fa-m. \a Institute oflnternational Education International Relations Clubs Syllabus No. IV The Russian Revolution By Walter W. Pettit New York School of Social Work September, 1920 Institute oflnternational Education International Relations Clubs Syllabus No. IV The Russian Revolution By Walter W. Pettit New York School of Social Work September, 1920 CONTENTS I. Russia Before the World War, 1800-1914. 7 II. The World War, 1914-1917. 10 III. The Russian Revolution: • A. First Period; March, 1917-November, 1917 .... 12 B. Second Period; November, 1917-March, 1918 . . . 13 C. Third Period; March-August, 1918. 15 D. Fourth Period; August, 1918-January, 1919 . . . . 16 F. Fifth Period; January, 1919-September, 1920 ... 17 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2019 with funding from Columbia University Libraries https://archive.org/details/russianrevolutioOOpett PREFACE The following is an outline of topics which might be discussed in connection with the study of the Russian revolution. It has been difficult, as will probably be apparent to the student, to select references from the great mass of propaganda material which has been turned out on the Russian revolution. For the last two periods there is very little to which students can be referred other than the current periodicals. The British Labor Delegation returned from a trip to Russia in June, 1920, and its report constitutes the most authoritative account of present-day conditions in Soviet Russia that is available. Bertrand Russell, who accompanied this dele¬ gation, has written a series of articles which have appeared in the London and New York Nation. The files of both journals, as well as the Manchester Guardian , might well be referred to for other information about Russia. The cooperation of any student using this outline will be welcomed either in the suggestion of omitted topics or in additions to the bibliography. W. W. P. ■ * V ~ ■ . N u. i •’ ’ ; : • . * * - ■ . I RUSSIA BEFORE THE WORLD WAR, 1800-1914 [For significance of letter references, see bibliography at end of each section] Alexander I H II 37-41; Mas I 82-96; S Chap I; B 353-390 Influence of the French Revolution upon Russia (S Chap 1 ) Liberal tendencies in Alexander’s reign Futile attempts to establish constitutional government Establishment of universities Other reforms Reactionary policy of Alexander Influence of Metternich (B 377-379) Organization of secret political societies Nicholas I M II 63-70; Mas I 96-133; B 391-423 Decembrist Revolution of 1825 Repression under Nicholas I Persecution of intelligentsia Education restricted Alexander II M II 71-135; C XII 294-310; Mas I 134-156; B 423-470 Emancipation of the serfs (H II 453-454) Disturbances resulting Establishment of zemstvos for local self-government Judicial reforms Greater autonomy to schools Abandonment of liberalism Educational reaction Rise of revolutionary parties The “Will of the People” Assassination of Alexander II Alexander III M II 134-142; C XII 310-322; H II 460-472; B 470-518 Pobiedonostoev, Procurator of Holy Synod Plehve, Director of State Police Rapprochement with France (A Chap II; B 509-516) (7 1 Nicholas II C 322-345; H II 472-487; B 519-557 Political situation Zemstvo’s address and Nicholas’ speech Pobiedonostoev and the bureaucracy Religious and race persecutions Social-democrats (K 288; M II 142-174) Social-revolutionists (K 289; Mil 174-188) The attitude of students (K 289-292) General strike of 1903 (M II 443-451) Union of Liberation, 1904 Assassination of Plehve, 1904 Russia’s Eastern Policy PI II 483, 596; M II 211-244 Trans-Siberian policy, 1891 Chinese defeat by Japan, 1895 Japanese evacuation of Port Arthur through French and German pressure Russia leases the Lio-Tung Peninsula, 1898 Occupation of Manchuria, 1902 The Russo-Japanese War (C XII 346-380) The Revolution of 1905 Father Gapon (Mil 451-468) Bloody Sunday, July 8, 1905 Peasant disorders The banquets The State Duma ukase The October strikes (M 481-499) Contradictory policies of government Partial autonomy to the universities and the censorship of the press Witte succeeds Pobiedonostoev, October 17 Organization of the Cadets Policy of fostering industry Organization of Soviets of workmen, peasants, and soldiers delegates —(K 308; M II 509-568) Martial law in Poland Loss of confidence in revolution Zemstvo conference in Moscow Octobrists Attempted rising in Moscow and bloody government retaliation The First Duma, May 10 to June 21, 1906 (K 317-323) Stolypin as Premier, “First pacification then reform” Dissolution of Duma The Viborg Manifesto (K 323) 18 ] The Second Duma, March 5, 1907 to June 16, 1907 (K 326) Composition more radical than the first Dissolution Modification of the electoral law The Third Duma, November 14, 1907 to June, 1912 Its composition Attitude towards Stolypin. Ratification of his agrarian law (W 5-10) The Beilis case (K 329) Assassination of Stolypin Commercial treaty with the United States not renewed The Fourth Duma, 1912 Demoralization of student life (K 331) The cooperative movement (K 335) Strikes, 1913-14 Bibliography: A. Alexinsky, Gregor. Russia and the Great War. New York, Scribner, 1915. PP- 358 . B. Beazley, Forbes and Birkett. Russia. Oxford University Press, 1918. pp. 601. C. The Cambridge Modern History, V. 12. The Latest Age. Cambridge, 1910. H. Hayes, C. J. H. Political and Social History of Modern Europe. New York, Macmillan Co., 1916. 2 v. K. Kornilov. History of Russia. 2 v. L. Leary, Daniel Bell. Education and A utocracy in Russia. University of Buffalo Studies No. 1, 1919. pp. 127. Lee. Lee, Frederick E. The Russian Cooperative Movement. Dept, of Commerce, No. 101. Washington Gov. Print. Off., 1920. M. Mavor, James. The Economic History of Russia. New York, E. P. Dutton & Co., 2 v. Mas. Masaryk, Thomas A. The Spirit of Russia. New \ork, Macmillan Co., 1919. 2 v. S. Sack, A. J. The Birth of Russian Democracy. First edition. The Russian In¬ formation Bureau, 1918. VV. Wilcox, E. H. Russia's Ruin. New York, Scribner, 1919. pp. 315- II THE WORLD WAR, 1914-1917 August 2d. “In the dread hour of trial let internal dissentions be forgotten.” Nicholas II. Meeting of Duma, August 9 Attitude of various political parties toward war (A 134-154) The development of a national feeling Russian successes in Galicia (Ha 43-50) Sukhomlinov, Minister of War Development of war Extra-governmental activities The All-Russian Union of Towns (A 258-260) The All-Russian Union of Zemstvos (A 258-260) The rural Communes and Cooperative Associations in the war (A 260-266) The attitude of various national groups toward war (A 179-229) Elements of reaction Failure to carry out promise of autonomy to Poles (Ha 53-54) Sukhomlinov followed by Polivanov, Minister of War Duma convened, August 1, 1915 (Ha 109-110) Removal of Grand Duke Nicholas (Ha no, 226) Duma prorogued, September 16, 1915 (Ha in) Goremykin replaced by Sturmer as Premier, February 3, 1916 (Ha in, R 551), and later by Trepov (R 552) Sazonov replaced by Sturmer as Minister of Foreign Affairs. Protop opov, Minister of the Interior (R 552) Suppression of entire opposition press at beginning of war Arrest of five members of social-democrat party in the Duma Rasputin and the Czarina (Ha 225-6) The Ohkrana (W Chap. VI) Additional factors leading to discontent (Ha 107-112) Defeat of Russian armies (Ha 99-107) Loss of Galicia Loss of Russian Poland Disorganization of transportation and industry [ 10] Failure of Allies to relieve Russia (Ha 112-120) Failure of government food plan (W 21-22' Bread lines (Ha 227) Suspension of passenger traffic Suspicions of German influence in court circles (A 282-287) The Assassination of Rasputin (Ha 226) The reassembling of the Duma, February 27, 1917 The food riots in Petrograd (Ha 227-8) The abdication of the Czar (Ha 228-229) Bibliography: A. Alexinsky. Russia and the Great War. Ha. Hayes, C. J. H. A Brief History of the Great War. New York, Macmillan Co., 1920. pp. 461. Mas. Masaryk. The Spirit of Russia. R. Ross, Edward A. Russia in Upheaval. The Century Co., 1918. W. Wilcox. Russia's Ruin. III. THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION A. First Period March, 1917-November, 1917 The Revolution (S 227-237; Ha 227-231) Rapidity with which it spread Orderliness Provisional Government (Ha 231-246) The personnel of first government Organized by the Duma of the Czar Statement of policies (D 1, 2, 3, 6; S 256-271) Attitude toward peace (D 23 and pages 57, 58) Resignation of Miliukov (W Chap XI) The new government, personnel and policies (D 12, S 346 - 355 ) The first All-Russian Congress of Peasants’ Delegates (S 305-326) Russian Mission to the United States (D 18; S 391-404) The Russian offensive German counter-offensive Crisis in the army Crisis in the government The Ukraine Movement (S 424-426) The Kerensky Government Its difficulties (D 20, 23, 24) Its policy (S 432-433) The trial of Sukhomlinov (W Chap. V) The National Conference (S 434 -474) The Kornilov affair The Democratic Conference (S 486-488) Preliminary Parliament (S 489-493) November Revolution The Soviet Soviets of workmen and soldiers, 1905 (W 152) Their organization in 1917 (D 5; W 154) Their attitude toward the Provisional Government (D 5) Miliukov’s note to Allied Governments (D 7) Attitude of soviet toward this note (W Chap XI) [ 12] Miliukov’s supplementary note (D 8) Disorders in Petrograd (D 9; S 272-274) Vote of confidence passed by narrow margin by soviet Demand for peace (D 11, 25; S 272-282) Call for an international congress in Stockholm (D 13) Attitude toward separate peace The American delegates to the Stockholm congress The attitude of the Government of the United States (D 10) The Kornilov revolt and its result on the soviets The November Revolution The Allies Recognition of the Provisional Government (D 4) Anticipations of Allies Elimination of German elements (W 30) A strong Russia to carry on the war Allied delegations to Russia (S 356-376) The Root Mission (D 14, 16, 17, 19, 21) Wilson’s note to Russian people (D 14) Attitude of American labor (D 10) American Red Cross Mission to Russia Wilson’s greetings to the National Conference Attitude of Allies toward Kornilov Bibliography: Bu. Bullard, Arthur. The Russian Pendulum. New York, Macmillan Co. pp. 256. D. Cummings, C. K., and Pettit, W. W. Russian-American Relations; Documents and Papers. New York, Harcourt, Brace and Howe, 1920. pp. 375. (Refer¬ ences and documents.) Ha. Hayes. A Brief History of the Great War. Ker. Kerensky, A. F. The Prelude to Bolshevism. New York, Dodd, Mead and Co., 1919. pp. 312. S. Sack. The Birth of the Russian Democracy. W. Wilcox. Russia's Ruin. B. Second Period November, 1917-March, 1918 The Soviet Government The form of government The soviet or council (W 154) Its part in the Revolution of 1906 (W 152) The constitution Kinds of soviets The suffrage Advantages and disadvantages which the soviet may have over representative democracy l i3l Dominance of Bolshevist party Origin of the Bolshevist and Menshevist division in the Social-Democratic party (H 239-240) Difference in method of procedure The possibility of their being German agents (W 247-249; R Chap. XVI) Attitude toward Constituent Assembly The Constituent Assembly and the Provisional Government (D 1,3,12,23,24) Convened January, 1918 (S 518-524) Passes resolution favoring immediate peace (D 53) Dispersed by Soviet Government Repudiation of debts, February 8, 1918 (D 55, 56) The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Mag.) Soviet demand for truce after November revolution (D 25) Negotiations for armistice (Mag. 19-28; D 34, 40) Peace negotiations (Mag. 29, 30, 50-104) Ukrainian Rada Its organization in 1917 Its composition The Ukrainian Soviets vs. the Rada (Mag. 105) The separate peace with Germany Breaking off of negotiations German advance (Mag. 148-164) The debates in Central Executive Committee (Mag. 148-164) Decision to sign peace Terms of treaty (Mag. 165-178) Relations with the Allies Attitude of Allies toward Brest-Litovsk Proposal for an immediate truce transmitted to Allies and neutrals (D 26, 27) Their attitude (D 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35, 37) Allies invited to participate in peace negotiations (D 46; Mag. 40-49) Possibility of Russia being kept in the war (D 59, 60) Relations of rumors of Japanese intervention to signing of treaty (D 61,62, 63) The relations of Robins and Lockhart to the Soviet government Bibliography: The Russian Constitution. No. 136. American Association for International Conciliation. The German-Bolshevik Conspiracy. Committee on Public Information. An. Antonelli, Etienne. Bolshevik Russia. New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1920. pp. 307. D. Cummings and Pettit. Russian-American Relations. Mag. Magnes, J. H. Russia and Germany at Brest-Litovsk. R. Ross. Russia in Upheaval. W. Wilcox. Russia's Ruin. [ 14J C. Third Period ' March-August, 1918 Russia and Germany (Ha 334 - 342 ) Germany and the Ukraine Dissolution of the Rada by the Germans Establishment of Skoropadsky’s Government, May 18 Petlura and the Ukrainian National Union Assassination of Von Eichorn Germany and Finland Finnish Social Workmen’s Republic (D 72 [71]) German intervention (D 72 [57]) The Svinhuvud government (D 72 [68]) Germany and Lithuania The establishment of a national council of state Germany and the Baltic Provinces The organization of a government by the Baltic barons The Baltic Provinces ask German “protection” The assassination of Mirbach German advance into Russia (D 72-81) Rumors of German control of the soviet government (D 72 [20] [22] [23] [31] [42] [59] [6i] [46]) Supplementary treaties to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Russian Internal Affairs The Social-Revolutionists. Their convention in May disbanded by the Bol¬ shevists The revolution of the Left Social-Revolutionists in July The Samara government The Ufa Conference of the Constituent Assembly The Directory of Five of the Constituent Assembly Truce with the Ukraine The part German-Austrian prisoners played in the Bolshevist government (D 72 [4] [10] [13] 73-74) The formation of governments in the outlying parts of Russia The government of Tashkent General Sulkevitch in the Crimea General Krasnov in the Don region Dutov in Orenburg General Alexiev in Cis-Causasia Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan The government of Tomsk The Far Eastern committee under Horvath The Autonomous Government in Siberia (D 107) The Republic of White Russia [ IS 1 Russia and the Allies (D 72 [48], 68-69) The landing at Murmansk (D 97, 98, 99, 100, 103) Robins and Lockhart at Moscow (D 71, 72, 88) Attempts at cooperation on the part of the Soviet Government (D 59-60, 7 2 [16] [26] [27] [75], 77, 78, 88, 91, 92) Allied officers in the soviet army (D 72 [10] [14] [91]) American engineers brought to Russia (D 72 [21] [31] [39] [91]) Alleged conspiracy on the part of Allied representatives (D 72 [81] [84], 85) Czecho-Slovaks (Ha. 337-8) Their part in the Czar’s army Departure for western front Seizure of the Siberian railway Allied explanation (D 104) Soviet explanation (D 96, 135) American policy toward Russia (D 70-72 [46] [8] [88], 93, 94, 95) Japanese menace (D 60, 61, 62, 68, 72, 82, 83) Departure of Allied ambassadors from Vologda (D 101-102) Bibliography: D. Cumming-Pettit: Russian-American Relations. Ha. Hayes: A Brief History of the Great War. $ D. Fourth Period August, 1918-January, 1919 Russian Internal Affairs The Provisional Government of Archangel (D 108) Assassination of Uritsky; attempted assassination of Lenine (D x 14) The so-called Reign of Terror (D 114) The All Russian Provisional Government at Omsk (D 119) The Kolchak coup d’etat (D 119, footnote, p. 257) The Czecho-Slovak successes on the Volga Denikin in the South-East The withdrawal of the Germans in the Ukraine Russia and the Allies Official announcement of intervention (D 105, 106, 109) Return of the ambassadors to Archangel (D no) Attitude of Soviet Government (D in, 112, 113, 122) The alleged Allied conspiracy against the Soviet Government (D 115, 116, 135) The attack on the British Embassy in Petrograd (D 118) Withdrawal of all Allied consular agents from Soviet territory American protest regarding so-called Red Terror (D 118) [ 16] Requests of Soviet Government for peace terms (D 120, 123) The plan to unite the Allied forces in Archangel with the Czecho-Slovak forces in Siberia—The “Eastern Front” Bibliography: D. Cumming and Pettit. Russian-American Relations. E. Fifth Period January, 1919-September, 1920 Russia and the Allies Russia and the Peace Conference Lloyd George proposes meeting of Russian factions in Paris (D 127) Discussion by the Council of Ten of possible policies dealing with Russia (D 129) Prinkipo proposal (D 130, 131) Replies of Russian factions and reasons for failure (D 133) Bullitt Mission (D 136; Bui.) Nansen plan and reasons for failure (D 139, 140, 141) Decision to support Kolchak (D 143, 144, 145) Trade Relations with Russia The plan to blockade Russia and the Cordon Sanitaire (D 124, 150) United States and this policy (D 151) Partial lifting of the blockade (D 155, 156, 157, 158) United States issues a statement regarding trade with Russia, July 7, 1920 English negotiations with Litvinov at Copenhagen Negotiations with Krassin at London Decision of English Labor Conference, August 10, 1920 Military relations with Russia Soviet government notes regarding peace (D 125, 128, 135, 136, 138, 152) Withdrawal of French troops from South Russia Withdrawal of Allied troops from Archangel Withdrawal of American troops from Siberia (D 146, 154) The Japanese and Siberia Defeat of Kolchak, Denikin and Yudenitch General Wrangel in South Russia The Polish-Russian War Negotiations between Russia and Poland Baronovichi, July 31 Minsk, August n Riga, September 21 United States Note to Italy re Russia, August 10 Recognition of General Wrangel by France, August 11 English-Italian communique, August 27 Russian Internal Affairs Third International Peace with Esthonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Georgia l 17] Far Eastern Republic of Siberia Social and political conditions in Russia, 1919-1920 (Bub; British Labor Delegation Report) Political organization and elections Personal liberty and freedom of the press Nationalization of industry Labor Cooperative movement Land and the peasants Education Transportation Women and the family Living conditions: food, clothing, housing, health Care of the socially dependent Bibliography: Bub The Bullitt Mission to Russia. New York, B. W. Huebsch, 1919. pp. 151. D. Cumming and Pettit. Russian-American Relations. G. Goode, Wm. T. Bolshevism at Work. New York, Harcourt, Brace and Howe, 1920. pp. 143. Mai. Malone, Cob C. The Russian Republic. New York, Harcourt, Brace and Howe, 1920. pp. 153. S.D. State Department note of August 10, 1920. British Labor Delegation Report. New York Nation , September 25, 1920. ' . * . - •• ‘ . , ■ * ' , ' r ‘ * ' • i * . i . .. ' ’ ' ' ' ■ ■ ' * . , l . ■