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Author: U.S. War Trade Board. Export trade policy of the om... D I O A " , D.C. 1918 MASTER NEGATIVE « COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESERVATION DIVISION BIBLIOGRAPHIC MICROFORM TARGET MATERIAL AS FILMED - EXISTING BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD •1*:, ■'■f^i' ■I* I'' ¥. S. War trade board. Bmrem of rmmrch,k^ in- ... Export trade poMcy of the United Kmgdom, 1913- ° 1918. WasHngton, Go¥t print off., 1918. At head of title : War trade board. Bureau of research. "The purpose of this report is to present in summarizai form the char- acter and extent of the export trade of the United Kingdom since the bc- acier ana exienc oi me expori traae oi tne unitea Jvmgaom smc ginning of the war ... Mr. Roy G. Blakey was charged with the tioii of the report"— "I^er of submittal," p. 3. prepara- Brit^-Cteim. 2. European war, 1914- — Economic aspects— Gi BSt I. BUcej, May GiUIspie, 1880- IL ' liibraiy of Congress HF35062.U6 1918 [s21e3i 19U..26062 If cd I nll# I IUI19 UN ll«>c: TECHNICAL MICROFORM DATA Fi^LM SIZE- REDUCTION RATIO: 12^ IMAGE PLACEMENT: lA (1iA^ IB liB DATE oLMED: l /o ip INITIALS: Vi^^J FILMED BY PRESERVATION RESOURCES. BETHLEHEM. PA. CjJ' in i 3 CT o > f O 3 X n (/I '-^ ^ so 3 CX)M o *I(||F' '■nil O o m OQ 5:3 s w 4hh 3 9 III' o 3 4v 8 9 O ft I bo 1^ S IS 1.0 mnri ^ ^^^^ > 1-5 mm .y iTiiTi ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPOHSTUVWXVZ abcdefgtii|Mmrx)pqriliJWiiMyil234567890 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcddghiiklmiiof>qr5tuvwxyzl234567890 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcxtefghiJklmfiQpqrstuvwxyz li34S67iiO 2.5 m^in ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdef gh ij kl mnopqrstu vwxyz 1234567«90 6^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ;0 q O D n [J! n ^ m S Om I H 5 S 0^0 ai «A ^^^^ ^iiii^ PI m ^5? 3 3 i'9 3 X ■Mr" O 3 3 3 X S CI s OOINJ Aj WAR TRADE ROARD BUREAU OF RESEARCH EXPORT TRADE POLICY OF THE UNITED KINGDOM 1913-1918 1* , waIhington GOVEifiMENT PRINTING OFUGE im ]m# X IB^ Bli'' ■■iil^' H^IL llif'" School ^of Biiskess WAR TRADE BOARD BUREAU OF RESEARCH EXPORT TRADE POLICY UNITED KINGDOM XdX3 lit • « • t • • ji » • • ' ' - I, - » t », t » #1 WASmNGPFON GOVBIlNM,ENT HUNTHIG OFFICE 1918 f1 LETTER OF SUBMITTAL. Wab Tbade Boasd, WmUngUmf October 28 ^ 1918. Sir: There is transmitted herewith a report on the "Export Trade Policy of the United Kingdom for 1913-1918." The purpose of this report is to present in summarized form the character and extent of the export trade of the United Kingdom smc© the beginning of the war. The investigation resulting in this report was prompted by Turjing opinions that prevailed in regard to the ef ect which the war was having on this trade. Mr. Roy G. Blakey was charged with th© preparation of th© report. RospoctfuMy, Aethur E. Swanson, Dwecior, Bwrem of Re8mrdi,» Hon. Vance McCosmioKi Ghakrmm, Wmr Tmde Bomrd. Si 4«. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Letter of submittal _ Sumniiiry ^ Introductioii. ] 13 1. Summary of United Kingdom export trade compared with that of the United States, 1912-1918: 1. Misleading character of price data 15 2. United Kingdom exports decrease while United States exports increase — jg 5. United Kingdom re-export trade has almost ceased 17 4. Increased exports to European allies 17 6. United Kingdom's share in non-allied, or competitive, trade falling rapidly... ^7 6. United Kingdom exports by great classes l» 7. Few commodities show increases in exports, , W II. Cotton cloths, exports, 1913-1918: 1. United Kingdom domestic exports of cotton piece goods 21 2. United Kingdom re-export of cotton piece goods - 21 3. United States domestic exports of cotton cloths . 22 III. Woolen manufactures, exports, 1913-1918: A. Apparel — 1. United Kingdom domestic exports of apparel 23 2. United Kingdom re-exports of apparel . 23 3. United States domestic exports of wearing apparel. 23 B. Worsted tissues— 4. United Kingdom domestic exports of worsted tissues 23 0. Woolen tissues— 5. United Kingdom domestic exports of woolen tissues 25 6. United States domestic exports of all woolen manufactures, except wearing apparel and rags 25 IV. Leather boots and shoes, exports, 1913-1918: 1. United Kingdom domestic exports of leather boots and shoes 27 2. United Kingdom re-exports of leather boots and qhoes 27 3. United States domestic exports of leather boots and shoes. 27 V. Rubber manufactures, export!, 1013-1918: A. Bubber boots and shoes — 1. United Kingdom domestic exports of rubber boots and shoes 28 2. United Kingdom re-exports of rubber boots and shoes 28 3. United States domestic exports of rubber boots and shoes. . 28 B. Rubber tires and tubes — 4. United Kingdom domestic export of rubber tires and tubes. 29 * 6. United States domestic exports of rubber tires 29 6 8 V, Rubber mMiufactureB, ©xportB, l»13-lH8-€(iatiini®i. • C. Other rubber manulacturee — 6. United Kingdom domotic exirarta of rubber mAnii^jtiiiifl (except wmtmiiroofed. Uppiiel, boots swl ilioei, tins aiid 111068). ............. 7. United States domestic exports of rubber Bttuu&ctufw, 'all other" (than tires, boots and slioes, beHinf, horn YI. 8cMip, exports, 19ia-1918: A, Toilet and fancy soap — 1. United Kingdom domestic exports of toilet soap 82 ' " If. ticiiMiud and laundry' soap — 3. United Kingdom domesticexports of household and laundry ■iiwp. , ^ ^ ^ ^' 4 United States domestic exports of soap, "aU other" (tiiitii toilet or fancy) ¥11. .Itviii and steel «nd iiAn^litetmtes of,, exports, Wm^mm-' " A. Steel hmm, rods, etc; — 1. United Kingdom domestic exports of steel in bats, rods, angles, shapes, or sections...... [..,,1 % 2. United Kingdom reexports-el' steel m ban, ro4li7iu«lfis» 8hape§r/ii' sections , , ^ 3. United States domestic exports of steel bare and rods] '.*.' 35 B. Galvanized sheets— 4. United Kingdom domestic exports of galvanized sheets. . 35 „ « • <^<>™«>8 or raraw, dkodom mpobt and mrrom trad, (oohfabmokb WITH THB UNITBD UaOMti), NU-MU. I. Owgriaon Of United Kinipkm and Umtod Strtee 6^ n. Vv^ Kingdom i^wtic eip ttial Value ipricos S t)'i!*ltS'Aft fi r \ \ 1 hid r- SI'' 'H* <9 ' -A Si; |: :9' ID 01 ifSjll 01 05 'CD .01 i I I. SnjpiA&Y OF TJMITMB KHrGDOM FOI11I0H TIABB, 1912-1818. MISLEADING CHAEAC3TER OF PRICE DATA. If we try to get a birdVeye view of the entire trade of the United Kingdom or of any other country, we are confronted with the fact that the only common denominator for all commodities is a value or price term, and this is very misleading because prices have been changing rapidly. For example, the total United Engdom exports, domestic and foreign, in the calendar year 1917 were neariy 94 per cent of those of 1913 in terms of pounds sterling, but if prices had remained unchanged since 1913, the total value of the exports of 1917 would have been only about 45 per cent of that of the exports of 1913. The corresponding figure for the first half of the present calendar year would be less than 40 per cent of that for the first half of 1913. Because of the misleading character of the price data— the only kind in which sununariee of exports and imports can be given— we present several tables and charts shcNdng both the actual market values and also these amounts corrected by general index niiilers to show what would havfe been the approximate values if prices had not changed since 1913. In the case of single commodities where cofuparisons of quantities can be made, the use of index numbers is not necessary. But it is especially important to keep in mind the fact that prices have changed so rapidly and irregularly that comparisons by value are apt to be extremely deceptive. UMOTD XmODOM EXPORTS DBORBASB WHILE UNITED STATES EXPORTS IN0RBA8S. 4 ""v ' The pneral trend of United Kingdom exports from 1913 to 1918 has been noted. In the same period the actual values of total ex- portJB froita-thi United States increased about 150 per cent, being some- what less in 1918 than in 1917 (fiscal years for the United States). The values corrected by the use of the Department of Labor general index number show an increase of about 30 per cent in 1918 and 75 per cent in 1917, as compared with 1913. The decline in the past year has been due, of couise, to the entrance of the United States into Ao war. This is in decided contrast to the great decHne in the United Kingdom. 16 MiFoat mmm mum m mm vmxm kingdom, ui^wm Cbart 3 wnwisoi OF UNITED KINGDOM A mam uusm ^ TOmL EXPORIB » 9™ Tiryr f ^OPEAK M^^ . 4 1 HI "'*-"f«3ii«» OB 1911 |ir|o« iMiit. \ ^ ^01 \ f-4 01' a 8 EXPOBT TEMm POLICY OF THE UFITBD KmODOM, 1013-1918. 17 UNITED HNGDOM EE-EXPOKT TBADE HAS ALMOST CEASED. Prior to the war tlie domestic exports of tbe United ffingdom were a little over and those of the United States a little under two and one- half billions of dollars a year. United Eangdom re-exports were over a half baiion dollars, but those of the United States were only about 7 per cent of that amount. In actual market values those of the United States had more than doubled by 1918, whereas those of the United Kingdom had fallen to about a third of their former amount. The comparison is stil more striking if corrected by index numbers, because Engish prices are more inflated than American prices. INCEEASED EXPOET8 'TO 'THE BUBOPEAN ALLIES.* I As would be expected, both the United Kingdom and the United States have sent a much larger proportion of their exports to the European allies since the war began than they did to the same countries previously. This has been more marked in the case of the United States than in that of the United Kingdom, because of the greaiy increased home needs of the latter country. The greatly increased needs of the United States since we entered the war and the consequent effect upon exports have ah-eady been noted. In 1913 the United Engdom sent about a sixth of her total exports to the countries now allied, whereas in 1917 she sent them more than one-third. Before the war the United States sent about two-fifths of her exports to these countries (including the United Kingdom) and three-fifths to other countries. Since the beginning of the war this proportion has been reversed, about three-fifths of the total going to the European alMes and over half of this amount every year to the United Kingdom. ITNITBD kingdom's SHAKE IN NON-ALLIED, OR 'COMPETITIVE, TBADE FALLING RAPIDLY. Unfortunately, complete data are lacking for the United Kingdom since January 1, 1917, but we can make this general statement re- garding the non-allied trade in which the exporters of the United Kingdom and of the United States ar^ competitors: This United Kingdom export trade has fallen grea% in actual market values, and in terms of 1913 prices is about one-third what it was before the war. The re-export trade especially has suffered and is now only a very small fraction of what it was before the war. The total exports of the United States to non-allied countries have increased about 50 per cent in terms of market values since 1913, though if prices had not ' corresponding adjectives tliroughout this report lefer to Buropeitii aUitB and 4o not iiujlisul« BiMil. Japan, or mm allied eonnlries. 86900—18 2 18 BXPOET TIADE, POLICY OP THE UNITED KINGDOM, 1913-1918. A '3 maim Kmmm vmm Bi mt cinaiti' M «0 ift' .Mi Miii, '*< j3 '* ^^z? BWi S 2 i^f' as Ol" Ok Ok' Ol O CO N ^ <0 CO A i-l rl Ok Ok Ok Ok " H rl' i-l EXPOET TBADE POLICY OF THE UNITED KIN€»DM, 1913-1918. 19 changed they would show a decrease of nearly 20 per cent. In other words, the war had compelled the United Kingdom to relinquish about three times as much of the non-allied export trade as it had the United States to January 1, 1917, and the incomplete data for the last 18 months show that the United Kingdom's share has fallen very rapidly since that date. UHITED KINGDOM EXPORTS BY OEBAT CLASSES. United Kingdom exports and ImportB are divided into four great classes : I. Food, drink, and tobacco. II. Raw materials and articles mainly unmanufactured. III. Articles wholly or mainly manufactured. IV. Miscellaneous and unclassified (including parcels post). In terms of pre-war prices, trade in commodities belonging to Class IV has not decreased greatly because of the large and inclusive item -of parcels post, but trade in the commodities of every other class has decreased by over 50 per cent. In terms of market prices, trade in the items of Wass II has remained ahnost stationary, and, though that of Class III showed a great slump for three years, especially in 1915, it has since regained most of its losses. The re-exports of every one of these classes have fallen into com- parative insignificance, both in terms of actual prices and also in terms of 190 prices. FEW COXMODITIES SHOW INCBBASBS .IN BXPOBTS. An examination of all the important commodities exported from the United Kingdom shows that, of about twenty^ commodities reach- ing a total of over £4,000,000 each in 1912 or 1913, all now have decreased quantities exported except two, namely, (1) arms, ammuni- tion, military and naval supplies, and (2) woolen tissues. If we extend the list to include all commodities the annual export of each of which was valued at over £1,000,000 in 1912 or 1913, there are about 90^ items, only 8^ of which show increased quantities. They are: (1) Coke; (2) steel in bars, rods, angles, shapes, or sections; (3) tin, imwrought; (4) Hmdiine tools; (5) woolen tissues; (6) linen yarns; (7) arms, ammunition, naval and military stores; and (8) ^ Thiese numberi Indliit some combinations or totals, like "Total of iron and steel nuuiiifactiires," ** Total woolen and worsted manufactures," etc., as well as smaller classes sometimes included in these totals. The bulk of the increase in practically every one of these commodities, with the possible exception 1 to aiFOBl TlADE POUCY OP THE UHITIB EINGDOM, 1913-1918 Cliaapi i uimB KmcaxM & rami smtis bomistic MfORT OP COTTON PIECE GOQBB iTo World jpo Wnrl r! EUTopeah P* S* Piae ,1 mm &• (All kliidsl '"Hi it* >7^Qtt|?t Allies, ""'U. E, 111 Ttfir- ar Year. CsleMar 1^ T 1 ■ 'I Ok r4 (Mi 01 .9 'fflp n, I i 1 INIi |r!9| tBk """" ■r"'Tll ;plM|| '01 I J5 00 I'HI r-i 0» a* l-l ■ffSl • • o IE 9 B f Cm EXPOKT TEADE POLICY OP THE UNITED KINGDOM, 1913-im 21 II. EXPOETS OF COTTOH PIECE GOODS. 1013-1818. UNITED KINGDOM DOMESTIC EXPOETS OF COTTON PIECE GOODS. Mo ofclier British export compares in value with that of cotton piece goods. In 1913 United Kingdom domestic exports were over &eyen biUions of yards, valued at nearly half a bdUon of doUara. The United Kingdom for many years has held the leadership in the manufacture and export of this claas of goods, and their distribution bas been to practically every country in the world. In 1913 the United States export of all cotton cloths was only one- sixteenth that of the United Kingdom's. Since the war began Britain's huge exports have slumped to two-thirds of their former amount, while those of the United States have increased by over 50 per cent. The United Kingdom exports to France have increased very much, but the quantities sent to nearly every other important country have decreased greatly. ^ What ia tree of cotton piece goods in general is true of most of the different varieties or subclasses. The main varieties are: (1) Un- bleached, (2) bleached, (3) dyed in the piece, (4) printed, and (5) dyed in the yarn, in order of importance as they figured in the United Kingdom exports before the war. Since the war began the exporta of unbleached have faEen off much more than those of bleached. UfiMme^ €(mom.--In^& is by far the largest market for un- bleached British cottons as well as for most other kinds. Other large buyers are China, Switzerland, Egypt, the Netherlands, and Java. Germany and Turkey were large buyers before the war. The exports to every one of these countries have fallen off greatly. Bleached cottons. —The total exports of bleached cottons have not decreased so much as those of unbleached. What is true of the total is true of the takings of the more important purchasers, which are India, China, Egypt, Morocco, Argentine Republic, and Java. The last named is the only one showing increased purchases to December, 1916, the latest date for which the statistics of its trade are available! Byed^n-the-piece, printed, and dyed-in-tle-yam cott(m8,~-^m% 1916 the details for exports of these classes of cottons are not given sep- arately or in such fullness as for the preceding classes. The total exports of each have fallen considerably since the war began, however, tad this is true of each in the case of practically every important «Mintry buying these goods. In the mam the same countries makmg the largest purchases of bleached and unbleached cottons make the largest purchases of these classes also. Ik. V UNPTED KINGDOM BE-EXPOBT OP COTTON PIECE GOODS. The re-export of this class of goods has been relatively unimportant, and no detailed data are available for the last year and a half. The 22 EXPOBT TEABB POUC Y OW tHl UHITED KIJSTGDOM, w-«port of dyed-in-tlie-piece cottons is typical. In the fif|| mx months of the present calendar year the yardage sent abroad was one-thirtieth of the yardage for the 12 months of 1913. Austraia, South ^Africa, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States have mm the larger pnrchasere. of 'tliese. re-exports,. ■usimn smiaa DomfiSTicf „i30"obts.. of cotton cix)ths. The classes of cotton cloths exported from the United States which ate most important in terms of value as well as in quantities are designated as unbleached, bleached, printed, dyed-in-the-piece, naif dyed-m-the-yarn, respectiyely. In the period from 1913 to 1918 the total yardage of ^all. exports^ of these cloths kcreasod over 50 per wnt and the total, valiie over 200 'per cent. tMUme^ This is the only class showing a decrease in qiiantity exported, and it showed no decrease in value of exports' Most of our exporte of unbleached cotton cloth formerly went to China,' British India, and Turkey in Asia and a signiicant amount to Africa. These exports now form only a small fraction of their pre-war amount. Fart of these losses have been made good by largely inweased export® to Mexico, Central America, South America, and the West Indies but the net loss is over half the 1913 total for this class of cotton goods. Every other class of cotton cloths tells a very different story. Biemhei doi'ks,'~The yardage of unbleached cotton-cloth exports- from the United States was over three times as great in 1918 as in 1913 and the value was six times m great in the latter year as in th© former. The greater part of ibm cloths throughout the period ^ ^"""^ ^ South American countries and the Phdippine Islands. Canada iild Cuba have been much the littlest of the Worth American buyers, the former trebling her pur- chases and the latter quadrupling hers. Total South American tak- lags were very much less in 1914 and 1915 than in 1913, but in 1917 were over five times as great as in 1913. Every one of the South American countries shares in this phenomenal increase. The ex- ports to the Philippines mcreased in 1914 and 1915, fei off the next two years, but in 1918 were over double those of 1913. (Momi clfllif.-Statistics of the three classes of colored cotton cloths are not given separately until 1915. The total exported yardagft of all three more than doubled from 1913 to 1918, and tkm value of these exports in 1918 was about five times what it was in 1913. For the four years beginning with 1915, for which we have separate statistics of printed, dyed-in-the-piece, and dyed-in-the-yam cotton cloths, the facts regarding increases, including the countries to which these increased siipments went, paralleled verv closely the facta stated, •above regarding' ■■^^eatpilrlfe of bleached cottonsj B,XPOaT TKABE PO,LIOY 0:F TBM VMIIXB KIMGDOM, 1»13-191». ,23 III. EXPOITS OF WOOLEN MAlTUFACTimESt 191S~1818. ,A. APPARBIj. UNITED KIHOnOM BOMESTIC EXPORTS OF APPAEEL. Data regarding apparel are not given in terms of quantity, but in terms of prices only, both in the United Kingdom and in the United States, in 1913 the total talue of this class of domestic exports from the United Kingdom was 47 million dollars, but in 1917 this had fallen to 37 million dollars, and in the first half of 1918 it was less than 17 million dollars; this in spite of the rapidly increasing prices. No great proportion of this class of exports has gone to the European allies, so far as the data available show. Important decreases have occurred in shipments to Canada, Argentine Republic, Brazil, Chile, China, Australia, and New Zealand. There have been increases in shipments to Norway, Denmark, the United States, Egypt, and British West Africa. un:ited kingdom EE-exports of apparel. The re-exports of this class of goods amounted to $710,000 in 1913, and had fallen to $6,600 in the first half of 1918. Nearly every country for which a separate amount is given shows a very notable decreaae. . France is an exception to this rule. UNrTEB STATES DOMESTIC EXPORTS OP WEARma APPAREL. In terms of value the United States exports of this class of goods increased from 2J million dollars in 1913 to 4^ million dollars in 1917, but fell to 3J million dollars in 1918. There was a marked increase in shipments to the allies, which totaled $143,000 in 1913 and $806,000 in 1918. There has been a large increase in sales to Canada tJso. Sales to South America have been relatively unimportant, but in 1917 they were 50 per cent greater than in 1913. In 1918, however, they were only half the 1913 figure. From 1913 to 1917 sales to the Philippine Islands more than trebled, and those to Australia and New Zealand about doubled. Except in the case of the European allies, sales to all important countries were less in 1918 than in 1917. B. WORSTED TISStlBS. UNrrKD KINGDOM DOMESTIC EXPOETS OP WORSTED TISSUES. This is one of the more important classes of Bfitish exports, amount- ing to over 30.million dollars in 1913 pid 1914. The total quantity exported in 1913 was 62 milHon yards. Exports fell to 43 million yards in 1917, and to 16 million jards in the first six months of 1918. In this period there was a large increase of yardage sent to France and a S4 «POBXX,U««>UO.O,XH..™ ^ Clitrt 7 mwm iiiGoai dohstic jxpcrts of Ji 2 I I I fpBijp' ImIi I IXPOaT TEADE POLICY OF THE tJITITBD KINGDOM, 1913-1918. 25 BOtable increase to Portugal, though on the whole there were no great increases to the other European alUes. The quantities sent to the mportant European neutrals doubled from 1913 to 1916, but were shut off almost entirely by 1918. Over 9 million yards were sent to the United States in 1913 and 33 million yards in 1914, but only IJ million yards in the first half of 1918. In the main, shipments to the principal South American countries have been nearly maintained, and those to Egypt have more than doubled. British India and China show great decreases, and the amounts now sent to Australia and New Zealand are less than half what they were in 1913. There is no separate classification in the United Slates correspond- ing to this British classification of worsted tissues. WOOIiBN Tm&JJMS. UNmSD KINGDOM DOMESTIC EXPORTS OF WOOLEN TISSUES. In terms of value this is one of the more important British exports, amounting to 70 miUion dollars in 1913. The yardage exported decreased in 1914 and 1915, but in 1916 was 25 per cent greater than m 1913. The year 1917 showed some decline from this high point, and the total for tfee first half of 1918 was less than one-third of the total for the full year of 1913. The exports to France have increased about sevenfold smce the war began; but those to the other allies have decreased very rapidly since 1916. Russia showed an increase in purchases until that time. The exports to the important European neutrals in 1916 and 1917 were more than double those of 1913, the most marked increases being to Denmark and the Netherlands. The exports to these neutrals in the first half of 1918 were insignificant. Other countries showing important decreases in purchases are Canada, Argentine Renublic, Brazil, Chile, British India, Austraha, and New Zealand. Egypt has not been an important purchaser, but shows a considerable increase from 1913 to 1918. UIIITID STATES DOMESTIC EXPORTS OF ALL WOOLEN MANUFACTURES, EXCEPT WEARING APPAREL AND RAGS. The United States statistics divide the exports of woolen manu- factures into three classes only, namely, wearing apparel, rags, and "all other." The exports of woolen and worsted tissues are included in the class of "all other." As compared with British exports, those for the United States were very small in 1913, amount- ing to only 1 million dollars. No quantity data are given. From 1913 to 1916 tlie total value of the exports of this class increased from 1 million to 33 miUion dollars, though in 1917 it was only 12 million dolars, and Ilk dollars in 1918. To put it in another way, the exports to the European alUea have increased sixfold, and those to the I m EXPOBT TBADE POLICY OF THE VBlTm KIUGDOM, 1913-1018. Ctaft 8 cnMWiitTmi Jt' mini IXPOBT TMJm POUOY OF THE UNITED KINGDOM, WiZ-im, 27 refit of the world about sixteenfold, from 1913 to 1918. The more notable increases among the allies have been to France, Italy, and Mussia. Iqually great have been the increases to Canada, nearly all the South American countries, Japan, and Australia. If. BXPOITS OF lEATMEE BOOTS AJTB SHOES. UlflTBD KIM6DOM DOMESTIC EXPORTS OP LEATHER BOOTS AND SHOES. The United Kingdom classification of leather manufactures does not enumerate leather leggings and many other classes of leather goods. The most important leather manufacture which is given in the British statistics is that of boots and shoes. In 1913 the United Kingdom exported over 17 million pau^, at a value of over £4,000,000. This total did not fall greatly in 1914, but it showed a slump of nearly one-third in 1915. The 1916 figures are nearly as great as the pre-war figures, but those of 1917 again showed a great decline, and in the first half of the present calendar year (1918), only 2i million pairs were exported — that is, less than one-sixth of the number for the 12 months of 1913. As would naturally be expected, a large part of the United Kingdom exports of boots and shoes has gone to her alUes, especially to France and Italy. We do not have separate data for important European neutrals except in the case of the Netherlands and Switaer- land. The exports to the Netherlands in 1915 and 1916 showed some increase over pre-war years, but in 1917' they were less than half what they were in 1913, and the British statistics show nothing for the Netherlands in the first half of 1918. Switzerland's takings have decreased every year since 1913, and practically ceased, so far as the statistics show, after 1916. The shipments to the United States increased in 1914 and 1915, but since have fallen to practically nothing. Prior to the war large shipments were made to Argentine Reffublic and Chile, but they have fallen to less than one-tenth of their ffio-war amounts. The facts are similar as regards Egypt and Austndia, the other large purchasei-s of these British exports. ■UNITED lONGDOM RE-EXPORTS OF LEATHER BTOTS AMD SHOES. Re-exports of leather boots and shoes from the United Kingdom have never been important and had practically ceased by the end of 1916. UNITED STATES DOMESTIC EXPORTS OF LEATHER BOOTS AND SHOES. In 1913 the United States exported something over 10 million pairs of boots and shoes, as compared with 17 million for the United Kingdom. But while the total exports of the United Kingdom have I :88 BXPOBT mM» POLICY OF THl VmjTm KINODOM, lil»-l»18. United Stat« doubled by 1916. The exports of thee^ apods wJl 160 per cent of what they were in 1913. The large increase in the United States exports of this cl«« of gooda has goS to t^ Eui^Ji allies. tho«^the« has been an incite of 30 c^t to non S ^untnee. The notable incn*ste to the allies havTCi to «>«« to Asia and AfHca. The ^r^BnttllT f^T^'' h-ve been to Japan, Russia in AM», and the British East Indtes. A very huge increase has been "Mde ra shtpmoitB to Brilaah Soutii Africa. OF XVBBSB MAHOTACTTOBS. 1M8-1918. A. BUBKBS BOOTS ASS raUBS. WnmD HNODOM DOMBmo EXIOBtt OF BCBBBK BOOTO AND SHOES. The United Kingdom domestic exports of rubber boots and shoes « not™«rIy so import«rt as the exports of leather boote ^LZZ bemg less than one-tenth the same volume- fuZ«™l^ fv. * * ^T^r^t^Tr^"^ -ounu t^eS^tn^^'tit: z d^Z^n .™^ 31, 1916. In 1913 the totol «f roT« Ti, • T?", * ''J*^ 1* ""^o" P^- In the first hS •bout twn-thirds of the number eiported inth^ mLsDo^ZZ htli «fl»13. countries given,l^ce is thTonSriSX^n increase of pnichases. «™ "my one snowing an ramsD KmoiwM ee-kpoe™ op eubbeb booto and shoes. rJaa^^^ regMding re^rta a» simUar in character to those r^wd^ domest^ exports, though the quantities co^^Zd are much smalfer. There is a very notable incrmM in -7 of boots and shoes to the end ofToie to Noi^^^^^^T.^Si'S foiwgn counWes" for which quantities are noi wSS' ^Ti^fT The total reexport in 1917 w« over fiTe t^« l^ff w^' 1913 but h»A ^^r^r^ *„ " „ ^* wmes as great as the total for ^U^daJ y^S^ P""*'''*"^ fi«t hlf of the ra™, WATEB DOWWriC EXPOBTS OF EUBBEE BOOTS AND SHOES. St^« ■ Kingdom. The United States exporto mcreased to nearly 4 million p.^ in 1917. burS below 3 nuUion pun in 1918. The laiK ;^~>-f i! aearlv 20 i»r ««.f»-.7 fi! . export, however, was ■aany zo per eent greater thui that of 1913. U we exclude the m mADB POLICY Of mi vmrm kifgdom, mn-im. 29 ©xporta to the European allies, the quantity sold by the United States hm fallen to one-half what it was in 1913. Early shipments to Belgium and Italy were large, but practically all of the increase, especially since the war began, has been to France and the United Kingdom. There have been large relative increases also in our much less important shipments to Newfoundland and Labrador, and some mcrease m shipments to Canada and South Africa. The shipments to South America and Asia have f allen off very much. B. mmmmM tibes Axm tubba. UNITED KINGDOM EXPORTS OF RUBBER TIRES AND TUBES. The statistics of this class of goods are given in terms of value only, and only the totals are available for 1917 and the first half of 1918. In terms of value the United Kingdom domestic exports of rubber tires and tubes increased from over 6 milUon dollars in 1913 to over 10 miUion doUars in 1916, but showed a marked decrease in 1917 and the first half of 1918. If the increasing prices are taken into account, it is probable that the total exports have decreased in the period from 1913 to 1918. A considerable part of these exports has been sent to Prance and Italy. Separate data for the other aUied countries are not available. There have also been increases in terms of value, though probably not in quantity, to Sweden, Denmark, and Switzerland, as well as to British India and Australasia. There have been decreases, even in terms of value, to Argentina and Brazil. No other countries of importance are given separately. All the above statements apply to the period from 1913 to 1916, except the figurei for total exports. UlfrriD STATES DOM'BSTIC EXPOBTS OF RUBBER TIRBS AMD 'TUBES. Qur information regarding these exports from the United States is also in terms of values rather than quantities, and in these terms they show an increase from 4i million dollars in 1913 to 21 miUion dollars in 1916, though the total had fallen to a little over 15 milhon dollars in 1918. If exports to the European allies are excluded, the total for the United States increased from less than 3 milUon dollars in 1913 to over 13 milHon dollars in 1918. In fact, the great increases to the European alhes were in the years 1915 to 1917, mostly in 1916, and the amount sent to them in 1918 was actualy less than in 1913 or 1914. There have been especially large increases in sales to Canada, Mexico, and other North American countries. There have been huge increases also to South American countries, notably to Argentina, Brazil, Clule, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela, the total to South America being over sixteen times as great in 1918 as in 1913 or 1914. What is true of the increases to South America is true, in 80^ BXFoiT Tumm mum of mm vmmB' kingdom, wn-im. Chart 9 OOllMllSON OP mciTED KIHGDOM' St USITED STAHS EXPOBT TOADB POLICY OF THE UNITED KINGDOM, Um-im. 31 almost the same degree, of sMpments to Australia, New Zealand, and Japan. Of course, all the above figures, being in terms of Vilue, exaggerate the facts if we have quantities in mind. C. OTHBB mUBBBB .MAWTOACSTOBBS. UNITED KINGDOM DOMESTIC EXPORTS OP RUBBER MANUFACTURES (except waterproofed apparel, boots AND SHOES, TIRES AND • TTmv a \ A %J MMMltO J • . The British export of this class of rubber manufactures fell off very greatly in terms of value during the years of 1914 and 1915, but in 1916 and 1917 were almost as great as in pre-war years. They showed some decHne, however, in the first half of 1918. No statistics for separate countries are available for 1917 or 1918. The most significant changes to that time were as follows : An increase of about 50 per cent to France; a decrease of about 35 per cent to Italy; the practical discontinuance of exports to Belgium; and marked decreases to the United States, Mexico, Argentine Republic, and Brazil. Exceptions to the rale of decreases were increases to British India, China, Australia, and New Zealand. If the value figures were converted into terms of tons, the above statements would be modified greatly, showing decreases in practically every case. UNITED STATES DOMESTIC EXPORTS OF RUBBER MANUFACTURES (aLL OTHEt THAN TIRES, BOOTS AND SHOES, BELTING, HOSE AND PACKINa, RECLAIMED, SCRAP, AND OLD). Prior to the war the value of this class of United States exports was a Uttle less than half that of the corresponding class of the United Kingdom. While the value of the United Kingdom exports of this class of goods was about the same in 1917 as it was in 1913, the value of the corresponding exports for the United States had more than doubled, being Sf milMon dolars. The value of exports fel to something over 6 million dollars in 1918. There have been large increases in this class of exports to the aUies, especially to France, Italy, and the United Kingdom. There have also been large in- creases in shipments to Canada, Mexico, Cuba, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand. The usual caution regarding the misleading character of price data 18 is point here. 82 BXPOBT THADE POUCT OP THB UHITED KINGDOM, 1913-1918. mnifi, i§ imifEI) KDICIJOM railTCP STATES .DOmSTIC EXPORffl Jl, World liilli'Oit '890' ,JL|||H||Jf 100' m I 1 I*—" ItO' World, 1 BurO'poi - — c , S., ■ M fl W an^AUiet, p. S, Fise IIJ« Ka Calf al Year. 1 -»*^ Ji* ' 1 f_ 1 1 rf» ■ 1 1 y 1 p« S.I 11.3 Other soa let and fm > 1 U* IC*^ H'01 sebold aiidj Lsmdiy si «p. • 1 • 1 (Hli 2 * • '■ill, '■a S' 01' 0* S S S 2' 2 2! ii " " pi4 ^2 Ok JI I Ot ¥1. IXFOITS OF lil3^1811. A. TOELKT OH WMMm ■•OAF. TOflTUD 'KIWODOlf TOlflOTIO KXFOBTS OF TOILBT SOAP. Soap IS not one of the more importiint exports of the United Unagdom, hot it is one about which special inquiry has been made. im domestic exports of this commodity form one of the few ex eeptions to the decline which United Kingdom exports in General have shown since the war began. The total domestic exports^'of this class of soap in 1913 were 86,000 hundredweight, and had increased to ^7^^^^^^^ the totalL'the firsT^S IZ^J^ T^ hoBdredwei^t. The most marked increases to 1916 were to France, Argentme Eepnblic, British India, and China 'liata for separate countries are not given .after that time. Bxpoax TBAMB; mmm m mm vrnmB mmomu, I9i3-i§i8. UNITED STATBS.DOMB8TIO EXPORTS OF TOILET OR FANCY SOAP. United States data for this class of soap are not given in terms of quantity. The value of the total export in 1913 was about the same as for the same class of soap for the United Kingdom; in other words, a Httle over 2 million dollars. The value for 1915 was somewhat less than this, and for 1916 considerably greater; but for the other years, to and including 1918, there has been no great change. On the whole, there has been a decrease in the exports of this class of soap to the European allies, but a marked increase in the value of exports to Canada, Mexico, Central America, Cuba, and the other West Indies from 1913 to 1918. In the same period the exports to Aus- tralia and New Zealand have decreased very much, while those to the Philippines have increased. B. 'Exmmm'm Axm laumbby soap. UNrriSD KINGDOM DOMESTIC EXPORTS OF HOUSEHOLD AND LAUNDRY SOAP. The United Kingdom domestic export of household and laundry soap is somewhat less m value than that of toilet soap, but, as in the case of toilet soap, the total quantity exported has increased since the war began. The data on this export are not very detaied, but they show that 'to 1916 the quantity sent to the Netherlandl iiHeased threefold. There is also some hicrease m the quantity sent to the Argentine Republic and Chile and very slight increases to British India and China. UNOTD KINGDOM RE-EXPORTS OP 'SOAP. United Kingdom re-exports of household and laimdry soap and also of toilet soap have never been important, and they had practically ceased by 1918. UNITED STATES DOMESTIC EXPORTS OF SOAP, ''aLL OTHEB" (THAN TOILET OR fancy). In value the export of this class of soap in 1913 was about 50 per cent greater than the corresponding export from the United Kint^dom. In terms of quantity, it increased from 51 million pounds in 1913 to 83 miUion pounds in 1918; in other words, the United States export increased by 60 per cent, whereas, that of the United Kingdom in- creased by about 16 per cent in the same time. During the last two years nearly all of our export of this class of soap has gone to non-allied countries, though we sent a large quantity to France in 1918. Prior' to 1917 we sent very large amounts to the United Kingdom, but since that tune only small amounts. By far the largest increases have been to Mexico, Central America, Cuba, and the other West Indies, but there also has been an extremely large increase to China. '86060—18 S ccupttiaoi or mmn khOdom & mmi> smiss Mmmo mint m wmm mmL mm* «. 1 »• i* ^ ■ 1 tia K. Qa r * IM' Mil ffnfl' . — I ■p#s ftiul Si 1 Ligles, 1 1 Itiona. / • M * 1 1 ll , 1 1 \ 1 1 1 /'I t ^ 1 1 j 1 If * j ^ -JL, 1 #• 1 1 1 7 7\ W' *' i f / • 1 / i |M IQ <0 iwi' ("HI' 'iMI' ifHI' ipHli' if'iii (pHI jmillkL JHHk jiMkiL jiMMik jjMBfihL iMik. juiita. 2 2 2 2 2 S 2 iWi ii*"! '•■"'Ii If"!' C"! IFl 'IFI ! i I I I i I i IS •I CD r-l m 3? III fUl' ViB CI UHfTBB STATES EXFOBTS OF OALYANIZBD SHEETS* The United Stiates exportB of these sheets in 1918 had decreased to 70 per cent of the tonnage of 1913. This is a marked decrease, but nothing in comparison with that of the United Kingdom. The best customers of the United States are Canada, South America, Australia, British South Africa, and the PhHippines. Large amounts were sent to British India in 1915 and 1917. We have ne¥er sent any great quantity to the European allies. G. BaAIIiS FOR RAILWAYS. The United Kingdom export of ' 'new iron and steel rails " had faflen from over half a milHon tons in 1913 to less than 16,000 tons in the first six months of 1918. The once Jarge exports that went to South America (especially Argentine Kepublic), British India, Aus- tralia, and Africa have aU but ceased. In 1916, the last year for which counmes oi oesi^maeon are given m aei^au, neariy nan me iionnage went to Erance, while two*thirds of the remainder went to British xudia. j>eiore me war mere was a smaii re-exporc oi raus, mmuy w -argenima, out me umtea jungaom accounis snow mau aii sucn re-exports nave ceased. UNITED STATES EXPORTS OF STEEL The United States exported about 90 per cent as great a tonnage of raib in 1913 as did the Uhited Kingdom There a great decrease in the fiscal year 1914; that is, before the war began. This was mostly because of decreased orders from Australia, Canada, and Mexico. In 1915 there was a huge slump in orders from Canada, Axgentina, and Brazil, so that the total for the year was not greatly over a third of that for 1013. But the next thr^e years brought large sales to IWico and Russia and great increases to Canada and Cuba. The totals in 1916 and 1917 far surpassed previous records, but that of 1918 was hardly equal to that of 1913. Exports to South America in 1918 were only about one-seventh of the tonnage in 1913. O. CJLiV IRON AND MANUFACTURES THEREOF. UHITSD" mCOBOM EXFOBTS OF OAST 'IBON' AMD MAMUFAOTUKES THEEEOF, 'UNENUMEBATED. The statistics of the United Kingdom do not give a separate classifi- cation for stoves, but evidently include them in the unenumerated cust-iron manufactures. This is a relatively unimportant export, and has declined so much that in the first haK of the present year 88 MMmm mmm foucy m tmm vmxm mam mmtm bi-expqhts m MMMsm cammiTim* iMmOmB IndepeBdd&l) I IXPOET TBADE POLICY OF THE UNITED KINGDOM, 1913-1918. 39 the tonnage shipped was less than one-tenth that sold in 1913. Argentina, which formerly received the largest shipments under this heading, obtained only 742 tons in 1917 and 420 tons in the firet six monllis of 1918. UNITED STATES BXPOttTS OP STOVES AND KANOBS, United States exports of stoves and ranges are given by value only in reports of the Depirteient of Commerce. The conversion of value data into tons shows a decline of 50 per cent from 1913 to 1918 in total quantity exported. There has been a notable increase to the Eittopean allies, especially to France in 1915, and to France and the United Kingdom in 1916. The exports to Canada were most impor- tant before the war, and they have fallen 50 per cent. Those to Australia, New Zealand, and the Phihppines have fallen off greatly also, while those to Cuba have increased several fold. The quantity sent to South America has remained aknost statiotiary on the whole, though there were fair increases in 1916 and 1917. APPENDICES. Tbo most complete and latest sources of United Kingdom trade me to be foimd in the Annnal Statement af the Trade of the United Kingdom, 1916 (2 volumes)/ and the AoeeHntB of Trade and Naviga- tion of the United Kingdom, the number for August, 1918, being the latest available. The Accounts are published monthly, but dp mot five nearly so much detail as the Annual. In respect of July, 1917 (and subsequent months), these Accounts :indude, so far as^ ptrticukrs^ are available at the time of compilation mewshandiae imported and exported in, public as^ well, as in private onmersMp, except exports ,for the use of British forces on active a«r?ice. The records previous to July, 1917, include, in the case of imports ai articles of food, but do not include other goods which at the time of importation were known to be the property of the British Govern- ment or the Governments of the allies. In the case of goods exported the ,%ures for these m,onths include goo^ds 'bought in the United King- dom by, or on behalf of, the Govemmenta of the allies, but do not include goods taken from British Government stores and depots, or goods bought by the British Government and shipped on Government vessels. Many of our own commerce reports and statistical pubHcations from South American and other sources have been consulted, but none of these give as kte and full data r^arding British trade with these countries m do the British documents themselves. The Foreign Conamerce and Navigation of the United States for tibe Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1917, the Monthly Summary of the Foreign Commerce of the United States, June, 1918, and data for 1918 obtained from the United States Department of Commerce are the duef sources of United States t rade statistics given herein. wlZ"*^ ^ '!L'*!!Z!? T*r* monograph was in the haiKls of the printer. The tablet BXPOET TEAM POUOY OF THE UMTEn KINGDOM, m3-1918. 41 BlKiAN ATIOH OF OHABM ANH TABIiBS. TABLES. • Quantity rather than value comparisons are made herein wherever possible, and in some such cases pounds sterling are not converted to ddlars. The United Kingdom publications do not give the details for each conmiodity for the same list of countries throughout as do the United States statistics of trade. For example, the United King- dom statistics may show the quantities of cotton piece goods ex- ported to nearly every important country, but the quantities of soap for Denmark, Sweden, Holland, and * 'other foreiim countries" only. The quantities of exports of boots and shoes are shown for an enturely different list of specified countries, besides for "other foreign countries" and "British and colonial possessions" not specified. For the United States we can select any representative neutral countries, or the European allies, or other groups, and show the quan- tities of each commodity sent to each country, or group of countries, with few or no gaps, but we can not do this without many omissions for a series of British commodities. Hence the United Kingdom tables can not be made so comprehensive as those for the United States. Furthermore, only typical and important countries pur- chasing British goods can be chosen, unless tables are to be unduly long and cumbersome. It should be noted in this connection that "world total" means total United Kingdom exports to, or imports from, the world— not total world production, or world exports, and not even the total of the quantities specified for the countries shown in the table, but the total for countries shown plus all others (not shown). This last explanation of "world total" apphes to the charts as well as to the tables. In the four Unijbed States tables for iron and steel manufactures Greece is not included among the allies, because these tables were originally secured for another purpose. In the United Kingdom tables it is, in many connections, impossible to ascertain data for everyone of the alUes, some of them being included in "other foreign countries." In such cases the tables show the countries for which data are available, an^ the attempt has been made to show in each table and chart which of the aUies are included. Throughout this report, in tables, charts, and text, the term "allies" refers to European allies onlv. 42 KXPOBT mu»E PouoY or tor vsroD kihodom, i»i3-mB. Umtod Eii^om atstmtics are for cafo&dar years and those of the United States for fiscal years ending June 30. Hence the 1918 Umted Kingdom date are for six months only and are apt to mislead, voleaa aass CI • W t ^ • • • • t t ESS B S 9 t ' ill iSi'SS 1 'OQi' ^"VP' CMS VO i • • • C X S 'B ■r* 0 HI S S ]5S£I S'SiEI''ilCB 8 JES 'Hi' '**f wii, w/s Ijf ifiiB 'iQ '^MF jy lieP ^ f"«i IP* 'Pp 'wm ■'^ .|r*« , Ji*' '!*',.iijr'*' , „.** ■ ■?*i*Mf'B#r*' .Mf' 'Pf Wm wm ip* C?f ■!* p*I iHI "w SDK ZSE ni :pip ■** *Pp 'SPl .■j"* ''ill I** 'li 98 6 8 m M m • ef W O ""I* r» • Met 00 9 a gg ! 1 g Wm S 9Sh ODOT'O'O •• "l^p •» jjjjiH t 'fli t* : V 'Ci , § 3 SSS SSSSS S P"* Onl 1^ 'IT* ^ P"! 'Pf iPJ iBk 'puifi ipHt ■Q ail ii j, s s^, s g 1 IS§ iSSg§ § 1% fNi aik, «i. «li i^H^ j^E, S3 op flfc |9ii iSl Wl Qi . m.- m OB V ' •» • « • (■ft |Nb MS • e« • • • ■ * g ^ 00' 'M * i — 11 1 1917 • • i • • m • m * f » ^8 • 88 p^ i S SSi 213 :§ i • • i ^ i § isg SSS is s •I* •* #* jii, i • §, ^ Ji 9 § 8 S 'Sss 9x5 !c 9 fBf «^pi (gji. t • • « • • t • « : : r-o : :n i-a : • . : : : • : : 8 : • : ii3 : : ^•-•ti S ^ : ;i^P • :| IBlpg f • • • f • ■ • • • • • • ■ « « • • « • • > ■ • • • • ■ i' jj : § • 5 • w • • ♦ • * • '< ' 1 f !S5 • • • * ■ • • • ■ • • • • » i * • • • • • < • • "? B * * • JJ ■ • t 1^' • • f • • • BXPOET TEAKE POUCY OF THE UNITED KIITODOM, 1913-1918. 45 im g ^SS i § $ 8 S» MB I g§ 8 I SSISSS •« P4 ^ ■•^•^ '00 SSgi g iiM § i« I S g §8 §§g § •4 iQ' n ^ ^ ii g I li§8§§ §gi p4'm* p^ pJ^cfp^ g'g' p4 'P^ 01 AQO CO •ii in P4 f-l ■'^•'^fi'^ ■eoc 23" « 9 {2{ rH p^ Pi CICO CO p-i Pi CO pi Sp4 IpFV P"! 8 SSI g gi § § s m e« p4 piO» S o pi p4 ^4 OO'tO S3 t CO Pi 'OOpit^raiS ooo»p4 ^ •p^- e«iOpi'«D Pig 'rf ••o'pi f» ph CO 'CO ^ Q t>" MU3 pipie*Qor»« eo Si Pi Pi O iOOD 2,854 jog e«a> 48,598 1,633 1 so 1* Q Ci'W 'Pi 2,137 4,342 1,873 939 2,386 7,043 33, 158 5,993 1,343 16, 122 91,624 9 e«ioo .Pi Pi 00 CO 3'- 09 N • ■ p^ ■ "3 ipi^iff 5* w « ■ ,11,1 1 * • * * • ■ i 8 Si • 18 ^ 5 S ^ ■1 • 1 «' Pa •pip • •• i J5* CO P* Bl W PI ^1 ^ " *0P'^ • a>e« • p* • 0*0 't ty* • CiO pi • PI. « jMlh 'jutfih uJih JHh. .BdMi mMl jriK jaliM CI 4» 46 EXPORT TRADK POUOY <» THB VHITBD KmCHWM, 191»-1»18. jsgs|i8| 3mm msm mm siia « !9' "3 • ai iiiig§l§ isiggss imm ma isis isisigii mms smm mm mi issii&ii SliSSgSS ililil§ SS«iSS3 §S3ig SSSi Si W^^. '^^1 ^jjjP W' i • • Imm fig SgSSg : : • t • ■ • « , • • SliiiSi *' CT' "'i' 99'' Mm V' 'CV • wli ilir • * « « isii ill sms \ \ ^ ^ ■' • • • • t • • • , . s'-sss ss ii • s mi iPV MP <•< « ■ • 1 SB' jui '*■ '""'I' t"*"' d • ■ !S SS ! * * ™ 1i™1|' W If • ■■ , , * • • ■ ^ O « TO • t t ■ S' ii»Jf*!»j!l!l*jM* . if^'j-J?* JP*'-^....** *' |B B'S B * I • * • isas" <»" • : • t t • isss lis nm \ i i"2§S IS il • ■ • i « i • * ' • s ilRiSss : • i iSliiSI iplS jj •S Si : ; : • • • • i 8ii ill :i » i • i Is la |§ *3f EXPOBX XRADS FOUOT OF THE TTNITEO KINQDOU, 1913-in8. f I r f m TBmm policy of the. UMTUO' KIHGTOM, 1»13-1918. • • 'IS O' fi ' • S r* S" JtS II I 1 1 9 > lO s n s «0 Ok ' ^ CM^' 'WjUji fQ' Ills' « •* (""O c^o CO ■ « ■ ah 0 tfb Wk ^ flO cc s 10 A 4W 3 o MB ""IP' '■ OC doi 'fi IQ CI fiT •0 CO CM ifi QO MM GO IS'idl 'Cct "iMN It." ecoo ID to s to O CO IS *o I?" CO SOD I- :C S a* Q W ^ ^ ~ •B e>S « eo f • »^ S' SI '*t< lA tC OC Si H . a il •* Ci cp cm * • H-W ilB I! ■ JMP"" 2 'd 'Pii' Si 8 ' Q' Gl Q' Gf ' 'P 1 1^3' tnn 'iPlt 1^3' lillf •» If* fiil A ^ ip 10 ^ 00 pMI 1M| fNI n I^WH. aiMl 'QPJ Qui ,<> « « - « » t * • « * • Cii!!'''49 ' Sl ip CSt Cd Cd' iiWl i :|Bti iBji {2 ^ 3 S3 O C& CO 00 AO Oi !5 ... L^. '00' 90 ti^ CO 3ao ?S8 '3852 Is 5 Pi' OS CO 8 S. fi fi d &c sic Ic, ■era p"f iP*' i¥i "•f* "XT' 'W 00 si* Hi fli t-4 lA ^ 5ii •15 oj 1— 1 I *»* o ^ X OS CI III !.. " oo CO 1' (M 2S S2 31 ■M O 8 l£li QD QO' §§§g '3 I- g IQ' fMif alp fNii w', *» f>- o> CP qp s cp A CO •«,. «% «. ph| 'QO iQQf §ss§ OOGOCQ 8 I, cK 91 q6> Jjljj MjSf as C4I eoc £4 "jll to CI CO r-* to s 8 •■■»■ '! ;iiji,i'--" I 5S »~ CO '• 1-1 aO lO 8* ST IQ >0 O o CO lO CO SI o > ■— I CO IC OS (O 119 lO 5 ? ■O' P IKEABB POLICY OF THE UNITED KINGDOM, 1913-1918. 40 00 lO S3 Ok' 00 i •Iji ^ ^ O ^ CO (0 1— I t-t C* o> *s!'!f?f CO (O o < ^^co|j c a> oc 00 CO ^ Ig p CO 00 lO to CO « CO c* ccS •O'l t«ou5ao»-ic» I OS CQ CO »rt«c«oc»0»H CO^ «-< SoosQ'tjr- t<>' Q 00 A 1^ lO CO CO o 00 <0 CO — ' CO 00 8 c« s eo CO Of- «c CI 9 lO CO '4< >«o< In -Tig'' t«'*"j'f ■ CO > 00 O ^ §«0 ^ . OS c5 eo eg t« cc r« t<5 uS lO iQ>Q00OO<0 aoeooo«40«e CO S o» ra CO A eooo S ^ S ^ V, • 00 OO' W I*- "3 ■ 1^ ^ CO ep ^ • f-« to 04 < * O $ CO OjO JH O CO O O 5 <0 CO ■ CO 3 00 03 So> S o oTco" or i-i t-foT CO r^ic-^oooN CO c* •>*' t» « lo t>. CO »c <© ac ifT rr^'^o" CO ^ (3^ CO o ^5 c; CO 05 0»5 »— «D Sc>oo^r~< S'vcia rioo 5 1^ 00 ■^US s CO )«> U3 ^ 1^ * flg "O^'IO *19 4fc «* i 'M.. «M S»*'t^'J| •W'-^'JO |Q CO 00 OB r« »*o» eaco CO ol u5 -tr 00 00 00 O: >C <-« CO u5Sooto-««<$ A (D V w« i 2 8 U5 P4 A CO CO c» t t 3 CO oo" CO i c» i a* o 00 CO 'CO S U3 CO s CO 8 A* t iLt Id J* J3 J 'R'nOi 00 1-1 A 5 S i o '■%•■,• "HI ll if O (4 g &> 'P*tE a> CO Si 00 s Si ill '00 [88 'WCS^ fliO IP""!!! 'Of QD' OD "1 31 IS I SI' 19'* ' (PI jN| #*• 'Hp "'O' iC|' ISP PQIi 19 S8 aiSSS'S 8 s j ft no 8 58 S588«»»SS?S s 9 r" a-tf«»8f SI 8 I i^Qf '09' 'iiiSf' •o 5« •0 06 00 « 8Sm SS irmi ■m ^8 SS'§§i •"^ Cp PB 'I* !««««•■ f«*l 1 e i •■•Pa O 00 s !5 00 i-» o »o c o t'- ec »5 aC«H 0«000«OC40> s s 1^ > j-ice j-tj > 9cQ Ob* 19 ((J (pO' <5 JiSc Sa*' V' B S w S S B' ISSi5!S'! n •Hi § 8S (|§988SS ''•"'''t CNI CSI (W» IP'"'' •'■'i '888^ I 8 to* So S3 SSSSSgs 90 JiH 'jHIl > m * • • >J| • • ■ 'k ' s • ^ • ■S • lea s| TPHiB, iP i f^p- ^Wl^ 1^ #■1 'i'^'''iifll|^^ B3CF0ET WtiOB .POLICY OF THE VMITSB JKPfflTOM, lffl|-lilSp. 03 • «k • m j 1^ 0 1 i *% m m I TO V ^ a> o gCC«Kc<5»OfH CS ^ •* I m% ta^ I 52 11*011 ■TSLAm mucY of the ukuiu kingdom, i»13-i&18. P 'HP" ■91 •3 3'X ■ (|E|' s in CO Sill 9 55 00 ^ CI CO ft' IB' (0« ■Nji § SJSjji m B VI II Ol £! 1^ !8 s s €V S S 88 ■Is 2 a;' 88 cteo § 8 Sk oO i 3 S SS' 1^ 00 SI SI' § to 00 §8 SS F-l • 1 INI 1 ■ 3 : o „ IXPOM? TBADl POiUqY OF THB UMITEB KINGDOM, 1913-1918. 53 Tabub ¥111.^ — I7fiitaf i^tofef cfom^^ exfiofii o/ii2l woolen rmnvjmiiwru, except wearmff appard mid mg§, fiBceH pmm 1913-1918,^ To— Values.* BelgiuiE Franoa.. Italy... Foriufal Rtiaiia*. ........................... Uiiitad Kingdom [.[.[[I] III Total European allies. . . All oChar Buioiie Total Euraiia. North America South America Asia Oceania... World, total Worldt except Europeanallies . 1913 1914 1016 1916 1917 1918 Dollars. 18,978 56,557 200 8,697 178 1,767 356.058 Dollars. 18,073 59,451 20 5,478 104 212 744,082 Dollars. 16,781 8,318,787 12,297 51,258 336 960.625 395,349 Dollars. 33,844 1,834,257 2,645 5,301,915 6,067 10,709,041 1,159,346 DolUws. Dollars. 639,168 86,544 20,124 976 50,505 269.613 465.803 3,850 1(043.64® 461 34,105 97,760 442,335 60,175 827,420 ^MJi 000 9,765,433 1,188.765 19,046,115 1,282.386 1,066,930 1,301,168 2,643,628 208, m 498,610 415,412 40,304 66.376 83.890 1,604 868,320 646,819 46,505 39,810 63,821 2I| 0!24 10,944,198 5, 651,059 77,562 118,048 29,322 20,328,601 6,137,687 1,652,748 5,023,140 169,216 20,661 2,371,095 6,266,983 2,292,149 1,147,710 252,976 11,255 2,752,322 6,187,958 3,215,309 1,079,007 177,376 23,976 1,668,199 16,829,617 33,331,873 12,342,168 13,435.946 657,661 840,779 j 7,074,184 14.285,758 11,275,238 10,892,418 1 Foreim Commerce and Navigation of the United States for the year endhig June 30, 1917, pp. 76»-7i8; United Stotes Department of Commerce data for 1918* • t^r 1I3P0K liUlBB PdUC¥ OF TMM VITIXED MMODOMi 1IXI3-10I8. Bxpdtf imm f oocT of tmm vmrm xixr gbom, wm^wm 00 s 8 9 8 C3 tCk 'flBk ofii OA qBDi 'CC9 S N 00 cs^eo^i-T— ToT o Is »rf e«»H •oo< Q f-T e<5* i-Tw* c< ro CO 1-H eo g 00 i-H ^5 OS © Q iH^iHC ^ Qlfv A ^ O I c«eo O CO CD 0109 as coco 81 Si 00 00 si t» «P «C (p ^ 00 lags (DOOOS •-tSSM^DOO ^ff/^ OH' •"'il' ■19 00 s 00 (M 00 (N 00 CO of 00 CO Ok ^ o6 1 N jlhiii' ritaw, «L Jk" ■JZI' iWMl: aO jBC •mm — A ^ pi' 'PS 6 w eo ?5 00 00 ^ CO 00 oo"«o OOOI r-^ 00 cor^ CO I S3 5Poooe'«i* • fO 0> CO I O ^ r* • el5o»p«eo CO CO O 3 Oct J5 -^OS-H 00 019 CO 0> >0 A C4 o »*9" gr^. 00 e» t- d» CO (P 10 C4 CO CD Qod* r-« u9 '119 ^ >eo ^t>. 00 1 00 ^ OS "9 TP W iC o 00 o lO >-< 1— I'cC OS O CO »C i-< to 40 OS o o 00*" CO 00 OS s>il « £: k. #111 .09 iz; 5 I i M6 MMmm^ mmm^ mum w tmm., ¥»«■©'; .Kwanoif, wm-mm. f AIM. Xi:.— ^Fm^lw|■ jrtfififem.*«ii>... . ..*.••..•. . . . , .., ToW SiiM|Maii. aMm. Mil TMti^ • « * 4< • # « • « «. «. « «. I Al!|!illtlllll»«»«*«..,*«...«.« 'SimII TJIL 4 5riMt.'Iiiillii^.. ..... iitnOfai and Hew Zoalniil. . ... . World, total WorM, mm§t .Baigln, ■adlliill'. ........ 1913 1114 Iflll IHO 1017 1918(hldf IMInrt. 307,176 311,. Til' 192,470 JMinn. 462,01. 204,660 HoUiiffB. 1,355,094 607,718 Jktkm, • * • V •» • *« w « 790,527 717, 177 2,022,807 128| 353 312,908 293,071 110,778 301,073 97,605 677,613 705^711 134,933 721,007 ■ ••••■•••Ml in «• • • #••>•• * «*• mmw m 734,302 878,401 1,470,984 1,681,814 • •***•'•••# •>««••****# 634,900 124,211 146,594 S.5,450 307,909 104,392 575, 177 123, 568 232,044 412,361 008,745 237,072 309,746 207,013 431,401 230,068 641,388 400,900 713,911 0,300,867 i 5,054,345 i 1,001^1 810 0,281,087 B,608||'flB0 10,4M,601 Sf 401, 0B8' 8|8l8|fi|B 8f SMf tKT * Annual StatemeBt of Trade of UnlWl Kliifdom, lili, Vol.1, pp. 397, 299, 801; Aoooiatg of Trade nd KiTigaUon of United Kingdom, Dec8iiilier7i9l7, pp. 94»^; JuM, 101%. pp. 333-235. Taiiii. .XII.— ■'Dkitorf 8mm tkmedk exports ofruttker tmt,fitml pern l$i&-1918^ ¥«lues. 1118 1 014 mo 1917 1918 Belgium FXAttBe** *•...*...«.........«...«• b ....... . Oreoee . .......:..............«.......... . Itiily. ........ a ... . .......... ................ .X^liFillgnl .............................. KllSflltl .......... a... ............ a . . .... llllM. .ElndgiMii. ... Total Eurepeim allies All otiier Surt^e. M»tJjK!ifr*^*-- . A'llPtll MMmMSSL ... . .................. ., VilllHl AniBllDlla. ........................ . nAtlft. ............... .1 ............. a ............ . OeiJWja. ... a *. a ........... a a ... . . . , . . . WorM, total W(rM,e3n)ept EuropeanaUles. . . JMtOTg. 402,366 22,831 '""ilm 383: 6* '600 1,345,582 |%'364 mm ''108 9,735 247 1.600 A, WW, {Mr ""o'Offl* 4,206 43,033 2,447 0,480 2,846,041 BMars. 745, 9B0 34,654 246,206 10,547 143,916 3,700,364 *"7i9*§45 2 000 63, 167 21,759 94,264 664,747 244,241 1, 716 745, 103 26,930 1,154,040 10,616,612 1,680,841 532,129 1, 049ii'01S 303i.409 2,911,188 81,799 12,787.538 196,218 4,881,567 147,641 1,656,372 62,437 2,212,970 1,823,685 SNI'lf ao n 00 CO IS 1-1 00 CO- too .HtO t~. 1— ( "til (O tad cpi s lO « eo r-l N 3=^ 00 mm 00 N ■>* ot»< com CO CO 00 i-i«Dao n 2S U5 eo 619 00 t0 05 B2 cot- • CO 8SB 00 « CO ^9 « 1-1 «< 0( CO oc CO s coco CO CO rr CO CO CI CO ss i CO I- N 1- !N CI O i-« d t» 0» 00 QO 1-1 00 00 00 S CO 1-1 to s CO iK% f"* CO §' 00 goo o ■■«. « eo 55 CO «0( CO to 00 00 H« «ik '«« ■ CO CO t- ■«< CD CO 2S CQ »-l IQ CO :9 8l":ii It 2S Cliil V SO; IB ifJT' wm 'PI S's'S'ss SB ss jaJ* J* SB iisSii SSS5 'Bp C*' ISf! _ * is 8ESS§ S S S s Wft i» 4^ a« V <0 6)00 2 SS ss o O - • s gflO ■ ( It • i •8 : i^'iQf ft t J"* •* #4 • S : SI • ■ • • f p4 *-« 319,027 ft o 2 ii • 'IB « • * ■ to ^^^^ ■' i. < t § • • • • oT Pi CO p^ Pi" Pi ss Si' 19 MS i •> Pi pi Pi cT I— < ss IS af 1 o 00 t-l ■eio' p4Q o ^ 1 ^. ^ pH OO ec OS is • 1-4 s 00 P4 o8S3 *« g Hi Pi o CO s 00 §S 3 CO S2 ubco 1 eoc § 9 i •-4 cf g" B" i s s" Pi Pi* Pi Pi 1 § 1 8 fi e 3 CI p^ CO 1 3 p* ^ p^ eoco»4 S3 S§ {! o Pi m fii' p4 CO Pi • : t • t CO • f5 IS i t. t 1. • • i 1 «o t* § pj • • • Pi p^ of oT OS Pi' 'win '•■1 »' IS •» ■>* i »■«■ 00 OS w4 00 m* CP cT Pi o" Pi "5 U5 "If ?c <-* 8 CO ii 1 S p4 p^ S8 |-» s t- pi pH Pi 3 S MS ©" pi Pi Pi S8 i oe g CO i e5co OS Pi 00 p4 M U3 00 oo" 3 CO us wt i 00 OS OS OS — CO S8 CO OS ft eo«cfl 40' C9 s COiHpH «o On oT cS p« ,"'8 pi 3 i to p4 as' •-1 OS lO OS ^ ei •^os "O toco"—" $ o ft s pi< 00 «" p« 1 Pi" 00 Pi Pi •» o i 5 V I « I o § ISI jB pi ■W • 00 O OtP ^00* 60 'OSX' 1 TEAM FOUOT OV THl UNITED KINGDOM, ;013-1»18. ft 81 rfilfll JHMIj Hriili Mtti JMk. ^3' wD I^B IHS OD' IPW JUb Is PS' m II 'IQII Mlh, M|t «m|, i^f*! 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