2^59 9.28 5.73 4.0 1.00 Four Mile Point 42 18 8. 13 14. 7.5 3. 04 y. DO 5.80 3.8 1. 10 Coxsackie 42 21 8.55 15.25 3.46 10.16 5. 72 3. 6 1. 20 St uy vesant 42 23 8.80 15.50 3. 71 10.41 5 72 3. 4 1. 30 Matthew Point 42 26 9. 19 15.88 4. 10 10.79 5' 73 3! 4 1.45 New Baltimore _ 42 27 9. 32 16. 05 4.23 10.96 5.69 3.5 1.50 42 28 9. 42 16.20 4. 33 11.11 5. 64 3. 5 1. 55 Coeymans 42 28 9. 45 16. 25 4. 36 11. 16 5.62 3.5 1.55 H. R. C. R.R. Bridge 42 31 9.65 16. 55 4.56 11.46 5.52 3.5 1.60 Castleton _ 42 32 9. 72 16. 65 4.63 11.56 5.49 3.5 1.60 Staat Point - . 42 34 9.88 16. 82 4. 79 11.73 5.48 3.6 1.65 Van Wies Point 42 35 9. 92 16.90 4.83 11. 81 5.44 3.6 1.65 Albany _. __ 42 39 10. 11 17. 28 5.02 12. 19 5.25 3.6 1.82 Troy _ 42 44 10.49 17.80 5.41 0.30 5.11 3.4 2.00 1 Referred to Sandy Hook sea-level datum. Note.— For reference to above table, see p. 8. TIDES AND CURRENTS IN HUDSON RIVER 79 Table 98. — Tidal harmonic constants, Fort Hamilton, N.Y. ... Length Jan. 1, 1900 Jan. 1, 1904 Means 369 days 369 days 2 years Constituent H K H K H K Feet Feet Feet Ji — — L- \\t. Ul-t) {WO K, ---- 0. 320 103 0. 324 104 0. 322 104 K> 0. 148 244 0. 132 236 0. 140 240 II. 1IH 232 0. 103 232 Mi 0. 008 87 0. 007 123 0. 008 105 Mi _.- 2. 212 221 2. 208 221 2. 210 221 M3- 0. 026 202 0. 028 169 0. 027 186 Mi 0.028 333 0. 030 345 0.029 339 Mb 0. 051 36 0. 053 35 0.052 35 Mb 0. 009 89 0. 013 80 0. 011 84 0. 459 204 0. 496 204 0. 478 204 (0. 064) (187) Oi 0. 178 98 0. 167 99 0. 172 98 OO — . (0. 007) (110) p, 0. 102 103 0.095 109 0.098 106 0. 0.031 87 0.031 87 2Q-- (0. 004) (92) R, (0. 004) (248) Si 0. 044 68 0. 036 59 0. 040 64 S2 0.440 249 0.450 247 0. 445 248 Si 0.035 76 0. 042 64 0.038 70 g, 0. 007 172 0.004 141 0.006 156 T 2 0. 110 157 0. 110 157 X2 — - 0. 043 0.061 0. 095 197 235 203 0. 043 0. 061 0.095 (0. 007) 0. 046 0. 297 0.091 197 235 203 (95) 293 121 50 ft - - n - - pi-- MS _. 0. 046 293 Sa. for 26 vears (1S93-1918)... Ssa. for 26 years (1893-1918)__. Note.— Values in parentheses are inferred. For reference to above table see p. 9. Table 99. — Tidal harmonic constants, Governors Island, N.Y. Series begins Length 1876 1877 1878 Means 1 year 1 year 1 year 3 years Constituent H K H K H K H K Ji Feet Feet Feet Feet (0. 018) 0. 325 0. 118 0. 129 0. 016 2. 153 0.087 0.076 0. 496 (0. 066) 0. 161 (0.010) 0. 105 (0.031) (0. 004) (0. 003) 0.413 0. 073 0. 025 0.063 0. 093 (0. 006) 0. 245 0. 173 0 (107) 106 255 249 104 231 332 89 211 (190) 104 (108) 104 (103) (102) (257) 257 183 186 217 241 (103) 127 47 Ki K 2 U Mi M 2 Mi _ M11 .._ Nj _ 2N 0.323 0. 126 0.079 0.019 2. 157 0.091 0. 075 0.479 106 269 250 144 232 335 92 211 0. 327 0. 116 0. 132 0.014 2. 150 0.081 0.074 0. 499 107 255 270 86 231 331 89 208 0. 325 0. 113 0. 177 0.016 2.153 0.090 0.078 0. 511 107 241 227 82 231 332 87 213 ©u~ OO 0. 169 110 0. 154 101 0.160 102 Pi - Qi - 0.107 103 0. 115 106 0.093 104 2Q --- R 2 -.— S 2 T 2 ._. 0.403 255 0.412 0. 114 0.029 0.048 0. 109 256 220 209 223 251 0. 423 0.031 0.042 0.077 0. 161 260 147 247 229 212 A 2 .— m n 0.004 0.064 0.009 103 200 260 Sa Ssa 0. 281 0. 208 149 76 0. 287 0. 216 144 57 0. 166 0. 096 88 8 Note.— Values in parentheses are inferred. For reference to above table see p. 9. 80 U.S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY Table 100. — Tidal harmonic constants, the Battery, New York City Series begins length Barge office Whitehall Street Means June 1, 1920 Jan. 1, 1929 369 days 369 days 2 years Constituent H R H K H K Feet Degreet ■ Feet Degrees Feet Degreet Ji (0.018) (106) (0.013) (106) (0.016) (106) Ki 0.327 106 0. 323 107 0.325 106 K: 0. 107 255 0. 130 263 0. 118 259 fl ft? 7 24 8 u. wo 252 n am 0.011 205 0.026 196 0.018 201 2.112 233 2. 100 234 2. 106 234 Mj 0.033 198 0.029 207 0.031 203 Mi 0. 055 333 0.055 324 0.055 328 Mi 0.071 81 0.094 86 0. 082 83 0. 012 86 0. 014 79 0. 013 82 Nj 0. 487 213 0.466 212 0. 476 213 2N (0. 065) (193) (0. 062) (190) (0.064) (192) O, 0. 176 106 0. 168 109 0. 172 107 oo (0. 010) (106) (0. 007) (106) (0.008) (106) 0. 102 106 0. 110 112 0. 106 109 Qi 0. 046 138 0.046 131 0.046 134 2Q (0. 005) (106) (0.004) (111) (0.004) (108) Rj (0.003) (259) (0.003) (260) (0.003) (259) S, 0.049 67 0.047 55 0. 048 61 0.416 259 0. 433 260 0. 429 259 B t 0. 043 79 0. 037 83 0. 040 81 S« 0.005 186 0.005 176 0. 005 181 T. (0.025) (259) (0. 026) (260) (0. 026) (259) x> 0.038 243 0.038 243 0.057 229 0.057 229 0.099 209 0 099 209 (0.007) (108) (0.006) (110) 0.006 108 MS 0.053 307 0.053 307 Sa 0. 169 109 0.271 112 0.022 no Ssa 0. 136 92 0. 181 32 0. 158 62 Note.— Values in parentheses are inferred. For reference to above table see p. 9. Table 101. — Tidal harmonic constants, Albany, N.Y. [Series of observations 369 days beginning Jan. 1, 1914] Constituent H K Feet Degrees Ji (0.011) (284) K, 0. 203 281 Ki 0.053 210 U 0. 134 172 Mi 0.016 333 Mj 1.018 172 M 3 .... 0. 014 244 Mi 0. 130 254 Mi 0.034 171 Ms. 0.023 245 Constituent X 2 - 2N. O,. OO Pi- Q>- 2Q- R 2 - Bu. S»_. H K Constituent n K Feet Degrees Feet Degrees 0. 188 154 S..- 0.009 286 (0. 025) (136) S» 0.004 124 0. 143 275 0.033 255 (0. 006) (286) 2 (0.007) (186) 0.090 265 « - 0.075 305 0.015 283 »i— 0.034 177 (0.004) (270) pi— (0. 005) (273) (0. 001) (203) MS 0.040 284 0.088 184 Sa' 1.073 9 0. 124 203 Ssa' 0. G88 44 i Constants for Sa and Ssa are from observations covering a period of 10 years from 1921 to 1930, inclusive. Note. — Values in parentheses are inferred. For reference to above table see p. 9. TIDES AND CURRENTS IN HUDSON RIVER 81 Table 102. — Spring and neap tides Ratio to mean ran ;e Accepted ranges Station Fhase age fcpnng Neap Phase inequality Mean Spring Neap range range HW LW The Battery Hours 25 1.20 0.78 0. 10 0.09 Feet 4. 43 Feet 5.3 Feet 3.5 27 1. 19 0.81 0. 11 0.08 3.8 4.5 3. 1 Yonkers. - 29 1. 18 0. 82 0. 11 0. 07 3.5 4. 1 2.9 Rhinecliu" -- 36 1. 13 0. 87 0.09 0.04 3.6 4. 1 3.1 Hudson 43 1. 11 0.89 0.09 0. 02 4.0 4. 4 3.6 35 1.10 0.90 0.09 0.01 3.5 3.9 3.1 43 1.09 0.91 0.08 0 01 3.6 3.9 3.3 Note— For reference to above table, see p. 9. Table 103. — Perigean and apogean tides The Battery Albany The Battery Albany Ratio of perigean range to mean range 1. 21 0.83 1. 10 0. 95 Age of parallax inequality-hours. . Mean range of tide.. feet.. 39 4. 43 5.4 3.7 56 3.6 4.0 3.4 Ratio of apogean range to mean range.. --- Perigean range of tide -do.. Apogean range of tide do.. Note.— For reference to above table, see p. 11. Table 104. — Results from declinational reduction The Battery Albany The Battery Albany Tropic higher high-water inter- val— hours.. 8.20a 8.31b 1.95a 2. 42b 4.9 5. lib 4. 91a 12. 54a 11. 85b 3.8 Great diurnal range feet.. Tropic high-water inequality feet.. Tropic low-water inequality feet.. Diurnal high-water inequality feet.. Diurnal low- water inequality feet.. 4.9 1.0 0.3 0.3 0.2 4.0 0.7 0.1 0.3 0. 1 Tropic lower high-water inter- val hours.. Tropic higher low-water inter- val hours.. Tropic lower low-water inter- val hours.. Tropic range feet.. Note. — For reference to the above table, see p. 11. 82 U.S. COAST AND GEODETIC BUB VST Mean cur- rent hour Ho urs 1. 17 1.05 1.04 1.72 Hi £ * Ebb strength k 2. 1 2.2 2.2 2.5 Direc- tion (true) I Sfc£98 R 8 |$5dd d d 1 Hours after 2.91 2.79 2.79 3.02 III = « « « ^ Flood strength is > £ ■£ -r M 2 _j _• _; _: Direc- tion (true) 52 8 2 O I IS * 4 ii !- - - ftf J - II f 3 — -r — -z S.ft 88 - 2 ft 8 ft ft ft ft 31 - - no --dddddd eKtflsiitsaifi r- i- gtji- ic Id a t d « d 5 S SS 9 S ? £ S ■ 8ft8-88S 8ft 8*8 9 dd « d d t y f ft 1 5 8 38 ft 8 8 8 8 ft S ft 8 ft 88 ft ft ft ft ft 9-8— ft d «5 w d «i w _• -i d- - -do 2S33 32?i2£?:32 S 5 ss - d d~i 8 ft a * MM d d d = y - f f 8 3 88 ft ft 8 8 ft 8 8 9 X * X i i 3h£ if If f If HI! f Ms. ! i I Bali's & * $ $ 5 2 TIDES AND CURRENTS IN HUDSON RIVER 83 "M-h^iC OiOO^Qa — • CO TP OS (M OJOtWO 00 — — CN © i-« cn cn cn cn co co* co co" TP CO CO «5N ONI" « w co d d "do iO TP CO CO O r-I d -i" iC1"Tf COIN C tO 1^ >C N ~. ~ ~ ~ _ . to t> cd id CO CO CO -O CO o o d iO d d N CO rH O O CN l- CO t-*. 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Density at 15" C. Air Water Tarrytown (mid- stream). Sej>t. 3 Sept.Y Sejrt. 19 Sept. 20 11:10-11:21 22:20-22:43 6:10- 6:22 14:10-14:20 22:10-22:20 6:40- 6:50 O*. u 27.0 21 0 23.0 10.0 6.0 (9 ft. 25.6 22.6 22.5 18.4 18. 2 16. 0 (tSft.) 24.3 23.0 22.6 18.8 18. 5 16. 4 tan ft ) 23.7 23.0 22.4 18.8 18. 4 16. 4 (9 ft.) 1.0059 1.0068 1.0056 1.0052 I. 0051 1. 0054 (Oft.) 1.0080 1.0068 1.0053 1.0053 1. 0053 1.0056 (56 ft.) 1.0078 1.0070 1.0048 1.0057 1. 0052 1.0057 1.0058 1.0060 1.0080 Tarrytown (west side of river). Sept. 3 Sept. 4 14:15 22:11 5:50 33.5 24.2 23.1 (7 ft.) 23.0 24. 2 23. 7 (7 ft.) 1.0060 1. 0070 1.0065 Ossininp (east side of river). Sept. 4 Sept. 5 14:50-15:00 21:45-21:55 6:05- 6:15 30.0 24.0 20.0 (7 ft.) 25.3 23. 2 22. 6 (16 ft.) 24.4 23. 0 22. 7 (Hit.) 24.0 22. 7 22. 6 (7 ft.) 1.0052 1. 0048 1.0047 (Uft.) 1.0056 1. 0048 1.0047 (tifl.) 1.0054 1. 0048 1.0048 1.0049 1.0050 1.0050 Croton Point (west side of river). Sept. 4 Sept. 5 ...ao 22:15-22:42 5:31- 5:49 12:50-12:59 24.0 13.5 23.9 (6 ft.) 23.3 22. 6 22. 7 (IS ft ) 23. 2 22. 2 22. 7 (tl ft ) 22. y 23. 0 22. 3 (6 ft.) 1.0051 1. 0051 1.0056 (IB ft ) 1. 0048 1. 0047 1. 0057 (tl ft 1 1. 0049 1. 0049 1. 0054 1.0053 1.0051 1.0051 Croton Point (mid- stream). Sept. 4 ...do Sept. 5 14:12-14:21 22:10-22:20 6:12- 6:24 28.8 24. 1 21.0 (8 ft.) 24.2 23.2 22.7 (to ft.) 23.0 23.5 23.0 (Sift.) 22.8 23.3 22.2 (8ft.) 1.0049 1.0037 1.0042 (to ft.) 1.0047 1.0042 1.0048 (stft.) 1.0065 1.0044 1.0047 1. 0043 1. 0046 1. 0049 Croton Point (east side of river). Sept. 4 Sept. 5~ 3:00 11:00 6:05 28. 0 2L7 19 2 ..... (9 ft.) 27.2 22.7 23.5 (9 ft.) 1.00.56 1.0045 1.0043 1.0048 Haverstraw (mid- stream). Sept. 5 ...do Sept. 6 Se^t. 18 Sept. 19 6:10- 6:20 22:10-22:20 14:10-14:20 14:10-14:20 22:10-22:20 6:10- 6:20 30.3 17.1 20.3 18 5 9. 7 5 0 (7 ft.) 23. 8 22. 4 22. 0 19.0 14.7 17.5 (is ft) 22. 6 22. 8 21. 7 19.0 14.7 17.5 (Hft.) 22. 4 22. 7 21. 7 19.0 14.7 17.0 (7 ft.) 1.0048 1.0036 1.0043 1.0034 1.0032 1.0031 (15ft.) 1.0043 1.0038 1.0047 1.0037 1.0034 1.0033 (Hft.) 1. 0040 1.0039 1. 0045 1.0039 1.0034 1.0032 1 0037 1 0039 1. 0038 Verplanck (mid- stream). Means Sept. 5 Sept. 6 ...do Sept. 18 ...do Sept. 19 21:38-21:52 6:12- 6:24 14:09-14:17 14:10-14:20 22: 10-22: 18 6:35- 6:50 22 0 20^5 27.0 19.0 11.4 8.2 (IS ft.) 22.6 23.0 23.3 21.7 21.4 19.8 (SSft.) 22.4 22.6 23.0 21.5 20.5 21.5 (51 ft.) 22.6 22.6 22.7 21.4 20.8 21.3 USft.) 1.0024 1.0022 1.0028 1.0012 1.0026 1.0016 (SSft.) 1.0034 1.0029 1.0032 1.0014 1.0026 1.0017 (51 ft.) 1.0023. 1.0025 1.0033 1.0011 l . 002V 1.0022 1.0021 1.0025 1.0023 Iona Island, (mid- stream). Sept. 5 Sept. 6 ...do 22:17-22:49 5:37- 5:51 14:13-14:30 21.0 18.5 25.0 (17 ft.) 22.6 22.3 23.0 (67 ft.) 22.6 22.3 23.0 (100ft) 22.0 22. 1 22.5 (rift.) 1.0012 1.0021 1.0018 (67 ft.) 1.0012 1.0020 1.0024 (100ft.) 1.0016 1.0019 1.0024 _. 1.0017 1.0019 1.002O West Point (west side of river). Sept. 6 Sept. 7 ...do 22:30-22:50. 6:05- 6:15 14:05-14:15 20.0 19.4 28.5 USft.) 22.7 23.6 23.8 (S7ft.) 23.0 23.7 23.2 (58 ft.)\ (16ft.) 22.9 1.0006 23.3 1.0006 23.2 1.0010 (S7ft.) 1.0006 1.0006 1.0009 {58 ft.) 1.0007 1.000ft 1.0009 1.0007 1.0007 1.0007 1 TIDES AND CURRENTS IN HUDSON RIVER 101 Table 109. — Temperature and density of water, Hudson River, N.Y., 1929 — Con. Sta- tion no. Locality Date (1929) Time Temperature, 0 C. Density at 15° C. Air Water F 18 F 19 F 20 F 21 F 22 F 23 F 24 F 25 F 26 F 27 West Point (east side of river). Means Sept. 6 Sept. 7 ...do 22:10-22:30 6:10- 6:20 14:15-14:30 18.1 18.9 28.0 (30ft. 22.7 23 0 27.9 (64ft. 22.8 22 7 28^0 (80ft. 22.8 22 9 28.0 (SO ft.) 1.0011 1 0012 LO017 (64 ft.) 1. 0010 1 0004 L0017 (80ft.) 1.0010 1 0009 l! 0017 1. 0013 1. 0010 1.0012 Storm King Moun- tain, (west side of river). Sept. 6 Sept. 7 --.do 22:12-22:44 5:37- 5:54 14:10-14:25 20.0 20.8 25.2 (16ft.) 22.6 22.1 23.0 (40ft.) 22.7 22.1 23.8 (64ft.) 22.6 21.6 23.5 (16ft.) 1.0009 1.0007 1.0016 (40ft.) 1.0008 1.0007 1. 0019 (64ft.) 1.0004 1.0006 1. 0016 1.0011 1.0011 1.0008 Storm King Moun- tain, (east side of river). Sept. 6 Sept. 7 —do 21:40-21:47 6:10- 6:22 14:09-14:19 22.9 21.0 29.0 (8ft.) 22.6 23.1 23.8 (20ft.) 22.0 23.2 23.8 (SB ft.) 22.7 23.3 23.0 (8ft.) 1.0007 1.0012 1.0008 (20 ft.) 1.0011 1.0004 1.0009 (32 ft.) 1.0004 1.0012 1.0008 1.0009 1.0008 1.0008 Danskammer Point, (midstream). Sept. 10 Sept. 11 Sept. 18 --do Sept. 19 22:05-22:15 5:55- 6:05 13:40-13:50 22:10-22:20 6:09- 6:21 23.1 17.8 17.1 10.0 6.0 (lift.) 23.2 23.0 21. 0 21.5 17. 7 (Sift.) 23. 1 23.0 22. 0 21.0 17. 9 (64 ft.) 22.9 23.2 21. 8 21! 0 18. 0 (Uft.) 0. 9997 0. 9992 1. 0000 0. 9995 0. 9994 (S4ft.) 0. 9998 0. 9991 0 QQQfi 0. 9994 0 QQQ9 (64 ft.) 0.9994 0. 9992 0 QQQft 0.9999 0. 9991 0. 9996 0. 9994 0. 9994 Poughkeepsie (east side of river) . Means Sept. 10 Sept. 11 —do 22:09-22:21 5:42- 5:52 14:15-14:23 23.7 17.2 21.0 (lift) 23. 2 22! 0 22. 0 (SO ft.) 23. 0 22^4 22. 5 (48 ft.) 23. 7 22! 0 22. 5 (12 ft.) ( I QUO "1 0. 9995 0. 9997 (30 ft.) 0. 9998 0. 9997 (48 ft.) fl QQQfi 0. 9996 U. tfifVO 0. 9996 0. 9997 0. 9996 Cave Point (main east channel). Means Sept. 9 Sept. 10 22:09-22:21 5:37- 5:52 23.7 23.2 (18 ft.) 22. 6 22! 9 (46 ft.) 22. 3 22. 2 (72 ft.) 23. 1 22^4 (18ft.) 0. 9992 0.' 9994 (46 ft.) 0. 9993 0! 9993 (n ft) n QQQ^ 0. 9991 0. 9993 0. 9993 0. 9992 Cave Point (west channel). Means Sept. 9 — Do..- Sept. 10 14:40-14:50 22:10-22:20 6:10- 6:20 21.5 22.0 22.7 (7 ft.) 22.9 23.3 22.3 (10 ft.) 22.4 23.0 22.5 (16 ft.) 22.6 22.7 22.7 (7 ft.) 0.9994 0. 9993 0. 9991 (10ft.) 0. 9992 0. 9991 (16ft.) 0. 9991 0.9991 0. 9992 v. yyyo u. yyyz 0. 9991 Rondout Creek en- trance. Means... Sept. 9 Sept. 10 ... Do- 22:10-22:17 6:10- 6:15 14:10-14:17 21.2 22.0 23. 1 (Q ft \ \» Jl.) 22.8 22.3 23.1 1 1 R ft \ (10 Jt.) 22.7 22.3 23.4 /Q ft \ 1.0012 0. 9995 0. 9991 { 1 z ft \ {15 Jt.) 1. 0022 0. 9994 0. 9991 0. 9999 1. 0002 Sangerties Light, (midstream). Means Sept. 10 Sept. 11 Do— Do.... Sept. 12 Do... . 22:08-22:23 6:10- 6:20 14:08-14:19 22:41-22:53 6:10- 6:17 14:20-14:45 21.8 14.8 22. 3 14.0 9. 2 22.3 (Mftl \IV Jl.) 23.8 22.2 22.2 21.0 21.8 21. 5 (9K ft \ (zo jc.) 22.5 22.0 22.2 21.0 21.6 21.9 ( if) ft \ 23.5 22.3 22. 2 20.7 21.8 21.4 (10 ft.) 0. 9995 0. 9992 0. 9995 0. 9994 0. 9994 0. 9995 (25 ft.) 0. 9993 0. 9991 0. 9991 0. 9994 0. 9991 0. 9997 (40ft.) 0. 9992 0. 9993 0. 9991 0. 9991 0. 9993 0. 9994 0. 9993 0. 9992 Below C a t s k i 1 1 (midstream). Sept. 11 Sept. 12 Do.... Sept. 13 14:40-14:50 2:10- 2:20 18:40-18:50 6:10- 6:20 18.0 20.5 18.7 14.0 (10 ft.) 22. 2 20.0 20.0 14.5 (26ft.) 21.9 20. 1 20.9 14.7 (41ft.) 21.7 20. 1 21.0 14.7 (10 ft.) 0. 9995 0. 9994 0. 9995 (26ft.) 0. 9993 0. 9993 (41ft.) 0. 9992 0. 9994 0. 9991 0. 9995 0.9992 102 U.S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY Table 109. — Temperature and density of water, Hudson, River, N.Y., 1929 — Con. Sta- tion no. Locality Dale (1929) Time Temperature, 0 C. Density as 16° C. Air Water F 28 F 29 F 30 F 31 Four Mile Point (midrhannel). Means Sept. 13 Do.... Sept, 14 14:15-14:23 22:15-22:25 6:10- 6:20 25.0 21.0 19.0 (7 ft) 21.3 21.3 2.0 U»ft.) 20.8 21.3 21.0 (9k It \ £1. u 21 2 21 2 (7 ft.) 0.9996 1.0000 1.0001 (IS ft.) 0.9993 1.0000 0.9995 (mtk ft \ 1 ' J. J . it <*w Ui mW) 0. 9993 0.9999 0. 9996 0 f.rji H.R.C.R.R. Bridge (midstream). Means Sept. 13 Sept. 14 14:10-14:20 6:10- 6:20 18. 2 lo. u (7 ft.) 19.6 19.7 (It ft.) 19. 5 19.5 (to ft.) IV. 0 10 9 (7 ft.) 0.9993 (It ft.) 0.9994 (tOft.) 0. ' 0 N93 0.9994 Albany Bridge (midstream). Sept. 12 Segt. 13 Do— 1 SejH. 14 22:10-22:15 5:40- 5:45 12:10-12:15 23:10-23:15 6:40- 6:45 14:10-14:15 13.2 14. 5 22 0 2O0 22.6 26. 5 (7 ft.) 18 8 19^3 19.5 20.8 20.0 21. 5 (Hft.) 10. V 19.6 19.0 20.8 20.0 21.3 (7 ft.) 0. 9997 0. 9995 0. 9995 0.9996 0.9991 1.0000 (lift) 0.9996 0. 9998 0 999« 0.9996 0. 9993 1.0001 (i MM 0. 9997 Troy (midstream)... Sept. 12 Sejn. 13 Ho'.'.'.'. Sept. 14 22:05-22:15 6:10- 6:15 15:05-15:10 23:00-23:15 6:10- 6:15 14.3 14.3 23.0 21.9 18.3 (7 ft.) 20. 1 19.4 21.0 21.9 20.7 (lift.) 20.2 19.6 21.5 20.5 20.6 (7 ft.) 1.0000 1.0003 1.0000 1. 0000 0.9999 (lift) 1.0002 0. 9998 1.0002 0.9998 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 Note. — For reference to above table, see p. 36. Table 110. — Temperature and density of water, Hudson River, N.Y., 19S2 Sta- tion no. Locality Date, 1932 Time Temperature, ° C. Density at 15° C. Air Water New York, Ganse- voort St. (west side of river). Means July 18 Do.... July 19 Do... . Do.... July 20 h. m. h. m. 14:40-14:44 22:15-22:23 6:45- 5:53 14:10-14:17 21:45-21:53 5:39- 5:47 26.5 22.0 19.5 31.0 26.3 22.7 (9 ft.) 21.7 20.7 21.4 22.5 22.5 22.0 (tSft.) 21.6 20.4 21.2 21.4 20.8 21.7 (36ft.) 21.5 19.9 21.0 21.3 20.6 21.2 (9 ft.) 1.0154 1.0177 1. 0137 1.0167 1.0152 1.0142 (tSft.) 1.0156 L 0177 1. 0139 1.0166 L 0170 1.0142 (sejt.) 1.0146 1.0180 1.0142 1.0166 L 0170 1.0143 L 0155 1.0158 1.0158 New York, Ganse- voort St. (mid- stream) . Means Aug. 1 Do.... Aug. 2 Do—. Do— Aug. 3 14:10-14:20 22:10-22:20 6:07- 6:17 14:10-14:20 21:55-21:44 6:10- 6:20 25.6 22.8 22.4 27.4 24.4 19.5 (10 ft.) 23.2 21.8 22.5 23.3 23.3 22.2 (teft.) 22.4 21.2 22.3 23.1 22.0 21.7 (Hft.) 22. 4 20.8 22.1 22.7 21.7 21.4 (W ft.) 1.0133 1.0179 1. 0139 1.0151 1.0185 L 0149 (teft.) 1.0158 1. 0182 1.0141 1.0150 1. 0185 L 0149 (Hft.) L 0166 1. 0182 L 0147 1.0148 1.0184 1. 0149 1. 0156 1. 0161 L 0163 New York, Ganse- voort St. (east side of river). Means... July 18 Do.... July 19 Do.... Do— . July 20 14:40-14:50 22:10-22:20 6:06- 6:16 14:15-14:40 22:07-22:17 6:10- 6:20 27.0 22. 1 20.0 31.4 26.2 22.6 (10 ft.) 22.7 20.7 21.0 21.5 21.7 21.6 (tSft.) 20.8 20.5 21.3 20.8 21.3 21.5 (40 ft.) 20.6 20.2 21.3 20.5 21. 1 21.5 (10 ft.) 1.0163 1.0175 1. 0133 1.0163 1.0164 L 0141 (t5ft.) 1.0166 L 0178 1.0136 1.0163 L 0167 1.0148 (40 ft.) 1. 0170 L 0176 1.0140 L 0164 1. 0167 1.0150 1.0156 1.0160 1.0161 TIDES AND CURRENTS IN HUDSON RIVER 103 Table 110. — Temperature and density of water, Hudson River, N.Y., 1932 — Con. Sta- tion no. Locality R 33 R 34 New York, 57th St. (west side of river). Means . New York, 57th St. (midstream) Means. R 35 New York, 57th St. (east side of river). Means. R 36 George Washington Bridge (west side of river) . Means. R 37 George Washington Bridge (m i d- stream) . Means. R 38 George Washington Bridge (east side of river). Means. Date, 1932 July 20 July 21 Do-.. Do-.. July 22 July 20 Do-.. July 21 Do_... Do.... July 22 Aug. 29 Do— . Aug. 30 Do-.. Do-.. Aug. 31 July 20 Do.-. July 21 Do.... Do-.. July 22 June 29 Do.... June 30 Do— Do_... July 1 Do.... June 29 Do- June 30 Do... Do- July 1 Do.... Aug. 29 Do.... Aug. 30 Do_... Do.... Aug. 31 June 29 Do- June 30 Do.... Do- July 1 Do- Time 22:10-22:19 6:15- 6:23 14:10-14:18 23:40-23:50 5:44- 9:10 14:35-14:45 22:10-22:20 5:10- 5:20 14:10-14:20 22:10-22:20 8:20- 8:30 14:15-14:21 21:43-21:52 5:40- 5:48 15:13-15:22 22:10-22:16 5:44- 5:52 14:06-14:17 22:10-22:20 6:10- 6:20 14:10-14:20 22:10-22:20 6:06- 6:17 14:10-14:18 22:09-22:17 5:40- 5:50 14:07-14:15 22:09-22:20 5:48- 6:13 14:20-14:23 14:10-14:20 22:40-22:50 5:40- 5:50 13:55-14:05 22:10-22:20 6:10- 6:25 14:10-14:20 14:10-14:20 22:10-22:20 6:06- 6:16 14:10-14:20 22:07-22:15 6:10- 6:20 14:10-14:20 22:10-22:20 6:10- 6:20 14:10-14:20 22:25-22:40 5:45- 6:10 14:10-14:20 Temperature, ° C. 24.2 22.4 27.4 22.5 22. 2 35.0 23.0 21.0 30.5 23.0 25.0 27.5 23.3 20.2 27.6 23.2 22.5 29.7 24.0 22.3 31.0 23.8 22. 1 29.fi 23.0 23.5 26.0 22.9 20.8 29.4 34. 1 22.0 24.0 32.2 21.8 26.3 30.8 28.6 23.0 21. 2 27.8 23.0 22.2 26.0 22.5 25.0 28.5 23.8 20.8 29.0 Water (7 ft.) 22. 7 22. 1 22.8 22.0 22.2 (10ft.) 24.0 23.0 22.3 24.3 22.5 23.6 (9 ft.) 23.0 22.7 22.0 23.2 22.5 22.3 (mm 22. 1 21.7 23.5 21.3 21.8 25.0 (8 ft) 22.5 22. 1 21.0 22.0 21.5 21.8 22.5 25.0 23.4 23.5 24.2 23.2 23.4 (Hft.) 20.9 20. 4 20.5 20.9 20. 2 21.2 23.0 (IS ft.) 21.9 22.0 21.6 21.8 22.0 (Hft.) 23.7 22. 7 22.7 23.6 22.3 23.5 (2Sft.) 22. 1 22.0 22. 1 22.0 22.2 22.0 at m 21.3 20.6 22.6 20.8 21.2 23.4 (19 ft.) 21.5 21.5 21.2 22.5 21.5 21.6 23.0 23.4 23.3 23.5 23.5 23.1 23.3 (60 ft.) 21.1 19.6 19.8 20. 4 19.6 21.0 23.7 (29 ft.) 21.7 22.0 21.4 21.8 21.9 (SSft.) 23.4 22.2 22.7 23.3 22.3 23.5 (86 ft.) 21.7 21.5 21.8 21.4 21.7 21.9 (18 ft.) 20.9 21. 1 20.9 20.3 20.8 (SO ft.) 20.5 20.6 21.2 20.0 21.0 20.8 22.0 23.4 23. 1 23.4 23.7 23.0 23.3 (96ft.) 19.9 19.7 20.2 19.7 20.2 21.4 Density at 15° C. (7ft.) 1.0145 1. 0129 1.0159 1.0157 1.0146 1.0147 (10 ft.) 1.0144 1.0141 1.0139 1. 0158 1.0130 1. 0139 1. 0104 1. 0169 1.0128 1.0111 1.0171 1. 0135 1.0139 (9 ft.) 1. 0148 1. 0138 1.0134 1. 0157 1. 0139 1. 0124 1, 0140 UHft.) 1. 0051 1.0068 1.0069 1. 0053 1. 0124 1.0084 1. 0056 1. 0072 (8ft.) 1.0041 1.0083 1.0082 1.0048 1.0123 1.0061 1. 0060 1.0174 1. 0144 1.0115 1. 0198 1. 0156 1.0114 1, 0108 (Hft.) 1. 0106 1.0131 1. 0129 1.0122 1.0141 1.0122 1.0123 1. 0125 (18 ft.) 1.0144 1.0132 1.0162 1.0167 1.0150 1.0151 (Hft.) 1. 0160 1. 0142 1. 0144 1. 0164 1. 0135 1.0135 1.0116 1.0161 1. 0134 1. 0122 1. 0176 1. 0140 1. 0144 (23 ft.) 1.0154 1. 0150 1. 0138 1. 0166 1. 0146 1. 0146 1,0150 (lift.) 1. 0059 1. 0076 1. 0079 1. 0052 1.0124 1.0077 1. 0062 1.0076 (19 ft.) 1. 0041 1. 0108 1.0084 1. 0054 1. 0106 1. 0084 1. 0059 1. 0190 1. 0149 1. 0108 1.0212 1.0157 1.0112 1,0113 (60 ft.) 1.0093 1.0171 1.0130 1. 0147 1. 0148 1.0117 1.0117 1.0132 104 Table 110. — U.S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY Temperature and density of water, Hudson River, N.Y., 1982 — Con; Sta- tion no. R 39 R 40 R 41 R 42 R 43 Locality Riverdale (west side of river). Means. Riverdale (mid- stream). Means. Riverdale (east side of river). Means. Spuyten D u y v i 1 Creek (south of entrance). Means. Spuyten D u y v i 1 Creek (north of entrance). Means. Date, 1932 June 27 Do.... June 28 Do.... Do... June 29 Time 14:15-14:20 21:48-21:52 5:45- 5:50 13:45-13:50 21:45-21:52 5:41- 5:45 June 27 Do... June 28 Do... Do... June 29 Aug. 29 Do... Aug. 30 Do.... Do.... June 27 Do... June 28 Do... Do... June 29 Aug. 3 Do.... Aug. 4 Do.... Do.... Aug. 5 Aug. 1 Do.... Aug. 2 Do.— Do.... Aug. 3 14:40-14:47 22:10-22:20 6:10- 0:20 14:10-14:20 22:10-22:20 6:10- 6:20 14:40-14:50 22:10-22:20 6:10- 6:20 15:10-15:20 22:10-22:20 13:4.5-13:53 22:10-22:20 6:05- 6:15 14:10-14:20 22:06-22: 16 6:10- 6:20 14:12-14:20 22:10-22:20 6:20- 6:45 14:10-14:20 22:10-22:20 6:05- 6:15 14:40-14:48 21:45-22:15 5:39- 5:50 13:48-14:20 21:40-21:48 6:20- 6.26 Temperature, ° C. Air 31.3 21.3 22.2 32.0 23* 21.5 30.6 23.0 23.0 32.0 23.0 20.6 29.9 23.2 30.2 27.8 21.2 30.5 21.5 22.9 31.4 23. 1 21.0 20.2 23.2 23.5 29.5 22.4 20.8 26.9 21.6 19.9 27.6 24.0 19. 1 Water Uft.) 22. b 21.3 21.8 23.4 21.7 22.2 {Bft.) 22.3 21.2 21. 2 23.0 21.8 21.5 24.7 23.5 23.5 24.0 23.8 (lift.) 23.2 20.9 22.7 21.5 {8 ft.) 22.7 22.7 23.2 24.2 23.2 22.8 {7 ft.) 24.0 22.5 23.0 23.6 22.9 23.5 (teft.) 21.0 21. 1 20.8 21.5 20.5 20.0 (16 ft.) 21.6 21.5 20.8 23.5 20.8 20.9 23.5 23.0 23.0 23.8 23.4 (n ft.) 20.2 20.0 20.6 20.8 (K ft.) 22.8 22.7 23.2 23.7 23. 1 23. 1 (18 ft.) 23.7 22.3 22.9 23.2 22.9 22.4 (lift.) 21. 1 20.5 20.6 22.0 21. 2 20.5 23.6 21.8 22. 7 23.8 23.3 (Uft.) 19.8 20.0 20. 1 (St ft.) 23.0 22.8 23.2 23.4 23.0 22.9 (29 ft.) 23.2 22.0 22.7 22.8 22.7 23.4 Density at 15° C. a ft ) 1.0053 1.0082 1.0051 1.0043 1.0069 L 0043 1 0057 (8 ft.) 1.0059 1.0103 1.0049 1.0035 1.0065 1.0050 1.0064 1.0120 1.0078 1.0073 1.0113 1.0074 (lift) 1.0048 1.0098 1.0054 1.0071 1.0085 1.0066 1.0070 (8 ft.) 1.0114 1.0138 1.0097 1.0107 1.0122 1.0090 1.0111 (7 ft.) 1.0084 1.0127 1.0079 1.0112 1.0132 1.0086 1.0103 INDEX Page Adjusted current data 19, 96 Adjusted tidal data 8, 78 Albany: Declinational reduction . 81 Extreme tides - 72 Half-tide level — 71 Harmonic constants 80 High- and low-water heights 69, 70 Lunitidal intervals 68,69 Perigean and apogean tides 81 Range of tide.. - 70 Spring and neap tides 81 Tidal means, July to September 71 Apogean tides 11,81 Barren Island: Half-tide level - 66 High- and low-water heights- 65 Lunitidal intervals .. 64,65 Range of tide - 65 Tidal means, July to September 66 Barge Office Pier .. 3,5,9 Battery. (See New York.) Castleton: Half-tide level 67 High- and low-water heights 67 Lunitidal intervals - 66 Range of tide.. 67 Spring and neap tides 81 Tidal means, July to September 68 Charts, index 2 •Comparison of simultaneous observations 4, 6 Current observations 15 Maxwell Woodhull, 1854 15, 82 Richard Wainwright, 1855 16, 82 Henry Mitchell, 1858-73 16,83 H. L. Marindin, 1885... 16,84 J. B. Boutelle, 1901 16,84 Isaac Winston, 1919 16, 85 H. C. Denson, 1922 17,86 H. E. Finnegan, 1929 17,89 U.S. Engineers, 1932 17,93 I. E. Rittenburg, 1932 18,93 Currents: Adjusted data 19, 96 Diagrams of hourly tide and current con- ditions 22 Harmonic reduction 20, 97 Interval curves 8 Velocity curves 20, 21 Datums, tidal 8, 13 Declinational reduction 11,81 Density observations 36, 98 Description of Hudson River 1 Diagrams of hourly tide and current condi- tions in Hudson River 22 Ebb current velocity, illustration 21 Effect of improvements in river 2, 6, 9, 15 Extreme tides 11 Flood current velocity, illustration 20 Fort Hamilton 3 Duration of rise and fall of tide 38 Extreme tides 44, 45 Half-tide level 42 Harmonic constants... 79 High and low water heights 39, 40 Lunitidal intervals 37, 38 Range of tide 41 Sea level 43 Tidal means for 19-year periods 43 . Four Mile Point: Half-tide level 62 High- and low-water heights 61, 62 Lunitidal intervals 61 Range of tide 62 Tidal means, July to September 62 Page Freshets 2, 6 Governors Island 9 Harmonic constants 79 Harmonic reduction, currents _ 20", 97 Harmonic reduction, tides 9, 79 Hourly tide and current conditions in Hudson River 22 Hudson: Half-tide level 60 High- and low-water heights 60 Lunitidal intervals 59 Range of tide 60 Spring and neap tides 81 Tidal means, July to September 61 Hudson River datum. 13 Improvement of Hudson River 1 Effect of improvements 2, 6, 9, 15 Index charts 2 Intervals, tide and current — 8 Length of series 7 Mean sea level.. 13 Neap tides.. 9,81 New York (The Battery) 3 Declinational reduction 81 Duration of rise and fall of the tide 46 Extreme tides 48,49 Half-tide level 47 Harmonic constants 80 High- and low-water heights- 46,47 Lunitidal intervals 45,46 Perigean and apogean tides.. 81 Range of tide.. 47 Sea level 48 Spring and neap tides 81 Temperature and density of water 36, 98 Observations: Currents 15 Temperature and density 36 Tides 2 Parallax reduction 11,81 Perigean tides.. 11,81 Phase reduction 9, 81 Primary reduction 3 Range of tide 8,10 Reduction of currents — 18 Reduction of tides... 3 Rhinecliff: Half-tide level 58 High- and low- water heights 58 Lunitidal intervals 57 Range of tide 58 Spring and neap tides 81 Tidal means, July to September — 59 Sandy Hook sea-level datum 13 Sea level 13 Slope of river 9,12 Springtides 9,81 Spuyten Duyvil: Half-tide level 51 High- and low-water heights 50 Lunitidal intervals 49,50 Range of tide 51 Spring and neap tides — 81 Tidal means, July to September 61 Stonehouse Bar: Half-tide level 64 High- and low-water heights 63 Lunitidal intervals 63 Range of tide - 64 Tidal means, July to September 64 Summary of tidal data, Hudson River 7, 73 Tabulation and reduction of currents 18 Tabulation and reduction of tides 3 Temperature and density observations 36,98 Tidal data, adjusted 8, 78 105 106 INDEX Page Tidal data, summary 7,73 Tidal datums 8,13 Tidal harmonic constants 79 Tide and current diagrams, hourly 22 Tide observations 2 Velocity, ebb current, illustration 21 Velocity, flood current, Illustration 20 Verplanck: Half-tide level 56 High and low water heights. 56 Lunitidal intervals 65 Verplanck— C ontlnued. Hange of tide 66 Tidal means, July to September 57 Whitehall Street 3,5,9 Yonkers: Extreme tides 64,65 Half-tide level. High and low water heights Kange of tide Spring and neap tides Tidal means, July to September. 63 62 53 81 64 PUBLICATION NOTICES To make immediately available the results of its various activities to those interested, the Coast and Geodetic Survey maintains mailing lists of persons and firms desiring to receive notice of the issuance of charts, Coast Pilots, maps, and other publications. Should you desire to receive such notices, you may use the form given below, checking the lists covering the subjects in which you are interested. (Date) Director, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington, D.C. Dear Sir: I desire that my name be placed on the mailing lists indicated by check below, to receive notification of the issuance of publications referring to the subjects indicated: □ 109. Astronomic work □ 109-A. Base lines □ 109-B. Coast Pilots □ 109-C. Currents □ 109-D. 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