Adoniram JUDSON By WM. WISTER HAMILTON “Is it pleasing to God? ” “ Is it pleasing to God? ” Any soul will have a safe and prosperous voyage, if the quiet power which holds the needle of its compass true be the devotion of a heart which invariably asks at every reckoning, “Will it please Him?” The life of Adoniram Judson was beset by many calms and many adverse currents and many storms, but, after a long and trying voyage on an unexplored sea, this Christian Columbus discovered for American Baptists a new world, and planted the banner of the Cross on those needy and hostile shores so successfully that after thirty-two years’ absence he once more set sail for his native land with a ship of glorious cargo, with happy passengers, with bronzed and experienced and victorious crew, and with an open door in the Far East for the messengers of salvation. ^,^In the Baptist church building in Malden, Mass., one of Boston’s suburban towns, there is a marble tablet, on which have been inscribed these words: “ IN MEMORIAM. REV. ADONIRAM JUDSON. Born Aug. 9 , 1788 . Died April 12 , 1850 . MALDEN, HIS BIRTHPLACE. THE OCEAN, HIS SEPULCHRE. CONVERTED BURMANS AND THE BURMAN BIBLE HIS MONUMENT. HIS RECORD IS ON HIGH.” 2 ADONIRAM JUDSON In the New England environment Adoniram Judson, whose father was a Congregational minis¬ ter, began a hfe which was to be one of the instru¬ ments in God’s hands for transforming the ideal of Baptist church life in America, and the centennial of his going out to foreign fields promises to mark the greatest forward step which these same churches have taken in fulfilling their responsible and glo¬ rious mission. What a tribute to this pioneer of faith, this father of American Baptist missions, it will be if Southern Baptists who enjoy so many comforts and so many luxuries, will contribute the million and a quarter dollars, to the cause for which the Judsons of to-day are giving their lives, and for which our God gave His only begotten Son, Since this is to be an “Annus Mirabilis” in our history, and since it is to gather in part about the life, the faith, the work, the sacrifice of Adoniram Judson, it is fitting here and everywhere that we acquaint ourselves with the man upon whom God so definitely and wonderfully laid his hand, and whose labors have been so abundantly rewarded. Standing out clearly, as we study him, are certain characteristics which cause us to say of him, as the angel long ago prophesied of another faithful and fearless pioneer, “He shall be great in the sight of the Lord.” 1. He was a man of unusual culture. His birth and childhood marked him as a child of peculiar gifts and many advantages. His home was one of genuine piety, of inflexible integrity, of noble as¬ pirations, of great hopes. Here were laid deep those foundations upon which he was afterward to build so stable a structure in those far-away lands. His father, from the first, expected the boy to become a great man, and so often spoke of it ADONIRAM JUDSON 3 that in his early years Adoniram was filled with worldly ambition, but in his later years he triumphed over this desire and gave the Cross of Christ first place, and then, in his mature years, had added unto him all these things. In him was exemplified the statement, so true, that, '‘if a man can sink the desire to be great in a passion for doing good, then his greatness really begins.” When only three years old he surprised his father by reading a whole chapter in the Bible. In the grammar school he was so proficient in languages that he was nicknamed “Virgil.” At fourteen years he entered Providence College, now Brown University, and at the age of nineteen graduated with the highest appointment in the commencement exercises as valedictorian of his class. He was a. lover of books, and when eleven years old heard some visitors speak of a new exposition of the Apocalypse, and was grieved and mortified that the great man in the neighborhood refused to lend it to him. He was gratified, however, when his father said, “Not lend it to you! I wish he could understand it hah as well. You shall have books, Adoniram—just as many as you can read—and I’ll go to Boston for them myself.” This ability to master languages, this fondness for literary pursuits, just as with William Carey could have been turned to his own financial ad¬ vantage as an employee of the Governments where he labored, but, instead of so doing, Judson and Carey dedicated these talents to the King of Kings. In translation of the Scriptures, in the preparation of dictionaries, in the production of Christian literature, and in the proclamation of the Gospel, they gave these gifts their greatest glory. 4 ADONIRAM JUDSON It is told that twenty years after Adoniram Judson reached Burma the New Testament was translated into the Burmese tongue. In 1824, when war was waged between England and Burma, Mr. Judson was thrown into prison, and Mrs. Judson buried the precious manuscript, just ready for the printer, in the earth beneath their house. But, as mold was gathering upon it, on account of dampness, caused by heavy rains, with a woman’s ready wit, she sewed the treasure inside a roll of cotton, put on a cover, and took it to the jail to be used by Mr. Judson as a pillow. In nine months he was transferred to the inner prison, where five pairs of fetters were put upon his ankles, and it was announced that he, with a hun¬ dred others, fastened to a bamboo pole, were to be killed before morning. During this terrible night much prayer ascended for the precious pillow. It had fallen to the share of the keeper of the prison, but Mrs. Judson, producing a better one, induced him to exchange. Mr. Judson was not killed, but hurried away to another place, and again the pillow was his com¬ panion. But one of the jailers untied the mat that served as its cover and threw the roll of cotton into the yard, worthless. Here a native Christian, ignorant of its value, found and preserved it as a relic of his beloved master, and with him, months afterward, its contents were discovered intact. After the close of the war this New Testament was printed, and in 1834 the whole Bible was trans¬ lated into the Burmese language—a language pecuharly difficult on account of its construction and curious combinations. God takes care of His Word. Let us do all we can to furnish it to people of every land. ADONIRAM JUDSON 5 2. He had a definite experience of grace. Like many a messenger of the Cross, he did his first preaching in childhood. His sister recalls that when he was only four years old he would gather the children from the neighborhood, to play church. He usually did the preaching, and his favorite hymn was, “Go preach My gospel, saith the Lord.” He tells in his diary that it was in November, 1808, when twenty years old, “he began to entertain a hope of having received the regenerating influences of the Holy Spirit.” At fourteen he was seriously ill, and, while sick, meditated much on his expected greatness. Even if he should be great, as the world counts greatness, what then? Could he keep his honors forever? He compared in his thought “the great worldly divine, toiling for the same perishable objects as his other favorites, and the humble minister of the Gospel, laboring only to please God and benefit his fellow-men,” and came to the conclusion that the world was all wrong or this second man would be its hero of all heroes. During his college life, how¬ ever, when in that age through which all must pass who are to make truth personal and real, he un¬ fortunately had as an intimate friend one who had caught the contagion of French infidelity. This young man was unusually attractive and versatile and amiable, and young Judson found in this com¬ panion so many similar tastes and sympathies that he caught the subtle infection, from which he himself later recovered, but which was the ruin of his friend. Just here comes the darkest chapter of his history. In it are to bo found the restlessness of one who is seeking to discover his place in life, the wanderings of an ambitious man who is not willing for God to 6 ADONIRAM JUDSON have His way with him, the excursion into sin of one who is endeavoring to drown the voice of the highest calling, the natural severity of a father who knows the folly of such a wayward course, and the distress and prayers and expostulations of a devoted and godly mother, from whose pleadings he could not escape and for whose tears he had no answer. He became “Mr. Johnson” and attached himself to a theatrical com^pany, partly with the purpose of knowing better how to write the plays which he had planned. He, in telling this to a fellow prisoner in Ava, said, “In my early days of wildness I joined a band of strolling players. We lived a reckless, vagabond life, finding lodgings where we could, and bilking the landlord where we found oppor¬ tunity—in other words, running up a score, and then decamping without paying the reckoning. Before leaving America, when the enormity of this vicious course rested with a depressing weight on my mind, I made a second tour over the same ground, carefully making amends to all whom I injured.” Young Judson was pursuing his way on horse¬ back from Sheffield, westward, in a tour which he was making, and came once more upon his young infidel student friend, who was still to have a place in his career. Judson, in the home of his uncle, had been in conversation the day before with a young man whose godly sincerity greatly impressed him, and on the next night was stopping at a country inn. The only room left was one next door to a young man who seemed near to death and whose groans he heard many times during the night. He was restless and wakeful and thoughtful, and, as he heard the watchers moving about in the room, he wondered if the stranger was prepared. In im- ADONIRAM JUDSON 7 agination, he placed himself upon this bed of death and thought of his own condition. The long night was gone at last, and he went in search of the land¬ lord, to ask after the sick man. The reply was “He is dead. Yes, he is gone, poor fellow!” “Do you know who he was ? ” inquired young Judson. Imagine his surprise at the answer : “O yes; it was a young man from Providence College—a very fine fellow^; his name was E-. ” Over and over came the words, “Dead! lost! lost!” The shock turned his face toward home and his heart toward God. This was in September, 1808, and in October of that same year we find him enrolled as a student of theology at Andover, though he was neither a professed Christian nor a candidate for the minis¬ try. In December he made a solemn dedication of himself to God, but did not join the Third Con¬ gregational Church, in Plymouth, until the 28th of May, 1809. His conversion meant a surrender to the ministry and it also brought to him a hfe of joy and growth and service, for he resolved that he would avoid everything displeasing to God. He modestly says, “I have some hope that I shall be enabled to keep this in mind, in whatever I do— Is it pleasing to God? To assist my memory, I have used the expedient of inscribing it on several articles which frequently meet my sight. Is it not a good plan? But, after all, it will be of no use, unless I resolve, in Divine strength, instantly to obey the decision of conscience.” He says much in his letters about being happy in his religious life. He speaks of how many cheat themselves of real happiness by preferring some trifle to God, and of how we refuse to open the window-shutters and then complain that it is dark. He is at once seized with 8 ADONIRAM JUDSON the fact that a life once spent is irrevocable, and then narrows that same fact down to each day. Thus he began his Christian journey with a definite¬ ness most marked and in a direction always answer¬ ing to the question, “Will it please God?” 3. He was held by firm convictions. About the time of his conversion there came into his hands a sermon by Dr. Claudius Buchanan, who had been a chaplain for the British East India Company. “The Star in the East” was its title, and it showed the evidences of the power of Christianity in the East. This was the spark which set to flame his missionary convictions and produced the heat through which his life’s purpose found its mold. It was six months later that the final resolve was made. About this time, also, God’s confirming providence threw into that side of the scales five other young men of like purpose and consecration. The Lord was bringing together widely-separated thinkers, whom He had raised up for the great work of evangelizing the heathen, and “when a man is rocking in the trough of the sea of indecision, it is very reassuring to have his interior conviction matched by an external Providence.” Many obstacles and many temptations presented themselves, but in the face of them all he was still held true by his firm conviction. He was offered a tutor’s appointment in Brown University, Dr. Griffin desired him as his colleague in the “largest church in Boston, ” the ambitions and regrets of his immediate family stood mountain high in his way, there was no foreign missionary society in America to w'hich he could offer his services, and there seemed little prospect of any English society being wilhng to accept him. The appeal which Judson and Nott and Mills and Newell and Rice and Richards made ADONIRAM JUDSON 9 was soon answered by the Congregationalists, and there was organized the American Board of Com¬ missioners for Foreign Missions. This was in 1810, and Carey had gone to India in 1792. An even greater test as to his loyalty to convic¬ tions and to truth came after he and his young wife had left America. These two, together with Mr. and Mrs. Newell, had set sail on the brig “ Caravan,” on the 19th of February, 1812, bound for Calcutta, and with Captain Heard in command. Mr. Judson expected to meet the eminent English Baptist missionaries in India, and he thought it the part of wisdom “to arm himself beforehand for the encounter with these formidable champions.” Long and increasingly anxious became the dis¬ cussions on board the “ Caravan,” for they both were afraid that the Baptists were right and that they were wrong. After landing they continued their investigations, and were finally compelled, from a conviction of truth, to embrace the teaching that faith must precede baptism, that only immersion is baptism, and that, if baptism is a symbol, then the form is of great importance. They tried to rest satisfied in their old sentiments, but were finally baptized in the Baptist chapel at Calcutta, on the 6th of September. They had arrived June 17th, and had let no one know of their heart-searching and Bible searching struggle until they asked for baptism. It is hard for a preacher to make such a surrender to his conviction here in his own land, but how much more so must it have been when there had been organized a society for his support, when so much had been said and done for the work which he himself had launched, when his own people had been so distressed over his devotion to missions. 10 ADONIRAM JUDSON ■when he must part from the companions who had come out with him, when he must turn his back on the only support which he had in view', when he must turn his ship on a new course because his compass needle so indicated, when the Baptists, to wdiom his convictions led him, were few in number, and when he had no reason to believe that they - w'ould welcome his coming into their ranks or rally to his support. 4. He enjoyed unusual consecration. Will it please God? Then it will be a pleasure to do any¬ thing, go anywhere, to endure any privation, to make any sacrifice. Here is the secret of his devotion to his work and the tenacity with which he held to it when once it became to him a con¬ viction, He loved the work, because it was for the Saviour that he was doing it. He loved the heathen, and, though he never saw a ship sail for America that he would not have wished to be aboard, yet, because of his devotion to Jesus, one room in Rangoon was more to be preferred than six in Boston, Every opportunity for financial gain or for earthly preferment was refused, and even ‘The biggest church in Boston” could not tempt him from those who needed him most. This same consecration was his stay through the trying ordeals of the years. In toils, in privations, in disappointments, in bereavements, in imprison¬ ments, in every conceivable trial which could come to shake the loyalty and devotion of a servant of God, his definite caU to God’s service on the foreign field and his loyalty to conviction held his ship as do great anchors within the veil. It is hardly within the power of human language to describe the sufferings of body, mind, and soul through which Mr. and Mrs. Judson passed in ADONIRAM JUDSON II these awful months of persecution and imprison¬ ment, and the Christian soul marvels that human beings could ever be so cruel and so brutal as were these for whom these devoted missionaries were thus giving their lives. Even the description of the prisons in which Mr. Judson was incarcerated are enough to sicken the heart, and the anguish, the sufferings, the self-sacrificing devotion of Mrs. Judson call for all the sympathy and admiration of which the soul is capable. While he, for twenty- one months, was enduring the squalid prisons, the galling fetters, the benumbing sameness of position, the constant expectation of death, the anguish of unknown cruelties to the gentle companion of his life, she was threading alone the hot and crowded streets, was exposed to insults from officials who should have been her protectors, was pleading for the release of her husband with such pathetic earnestness as to melt to tears even the old governor of the prison, was giving birth to her babe during a confinement of only twenty days, was carrying the little one in her arms to that filthy den of incarceration, was caring for the native children who were sick with small-pox, and, at last, was at death’s door from the sarne dread disease, which was followed by the dreaded spotted fever. After the English soldiers, under General Camp¬ bell, had brought deliverance, and when the Bur¬ mese commissioners were being given a display of English splendor and wealth, they were surprised at seeing the great General give Mrs. Judson the place of honor at the feast. He noticed their confusion, and said to Mrs. Judson, “I fancy these gentlemen must be old acquaintances of yours, and, judging from their appearance, you must have treated them very ill.” When questioned by Sir 12 ADONIRAM JUDSON Archibald about one in particular, who seemed seized with an ague fit, she told of how she had walked several miles to this man’s house to ask a favor, and when her husband was suffering from fever in the stifled air of the inner prison and from the galling bondage of five pairs of fetters about his ankles. She had left him in the early morning, but was kept waiting so long that it was noon before he gave his rough refusal. As she turned disappointedly away, he siezed upon the silk um¬ brella which she carried, and would not even fur¬ nish her a paper one to protect her. He laughed at her fear of the scorching heat, and told her that the sun would not find her, that only heavy people were in danger of a sun-stroke. They were like the early English missionary, who, when driven by a snow-storm upon the coast of Fife, said, ^^The snow closes our way along the shore, the storm bars our way over the sea, but there is still the way of heaven that lies open.” They were so bound to heaven by that “threefold cord” of “secret prayer” and “self-denial” and “doing good,” that no created thing could separate them from the love of God, which is in Christ Jesus, our Lord. 5. He was not conquered by his conquests. His victories did not spoil him, his triumphs did not fill him with pride, the honors heaped upon him by his own people did not turn his head. On board ship, when at last he visited America, he felt considerable anxiety as to where he should find a home in Boston, and was amazed to find homes without number were open to him, that he was to bear the pain of being the hero of great gatherings throughout the land, that the very sight of him was to be cherished as a special privilege. ADONIRAM JUDSON 13 and was to be handed down from generation to generation as a blessed memory. No one except a man of conviction and conse¬ cration could go on for more than seven years without a convert, and still have it said of him, '‘His subhme faith in God never faltered.” Back of every sermon, of every letter, of every act, lay the reservoir of a great character. Through the power of Christ he was master of himself, of his every faculty. He had no desire to be honored or considered great. “He often remarked that Christ was the model preacher, and that he never preached great sermons.” So intent was he upon the message that his earnestness of manner was most impressive, and no hearer was able to escape the conviction that his soul was in his work. Dr. D. W. Faunce tells of his keen disappointment as a boy when Judson first began his address in the old church, crowded now to standing room to welcome home this distinguished son. He expected great oratorical flights, loud voice, commanding tones and dramatic positions, and resistless elo¬ quence. As Mr. Judson went on, in simple lan¬ guage, to unfold his thought, and over and over again repeated his one theme, pleasing Jesus, somehow the boy forgot all about eloquence, and began, as his eyes filled with tears, and his heart was in his throat, to ask if he, too, might not do something to please Jesus. No wonder, then, that this missionary, whom Christ had so conquered, should win the Burmans to himself and to his Saviour. He was such a combination of the ideal and the concrete, he was so great that Eastern minds were no match for him in any encounter, and yet so humble as to be the unfailing friend of the poorest servant. His 14 ADONIRAM JUDSON first tract to the Burmans caught and held the attention of their deepest thinkers, and is still worth any man’s study, and yet, in a private talk with a native Christian woman, he made truth so simple that she never forgot it. He seized the ruler from the table, stood it on the floor, and said, “Here you stand. You know where this path leads—you only want to step aside to catch the bubble, and you think you will come back again, but you never will. Woman, think! Dare you deliberately leave this straight and narrow path, drawn by the Saviour’s finger, and go away for one moment into that of your enemy? Will you? Will you? WILL YOU?” She was sobbing as he spoke, and says that ever after, when tempted, she could see that ruler on the floor, that path marked out by Christ, and could hear that question, “Will you?” No wonder that on board one ship, as he con¬ ducted worship, the big tears would roll down the cheeks of his sailor auditors, and that before they landed three of the seamen had given evidence of salvation. No wonder that in Burmah, before his death, there were sixty-three churches and 163 workers, and that though he had early expressed the hope of having as many as an hundred native converts, there were about 7,000. The victory over himself through Christ, and the conquest of Burmah, through Christ-like living and teaching and suffering, made easy the winning of the Baptists and of all Christians everywhere who have ever known of the life and labors of Adoniram Judson. To him all was as bright as the promises of God. Wherever he went, at home or abroad, he was as sympathetic as if he were the pastor, and as interested as if he were a ADONIRAM JUDSON 15 member of the family. In the Colby home, in Boston, at the family altar, he prayed: “May they and their children, and their children’s children, in every generation to the end of time, follow each other in uninterrupted succession through the gates of glory.” A New York merchant, in his boyhood, read a “ Life of Judson,” and went out into the field on his father’s farm, and dedicated his life to the service of God. “Just as a steamer in its course along a river generates a wave which will lash the shore long after the disturbing force has passed, so the words and behavior of a good man will sometimes set in motion streams of influence in the most un¬ looked-for places.” This Judson Centennial Year of 1912 is going to mark not only a great forward movement for Southern Baptists, and an enlargement of their gifts to the work of missions, but it is going to mean the dedication of many a young life to God, the strengthening of many whose doctrinal knees have been weak, and the call for some real sacrifice by those who have hitherto never been stirred by the study of the life of a really great soul devoted to God. Who that has ever looked upon Adoniram Judson in that loathsome prison, who that has ever beheld his ankles weighted and bruised with those five pairs of fetters, who that has ever imagined the anguish of his gentle soul amid such injustice and degradation and brutality, who that ever followed Mrs. Judson in those twenty-one months of in¬ describable anxiety and angelic seK-sacrifice and devotion, who that ever has stood and wept at the lonely grave there under the hopia-tree, who that ever has worked and waited, and believed, and suffered, and wept, and rejoiced with the Judsons, 16 ADONIRAM JUDSON can ever again be mean, and little, and selfish, and cowardly? There is only one course for those of us who study the life of such a man; there is only one resolve for the denomination to whom God so wonderfully gave him, and that is to expect great things from God, and attempt' great things for God. Enlarge the place of thy tent, O Baptists of America; stretch forth the curtains of thine habitations; spare not, lengthen thy cords, and strengthen thy stakes. Think never of retreat while the graves of our missionaries adorn the lands of heathenism! Think only of conquest while Christian soldiers are ready to five or die for the King of kings! Think only of asking, whether we stay or go, whether we work or pray, whether we give or withhold, whether we preach or practice, “Will it please Him? Will it please Him? WILL IT PLEASE HIM ? » FOREIGN MISSION BOARD, SOUTHERN Baptist Convention RICHMOND, VA.