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 RC261 .W15 Cancer and sarcoma; 
 
 RECAP 
 
 Cancer and Sarcoma 
 
 A SERIES OF EXPERIMENTS 
 COMPRISING SEVEN YEARS 
 OF RESEARCH WORK. MADE 
 FOR THE PURPOSE OF DE- 
 TERMINING THE ORIGIN 
 AND CAUSE OF CANCER 
 AND SARCOMA. THEIR 
 METHODS OF PROPAGA- 
 TION AND MEANS OF 
 PREVENTION. 
 
 By H. D. WALKER, M. D. 
 
 BUFFALO, NEW YORK 
 
 This work was done at my Laboratory at Newburg. New York 
 
 With Compliments of the Author 
 
College of ^Ijpsfidang anb ^urgeonjs 
 Hibrarp 
 

 
 
 
 Cancer and Sarcoma 
 
 
 
 
 
 A SERIES OF EXPERIMENTS 
 COMPRISING SEVEN YEARS 
 OF RESEARCH WORK. MADE 
 FOR THE PURPOSE OF DE- 
 TERMINING THE ORIGIN 
 AND CAUSE OF CANCER 
 AND SARCOMA. THEIR 
 METHODS O F PROPAGA- 
 TION AND MEANS OF 
 PREVENTION. 
 
 
 
 
 
 By H. D. WALKER, M. D. 
 
 BUFFALO, NEW YORK 
 
 
 This work was done at my Laboratory at Newburg, New York 
 
 
 
 
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 vv 
 
 Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2010 with funding from 
 
 Open Knowledge Commons 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cancersarcomaserOOwalk 
 
Cancer and Sarcoma 
 
 A SERIES OF EXPERIMENTS COMPRISING SEVEN YEARS OF RESEARCH 
 
 WORK, MADE FOR THE PURPOSE OF DETERMINING THE ORIGIN 
 
 AND CAUSE OF CANCER AND SARCOMA, THEIR METHODS 
 
 OF PROPAGATION AND MEANS OF PREVENTION. 
 
 By H. D. WALKER, M. D., Buffalo, N. Y. 
 
 ( This -work was do7te at my LaboratoryTat Newburg, N. Y.) 
 
 CHE subject of Cancer and Sarcoma is one of the greatest 
 importance to mankind. Thousands die each year, a 
 lingering, cruel death, from the ravages of these ene- 
 mies, whose orgin has hitherto been unknown. 
 
 It seemed a great undertaking to attempt to v^^rest from 
 nature this secret, which has so long been sought after by 
 every method w^hich Science and the most learned men could 
 devise. However, in looking about for some subject in Natural 
 History, which I could investigate by the aid of the microscope, 
 I could find nothing which seemed so attractive to me and of 
 greater importance to mankind, than the subject of malignant 
 disease. 
 
 In thirty-five years of active practice in Western New York, 
 I have treated many of these cases for which scarcely a hope re- 
 mained, w^hen the nature of the malady became knowTi. Statistics 
 show that it is increasing rapidly, but, heretofore, we could give 
 no reason for its greater prevalence. I never gave any attention 
 to the manner in which these diseases were contracted, until I 
 took up this investigation, about the 1st of June, 1901. 
 
 In reviewing the latest literature on the subject, to which I 
 had access, I was particularly impressed with Behla's observa- 
 tion in the town of Luckau, Germany. This town has a central 
 portion containing about 3,000 inhabitants, with two suburbs, 
 one on the East called Kalau and one on the West, Sando, each 
 having a population of about 1,000, the population of the 
 whole town being about 5,000. In twenty-two and one-half 
 years, from 1875 to 1898, there was not a case of cancer in the 
 Western suburb, Sando. A few cases occurred in the central 
 or main town, and seventy-five deaths from cancer out of a total 
 of 663 deaths from all causes, occurred in Kalau. Cancer there- 
 fore caused about one-ninth of the deaths here, and none what- 
 
CANCER AND SARCOMA 
 
 ever in Sando. "We find also that during this time of twenty- 
 two and one-half years, the population and their manner of 
 living continued about the same. The people in each of the 
 suburbs lived on the products of their farms and gardens. The 
 land in Kalau and the main town, was very low, level and damp, 
 while that of Sando was high, dry and sandy. There was a 
 ditch, containing foul stagnant water, which passed closely 
 around a portion of the central tow^n and through the whole of 
 Kalau; all the gardens of which were watered from this ditch, 
 the water of which was used also to wash their garden vegetables. 
 Behla believed that cancer followed this ditch and that the 
 water used from it to wash the vegetables, infected them and 
 many of these which were eaten uncooked, thereby transmitted 
 the germs of cancer to the people who used them. 
 
 This observation certainly furnishes very strong proof of the 
 parasitic origin of cancer, but it gives no positive evidence that 
 water was the medium through which it was conveyed. Again, 
 in the Cancer Number of the Practitioner for April, 1899, we find 
 two articles, which seem to be especially important for our 
 purpose. One of them is entitled "The IMedical Geography of 
 Cancer in England and Wales, ' ' by Alfred Haviland ; the other 
 "The Local Distribution of Cancer and Cancer Houses," by 
 D'Arcy Powers, F. R. C. S. On reading these over I find it 
 stated that cancer is far more prevalent along rivers, low 
 grounds, and marshy places, than on high dry ground and 
 mountain ranges. If this is a fact, as the investigations of 
 these observers seem to prove, then, it is evident, that the 
 Original Host, if there is one, would be found in greater abun- 
 dance in such places, and also it must be world-wide, or nearly so 
 in extent, for we know that cancer is common in many different 
 parts of the world. 
 
 In view of the absolute failure of all efforts heretofore 
 made to discover the origin and cause of malignant disease, it 
 seemed to me some new method of procedure must be adopted. 
 I therefore determined to take a general survey of the Animal 
 and Vegetable Kingdoms, for the purpose of finding out what 
 animal or plant, found on low moist ground, would be most 
 likely to serve as an Original Host for the supposed parasites. 
 On carefully reviewing the Vegetable Kingdom, I could find 
 nothing which fulfilled these conditions and seemed likely to 
 serve as their Original Host. On looking over the lower forms 
 of animal life, I was strongly impressed with the idea that the 
 earthworm might be the Host. It is well know^n to naturalists 
 
By H. D. WALKER M. D., BUFFALO, N. Y. 
 
 that earthworms are much more abundant in low moist grounds 
 than on mountain ranges and dry soil. In F. E. Beddard's Mon- 
 ograph on the 01igocha?ta, or Earthworms, under the head of 
 Habitat, he says. ''Earthworms are found in almost every part 
 of the world where they have been looked for. They occur far to 
 the North in Siberia and Nova Zembla, while South Georgia and 
 Kerguelen mark their southern limits.'*' Thus we see that two 
 prominent indications are fulfilled by the earthworm. Perhaps 
 this opinion may have been confirmed on account of my previous 
 work on the earthworm, in working out the life history of the 
 *"Gape Worms of Fowls," (Syngamus trachealis), which I found 
 to reside in its embryonic condition, in the intestinal canal of 
 the earthworm, which thus served as a Host for this parasite. 
 In that investigation I found that the earthworm contained 
 many kinds of parasites, some of them in great numbers. 
 
 Having determined to investigate anew the parasites of the 
 earthworm, on June 4th, 1901, I procured some of them from the 
 low grounds along the Hudson and commenced my work. I cut 
 one of these earthworms in two, rubbed one of the cut surfaces 
 on a watch glass, and adding a drop of water, stirred well with 
 a needle and placed it under an inch objective. I immediately 
 saw some small bodies, which I had often observed before, and 
 alwaj^s understood to be the ameboid or white corpuscles of the 
 blood of the earthworm. On examining them under the one quar- 
 ter inch, their character was more fully brought out, but I wished 
 to examine them more closely. I therefore mounted some of them 
 on a slide in distilled water, and on placing them under a one- 
 tenth immersion, was surprised to find that the breaking down 
 or disintegration into inert matter of these ameboid corpuscles, 
 as it has been described by authors, was a mistake. The result on 
 the contrary, was the formation of a great number of very small 
 bodies, which with a lower power have the appearance of 
 granules, but under a high power objective are seen to be well 
 marked spores or cells, which have a peculiar oscillating motion. 
 A good illustration of these bodies will be found in the last 
 edition of the I\Iicrographic dictionary, plate 38. figures 16 and 
 17, from cancerous tissue, under the head of granule cells. I 
 found these organisms in the celiac cavity of the earthworm, in 
 various stages of their development. 
 
 In the small round forms the nucleus presents a very 
 brilliant appearance and they are found on the bottom of the 
 
 *This paper was first published in 1886, in the Bulletin of the Buffalo Society 
 of Natural Sciences, Vol. X, No. 2, afterwards extracted and published in pamphlet 
 form. 
 
CANCER AND SARCOMA 
 
 Avateli glass and also floating throughout the liquid. Some of 
 the forms float on the surface and resemble globules of fat, 
 exactly as we find in slides put up from the scrapings of 
 cancerous tissue. * * * We also see them fusing on the 
 bottom of the watch glass and forming irregular ameboid bodies, 
 which contain throughout their structure many small nuclei when 
 viewed under a high power objective. Here indeed was a problem 
 to solve, which demanded careful investigation. I therefore 
 devoted considerable time to looking up the literature of these 
 organisms. They have always been described as body cells of 
 the earthworm, no author having to my knowledge regarded them 
 as parasites. 
 
 In Sedgwick and Wilson's General Biology, page 53, we have 
 two figures of these phagocytes, as they are called. It also says : 
 "The celomic fluid is composed of two constituents, viz., a color- 
 less fluid called the plasma, and colorless isolated cells or 
 corpuscles, which float in the plasma, and are remarkable for the 
 fact that they undergo constant though slow changes of form. In 
 fact they closely resemble certain kinds of amebje, and we 
 should certainly consider them to be such, if we found them 
 occurring free in stagnant water. We know, however, that they 
 live only in the plasma, and have a common origin with the other 
 cells of the body, hence we must regard them not as individual 
 animals, but as constituent cells of the earthworm. The celomic 
 fluid, is in fact a kind of tissue, consisting of colorless isolated 
 cells floating in a fluid intercellular substance. These free 
 floating cells are probably the scavengers (phagocytes) of the 
 body, devouring and destroying waste matters. Some suppose 
 that they also attack invading parasites, such as bacteria." On 
 page 64, same authors, they are referred to as ''White blood 
 corpuscles, ameboid cells, lymph cells, and phagocytes," and, 
 "They move their parts much as amebe do, engulphing 
 particles about them by a kind of flux." They have also been 
 called per^isceral corpuscles. In F. E. Becldard's Monograph on 
 the OligochEeta, or Earthworms, these bodies are stated to 
 extend throughout nearly all the Oligocheeta, both those which 
 live in the soil and those which live in water. When it is known 
 that over 650 different species of Oligochaeta have been 
 described, their extent can be imagined. In some species of 
 earthworms these organisms are of various colors. As before 
 stated I found these bodies corresponded with those we get from 
 the scrapings of a fresh cancer, also the forms we are so familiar 
 with in the illustrations of cancer in the older authors. I 
 endeavored to trace the source of these bodies, and found after 
 
By H. D. WALKER M. D., BUFFALO, N: Y. 
 
 prolonged observation that they derived their origin from the 
 chlorogogue. or chlorogogen cells. In the confirmation of this 
 opinion, Sedgwick and "Wilson, on page 61, speaking of the very 
 small particles floating in the celomic fluid, say: "It is nearly 
 certain that these particles are derived from the breaking up of 
 'Lymphoid' cells, some of which may have been phagocytes 
 floating in the celomic fluid, and the most if not all of these 
 cells are from 'chlorogogue cells' set free from the surface of 
 the blood vessels and of the intestine." 
 
 These observations were made on the large earthworm, 
 Lumbricus herculeus, commonly used in biological work. Other 
 species, however, are similar. This matter having been settled 
 to my satisfaction, another problem now presented itself, namely, 
 the nature and origin of this chlorogogue layer which has been 
 described by so many authors. In Huxley and I\Iartin 's Biology, 
 page 242, in speaking of the earthworm, it says: "The intes- 
 tinal wall is invested in a yellowish brown tissue of so-called 
 'chlorogogen cells.' This tissue (originally thought to have 
 been a kind of liver) has no sort of connection with the lumen 
 of the gut ; it is intimately associated with the walls of the great 
 blood vessels, many of which it completely surrounds, and there 
 is reason for regarding it as functional, in the formation of an 
 excretory product, which is discharged into the body cavity, if 
 not in that of some constituent of the blood also." On page 
 267, in speaking of this layer, it says : "Its component cells are 
 elongated and club-shaped, each containing a single oval nucleus 
 and crowded with minute highly refractive globules. ' ' In Sedg- 
 wick and Wilson, page 52, we find the following description : 
 "The outer surface of the stomach intestine is covered with 
 pigmented, yellowish brown, 'chlorogogue cells.' These were 
 formerly supposed to be concerned with the secretion of the 
 digestive fluid and hence are often called 'hepatic cells.' This, 
 however, is probably an erroneous interpretation, and they are 
 now believed to be concerned with the process of excretion." 
 By the process of excretion, we suppose is meant the throwing 
 off of those very small particles, which they regarded as inert 
 matter. 
 
 In F. E. Beddard, on the Oligochfeta, in Vol. II, the Cam- 
 bridge Natural . History, "Worms Rotifers and Polyzoa.'.' 1901, 
 page 355, under the head of Celom and vascular system, the 
 author says: "When an earthworm is dissected the various 
 organs are seen to lie in a fairly spacious cavity, which is 
 interrupted and divided into a series of chambers by the mesen- 
 teries, or septa, which stretch across from wall to wall of the 
 
CANCER AND SARCOMA 
 
 body, and correspond roughly in their position to the groves 
 which separate the body externally. This cavity common to all 
 the higher animals, is known as the celom. It is lined by cells 
 which cover the intestines as well as the inside of the body wall, 
 and upon the intestine assume the form so characteristic of the 
 group, namely, that of large yellow cells loaded with secreted 
 matter and called chlorogogen cells by Claparede." 
 
 In Gould's Dictionary of New Medical Terms, 1905, we find 
 that chlorogogen is derived from two Greek words, /lopua 
 greenish, and (i.yMyri a carrying off. It is defined as follows: 
 "Applied to peculiar peritoneal cells, with definite excretory 
 functions. They are especially strongly developed in the 
 Oligochata, but occur also in the Polychgeta. They are attached 
 to the dorsal vessel and its branches, and contain brown granules 
 taken from the blood." In looking over the Polychseta, which 
 are marine worms, we find thirty-four families, comprising hun- 
 dreds of species described. We also find that the most of them 
 contain celomic corpuscles and chlorogogen cells, like their near 
 relative the earthworm. AVhen it is knowai,as we hope to satisfac- 
 torily prove later, that these celomic corpuscles and chlorogogen 
 cells are different stages in the life history of parasitic protozoa, 
 heretofore unknown, belonging, some of them at least, and per- 
 haps all, to the sporozoa, we see what a vast field we have before 
 us for investigation. 
 
 From our observation, it also seems quite probable, that each 
 species of worm harbors a different species of parasite. In order 
 to find out whether these bodies are the parasites which cause 
 Cancer and Sarcoma, as I strongly suspected, I determined to 
 feed them to animals and see if they could be infected thereby. 
 I therefore procured two guinea pigs, one to be used as a control, 
 placed them in separate cages, and giving each hay, oats and 
 water, commenced my experiments. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. \ 
 
 A large guinea pig, No. 1, on June 14th, 1901, at 9 :45 A. M., 
 was fed a thick, slimy liquid, prepared by cutting a large earth- 
 worm (Lumbricus herculeus) into many pieces, with distilled 
 water in a glass dish. This worm was washed in water before 
 being cut up. The liquid was well stirred and a drop being 
 placed under the microscope showed a great number of these 
 bodies, which I believed to be the spores and cells of a parasite 
 in the different stages of its development. A small rubber tube 
 
By H. D. WALKER M. P., BUFFALO, N. Y> 9 
 
 was passed into the pig's throat and a glass syringe being 
 inserted into its outer extremity, about two drams of the liquid 
 was injected, the greater part of which w^as retained. 
 
 This method was adopted (instead of injecting under the 
 skin as is usually done), in order to closely follow Nature, for 
 I believed the natural way in which cancer usually gained access 
 to the body, if it was a parasite, was through the digestive 
 system. 
 
 June 18th, 9 :45 A. M., pig evidently sick. Breathes irregu- 
 lar and rapid and often shivers, curls up in a corner of his cage 
 and eats very little. The control well and lively. June 19th, 
 morning, pig evidently worse. 1 P. M., abdomen bloated and 
 very tender when pressed. Stools thin and found under the 
 microscope to be composed almost entirely of the organisms 
 from the earthworm. Some of these were put up in a slide with 
 a little distilled water, in which they lived until the slide was 
 broken, over three years. During that period they could be seen 
 to move, and they increased greatly in number. Pig quite sick 
 for several days, remaining most of the time curled up in a 
 corner of his cage and eating very little. June 25th, pig some 
 better, runs about and eats more. July 1st, about the same for 
 the past few da^^s. July 5th, pig eats very little now, and is 
 getting quite poor. Abdomen very tender and he now keeps 
 quiet most of the time. Pig No. 2, the control, well, eats heartily 
 and no bloating or tenderness of the abdomen when handled 
 quite roughly. 
 
 On July 5th I took a drop of blood from the ear of pig 
 No. 1, and put it up in a slide with a little distilled water. On 
 examining this under the microscope, I found it to contain many 
 of the same organisms which he w^as fed from the earthworm, in 
 different states of development, the smaller forms being quite 
 abundant. Pig continued to grow thinner and to eat less, and 
 died on the morning of July 15th, thirty-one days from the time 
 he was fed the organisms from the earthworm. 
 
 On opening his abdomen, the intestines were found red- 
 dened and congested in many places. The lungs had patches of 
 infiltration, and on scraping some of its freshly cut tissue, an 
 abundance of bodies like those from the earthworm were found. 
 Sections of the lungs showed many small nodules, which were 
 variously interpreted by different pathologists. 
 
 One said at first he could not deny but what it was Cancer, 
 another called them epitheloid cells, another lymphoid cells, and 
 still another endothelioma. On July 6th I noticed that pig No. 2, 
 
JO CANCER AND SARCOMA 
 
 the control, was not well, seemed to have similar symptoms to 
 the one that died. I had not fed him any of the organisms, but 
 he evidently was quite sick. His cage was within a few feet of 
 the other, and on the evening of June 29th I found that pig 
 No. 1 had escaped through a loosened slat and was perched upon 
 the top of the cage of the control, where from appearances he 
 had been for some time. Pig No. 2 continued to grow worse 
 and died on the night of July 16th. Before he died I examined a 
 drop of blood from his ear and found the same kind of organisms 
 in it I found in Pig No. 1. I believe he was infected by the 
 excrements of No. 1, which contained the parasites, dropping 
 through on to the hay in his cage. This pig lived 17 days, from 
 the time of his supposed infection. He was much smaller than 
 No. 1, and I have since found that young pigs die quicker when 
 fed the organisms, than those which are older. On repeated 
 examinations I have never found these organisms in the blood 
 of the normal guinea pig, nor in one which I kept afterwards 
 for a long time as a control, under the same conditions. 
 
 On examining this pig I found the same lesions present in 
 the abdomen and lungs as in the first pig. Sections of the 
 lungs also showed the same kind of nodules, only less in size, 
 than in No. 1. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 2 
 
 On August 12th, 1901, I fed a good sized pig, No. 3, in the 
 same manner as before, about tw^o drams of a liquid obtained 
 from six small earthworms, by placing them one at a time in a 
 Syracuse watch glass, with a little water and gently pricking 
 themwith a needle, not hard enough to penetrate the skin. These 
 worms were first carefully w^ashed in water to remove any 
 organisms which might adhere to them externally. I found when 
 irritated with a needle, they throw out through the orifices of the 
 skin a thick slimy liquid containing an abundance of the organ- 
 isms on which I was at work. These organisms were also found 
 to be thrown off when crawling over a watch glass, or any other 
 object; and I made this test to determine whether there would 
 be enough to cause the infection and death of the pig. 
 
 The importance of this experiment will readily be seen, for 
 earthworms are very fond of various kinds of vegetables, such 
 as cabbage, celery, lettuce, onions, etc., according to Darwin in 
 his last work, "The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through 
 the Action of Earthworms." 
 
By H. D. WALKER M. D., BUFFALO, N. Y^^ U 
 
 F. E. Beddard, in "Worms, Rotifers and Polyzoa," on page 
 355, says: '"But worms are epicures and exhibit a deaided taste 
 and preference for certain articles of diet. Like their fellow-tiller 
 of the soil, the agricultural laborer, worms have a keen relish for 
 onions, which, hov^'ever, they must recognize by the smell. They 
 prefer green cabbage to red, celery to both, and raw meat appears 
 to be the greatest delicacy that can be offered to them." 
 
 From the foregoing observation it is seen that in crawling 
 over and feeding on the leaves of vegetables, earthworms would 
 leave these organisms on their surface. In due time Pig No. 3 
 became sick, having the same symptoms as the others. On 
 September 3rd, twenty-two days from the feeding, I examined a 
 drop of blood from his ear and found it contained the same or- 
 ganisms I fed him. He died September 6th, at 4 P. M., twenty- 
 five days and five hours from the time he was fed. On examina- 
 tion the same lesions in the abdomen and lungs, accompanied by 
 the organisms were found as in the other pigs. 
 
 EXPERIMENTS No. 3 and No. 4 
 
 On August 30th, at 1 P. M., fed pigs 4 and 5 in the 
 same manner as before, one dram of a solution made by cutting 
 up into small pieces in a glass dish with water, three earth- 
 worms, about t^\o and one-half inches in length. Pig No. 5 
 •rejected about half the amount he was fed. None of the body of 
 the earthworms in this or any of the previous experiments was 
 injected, and they were always washed well in water before 
 being used, to remove all portions of earth which might contain 
 other toxic organisms. 
 
 These pigs developed the same symptoms as the others. Pig 
 No. 4 died at 1 P. M., September 17th, just eighteen days from 
 the time of his feeding. Pig No. 5 died at 9, A. M., September 
 20th. He retained only about half the organisms fed, con- 
 sequently lived longer, namely, twenty-one days less four hours, 
 nearly three days longer than pig No. 4. These pigs were the 
 same age and doubtless would have died about the same time had 
 each retained an equal amount of the organisms. The same 
 lesions were found in the abdomen and lungs, and the same 
 organisms in the blood as before. 
 
 EXPERIMENTS No. 5 and No. 6 
 
 August 31st, 10 A. M., fed pigs 6 and 7 each one dram 
 of a similar mixture as before. These pigs were affected like the 
 
J2 CANCER AND SARCOMA 
 
 others. Blood taken from their ears a few hours before they died 
 showed the organisms as before. Pig' No. 6 died September 
 18th, 10 A. ]\I., eighteen days from the feeding. Pig No. 7 
 died during the night of September 17th, a few hours le.ss than 
 eighteen days. Examination after death showed the same lesions 
 found in the other pigs. 
 
 EXPERIMENTS No, 7 and No, 8 
 
 On September 3rd, at 4 P. ]M.. fed pigs 8 and 9 each 
 one dram of a solution made as before. Both showed the same 
 SA^mptoms as the others. On September 19th, I examined blood 
 from the ear of pig No. 8 and found plenty of the organisms. 
 He died that night, living between sixteen and seventeen days, 
 from the time he was fed. On September 21st pig No. 9 died, 
 eighteen days after the feeding. Blood from his ear was exam- 
 ined and five slides put up in the forenoon of September 21st, in 
 all of which there was an abundance of the cells. The same con- 
 dition in the lungs and abdomen was found as in the other pigs. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 9 
 
 On December 18th at 10 A. M., fed a good sized pig No. 10, 
 the parasites of an earthworm of the species Allolobophora 
 foetida, procured from upper jNIain Street, Buffalo, during the 
 month of November. The worm was prepared as before. This 
 pig commenced to be sick five days after the feeding. His 
 symptoms were like many of the other pigs, namely, a well- 
 marked chill, the animal is seen to shiver, loss of appetite and 
 frequently opening his mouth as though tasting something. 
 December 31st, put up a drop of blood from his ear, in which I 
 found plenty of the organisms. Pig died January 3rd, 1902. 
 at 10 A. M., sixteen days from the feeding. Same lesions found 
 as in the other,s. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 10 
 
 On December 18th. fed a small pig. No. 11. during the 
 day a handful of grass procured on December 10th from a sandy 
 spot of ground in which earthworms were very plentiful. There 
 were only a few scattered tufts of grass growing here, and these 
 I found to contain w^hat I believed to be the organisms from 
 the earthworm. This test was made to determine if such M^as 
 the case, and if so, if they were in sufficient quantity to kill the 
 
By H. D. TALKER M. D.> BUFFALO, N- Y, 13 
 
 pig. This grass was well dried, hay, in fact, when fed, eight 
 days after being picked. Pig became sick the fifth day after 
 the feeding. On the sixth day he had a severe chill. He shook so 
 that his teeth could be plainly heard to chatter. He died on the 
 morning of December 25th, seven days from the feeding. Ex- 
 amination showed the same organisms in his blood and lungs as 
 were found in the others, and in the hay which he was fed. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. JI 
 
 On December 20th, at 2 P. M., fed a medium sized pig 
 Noy^l2, the organisms from a small sized earthworm, soecies 
 AlloLophora foetida, from upper Main Street, Buffalo. This pig 
 had ihe first symptoms of infection on the night of December 
 25th, five days from the feeding, and died on the morninsr of 
 the 31st, 10 A. M., living eleven days less four hours from the 
 time he was fed. Same lesions found as in the others. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 12 
 
 On December 20th. fed a Belgian hare. No. 1, two months 
 old, the organisms from a medium sized earthworm, soer'ies 
 AUolobophora foetida, from Buffalo, the same way as before, 
 January 10th, 1902, hare shows first signs of infection, by loss 
 of appetite and remaining curled up in a corner of his cage. 
 January 11th, refuses to eat or drink. After a dav or two 
 commenced to get better, and continued about in his normal 
 condition until he was killed January 29th, forty days from the 
 time he was fed. The same organisms were found, especially in 
 the lungs, as in the pigs. 
 
 During February, March and April I examined several 
 species of earthworms in the Southern States, and found thpv 
 all contained the organisms, but they seemed to differ from each 
 other slightly, in each species of worm. This difference was in 
 regard to their size, shape and mode of grouping themselves 
 together. It seemed to me quite probable that each species might 
 produce a different variety of malignant disease. 
 
 I therefore determined in my future experiments, in all 
 cases to note the species of earthworm from which the organisms 
 were derived, and see if the results were different. In the 
 summer of 1902, I renewed my experiments. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. B 
 
 On I\Iay 18th, at 12 M., fed a good sized pig, No. 13, 
 the organisms from an earthworm of the species A. foetida from 
 
U CANCER AND SARCOMA 
 
 Newburgh, in the same manner as before. June 9th, examined 
 the blood from his ear and found the organisms. Pig died the 
 same day at 2 P. M., twenty-two days after being fed. Sections 
 were made and the parasites found in tliem as before. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 14 
 
 On May 18th, fed a medium sized pig, No. 14, the 
 organisms from an earthworm, species A. foetida, from New- 
 burgh. This pig had the same symptoms as the others and died 
 June 2nd, fifteen days after being fed. Examination both before 
 and after death showed the usual organisms. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 15 
 
 On May 18th, at 12 :30 P. M., I injected under the skin of 
 the back of pig No. 15, a solution the same as fed the others, 
 from an earthworm of the species A. foetida. This pig died on 
 the night of June 3rd, sixteen and one-half days after the injec- 
 tion of the organisms. On examination I did not find the abdom- 
 inal viscera congested as in the previous eases, which were fed 
 by the mouth. The lungs, however, were full of the parasites. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 16 
 
 On May 19th I fed pig No. 16 the organisms from a 
 small earthworm, species A. fcetida, from "Washington, D. C. 
 Same symptoms as before, and pig died June 3rd, fifteen days 
 from the feeding, and the same parasites found on examination. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 17 
 
 On October 16th, 1902, I fed a small dog which had the 
 appearance of being several years old, a medium sized Lumbricus 
 hereuleus, cutting it up in very small pieces in a little water and 
 mixing it thoroughly with his food. On December 10 I fed this 
 dog another worm of the same species in the same way. December 
 15th dog's abdomen very tender on pressure, and he has little 
 appetite. Has the appearance of being infected. I fed him 
 another worm as before on December 20th, 25th and 30th. I 
 repeated the feeding on January 4th and January 30th, 1903. 
 On February 12th, fed dog an earthw^orm of the same species 
 which had been dried and wrapped in paper over one year. This 
 worm was broken in small pieces, well soaked in water and then 
 the pieces mashed so that the parasites might become active. I 
 
By H, D, VALKER M. P., BUFFALO, N. Y. 15 
 
 would here state that these organisms are not killed by drying or 
 freezing, for Avhen a piece of worm which has been dried several 
 months, or has been frozen, is well broken up in water, the 
 organisms resume their activity the same as in a fresh worm. 
 ]\Iarch 2nd, gave dog a hypodermic injection under the skin of 
 the back, of the same species prepared by cutting it up in water. 
 On May 8th I killed this dog, 204 days from the beginning of the 
 experiment. There was no tumor where the hypodermic was 
 given, nor could I discover any on examination cf the body. 
 Many of the parasites were found in different orgars. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No- 18 
 
 On October 16th, 1902, I fed a medium sized young dog an 
 earthworm of the species Allolobophora profuga, in the same 
 manner as the first dog was fed. On December 10th and 15th 
 fed two earthworms at each feeding. Decembfi^ 30th, fed eight 
 earthworms. January 4th, 1903, dog's abdomen quite tender 
 on pressure. Fed eight earthworms and repeated the feeding 
 on January 30th. March 2nd, gave dog an hypodermic injection 
 of the organisms in water under the skin of the back. On May 
 9th I killed this dog, 205 days from the time of the first feeding. 
 There was no tumor found where the injection was made, nor in 
 the internal organs. Many of the parasites were found through- 
 out the animal. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 19 
 
 On October 16th, 1902, I fed as before a small youuf? dnf?, 
 two worms of the species A, foetida. On December 10th and 15th, 
 I fed tM^o worms at each feeding. December 30th and January 
 4th, 1903, fed eight worms at each feeding. On December 30th, 
 I found dog's abdomen very tender on pressure. On March 
 2nd I injected under the skin of the back, one-half dram of a 
 mixture of the parasites made by cutting up two worms A. 
 fcetida, in a little water. On May 6th I killed this dog, 202 days 
 from the time he was first fed. The internal organs contained no 
 tumors. There was a nodule under the skin where the injection 
 was made, sixty-five days before. When sections were made 
 from the nodule, well marked Plimmer's bodies were found. 
 The lungs and spleen also contained them. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 20 
 
 On October 19th, 1902, I fed a Belgian hare. No. 2, about 
 four months old, the organisms from a fair sized L. herculeus, by 
 
16 CANCER AND SARCOMA 
 
 injecting them dowTi his throat with a glass syringe and rubber 
 tube as in previous cases. November 6th, hare has symptoms 
 of infection, bloating and tenderness of abdomen. December 
 11th, fed hare the parasites from another worm of the same 
 species. December 17th hare shows well-marked signs of second 
 infection. December 23rd, hare died today, sixty-six days from 
 the first feeding and twelve days from the last. Sections of the 
 liver showed well marked Sarcoma. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 2 J 
 
 On October 19th, 1902, I fed a Belgian hare, No. 3, the 
 organisms from a fair-sized earthworm, of the species Allolobo- 
 phora profuga, in the usual way. November 6th, hare has 
 symptoms of infection. December 11th, fed organisms from two 
 worms of the same species. December 17th hare has symptoms 
 of second infection. January 10th, 1903, abdomen bloated and 
 liver plainly enlarged. Fed organisms from two worms of the 
 same species. January 31st, fed hare four worms (A. profuga.) 
 by cutting them up in a little water and mixing them with oats 
 in a dish. The mixture was well stirred and the hare ate them 
 all. February 14th, the hare died today, 119 days from the first 
 feeding and fourteen after the last. A well marked tumor in the 
 stomach, which is believed to be Sarcoma, was found. The 
 parasites were also seen in sections of the lungs, liver and spleen. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 22 
 
 On October 18th, 1902, I fed a Belgian hare, No. 4, the 
 organisms in the usual way, from two earthworms of the species 
 A. foetida. November 6th hare is infested. December 11th re- 
 peated the feeding of two worms, also on January 10th, 1903. 
 March 3rd killed the hare. No tumors discovered, but the para- 
 sites were found in sections of various organs. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 23 
 
 On March 28th, 1903, I fed a guinea pig. No. 17, the 
 parasites from an earthworm, L. herculeus. On April 13th, six- 
 teen days from the feeding, this pig died, and the parasites were 
 found throughout the lungs, liver and spleen. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 24 
 
 On March 28th, at 4 P. M., I injected the parasites from an 
 earthworm, species A. foetida, under the skin of the back of pig 
 
By H. D. VALKER M. D., BUFFALO, N- Y. 17 
 
 No. 18. April 5th, pig died last night, about seven and one- 
 half days after the time of the injection. Found the parasites 
 through the organs as usual. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 25 
 
 On March 28th, I injected the parasites from an earthworm, 
 A. foetida, under the skin of the back of pig No. 19. This 
 pig died April 19th, twenty-two days from the injection. No 
 tumors were found, but an abundance of the parasites through 
 the different organs. 
 
 On September 11th, 1903, I procured six guinea pigs, and 
 believing that the previous ones had died too soon for the 
 production of well marked tumors, I thought if I could prolong 
 their life, I might be able to succeed in producing them. I 
 therefore determined to feed them fresh grass once daily, at noon, 
 and hay and oats morning and night, and note the effect. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 26 
 
 On September 11th, I fed two pigs, Nos. 20 and 21, 
 in the usual way. No. 20 was fed the parasites from 
 a large L. herculeus, and No. 21 those from two medium 
 sized worms of the same species. Every day at noon each one 
 was fed a good handful of green grass in place of hay. After five 
 or six days they had slight symptoms of infection, but these soon 
 passed off and they seemed to be entirely well during the re- 
 mainder of the time the grass was fed, and six weeks from the 
 beginning of the experiment. On October 23rd, I fed these pigs 
 in the usual way, each the parasites from a large L. herculeus ; 
 I also discontinued feeding the grass, giving them hay instead. 
 On December 6th, forty-four days from the last feeding, I killed 
 pig No. 21. On December 7th, forty-five days from the last 
 feeding, I killed pig No. 20. On careful examination I could 
 find no tumors in either of them. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 27 
 
 On September 11th, I fed two pigs, Nos. 22 and 
 23, each the parasites from two earthworms, species A. 
 profuga, as before, giving them a handful of grass at noon. After 
 five or six days they showed a slight infection, but soon recovered, 
 and after six weeks seemed quite well. On October 23rd, I fed 
 each of the pigs, the parasites from two A. profuga, and the feed- 
 ing of grass was omitted. November 27th, pig No. 23 
 
18 CANCER AND SARCOMA 
 
 died, twentj'-four days from the last feeding. December 7th, 
 killed pig No. 22, forty-five days from the last feeding. 
 No tumors in either of these pigs were found. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 2S 
 
 On September 11th, I fed two pigs, Nos. 24 and 
 25. each the parasites in the usual way from four A. 
 fcEtidce. These pigs, like the previous four, besides their hay and 
 oats, were fed a handful of grass once daily. After a few days 
 like the others they manifested slight symptoms of infection, 
 which soon passed off, and they remained well six weeks after. 
 On October 23rd. they were each fed the parasites from eight A. 
 fcetida, hay and oats being fed as usual without the grass. On 
 December 6th. forty-four days from the last feeding I killed these 
 pigs. No tumors were found. In all six pigs the parasites were 
 found in their blood, both in the ameboid and round forms. 
 They were also found in sections of the different organs. On 
 November 18th I put up a slide of blood from pig No. 25, 
 which contained plenty of the parasites. These three experi- 
 ments seems to me of much importance, from the fact demon- 
 strated, that when pigs are fed green grass once daily, the para- 
 sites failed to kill them, and they only manifested slight symp- 
 toms of infection, which soon passed off. Not only this but 
 they were rendered nearly immune to the further action of the 
 parasites for several weeks, by this means of feeding them. 
 
 Compare this with Experiment No. 10, in which a pig fed 
 dried grass containing these parasites died in seven days. 
 Further experiment along this line should be made to determine 
 the reason for this protection and immunity. At first I thought 
 the parasites entered into the green vegetable matter and passed 
 outfrom the animals, but the well marked production of immunity 
 shows something beyond that. Have we in green vegetable 
 matter a preventive or remedy for malignant disease? Perhaps 
 persons eating green vegetables containing the parasites are 
 protected to a considerable extent in the same way. During the 
 summer of 1904 I experimented with several other guinea pigs, 
 but as nothing further was developed it is unnecessary to give 
 the details. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 29 
 
 On August 14th. 1905, I injected into the peritoneal cavity 
 of a Belgian hare, No. five, three months old. an hypodermic 
 syringe full of the parasites from an earthworm, L. herculeus, cut 
 
By H. D. WALKER M. D.> BUFFALO, N. Y. 19 
 
 up in water. September 8th, hare quite sick. Eats and drinks 
 very little, and coughs considerably for the last few days. Abdo- 
 men bloated. September 15th, hare died last night, thirty-one 
 \days after the injection. I removed the lungs, liver, stomach, 
 spleen and kidneys. I found the pylorus contracted and the 
 stomach greatly enlarged, and its walls thickened. The spleen 
 was enlarged and filled with white nodules, a number of w^hich 
 were foimd in the liver. Sections from the lungs, liver, spleen 
 and pylorus contained round and spindle cells of Sarcoma. Sec- 
 tions of the liver were pronounced by two pathologists adeno- 
 Sarcoma. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 30 
 
 On August 15th, 1905. I injected into the abdominal cavity 
 of hare No. 6, three months old, the parasites from two small 
 earthworms (species not identified). November 25th, repeated 
 the injection, using six worms of the same species. No symptoms 
 of infection noted. February 25th, 1906, I injected under the 
 skin of the back, two syringes full of organisms from four A. 
 foetida?. May 6th, repeated the injection of parasites from A. 
 foetida. as before. July 1st, injected organisms from five A. 
 foetidae, down hare's throat. July 15th, repeated feeding as 
 above. August 12th injected into the abdominal cavity, one 
 syringe full of organisms from several A. foetida^, cut up in 
 water. No infection followed. This hare seems to be immune, 
 either naturally, or he has been rendered so by the continued 
 use])l^of the parasites., On September 9th, I injected two syringes 
 full, made from several A. foetidae cut up in water, into the 
 abdominal cavity. The second day after this injection, hare 
 commenced to be sick. Abdomen distended and verj' tender, and 
 for eight or nine days ate nothing. Became very poor and looked 
 as if he would die from peritonitis. After about nine days he 
 commenced to eat and get better. About a week after this, I 
 discovered a small nodular tumor on the peritoneum, which grew 
 until it was an inch in diameter. Then an opening formed 
 through the peritoneum, in the middle of the tumor, which 
 opening gradually increased in size as the tumor disappeared. 
 The edge of the opening was composed of many small nodules 
 and had the feeling of a malignant tumor. These nodules gradu- 
 ally disappeared leaving a smooth edge, through which the intes- 
 tines protruded and the hare seemed in a normal condition, except 
 the hernia. 
 
 The opening in the peritoneum gradually grew less and in 
 a few weeks the hernia disappeared. December 16th, fed hare 
 
20 CANCER AND SARCOMA 
 
 the organisms from several A. foetid^ cut up in water and 
 mixed with his oats. No effect noted. On March 10th, 1907, 
 injected two syringes full of material from A. foetidse into 
 abdomen. No sj'mptoms of infection discovered. October 13th, 
 hare died today. Found no tumors, but extensive adhesions of 
 the abdominal organs. The liver and spleen were both atrophied. 
 Sections of different organs showed many Plimmer's bodies and 
 cancer cells. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 3J 
 
 On August 16th, 1905, I injected into the peritoneal cavity 
 of hare No. 7, the parasites from two earthworms, of the species 
 A. profuga. November 25th, injected in the same manner, the 
 parasites from six A. profugte. The animal had symptoms of 
 infection each time, but soon recovered. Thinking the hare could 
 not be killed with these parasites. I resolved to try those from 
 A. foetidse. Therefore on February 23rd, 1906, I injected under 
 the skin of the back, the parasites from four A. foetidae. This 
 not having the desired effect, on ^May 6th, I injected into the 
 peritoneal cavity the parasites from four A. foetidae. May 8th, 
 hare died today, forty-eight hours after last injection. Had 
 peritonitis. Sections from the lungs, spleen and stomach, 
 showed plenty of parasites. Both species were present. Great 
 number of Plimmer's bodies were found. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 32 
 
 On August 17th, I injected into the peritoneum of hare No. 8. 
 the parasites from two A. foetidie. November 25th, injected in 
 the same manner the parasites from six A. foetidse. November 
 30th, hare died last night, four and one-half days after the last 
 injection and 104 days from the first. On examination find well 
 marked peritonitis. Sections of the organs showed the parasites 
 of Carcinoma. The spleen especially had them in great numbers. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 33 
 
 On June 5th, 1905, I prepared a culture of the organisms 
 from L. herculeus by cutting up a worm of this species in a little 
 water and smearing this over the under side of a cabbage leaf 
 growing in the garden. This method was adopted to closely 
 imitate nature, for we know it is a habit of earthworms when 
 feeding on plants to attack the under surface of the leaf where 
 the stomata of the plant open. In the beginning of this paper 
 
By H. D. WALKER M. D., BUFFALO, N. Y. 21 
 
 I proved that these parasites of the earthworm passed through 
 the orifices of their skiu when they crawled over the surface of 
 any object. New I wished to see if I could produce a culture in 
 the plant sufficient to infect an animal. The leaf was left on the 
 plant until July 10th, when it was removed, carefully washed 
 and cut up finely in distilled water, when the parasites in large 
 numbers came out as shown by placing a drop of the liquid under 
 the microscope. They were kept in a test tube plugged with 
 cotton until used. They were in the plant thirty-five days 
 and in water in a test tube thirty-eight days. On August 17th, 
 seventy-three days from the time they were removed from the 
 worm an hypodermic syringe full of this culture Avas injected 
 into the peritoneal cavity of hare No. 9, four weeks old. 
 
 September 7th, hare not well, seems to be growing poor. 
 October 1st, very poor and weak, looks as though he would 
 die very soon. Infection has certainly taken place. November 
 1st, hare much better now. November 25th, hart now seems to 
 have completely recovered from the infection, and I injested 
 through the peritoneum, the parasites from a fair sized L. hercu- 
 leus. January 31st. 1906, hare died last niaht. 166 davs from the 
 first injection, and sixty-seven days from the last. On examina- 
 tion I found necrosis of the intestine, commencing about eight 
 inches below the stomach, and extending dowward five or six 
 iclfes. The intestine was very dark colored and sections showed 
 The parasites in its structure. The stomach Avas greatly dilated. 
 The parasites were also found in sections of the lungs, liver and 
 spleen. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 34 
 
 On October 1st, I injected into the peritoneal cavity of hare 
 No. 10, four and one-half months old. the parasites from two A. 
 foeticide. October 5th, abdomen bloated and very tender on press- 
 ure. After a few days this passed off. November 25th, injected 
 the parasites from six A. foetidge into the peritoneal cavity. De- 
 cember 7th, hare died last night, twelve days after th last injec- 
 tion, and sixty-seven days after the first. On examination I find 
 no tumor, but plenty of the parasites of carcinoma in sections of 
 the liver, spleen, stomach and intestines. There were many Plim- 
 mer's bodies in various stages of development. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 35 
 
 On October 1st, 1905, I injected into the abdominal cavity 
 of hare No. 11, four and one-half months old, the parasites 
 
22 CANCER AND SARCOMA 
 
 from two A. foetidre. October 5th, hare's abdomen bloated and 
 
 very tender on pressure. November 25th, mjected organisms 
 from three A. foetid^e, into the abdomen. December 7th, I dis- 
 covered a bi-lobed tumor, under the skin of the abdomen, below 
 the left foreleg. December 22nd, tumor growing quite fast. It is 
 now about one and one-fourth inches long and three-fourths of an 
 Mnch wide, distinctly bi-lobed and adherent to peritoneum. De- 
 cember 25th hare has quite a cough tonight. Perhaps parasites 
 are invading lungs. January 8th, 1906, killed hare this morning, 
 and find the tumor situated on the left side of the abdomen, about 
 half-way between the fore and hind legs. It is a tumor of the 
 peritoneum, starting from its internal surface, its has grown 
 through and projects on the external surface next the skin which 
 is not involved in the growth. The original two lobes have 
 coalesced. The tumor is solid and white and measures one and 
 one-fourth inches in length by three-fourths of an inch in width, 
 and the same in thickness. I removed the lungs liver, spleen, kid- 
 neys and several nodules in the abdomen. There is metastasis 
 to the liver, several small white nodules being found on its sur- 
 face which on section proved to be Cancer. Sections from the 
 tumor were sent to a well-known pathologist, who pronounced it 
 Carcinoma. The lungs, liver and spleen, contained the para- 
 sites in abundance. Plenty of Plimmer's bodies in different 
 stages of growth were found. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 36 
 
 On December 24th, 1905, I injected into the peritoneal cavity 
 of hare No. 12, four weeks old, the parasites from one A. 
 fcetida. March 4th, 1906, injected under the skin the parasites 
 from two A. foetidas. July 1st, fed hare the parasites from four 
 A. foetidffi. July 15th, repeated the feeding of four A. foetidse. 
 July 24th, hare getting very poor and weak, and I killed him. 
 Found no tumors, but sections of the lungs, liver and spleen 
 plainly showed the parasites of Carcinoma. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 37 
 
 On December 2^h, 1905, I injected into the peritoneal cavity 
 of hare No. 13, four weeks old, the parasites from one A. fcetida. 
 February 16th, 1906, hare died this morning. He was very poor 
 and weak before he died fifty-four days after the injection. No 
 tumors found, but sections of different organs showed the para- 
 sites of Carcinoma. 
 
By H. D. WALKER M. D.> BUFFALO, N. Y, 23 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 38 
 
 On January l-lth. 1906, I injected into the peritoneal cavity 
 of hare No. 14. six weeks old. the parasites from two A. 
 foetidge. ]\Iarch 4th I injected under the skin the parasites from 
 two A. foetidffi. July 1st, fed hare the parasites from four A. 
 foetidge. August 12th injected under the skin a syringeful of 
 parasites from several A. foetidte. Hare died August 22nd, 220 
 days from first, and ten days after last injection. No tumors 
 found, but sections of lungs, liver, stomach and spleen, showed 
 the parasites of Carcinoma. 
 
 EXPERIMENTS WITH WHITE MICE 
 
 Procured twenty-four white mice and placed them in four 
 cages, six in each cage. I fed these mice oats and bread and gave 
 them milk to drink. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 39 
 
 On August 12th. 1906, I injected under the skin of the back 
 in front of the tail of six mice in cage No. 1, a few drops of a 
 liquid made by cutting up three A. foetidae, in a small quantity 
 of water. August 13th, one of the mice died. He was probably 
 injured in giving him the injection. September 9th, repeated 
 the injection in the remaining five mice. September 10th, found 
 two of the mice dead. No tumors discovered, but the parasites 
 were found in sections of lungs and spleen. October 14th, two 
 of the mice show well marked signs of infection. One has a small 
 tumor near the site of injection, and the other has one of the 
 hind legs anchylosed at the hip joint, and drawn up, with the 
 loss of hair over considerable of its surface. On November 28th, 
 I fed the mice the parasites from several A. foetidae, mixed with 
 corn meal and milk. Repeated the feeding on December 16th, 
 December 29th and April 16th, 1907. May 25th, mouse with con- 
 tracted hind leg died today. On examination I find loss of hair 
 and a rough thickened skin on the back where the injection was 
 made; the left hind leg anchylosed at the hip joint and a well 
 marked tumor at the base of the penis. Sections from the skin 
 on the back and from the tumor, show cancer cells. There was 
 also a nodule under the skin of the right fore leg, which on section 
 proved to be Cancer. One of the remaining mice died July 26th, 
 and the last September 2nd. No tumors found. One of these 
 had a tumor, but it disappeared and the mouse showed no signs 
 of it when he died. 
 
24 CANCER AND SARCOMA 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 40 
 
 On August 12tli. 1906. injeetpcl Tinder the skin, in front of 
 the tail, six mice in cage No. 2, with parasites from A. fa'tidie. 
 On September 9th repeated the injection m four of the mise. 
 One of them has a small tnmor where the first injection was 
 smade, so he Avas not disturbed. October 14th, injected five mice 
 with a number of drops of a liquid made by cutting up a piece 
 of cabbage leaf, which I had infected over one month before, with 
 the parasites from A. foetida. This leaf was dried several days 
 and then broken and cut up in a glas^ dish with a little water, 
 twenty hours before being used. It contained plenty of parasites, 
 Avhich were moving about. One of the mice in this cage was not 
 injected, for he is well infected, having one hind leg anchylosed 
 at the hip joint and a large surface frcm which the hair has 
 disappeared, leaving the skin red. swollen and ulcerated. About 
 three weeks after the first injection a small tumor appeared 
 where this was given. November 27th. killed this mouse and 
 found the parasites of Carcinoma in the lesion on the thigh, and 
 genital organs. November 28th. fed the mice parasites from 
 several A. ffjetidcp. in corn meal and milk. December 7th, mouse 
 No. 2 died today. On examination I found a bi-lobed tumor 
 in the abdomen. It grew from and involved the rectum. It is 
 a hard white tumor, degenerated internally, but in its outer cir- 
 cumference many cancer cells are found. December 10th fed 
 the mice parasites as before and repeated the feeding on Decem- 
 ber 29th. March 16th. 1907. founcl one of the mice, No. -S. w^as 
 dead. This mouse has had for six or seven weeks a growth involv- 
 ing the penis. It has grown very slowly. On opening the abdo- 
 men I found a nodule the size of a small pea, only n-regular in 
 shape. It was in the pelvic cavity and around the urethra, 
 whose passage was blocked so no urine could pass. The bladder 
 was dilated to its fullest extent, passing up into the abdominal 
 cavity. There was also a hydatid cyst in the liver. Sections of 
 the tumor, within and without the pelvic cavity, show it to be a 
 new growth and clearly Carcinoma. 
 
 One of the other mice had a tumor in the abdominal wall, 
 which grew for several weeks, ])ut on ]\Iarch 25th I noticed it 
 was smaller, and it continued to diminish in size, so that soon 
 after April 10th it had disappeared. April 16th repeated the 
 feeding. April 30th mouse No. 4 four died this morning. For sev- 
 eral hours before he died there was a discharge of pus and blood 
 from his bowels. Examination disclosed a tumor on the right 
 side of the pelvic cavity extending to and involving the rectum. 
 
By H. D> WALKER M. P., BUFFALO, N. Y. 25 
 
 Sections from this tumor show it to be Carcinoma. ^lay 21st 
 mouse No. 5 rliecl today. I found two small nodules in the pel- 
 vie cavity, which I removed together with the rectum. One of 
 them showed cancer cells, as also did the rectum. June 7th 
 mouse No. 6 died today. Found a tumor in the pelvic cavitv. 
 Avhich had been causing a hemorrhage from the bowels. This 
 tumor was mostly degenerated, but in the outer parts of it I 
 found Cancer cells. June 25th repeated the feeding of the mice 
 as before. July 16th mouse No. 7 died today. On examina- 
 tion I find nothing abnormal except a large echinococcus cyst in 
 the liver, Avhich may have caused death. 
 
 October 3rd, mouse No. 8 died today. I found a large 
 echinococcus cyst in the liver, and also a portion of diseased skin 
 on the back and a small nodule in the intestine, both of which 
 showed the parasites of Carcinoma. December 3rd fed the four 
 mice remaining in the cage the organisms from A. foetida. Feb- 
 ruary 21th, 1908, killed the mice. The examination of three of 
 them was negative. The fourth one, mouse No. 9, had a nodule 
 with an open ulcer on his left fore leg near the body. It had 
 been growing for several weeks. Sections from this clearly 
 showed it to be Carcinoma. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 41 
 
 On August 12th, 1906, I injected under the skin of the back 
 of six mice in cage 3 some of the parasites from A. foetida. 
 which had been boiled in a test tube with distilled water one hour. 
 I had previously determined that one hour's boiling did not 
 seem to kill them. They had every appearance of being alive, 
 and they moved about about on the l3ottom of a watch glass many 
 days after the boiling. 
 
 The importance of this experiment will readily be seen, for 
 if boiling one hour does not kill these parasites then vegetables, 
 which contain them, even though boiled, could not be eaten with- 
 out danger of infection. September 15th one of the mice died 
 today. No tumors found. September 19th discovered well- 
 marked tumors in two of the mice. They were under the skin 
 where the injection was made. 
 
 October 28th I injected the mice which were not infected 
 before with the parasites from A. foetida, which had been boiled 
 one hour. November 28th fed the mice the parasites from A. 
 foetida by patting them in eornmeal and milk. They had been 
 boiled one hour. December 16th repeated the feeding. The 
 tumors under the skin in the two mice have disappeared. 
 Repeated the feeding on December 29th and January 12th, 1907. 
 
26 CANCER AND SARCOMA 
 
 In addition to the five old mice there are now twelve young 
 ones in the cage. March 25th one of the mice, No. 2, died last 
 night. No tiunors discovered, but some of the parasites were 
 found in sections. IMay 17th mouse No. 3 died today. This 
 mouse had a small tumor inthe abdomen, which showed the Can- 
 cer parasites. May 29th, mouse No. 4 died today. No tumors 
 found. June 8th mouse No. 5 died today. The skin of the 
 back where the injection was made was thoroughly diseased. In 
 this were found numerous alveoli contaiuingwell-marked Cancer 
 cells. June 27th mouse No. 6 died today. There was a white 
 nodule in the liver, which contained Cancer cells. July 1st mouse 
 No. 7 died. The skin of the back where the injection was made 
 was extensively diseased and contained Cancer cells. July 21st 
 mouse No. 8 died. Found the skin thickened and diseased on 
 the back where the injection was given. This condition extended 
 down the hind legs. Sections from these parts showed Cancer 
 cells. Mouse No. 9 died July 26th. Found well-marked Cancer 
 cells in the diseased portion of the back where the injection was 
 made. August 26th mouse No. 10 died today. For a few days 
 before death the respiration was accompanied by a squeaking 
 sound. On examination I found a greatly enlarged thyroid 
 gland, which pressed against the trachea. In this gland and also 
 in the liver many Plimmer's parasites were found. No tumors 
 could be discovered. 
 
 ]\Iouse No. 11 died October 20th, no tumors, but parasites 
 found in different organs. December 5th mouse No. 12 died. 
 No tumors found. The balance of the mice in the cage, numbers 
 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 were killed February 24th, and con- 
 tained no tumors. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 42 
 
 On August 28th, 1906, I injected under the skin of the back 
 of six white mice in cage No. 4 the parasites from a large L. 
 herculeus. September 23d found one of the mice dead. No 
 tumors discovered. October 14th I injected as before the para- 
 sites of L. herculeus from a cabbage leaf which had been infected 
 one month. The green leaf was cut up finely in distilled water 
 and left twenty hours before being injected. Under the micro- 
 scope the organisms could be plainly seen. October 28th repeated 
 the injection with the organisms from the worm. November 28th 
 and December 16th fed the mice the organisms mixed with corn- 
 meal and milk. December 27th mouse No. 2 dead. On exam- 
 ination I found the rectum closed by a growth and the bowel 
 
By H. D. WALKER M. D., BUFFALO, N. Y. 27 
 
 above dilated to its fullest extent by foeces. Sections were made 
 from this growth and submitted to a well-known pathologist, who 
 pronounced it a tumor of the bowel, and he believed it to be of a 
 Sarcomatous type. December 29th and January 12th, 1907, 
 repeated the feeding as before. February 21st found one of the 
 young mice, No. 3, dead. There was an irregular, ragged, 
 white, bony growth in the pelvic cavity surrounded by an 
 effusion of blood. Sections showed this to be Sarcoma. 
 
 ]\rarch 4th found another j^oung mouse, No. 4, dead. No 
 tumors found. March 20th mouse No. 5 dead. No tumors 
 found. April 18th repeated the feeding of the mice. May 13th 
 mouse No. six dead. Found one of the abdominal glands infil- 
 tered with spindle celled Sarcoma. June 18th mouse No. 7 
 dead. This mouse before death passed considerable pus from the 
 boAvels. On examinations I found a well-marked Sarcomatous 
 tumor in the pelvic cavity. July 18th repeated the feeding of the 
 mice. July 25th mouse No. 8 dead. No tumors found. July 
 27th mouse No. 9 died today. There was a well-marked round 
 and spindle celled Saracomatous tumor in the pelvic cavity. 
 August 4th mouse No. ten died today. Left lung lighter colored 
 than normal, dilated to its fullest extent and hardened. Cells of 
 Sarcoma were found through its structure, also in the' kidney, 
 and a nodule in the abdomen. This is a well-marked case of 
 Sarcoma. September 23d mouse No. 11 dead. No tumors 
 found. December 23d mouse No. 12 died today. Found a 
 small tumor of the duodenum which was a Sarcoma. February 
 14th mouse No. 13 died today. Removed a small nodule 
 from the tail where I broke it down several weeks ago to see if 
 the parasites would locate there after the injury. There were 
 several alveoli of Sarcoma cells in this nodule. They were also 
 found in the kidney and a small nodule of Sarcoma in the abdo- 
 men. The three nice remaining in this cage were killed February 
 24th and no tumors found. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 43 
 
 On November 4th, 1906, I injected the organisms from sev- 
 eral A. fcetidas under the skin of the back in six young mice in 
 cage No. 5. On November 28th they were fed the parasites 
 mixed with cornmeal and milk. Repeated the feeding on Decem- 
 ber 16th and December 29th. February 17th, 1907, I injected 
 the parasites in water into the peritoneal cavity . April 16th 
 repeated the feeding as before. April 17th one of the mice dead. 
 No tumors found. May 26th mouse No. 2 dead. The skin of 
 
28 CANCER AND SARCOMA 
 
 the back where the mjection was made was rough, thickened and 
 partly devoid of hair. Sections made from this showed well- 
 marked Cancer cells. June 2d mouse No. 3 died last night. No 
 tumors found. June 25th repeated the feeding of parasites. 
 October 13th mouse No. 4 died today. No tumors found. Janu- 
 Si-i^y 16thy 1908, mouse No. 5 died today. No tumors found. Feb- 
 ruary 10th mouse No. 6 died today. No tumors. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 44 
 
 On November 11th, 1906, I injected the parasites from sev- 
 eral A. foetida? under the skin of the back of six young mice in 
 cage No. 6. November 28tli fed them the parasites in cornmeal 
 and milk. Repeated the feeding December 16th and December 
 29th. On February 17th, 1907, injected the parasites into the 
 peritoneal cavity. February 18th one of the mice dead. No 
 tumors. Presumably died from injury during the injection. 
 
 April 3d mouse No. 2 dead. No tumors. April 4th mouse 
 No. 3 dead. No tumors found. April 5th mouse No. 4 dead. 
 No tumors. April 16th and June 25th repeated the feeding of A. 
 fcetida. December 2d mouse No. 5 died today. No tumors. 
 February 2d, 1908, mouse No. 6, last one in the cage, died today 
 and no tumors found. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 45 
 
 On November 28th, 1906, I fed seven mice in Cage No. 7 
 the parasites prepared in the usual way from A. profuga. Re- 
 peated the feeding on December 16th, January 3d, 1907, and Jan- 
 uary 12th. On March 3d I injected the parasites of A. profuga 
 into the peritoneal cavity of the seven mice. 
 
 March 27th mouse No. 1 died. The rectum was occluded 
 by a growth and the large intestine was greatly distended with 
 foeces. The large lobe of the liver was much lighter colored than 
 normal and also greatly hardened. On section the epithelial cells 
 of the rectum are found to contain many large oval-shaped cells 
 of the parasites. 
 
 These parasites are much different from those of Carcinpma, 
 or small, round and spindle celled Sarcoma. They are Jbelieved 
 to be a species of Sarcoma. April 16th fed the six mice A. profuga 
 as before. June 25th repeated the feeding of the mice, now fif- 
 teen in number. July 15th again fed them. August 25th mouse 
 No. 2 died this morning. There was a nodule in the tail where I 
 had broken it down several weeks ago to see if any of the para- 
 sites would locate at the injured part. That they did so was 
 
By H. D. WALKER M. P., BUFFALO, N. Y. 29 
 
 evident from finding several alveoli containing them. The lung 
 was also degenerated and contained cells of the parasite. 
 
 August 25th injected the parasites from A. profuga into the 
 peritoneal cavity of twelve mice in this cage. Five of these mice 
 died at different times, the remaining seven were killed February 
 24th. No tumors were found in any of them. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No, 46 
 
 On November 28th, 1906, fed twelve mice in cage No. 8 in 
 the usual way parasites from A. fojtidse. Repeated the feeding on 
 December 16th and December 29th. February 17th, 1907, 
 injected the parasites from A. fcetidse into the peritoneal cavity of 
 the twelve mice. February 18th one mouse died today. Supposed 
 to have been injured in giving the injection. April 16th fed the 
 mice in the usual manner the parasites from A. fcetidas. June 
 14th mouse No. two died today. Right lung lighter color than nor- 
 mal, dilated and hardened. On section it is found degenerated 
 and contains many of the parasites of Carcinoma. June 25th 
 repeated the feeding of the mice. September 6th mouse No. three 
 died today. I found a tumor in the abdomen, the inner portions 
 of which were degenerated, but the outer circumference con- 
 tained the cells of Carcinoma, as also did sections of the spleen. 
 
 September 18th mouse No. 4 died today. No tumors found, 
 but plenty of the young parasites in the form of Plimmer's 
 bodies in the stomach, liver and lungs. The liver, stomach, spleen 
 and kidnej^s were thoroughly adherent to each other. October 
 30th mouse No. 5 died today. No tumors. A few of the para- 
 sites were found in the lungs, liver and kidney. November 5th 
 mouse No. 6 died today. Found a well-marked tumor of the 
 penis, which on examination proved to be Cancer, and Cancer 
 cells were found also in the kidney, liver and lungs. November 
 15th mouse No. 7 died today. No tumors. November 17th 
 mouse No. 8 dead. No tumors. 
 
 December 3d fed mice parasites from A. foetidag the usual 
 way. December 7th mouse No. 9 died today. No tumors, only 
 an echinococcus eyst of the liver found. December 25th mouse 
 No. 10 died today. No tumors, only another echinococcus cyst of 
 liver present. February 24th killed the two remaining mice in 
 this cage. No tumors found. 
 
 The mice in cages 5, 6, 7, and 8 were young mice and 
 these experiments plainly show that young mice are much less 
 susceptible to malignant disease than those which are older. There 
 is also another point worthy of notice — that is, that five of the 
 
30 CANCER AND SARCOMA 
 
 mice T\-hich were fed A. foetida developed eehinococeus cysts, 
 showing that this species of earthworm is a bearer of this para- 
 site. I have also observed the taenia eehinococeus in sections of 
 this worm. None of the animals fed other species of earthworms 
 showed any signs of hydatid disease. I believe I have seen this 
 spoken of elsewhere, but cannot recall where it w^as noted. It 
 would seem to me quite probable that the earthworm may be one 
 of the means of spreading the hydatid disease by taking in the 
 parasite which has been deposited on the ground by the dog and 
 other animals in their foeces and conveying it to grass and other 
 vegetables upon which they are feeding. The herbivora and per- 
 haps man would be infected if they ate these vegetables. Fowls 
 and other birds would also contract the disease by eating earth- 
 worms containing the parasite. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 47 
 
 On October 17th, 1907, I injected into the peritoneal cavity 
 of pig No. 1 new^ series, two hypodermic syringes full of a liquid 
 made by boiling in distilled water in a test tube one hour, part 
 of a cabbage leaf finely cut which was infected on July 23d, 
 eighty-five days before, by smearing the under side of cabbage 
 leaf growing in the garden with a liquid made by cutting up 
 some A. fcetidge in w^ater. This leaf was boiled fourteen hours 
 before using the liquid. Pig No. 2 received at the same time one 
 syringe full of this liquid in the abdomen. October 21st No. 1 
 comatose this morning and died about 11 a. m. four days after 
 the injection. Smears from the abdominal cavity stained with 
 carbol-fuchsin and H. & E. showed plenty of the parasites in 
 the ameboid form. 
 
 November 5th pig No. 2 died today, nineteen days after 
 the injection. The parasites were found in sections of the organs 
 and in smears from the abdominal cavity. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 48 
 
 On October 17th, 1907, I injected into the peritoneal cavity 
 of pigs No. 3 and 4 one syringe full of a liquid made by boiling 
 in distilled water in a test tube one hour, part of a cabbage leaf 
 infected eighty-five days before by the parasites of L. herculeus, 
 as in the preceding experiment, and kept over night. Pig No. 3 
 died November 1st, fifteen days after injection. Pig No. 4 died 
 October 31st, fourteen days after the injection. The parasites 
 were found in both pigs in smears from the abdominal cavity and 
 in sections of the different organs. They were in the ameboid 
 form. 
 
By H. D> WALKER M. P., BUFFALO, N. Y, 3J 
 
 These experiments with these four pigs confirm Experiment 
 No. 41, in which the mice in cage three were fed and injected 
 with the parasites from A. foetidse which had been boiled in water 
 one hour. 
 
 Together they furnish very strong evidence that it is unsafe 
 to eat boiled vegetables, which contain the parasites of Cancer 
 and Sarcoma. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 49 
 
 November list, 1907, fed pig No. 5 a dried cabbage leaf, 
 •some of the leaves of the cabbage of which had been infected fifty 
 days before they were dried with the parasites from A. foetidae. 
 These leaves had not themselves been directly infected, but were 
 believed to contain the parasites carried into them by the cir- 
 culation of the plant from other leaves which had been infected. 
 November 10th and 11th repeated the feeding. Pig died Decem- 
 ber 3d, thirty-three days after the first feeding. No tumors found, 
 but the ameboid forms of the parasite are seen in the blood and 
 in sections of the lungs. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 50 
 
 November 1st, 1907, fed pig No. 6 a dried cabbage leaf, 
 which was infected eighty-five days before it was picked by the 
 parasites from L. hereculeus. This pig died November 9th, eight 
 days after infection. No tumors, but parasites were found, 
 especially in the lungs in the ameboid form. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 51 
 
 November 1st fed pig No. 7 a dried cabbage leaf infected 
 eighty-five days before it was dried with the -parasites from A. 
 profuga. Pig died November 9th, eight days after infection. No 
 tumors found, but the parasites in the ameboid form were present 
 in different organs and in the blood. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 52 
 
 On July 23d, 1907, I cut into small pieces a number of A. 
 foetidse after placing them in a small quantity of distilled water 
 in a glass dish. I also did the same with a number of A. profuga 
 and L. herculeus. Three young cabbages in the garden were 
 marked by driving a piece of board into the ground by their side 
 with the name of the worm used for infection upon it. Six 
 leaves of one upon the under side were smeared with material 
 
32 CANCER AND SARCOMA 
 
 from A. foetidge, six of another with that of A. profuga and the 
 same number of the third with material from L. herculeus. A 
 colored string was tied loosely around the base of each of the 
 leaves, so there could be no mistake in identifying them. 
 
 From fifty to eighty-five days after the treatment of the 
 leaves, portions of them which plainly showed they were diseased, 
 were removed, passed through alcohols of different strength, in the 
 same manner as animal tissues and embedded in paraffin. Sec- 
 tions were made from these and stained with haematoxylin and 
 eosin, carbol-fuchsin, polychrome methylene blue, thionin and 
 Giemsa's stain. These showed plainly the parasites in the leaves. 
 Some of these leaves were also placed in the stains while fresh 
 left in them for twelve hours, and then passed through alco- 
 hol and embedded. Some of these leaves show the parasites in 
 fair-sized ameba forms, others as very small nuclei scattered 
 through the structure of the leaves. These are the leaves which 
 contained the parasites which were used in the experiments on 
 the animals just related. 
 
 DIAGNOSIS OF CANCER AND SARCOMA, BY THE 
 EXAMINATION OF THE BLOOD 
 
 In many cases of internal tumors it is of vital importance 
 to know whether they are of a malignant or benign nature. We 
 believe that in all eases of advanced malignant disease and also 
 in many eases in its incipient stage this can be determined by 
 finding the parasites in the blood. The method is simple. A 
 slight puncture of the finger or ear is made and a small portion 
 of blood is put up in a cell with a little water. The cell is made 
 with white zinc cement on a turn table and is sealed after the 
 cover glass is put on with the same material. In this way the 
 specimen is permanently preserved and can be examined at leis- 
 ure. If the tumor is external it wiU be better to puncture it 
 and take the blood directly from it for examination. In case 
 the tumor has opened up the discharge from it had better be 
 examined. In the case of a Sarcoma of the breast I put up .4ome 
 of the discharge which exuded from the open surface of the 
 tumor, and in this I found some of the spore sacs of the parasite, 
 which were exactly like those I have seen in the earthworm an 
 hundred times. The young parasites extended from the external 
 surface of the spore sac and were in active vibration, just as 
 they are in the earthworm. Two hours afterward these were 
 found thrown off and were lying around the spore sac. Photo- 
 graphs taken in both of these stages are shown in this paper and 
 
BY H. D. WALKER M. D„ BUFFALO, N. Y. 33 
 
 afford convincing proof that the organism in malignant disease 
 and that in the earthworm are one and the same. Moreover, it 
 establishes another truth, and that is that there is a sexual stage 
 through which the parasite is propagated in man. The parasite 
 in the blood is generally seen in its round or ameboid form and 
 resembles globules of fat. It is also found in the discharges from 
 cancer in the form of spore sac^s. We believe these organisms 
 may be present in the blood of many persons for a long time 
 and not develop into a tumor unless they sustain some injury or 
 become weak and exhausted from some other disease. If they 
 sustain an injury the blood vessels may be occluded at the part 
 injured and the parasites being stopped here increase in the part 
 and form a tumor. This we believe readily accounts for cancer 
 of the cervix from lacerations, cancer of the rectum from irrita- 
 tion of hardened foeces, of the breast from external injuries and 
 of the lip from smoking a pipe. 
 
 CANCER IN FISH 
 
 That fish may have cancer has been demonstrated by keep- 
 ing them in an acquarium and feeding them earthworms. These 
 fish generally died in from four to six weeks and the parasites of 
 cancer were found throughout their organs. Whether there is any 
 danger from eating fish or fowls which have fed upon earth- 
 worms is a point which has not been investigated. This subject 
 is certainly worthy of attention. 
 
 THE MANNER IN WHICH CANCER AND SARCOMA 
 ARE PROPAGATED 
 
 This is a very important question, for upon its solution 
 depends all our efforts to prevent these terrible diseases. 
 
 The foregoing experiments have been conducted for the 
 most part by taking the parasites directly from their Original 
 Hosts and feeding them to or injecting them into the animals 
 experimenting upon. 
 
 In some instances their intermediate Hosts, the leaves of 
 vegetables and grass, haA^e been used to infect animals, and the 
 result has been the same. Poultry and birds of many kinds are 
 apparently immune, for if they were not many species of these 
 which feed on earthworms would soon become extinct. The 
 reason for this immunity I have not investigated. 
 
 The result of our work shows that man and the herbivorous 
 animals generally contract malignant disease from eating vege- 
 tables which are infected by earthworms crawling over them 
 
34 CANCER AND SARCOMA 
 
 and leaving the parasites of Cancer and Sarcoma upon their sur- 
 face. ThCvSe soon enter into the interior of the leaf, and when 
 the infected vegetables are eaten the parasites are scattered 
 through the system ready to enter on their work of destruction. 
 Our experiments also indicate that boiling the parasites, or 
 vegetables containing them, one hour does not kill them. Fur- 
 ther investigation along this line should be made on account of 
 its great importance. It would seem reasonable that that the 
 carnivorous animals contract malignant disease from eating dead 
 animals, or meat lying upon, or in the ground which has been 
 infected by earthworms, which have also been feeding upon it. 
 We have cited authorities in the first part of this paper showing 
 that earthworms are very fond of meat. 
 
 Description of the Hosts which Contain the Parasites, which 
 
 Cause Carcinoma, Round and Spindle-Celled Sarcoma, and 
 
 Another Parasite which Produces a Species of Sarcoma. 
 
 The group of animals to which these Hosts belong is called 
 the Chietopoda or Bristle Worms. This group embraces four 
 different orders, namely: the Archiannelida, Polychteta, ^lyzos- 
 tomaria and the Oligochaeta, which last named order contains 
 the Hosts in which we are interested. The Oligochgeta are 
 divided into two groups, namely: Microdrila and Megadrila. 
 
 These comprise many families, and I find in F. E. Bed- 
 dard's JMonograph on the Oligochieta, published in 1895, that 
 667 species of these worms are recorded. Many others have since 
 been identified and placed on record. All countries as far as 
 known contain some species of these worms. Their habitat varies 
 greatly ; some are terrestrial, live in the soil, others flourish in 
 fresh water lakes and rivers and still others are marine, living 
 especially on the shores of the ocean. 
 
 It will thus be seen that the group of animals which harbor 
 the parasites belonging to the family which produces Cancer and 
 Sarcoma are everywhere present. They clearly account for the 
 fact that the fish of the ocean and of fresh water lakes and 
 rivers all fall victims to malignant disease. 
 
 The worms in which we are particularly interested belong 
 to the group ^legadrili and the family Lurabricidoe. This fam- 
 ily contains three genera, namely: Allurus, Allolobophora and 
 Lumbricus. 
 
By H. D, WALKER M. D.> BUFFALO, N, Y. 35 
 
 Our experiments were conducted with those belonging to 
 Allolobophora and Lumbricus. The first contains Allolobophora 
 foetida, which we have found to be the Host of the parasite pro- 
 ducing Carcinoma, and Allolobophora profuga the Host of a 
 parasite which produces a disease belonging to the Sarcoma. 
 
 Lumbricus contains Lumbricus herculeus, which harbors the 
 parasite which produces small round and spindle celled Sarcoma. 
 These parasites have been used to infect animals many times, as 
 before related in this paper, and when malignant tumors were 
 produced they were of the type indicated above. I have never 
 examined an earthworm which did not contain parasites belong- 
 ing to this family, and it is not improbable none such are found. 
 The description of the three earthworms with which the most of 
 our experiments were made is taken from F. E. Beddard's Mono- 
 graph, and is as follows : 
 
 ALLOLOBOPHORA FOETIDA 
 
 This Avorm is described as being ninety m.m. in length ; 
 breadth four m.m., number of segments 105. Clitellum XXV. 
 XXVII-XXXII. Setfe, strictly paired. First dorsal pore, IV/V. 
 Tubercula pubertatis XXVIII-XXXL Spermathecse, two pairs 
 in IX, X opening posteriorly, very dorsal in position. 
 
 Habitat : — Europe, America, Asia, &c. (universally dis- 
 tributed). This species has a very characteristic coloration; the 
 ground color is a flesh tint marked in each segment by a ring of 
 purplish color. 
 
 They flourish abundantly in manure heaps and rich gar- 
 dens, to which they are often conveyed by the manure used to 
 enrich the soil. 
 
 This is the Host of the parasites which cause^_ Carcinoma, 
 and it is very significant that this is the only worm in the Mono- 
 graph which is described as being universally distributed. This 
 worm has a very strong, disagreeable odor which I believe is 
 caused by the parasites and may account for the peculiar odor of 
 Carcinoma. 
 
 LUMBRICUS HERCULEUS 
 
 This is the large earth worm M'hich is commonly used in 
 biological work, and is described as being 360 m m in length, 
 number of segments 180. Clitellum XXXII— XXXVII, Tuber- 
 cula pubertatis, XXXIII— XXXVI. Fir.st dorsal pore, VII/- 
 VIII. ]\Iale pores conspicuous. Habitat : Northern Europe, 
 North America, Siberia. This is the Host of small, round and 
 spindle-celled Sarcoma. 
 
36 CANCER AND SARCOMA 
 
 ALLOLOBOPHORA PROFUGA 
 
 This species is very abundant in New York State and is 
 generally larger than described by Beddard. It is the Host of 
 a parasite which produces in animals a malignant growth belong- 
 ing to the Sarcomatous group. Perhaps this is large, round- 
 celled Sarcoma. It is described as follows : 
 
 Length about sixty mm (often double that length here). 
 Diameter three mm. Number of segments 165. Clitellum XXX — 
 XXXV. Tubercula pubertatis XXXI— XXXIV. Spermathe- 
 ae two pairs in X,XI, open in line with third setae between IX/X, 
 X/XI. First dorsal pore, X/Xl, or XI/XII. Habitat: Italy, 
 Germany, Spain, Argentine, and I will add America. 
 
 LIFE HISTORY OF THE PARASITES 
 
 These parasites belong to the lowest class in the Animal 
 Kingdom, are composed of a single cell and known as the Pro- 
 tozoa. The Protozoa are found everywhere in nature, in the 
 soil, fresh water lakes and rivers, and the ocean. They are 
 divided into four groups : the Sarcodina, Mastigophora, Infusoria 
 and Sporozoa. The parasites which we are now considering 
 belong to a family heretofore undescribed in that large group, 
 the Sporozoa. In Lankester's treatise on zoology I find it stated 
 that ' ' The Sporozoa are a group of exclusively parasitic Protozoa 
 of very widespread occurrence, infesting the internal organs or 
 tissues of animals belonging to almost all classes and orders of 
 Celomate Metazoa. There is perhaps no species of annelid, mol- 
 lusc, arthropod or vertebrate, which is not liable to be become 
 the host of some kind of sporozoan parasite, at any rate, in cer- 
 tain localities, while many animals harbor several species of these 
 intruders at the same time. Moreover, in some cases, as for 
 instance, that of the common earthworm or the mealworm, 
 scarcely an individual can be found which does not contain more 
 or fewer of its particular form of sporozoan parasite." The 
 life history of these parasites, like others of the sporozoa, is very 
 complicated. Two methods of reproduction take place within 
 the earthworm. The sexual and asexual. No other intermediate 
 animal is necessary for the perpetuation of the species. Man and 
 the various animals which they destroy are accidental Hosts — 
 that is, they play no necessary part in the life history of these 
 parasites or their dissemination. Their life cycle, like many of 
 the Sporozoa, is digenetic — that is, it is differentiated into two 
 distinct generations or stages of generation, the sexual and 
 asexual, as stated above. 
 
By H, D. WALKER M. D.> BUFFALO, N, Y. 37 
 
 The asexual stage in the Sporozoa is generally said to be 
 endogenous or self-infective and only serves to increase the num- 
 ber of parasites within its Host. The sexual or exogenous stage 
 usually serves to spread the infection amongst new hosts. From 
 my observation on these Parasites of the earthworm I believe 
 they differ in one respect from some of the other sporozoa. This 
 is in regard to the endogenous method of reproduction. From 
 my study of this stage it seems highly probable that it not only 
 serves as a method of self-infection, but also of disseminating the 
 parasites and spreading them abroad to infect other animals and 
 plants. 
 
 The life history of these parasites as I have worked it out 
 is as follows : The earthworm takes in the parasite in its food, 
 it passes into the intestinal canal where it is seen in a round or 
 oval form, containing several small nuclei. From here it enters 
 into the intestinal epithelial cells, where it becomes elongated to 
 adapt itself to the cell. It passes through these epithelial cells, 
 the vascular layer, circular and longitudinal muscles into the 
 outer layer of cells surrounding the intestine which is repre- 
 sented by the peritoneal epithelium. When it arrives here the 
 nuclei have undergone fragmentation into many minute round 
 cells, which distending the peritoneal epithelium have been 
 known as the chlorogogue or chlorogogen layer. 
 
 The parasite as it is taken into the intestinal canal is called 
 a Sporozoite. When it enters the intestinal epithelium it absorbs 
 nourishment from its host and grows rapidly. This is called the 
 tropic stage and the parasite a trophozoite. After completing its 
 passage through the intestinal wall into the peritoneal epithelium 
 division of the nuclei, or fragmentation having taken place just 
 before it reaches the peritoneal cavity, it is composed of many 
 very small cells. This process, which is called schizogony, leads 
 to the increase of parasites within the host. 
 
 The result of my investigation of the small cells which form 
 the chlorogogen layer leads me to believe there are two ways, in 
 either one of which their further development may take place. 
 
 FIRST : Some of these very small cells are surrounded by 
 a layer of protoplasm. They increase in size, division of the 
 nucleus takes place and they form what has been called a mero- 
 zoit — very similar to the sporozoits. These pass through the 
 body cavity of the earthworm, increasing the number of para- 
 sites within the host. 
 
 I believe they also pass out through the orifices of the skin 
 of the earthworm and are distributed wherever the earthworm 
 happens to be. 
 
38 CANCER AND SARCOMA 
 
 IN THE SECOND PLACE : Some of these cells pass along 
 the celiac cavity of the earthworm until they arrive in the 
 seminal vesicles. Here seems to be the natural place for their 
 sexual development. Some of these sexual cells (or gametes as 
 they are called) increase in size and develop into the female cell 
 or macrogamete, others into the male cell or microgamete. 
 The female cell develops and a ■ pronucleus is formed 
 which approaches the surface of the cell, which often becomes 
 somewhat drawn out or pointed at this place. The male 
 gametes each develop a large number of microgametes, 
 w^hich before they become free project from the cir- 
 cular sperm sac of the microgamete and are seen to be in con- 
 stant vibration. When they become free they seek out and 
 unite with the pronucleus of the female cell. The result of this 
 union is the formation of sporozoites. 
 
 The number of spororoites resulting from the union of a 
 male and female cell is eight (8) and its multiples sixteen — 
 thirty-two (16 — 32) &c. The seminal vesicles of the earthworm 
 are seen to be filled with these parasites in the different stages of 
 their sexual development. I believe the sporozoites here, like 
 the merozoites before described, pass out through the orifices in 
 the skin and are distributed by the earthworm along its path. 
 There is another point here which is worthy of notice. That 
 is that what has for many years been taken and accepted as 
 spermatozoa of the earth^^tjrm itself in what has been called 
 the seminal vesicles is nothing more or less than the micro- 
 gametes or male elements of this parasite. 
 
 WHY IS CANCER INCREASING SO RAPIDLY AS 
 STATISTICS SEEM TO PROVE > 
 
 The reasons for this are two-fold. FIRST: Earthworms 
 are very much more abundant in old countries which have been 
 settled for a long time. They seem to increase in the soil which 
 is under cultivation. SECOND : The greater amount of vege- 
 tables, such as cabbage, lettuce, celery, etc., which are eaten at 
 the present time and which we have proved contain the para- 
 sites, causing this disease. 
 
 MEANS OF PREVENTING CANCER AND SARCOMA 
 
 The greatest benefit to be derived from the study of medi- 
 cine is the prevention of disease. "When we know its origin and 
 cause, as in the present case, our chances for preventing it are 
 vastly increased. I believe the evidence I have presented shows 
 
By H. D. WALKER M. D., BUFFALO, N. Y. 39 
 
 very clearly that the parasites of malignant disease live in dif- 
 ferent species of the earthworm and are conveyed to man and 
 animals through the vegetables they eat which are infected by 
 these parasites. Must we, then, stop eating such kinds of vegeta- 
 bles in order to obtain immunity? Not necessarily. There are 
 some parts of the country where the soil is dry and sandy, as in 
 Florida, where earthworms are rarely found. Vegetables grow- 
 ing in these places would stand small chances of being infected. 
 I wish here to state two propositions which I believe will be found 
 to be correct : No earthivornis, no cancer. Plenty of earthworms, 
 plenty of cancer. To show these propositions are correct I find in 
 the third census of the State of Florida taken in the year 1905 
 that there are forty-six counties in that State. Twenty-four of 
 these counties with a population of 208,733 had a mortality of 
 807. None of these deaths were from cancer. In the remaining 
 counties there were sixty-six deaths from cancer. How many of 
 these, if any, had been permanent residents of Florida I do not 
 know. Many go do'v^ai there to live from the Northern States and 
 may have been infected before they went there. I have talked 
 with some of the old physicians of Florida, who claimed they had 
 never known in their practice any of the permanent inhabitants 
 of Florida to have cancer. It is certainly very uncommon in that 
 State. Compare this with the mortality in Western New York 
 where earthworms are plenty. In the census of 1907 in Buf- 
 falo one death in twenty-one was from cancer. In Rochester one 
 out of eighteen died from this disease. Jamestown one in fifteen. 
 Ithaca one in fourteen. 
 
 There is also another way to prevent malignant disease, 
 although this involves a great amount of labor. It is to destroy 
 the earthworms in the soil and the vegetables growing where 
 this is done will be free from the parasites. This can be accom- 
 plished in small gardens without very much outlay, but large 
 fields would of course involve greater labor. 
 
 In my work on the ' ' Gape Worm of Fowls ' ' I made a series 
 of experiments in regard to the destruction of earthworms in 
 the soil. In these experiments three (3) different substances 
 were employed, namely: Lime, common salt (chloride of 
 sodium) and wood ashes. The experiments which are applicable 
 here are as follows : 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. I 
 
 An earthworm just dug and with the dirt still adhering to 
 it was thrown into dry lime which had been slacked for several 
 
40 CANCER AND SARCOMA 
 
 weeks. At the end of twelve minutes it was dead. Doubtless 
 fresh lime would have killed it much quicker. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 2 
 
 An earthworm w^as thrown into lime w^ater. In seven 
 minutes it ceased to move. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 3 
 
 An earthworm was placed in a solution of common salt 
 having the strength of one-fourth pound to the gallon of water. 
 In six minutes it was dead. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 4 
 
 An earthworm placed in salt solution of the strength of 
 one pound to the gallon of w^ater lived three minutes. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 5 
 
 An earthworm thrown on dry salt ceased to move in some- 
 what less than three minutes. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 6 
 
 An earthworm thrown on dry wood ashes lived about twelve 
 (12) minutes. 
 
 EXPERIMENT No. 7 
 
 An earthworm placed in lye made by pouring warm water 
 on wood ashes and letting it stand one hour, the proportion being 
 one-half pound of ashes to one gallon of water. The earthworm 
 ceased to move in three minutes. 
 
 It is thus seen that lime, salt and ashes are all effective in 
 destroying the earthworm. They can be spread over the ground 
 or used in solution. If only a small plot of ground is to be 
 treated a solution of salt, of one or two pounds to the gallon of 
 water, can be sprinkled over the surface in sufficient quantity 
 so it will penetrate some distance below. The earthworms 
 which come in contact with the solution will immediately come 
 to the surface and die. 
 
 I will recapitulate the various points I believe are estab- 
 lished in this investigation : 
 
 FIB8T. That malignant diseases are caused by different 
 sjiecies of parasites heretofore unknown and belonging probably 
 to the sporozoa. 
 
By H. P. WALKER, M- D.> BUFFALO, N- Y. 41 
 
 SECOND. That the earth worm is the Original Host of 
 the parasites which produce malignant tumors. 
 
 THIRD. That the earthworm Allolobophora foetida is the 
 host of the parasite which produces Carcinoma. 
 
 FOUBTH. That the earthworm Lumbricus herculeus is 
 the host of the parasite which produces small, round and spin- 
 dle-celled Sarcoma. 
 
 FIFTH. That Allolobophora profuga and probably other 
 kinds of earthworms contain different species of parasites 
 belonging to the same family and perhaps produce other varie- 
 ties of malignant disease. 
 
 SIXTH. That the intermediate hosts of these parasites 
 are various kinds of vegetables, the leaves of which are infected 
 by earthworms crawling over their surface when feeding upon 
 them. I would say here it is possible that the parasites may 
 also be taken from the ground into the circulation of the plants 
 through their roots. 
 
 SEVENTH. That man and the herbivorous animals con- 
 tract malignant disease by eating these infected vegetables. 
 
 EIGHTH. It is probable that carnivorous animals contract 
 malignant disease by eating dead animals, or meat lying upon, 
 or in the ground which has been infected by earthworms crawl- 
 ing over them. The above points, except the last, have been 
 proven by experiments on many animals in which malignant 
 tumors were produced. 
 
 NINTH. That boiling these parasites or the vegetables 
 containing them one hour does not kill the spores and therefore 
 it is unsafe to use boiled vegetables which are infected by these 
 parasites. 
 
 TENTH. That in those portions of the country where 
 earthworms are rarely found the permanent inhabitants rarely 
 or never have cancer. 
 
 ELEVENTH. That lime, salt, or wood ashes can be used 
 to destroy the earthworm and thus prevent the infection of 
 vegetables, through the eating of which Cancer and Sarcoma are 
 produced. 
 
 EXPERIMENTS MADE FOR THE PURPOSE OF FIND- 
 ING A CURE FOR MALIGNANT DISEASE 
 
 After a long series of experiments upon the parasites in 
 the earthworm with different compounds, I finally discovered a 
 preparation which readily kills these parasites, as demonstrated 
 under the microscope, and can be taken by persons without 
 
42 CANCER AND SARCOMA 
 
 injury and I believe this passes into the blood when taken inter- 
 nally. Experiments are now being made on 156 persons suf- 
 fering with cancer and sarcoma and they show the curative effects 
 of this remedy in many of these cases. Cancerous tumors 
 of years standing, are passing away; the sharp, lancinating pains 
 ar-e disappearing; the sleep is improving, and their genefal 
 health is much better. Not one of the cases applying for treat- 
 ment, even the most hopeless, has been refused. As a conse- 
 quence of this a number of deaths have occurred, some within 
 forty-eight hours, others at a longer period after beginning the 
 use of the medicine. Several of these were from complications 
 which arose during the progress of the cancer. The subjects of 
 cancer, when the patient knows the disease he is afflicted with, 
 are often in a most deplorable state of mind, for cancer is gen- 
 erally believed to mean sure death to the one who has it, at no 
 very distant period. For this reason, when I see any chance for 
 the patient's recovery, I have encouraged them to hope for the 
 best and have given them a short history of cases that seemed 
 hopeless, but were improving under treatment. This places the 
 patient's mind, and through their, mind the body, in much bet- 
 ter condition to digest and assimilate their food and to promote 
 rest of body and mind. This psychotherapy, as it may be called, 
 has been used by every intelligent physician from time imme- 
 morial in an indirect way, perhaps, but has of late years been 
 brought more prominently before the profession. That it has 
 a beneficial effect upon the patient there can be no doubt, but it 
 is incredible that it could have any direct effect in the removal of 
 cancerous tumors. It is too early to say anything definite as to 
 a permanent cure, for it is only in its experimental stage, but 
 the outlook is very promising. 
 
 CONCLUSION 
 
 In view of the terrible loss of life and suffering caused by 
 malignant disease, I deem it my duty to present this paper to 
 the medical profession, so they may take up the work and give 
 their verdict upon it. 
 
 If I am correct, all this suffering and death can be entirely 
 prevented by refraining from eating vegetables, such as cahhage, 
 celery, lettuce, onions, &c., or whatever else may hereafter be 
 found to be infected by these parasites. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 SHOWING THE 
 ORIGINAL HOSTS 
 OF THE PARA- 
 SITES WHICH PRO- 
 DUCE CANCER AND 
 SARCOMA» ALSO 
 THE PARASITES 
 THEMSELVES AND 
 THE TUMORS 
 THEY PRODUCE. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 45 
 
 Figtire No. I 
 
 Allolobophora foetida. The Earthworm which contains the parasites which 
 cause Carcinoma. 
 
 Figfore No. 2 
 
 Lunibricus herculeus. The Earthworm which contains the parasites which 
 cause small round and Spindle-celled Sarcoma. 
 
Figure No, 3 
 
 Allolobophora profuga. The Earthworm which contains parasites which 
 cause malignant tumors believed to belong to ihe Sarcoma,— perhaps large round 
 celled Sarcoma. 
 
 Figure No, 4 
 
 Parasites of Carcinoma from A. foetida. Stain H. and E. 500 diameters. 
 
Figure 
 No. 5 
 
 Parasites of Round and Spindle-celled Sarcoma from L. herculeus. Stain 
 H. and E. 500 diameters. 
 
 Figure 
 No. 6 
 
 Parasites from A. profuga, believed to be the cause of a species of Sarcoma. 
 Stain H. and E. 500 diameters. 
 
Figure No* 7 
 
 Section of 
 Seminal vesicle 
 of L. herculeus 
 showing parasites 
 in Sexual Stage. 
 Stain H. and E. 
 200 diameters. 
 
 FigftJfe 
 No. 8 
 
 Transverse Section of Lumbricus herculeus showing parasites passing 
 through the epithelial cells of the intestine into the celom. On the outer surface 
 of the intestine are seen the small cells of the parasites after Schizogony has 
 taken place and they have passed through the intestinal wall. These merozoites 
 are collected in masses here and this is what has been called the chlorogogue 
 layer. Outside of there masses of cells are seen, many cells of the parasite in 
 which considerable development has taken place. H. and E. 200 diameters. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 49 
 
 Figure No. 9 
 
 Parasites from Smear of A. foetida, Sexual Stage showing Microgametes. 
 Macrogametes and cluster of Sporozoites in process 
 H. and E. 375 diameters. 
 
 of development. Slain 
 
 Figure No. JO 
 
 Parasites from Smear of L. herculeus Sexual Stage showing Microgametes, 
 Macrogametes and Sporozoites. Stain H. and E. 375 diameters. 
 
*^" 
 
 ■<:■ Si: 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Figure No, H 
 
 Parasites from smear of L. hercules Sexual Stage Showing Microgametes. 
 Macrogametes and Sporozoites in different stages of development. Stain. H. and E, 
 220 diameters. 
 
 Figure No. 12 
 
 Culture of parasites of A. foetida in cell with water and pieces of grass taken 
 five years and seven months after being put up. Note division and endogenous 
 cell formation. 200 diameters. 
 
Figure 
 No. J 3 
 
 Parasites of A. foetida from cabbage leaf infected by smearing under side of 
 leaf with the worms cut up in water. This growing cabbage leaf was left fifty 
 days then picked and well washed, cut up in water and boiled in a test tube one 
 hoar. Some of this liquid was put up in a cell and after 325 days photograph 
 taken showing the parasites in ameboid and round forms. 15 diameters. 
 
 Figure 
 No. 14 
 
 Cabbage leaf infected by A. foetida fifty days. Sections from leaf stained 
 with polychrome methylene blue and photograph taken showing parasites. 
 500 diameters. 
 
Figure 
 No« 15 
 
 Parasites of L. herculeus from infected cabbage leaf after eighty-five days. 
 Cabbage leaf boiled one hour and liquid put in cell in slide and photograph taken 
 after being in slide 210 days. 200 diameters. 
 
 Figure 
 No. 16 
 
 Scrapings of cancer put up in cell with water and photographed. Parasites 
 in round and ameboid forms. 200 diameters. 
 
Figure 
 No. 17 
 
 Parasites from cancer of breast kept at 110° Fahr for twenty-four hours then 
 put up in a cell with water and photographed after six years. Note endogenous 
 cell formation. 200 diameters. 
 
 Figfure 
 No. J 8 
 
 Parasites from blood of ear of Pig 25 eighteen days before he was killed. 
 This pig was infected by parasites from A. foetida and then fed green grass which 
 seemed to render him immune. 200 diameters. 
 
Figfwre 
 No. 19 
 
 Smear from abdominal cavity of Pig 1, Series 2. Pig died four days 
 
 after receiving one dram of liquid from a cabbage leaf cut up in water. This 
 cabbage leaf had been infected with parasites from A. fcetida eighty-five days 
 before being used and was boiled one hour before injection. Parasites in ameboid 
 form. Stain carbol-fuchsin. 200 diameters. 
 
 Figure 
 No. 20 
 
 Smear from abdominal cavity of pig 4, Series 2. Pig di°d fourteen days 
 after receiving one-half dram of liquid from a cabbage leaf cut up in water. This 
 cabbage leaf had been infected with parasites from L herculeus eighty-five days 
 before being used and was boiled one hour before injection. Parasites in ameboid 
 form. Stain carbol-fuchsin. 200 diameters 
 
Figfttre No. 21 
 
 Parasites from tumor under skin of Dog 3, sixty-five days after injecting 
 parasites from A. fceiida under the skin wkere the tumor was formed. Stain 
 H. and E. 600 diameters. 
 
 Figute No. 22 
 
 Section from tumor of Jiver of Hare 5. Adeno-Sarcoraa. Stain If. and E. 
 200 diameters. 
 
Figftire 
 No. 25 
 
 Section from tumor of peritoneum Hare 11. Carcinoma. Stain H. and E. 
 200 diameters. 
 
 Figfure 
 No. 24 
 
 Tumor of the rectum in mouse 2 cage 2. This was a bilobed tumor which 
 obstructed the rectum and killed the mouse which was infected by the parasites 
 from A. foetida, Carcinoma. Stain H. and E. 200 diameters. 
 
Figure 
 No. 25 
 
 Carcinoma of skin of back of Mouse 9 cage three. This mouse was infected 
 hv ])arasites from A. foetida which had been boiled one hour. H. and E. 200 
 didmeters. 
 
 Figfure 
 No. 26 
 
 Spore cyst from the discharge in a case of Sarcoma of the breast. Spores 
 around the surface of cyst were in active vibration. I have seen them exactly like 
 this one in the Earthworm many times. 200 diameters. 
 
Figfore 
 No. 27 
 
 Spore cyst in Figure No. 36 taker, two hours afterwards. The position of 
 the spore cyst was not changed tinder the microscope and the photograph shows 
 many of the spores liberated from the cyst. They are in the ameba form. 
 These photographs were taken May 18th, 1909. At this date September 18th, 
 1909, four months afterward the ameba are seen around the cyst-and they have 
 increased greatly in size, some of them being five or six times as large as when 
 the photographs were taken. 200 diameters. 
 
 Figure 
 No. 28 
 
 Ameba form of parasite from the blood of finger of a woman who has had 
 cancer for the six years. This is the largest ameba form I have ever seen in the 
 blood. Note the budding process taking place. 200 diameters. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 59 
 
 Figure No. 29 
 
 Parasites from blood of case of epithelioma of lip of two years duration. 
 The blood was taken directly from the tumor. Note several of the cells of the 
 parasites are dividing. 
 
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