IHIIiliili^ HX64069419 R K53 P93 1911 Dental materia medic RECAP SS il II 91 i| il ! I FORMULARY ^ Ccftumbia Winibetaitp in ttie Citp of j^eto gorfe ^cfjool of Bental anb d^ral ^urgerp i^eference 2.itirarp Digitized by the Internet Arciiive in 2010 with funding from Columbia University Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/dentalformularypOOprin DENTAL FORMULARY A Practical Guide for the Preparation of Chemical and Technical Compounds and Accessories as Used in the Office and Laboratory by the Dental Practitioner r====^^=== WITH : An Index to Oral Diseases and Their Treatment D BY HERMANN PRINZ. M. D.. D. D. S. Professor of Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Pathology; Director of the Research Laboratory, Washington University Dental School, St. Louis, Mo. Second Edition, Revised and Reioritten PITTSBURGH. PA. LEE S. SMITH & SON CO. 1911 !\ Copyrighted 1911 by Lee S. Stnith 4' So7i Co. The lecturer must not be tlie ant, collecting all things indiscriminately from all quarters, as provender for his discourses; Nor the spider, seeking no materials abroad, but spinning his iveb of specidative doctrine from zvithin himself; But rather the bee, extracting crude honey from various Horvers, storing it up in the recesses of his brain, and submitting it to the operation of his internal faculties, until it be matured and ready for use. Lord Bacon. prelface to the second edition. The reception given to the first edition of the Dental Formulary was most gratifying, not only in this country but also in the remainder of the English speaking world. The issue practically became exhausted within a few months. Owing to many duties, the second edition has been delayed for some time. The text for the new edition of the Dental Formulary has been completely rewritten ; many important additions have been made, especially in regard to recent improvements concerning the preparation of investment compounds, im- pression waxes, and other materials used in the construction of metallic inlays. Some of the matter which has become obsolete has been discarded. A number of recipes has been modified according to present needs, and many tests have been carried out to verify the composition and construction of formulas. Only such formulas are presented which have shown to possess real merit and to be worthy of an extended trial at the hands of the profession. An earnest efl:'ort has been made to present the whole matter in a thoroughly up-to-date manner. The author wishes to thank his many professional friends who have assisted him most generously in the preparation of the second edition of the Dental Formulary. H. P. Washington University Dental School. St. Louisj IMo., August.. loii. FROM THE PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. The many inquiries regarding formulas for technical and chemical compounds, or special methods of procedure relative to the treatment of oral diseases, received from dental practitioners, has been the prime incentive to the preparation of this volume. Its object is to furnish the practitioner and student with a reliable guide of technical information as needed in the office and laboratory of a busy practice. No claim of originality is made for all the recipes and formulas — such complexity is rarely the product of a single brain. Due credit has been given wherever originality could be clearly established. The matter has been gleaned from English, German and French current literature and other sources. The author has carefully selected, modified when neces- sary, and in the majority of cases made tests to establish reliability. Each formula as represented in this work may be simply regarded as a basis ; it may be employed as such or modified to suit the conditions at hand. In general, however, it should be remembered that most of these formulas represent the practical results of mature minds who are known as experts in their specific branches. Formulas, recipes, and special processes as published in the dental journals, and even in text books, are frequently selected at random without due consideration of their prac- ticability or their trustworthiness ; they often contain mis- takes which naturally produce unreliable and, under cer- tain conditions, dangerous results. The book is primarily intended to be a practical guide, consequently all scientific theories or matters of controversy have been purposely omitted. While the author feels he has covered a wide field, yet he is aware of the fact that the book is of necessity incomplete in many respects. This, however, may be expected of any work of its size and nature. For most of the illustrations the author is indebted to his friend and former pupil, Dr. Jas. A. Brown, who has greatly assisted him in the preparation of this and other matters. The author further wishes to thank his many friends who by their assistance have been of much help to him. Whether a book of the nature of a dental formulary is needed by the English speaking practitioner, the future has to decide. Similar works published in German and in French have been successful. It is the intention of the author to continue the task before him, keeping the book up to date by constantly enlarging and modifying future editions according to need. May the little volume give to its reader an equal amount of joy as the author has experienced in preparing the same. H. P." St. Louis, Mo., April, 1907. 602 Century Building. CONTENTS. L Plaster of Paris preparations, separating media, cast varnishes, investment com- pounds for metallic plate bases and cast inla3'S, moulding materials, etc 11-27 II. Gutta-percha preparations, dental rubbers, modeling and inlay waxes, plastic im- ,. pression compounds, etc 28-45 III. Cements, adhesives, and varnishes 46-65 IV. Hard and fusible alloys, solders, fluxes, amalgams, refining of precious metals, tempering of metals, metal polishes, etc. 66-127 \'. Plating, coloring, lacquering, and etching of metals 128-153 VL Preparations for the mouth and teeth 154-178 VII. Pharmaceutical compounds 179-208 \TII. An index to oral diseases, their etiology, diagnosis and treatment ; including acci- dents of general and local anesthesia and acute poisoning. Urine — and saliva analysis 209-282 IX. Miscellaneous 283-328 X. Tables 329-342 CHAPTER I. PLASTER OF PARIS PREPARATIONS. SEPARA- TING MEDIA, CAST V-ARNISHES, IXVEST- MEXT COMPOUNDS FOR METALLIC PLATE BASES AND CAST INLAYS, MOULDING MA- TERIALS, ETC. TO COLOR PLASTER OF PARIS IMPRESSIONS. Dissolve a few crystals of red aniline (cosine) in the water which is used for mixing the plaster of Paris. TO INCREASE THE COHESION OF PLASTER OF PARIS FOR IMPRESSION PURPOSES. Add to the freshly mixed plaster of Paris a small quan- tity of loose fibers of absorbent cotton. IMPROVED IMPRESSION MATERIAL. I. Plaster of Paris lO parts Powdered asbestos 12 parts Powdered chalk 4 parts Marble dust i part X. B. — P;nts :is used in this Dental Formulan/ moan quantities by ^A•ei2■llt. . 11 12 DENTAL FOUMULAEY 2. Powdered sand 3 parts Powdered chalk 3 parts Marble dust 3 parts Plaster of Paris 6 parts The compound may be colored with Mineral Red, Crocus Martis, etc. Low fusible alloys may be readily poured into the dried and warmed impression made of these compounds. TO HARDEN PLASTER OF PARIS CASTS. I. Borax i part Water 50 parts Boil the dried plaster cast in the solution. Prepare a saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate and place the dried cast in this solution until it is saturated with it. Remove and dry. 3- Barium sulphate i part Hot water 10 parts Place the dried cast in the solution for about fifteen minutes. Remove and dry. Prepare a saturated solution of boric acid in hot water and add sufficient v/ater of ammonia to form the soluble ammonium borate. Mix the plaster with this cold solution N. B. — Parts as used in this Denial Formulary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOBMULAEY 13 or saturate the dry cast with it. In a few days the cast will be sufficiently hard to allow polishing- with a soft wheel brush. 5- Freshly slacked lime, sifted i part Plaster of Paris 6 parts Mix with hydrant water. The thoroughly dried cast made of this mixture is placed in a fairly saturated aqueous solution of zinc sulphate or iron sulphate and kept in the respective solution for two hours. It is then removed and dried. Zinc sulphate does not alter the white color of the cast, while iron sulphate produces a light green shade which, in time, gives an "oxidized" appearance to the cast. Casts prepared accord- ing- to this method are about twenty times as hard as ordinary plaster casts. The plaster cast is dried at about 250° F. until it is deprived of all moisture. It is now placed in a heated aqueous solution of barium hydrate (5%) and kept there until saturated. The cast is removed, dried and smoothened with fine sandpaper and placed in a 10 percent aqueous solu- tion of oxalic acid, in which it remains a few hours. The color of the cast is not altered by this treatment. If a per- manent tint is required, the plaster cast is placed, prior to the above treatment, into a fairly saturated solution of copper sulphate, or iron sulphate, or chrome sulphate, thus producing, respectively, bluish, greenish, and orange tints. (Wachsmuth's process.) N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. 14 DENTAL FOBMULABY 7- Marbleized Plaster of Paris Casts. Powdered alum 4 parts Ammonium chloride 4 parts Plaster of Paris 17 parts Mix thoroughly, stir in water, and cast in the ordinary way. 8. Encaustic Plaster of Paris Casts. Pleat the plaster cast to about 175° F. ; place into melted stearic acid and keep in this liquid from three to five minutes ; remove and, after drying, burnish with a soft brush until an even polish is obtained. Larger plaster casts may be saturated with a solution of Stearic acid 3 parts Gasoline* 20 parts After the evaporation of the gasoline the cast is treated as outlined above. 9- Beerite. Very fine marble dust 100 parts Very fine powdered glass 15 parts \^ery fine freshly slacked lime 7 parts * In all eases where gasoline or benzine is recommended for pre- paring solutions of fats, oils, resins, rubber, etc., for technical pur- poses, carbon tetrachloride is preferably employed. Carbon tetra- chloride (CCI4), commercially known as "Carbonna" and by other proprietary names, is a non-inflammable efficient substitute for the above hydrocarbons. N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Foninihir// mean quantities by weight DENTAL FOEMULABY 15 The carefully mixed and sifted powder is mixed with a thin aqueous solution of sodium silicate (dental silex, soluble g'lass) and immediately cast into the mould. The cast requires from three to four hours for complete hardening. Beerite produces very hard and sharp casts. TO HASTEN THE SETTING, AND TO PREVENT EXPANSION OF PLASTER CASTS. One part of potassium sulphate,' or sodium chloride, or alum, dissolved in eight parts of water before adding the plaster of Paris, hastens its setting very materially and, to some extent, prevents expansion. TO RETARD THE SETTING OF PLASTER CASTS. I. Mix the plaster of Paris with from two to four percent of powdered marshmallow root ; the addition of four per- cent retards the setting of the cast about one hour. Very small quantities of citric acid (lemon juice) or acetic acid (vinegar), added to the water before mixing the plaster of Paris, will retard its setting. TO PREVENT WARPAGE OF PLASTER CASTS. The prompt separation of the cast from the impression will largely obviate warpage. TO DISSOLVE "SET" PLASTER OF PARIS. Prepare a cold saturated solution of sodium hyposul- phate (also known as sodium thiosulphate or as the "hypo" of the photographer) in water and place the plaster of X. B. — Parts as us'^d in this Denial Formulary mean quantities by we i gilt. 16 DENTAL FOUMULABY Paris cast or article covered with it into this solution. An ordinary dental cast, when placed in this solution, will become completely disintegrated within a few hours. TO REMOVE PLASTER OF PARIS FROM RUBBER PLATES. Immerse the plate for a half hour into a weak solution of hydrochloric acid, remove, and wash in a weak solution of sodium carbonate. A SIMPLE MEANS OF REMOVING PLASTER OF PARIS BANDAGES. In spite of the use of special instruments, the removal of plaster of Paris bandages, etc., is often troublesome and, in case of a recent fracture, may cause injury. Methods of softening the plaster by water, either alone or with the addi- tion of salt, are rarely successful, as the bandage becomes coated with a layer of grease, which prevents their action. Satisfactory results have been obtained by thoroughly mois- tening the line of section with vinegar applied on a tampon of cotton wool. After a minute the plaster will be found completely softened so that it may be easily divided with a pocket-knife or ordinary scissors — a procedure easy for the surgeon and painless for the patient. By this method a plaster case for fracture of the femur, consisting of 80 turns of bandage, may be removed in about a minute and a half. TO REPAIR BROKEN PLASTER OF PARIS CASTS. (Model Cements.) I. Celluloid I part Acetone 2 parts Keep well corked and away from fire. N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOBMULAET 17 2. Solution of sodium silicate (dental silex, soluble glass) i part Barium sulphate, enough to make a paste. 3- Zinc oxyphosphate cement, mixed to a thin cream. P. S. : The plaster easts must be perfectly dry before any cement can be used successfully. SEPARATING FLUIDS FOR PLASTER OF PARIS CASTS. I. Powdered shellac 2 parts Borax i part Hot water — not boiling 32 parts Water-soluble aniline dye, enough to color. Put the ingredients into a bottle and shake well. The solution will be ready for use in two or three days. 2. Castor oil 3 parts Alcohol I part Alcohol-soluble aniline dye. enougn to color. This solution is ready for immediate use. 3- Scrubbing soap i part Hot water 8 parts Dissolve and add Lard oil 8 parts Shake well before using. N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formvlavy mean quantities by weight. 18 DENTAL FOEMULABY 4- Boiled linseed oil painted very thin over the impression forms a good separating medium. IMPRESSION VARNISHES. I. Sandarac -. 2 parts Alcohol* 5 parts 2. Shellac 2 parts Alcohol 6 parts VARNISHES FOR PLASTER CASTS. I. Sandarac 4 parts Mastic 2 parts Venice turpentine i part Alcohol 10 parts The varnish is colorless, elastic and leaves a fine, glossy surface. Any alcohol-soluble aniline dye may be added to give the desired tint. 2, Sandarac Varnish. Sandarac i part Rosin, light colored i part Alcohol 2 parts * Tax-free denatured alcohol, i. e., grain alcohol made unfit for internal purposes by the addition of small quantities of wood alcohol, etc.. may be successfully substituted for the high-priced pure grain alcohol in all technical preparations. N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. CENTAL FOJiMULAr^Y 19 Shellac Varnish. 3- Shellac i part Alcohol 3 parts P. S.: Alcoholic varnishes may be made elastic by the addition of 2 or 3 parts of castor oil to every 100 parts of the finished varnish. 1 4- Collodion Varnish. To four parts of sulphuric ether add two parts of collo- dion and two parts of "Silver Gloss" (to be obtained from dealers in painters' supplies). Let the mixture stand for 48 hours, and shake well before using. Keep well corked. 5- Dental Silex. Solution of sodium silicate, also known as liquid or solu- ble glass, is diluted with 2 to 3 parts of warm water. Let stand for ten days and pour off the supernatant solution. MOLDS FOR DUPLICATING PLASTER CASTS FROM ORIGINAL CASTS OR MODELS. I. Fresh slacked lime 10 parts Sugar 10 parts Glycerin 12 parts Dissolve the sugar in the glycerin by heating upon a water bath, and stir in the lime. N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantifies bv ■^•eifirht. ♦ 20 DENTAL FOBMULAHY 2. Carpenter's glue 25 parts Gelatin 25 parts Gh'cerin 35 parts Water 25 parts Olive oil 20 parts Place the glue, the gelatin and the water in an enameled rice boiler, let stand for twenty-four hours, heat until dis- solved and add the glycerin and olive oil under constant stirring. Directions : Place the dry, talc-coated model in the moulding flask and pour the warm solution over it. Let it stand until perfectly hard. Carefully remove the cast from the elastic mould. A number of casts may be obtained from the same mould. PREPARATION AND PAINTING OF DURABLE PLASTER CASTS. Professor Port, of the Heidelberg Dental School, has adopted the following method : Three parts of plaster of Paris and one part of whiting are very intimately mixed by running this mixture through a fine sieve. For a binding fluid a solution of French hare or any other good quality of carpenter's glue, in water, is used. This is prepared by soaking five parts of the glue in one hundred parts of water for about 12 hours and heating the mixture until solution takes place. A very thick mixture of the powder and the liquid glue is now prepared and, as this cannot be poured, it is carefully painted into the impression with a fine hair pencil. A few more layers are added with the pencil, rocking the tray after each addition to prevent air bubbles, and finally the tray is filled up with a spatula. At least twelve hours are necessary before the cast is separated. N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FORMULAEY 21 The impression should be well soaped ; no oil or varnish must be used. Modeling compound impressions must be perfectly dry. After separation, the cast should be further dried for about a week, when it is ready to be painted. A thin coat of boiled linseed oil is brushed over the surface and after this is thoroughly dry, the cast is then painted with artist's tube oil colors, thinned down with oil of turpentine. The follow- ing list of colors is given by the author: 3iladder lake 3, dark rose. Bright English red. Carmine cinnabar. Light ochre No. i. Brilliant yellow, light. Terra di Siena. Prussian blue. Parisian ultramarine. Green, light cinnabar. Burned Terra di Siena. Ivory black. Kremnitz white. Kremnitz white (a fine quality of white lead), mixed with carmine cinnabar is to be used to represent normal mucous membrane, while inflamed membrane will be nicely represented by madder lake mixed with light ochre; white, slightly blended with light ochre, produces a color similar to that of the teeth. The balance of the model is to be painted black. Water colors may be used for the same purpose ; the painted casts must then be varnished. 9 10 II 12 X. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formuhui/ moan quantities by weight. 22 DENTAL FOEMULAHY x\luminum enamel paint makes a good, durable cast varnish and paint combined. TO BRONZE PLASTER CASTS. Prepare the cast by sizing it once or twice with boiled linseed oil. The dry cast is now bronzed with any desirable shade of either dry or wet bronze. CLEANING OF PLASTER CASTS. I. Make a thick paste of powdered cornstarch and hot water, and, with a soft brush, paint the hot mixture evenly over the cast. The layer of starch must be cjuite thick. After drying slowly, the starch will split and may be scalded ofif with the dirt without injury to the cast. 2. Prepare a saturated solution of boric acid in ammonia water, place the dried cast in this solution until thoroughly saturated ; remove and dry. MOLDINE. Pure dry clay is mixed with sufficient glycerin to make a plastic mass. TO RESTORE HARDENED MOLDINE. Place the moldine in a vessel and cover with a mixture of Glycerin i part Water 9 parts Boil, under constant stirring, until the water is evaporated. X. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOEMULAEY 23 PLASTILINE. ( Artificial Modeling Clay.) Lard 50 parts Washed sulphur 30 parts Clay 14 parts Zinc oxide 6 parts MOLDING SAND. Molder's sand, a fine quality 3 parts Powdered clay i part Mix with Glycerin i part - Water 2 parts OILED MOLDING SAND. Best dry molding sand 5 parts Sperm oil ". i pari. Thoroughly mix and sift. INVESTMENT COMPOUNDS FOR SOLDERING, CHEOPLASTIC CASTINGS, ETC. I. Plaster of Paris 4 parts Molding sand 4 parts Fire clay i part Powder, mix and pass through a fine brass wire sieve. 2. Anthracite coal ash 20 parts Plaster of Paris 30 parts Powdered soapstone 3 parts Mineral red 2 parts N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. 24 DENTAL FOEMULABY 3- Plaster of Paris 2 parts Asbestos powder 5 parts Powdered soapstone i part 4- Plumbago i part Calcined marble dust i part Plaster of Paris 2 parts 5- Powdered soapstone i part Plumbago 3 parts Asbestos, grade No. 3 5 parts Plaster of Paris 7 parts P. S.: Pumice stone should not be used in an investment com- pound. Pumice stone is a form of vulcanic glass which readily melts when heated, thereby edging the enamel of the artificial teeth. Borax and silicates in the form of sand, etc., which are present in many investment compounds, readily unite, even at a low heat, to form a low fusing glass which may run over the teeth during soldering. The teeth become rough and covered with numerous small cracks. INVESTMENT COMPOUNDS FOR GOLD CAST INLAYS, ETC. I. English China clay 2 parts Powdered pure sand 2 parts Plaster of Paris 3 parts 2. Powdered soapstone i part Powdered asbestos 9 parts Plaster of Paris 10 parts Powdered pure sand lo parts X. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities \)y weight. DENTAL F0E21ULAIIY 25 3- Plaster of Paris ' 12 parts Powdered silex 5 parts Powdered Ceylon graphite 3 parts. 4- Powdered mica* i part ]\Iarble dust i part Plaster of Paris 2 parts 5- Plaster of Paris 2 parts Powdered silexf (lithowhite) 3 parts 6. Powdered soapstone 2 parts ]\[arble dust 2 parts Graphite 2 parts Plaster of Paris 6 parts 7- Good quality of ordinary dental plaster. . 2 parts Powdered mica i part Marble dust, pulverized fine i part Quantities are by measure, Jiot by weight. The mica and marble dust should both be pow- dered as fine as flour. * Powdei'ey weight. DENTAL FOBMULABT 49 basic zinc oxide may be prepared as follows : A pound of pure zinc oxide, prepared as above, or one of the English preparations known as Hubbuck's or Wilson's, is thor- oughly mixed with a quarter of an ounce of boric acid previously dissolved in water or alcohol. The mixture is tightly packed into a Hessian crucible covered with a fire- clay slab and put into a warm place to dry, and then exposed to a white heat for several hours. After cooling, the crucible is broken, the vitrified zinc oxide is powdered, passed through fine bolting-cloth, and bottled for use. The cement powder thus prepared should not be exposed to the atmos- phere, as it readily absorbs moisture. Cement powder may also be prepared by using a mixture of Pure zinc oxide 250 parts Pure magnesium oxide 50 parts Boric acid 5 parts or by mixing pure zinc oxide with a 2 percent nitric acid solution well diluted with water. The process of vitrifica- tion is the same as referred to above. Much of the basic zinc oxide used for dental cements in the United States is imported from Germany ; deHaen's Chemical Works, in List, near Hanover, enjoy a wide reputation for making a very pure article, especially adapted for such purposes. The tinting of the basic zinc oxide is best accomplished by adding suitable mineral colors. Black oxide of man- ganese, cadmium sulphide and cobalt blue are useful to produce the various shades desired. Only very small quan- tities are needed. Yellow ochre and Terra di Siena are also used for such purposes, but with less success. By keeping on hand small quantities of the colors referred to above, the various shades may be extemporaneously prepared. N, B. — Parts as used in this Dental Foi-mulary mean quantities by weight. 50 DENTAL FOBMULABY (See Appended Formulas for details in preparing the color materials.) For mixing the cement, a large, thick, polished glass slab and a stiff, non-corroding spatula are best adapted. The spatula should be of German silver; steel spatulas dis- color the cement, due to the action of the phosphoric acid. The best results, however, are obtained by using an agate spatula. "The manipulator who becomes familiar with the proper conditions during the mixing of cement as felt under the spatula will obtain far better results than one relying on the incorporating of definite proportions. In mixing any oxy-phosphate, the beginning must be a clean slab and spatula. Then the powder and liquid must be placed thereon sufficiently apart to render it possible to cut in a small addition of powder in a cleanly manner, and incorporate it thoroughly with the liquid, without having a borderland half-mixed, to help impart a clotty condition. Each addition of powder must be manipulated until there is the feeling and appearance of a thorough mixture before more powder is added in the same manner. Take plenty of time, making the additions of powder compare to the volume of the mix, i. e., as many separate additions in making a small mix as a larger one." (Ames.) The temperature of the glass slab should be approxi- mately 60° F. ; a little warmer in a cold room, and vice versa in a warm room. The humidity of the air also materially influences the setting of the cement. In connection with the application of oxy-phosphate cements the question is frequently asked : Why do pulpa die under an oxy-phosphate cement filling? Analyses made of various cement powders revealed the presence of certain arsenical compounds in very small quantities which were N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOEMULAHY 51 apparently demonstrated b>' the arsenical mirror. This test is seeming'!}- erroneous, as Mauser has shown. Cement pow- ders are frequentl}' tinted with ultramarine, a fine blue pig- nlent which is artificiall_\- prepared from a mixture of Glauber's salt, charcoal, soda and sulphur. The presence of small quantities of this pigment in the cement powder gives a sulphur mirror which closel\- resembles that of the arsen- ical mirror. It should Ije remembered that arsenical com- pounds, if present in the oxide, are probably completely volatilized during the vitrifying process of the latter, or they are changed to some inert compound. The dying of the pulps under an ox}'-phosphate cement filling is probably better explained by attributing it to the chronic irritation resulting from the free phosphoric acid present in an incom- pletely mixed cement, or to a poorly excavated cavity. Careful excavation and varnishing of the cavity prior to inserting the filling materially reduces the danger. Hydraulic cements, i. e., such as are used for inlay work, give better results, according to Ames, if the cavity prepared for their reception is slightlv moistened with water after it has been previously dehydrated with alcohol. The Oxy-chloride of Zinc Cements. The powder of these cements consists principally of pure white zinc oxide; it is rarely colored. The English zinc oxide ( Hubbuck's or \Mlson's) is, in general, to be pre- ferred for cement powders. The oxide should be thoroughly dried before it is employed, and kept in well-stoppered bottles to prevent absorption of moisture from the air. The liquid of the zinc ox\--chloride cements is usually composed of a concentrated solution of zinc chloride in water. A suitable liquid may be prepared by dissolving N. B. — Parts as used in tliis Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. 52 DENTAL FOBMULABY one ounce of zinc chloride in half an ounce of distilled water; after standing a few days, it is filtered and the solution is then ready for use. To reduce the quick setting of the cement, a small quantity of borax may be added to the powder. The so-called "Sorel" cement is a good example of this class of filling materials. (See Appended Formulas for details in preparing the cement.) The Oxy-Sulphate of Zinc Cement. The oxy-sulphate of zinc cement is probably best known in dentistry as "Fletcher's Artificial Dentine." The cement consists of a powder which is usually composed of a pure dry zinc oxide to which small amounts of dehydrated zinc sulphate and, sometimes, powdered gum mastic are added. The fluid is composed of a 40 percent solution of gum arable in water. (See Appended Formulas for details in preparing the cement.) The Silicate Cements. Within recent years much interest has been manifested here and abroad in a new form of dental cements known- as silicate cements. These cements are primarily intended to replace gold and, to some extent, porcelain as employed for filling purpose in the anterior teeth. On account of the translucency of the finished plug, these fillings resemble tooth structure closely, and this is probably the reason why they are so extensively used in England and on the Euro- pean continent. Cultured Europeans object seriously to visible gold fillings. The silicate cements have been in use for about six years, and of late they have been materially improved. Silicate cements are by no means of recent origin. For technical purposes, they are prepared by mixing liquid sodium or potassium silicate (dental silex) with pre- N. B. — Parts as iisod in this Dental Formvlary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FORMULARY 53 pared chalk, calcium oxide, zinc oxide and other suitable chemicals. As a dental filling material such mixtures are not suitable, although they have been experimented with extensively ; they require too much time for hardening. Manufacturing chemists have endeavored to incorporate into the powder of these new cements certain silicates, in conjunction with other suitable compounds, which when properly mixed with the ordinary cement liquid (acid phos- phate of zinc solution or liquid orthophosphoric acid) form a comparatively quick-setting cement. The resulting filling possesses the hardness of the ordinary phosphate of zinc cement, with an increased resistency to the fluids of the mouth and a peculiar porcelain-like translucency. A number of analyses have been published relative to the composition of the silicate cement powders, which, with a reasonable percentage of errors, show the following approximate composition : Quartz 28 to 35 percent Kaolin 50 to 55 percent Lime 10 to 12 percent Magnesia i to 2 percent Some manufacturers, in the circulars accompanying their cements, lay special stress upon the fact that the extraordinary qualities of their products depend upon cer- tain rare metals, especially ber\llium. Beryllium, also known as glucinum, is a rare metal belonging to the mag- nesium group. Its natural oxides are found in certain parts of France and of Norway, and they also occur in crystalline form as emerald, a gem of pure green color, and in opals. The kaolin mined in St. Yricux. France, of which the celebrated Limoges porcelain is made, contains beryllium oxide; and this verv kaolin, on account of its purity, enters N^ B." — Parts as used in this Dental Fornuilari/ moan (juantities bv Aveicrht. 54 DENTAL FOEMULAEY largely into the make-up of some of the silicate cement powders. According to a German patent, Ascher's artificial enamel is prepared as follows : A solution of basic beryl- lium nitrate, Be( XOo)o.2BeO, is precipitated with sodium silicate, NaoSiO,. The precipitate is kept under water for some time. It is then filtered, washed, dried, and lightly calcined. The resultant preparation is ground very fine and mixed with powdered glass or pure china clay. Schoenbeck's process consists in taking sodium- aluminum fluoride (cryolite), silicic acid and calcium oxide, fusing the same with a beryl admixture up to 5 percent, cooling and pulverizing, and then adding to the resultant powder a phosphoric acid (meta-, ortho- or pyro-) con- taining a little aluminum hydroxide in suspension, until a plastic mass ensues. The making of cements of the silicate group as well as of the oxy-phosphate group requires a great deal of tech- nical knowledge which is imperative for its ultimate success. An intimate knowledge of the manufacture of these cements is of less importance to the user than certain definite details regarding its manipulation. For this reason the detailed instructions accompanying the various cements should be closely observed to insure success. Test fillings made in extracted teeth are the best means to acquire the necessary technique. For mixing the cement, nothing but a spatula made of some non-metallic, impervious material will do ; an agate spatula gives by far the best service. A few burnishers and round-headed instruments made of agate, bloodstone, or of platinum, gold, nickel and tantulum, or plated therewith, arc essential. Aletal instruments should be coated with a thin film of vaseline. Silicate cement N. B. — Parts as used in tliis Denial Formulart/ mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOBMULAEY 55 possesses much less adhesiveness than the oxy-phosphate cements, consequently the suitable preparation of the cavity should be duly considered. It should not be packed into the cavity in small pellets, but rather the entire bulk of the filling should be placed at once, pressed into position, and shaped accordingi}-. Ample time must be allowed for thorough setting under the rubber dam. The filling is polished with strips and discs well vaselined, and after the filling is finished it should be well coated with melted paraffin. To avoid discoloration of the cement in mixing and filling, Ascher has issued the following instructions for the manipulation of his '^'Artificial Enamel" : Discoloration is absolutely impossible if the enamel is rightly treated. If the material were at fault, every filling inserted would discolor — not an occasional one, as is gener- ally the case. There are three reasons for discoloration existing. First — The entering of foreign pigments or secretions into the filling. If the enaniel is properly mixed and intro- duced under sufficient pressure, there is not the slightest porosity (as exact measurements have proven) and an intrusion of foreign matter is impossible. If, however, the material has been indifferently mixed and not properly con- densed, it contains loose particles of powder that have not been compounded, and spaces which, in mixing, being pressed into the tough mass, are filled with air. The enamel is porous and liable to absorb foreign matter. To avoid this, mix quickly, incorporating all powder possible, until the mass curls from the slab when the flat side of the spatula is run lightly over it ; then thoroughly mix with heavy spatu- lation to force out the air particles. Introduce under heavy X. B. — Parts as uschI in this Dental Formularij luoau quantities by weight. 56 DENTAL :F0BMULABY pressure, for the same reason. If the pulp is nearly exposed, use cavity lining to avoid strangulation. As long as the material is plastic, everything coming in contact with it must be non-metallic and absolutely clean. Second — If the surface of the filling is rough or poor margins exist, foreign pigments, which change the color of the whole tooth by deposits, will influence the surface and boundaries. The deposits of the pigments on a rough sur- face are much more intense and stay considerably stronger. The roughness is caused by using coarse strips and discs, by insufficient polishing, and by destroying the upper sur- face in cases where the filling is exposed to the saliva too soon. To avoid this, construct an exact and nicely finished margin. The filling must not come below the margin of the cavity. A very smooth, highly polished surface must be obtained, and there must be sufficiently long protection against saliva, so much more the thinner the enamel was mixed. Stir liquid thoroughly each time, discard residue of bottle, and keep rubber dam on for at least twenty minutes. Third — The enamel in itself contains no substances which through any reaction could shape any pigment. It does contain pigments usually found in all silicates and other cements, and these are, of course, sensible to certain influences. Sulphureted hydrogen and proceeds of reduction can be observed as causes of darkening. But the forming of sulphureted hydrogen and proceeds of reduction are hardly possible, and one can scarcely attach much impor- tance to them. Should they appear, however, they could only cause a superficial discoloration — "a slight indication" — which may be easily removed by a toothbrush or, eventually, by a little tooth powder. In this case a deeper or stronger discoloration is impossible. N. B. — Parts as used in this Vrnlal Formvlarij moan quantities by weight. DENIAL FOKMULAH'i 57 In the darkening of lingual fillings one thing must be observed. Discoloratio'n of the surface in consequence of roughness is more liable here, as the lingual side of the teeth cannot be kept clean. In addition, in a mirror a filling always appears considerably darker on account of the optical difference of the tooth substance. AMALGAM CEMENT. Freshly mixed amalgam and oxy-phosphate of zinc cement, mixed to a thick creamy consistency, about equal parts, are thoroughly incorporated and inserted into the cavity. OXYPHOSPHATE OF ALUMINUM. Powder. Aluminum powder 40 parts Oxy-phosphate of zinc cement powder. . . 60 parts Liquid. Oxy-phosphate of zinc cement liquid. OXYPHOSPHATE OF COPPER. Powder. Black oxide of copper 50 parts Oxy-phosphate of zinc cement powder. . . 50 parts Liquid. Oxy-phosphate of zinc cement liquid. Is. B. — r.-irts ;iN usiMi ill iliis Denial Furmulary moau quantities by weight. 58 DENTAL FOBMULABY OXYPHOSPHATE OF GOLD. Powder. Precipitated gold powder 2 parts Oxy-phosphate of zinc cement powder. . . i part Liquid. Oxy-phosphate of zinc cement liquid. OXYSULPHATE OF ZINC CEMENT. (Artificial dentine.) Powder. Powdered mastic • 7^ parts Calcined zinc oxide 100 parts Calcined zinc sulphate 12 parts Liquid. Gum arable 25 parts Water 65 parts Alcohol 10 parts Liquid phenol 0.2 parts OXYCHLORIDE OF ZINC CEMENT. (Sorel's Dental Cement.) I. Powder. Zinc sulphate, exsiccated i part Zinc oxide 3 parts Mix and calcine in a sand crucible at a red heat for about to minutes ; remove, powder, and bolt through fine cheesecloth. Keep in well-stoppered bottles. N. B. — Parts as iisod in this Denial Fnrmvlarri moan quantities by weight. DENTAL FOJUHLAUY 59 Liquid. Zinc chloride 50 parts Water 25 parts Let stand for 24 liours and filter. 2. Powder. Powdered white glass. 3 parts Zinc oxide, calcined 9 parts Liquid. Borax ^ part Zinc chloride 20 parts Hot water 6 parts TIN CEMENT. Powder. Sponge tin powder (see page 71) i part Oxy-phosphate of zinc cement powder. . i part Liquid. Oxy-phosphatc of zinc cement liquid. GUTTA PERCHA CEMENT FOR SETTING CROWNS, BRIDGES, ETC. Aristol 10 parts Oil of eucalyptus 30 parts Chloroform 30 parts Pink base plate gutla percha, enough to make a stiff paste. X. B. — Parts as used in tliis Denial Furmularj/ moan qiiantitie-j by weight. 60 DENTAL fOBMULAEY CEMENT FOR REPAIRING CELLULOID. The broken surfaces are brushed with a mixture of three parts alcohol and four parts ether, and as soon as the celluloid has softened the pieces are firmly pressed together. Instead of the alcohol-ether mixture the following solution may be employed : Camphor i part Shellac 5 parts Alcohol 20 parts Or, Camphor i part Shellac i^ parts Alcohol 30 parts CEMENT FOR PORCELAIN, GLASS, ALABASTER, ETC. (Diamond Cement.) Isinglass 60 parts Water 200 parts Alcohol 20 parts Cut the isinglass into small pieces and soak in the mixed liquids for 24 hours ; apply gentle heat until fully dissolved. Make a solution of Gum ammoniac 10 parts Alcohol 25 parts Water 25 parts and a solution of Gum mastic 20 parts Absolute alcohol 120 parts X. B. — Parts as used in tliis Dental Formulary moan quantities by weight. DENTAL FOFMCLAFY 61 Mix the gum ammoniac solution with the isin- glass solution ; boil and strain through flannel ; add the gum mastic solution and evaporate on a water- bath until the whole weighs 240 parts, and pour in small wide-mouthed bottles. To use the cement, place the bottle in hot water until the cement becomes liquid. Apply with a wooden stick upon the broken surface and tie together for 24 hours. PULP CAPPING CEMENT. Powder. Calcium oxide 5 parts Zinc oxide 95 parts Liquid. Solution of formaldehyde ^ part Phenol cr\'stals 5 parts Eugenol 95 parts CEMENT FOR HOLDING SMALL OBJECTS IN PLACE FOR FILING, ENGRAVING, ETC. (Jeweler's Cement.) Burgundy pitch 4 parts Rosin 4 parts Yellow beeswax 2 parts Plaster of Paris 2 parts Melt the pitch, rosin and wax over a low fire and stir in the plaster of Paris. Roll into sticks with wet fingers. N. B. — Parts as used in this Denial Fornuilari/ mean quantities by weight. 62 DENTAL FOEMULART RUBBER CEMENT FOR DENTAL BASE PLATES. I. Caoutchouc lO parts Carbon disulpliide, enough to make a thick Hquid Keep in well-stoppered bottles. 2. Unvulcanized dental rubber lo parts Chloroform, enough to make a thick liquid. LIQUID GLUE. Best glue 50 parts Water 30 parts Let stand over night ; apply gentle heat until dis- solved, and add to the hot solution : Nitric acid .• 3 parts Glycerin 4 parts PULP VARNISHES. I. Phenol, crystals i part Collodion 10 parts Yellow rosin 10 parts Ether 40 parts 2. Gum mastic 2 parts Balsam of Peru . 2 parts Chloroform 6 parts •N. B.-^Parts as used in this Dental Formuldry mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOEMULAHY 63 CAVITY VARNISHES. I. Select gum copal 50 parts Ether 50 parts Betanaphthol 5 parts Dissolve, filter through a well-covered filter, and add enough ether to make the whole measure 75 parts 2. Gum dammar i part Rosin, light-colored. 6 parts Ether 4 parts Alcohol 4 parts 3- Gum camphor 6 parts Gum copal 25 parts Ether 50 parts 4. Gum copal 2 parts Acetone 3 parts 5- (CarboHzed Rosin.) Rosin 4 parts Phenol crystals ■ 4 parts Chloroform 3 parts N". B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. 64 DENTAL FOUMULABY TO PREPARE A CLEAR VARNISH. The filtering of alcoholic varnishes is accomplished with many difficulties. A satisfactory clear varnish is readil> obtained by thoroughly shaking the varnish with about 5 percent perfectly dry kaolin and setting aside in a warm place until the impurities have been carried to the bottom of the vessel by the heavy kaolin particles. Shellac var- nishes are clarified by adding about 25 percent of gasoline to dissolve certain waxy compounds present in the shellac. The supernatent gasoline solution has to be drawn ofif from the transparent shellac varnish before the latter is ready for use. CEMENT FOR STEAM FITTINGS. Red lead 4 parts White lead 10 parts Powdered clay 8 parts Boiled linseed oil, enough to make a stiff paste. TO CEMENT IRON TO IRON. Pieces of iron can be cemented so firmly together as to withstand a blow of considerable force, by the following process, which is admirably adapted to the mending of cracked and broken iron mortars : Mix intimately six parts each of sulphur and white lead and one part of powdered borax. Wet the mass with strong sulphuric acid and apply at once a thin layer of it co the edge of each of the surfaces to be united. Bring the pieces together by strong pressure and leave them at rest, placing in such a position that they cannot fall apart. In repairing a cracked mortar, insert, if possible, a thin wedge at the initial point of the crack, pushing it in care- jSr. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formularij mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOBMULABY 65 fully so as not to fracture the iron. Then place the cement in the crack, beginning- at the lower end, and. when the fissure is fille,d up remove the wedge. Xow wind a few ' rolls of strong copper wire around the object and. with a pair of forceps, tighten the wire so as to bring the fractured edges into intimate contact. In a short time the joint will be as firm as any other part of the object. N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. CHAPTER IV. HARD AND FUSIBLE ALLOYS, SOLDERS, FLUXES, AMALGAMS, REFINING OF PRECIOUS MET- ALS, TEMPERING OF METALS, METAL POL- ISHES, ETC. ALLOYING OF GOLD PLATE OF VARIOUS CARATS. (After William H. Dorrance.) Pure gold may be alloyed for dental purposes with an alloy consisting of Pure silver 40 parts Pure copper 60 parts, according to the following equation : Present weight X present carat = whole mass ; Required carat or, in figures, for making i8-carat gold, 100 grs. pure gold 100 grs. X 24 carats 20 grs. pure copper (60%) =.18)2400 = 1331/3 gr. = 131/3 grs. pure silver (40%) 18 carats 133% grs. = whole mass. COIN GOLD. An American ten-dollar goldpiece weighs 258 grains and is 21.6-carat fine. It consists of N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. 66 DENTAL FOFMrLATlY 67 Pure ,8:ol(l .' 90 parts Pure copper . . . .' 9 parts Pure silver I part A^arious carat dental gold plate may be made as follows, according to the above formula : 18 Carat Gold Plate. Coin gold 100 parts Pure copper 9 parts Pure silver 1 1 parts 19 Carat Gold Plate, Coin gold 100 parts Pure copper 5|- parts Pure silver 8:1 parts 20 Carat Gold Plate. Coin gold loo.o parts Pure copper 1.8 parts Pure silver 6.2 parts 22 Carat Gold Plate. Coin gold , . , 100 parts Pure gold 75 parts Pure silver 5 parts GOLD ALLOYS. 14 Carats. YcIIoTi' Pale Red Red Pure gold 14 parts 14 parts 14 parts Pure silver 6 parts 3 parts i part Pure copper. ... 4 parts 7 parts 9 parts N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary meau: quantities by weight. ,■.. 68 DENTAL FOEMULABY 16 Carats. Yelloiv Red Pure gold i6 parts i6 parts Pure silver 4f parts if parts Pure copper 3-^^ parts 6f parts 18 Carats. Yellozv Red Pure gold 18 parts ■ 18 parts Pure silver 3^ parts 2^ parts Pure copper 2| parts 3^ parts 20 Carats. Pure gold 20 parts Pure silver 2 parts Pure copper 2 parts GOLD PLATE FOR SEAMLESS CROWNS; EVANS. Coin gold 5 parts Pure gold 13^ parts Pure silver i-| parts CROWN GOLD; EVANS. Coin gold 5 parts Pure gold 9 parts Pure silver - i part CLASP METAL; EVANS. Pure gold 10 parts Copper 2 parts Silver i part Platinum i part N. B. — Parts as used in this Denial Formulary mean quantities by weight. DENIAL FOUMULAEY 69 SUBSTITUTES FOR GOLD. I. Copper 1 1. 71 parts Platinum . 2.40 parts Silver 3.53 parts 2. Zinc I part Copper 7 parts Platinum 16 parts SILVER ALLOY. Pure silver . 9 parts Pure copper i part ALLOYS FOR CHEOPLASTIC CASTINGS. Lower Denture Alloy. Gold I part Silver 2 parts Tin o 20 parts Samsioe's Alloy. Platinum . 3^ parts Gold 2i- parts Silver 29 parts Tin 65 parts Watt's or Weston's Alloy. Silver i part Tin 5 parts X. B. — Parts as used iu this Denial FormuJari/ moan quantities by \veight. i70 DENTAL FOSMULAEY ALUMINUM ALLOY. I. Silver 5 parts Aluminum 95 parts [A'otc. — Aluminum base plates should not be invested in plaster of Paris which has been mixed with salt water. Sodium chloride in the presence of organic or inorganic acids will destroy aluminum.] 2. Copper I part Silver 6 parts Aluminum 93 parts ALUMINUM BRONZE. Copper 90 parts Aluminum 10 parts This alloy is used as a substitute for low-carat gold plate, and is extensively employed at present in the manu- facture of regulating appliances. It possesses a color similar to gold, is tenacious, ductible and malleable, and melts at about 1800° F. It may be soldered with 16 — 18 carat gold .solder. Clasps may be made from this bronze. They should be thoroughly annealed and very slowly cooled, so as to retain a strong spring temper. DENTAL ALLOY. Platinum i part vSilver 3 to 5 parts It melts at about 1800° F. It is soft and pliable and in N. B. — Parts as nsfcl in this Dental Formulary mean qnaritities by weight. DENTAL FOjRMULAEY 71 many respects superior to pure silver. Dental rubber may be vulcanized to dental alloy without destroying its integ- rity. It may be soldered with i8 carat gold solder or with silver solder. MAGNALIUM. An alloy of aluminum with lo — 15 percent of mag- nesium, having a specific gravity 2.4 to 2.6. It has a silver- white color, is tenacious and ductible, and is recommended as a superior substitute for aluminum intended for plate work. Magnalium plate, No. 20 gauge, has a tensile strength of about 30.000 pounds per square inch. Mag- nalium resists oxidation more readily than aluminum, and is almost unafifected by dry or damp air, water, gaseous ammonia, carbonic acid, sulphureted hydrogen, and most organic acids. The thermal conductivity of magnalium is much greater than that of aluminum. VICTORIA METAL. An alloy composed of copper, nickel and zinc. It is in many respects equal to aluminum bronze, but softer, and possesses no elasticity. SPONGE TIN; SCHEURER. A solution of pure stannic chloride is precipitated with pure zinc, and the resultant sponge-tin is thoroughly washed in boiling water, until free from all acidity, and dried in a drying-room. The sponge-tin appears as a gray felt, con- sisting partly of light, dustlike tin particles, partly of metallic fibers and scales. It is used for filling teeth much like moss-fiber gold. Pluggers as used for sponge-gold are advised for making fillings. N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulari/ mean quantities by weight. 72 DENTAL FOEMULAEY PLATINOID. Copper 60 parts Nickel 15 parts Zinc 24 parts Tungsten i part ENGLISH "GERMAN" SILVER; BIRMINGHAM. Nickel 72.00 parts Silver 23.40 parts Bismuth 4.20 parts Gold 0.75 part GERMAN SILVER. Copper 60 parts Zinc 25 parts Nickel 15 parts COMMERCIAL ALLOYS. Bidery Alloy. Zinc 31 parts Copper 2 parts Lead 2 parts Magnolia Alloy. Lead 40 parts Antimony 7^ parts Tin 2} parts Bismuth ^ part Aluminum l part Graphite :1 part Gauge Alloy. Copper 60 parts Zinc 40 parts Iron 1 2 parts Tin I part X. B. — Piirts ;is uk?'(1 in lliis DcnUil Formularij mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOEMULABY 73 Alpaca Alloy. Copper 40 parts Zinc 32 parts Nickel 8 parts Alger Alloy. Tin 90 parts Antimony • 10 parts Argusoid Alloy. Copper 55.5 parts Zinc 23.2 parts Nickel 13.4 parts Lead 3.5 parts Tin 4.0 parts Ashberry Alloy. Tin 80 parts Antimony 18 parts Copper 2 parts Bibra Alloy. Lead 40 parts Tin 9 parts Bismnth 8 parts Boudoin Alloy. Copper 72.0 parts Nickel 16.6 parts Cobalt 1.8 parts Zinc T.o part Aluminum 0.5 part jST. B. — Parts ns iiscil in this Drntal Fornnihirii moan qnantilios by weight. 74, DENTAL F0E2IULAEY Ruoltz Alloy. Silver . 20 parts Copper 50 parts Nickel 30 parts Reetz Alloy. Copper 15.00 parts Tin 2.34 parts Lead 1.82 parts Antimony i.oo part LOW FUSION ALLOYS. Anti- Cad- Bis- Melts at, mony Lead Tin mlum mutli deg. F. Brophy's o 2f 2-i o 3 240 Berry's 4 10 16 o 16 Crouse's o 5 5 i 8 190 Erman's o i i o 2 199 Harper's o 4 4 i 7 180 Hodgen's 2 5 3 o 8 224 Melotte's o 3 5 o 8 205 Merck's o 25 25 20 55 . 1.62 Molyneau's o 3 2 2 5 140 Newton's o 2 3 o 5 212 Richmond's o 5 3 o 8 202 Rose's o 8 3 o 8 203 Simpson's o 19 20 13 48 Wood's I o 4 2 I 7 158 Wood's 2 o 20 40 26 96 135 Note: The metals have to be melted accordinq- to the above arrangement, i. e., melt the antimony first, when com- pletely melted, add the lead, then the tin, then the cadmium and finally, under constant stirring (with a low flame) the bismuth. N. B. — Parts as used in this Drnial Formvlarj/ mean qnantities by weight. DENTAL FOEMCLJFY 75 LOW FUSING ALLOYS FOR VALVE PLUGS. Melting Point Lead Tin Bism °F. 212 125 125 75 257 100 100 100 293 200 200 100 3" 280 300 50 335 200 240 50 347 300 200 50 . 374 100 100 c DIE- AND COUNTER-DIE METALS. Die Metals. Copper Antimony Zinc I 3 o 39 2 6 3 . 48 3. (.Haskell's) i 2 O Counter-Die Metals. Lead Tin 1 4 I 2 3 I 3. ( Haskell's) 5 i Tin 10 Bismuth o 2 o BABBITT METAL; HASKELL. This is the only metal having' all the fine requirements for a dental die. which arc ( i) non-shrinkage; (2) hardness, so as not to batter: (3) toughness, so as not to break; (4) a smooth surface; (5) melting at a low temperature. The proper formula is copper, i part; antimony, 2 parts; tin. 8 N. B. — Ports as used in this DrntaJ Formulari/ moan quantities by weight. 76 DENTAL FOSMULAEY parts : melting in the order named. Do not overheat, as it will oxidize the tin. SPENCE METAL. (Invented by Berger Spence, London.) Sulphur I part Native iron pyrites, in very fine powder . . 2 parts Melt the sulphur in an iron or earthenware pot and stir in the pyrites. Spence metal melts at about 260° F. ; it is very hard and contracts slightly on cooling. It gives sharp impressions and may be cast into oiled plaster of Paris impressions. It is largely used as a die metal in the dental laboratories of England and on the European continent. SOLDERS. Gold Solder Alloy; Dorrance. Pure silver. . .■ i part Pure zinc 2 parts Pure copper 3 parts The silver and copper are melted together in a sand or graphite crucible lined with borax ; the zinc, wrapped in tissue paper to prevent oxidation, is f|uickly thrust into the molten mass and the whole is stirred together with a clay- pipe stem held in a ])air of tongs. To prepare solder, melt one part of this allo\- with seven parts of clippings of the gold plate under construction. N". B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formnlonj mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOl^MULAEY 77 GOLD SOLDERS. I. For 14 carat 16 carat 18 carat 20 carat gold gold gold gold Coin gold 13 15 17 19 Silver 7 5 4 4 Copper 3 3 2 2 Brass* i i i i Melt together from five to'seven parts of scraps of the g"old plate under construction with one part of brass pins. LOW FUSING GOLD SOLDER. 14 carat gold solder i part Silver solder i part GOLD SOLDERS MADE FROM COIN GOLD. For 20 Carat Gold Plate. $5.00 gold piece 15 grains cadmium. For 18 Carat Gold Plate. $5.00 gold piece 16 grains copper 16 grains cadmium * Englisli brass jiins furnish a good quality of brass for such purposes. N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formiilarj/ mean quantities by weight. 78 DENTAL FOEMULAEY For 14 Carat Gold Plate. $5.00 gold piece 16 grains silver 48 grains copper 16 grains cadmium 5- Gold Solders; Zinc Type. For 14 carat 18 carat 20 carat 22 carat gold gold gold gold Pure gold 50 65.5 73.7 82.5 Pure silver 26 19.0 12.0 8.0 Pure copper 18 lo.o 9.1 4.3 Pure zinc 8 7.0 7.0 7.0 Gold Solders; Zinc-Cadmium Type. For 14 carat 16 carat i 8 carat 20 carat gold gold gold gold Pure gold . . . .• 57.5 65.0 74.0 82.3 Pure silver. . . . 13.0 9-5 6.5 3-8 Pure copper. . . . 22.0 18.0 12.0 8.3 Pure zinc 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 Pure cadmium. . 12.0 10.5 ,10.0 8.5 .Small crevices, holes, etc., may be easily covered with solder by first filling these cavities with sponge gold. PLATINUM SOLDER. Platinum 25 parts Gold 75 parts K B. — Parts as used in this Dental Fnrmiilarji mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOBMULABY 79 IRIDIO-PLATINUM SOLDER. I. Use Platinum Solder. Watt's Crystal Gold and Platinum makes an easy flow- ing; lo percent platinum solder for uniting the frame-work in inlay — crown — bridge — or continuous gum work. It flows almost as easily as pure gold. It should be used with a fiux. (W. L. Fickes). SILVER SOLDERS. I. Pure silver 6 parts Pure copper 3 parts Pure zinc i part 2. Coin silver , 90 parts Zinc 10 parts 3- Pure silver 12 parts Brass (English brass pins) 5 parts 4- Pure silver 12 parts Brass (English brass pins) 6 parts SOLDER FOR NICKEL OR GERMAN SILVER. Use Silver Solder. N. B. — Parts as used in this Denial Formularj/ mean quantities by AA-eight. 80 DENTAL FOBMULABY ALUMINUM SOLDER; MONREY. I. 2. 3. Tin 80 85 88 Copper 8 6 5 Aluminum I2 9 7 SOFT SOLDER. Low Medium High Lead 2 i i Tin I I ' 2 FLUXES. For Hard Soldering. I. Calcined borax . , i part Yellow vaseline 2 parts Rub up in a mortar into a uniform, smooth paste. 2. Borax 16 parts Boric acid 8 parts Ammonium chloride 4 parts Potassium carbonate ^' part Hot water 125 parts 3.; DodeL Borax 7 parts Boric acid 7 parts Distilled cold water 50 parts Shake, until dissolved. N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulari/ mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOBMULaEY 81 4- Calcined borax . .' 4 parts Calcined sodium chloride 3 parts Calcined potassium carbonate 2 parts 5- Calcined borax 7 parts Ammonium chloride , I part 6. Phosphoric acid, U. S. P 5 parts Water 5 parts Alcohol 5 parts For Soft Soldering. I. Dental cement liquid (Phosphoric acid.) . . i part Alcohol I part Zinc 5 parts Hydrochloric acid 10 parts Dissolve, and. after reaction has ceased, add Ammonium chloride . . 3 parts Water 10 parts 3- Pieces of zinc are dissolved in hydrochloric acid until the acid is saturated. The resultant solution of zinc chloride is mixed with an equal amount of a mixture of water of N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. 82 DENTAL FOBMULAEY ammonia and alcohol. After standing a few days the solu- tion is filtered and is then ready for use. 4- Zinc chloride 2 parts Water 4 parts Alcohol 4 parts 5- Rosin 45 parts Suet 45 parts Melt, and add, with constant stirring Ammonium chloride lo parts FLUX FOR SOLDERING ALUMINUM. Stearic acid 8o parts' Zinc chloride lo parts Tin chloride lo parts SOLDERING FOR REPAIRING BROKEN METAL, FINE INSTRU- MENTS, ETC., WHEN HEAT WOULD BE INJURIOUS. (Cold Solder.) Flux — Metallic sodium i part Mercury 50 parts (Keep in glass stoppered bottle.) Solder — Silver 8 parts Tin 10 parts Bismuth i part Platinum i part Melt together, cast in an ingot and rasp to filings. Mix filing, 3 parts, and flux, i part, to a smooth paste when N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOEMULABI 83 about to use. Omitting the bismuth gives a granular mass suitable for filling crevices : omitting the platinum reduces the strength and requires an hour to harden. THE MANUFACTURE OF DENTAL AMALGAM ALLOYS. (N. K. Garhart.) The metal formulas of all dental amalgam alloys that are usually found on the market are composed of two or more of the following four metals : silver, tin. copper and zinc. Silver, tin and copper are the metals most com- monly used, although zinc in conjunction with these three is becoming more frequently used. Gold and platinum are not used to any appreciable extent. Only minute traces of these metals can be found in the so-called gold and platina alloys. It is not the expense of making the allo}" that con- cerns the average manufacturer, but the expense of market- ing his products precludes the use of such expensive metals. Simple silver and tin formulas are rarely used nowadays. The test of time has proven that such simple formulas make very poor alloys. Copper and zinc have an effect of con- trolling the shrinking factor of an alloy, also hastening its setting properties. That copj^er toughens and increases the edge-strength has been known for many years. It also is well known that it causes discoloration when present in large quantities. Aluminum, bismuth and antimony have been exploited for the purpose of adding some special virtue to alloys. I must admit that I have never found any advant- ages in using any of these metals. Alloys containing ap- preciable amounts of bismuth and antimony' discolor the hand to an unusual degree while aluminum can never be used in quantities beyond one percent. If larger amounts X. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by ^Yeight. 84 DENTAL FOEMULARY of aluminum are used the amalgam will suddenly decom- pose, setting free the mercury and converting -the other metals to oxides. Various forms of hronze have been sug- gested for imparting a beneficial action to alloys. My ob- servation and experience has been that such beneficial results are mainly due to copper, which constitutes about 80 to 90 percent of the bronze. Most amalgam authorities claim that silver is the. expanding element and tin the contracting element of all amalgamating alloys. Hereinafter my experiments will prove that this is not altogether true. We have heard a great deal of discussion in regard to the so-called white alloys, and the question is daily asked us if our alloy will maintain its color indefinitely in the mouth. Since I believe that the discussion of color should come under the head of formulas, I propose to dis- pose of this matter now. Amalgams either oxidize or sul- phidize in the mouth. I actually believe that most of the discoloration is due to oxidation. We all know that any form of gold under i8k will rapidly discolor in the mouth; hence if it requires pure gold from 80 to 90 percent fine to prevent discoloration, why should it not require the same amount of gold to prevent amalgam from discoloring? You will readily appreciate the fact that it is impossible to use such a high percentage of gold, and experience has proven that even 15 percent of gold will not prevent dis- coloration in amalgam fillings. Of course manufacturers say that they make alloys that will not discolor, but you may believe as much of this story as you wish. We know that some alloys discolor more easily than others. You can always attribjLite this cause to the presence of too much tin or copper and sometimes both metals. The reason why a great many alloy fillings retain their bright color in the N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOEMULAEY 85 mouth is clue to the constant poHshing that the}- receive from the mastication of food. You cannot attribute the retention of color to any other cause, inasmuch as minute quantities of other metals and special methods of preparing the alio}- will not protect the amalgam from discoloring. In chemistry we have certain fixed and immutable laws v^hich are beyond the control of man. It is common belief that the smelting of alloys is a simple procedure. All that is required is a crucible, the metals, some borax and a furnace in which we are to liquify the metals with heat. To the competent metallurgist the proper smelting of alloys is not a difficult proceeding. That it requires technique and skill is perfectly true. Not all formulas are melted alike ; hence a full knowledge of the chemistry of metals is required. ]\Iost metals have a great affinity for oxygen when in a molten state, and some of them are volatile at certain temperatures. To preserve the integrity of the formulas so that loss due to volatiliza- tion and liquation, or separation of the metals will not occur during the smelling and pouring process are a few of the important features to which the metallurgist must give careful attention. In regard to the furnace work I will say that the gas and air must be under perfect control. This requires the use of delicate regulators. Both gas and air should be under, pressure and so proportionately mixed as to always maintain a deoxidizing atmosphere in the furnace. Powdered carbon as a preventative for oxiilation is far pre- ferable to borax. If by any accident some of the molten mass should o.xidize, borax will dissolve the oxides, while carbon will reduce theni to the metallic state. Carbon has a greater affinity for oxygen than that possessed by any of the nietals most cnmmonl\- used for amalgam purposes. N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental FoiDiuhiri/ inrau (juautities by weight. 86 DENTAL FOEMVLARY It is quite necessary that the metals must be treated in the furnace for some time so that their chemical union may be completed. Graphite crucibles are most generally used . for holding" the metals. The use of crucible covers is neces- sary for preventing oxidation during the smelting process. Simply liquifying the metals, stirring and pouring them will not produce a homogenous product. The use of iron rods for stirring should be abandoned, and compressed carbon rods substituted in their place. Molten alloy -Will dissolve iron, and it will also attack the ingot mould, which is usually made from cast iron. The ingot moulds should be covered with a thin film of carbon, which is readily accomplished by smoking it over a coal-oil flame. I have always con- sidered it a wise policy to smelt each ingot separately, and so have my furnaces designed to hold a number of small crucibles. The cutting process is the method employed for reduc- ing the ingot to a fine state of division, so that the alloy will readily combine with mercury. This process is one of the most important branches of this industry. Most makers cut or shave their alloys on an ordinary lathe. The lathe tool is usual!}- fed by hand. The self-feeding mechan- ism of an ordinary lathe is entirely too coarse for this pur- pose. Five years ago I abandoned the hand process of cutting alloys, and had designed for my use a special ma- chine provided with an automatic tool-feeding mechanism. The filing process is not a scientific way of cutting alloys. The filings are not \miform and there is no method for sharpening the file. A cylindrical file is generally used, and because of their great expense they are used until they are well worn out. When the file is new small particles of steel break off with tlie alloy. Tliesc steel particles must N. B. — Parts as used in tliis Denial Formulary mean quaatities by weight. DENTAL FORMULAEY 87 be carefully removed with the aid of an electro-magnet. It requires but a short time for the file to become dull ; hence the alloy thereafter is torn off by friction. Since heat is a product of friction, it is very apparent that filings take up oxygen from the atmosphere. The shaving method requires the use of keen-edged tools, and is by far the most scientific way to cut alloys. The tools are sharpened from time to time, thereby produc- ing a clean and even cut. The finest grade of steel is employed ancf they are carefully tempered to the required degree of hardness, in keeping with the character of alloy to be cut. Alloys containing large quantities of copper and silver are very brittle. The quick-setting alloys are so brittle that they are very difficult to shave. They are usually cut in the form of a needle-like shaving. In this state they combine more readily with mercury than w^hen they are in a flake-like form. The failure of a manufacturer to imitate another's pro- duct is not due to the formula, but to the cutting process. Chemical analyses will reveal the exact metal formula of anv alloy. It is not the formula but the exact method of cutting that bothers imitators. So it will be observed that the personality of the alloy can be readily changed by the cutting process. We may take two alloys of the same formulas, one cut in thin shavings, and the other in thick ones. They will mix and set so differently that the average practitioner would conclude that they were widely different from each other in formula. It is this variation in the thickness of the shavings that has a wonderful influ- ence upon shrinkage, expansion, edge-streno^th and setting- factors of an alloy. The hand method of feeding the tool in cutting allovs will always produce an mi-uniform pro- N. B. — Parts as used in this Venial FormuJarij moan quantities by weight. 88 DENTAL FOEMVLARY duct. Amalgams made from such alloys will always show variable results in the mouth. The annealing process is the means employed by vari- ous manufacturers for artificially aging their alloys. Dr. Black advanced the idea of heating fresh cut alloys for several days at a temperature of 120 degrees F. Other investigators have since shortened the length of time re- quired for artificially aging by using boiling water. The various makers of thick-setting alloys claim that their products will not change from further aging. These claims are distinctly false and misleading. All quick-setting alloys will set slower after they have stood in your office for one year. These alloys are only partly annealed and very slightly so at that. Any quick-setting alloy can be annealed so as to be extremely slow-setting if subjected to the boiling water process for a considerable length of time. Fresh quick-setting alloys when properly cut possess several points of expansion. The annealing process will remove this ex- pansion ; hence they are treated until they only show from y2 to I point of expansion. So you will note that quick- setting alloys are only partly annealed, and they will change when left in your office for any length of time. The manufacturer is in a better position to judge of the merits of alloys than the average dentist. He has the entire clinical experience of his trade to rely upon and he gains much valuable information from his competitor's trade as well. The old saying that "two heads are better than one" aptly applies to this case. The question of testing alloys is one which has con- cerned the dental profession ever since amalgams first came into practical use. The results that I have obtained from using the micrometer have led me to believe that it N, B. — Parts as usod in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FORMULAEY 89 is the onlv reliable and accurate means for determining the preserving properties of amalgam fillings. I do not wish to ignore the "test of time," nor do I care to ignore the great number of cases of faulty manipulation upon which a great number of these tests have been uncon- sciously based.. As far as the accuracy of the micrometer is concerned, it has proven conclusively that alloys which show the best results on this instrument always give the best results in the mouth. It records every particle of shrinkage and expansion with great delicacy and accuracy. Fillings made from slightly expanding quick-setting alloys will not fail in the mouth. Should a failure happen you can safely attribute the cause to faulty manipulation, or preparation of the cavity, or else to a condition of the tooth structure, which must be of such a degenerate character that it could not be saved by any artificial means. According to my estimation the glass tube test is a very unreliable and inaccurate method for ascertaining the tooth-preserving qualities of amalgam. The walls of any artificial matrix should compare favorably with those of the dentine. The walls of the tooth are left rough by the action of the bur. and thus afford an ideal surface for an amalgam or a cr}staline compound to adhere. Amal- gams are nothing more than metal cements, of which the copper and the silver are the hardening agents. Take any cement which does not leave a polished surface and it will not adhere to a polished surface like that of glass. Port- land and lime cements will not adhere to glass, but when applied to an\- roughened material like brick the adhesion is complete. The greatest obstacle in the way of properly filling a glass tube with amalgam is the removal of excess niercury. There is no mechanical method for securing X. B. — Parts as used in this Denial Formulan/ moan quantities !}y weight. 90 DENTAL FOEMULAEY the tube so that the proper pressure can be appHed to con- dense the fining in place. Only a downward pressure can be exerted which forces the mercury to the inner walls of the tube. This surplus mercury is reabsorbed again after vour work has been completed, thereby producing shrinkage, especially at the periphery of the filling. Lateral pressure is necessary to force the dry amalgam to the periphery of the filling. The existence of these grave faults in using this test no operator can deny. I consider any test unre- liable that cannot be duplicated with some degree of accur- acy. It is impossible to fill six tubes with the same make of alloy and obtain the same results in all cases. ^ I firmly believe in the microscope for examining mar- gins. The best plan is to photograph your work from month to month. These photographs are your records of any changes that might have occurred. The flow and the crushing tests of alloys are of no practical importance, inasmuch as these factors are amply great enough in all alloys. It is an easy matter to make a poor alloy with a good edge strength. Spheroiding or changing of form is nothing more than excessive shrinkage. This condition of aflfairs can be directly attributed to faulty manipulation of the alloy. Dr. Black could have given some valuable information on this subject had he submitted some spheroidal fillings to a chemical analysis. Had the quantity of mercury been estimated, he could have proven the presence of surplus mercury. An alloy containing as low as 45 percent silver when properly manipulated and inserted in the cavity will not flow to an appreciable degree. Nearly every high grade alloy will stand any strain that masticating stress can impose upon it. Dr. Black deserves great credit for presenting the N. B. — Parts as used in this T)rnlal FormnJarn nioan quantities Yij weight. DENTAL FORMVLAIIY 91 practical utility of the micrometer to us. It certainl}- fills a long-felt want, and 'attords a scientific means for stand- ardizing our products without relying upon the conflicting data that we are in the habit of receiving from our trade. I have compiled some important tests which will throw some light upon the subject of allo\s. Before presenting these tests to you I desire to call }Our attention to some conclu- sions of Dr. Black's work. He stated that it was impossible for the manufacturer to produce an alloy which would give uniform results from any set formula. At the time that he made these statements there was a great deal of truth in his remarks, and it was that which led me to take up this work of investigation. It occurred to me that we should look, for some fault in our smelting, annealing or cutting processes as being the probable cause of variation in our finished product. My theory has been, if like conditions prevailed throughout the entire process of making alloys that like results would always be obtained. I will after- wards prove that this fault was mainly due to a variation in the thickness of cut. as a result of using the hand process of cutting our alloys. This variation in the thickness of cut produced a like variation in the shrinking and expanding factors of the resulting amalgam. It was for this reason alone that I adopted the use of a special automatic machine for cutting mv alloA'S. There is one more thing that Dr. Black stated which did not seem practical to me. He claimed that filed alloys gave better results than the shaved variety. He never presented a scientific explanation of this assertion. Had I'C carried his investigations further he would have found that filed alloys are coarse cut products, while the shaved alloys were invariably cut very thin at the time that he made his X. B. — Parts as used iu this Dottal FormuJart/ meau qiiuutities by weight. 92 DENTAL FOBMULAllY experiments. When he was carrying on these experiments, the various makers of alloys were in the habit of cutting their alloys in extremely thin shavings, which were very popular with their trade. Had alloys been cut in much thicker shavings there would have been no difference in his results. Having called your attention to these important facts we will carefully compare the results of my tests of various formulas with them. Each formula was annealed for 15 minutes in boiling water, and they were cut in four different thicknesses of shavings. No. i cut is the thinnest. The others are progressively 25 percent thicker. The test plugs of amalgam measured ^4 inch in diameter and yi inch in depth. They weighed 2.3 grammes, or about 35.5 grains. The fillings were inserted in a hardened steel matrix or tube. The alloy was carefully weighed and mixed with an exact quantity of mercury sufficient to produce a stiff plastic mass. The usual precautions were taken in regard to wafering the amalgam, and these tests were made under the same conditions, so far as it was within my power to ac- complish it. Each sample was subjected to a 24 hour test, and usually after the sixth hour no further movement could l3e detected. FORMULA NO. 1. Silver 45, copper 10, tin 45 percent. Shrinkage, cut i — 9.5 2—7-5 3—6-5 4 — 4.5 points No. I required equal parts of mcrcur\- and alloy ; No. 2, 1.4 parts mercury to 1.5 parts alloy; No. 3, 1.3 parts mer- N. B. — Parts sis used in tliis Dnilal Formulary mean quantities by wcij^ht. DENTAL FOEMULAEY 93 cury to 1.5 parts alloy; No. 4, 1.2 parts of mercury to 1.5 parts of alloy. FORMULA NO. 2. Silver 50, tin 45, copper 5 percent. Shrinkage, cut i — 14.5 2—11-5 3— 7-5 4 — 6.0 points Proportions of mercury and alloy required were the same as in formula No. i. FORMULA NO. 3. Silver 55, tin 40, copper 5 percent. Shrinkage, cut i — 11.5 2—10.5 3— 7-0 4— 50 Proportions of mercury and alloy same as in No. i formula. FORMULA NO. 4. Silver 60, tin 38, copper I, zinc i percent. Shrinkage, cut i — 8.5 2 — 7.0 3—5-5 4— 3-0 Proportions of mercury and alloy used same as in No. I formula. N. B. — Parts as used in this Denial Formulary mean quantities by weight. 94 DENTAL FOBMULABY FORMULA NO. 5. Silver 68, tin 2^ percent. Shrinkage, cut i — 12.0 2 — 10.5 3- 8.0 4— 4-5 Portions of alloy and mercury used were 5 of alloy and 6 of mercury for i and 2, equal parts for 3 and 4. FORMULA NO. 6. Silver 68, tin 28, copper 2.5, zinc 1.5 percent. Shrinkage, cut i — 3.5 2 — 2.0 Expansion 3 — .5 4—1.5 Points - Proportions of mercury, 7 of mercury and 5 of alloy for I and 2 ; 6 of mercury and 5 of alloy for 3 and 4. FORMULA NO. 7. Silver 60, tin 35, copper 5 percent. Only No. 4 cut measured. Shrinkage 3.5 points. Mer- cury 1.2 to 1.5 of alloy. We will see what these tests prove in regard to for- mulas. Your attention is called to the various cuts of No. i formula. Carefully compare these shrinking factors with those of Nos. 2, 3 and 5. You will note that the shrinking factors are much less in No. i formula than in Nos. 2, 3 and 5. The silver factor of Nos. 2, 3 and 5 formulas is much higher than that of No. i, and yet the former alloys N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOEMrLAT^Y 95 show a greater percentage of shrinkage. The slirinkage factors are greater with one exception, and that is the No. 4 cut of No. 5 fornnila. If silver is the expanding element, and tin the contracting element, then formulas 2. 3 and 5 should show the best results. Your attention is next called to the percentage of copper in Nos. 2 and 3 for- mulas. It will be seen that it is just 50 percent less than the amount contained in No. i formula. It is quite evident that copper overcomes shrinkage to a wonderful degree. While silver possesses this property, it may be regarded that the combination of the two metals are the elements of an alloy. Let us compare the shrinking factor of No. 4 cut of formula No. i with that of No. 4 cut of formula No. 7. The results show us that there is i point in favor of No. 7. The percentage of copper is 50 percent less in No. 7 than in No. i. The silver required to overcome this reduction is three times that of the copper, or just 15 percent. These results prove to us that the expanding influence of the copper is much greater than that of the silver. Your attention is called to No. 5 formula. Please note the very high percentage of silver that it contains. This formula contains no copper in its composition. It car- ries just 23 percent more silver than No. i formula. A careful comparison of the shrinking factors of the No. 5 formula with that of No. i, and including the shrinking and expanding factors of formula No. 6, will prove conclusively that simjjle tin and silver combinations are the worst for- mulas that any manufacturer can use. We will now com- pare the shrinkage factor of No. 4 cut of formula No. 7 with that of No. 4 cut of formula No. 4. It will be seen that the results are slightly more favorable for the No. 4 formula than for the No. 7. You will particularly note that No. 4 N. B. — Parts as used iu this Dental Formulary moan quantities by weight. 96 DENTAL FOTtMULAEY formula only contains i percent each of copper and zinc, while No. 7 formula contains full 5 percent copper. Sum- ming' up these results, we are led to believe that a four-metal formula is the best that any manufacturer can adopt for his alloy. By using such a formula the percentage of copper can be greatly reduced simply by the addition of a small percentage of zinc. The four-metal formula eliminates the factor of rapid discoloration of the amalgam, since only a small percentage of copper is required wdien zinc is em- ployed. So it will be seen that the manufacturer is con- fined to the use of these four metals for the formulas of his medium-priced alloys, since the extremely high price of gold and platina metals precludes their use entirely. These tests prove that the quick-setting formula is the best tooth preserver. You will recognize No. 6 formula to be Dr. Black's, and which is used by all makers of quick- setting alloys. Owing to its very quick-setting features this amalgam has never been very popular. In a great many instances have fillings failed that were made from quick-setting alloys. The lack of edge-strength and crum- bling nature of these fillings proved conclusively that they had failed due to premature setting or crystallization of the amalgam. Many operators are in the habit of working the soft amalgam in the palm of the hand to' prevent it from setting. In many cases they carry this operation too far, and the result is a filling which soon crumbles to pieces. As a matter of precaution, where large fillings are to be inserted it is the best policy to make two mixes when using quick-setting alloys. All medium and slow-setting alloys produce slightly shrinking amalgams. The very best medium-setting alloys average from 8 to 16 points shrinkage. My experiments N. B. — Parts as userl in this Drvlol Formulnri/ moan quantities by weight. DENTAL FOBMULABT 97 have aided me in producing a medium setting-. 60 percent silver alloy, having from 2 to 3 points of shrinkage. By carefully annealing my 68 percent silver formula I have produced a medium-setting alloy that will show neu- tral results on the micrometer. I have yet to find other medium-setting alloys that will show such efficient results. Again referring to my tests, you will note that for each increase in the thickness of shaving there is a corresponding decrease in the shrinkage factor of the amalgam. You must bear in mind that there is a limit to the cutting process and that No. 4 cut is entirely too coarse for quick-setting alloys. Less mercury is required to make a perfect mix of the No. 4 cut than for the No. i. When wafering the amalgam, more mercury can be expressed from cut No. 4 than from cut No. i. These facts account for the greater amount of shrinkage in the thinner shaved alloys. It all depends upon the nature of the formulas as to how thick the shavings should be cut. In conclusion, I will state that it is impossible for any manufacturer to better his product without the use of the micrometer. This delicate instrument is just as necessary to the alloy maker as the Analytical Balance is to the chemist. Every batch of alloy should be standardized, and the micrometer is the only practical instrument for this purpose. They are regarded as an expensive luxury by most manufacturers, therefore they have not come into general use. X. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities bv weight. 98 DENTAL FOBMULAEY MODERN AMALGAM ALLOYS. Silver Tin Copper Acme 65.00 29.00 5.00 Ash & Son's 66.54 27.16 5.02 Black's 68.5 25.5 ... Davis' 42.41 5142 3-21 Eureka 55-00 40.00 3.00 Fellowship 67.71 27.95 3.18 Fidelity 67.76 26.30 4.71 Flagg's submarine .. .60.00 35.00 5.00 Flagg's contour .... .64.00 32.00 Fletcher's 40.00 56.00 Gibraltar 68.50 25.50 5.00 Globe 44-89 51.90 Hedstrom's ... , 66.00 27.00 5.00 Herbst's 53.85 38.46 . . . Hodgen's 53.00 42.3 4.7 Justi's Superior 35-20 69.10 3.50 Lawrence's 44.06 50.43 5.51 Lorenz's 49-79 48-87 .70 Odontographic ......66.87 26.48 6.21 Micrometric 67.14 26.64 4.31 Rego 66.54 28.14 4.21 Sauer's 41-67 50.00 Skogsborg's 56.00 40.00 Sterion 61.89 31-85 4.16 20th Century 67.03 27.13 4.87 True Dentalloy 65.91 27.13 5.21 Welch's 46.00 51.90 Witzel's 53-00 40.00 5.00 Zsigmondy's 50.00 33.33 Gold 5.00 3-2 Zinc 1. 00 0.9 1. 00 2.00 1. 16 1.23 . . . 4.00 . . . 4.00 I.OO .50 2.71 2.00 . . . 7.69 1.80 .32 o . • • -37 ... .28 1.91 1 .06 ..- 8.33 . . . 4.00 2.10 1. 10 1.52 ... 1 .70 . . . 2.00 . . . 16.67 Plati- num 40 N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOBMULABY COMPENSATION AMALGAM ALLOY. (A. Fenchel.) I. Silver 55 parts ] Tin 45 parts >■ Cut into fine filings Copper 3 partsj 99 Silver 40 parts | Tin 55 parts > Copper 3 partsj Cut into fine filings Cut into coarse filinsfs Silver 50 parts Tin 45 parts Platinum 2 parts Gold 3 parts Zinc 3 parts Copper 3 parts Mix the above cut alloys without further melting according to the following formula : No. I 3 parts No. 2 3 parts No. 3 I part TO PREVENT AMALGAMATION OF GOLD IN THE MOUTH. Coat the gold with a quick-drying mastic- or sandarac varnish. N. B. — Parts as used in this Drnfal Fnntutlnrii mean quantities by Tveight. 100 DENTAL FOEMULARY REFINING OF PRECIOUS METALS. The refining of precious metals requires an intimate chemical knowledge and an extended experience with the various methods involved. To refine small quantities of gold, silver or platinum is not a profitable process for the busy dentist. It is far more economical to collect the precious metal scraps, fillings, etc., until a hundred dollars' worth are accumulated. They may then be melted and sent to a United States sub-treasury, which in due time will remit a check representing the actual value of the material, or the gold may be sold to a reliable refiner. The refining of gold in the dental laboratory may be successfully carried out by a number of methods, of which the following are especially adapted to the needs of the practitioner. The dry method, the quartation method, and the wet method are available for this purpose. The Dry Method. 1. Remove particles of plaster, wood, base metals, platinum pins, etc., from the scraps. 2. Pass a magnet through the scraps to remove iron particles. 3. Wash the gold scraps in boiling water and dry them upon filter paper. 4. Place the scraps in a crucible lined with borax, and cover with a mixture of three parts of borax and one part of saltpeter. Heat and keep in a molten state for half an hour, adding small amounts of sal ammoniac from time to time. Stir thoroughly with a compressed carbon rod (electric light carbon) and pour into a suitable ingot mold. If the gold is still too brittle when passed through the rolling mill, certain base metals have not been fully removed. N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities 'by height. DENTAL FOBMULARY 101 The gold is again melted and small quantities of mercuric chloride (corrosive sublimate) are added. Extreme care should be exercised not to inhale the very poisonous fumes of the sublimate. The dry method of refining gold pro- duces good results if the gold scraps are fairly uniform in character ; platinum and iridium remain unchanged in the gold, while all the base metals are removed as oxides or chlorides. A few Dixon black lead crucibles, a small Fletcher injector furnace, and a hood to carry off the fumes, constitutes the simple outfit. Very small quantities of gold scraps may be fairly well refined by employing the above process upon a piece of charcoal, using a good compound blow-pipe for melting the gold. The Quartation Method. It consists in melting the gold scraps with about three times their weight of pure silver : the alloy is poured into a bar ingot mold and the cast ingot is rolled out into thin ribbons. These ribbons are then coiled in a spiral and placed into hot commercial sulphuric acid. The silver and base metals are dissolved and the gold remains in a porous mass which, after washing in water, may be melted and ])Oured into molds. Platinum and iridium are not removed by the quartation method. The gold produced in this way is about 995 percent pure. The Wet Method, Not less than one ounce oi gold scraps or precipitated waste gold should be used in refining by the wet method. To prepare waste gold for refining, precipitate the waste gold solution with iron sulphate, dissolved in water. Eight parts of the washed and dried sediments are mixed with jST. B. — Parts as ust'd in this Denial Farnuildri/ moan qiianiities by weight. 102 DENTAL FOEMULAEY Potassium carbonate 4 parts Sodium chlorate 2 parts Powdered common bottle glass 2 parts Place in a crucible and melt. Stir with a compressed carbon rod and pour into a mold. Gold scraps for refining by this method are prepared as outlined in the dry method. Place an ounce of the prepared gold in a porcelain dish and cover it with aqua regia ; four ounces of the acid are required for each ounce of gold. Aqua regia for such pur- poses should be freshly prepared by mixing one ounce of nitric acid with three ounces of hydrochloric acid ; only C.P. acids are to be used. Place the dish in a sand-bath and apply heat until the gold is dissolved. Care should be taken to allow the poisonous fumes to be carried ofif, as they are dangerous to the health of the operator and especially de- structive to metal instruments, etc. Decant the clear solu- tion from the sediment, evaporate it to a syrupy consistency, and carefully add, with constant stirring, about one-half ounce of hydrochloric acid. Again heat until the acid is removed. Dilute the solution with one-half gallon of dis- tilled water, heat for an hour, and set aside for twenty-four hours to allow the freshly formed silver chloride to settle. Filter through paper into a large glass bottle and wash the remaining silver chloride three or four times with hot dis- tilled water, running the washings into the original filtrate. Add to the contents of the bottle one and one-half ounces of ammonium chloride, shake well until dissolved, and set aside for twenty-four hours. Any platinum present is pre- cipitated as platinic sal ammoniac. The liquid is now filtered through a wet paper filter and the remaining platinic sal ammoniac is washed with a ^^. B. — Parts as used in tliis Denial Fornnildri/ iiiciiii qiiantities by weight. DENTAL FOBMULABY 103 pint of boiling distilled water to which two drachms of sal ammoniac have been added. The whole precipitate is now poured into the filter and the liquid is drained off. To precipitate the gold from the solution, oxalic acid, sulphurous acid, ferrous sulphate, and other chemicals are used. Iron sulphate is well suited for working with small quantities. For every ounce of the original gold, four ounces of ferrous sulphate are required. The iron sulphate is dissolved in a pint of distilled water and filtered into the gold solution ; the gold will be precipitated in the form of a brown powder. About twenty drops of hydrochloric acid are added, the bottle is vigorously agitated and set aside for twenty-four hours to allow complete precipitation. The gold magma is now filtered through paper and repeatedly washed with hot distilled water. After the filter containing the gold has become perfectly dry, it is placed in a crucible, covered with a mixture of two parts of borax and one part of saltpeter, and heated until the gold becomes fluid, and it is then poured into a suitable ingot mold which has been previously slightly oiled and heated. To recover the silver, place the dry filter containing the silver chloride in a crucible and cover with a mixture of six parts sodium carbonate and one part powdered charcoal ; heat until the silver becomes fluid, and then pour into a suitable ingot mold which has been previously slightly oiled and heated. After melting, the silver will be found in the bottom of the crucible. Platinum is recovered from the platinic sal ammoniac by burning the dried filter in a porcelain capsule. The capsule is subjected to a slow continuous red heat until all ammonium chloride is driven off. The platinum will remain in the form of a grayish black nias'^, known as platinum X. B. — Parts as iisctl in this Denial Formulary mean quantities by -weight. 104 , DENTAL FOEMULABY Sponge. The platinum sponge is now melted on a piece of soft charcoal with the oxy-hydrogen blow-pipe into a bottom of pure platinum. REFINING OF MERCURY. I. Two pounds of mercury are placed in a strong bottle with four ounces of water and one ounce of ferric chloride solution and mixed by agitation until the mixture becomes a grayish magma. Let stand in a cool place for two to three days, remove the watery portion, wash the mercury with diluted hydrochloric acid and hot water until it assumes a bright color. Dry the mercury by placing a few thicknesses of filter paper in a large porcelain dish, pouring the mercury over it and repeating the operation two or three times. Finally run the mercury through a cone of filter paper with pinholes at its apex. 2; Boom. Place the mercury with finely powdered loaf sugar and water in a strong bottle, cork, and shake vigorously. Then by means of a bellows blow air into the bottle, again corking and shaking the bottle, repeating this process several times. Finally run the mercury into a cone of stiff paper with a pinhole at the apex. The mercury filters clear from the metallic oxides produced by the action of air and sugar upon the debasing metals in the impure mercury. The distillation of commercial mercury from an ordi- nary glass retort provided with a Liebig condenser produces chemically pure mercury. N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulfirj/ mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOBMVLAT.Y l05 THE WORKING OF STEEL. (Dr. C. C. Allen.) The giving" of a certain desired degree of hardness to a piece of steel has come generally to be called tempering, but, scientifically speaking, the tempering of a piece of steel does not refer to any particular degree of hardness it may have at any particular time, but refers to the percentage of carbon contained therein. Thus two specimens of steel, each containing a different percentage of carbon, might both be brought by proper manipulation to an equal hard- ness ; but the term "temper" is so universally used in refer- ring to the process of obtaining some desired degree of hardness that it has come to be correct. The ordinary method of tempering steel is to heat the articles to be tempered to a bright red heat, but not above the point of recoalescence. and plunge into wafer, oil, mercury, or some tempering solution, thereby depriving the heated metal of its heat more or less suddenly ; and the quicker the heat is extracted fron.i the metal, the harder it will be. After this is done, most articles are found to be harder than is desired and too brittle to be useful, but a part of the hardness is removed from the steel by resorting to the process known as drawing the temper. This is accomplished by reheating to a less degree and quenching when the color of the piece indicates to the experienced eye that the desired degree of hardness has been reached. These colors run from almost a dead white to what is generally known as a steel blue — thus a range of degrees of hardness from the natural annealed condition of the metal to the utmost hardness which it is capable of receiving. A list of the colors as generally given is as follows: Pale yellow, straw yellow, brownish yellow, purplish brown, purple, light blue, dark X. B. — Parts as used in this Denial Formulary moau quantities by weight. 106 DENTAL FOEMULABY blue, blackish blue. Temperatures range from 430° to 600° Fahrenheit. Where great accuracy in temper is desired for a number of articles, such as burs, excavators, etc.,~ they are heated in large quantities, and great precaution is taken to heat only to such a degree as will. give the best temper for the purpose. No two lots of steel are exactly alike in the percentage of carbon contained, and therefore it may be determined beforehand what particular degree of heat is best suited to the material to be worked. The hardening of steel articles is always accompanied by a certain amount of change of form, and this change of form, while slight and of no moment in such cases as burs and excavators, is very serious in many other articles. Various schemes are employed to obviate this working in delicate pieces of work. Thus sheets of metal are liable to curl up to such a degree as to be useless, and are sometimes hardened between plates of cold steel, which keeps them straight. Many articles are straightened with wooden mallets after having been har- dened — this is the case with such things as small files, ribbon saws, etc. ; but an article once tempered does not admit of much further manipulation. Again, many articles are ground into shape after hav- ing been hardened. This is always the case when hard steel bearings are made for fine machinery. The art of tempering is one which requires much expe- rience in order to obtain the best results, but it is an inter- esting thing and everyone should know something about it. In addition to tempering tool steel or steels which contain a sufficient amount of carbon to make it practicable to harden them in the usual way, we have a method known as case- N. E. — Parts as used in this Drnial Formulary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOEMULAEY 107 hardening. Case-hardening may be employed in low-grade steels or in wrought iron or cast iron, and frequently is so treated where it is practicable to have the surface only of an article hardened. The process consists in converting the surface of the metal into steel, which surface is, of course, hardened as other steel is. The layer of steel thus produced is usually very thin. This may be accomplished in a number of wa}s. One way which is used a great deal is the heating together of yellow prussiate of potash and some substance which contains a great deal of carbon, such as leather shavings. This, combined with the articles to be hardened, is heated in a closed vessel to a red heat and held at this heat for some length of time, when the articles are taken out and plunged into cold water. If this process is properly carried out the metal will be found to have a surface too hard to be filed. Another and a cleaner way. and one better adapted to our wants, is to heat the article or articles to be case-hardened with cyanide of potash in an iron vessel to a good bright red, then remove the articles with pliers and, while still red hot, plunge them into water. The result noted before will l:e obtained. In each case a part of the carbon of the mixture combines with the iron to make steel. Potassium cyanide melts and will bear a red heat without change ; but it should always be borne in mind that this is a very dangerous poison. In working steel and fashioning it into its desired form it is nearly always desirable that it shall be soft, and many times it is also desirable that the finished article should be soft. The process of softening steel or any other metal is called annealing. To anneal steel it is necessary to bring it to a red heat and then cool it very slowly — the opposite, in fact, to the process of hardening. Large articles of steel N. B. — Parts as used in this Vnifal Fnrmiilarii mean qnantities by weight. 108 DENTAL FOEMULABT may be fairly well softened by heating as mentioned and allowing to cool in the atmosphere ; they should, however, be buried in some material which retards the radiation of heat. One of the best ways is to pack in sawdust ; lime is sometimes used, also powdered charcoal. Small articles, such as broaches, needles, etc., to be annealed, must be protected from the atmosphere after heating, or they will be found to be brittle. This is because the atmosphere itself robs them of their heat so quickly that they are hardened. The slow cooling of articles to be annealed is supposed to be necessary to give the molecules time for rearrangement. But, unfortunately for this theory, there are metals which are best annealed by sudden cooling. Steel, besides being rendered softer by annealing, is made more malleable and ductible. One great change in it is its loss of tensile strength. A piece of steel which is properly tempered and will bear a strain of 225,000 pounds per square inch is not safe under a greater strain than 85,000 pounds if it is well annealed. A familiarity with steel and iron is well worth the while of any dentist. TEMPERING STEEL. Steel of a grade suitable for tools, hardened by heating to a hardening heat and cooled in cold water, and then reheated to about 425° F., is of just about the right hardness for engraving tools, small lathe tools, etc. Reheated to 500° F., it is suitable for taps, dies, drills, etc. ; 550° F. makes it just about right for cold-chisels, saws, etc. ; 575° F. leaves but little hardness in the steel, but enough to make it suitable for springs. At about 650° F. the effect of harden- ing is all gone and the steel has become soft again. In practice the temperature is determined by the change in X. E. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOT^MULAEY 109 color of a polished surface of the steel ; at 425*^ it is a very pale yellow, and as. the temperature is increased it becomes straw color, chocolate, tinged with crimson, light purple, dark purple, and finally blue. Dental cavity-forming tools should be quite hard at the cutting surfaces and approach- ing a spring temper just beyond. All tools used in the root canals should be very little harder than a spring temper — just sufficiently hard to cut soft bone, yet not at all brittle. COLOR REACTION IN TEMPERING OF STEEL. 430° — 450° F. pale straw = enamel chisels. 470° F. full yellow = excavators. 490° F. brown = pluggers ; scissors. 510" F. brown with purple = saws; axes. 530'' F. purple = knives. 550" F. light blue = watch springs. 560° F. full blue = augers. 600° F. dark blue = hand saws. TO TEMPER BROACHES, BURS, ETC. Cover the bottom of a box, made of sheet iron, with powdered animal charcoal to the thickness of about one- sixteenth of an inch. Animal charcoal is readily prepared by burning pieces of leather in a covered iron box. Place on the charcoal a layer of instruments covered with char- coal, and repeat this process until the box is filled. Heat the box to a dark cherry red and keep at this temperature for an hour ; remove from the fire and at once drop the contents of the box into cold water. Dry the instruments, immerse in coal oil, and place on an iron plate. Heat the plate until the oil starts tn Inirn, remove from tlic flame, X. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulanj mean quantities by weight. 110 DENTAL FOEMULABY and allow to cool. The instruments will be found to be of a perfectly even temper. TEMPERING FLUIDS FOR STEEL. I. Tartaric acid i part Cod-liver oil 5 parts 2. Tartaric acid 47 parts Resin 41 parts Alutton tallow 78 parts Charcoal 6^ parts Potassium ferro-cyanide 39 parts Ammonium carbonate 31 parts Cod-liver oil 234 parts 3- Sodium chloride 25 parts Zinc sulphate i part Ammonium chloride ^ part Borax | part Potassium nitrate v P^^^ Water 250 parts 4- Hydrochloric acid, concentrated. 5 parts Ammonium chloride . 10 parts Sodium chloride 50 parts Glycerin 800 parts Water 1,000 parts ISr. B. — Parts as used in this Denial Formulari/ mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOJiMULAJiY 111 TEMPERING OF COPPER. Copper may be rendered hard enough to take a cutlins^ edge b}- treatment with i)otassium ferro-cyanide. The cop- ])er is melted in a graphite crucible and about 2 percent of the potassium salt is then added. After standing until the moisture has been driven off, the powder is stirred into the melt, which is allowed to stand a few minutes and again stirred. In five or ten minutes it is ready for pouring. The color of the copper is not aft'ected by the flux. The reason for the change is supposed to be the introduction of iron and possible carbon. TO APPROXIMATELY DETERMINE THE CHARACTER OF A METAL PLATE. If a drop of concentrated nitric acid is placed upon a metal surface which has been freshl}- scratched, the resulting color helps to approximately guess the nature of the metal. Pure silver turns gray ; brass, light olive green ; German silver, grayish green; nickel, black. Gold above 18 carat will not show any discoloration ; 16 carat gold shows a brownish hue, which deepens with the reduction of the carat. UNITED STATES MINT TESTS FOR GOLD AND SILVER. The following is a test for determining whether a coin is good or bad. Use the liquids as near to the edge of the suspected coin as possible, as that is the part worn. A drop of the respective liquid will have no eft'ect on a genuine coin, while it can be plainly seen on the counterfeit. Coins should be scraped slightly before using. N. B. — Parts as used in this Denial Formulary mean qnantities by weight. 112 DENTAL FOSMULABY Test for Gold. Strong nitric acid 39 parts Hydrochloric acid i part s Water 20 parts Test for Silver. Nitrate of silver 24 parts Nitric acid 30 parts Water 480 parts The above tests should be taken in conjunction with diameter, thickness and weight. THE TOUCHSTONE, AND ITS USE. (By Dr. Henry H. Boom.) A method for quickly ascertaining the degree of purity of both silver and gold was so necessary to artificers that at as earl}' a date as 450 b. c. we find the people of Lydia, in Asia Minor, employing the Lydian stone, or touchstone, for this purpose. THE STONE. The stone used by the Lydian goldsmiths was, probably, a hard bituminous quartz, although in more recent times black basalt, jasper, slates, and even black marble have been used. At the present time, jewelers and metal workers use a stone of black basalt, similar in composition to the basaltic columns forming the celebrated Giant's Causeway, in County Antrim, Ireland. The modern touchstone must be densely black in color and of a quadrangular prismatic shape, measuring one inch in thickness and from two to three inches in length. N. B. — Parts as iisod in tliis Denial Formnlari/ moan quantities by weight. DENTAL FOEMULABY • 113 It should show an entire absence of color, for any lightening of its dense- black surface would interfere with a correct appreciation of the color left by metal that has been rubbed upon it. It must not be too hard, or in its use it will acquire too high a luster. It must not be so soft as to be grooved or furrowed by use ; nor should it be of such composition as to be affected by the nitric acid with which the streak of metal left upon its surface is to be treated. THE TOUCH NEEDLES. These are needles like masses of pure and of alloyed silver or gold, the exact composition of which are known. The silver needles are prepared from pure silver, alloyed with pure copper in varying proportions. The first mass of silver selected is that which we would now call chemic- ally pure. Of such metal the manufacturer weighs out one mark, or eight ounces (sixteen half ounces), and, fusing the mass under borax, flows the metal into molds that give to the finished needle a size of one-twelfth inch in breadth, one-forty-eighth inch in thickness, and one and one-half inches in length. These needles are stamped i, to indicate their degree of absolute purity. The second needle of the series is then made by weigh- ing exactly fifteen half ounces of pure silver and one-half ounce of pure copper, and this mixture, wrapped in paper, is introduced into a clean new crucible already heated and containing melted borax. The contents of this crucible, maintained at a temperature sufficiently high to melt the metal, are stirred vigorously with a w'ooden stick that has been charred at the end ; the metal alloying is then poured into a mold, and, when cold, is weighed with care: when, should it be found to be less in weight than a mark, or N. B. — Parts as used in this Denial Fornudary moan quantities by weight. 114 DENTAL FOEMULAHY sixteen half ounces, it will have lost, through vaporization, so much of its silver as to unfit it for use in making the touch needles. When a perfect alloy is obtained it is remelted under borax, at a much lower temperature than was required in its making, and is molded in the appropriate needle shapes. These finished needles are stamped 2. The needles — in increasing proportions of copper — are made in this same careful manner, and the series, when perfect, then show in composition : No. I — Made from mass of pure silver weighing 16 half oz. No. 2 — Pure silver, 15 half oz. ; pure copper, i half oz. No. 3 — Pure silver, 14 half oz. : No. 4 — Pure silver, 13 half oz. : No. 5 — Pure silver, 12 half oz. No. 6 — Pure silver, 11 half oz. No. 7 — Pure silver, 10 half oz. No. 8 — Pure silver, 9 half oz. GOLD TOUCH NEEDLES. The needles are made of the same breadth and thick- ness as the silver needles, but, to less the expense, they generally are made but one-quarter or one-half inch in length, and these, called points, are soldered to copper bars of corresponding sectional area. A i...mber of series of gold touch needles, or points, are used ; thus, gold alloyed solely with silver forms a series known as the "white alloy" series ; another series of gold points, called "red gold" points, are composed solely of gold and copper. The most careful gold touch needles for the dentist's employment are alloys of gold, silver and copper, called the "mixed alloy." The touch needles of N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. pure copper, 2 half oz. pure copper, 3 half oz. pure copper. 4 half oz. pure copper, 5 half oz. pure copper. 6 half oz. pure copper, 7 half oz. DENTAL F0S2rrLAHY 115 mixed alloy are made from gold debased with varving proportions of silver and half as much copper. In making the allo}'s for the needles the manufacturers must employ the greatest of care, that there mav be no loss of metal (gold and silver) through volatilization" or oxidation (copper). When the alloy is obtained it must not var}- in weight from the sum of the weights of its con- stituent metals. The carat weighs 12 grains; the composi- tion and markings of the touch needles are shown in the following : No. I — ^lade from a mass of pure gold, weight 24 carats. Xo. 2 — Contains, pure gold, 27, carats, 6 grains ; pure silver, 4 grains ; copper, 2 grains. No. 3 — Contains, pure gold, 23 carats ; pure silver, 8 grains ; copper, 4 grains. No. 4 — Contains, pure gold, 22 carats, 6 grains ; pure silver, I carat ; copper, 6 grains. No. 5. — Contains, pure gold, 22 carats ; pure silver, i carat, 4 grains ; copper, 8 grains. No. 6 — Contains, pure gold, 21 carats, 6 grains; pure silver, 1 carat, 8 grains ; copper, 10 grains. No. 7 — Contains, pure gold, 21 carats; pure silver, 2 carats; copper, I carat. No. 8 — Contains, pure gold, 20 carats, 6 grains ; pure silver, 2 carats, 4 grains ; copper, i carat, 2 grains ; etc. For convenience in their use the touch needles are usually strung upon rings. THE USE OF THE TOUCHSTONE. Each metal, when pure, has a specific color. Alloving a metal changes its color. Metals are so opaque that their X. E. — Parts as iisod in tliis Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. 116 DENTAL FOBMULAIiY colors are only determined with accuracy when a thin film of the metal is spread npon a densely hlack surface. In using the touchstone the operator first cleans a portion of its surface, using- for this purpose fine coal dust, tripoli or putty powder. He then ruljs the gold ( of unknown fineness ) upon the stone, stroking the stone several times with ihe gold. The metal streak of gold left upon the stone should be one- tenth inch in width and at least one-fourth inch in length. Then, selecting a touch needle that appears to be of about the same fineness ( color ) as the specimen he is testing, he makes a metal streak with the touch needle upon the stone, close to the first streak, and then wets each streak with water and compares their colors when moistened. Should the colors of the two metal streaks fail to correspond, he tries with another touch needle, of lower or greater fineness, to match the color given to the surface of the stone by the metal of unknown composition. In all this examining of color he must not forget to moisten the metal streaks. When the operator, employing a needle, secures a metal streak on the stone that corre- ]5onds to the streak given by the metal tested, he then wets each streak with nitric acid, and the acid, dissolving from the streaks from the silver and copper used to debase the gold, causes the latter to present in the streak a broken or interrupted line, indicating by the loss of continuity the relative amount of debasing metal alloying the specimen of gold. By this method of testing it is possible for the dentist to ascertain, like the jeweler, the carat or fineness of gold, in a very few minutes, and so be able to select the solder or ]jlate best suited for each piece of repair work he may undertake. N. B. — Parts as used iii this Denial Formulari) mean quantities by weigtit. DENTAL FOiniULAIiY 117 ROUGH METHOD OF ESTIMATING HIGH TEMPERATURES. Zinc melts at ' 800° F. Slight glow in dark at 975° F. Dark red heat at : . . 1,280° F. Cherry-red heat at 1 ,650° F. Bright cherry-red heat at. . . .- 1,800° F. Silver melts at 1,900° F. Gold mehs at 2,012° F. Orange heat at 2.100° F. Copper melts at • 2,190° F. White heat at 2,350° F. Steel melts at 2,465° F. Dazzling white heat at. . 2,750° F. Platinum melts at 3.240° F. Wrought iron melts at, 2,900° F. TEMPERATURES PRODUCED BY VARIOUS FLAMES The highest temperatures afforded b\- flames are, according to Fery, as follows : Bunsen burner, with sufficient access of air 3.400° F. Bunsen burner, with insufficient access of air. . . . 3,105° F. Acetylene flame 4.645° F. Denayrouz's burner ( alcohol and air) 3.383° F. Denayrouz's burner (alcohol and petroleum ether, equal parts ) . 3,700° F. Alcohol flame 3,100° V. Hydrogen flame in open air 3.450° F. Oxy-hydrogen mixture 4.390° F. Oxygen and illuminating gas lilasi llanic 4.000° F. Electric arc ( estimated ) -. . 6.800° F. Temperature of the sun ( estimated ) 14.075" F. N. B. — Parts as used in this DrnUiJ Forihuhir^i iiuMii (|n;intities by weight. 118 DENTAL FOEMVLAET THE HEAT CONDUCTING POWER OF METALS. Silver lOO Tin 14 Copper 74 Bismuth 12 Gold 53 Iron 12 Zinc 36 Lead 9 Brass 24 Platinum 8 CONTRACTION OF CASTINGS IN COOLING. Cast iron 125 percent Copper 193 percent Brass 210 percent Lead 319 percent Tin 278 percent TO TEST NEW CRUCIBLES. Heat to redness and put a cold iron rod into crucibles, touching the bottom. Cracks will expand and may easily be seen. POLISHING POWDERS. For Brass. Chalk 10 parts White bole 4 parts Magnesium carbonate i part Iron oxide i part For Gold or Silver. Chalk 54 parts ^lagnesium carbonate , 5 parts Alumina 14 parts Silica 8 parts Iron oxifle 5 parts X. B. — Pai'ts as used in this Denial Formulary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOEMULARY 119 TO RESTORE TARNISHED GOLD PLATES TO THEIR ORIGINAL COLOR. Iron oxide, red (Crocus martis) 3 parts Calcined borax 2 parts Ammonium chloride i part Powder and mix slowly with water to form a paste. Paint over the plate, heat on a copper pan until no hissing sound is heard, place aside to cool, and boil in diluted hydrochloric acid and dr}- in sawdust. GOLD POLISHING FLUID. Chlorinated lime i part Sodium bicarbonate. 20 parts Sodium chloride i part Water, enough to make a paste. Appl\' with a soft brush, and, when dry, polish.. SILVER POLISHING FLUID. Sodium hyposulphite 16 parts Ammonium chloride 8 parts Water of ammonium 4 parts Potassium cyanide 4 parts Water 120 parts CLEANING OF SILVER BY ELECTROLYSIS. A few strips of zinc are shaped so as to form a grid. The ribs of the grid are heavily coated with tin and placed on the bottom of a tin pan of convenient size. The pan is filled with two quarts of water, in which one ounce of sodium chloride and one ounce of sodium bicarbonate are dissolved. The tarnished silverware is placed on the grid, and immediately the evolution of hydrogen takes place, X. B. — Parts as used in tliis Dental FormKlar;/ moan quantities liv weiyht. 120 DENTAL FOEMULAEY which will remove the tarnish in a -few minutes. The silver- ware must be completed covered by the solution. The silver itself will not be affected by this process, only its oxides are removed. LIQUID METAL POLISHES. I. Kieselguhr 56 parts Kerosene 30 parts Alcohol 15 parts Oil of turpentine 5 part'^ Ammonia water 5 parts Tripoli 10 parts Kieselguhr 10 parts Olein 15 parts Carbon tetrachloride 90 parts 3- Prepared chalk 100 parts Olein 65 parts Ammonia water 40 parts Alcohol 50 parts Carbon tetrachloride 50 parts 4- Olein 10 parts Stearin 5 parts Kieselguhr 20 parts Oil of turpentine 20 parts Kerosene 25 parts Alcohol 5 parts Ammonia water 10 parts N. B. — Parts as used in tliis Denial Forinulary mean quantities by weight, DEXrjL FOEllULAET 121 5- Oleic acid lo parts Stearic acid ■ 5 parts Infusorial earth 20 parts Oil of turpentine 20 parts Kerosene oil 25 parts Wood alcohol 5 parts Water of ammonia 6 parts Water 6 parts 6. Putty powder 6 parts Kieselguhr 20 parts Bath hrick 2 parts Emery i part Rottenstone i^ parts ?\Iix well together and gradually add the following : Wood alcohol 30 parts Oil of turpentine 15 parts Petrolatum 80 parts Ammonia water 15 parts Oil of citronella -1 part A'otc. — The difficulty experienced with most liquid metal polishes is to keep the polishing ingredients in sus- pension. If the vehicle is made too heavy, as with a crude ammonium oleatc compound, a wide mouth bottle is neces- sary, while the problem with a thinner preparation is to prevent the kieselguhr from caking at the bottom of the bottle. A mixture of ordinary kerosene oil and crude oleic acid makes a good vehicle for a lic|ui(l metal polish or X. B. — Parts as used in tliis Dental Formtilari/ mean quantities by weight. 122 DENTAL FOEMULAET "Putz." One part of kerosene to five parts of crude oleic acid is about the right proportion to use, and to a pint of such a mixture there may be added two ounces of kiesel- guhr and ten or twelve drops of oil of myrbane. POLISHING PASTES. I. Pumice stone ( in fine powder) 20 parts Oleic acid 20 parts Tallow 2 parts Paraffin . . . .' 4 parts ]\Ielt the oleic acid, tallow, and paraffin together and gradually stir in the pumice stone, stirring continuously until cold. 2. Precipitated chalk 2 parts Water of ammonia 2 parts Wood alcohol 13 parts Water, enough to make 100 parts Shake well before using. TO CLEAN NICKELED INSTRUMENTS. I. Place the instruments in a mixture of .Sulphuric acid i part Alcohol 50 parts Let remain fr)r ten minutes, remove, wash in hot water, and dr\- in sawdust. X. B. — Pfti'ts as used in this DmUil Farmularjj mean quantities by \veit(lit. DENTAL FOHMLLAUY 123 2. Prepared chalk 2 parts Water of ammonia 2 parts Alcohol 2 parts Water 4 parts Rub the instruments with a cloth saturated with the mixture, then wipe them with a dry cloth. 3 Ammonium carbonate .... 30 parts Water 120 parts Dissolve and add Precipitated chalk 480 parts Spread this paste over the surface of the object to be polished and rub with a soft flannel cloth first, then with a piece of chamois skin. If the metal surface has any pits or fissures, a brush may be employed. Cover the rust spots with engine oil and in a few days rub and polish with a paste made of chalk and water of ammonia. If the spots are very resistant they may be treated with diluted hydrochloric acid, followed immediately by the above paste. 5- One of the best methods known for keeping- bright the nickel work about the office is to wet a rag with a solution of hyposulphite of soda and wipe the article with. it. drying" with a soft towel and ihcn rubbing it with a piece of chamois. X. B. — Parts as usml in this Dinial Formularii mean quantities by weight. 124 DENTAL FOliMVLABY TO REMOVE RUST FROM POLISHED STEEL. I. To remove rust from polished steel, potassium cyanide is excellent. Soak, if possible, the instrument to be cleaned, in a solution of potassium cyanide in the proportion of one part of cyanide to four parts of water. Allow this to act until all loose rust is removed, and then polish with cyanide soap. The latter is made of potassium cyanide, precipitated chalk, and white castile soap. Make a satu- rated solution of the cyanide and add chalk sufficient to make a creamy paste. Add the soap, cut in fine shavings, and thoroughly incorporate in a mortar. When the mixture is stiff, cease to add the soap. It should be remembered that potassium cyanide is a violent poison ! 2. Rusted surgical instruments, etc., are placed over night in a saturated solution of stannous chloride, which causes the spots to disappear by reduction. The articles are then rinsed in water, laid in a hot solution of soda soap, and dried. It is well to rub them with absolute alcohol and prepared chalk. Another convenient method for removing rust is to lay the instruments in kerosene. Paraffin oil is the best preservative against rust, and the most convenient way of applying it without getting an unnecessarily thick coating is as follows: One part of oil is dissolved in two. hundred parts of benzine, and the objects, after being thor- oughly dried and warmed, are plunged into the solution. Instruments with joints, as scissors or needle holders, are waslifd in llie lluif the \\ash should be so adjusted that one teaspoonful, mixed with a half tumberful of warm water (approximately I to 30), furnishes the correct proportions of its active ingredients intended for daily use. The gargling motion is produced by forcing air from the lungs through the fluid held posteriorly in the mouth. Powerful exercise of the muscles of the pharynx, the cheeks, and the lips are material adjuncts in forcing the fluid back and forth through the teeth. About one-half to one minute's gargling is the average time required for each mouthful, corre- sponding approximately to half to one fluidounce (15 to 30 c.c.) of liquid. Correct gargling is quite- a difficult pro- cedure ; it cannot be accomplished by children and those aftlicted with pharyngeal disturbances. Through incorrect gargling a quantity of the fluid is usually swallowed, or it merely turns about in the anterior part of the mouth. If the fluids contain alcoholic or volatile liquids, more or less of it is always absorbed. A convenient way of spraying the oral cavity with a fluid antiseptic is readily accomplished by using an atomizer. This method of applying an antiseptic is especially of service before and after the removal of tartar and other operations about the mouth, in children and in those who cannot gargle. The atomizer bulb may be worked by hand or foot power, or, still better, by compressed air. Tooth and mouth washes are usually dispensed in flint glass bottles stoppered with corks or metallic sprinkler tops. If the latter are used the contents of the bottle must not corrode the metallic top. N. B. — Parts as used in this Denial Formulary mean quantities by weight. 160 DENTAL FOBMULABY COLORS FOR MOUTH WASHES. Bright red Tincture of cochineal Reddish brown Tincture of cudbear Brown Caramel solution Golden yellow Tincture of saffron Green Chlorophyl solution -ALKALINE MOUTH WASH. Sodium bicarbonate 20 parts Sodium benzoate 20 parts Sodium borate 50 parts Menthol 6 parts Eucalyptol 3 parts Alcohol 100 parts Glycerin 200 parts Water, enough to make 1,000 parts General Directions for Preparing a Mouth Wash : Dissolve the essential oils, eucalyptol, thymol, menthol, or other alcohol-soluble substance in the alcohol, mix the glycerin and the water and add the water-soluble substances ; mix the two solutions, and if turbid add 20 parts of purified talc for each 1,000 parts of the finished product. Shake occasionally, and let stand for a week. Filter through paper. ANATHERIN DENTIFRICE. Red sandalwood 20 parts Guaiac wood 10 parts Myrrh 25 parts Cloves 15 parts Cinnamon 5 parts Oil of cloves I part N. B. — Parts as \\hp(\ in tliis Denial Formiihiri/ moan quantities Ijy weight. DENTAL FOBMULARY 161 Oil of cinnamon i part Alcohol 1 .500 parts Water ' 750 parts ANTISEPTIC MOUTH WASH. Boric acid 25 parts Benzoic acid i part Thymol 3 parts Menthol 6 parts Eucalyptol 5 parts Oil of wintergreen 5 parts Alcohol 250 parts Glycerin 100 parts Water, enough to make. , 1,000 parts CHINOSOL MOUTH WASH. Chinosol i part Oil of peppermint i part Water 40 parts Alcohol 60 parts £AU DE BOTOT. Star anise seed 25 parts Cinnamon, Ce\lon 25 parts Cloves 25 parts Cochineal ' 10 parts Potassium bitartrate 5 parts Tannic acid 5 parts Balsam of Peru 5 parts Oil of peppermint 10 parts X. B. — Parts as usod in tliis Dental Fnrmulari/ mean quantities by weight. 162 DENTAL FOEMULABY HYDROGEN DIOXIDE MOUTH WASHES. I. Resorcinol 50 parts Zinc chloride J part Menthol 5 parts Thymol 2 parts . Alcohol, diluted 1,000 parts Eucalyptol I part Camphor . | part Oil of wintergreen ^ part Alcohol 250 parts Hydrogen dioxide solution 200 parts Water, enough to make 1,000 parts 2. Thymol 0.5 part Menthol 0.5 part Saccharin . 0.5 part Alcohol 70 parts Hydrogen dioxide solution 120 parts MILLER'S MOUTH WASHES. I. Thymol i part Benzoic acid 12 parts Tincture of eucalyptus 60 parts Alcohol 400 parts Oil of peppermint 3 parts 2. Benzoic acid 60 parts Tincture of rhatany 260 parts Oil of peppermint 15 parts Alcohol, enough to make 2,000 parts N. E. — Pads as wso'l in this Denial Formulary inean qiiantities by weight. DENTAL FOJiMrLATiY 163 PRUYN'S MOUTH WASH. Phenol ^ 2 parts Boric acid 6 parts Oil of cassia 2 parts Oil of peppermint -J- part Chloroform 2 parts Alcohol 50 parts Glycerin, enough to make 120 parts RESORCINOL MOUTH WASH. Boric acid 5 parts Sodium horate 13 parts Resorcinol 18 parts Eau de cologne 100 parts Water, enough to make 500 parts SACCHARIN MOUTH WASH. Saccharin 0.5 part Sodium borate 4 parts Alcohol 50 parts Water 50 parts Tincture of cochineal ^ part Oil of peppermint i part SAPONACEOUS MOUTH WASH. White casiilc soap 25 part? Glycerin 100 parts Water 600 parts Alcohol 400 parts Oil of cloves 10 parts Oil of peppermint 15 parts Oil of wintergreen 25 parts Oil of cassia . 10 parts Color with tincture of cochineal. X. B. — Parts as iisod in this Drnfal Formulary mean quantities by weight. 164 DENTAL FOEMULAEY THYMOL MOUTH WASH. Thymol 15 parts Benzoic acid 100 parts Eiicalyptol 30 parts Oil of peppermint 5 parts • Oil of cloves I part Oil of sage i part Cumarin ^ part Alcohol, enough to make 1,000 parts Color with tincture of saffron. TOOTH POWDERS. Tooth powders, pastes and soaps are chiefly employed for the purpose of mechanically cleansing the accessible surfaces of the teeth. Their antiseptic effect on oral bac- teria is of cjuestionable value, as they remain hardly long enough in the mouth to enter into complete solution. Tooth powders or pastes should not contain gritty or fermentable substances or chemicals which act deleteriously on tooth structure. The wasting away of tooth tissues, usually referred to as erosion or abrasion, and which principally occurs upon the labial surfaces of the teeth, is largely the result of the continuous use of powders, pastes, etc., which contain more or less abrasive substances. An acquaintance with the abrasive qualities of the in- gredients entering into the make-up of tooth preparations is essential for the compounder. A microscopic examina- tion of the more important powdered substances, together with a comparative knowledge of their physical and chem- ical composition, furnishes excellent information regarding their usefulness as components of dentifrices. ■ N. B. — Parts as iisod in tliis Drvtol Formiilarji mean quantities by weight. * DENTAL FOEMULAIiY 165 THE ABRASIVES. Prepared chalk ( drop chalk, whiting, creta prseparata. U.S.P.), a white amorphous powder, is calcium carbonate, purified by mechanical means. Prepared chalk is not pre- cipitated chalk. Prepared chalk contains small quantities of silica, alumina and other impurities, and consists princi- pally of the microscopic shells of many form of infusoria. The minute particles of prepared chalk are sufficiently hard and sharp to remove tooth substances when used in a denti- frice, and should therefore not be employed for such purposes. Precipitated chalk (precipitated calcium carbonate, calcii carbonas prsecipitatus, U. S. P.) is a fine wdiite amor- phous powder, prepared b\- chemical means. Depending upon the process of manufacture, various grades of fineness, weight and color are obtained. For the purpose of pre- paring tooth powders, pastes, etc., only the very finest bolted precipitated calcium carbonate is permissible. Prepared oyster shells (concha praeparata, testa prae- parata) are prepared from the boiled, cleansed and pow- dered shells of the oyster, Ostrca ediilis. They consist principally of an impure calcium carbonate with variable quantities of calcium phosphate and small amounts of iodine, bromine, organic matter, etc. The powder usually emits a ])eculiar odor, reminding one of that of the sea. The abra- sive power of powdered 0}-ster shells is about C(|ual to that of prepared chalk, and the same objection obtains as to their use as a tooth powder l)ase as to the oilier. Pumice stone (lapis pumici-^ ) is a light, porous stone of volcanic origin, consisting chietiy of silica, with potash and soda. As may be expected from its composition, it is a ])Owerful abrasive, and it should never enter into a tooth N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weigli^. 166 DENTAL F0E2IULAEY preparation intended for daily use. Even its temporary use in conjunction with precipitated chalk acts deleteriously on tooth structure. Magnesium carbonate (magnesii carbonas. U.S. P.). Two forms of magnesium carbonate are known — the light and the heavy. The light preparation is usually employed for tooth powder. It has no abrasive or polishing action on tooth structure. As it is a voluminous powder, it is principally used to give bulk to tooth powders. Burnt magnesia (Magnesii oxidum, U.S. P.) is prepared from magnesium carbonate by calcination. It possesses no advan- tage over magnesium carbonate, and is rarely used at present as a component of dentifrice. Cuttlefish bone (os sepise) is a calcareous substance found under the skin of the back of the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis. It is composed of calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, gluten and other substances, which are readily recognized by their peculiar putrid odor. The external hard skin and the internal soft deposits of the cuttlefish bone are ground together, forming a powder which is used as an abrasive. Charcoal (carbo ligni,. U. S. P., carbo tiliae) is a very fine black powder prepared from soft wood (linden wood). It is odorless and tasteless, and, when freshly prepared, readily absorbs offensive odors. Even the finest charcoal powder presents under the microscope a mass of sharp, crystalline cylinders which possess marked abrasive power. When used as a component in a tooth powder, the sharp particles imbed themselves in due time in the gum tissue, producing a distinct blue line near the margin, which may simulate the typical lead line found in le.ad poisoning. The gum tissue becomes tattooed by the charcoal, and nothing N. B. — Pnrts as used in this Denial Formulary moan qnantitips liy woiylit. DENTAL FORMULARY 167 can remove this pigmentation but a surgical operation. Charcoal sliould not be used in a tooth powder preparation ; it is often found in the so-cahed Chinese and Japanese tooth powders. Powdered vegetable drugs — as calamus, rhatany, lico- rice, orris root, cinchona bark, sandalwood, myrrh, benzoin, etc. — have no place in tooth powtlers. As stated above, they are added to give flavor to the powder or to increase its bulk. The odor and taste of these substances are readily substituted by their respective essential oils or alcoholic extracts. The time a tooth powder remains in the mouth is not long enough to allow the active constituents of these substances to enter into solution. Their abrasive action is of no value, and, as these vegetable powders may be forced between the teeth and remain there for some time, the starch., which is one of their constituents, may give rise to acid fermentation. For flavoring tooth powders the essen- tial oils of anise, cassia, cloves, wintergreen, ylang-ylang (cananga), etc., either alone or in suitable combinations, are available. If the delicate flavor of the violet (orris root), which apparently is appealing to refined taste, is wanted, the orris oil, tenfold, is to be recommended. This concentrated oil must be used very sparingly. A suitable flavoring combination of oils for tooth powder purposes may be prepared as follows : Cumarin \ '^o part Oil of orris (tenfold) i part Oil of star anise 5 parts Oil of cloves 15 parts 0\\ of wintergreen ( artificial ) 80 parts Oil of peppermint 150 parts One part of this oil mi.xturc added to from 50 to 75 X. B. — Parts as used in this l)i nlal Formulary mean quantities by weight. 168 DENTAL FOEMULABT parts of tooth powder body imparts a sufificiently strong flavor. Tooth powders are preferably dispensed in glass bottles or tin cans with suitable sprinkler tops. BODIES FOR TOOTH POWDERS. Red. Carmine, No. 40 20 parts Ammonia water 50 parts Water 20 .parts Alcohol 30 parts Calcium carbonate, precipitated 1,000 parts Dissolve the carmine in the ammonia water, add the water and alcohol and mix thoroughly with the calcium carbonate. Spread on paper and dry at room temperature. Rub through a No. 50 brass wire sieve. Pink. Prepare same as red body, using only one-half of the carmine, i. e., 10 parts. Violet. Alkanin 2^ parts Ether 100 parts Calcium carbonate, precipitated 1,000 parts Prepare same as red bodw COMMON SENSE TOOTH POWDER. Calcium carbonate, precipitated 90 parts Magnesium carbonate 5 parts Castile soap 5 parts Oil" of orris (tenfold) -i- part N". B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities Ijy weight. DENTAL FORMVLAUY 169 CAMPHOR OR ENGLISH TOOTH POWDER. Calcium carbonate, precipitated 720 parts [Magnesium carbonate 120 parts Sugar of milk 130 parts Camphor 20 parts Ether 30 parts Dissolve the camphor in the ether, mix with the calcium carbonate, dry in the air, and mix with the other ingredients. FITZGERALD'S TOOTH POWDER. Calcium carbonate, precipitated 360 parts Magnesium carbonate 300 parts Castile soap 150 parts Salol 60 parts Boric acid 30 parts Thymol 2 parts Saccharin 1 part Oil of peppermint 5 parts LASAR'S TOOTH POWDER. Calcium carbonate. ])recipitated 100 parts Sodium chloride 2^ parts Pumice stone 2^, parts Castile soap 3 parts Oil of peppermint 1 part MILLER'S TOOTH POWDER. Calcium carbonate. ])rccipitated 30 parts ^lagnesium carbonate 10 parts Orris root 15 parts Oil of peppermint r part N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental FoDiuihiri/ mean quantities by weight. 170 DENTAL FOEMVLAEY OXYDIZING TOOTH POWDERS. I. Calcium carbonate, precipitated 75 parts Magnesium carbonate 10 parts Sodium perborate 10 parts Castile soap 3 parts Oil of peppermint i part 2. Calcium carbonate, precipitated 90 parts Strontium dioxide 5 parts Castile soap 3 parts Oil of wintergreen i part Oil of peppermint -I part 3- Magnesium oxide 50 parts Calcium carbonate, precipitated 100 parts Magnesium dioxide 20 parts Menthol 2 parts Saccharin i part Oil of peppermint 2 parts PEDLEY'S TOOTH POWDER. Calcium carbonate, precipitated 1,000 parts Orris root 250 parts Castile soap 125 parts Ijoric acid ; 125 parts Phenol 30 parts Oil of eucalyptus 25 parts N. B. — Parts as used in tliis Dental Fornnildri/ mean (|iiaiitities liv weight. DENTAL FOEMULAEY 171 POTASSIUM CHLORATE TOOTH POWDER. Calcium carbonate, precipitated 500 parts Potassium chlorate 250 parts Sugar of milk 100 parts Orris root 125 parts Menthol 10 parts Oil of cloves 5 parts RED TOOTH POWDER. Red tooth powder body 1,000 parts Orris root 300 parts Sugar of milk 200 parts Oil of cloves 50 parts Oil of peppermint 50 parts FLETCHER'S VEGETABLE TOOTH POWDER. Pulverized cereal 75 parts Sodium borate 18 parts Potassium chlorate 7 parts Sweeten with saccharin and flavor to taste. VIOLET TOOTH POWDER. Violet tooth powder body 650 parts Sugar of milk lOO parts - Orris root 200 parts Licorice root 25 parts Cumarin • i part Extract of jasmine to parts Oil of rose 1 part TOOTH PASTES. A perfectly satisfactory paste cannot be produced with- out the use of gelatin or mucilage of acacia. Pastes which X. R. — Parts as iisod in this Tirnial Formulnrii moan qnantities by weight. 172 DENTAL FOBMULAEY are massed with pure glycerin are disappointing ; they ooze from the tube, discoloring the label, forming an unsightly package. Glycerin is necessary, but it should not be em- ployed alone. Glucose should never be used as a massing fluid, as it will easily ferment. The consistency of the excipient or massing fluid determines the character of the paste. If formaldehyde solution is added to a gelatin mass- ing fluid, the gelatin is changed to an insoluble compound, and the paste in due time becomes hard as a rock. Small quantities of tooth paste may be made in a large wedge- wood mortar ; for making pastes upon a commercial scale an ordinary dough mixer (as used in bakeries) is indis- pensable. The so-called "heavy" precipitated chalk is to be preferred as a base for the tooth paste body. MASSING FLUIDS. Gelatin i part Glycerin 30 parts Water 35 parts Soak the gelatin in the water, apply gentle heat, and add the glycerin. Another massing fluid is made by mixing- Glycerin 2 parts Mucilage of acacia 2 parts Mucilage of acacia is made by dissolving Gum arable '. . . 4 parts Water . 6 parts Dissolve the gum arable in the water and strain through fine cotton cloth. N. B. — Parts an used in, tliis Denial Fornmlurij ineau quantities by weight. DENTAL FOUMULABY 173 Tooth pastes may be prepared according to the fol- lowing general formula : Tooth paste body i part Massing fluid 3 to 4 parts The amount of massing fluid depends upon the tooth paste body and upon the season of the year. In cold weather a larger quantity is required than during the sum- mer months. Tooth paste bodies containing large quantities of vegetable drugs also require large amounts of massing fluid. After the tooth paste body is thoroughly mixed with the massing fluid into a rather stifif paste, it should stand for at least four days. It should be beaten up every day in the dough mixer for about fifteen minutes, and each time very small quantities of glycerin are added to it, until finally the right consistency is reached. At the last mixing the paste should just drop from a spatula when held in a perpendicular position. Tooth pastes are to be dispensed in collapsible tubes made of pure tin. Tin boxes or porcelain dishes are poor substitutes for the tubes, as they invite contamination of the paste. The filling of the tubes is best accomplished by using a special filling apparatus worked by hand-power or compressed air. The ends of the tubes are closed by a special folding punch. TOOTH PASTE BODIES. Any tooth powder, unless it contains substances which are decomposed by moisture (i. e.. certain oxygen tooth powders), may be worked into a paste. A suitable tooth paste body may be made according to the following formula : ]S\ B. — Parts as iisod in this Poifal Formiilari/ mean quantities by -ueight. 174 . VENIAL FOUMULABY Heavy precipitated chalk 75 parts Powdered castile soap 10 parts Powdered orris root 5 parts Saccharin 3/100 parts Flavoring oils i part The chalk may be colored pink, according to instruc- tions as given under tooth powders. A suitable flavoring oil mixture may be prepared according to the following formula : Oil of star anise i part Oil of cloves 3 parts Oil of wintergreen 16 parts Oil of peppermint 24 parts Cumarin 1/300 part HARLAN'S TOOTH PASTE. Calcium carbonate, precipitated 1,500 parts Sodium fluo-silicate 250 parts Tannic acid 30 parts Sugar 750 parts Cuttlefish bone 250 parts Oil of wintergreen 20 parts Massing fluid, enough to make a paste. ENGLISH ODONTINE. Calcium carbonate, precipitated 500 parts Orris root 100 parts Pumice stone 50 parts Oil of peppermint 10 parts Oil of sage 5 parts Oil of cloves 2 parts X. B. — Parts as used in this Drntal Formulary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOBMULAHY 175 Carmine, enough to color. Classing fluid, enough to make a paste. KALADONT. Calcium carbonate, precipitated 250 parts Magnesium carbonate 80 parts Castile soap '..... 100 parts Oil of peppermint 10 parts Oil of cloves 2 parts Oil of cinnamon i part Oil of wintergreen i part Carmine, enough to color. Massing fluid, enough to make a paste. MILLER'S TOOTH PASTE. Calcium carbonate, precipitated 100 parts IVIagnesium carbonate 5 parts Cuttlefish bone 4 parts Sugar 2 parts Myrrh 2 parts Classing fluid, enough to make a paste. TOOTH PASTE "KOLYNOS"; JENKINS. Soap 33 parts Calcium carbonate, precipitated 25 parts Absolute alcohol 20 parts Glycerin 15 parts Benzoic acid 3 parts Oil of eucalyptus 2 parts Oil of peppermint 2 parts Saccharin 1- part Thymol ^- part Make into a paste. iV. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formnlan/ mean quantities by weight. 176 DENTAL FOEMVLAEY POTASSIUM CHLORATE TOOTH PASTE. Calcium carbonate, precipitated 350 parts Orris root 100 parts Potassium chlorate 250 parts Oil of peppermint 5 parts Oil of cloves 2 parts Oil of wintergreen i part Massing- fluid, enough to make a paste. TOOTH PASTE WITH CARLSBAD SALTS. Artificial Carlsbad salt i part Powdered castile soap i part Calcium carbonate, precipitated 3 parts Massing fluid, enough to make a paste. TOOTH PASTE WITH ORRIS ROOT. Precipitated calcium carbonate, "pink". 450 parts Powdered orris root 100 parts Powdered castile soap 50 parts Oil of peppermint 10 parts Oil of sage 5 parts Oil of cloves 5 parts Massing fluid, enough to make a paste. SALOL TOOTH PASTE. Precipitated calcium carbonate, heavy. . 350 parts Powdered orris root • 150 parts Sugar of milk 100 parts Powdered castile soap 50 parts Salol 20 parts Oil of peppermint 5 parts Oil of cloves 3 parts Massing fluid, enough to make a paste. N. B. — Parts a-s iisod in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOEMULAEY 177 TOOTH PASTE WITH PUMICE STONE. Precipitated calcium carbonate, "pink". 400 parts Powdered orris root 100 parts Powdered pumice stone 50 parts Powdered castile soap 150 parts Oil of peppermint 15 parts Oil of lemon 3 parts Oil of cassia 3 parts Oil of sage i part HARD TOOTH PASTES OR TOOTH SOAPS. Tooth soaps are usually prepared by incorporating about 20 percent of castile soap in alcoholic solution into the powder base and pressing the mass into suitable molds; their hardness increases with age. Tooth soaps are usually dispensed in flat tin boxes, china jars, or wrapped in tinfoil. AUSTRIAN TOOTH SOAP. Castile soap 200 parts Calcium carbonate, precipitated 80 parts Carmine 2 parts Oil of peppermint - 5 parts Alcohol 30 parts BERGMANN'S TOOTH SOAP. Transparent glycerin soap 50 parts Sugar 25 parts Alcohol 20 parts Water 10 parts ■ Oil of peppermint i part Dissolve the soap and sugar in the alcohol. N. B. — Parts as used in this Deiifdl Formularii mean quantities by weight. 178 DENTAL FOBMULABY ROBERT'S TOOTH SOAP. Magnesium carbonate 50 parts Orris root 50 parts Talcum 50 parts Castile soap 50 parts Oil of vvintergrecn 3 parts THYMOL TOOTH SOAP. Pink tooth powder body 750 parts Castile soap 200 parts Glycerin 50 parts Alcohol 100 parts Thymol 10 parts Cumarin | part Menthol 10 parts Oil of cloves 5 parts The soaps, glycerin and alcohol are mixed to a paste and the other ingredients are incorporated. Press in suit- able molds, expose to the air for twenty-four hours, and paint the pieces with tincture of benzoin to give gloss to the finished product. N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. CHAPTER VII. PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOUNDS. LOCAL ANESTHETIC SOLUTION; FISCHER. Novocaine • . . . 1.5 parts Sodium chloride 0.92 part Thymol 0.06 part Distilled water, enough to make 100 parts To each 20 minims of this solution add one drop of adrenaline solution when needed. NORMAL ANESTHETIC SOLUTION; BUENTE AND MORAL. Novocaine 1.5 parts Sodium chloride 0.92 part Th}'mol 0.02 part Distilled water, enough to make ■ 100 parts To each 20 minims of this solution add one drop of adrenaline solution when needed. NOVOCAINE SOLUTION. Novocaine 1.5 parts Sodium bicarbonate, C. P 0.4 part Sodium chloride, C. P 0.4 part Distilled water, enough to make 100 parts To each 20 minims of this solution add one drop of adrenaline solution when needed. N. B. — farts as used in this Dental FormuJarji moan quantities by weight. 179 180 DENTAL FOEMULABY ANESTHETIC SOLUTIONS; SCHLEICH. I. Cocaine hydrochloride 0.2 part Sodium chloride 0.2 part ]\Iorphinc hydrochloride 0.02 part Distilled water, enough to make 100 parts 2. Cocaine hydrochloride o.i part Sodium chloride 0.2 part Morphine hydrochloride ............ 0.02 part Distilled water 100 parts 3- Cocaine hydrochloride 0.0 1 part Sodium chloride 0.2 part Morphine h}drochloride 0.005 P^''^ Distilled water 100 parts COCAINE ANESTHETIC SOLUTION. Cocaine hydrochloride 5 parts Sodium chloride 4 parts Sterilized water 480 parts To each syringe ful (20 minims) add one drop of adrenaline chloride solution, when used. COCAINE ANESTHETIC SOLUTION; WYCKOFF. Cocaine hydrochloride 4 parts Solution trinitrin Ct percent) 10 parts Spirit thymol comp 120 parts Distilled water, enough to make 480 parts [The spirit thymol comp. is composed of benzo- N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOHMVLABY ISl boric acid, thymol, eucalyptol, oil of wintergreen, oil of peppermjnt. with extract of witch-hazel, alcohol, and distilled water. | TROPACOCAINE ANESTHETIC SOLUTION. Tropacocaine hydrochloride 20 parts Sodium chloride 5 parts Distilled water 480 parts Boil and filter. NOVOCAINE COMPOUND TABLETS. Novocaine 1/3 grain Suprarenine hydrochloride 1/1200 grain Sodium chloride . . ; 1/8 grain One tablet dissolved in 20 minims of sterile water makes a 2 percent solution of novocaine ready for immediate use. HEMOSTATIC LOCAL ANESTHETIC SOLUTION; LEGRAND. Gelatin 2 parts Sodium chloride 0.7 part Phenol crystals o.i part Eucaine B 0.7 part Cocaine hydrochloride 0.3 part Distilled water, enough to make 100 parts TO RELIEVE PAIN AFTER EXTRACTION. I. Alenthol 2 parts Phenol liquid 2 parts Tincture of iodine 2 parts Ether 30 parts Chloroform 30 parts Appl\' on cotton tn the painful alveolar socket. N. B. — Parts as used in tliis Drnfal Fornutlari/ moan quantities by weight. 182 DENTAL FOBMULAEY 2. Orthoform powder i part Roll absorbent cotton to a cone, dip in carbolated water, and cover with orthoform powder ; insert the cone into the painful alveolar socket. ANESTHETIC AND ANTISEPTIC PASTE FOR SCALING TEETH. Phenol liquid lo parts Cocaine hydrochloride lo parts Menthol . . 25 parts White vaseline 480 parts . Before scaling; the teeth, rub the paste into the spaces between the teeth and on the .a^um. EUROFORM PASTE; BUCKLEY. Orthoform - 60 parts Europhen 90 parts Petronol 135 parts Petrolatum 125 parts LOCAL ANESTHETIC FOR PYORRHEA ALVEOLARIS; PAT^ TERSON. Cocaine hydrochloride 20 parts Oil of cloves 8 parts Oil of cassia 8 parts Menthol 8 parts Chloroform 480 parts r)efore removint^ (le])osits from roots, saturate ])ellct of cotton with solution, crowd gently into pockets, and allow to remain for a few moments. Keep well sto]jpered. N. B. — Parts as iisod in I his Dental Formulary mean qnantities by •weight. DENTAL FOEMULAEY 183 LOCAL ANESTHETIC FOR EXPOSED PULPS. 1 ; Gertzen. Sodium bicarbonate lo parts Phenol liquid, enough to make a creamy paste. 2; Pincemaille. Cocaine hydrochloride i part Chloroform 5 parts Phenosalyl 25 parts Oil of lavender 10 parts Oil of cloves 20 parts Oil of cinnamon 25 parts COMPOUNDS FOR DEVITALIZING THE PULP. Arsenical Pastes. I. Arsenic trioxide 20 parts Cocaine hydrochloride 10 parts Glycerin, enough to make a paste. 2, Arsenic trioxide i part Orthoform i part Lanolin, enough to make a paste. 3- Arsenic trioxide 20 parts Cocaine hydrochloride 20 parts Menthol 5 parts Glycerin, enough to make a j)aste. X. B. — Parts as used iu this Dculol Funnulory mean quantities by weight. 184 DENTAL FORMULARY 4- Arsenic trioxide 20 parts Thymol 20 parts Oil of cloves, enough to make a paste. 5- Arsenic trioxide 90 parts Cocaine hydrochloride 40 parts Phenol crystals 10 parts Lanolin, enough to make a paste. 6. Arsenic trioxide 5 parts Tannic acid 2 parts Morphine acetate 10 parts Oil of cloves, enough to make a paste. 7- Crude cobalt 80 parts Cocaine hydrochloride 20 parts Phenol liquid, enough to make a paste. Arsenical Fibre. Arsenic trioxide 5 parts Tannic acid 2 parts Morphine acetate JO parts Phenol liquid, enough to make a thin paste. Mix with sufficient fine cross-cut absorbent cot- ton fibers until tlie paste is fully absorbed ; dry, and keep in a well-covered glass jar. N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL VOllMULARY 185 9- Arsenical Discs. Arsenic trioxide, Cocaine hydrochloride equal parts Oil of cloves, enough to make a soft paste. Cut small squares (one to one and one-half millimeters) of hard white blotting paper, saturate with the paste, let dry for a few hours, and then put into a glass stoppered bottle. PULP DIGESTANT; HARLAN. Papain i part Glycerin i part Solution hydrochloric acid (i:ioo) ... i part Make a paste, apply to the dead pulp, and seal into the cavity for two weeks, at the end of which time the pulp will be digested. First destroy the pulp with arsenic left in the tooth for two or three days. Remove the arsenic, cut away the bulbous portion of the pulp, and introduce the paste as above. The pulp is reduced to a jelly-like mass resembling glue, and is easily removed. STYPTICS. Styptic Cotton. I. Alum 12 parts Solution of iron perchloride 12 parts Water 75 parts Absorbent cotton 50 parts Dissolve the alum in the water and add the solution of iron perchloride. Pour the solution over the cotton in such a way that all is absorbed. Afterwarmol 15 parts Zinc sulphate 2.000 parts P)Oric acid, in impal]:)able powder 18,000 parts "N". B. — Parts as used in Hiis Denial Formiihirij mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOEMULAEY 199 ROOT CANAL FILLING MATERIALS. 1 : Scheuer. Zinc oxide 8 parts Zinc sulphate 2 parts Cresol 3 parts Solution of formaldehyde i part Eugenol i part Glycerin, enough to make a stifif paste. 2. Zinc oxide 225 parts Zinc sulphate 75 parts Oil of peppermint. . : i part L3'Soform, enough to make a paste. 3- Iodoform 90 parts Zinc oxide 45 parts Charcoal, powdered 45 parts Oil of cloves, enough to make a paste. 4- Cresol 60 parts Formaldehyde solution 15 parts Glycerin 10 parts Zinc oxide 10 parts Boric acid, enough to make a stiff paste. 5- Gutta-percha base plate 60 parts Rosin 60 parts Chloroform 240 parts X. B.— Parts as usfd in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by ^Yeight. 200 DENTAL FORMULARY ' 6; Eucapercha Compound; Buckley. Dental base plate gutta percha 5 parts Eucalyptol compound (see page xx) . . . 5 parts Make solution by aid of heat, avoiding the loss of eucalyptol. 7; Eucalyptol Gutta Percha. Thymol i part Gutta percha base plate 99 parts Eucalyptol 100 parts Melt together in a porcelain capsule by carefully heating on a water bath. Powder. Thymol 5 parts Dried alum 10 parts Kaolin 25 parts Liquid. Formaldehyde solution i part Cresol 2 parts Alcohol .' 3 parts Mix to a stiff paste before using. 9- Powder. Thymol 5 parts Dried alum to parts Kaolin 25 parts X. 15. — Parts hh used in tliis Denial Forniuliirij uwdu quantities by weight. DENTAL FOEMULAET 201 Liquid. Formaldehyde solution i part Cresol 2 parts Alcohol 3 parts lO. Powder. Paraform 4 parts Iodoform i part Thymol i part Zinc oxide 14 parts Tannic acid 20 parts Liquid. Phenol 5 parts Oil of cloves 5 parts Oil of cinnamon 5 parts Glycerin 5 parts II. Powder. Zinc oxide .' 8 parts Zinc sulphate, exsiccated 2 parts Liquid. Cresol 3 parts Formaldehyde solution i part Euo:enol i part 12. Powder. Hydronaphthol i part Zinc oxide 2 parts X- B. — Parts as used in this Denfal Fornudari/ moan quantities •V ^A■ei£rht. 202 DENTAL FOEilULABY Liquid. Hydronaphtliol 2 parts Alcohol 36 parts Oil of cloves 12 parts 13- Powder. Zinc oxide 20 parts Paraform 5 parts Liquid. Zinc sulphate 6 parts VVater 20 parts Cresol ; I part 14; Wakefield. Powder. Alum 2 parts Thymol 4 parts Zinc oxide 240 parts Liquid. Formaldehyde solution 2 parts Alcohol 4 parts Creosote 90 parts 15- Powder. Xeroform 5 parts Thymol i part Dried alum 3 parts Zinc oxide 5 parts X. B. — Parts as used in tliis Venial Formiilari/ moan quantities by weight. DENTAL FORMULARY 203 Liquid. Eugenol 5 parts Cresol 5 parts 16; Formagen; Abraham. Powder. Fresh slaked lime 10 parts Zinc oxide 20 parts Quartz 20 parts Kaolin 50 parts Liquid. Formaldehyde solution i part Oil of cloves 2 parts Creosote 3 parts Alcohol 4 parts Mix to a stiff paste before using. 17; Eucaine-Formol-Phenol Paste; WitzeL Powder. Eucaine 3 parts Phenol liquid 5 parts Paraform 10 parts Zinc oxide 10 parts Liquid. Eugenol to parts Formaldehyde solution 40 parts Glycerin 50 parts Mix to a stiff paste before using. N". B. — Parts as used in this Drninl Formularii mean quantities by weight. 204 DENTAL FOEMULABY 18; Oxpara; Jones. Powder. Thymol i part Zinc oxide 2 parts Liquid. Glycerin i part Formaldehyde solution i part Tricresol 3 parts 19; Dodel. Paraffin 48 parts Salol 12 parts Melt the paraffin on a water-bath, remove from the fire and add the salol with constant stirring. 20. Hard paraffin 48 parts Aristol 6 parts Prepare as above. 21. Thymol i part Crocus martis 15 parts Hard paraffin 84 parts Prepare as above. 22; Dunning. Paraform 2 parts Bismuth subnitrate 8 parts Paraffin 8 parts Prepare as above. N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weiglit. DENTAL FOJiMULJTiY ' 205 23. Disappearing Root Filling; Ferris. Isinglass , 60 parts Tannic acid i-J parts Tricresol 4 parts Distilled water 90 parts When heated to a temperature of 100° F. in an ordinary gluepot or water bath, it becomes syrupy and can be readily introduced into the root canals with a piece of sterile catgut. If the canal be large the catgut may be left in the canal. A ball of stifif phosphate of zinc is then pressed into the pulp chamber, forcing the mixture through the canal and fistula. PULP MUMMIFYING PASTES. 1 ; Soederberg. Alum I part Thymol , i part Glycerin i part Zinc oxide, enough to make a paste. 2. Paraform i part Thymol i part Zinc oxide 2 parts Glycerin, enough to make a paste. 3- Cocain hydrochloride i part Thymol i part Formaldehyde solution i part White vaselin 3 parts Zinc oxide 7 parts X. B. — Parts as used in tliis Dental ForwuJari/ mean quantises by weight. 20<3 DENTAL FOmWLAT^Y PULP CAPPING MATERIALS. I. Aristol, or euro])heii i part Calcium phosphate lo parts Eugenol, enough to make a creamy paste. 2. Thymolized Calcium Phosphate; Buckley. Thymol lo parts Calcium phosphate, precipitated 438 parts 3- Gum. benzoin 3 parts Balsam of tolu 2 parts Eugenol 2 parts Thymol I part Chloroform 8 parts AGENTS FOR REDUCING HYPERSENSITIVE DENTINE. 1 ; Robinson's Remedy. Phenol crystals 2 parts Potassium hydrate 2 parts Mix by trituration in a heated wedgwood mortar until a crystalline mass is obtained. 2. Paraform 5 parts Zinc sulphate, exsiccated too parts Mix with a thin solution of gum arabic into a thick paste and put into the cavity. N. B. — Parts as used in this Brnfal Formulary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL F0E21ULARY '■ 207 3- Solution of formaldehyde 2 parts Thymol 2 parts Eugenol 2 parts Zinc oxide, enough to make a stiff paste. 4- Paraform i part Gutta-percha base plate. 5 parts Work into a mass by the aid of heat. 5- Silver nitrate i part Gutta-percha base plated 2 parts Zinc oxide lo parts 6. Zinc chloride 2 parts Absolute alcohol, enough to make a solution. 7- Orthoform 2 parts Eugenol, enough to make a paste. 8; Silver Nitrate Reducing Solution; Shanasy. I. Saturated solution of silver nitrate. ... i part Asbestos felt, a convenient quantity. Saturate the asbestos felt with the silver nitrate solu- tion, dry, and keep in a dark bottle. X. B. — Parts as used in this Denial Formulary mean quantities by weight. 208 DENTAL FOIIMULAEY 2. Saturated solution of sodium hydroxide 50 parts Phenol liquid 50 parts Formaldehyde solution 25 parts Keep in a well-stoppered bottle. Dip the prepared silver nitrate asbestos into the solution and apply to the tooth. N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. # CHAPTER VIII. AN INDEX TO ORAL DISEASES— THEIR ETIOL- OGY, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT; INCLUD- ING ACCIDEXTS OF GENERAL AND LOCAL ANESTHESIA AND ACUTE POISONING. SALIVA— AND URINE ANALYSIS. Abrasion : The mechanical wearing away of tooth substance, resulting from occlusal attrition or other me- chanical causes (clay pipe stem) ; usually not painful, un- less the pulp is irritated. Therapeutical applications are of no avail. Filling or capping of the teeth give best results. As a prophylactic measure, the clay pipe smoker should cover the pipe stem with rubber tubing. Abscess, Acute Alveolar. Causes: Gangrene of the tooth pulp and infection of the pericementum. Symptoms : Swelling, severe pain, fever. The pus bur- rows along the line of least resistance and after the bone and gum tissues are penetrated, a fistula results. In the lower jaw, the pus may sink into deeper structures and perforation of the cheek, along the lower border of the jaw. or about the neck may result. Abscesses about the third lower molars are prone to produce severe complications. N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulari/ mean quantities by weiglit. 209 210 DENTAL FORMULARY Treatment : In the early stages, drainage through the pulp canal may be possible. If fluctuation is present, a deep incision is essential or the abscess may be opened with a tubular knife. If the. tooth has to be removed, it should be done at once, although, in protracted cases, swelling may increase even after the tooth has been removed. Hot poultices in the form of cut figs, steeped in hot boric acid solutions, helps to bring the abscess to a focus. To estab- lish free drainage is important. The fever is reduced with antipyretics and the engorgement of the system is relieved by saline laxatives. Severe pain is best combated with mor- phine. The septic root canals require proper treatment as outlined under: Pulpitis (Gangrene). Magnesii sulphatis §j Acid, sulphur, dil gtt. xx Syr. limonis fl §j . Aquae q. s. ad fl. 5 iv. M. Sig: A tablespoonful in a glassful of water every 3 hours. Morph. sulphatis gr. j M. f. pil. No. iv. Sig: One pill every 2 hours until pain is relieved. Phenacetini 3 ss. M. f. plv. No. vi. Sig : One powder every three hours. N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOBMULAEY 211 Actixo:mycosis : Known in cattle as "wooden tongue" or "lumpy jaw." A. chronic, infectious disease of cattle, sometimes transmitted to men, caused by actinomyces bovis, the ray fungus, a parasitic bacterium. It may involve the jaws (especiall\- the lower), the tongue, the neck, etc. The fungus usuall} enters through objects which have come in contact with diseased cattle or directly with vegetable part- icles upon which it grows. Carious teeth or wounds about the mouth are favorable ports of entry. S\mptoms : Board-like, slow swelling of the aft'ected parts, occasionally accompanied by severe pain in the affect- ed region, periosteal inflammation and formation of ab- scesses. Diagonosis : Only positive by means of the micro- scope. Treatment: Surgical; free excision of foci. The in- ternal administration of potassium iodide in large quanti- ties (lo to 15 grains in milk, three times daily) is recom- mended. Dr. Bevan, of Chicago, reports excellent results in six cases from the internal administration of copper sul- phate, ^-3/2grain, three times daily. Apxea : Transient cessation of breathing. (See treatment of accidents of general anesthesia.) Arsenic.\l Necrosis : Results from faulty application of the chemical or other accidents. Symptoms : The gum tissues become highly inflamed and assume a raw ham color ; the hard and soft tissues are destroyed with almost ecjual rapidity. It is not painful in X. B. — Parts as nsod in this Denial FormuJari/ mean quantities by \vei,2;lit. 212 DENTAL FOBMULAEY the early stages ; as soon as the deeper structures (perios- teum) are reached severe pain follows. The border of the bone feels rough to the touch, the teeth become loose, and if the necrosis spreads, sequestration takes place. Orthoform 3j Lanolin § ss M. f. un^t. cloth. Sig : Spread on painful area and cover with cotton Orthoform 3 j Amyli 3 ss M. f. pulv. Sig: Dusting powder. Sol. hydrogen, peroxid. Aquae menth. pip aa fl § ij M. Sig: Tablespoonful in a tumblerful of warm water as a mouth wash. Burns are caused by the action of intense heat upon the tissue ; in the mouth they are rarely worse than the first degree. They require little more than palliative treat- ment; i.e., ice and saturated solution of sodium bicarbon- ate. Quite frequently, however, cauterization of the oral tissues with strong acids or alkalis occurs ; the treatment N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary moan quantities 1)V \veiffht. DENTAL FOEMULAEY 213 corresponds to the nature of the cauterant. Severe pain is reheved by dusting- the corroded surfaces with mixtures of orthoform and starch, equal parts. Cauterants. Silver nitrate Ammonia Claustic potash (lye) iMineral acids Phenol and Trichloracetic acid Tincture of iodine Formaldehyde solution Pyrozone* Require: Concentrated solution of sodium chloride. Lemon juice or diluted vinegar, white of eggs, demulcent drinks. Same treatment as for ammonia. Gargle with soapsuds, give chalk, raw egg, and lime water. Fifty percent alcohol as quickly as pos- sible, followed by rinsing the mouth with cold Avater and the application of a mild salve. SAveetened water. Ammonia water. Alcohol, followed by water. Cyanosis : Bhae discoloration of the skin resulting from insufficient oxygenation of the blood. Treatment : Remove the cause ; fresh air and horizon- tal position of patient and rest. Cysts: Slowly growing benign tumors containing serous, mucous, hemorrhagic or other fluids. They may be divided into follicular cysts, dermoid cysts and retention cysts. Follicular c\sts. resulting from abnormal enlarge- ment of pre-existing cavities, frequent!}- contain remnants *Caution: If pyrozone is si)illi'd upon woolen fabrics, i. e., the dress of the patient, its rapid oxidation may set fire to the cloth. IST. B. — Parts as used in this Venial Fnnniihirj/ mean quantities by weight. 214 DENTAL FOFMVLABY of the enamel organ in the form of imperfectly developed teeth (odontomes) and are spoken of as dentigerous cysts. Dermoid cysts are formed from remnants of epithelial cells ; they are rarely found in the oral cavity. About the roots of teeth frequently fungous growths are formed which are referred to as dental cysts ; they may result from disturb- ances during detention or from other causes. Retention cysts are formed through the enclosure of a gland duct, either by some remaining epithelial cells or through an ob- struction of the duct from other sources. An important cyst of the mouth is ranula, a retention cyst of the sublingual glands. Treatment : Dentigerous cysts are referred to the surgeon, ranula may be destroyed by cauterants or it is surgically removed. A stout silk thread is drawn through the cyst and tied over the outer wall (seton). In from lo to 15 days the inner cyst walls may unite. Extirpation of a part of the cyst wall or of the entire gland may be necessary. Truman W. Broph)' employs a metal seton made of a "small silver tube and perforating it with holes ; then, bending it so as to form a ring about one-half inch in diameter. This is an open ring, one end of which is carried into the cyst and out through the mucous membrane and telescoped into the other end, thus uniting the ends of the two and completing the ring. The perforated ring thus introduced will admit the saliva within the cyst and allow it to escape through the tube into the mouth. The ring must l)c rotated dailx', else the tissues may fill the oDenings in it, thus defeating the object of this insertion. The tissues around the ring will become smooth and a few weeks only will suffice to establish permanent open- ings, after which the ring mav be removed and the saliva N. B. — Parts as used in this Denial Forirnihirij inran quantities by weight. DENTAL FOEMULJEY 215 will escape through the openings so perfectly formed around the silver tube."' Dental Caries : It is a chemico-parasitic process, consisting of two definite stages — decalcification of the tooth substances and the destruction of the remaining organic matrix. The second stage is not to be clearly observed in the decalcification of the enamel (^Miller). As predispos- ing factors are to be mentioned : purely calcified teeth, ir- regularities of form and position, unhygienic surroundings, constitutional disturbances, the condition of food stufifs, etc. Treatment: As prophylactic measures, suitable food materials rich in lime and phosphorus, proper exercise of the jaws, and proper hygiene of the mouth, are indicated. In the early stages of caries, the application of silver nitrate under suitable conditions will inhibit the progress of the disease. The proper treatment of the carious defects con- sists in the thorough removal of all carious material, and in filling and restoring the normal outline of the tooth. (For mouth and tooth preparations see Chapter Vl.) Dextal Hemorrhage : Results from tearing the blood vessels of the periosteum during the extraction of teeth. Oc- casionally profuse hemorrhage occurs from tearing large arteries in extracting lower molars (inferior dental artery"). Four cases are on record where the artery bodily passed through the roots of these molars. Organic disturbances, i. e., hemophilia, chlorosis, enemia. leukemia, etc.. are often responsible for persistent dental hemorrhage. \"icarious hemorrhage of the gum tissue may occur during menstrua- tion. X. B. — Parts as used in this Denial FormuJani moan quantities liv weight . 216 DENTAL FORMULARY Treatment : Normal dental hemorrhage resulting from the extraction of teeth, etc., requires little attention ; in se- vere cases plugging and splinting of the sockets is always successful. Introduce softened modeling compound into the mouth, let the patient close the jaws, press about the teeth, remove, chill and trim. Wash away the blood clot, and tightly pack into each single alveolus a narrow strip of iodoform gauze, having the tip of the gauze moistened with a paste made of powdered stypticin or styptol and water. Have the plug slightly extending above the bortler of the alveolus. Replace the prepared splint and apply a Bardon bandage (figure of 8.) The plug and the splint may remain several days. Internally administer stypticin or styptol tablets ; to reduce blood pressure give five grains of phenacetin. Let patient assume a sitting posture ; keep him from all excitement and order liquid diet. No alcoholics should be allowed. If hemorrhage occurs from torn gum tissues apply gauze strips dipped in a warmed solution of stypol (20%). Severe interpapillary hemorrhage is checked by applying a 25% solution of chromic acid. Occasionally parenchymatous hemorrhage occurs in patients wearing full dentures. It is usually due to ill-fitting plates, uncleanli- ness, etc. Cleanse the plate thoroughly, cover with thin gauze strips dipped in 20% styptol solution and reinsert the plate. Remedy the defects of the denture. R. Styptol tablets (sugar coated) . . . .gr. ^' No. XV. Sig. : Two tablets, three to four times daily. De.\"ial PH.\m\(;n is : l^ental angina. Catarrhal in- N. B. — Parts as used in this Denial Formularij mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOBMVLARY 217 flammation of the upper pharynx from dental causes ; usu- ally resulting from jdifficult eruption of a third lower molar or as a sequence of stomatitis and other mouth infections. Symptoms : Difficult and painful deglutition, a typical red ring about the pillars of the fauces and infection of the tonsils. Treatment : Saline aperients, prohibition of tobacco, alcohol and highly spiced food. Gargling with antiseptic and astringent solutions, and, in severe cases, silver nitrate or iodine application. Tinct. ferri. chloridi fl. 5 iij Glycerin fl. 5 j Aquae q. s. ad. fl. .5 ij M. Sig. : A tablespoonful in half a glass of warm water as a gargle. lodini gr. v Pot. iodini 5 ss Glvcerini fl. 5 ss m" Sig: Apply on a swab. Dextition : It is a physiological process which, nor- mally, is not accompanied by any disturbances. The S(_)- called diseases of dentition, i .e., diarrhoea, dysentery, fevers, etc., result, in the majority of instances, from im- proper feeding during the period of most active development N. B. — Part? a? used in this Dental Formulari/ mean quantities by weight. 218 DENTAL FORMULARY of the child. If the teeth erupt too early, extraction is not indicated unless some faults in their development make it necessary. The removal of such teeth is usually accom- panied by severe hemorrhage. The eruption of the teeth may, by reflex irritation from pressure upon the overlying gum tissue, cause discomfort to the child. It is readily relieved by proper scarification. A deep cut is made over the advancing tooth, i. c, crucial incisions over the molars, and singly over the cutting edges of the anterior teeth. General disturbances are to be treated according to symptoms. The eruption of the third molars frequently causes severe disturbances on account of lack of space and malposition. These disturbances are traumatic in their nature, and should be treated accordingly. If the tooth is to be removed, gen- eral anesthesia is usually indicated ; the accompanying trismus and infiltration of 'the tissues prevent the successful injec- tion of a local anesthetic. Lecluse's elevator is of excellent service if the tooth cannot be reached with the ordinary or a Physick's forceps. The gum tissue overlying the tooth is to be divided before the extraction is made. If the socket is infected and painful, packing with iodoform gauze dipped in orthoform and strict antisepsis are important. Dry, hot applications applied externally are of service. The swelling about the angle of the jaw and the lymph glands is benefited l)y iodine (colorless) ap]Dlication, and by passive massage. Sore throat (see: Dental Angina) very frequently accom- panies the eruption of this tooth. In the earl}- stages, small chips of ice held in the mouth, together with the removal of the overlying gum tissue, and antiseptic washes will often result in a speedy recovery. N. B. — Parts as used in this Denial Formularij mean quantities by weight. DFNIAL FOUMILMIY 219 ^ . . . lodipini, io%. Sig. : Paint upon the inflamed surface and cover with a cloth. Dislocation of the ^Iandible : It may be unilateral or bilateral ; more prone in women than in men. One or both condyles have slipped out of the glenoid cavity and rest upon the inter-articular fibrocartilage directly over the artic- ular eminences. The jaw is usually rigid, the mouth wide open ; chewing and speaking is much impaired. Treatment : Place patient in a low chair, the operator wraps his thumbs with cotton or with napkins to protect them against injury. He stands in front of the patient, having the head fixed by an assistant or on the head rest of the chair and then places the thumbs firmly upon the jaw in the region of the lower molars while the other fingers rest on the body of the jaw near the symphisis. Pressure is now made downward with the thumbs and forward and upward with the fingers, and when the condyles have passed the articulating eminence they will snap back into the glenoid foss?e. A metal rod (excavator) covered with cotton and placed crosswise over the teeth in the bicuspid region acts as a fulcrum when backward and upward pressure is brought upon the symphisis and it may be used for this purpose. The patient should be instructed to be careful in not opening the mouth too far. A chin bandage may be worn for a few days. Dry Mouth (Xerostomia): Pathological dryness of the mucous membrane of the mouth resulting from impaired secretions of saliva. N". B. — Parts as used in tliis Di ntiil Fdrmnhir!/ me-.m quantities by weight. 220 DENTAL FOBMVLABT Causes : Severe psychical and physical disturbances^ nervous diseases, diseases of the digestive tract and other unknown factors. The diseased salivary glands (mumps) may secrete a much lessened amount of saliva at times. Symptoms: Painful deglutition and speech. The mu- cosa is dry, shiny, and stretched ; the tongue is bright red, cracked and dry. No inflammation. The disease may last for years. Treatment : Pilocarpine hydrochloride internally ; if re- sulant from nervous diseases, electricity is indicated. While recovery is very problematical, the patient may be made comfortable by continuous use of the above drug. Pilocarpin. hydrochlorid . . .gr. v Aquae distillatse fl. o ss M. Sig. : Five drops three times daily. Slowly increase the dose by one drop until from 8 to lo drops per dose are taken. Dyspnea : Labored breathing ; suspended animation from a deficiency of oxygen in the blood. May also result from inhaling an anesthetic or poisonous gases ; i. e., coal gas, water gas, etc. Treatment: Fresh air, horizontal position of patient, dashing of cold water in the face and artificial respiration. (.See: Treatment of accidents of general anesthesia.) Empiivsema 01' THE Cheek: The inflation of the in- terstices of the connective tissues with air. It may result from N. B. — Pai'ts as used in tliis Denial Formiilarij mean qnantiMes by weight. DENTAL FOBMULAHY 221 air penetrating into the tissues after tooth extraction or from careless injection of solution of hydrogen peroxide into a closed cavity, setting free nascent oxygen. No treatment necessary, as swelling will subside spon- taneously. A tight bandaging is often of some benefit. Empyema of the Maxillary Sinus (antrum of High- more) : An accumulation of fluid in the maxillary sinus; either acute or chronic. It may be caused by infectious dis- eases (influenza), diseases of the teeth, traumatism, etc. Tumors, polypi and other foreign bodies are often respon- sible. Symptoms : More or less dull pain in the affected side of the face ; foul smelling discharge from the nostril, espe- ciall}- when the head is bent forward and turned to the sound side and in blowing the nose. The disease may be unilateral or bilateral. Diagnosis : Discharge from the nose and the general symptoms are helpful in making a diagnosis. The dull shadow picture of the diseased sinus as revealed by the rays of the electric mouth lamp is helpful but not relia- ble. A trial puncture and washing of the sinus with a saline solution is the only positive means of diagnosis. Treatment: If a diseased tooth is the causative fac- tor, the tooth is to be removed and the sinus opened through its socket, according to Cowper. provided the opening affords ready access to the sinus ; or an opening is made between the apices of the roots of the first molar and the second pre- molar, according to Drake. The opening of the sinus through the canine fossa, according to Desault, offers' the best results, as it allows a clear inspection of the entire N. B. — Parts as used in this Denial Formulari/ moan quantities by weight. 222 DENTAL FOBMULAEY cavity. The gum tissue between the canine and the first molar is locally anesthetized, a semi-circular cut is made reaching' from the canine eminence to the second bicuspid, and the tissues, including the periosteum, are lifted up. With a fine spear drill the facial wall is perforated and with suit- able fissure burs sufficiently enlarged to allow the little finger to enter. Foreign bodies or granulations are removed with the curette. The sinus is washed with at least a quart of warm saline or Thiersch's solution and tightly packed for twenty-four hours with iodoform gauze. The further treat- ment consists in irrigating the sinus with mild antiseptic solutions. Solid plugs made of gutta percha, vulcanized rubber, or metal should now be used to keep the sinus open. They are reduced in size with the progress of recovery. In extreme persistent cases, a large part of the facial wall is removed, and a "window" is made leading into the middle meadus of the nose ; the wdiole sinus is thoroughly curetted and cauterized. Chronic cases may require treatment for a year or two. Sodii chloridi % ss. Aquje fl. oL M. Sig. : Use as a douche. ^ . . Acidi salicylic .• 5 j Acidi borici 3 iv Aquae fl. 5 xxxij M. Sig. : Thiersch's solution. Exostosis: See Hypercementosis N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FORMULARY 223 Fracture of the Alveolus: Resulting from difficult or clumsy extraction or other traumatic causes. Treatment : Remove loose pieces and smoothen sharp edges of the bone with a fissure bur or carborundum stone. If the teeth are loose, they are tied with silk ligatures. If the alveolar process is broken, replace it, if possible, and if the teeth are present, ligate them to sound neighbors. Paint with tincture of iodine and advise ice to be held in the moutli to reduce inflammation. Astringent mouth washes are indicated. ■ R. Acid, benzoic 3 j Tinct. kramerise fl. q ss Aqu?e hamamelidis q. s. ad. fl. 5 iv M. Sig. : Tablespoonf ul m a glassful of warm water as a gargle. Fractures of the Jaws : Upper Jaw. — It is com- paratively rare ; it is frequently accompanied by crushing of the maxillary sinus (antrum of Highmore) and fracture of the other bones of the face and skull. Treatment : Replace fragments by manipulating through the mouth and nose. In vertical fractures, an in- terdental splint is indicated. (Gunning's or Kingley's splint with the necessary modification.) Feed the patient on li^iuid diet. Union takes place in from three to five weeks. Lower Jaw. — The fractures are recognized by mobil- ity, crepitus, and dropping of the mouth on the side of the face. Treatment: If teeth are present simply lash the lower N. B. — Parts as used in this Denial FormuJaru mean quantities by weight. 224 DENTAL FOEMULABY jaw firmly to the upper by Gilmer's wire ligatures (No. 28 German silver or brass wire) or by means of Angle's or Lukens fracture bands applied on both sides of the frac- ture. Look after correct articulation. In complicated cases, an interdental splint with or without external steel hooks or a Gunning splint is indicated ; wiring of the fragment;? is sometimes necessary. A suitable splint may be quickly constructed over the articulated models from a good, hard modeling compound ; it can be kept in the mouth for a month without deterioration. A chin boot made of metal, vulcanite or gutta percha is occasionally helpful. In edent- ulous jaws an interdental splint is essential. A Barton or Black bandage is of advantage. Union will take place in from three to five weeks. Antiseptic mouth washes are indicated. Feed the patient on liquid diet with a hooked glass tube (short bent saliva ejector) around the molars. Resorcinol 3 j Zinc, chlorid gr. x Menthol gr. xx Thymol gr. xv Glycerin A- o J Alcohol fl- -^ ij Aquse hvdrogenii dioxidi q. s. ad. fl. fy viij M. Sig. : Teaspoonful in half a tumblerful of warm water as a mouth wash. Fracture of tiik Tretii: If the crown is fractured, replace it by an artificial substitute; if the root is fractured, N". B. — Parts as visod in this Dental Formvlary moan quantities by weight. DENTAL FOFMULASY 225 an attempt may be made, in favorable cases, to save it by banding. Callous union may occur if the pulp recovers. Gingivitis, acute or chronic: An inflammation of the gum tissue. Symptoms : More or less severe inflammation of the gums brought about by local irritation ; ill-fitting dentures are frequently the cause. The gums are turgid, loosened from the teeth, and upon slight irritation they bleed pro- fusely. Treatment : Thorough removal of all deposits from the teeth and especially from beneath the free edge of the gum margin ; and thorough polishing of the tooth sur- faces. The inflamed edge of the gum is touched with a lo per cent solution of trichloracetic acid or with powdered copper sulphate made into a paste with water. Cupri sulphatis 3 j Acidi lactici fl. 5 ss M. Sig. : Apply with a platinum loop about the free edge of the gums. ^ . . . . Acidi borici 3 iij Zinci chloridi gr, x Aquge hydrogenii dioxidi fl. § ij Aquas menth. piper q. s. ad. fl. § viij M. Sig.: A teaspoonful in half a glassful of hot water as a mouth wash. N. B. — Parts as used iu this Dental Furmulanj mean quantities by weight. 226 DENTAL FOBMULAHY Gingivitis Nudata (Arkoevy ) : Acute ulcerous gin- givitis (Gilmer). A comparatively rare disease ; its onset is sudden. It is confined to localized areas, seldom involv- ing the entire gum tissue. "The lingual margins and fes- toons of the gums do not participate at first in the inflam- matory process, iDUt later the festoons are destroyed and deep pockets are formed in the interproximal spaces. The parts attacked present the appearance of having been gnawed away until most of the gum tissue overlying the alveolar process immediately adjoining the teeth has been destroyed. The breath of the patient is fetid, the saliva ropy, and in excess of the normal" (Gilmer). The disease may last for weeks and months. Treatment : Irritating food stufifs are to be avoided. Bland and slimy drinks, such as rice water, oatmeal in- fusion, etc., are advised, and mild antiseptic mouth washes, but no astringents, are indicated. Hypertrophy of the Gingivae: A pathological growth of gum tissue resulting from chronic irritation brought about by ill-fitting crowns, calcareous deposits, and neglected mouth hygiene. The hypertrophic growth may be of a fibromatous nature. Treatment : Simpler cases yield readily to local treat- ment ; remove the cause and thoroughly clean the mouth and the teeth and apply cauterants, i. e., properly diluted solutions of chromic or trichloracetic acids. Larger areas of hypertrophied tissues are removed with the knife. In severe cases, major surgical interference is necessary. Hypercementosis : A circumscribed increase of the N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOEMULARY. 227 volume of the cementum of a tooth ; diffuse growth is some- times referred to as hypertrophy of the cementum. Causes: Irritation from projecting" root filHngs, crown finings, ill-fiitting bands, or other chronic irritation of the pericementum. Pyorrhoea alveolaris, syphiHs. metal poison- ing (mercury ), or the loss of the opposing tooth are claimed to be causative factors. Symptoms : Usually not present. Gnawing and neu- ralgic pain are met with. Diagnosis : Difficult. The skiagraphic picture of the suspected tooth may be of value. Treatment : In suitable cases amputation of the root is advisable, otherwise extraction, which, however, is often very difficult and usually accompanied with considerable bruising and damaging of the alveolar bone. Lock-Jaw^ : Trismus, either tonic or clonic spasms of the muscles of mastication. Tonic spasms may result from difficult eruption of the lower third molars, faulty extrac- tion, abscesses, or periosteal inflammations and severe in- fections ( actinomycosis ) . Treatment : According to the causes. Inflammatory processes in the early stages may be abated by ice, or some- times by dry heat applied externally (hot water bag). Ab- scesses should be at once opened and hot, wet fomentations applied externally. Clonic spasms do not require treat- ment. In true ankylosis, separation of the ankylosed joint by an operation is the only relief. Lux.\Tiox OF Tef.th : Resulting from traumatic causes. N. B. — Parts as usoil in this Denial Fonnulary mean quantities bv weight. 228 DENTAL FOUMULAEY Treatment : In complete luxation replace the teeth and tie with silk ligature to the neighbors. Apply Talbot's glyc- erol of iodine to allay periosteal disturbances. Test for pulp reaction with heat, the mouth lamp, and a weak elec- tric current. If the tooth is completely detached from its socket, replantation is advisable. Pack the cleansed alveolus tightly with iodoform gauze. Remove the pulp, fill the canal aseptically, cut ofif about ^ inch of the apex and sterilize the tooth in mercuric chloride solution i :iooo. If the peridental membrane of the tooth is intact, keep the tooth in physiological salt solution, warmed to body temperature, until ready for replantation. Replace and tie with silk liga- ture or hold the tooth in position with a metal splint. Anti- sepsis of the mouth is essential. Leucoplakia (Leucoplakia oris, psoriasis linguae, ich- thyosis buccalis, smoker's patch) : Etiology : Not settled ; constant chewing, or smoking, highly seasoned food, rough edges of teeth, predisposition of the tongue and the mucous lining of the mouth, or as a result of a former attack of syphilis. Rarely seen below thirty years of age; scarce in women. Symptoms : Circumscribed or diffused white or blue- white patches ; smooth, cornified or roughened. The epi- •thelium is much thickened. It is usually not painful ; in some cases increased flow of saliva, in others dry mouth. Diagnosis : Differentiation from syphilitic plaques : Its bluish white color, no ulcerations and its history. If as a result of syphilis, the latter is to be regarded as the primary disease. Treatment: In general, leucoplakia may be harmless; N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOmWLATxY 229 however, it is occasionally the starting point of cancer. Bring the mouth in a, hygienic condition ; alkaline mouth washes with a decoction of huckleberries are indicated. Paint the affected parts with balsam of Peru and cauterize, in the early stages only, with chromic acid or lactic acid. Hydrogen peroxide solution (io%) for cleansing the plaques is useful. Papain solution for the digestion of the plaques is recommended. Prolonged cauterizing is harm- ful. In general, medicinal treatment is of little benefit. Surgical removal of the plaques by means of the curette or the Paquelin cautery is indicated, if the plaques spread. Acid, chromic 3 ij Aquse destillatje q. s. ad. fl. 5 iv M. Sig. : Paint with a cotton-wrapped tootpick on the afifected surface. Fruct. myrtil % \] Sod. bicarbonat 5 ij Aquge fervit^ q. s. ad. fl. 3 xvj F. Decoct. Sig. : Undiluted to be used as a mouth wash. Papaini gr. v Glycerini fl. o j Aquae q. s. ad. fl. o ij M. Sig. : Paint upon the afifected surface. N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. 230 DENTAL FOEMULABY Mouth Wash Eczema : A peculiar eczematous erup- tion about the external mouth caused by the constant irri- tation from the use of mouth washes containing large cjuan- tities of essential oils, menthol, salol. etc. Symptoms : Scaly eruptions about the lips and chin but more especially at the corners of the mouth. Those suffering from seborrhoea and eczema show predisposition. Treatment : Prohibition of the mouth wash, substitut- ing warm salt water as a test solution. Externally apply zinc ointment or cold cream. Necrosis of the Alveolar Process: It may result from faulty arsenic application (which see), phosphorous poisoning (which see), pulp gangrene, abscesses, etc. Symptoms : It usually starts with a simple periositis ; later the formation of abscesses and fistulas occurs. The periosteum is destroyed and the bone feels rough to the touch. Sequestration of the dead bone takes place in due time. Treatment : If the necrosis is the result of traumatism, the removal of the loose bone spicula and antiseptic treat- ment of the wound will usually bring about a speedy re- covery. If a large part of the bone is involved, no inter- ference should be made until sequestration takes place. Free evacuation of pus is essential. If a part of the jaw is re- moved prosthetic appliances are usually necessar\' to pre- serve the contcjur of the face. Strong deodorizing and anti- septic scjlutions are essential. Pot. permanganat 5 ij Sig. : A few crystals in a glassful of warm water as a mouth wash. N. B. — Parts as used in this Denial Fornnilury mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOEMULAEY 231 Zinc chlorid. gr. v Aquae hydrogen, dioxid. Aquae menth. pip. . .aa q. s. ad. fl. 5 iv M. Sig. : A teaspoonful in half a glassful of warm water as a mouth wash. Neuralgia, tri-facial : Tic douloureux ; Fothergill's disease ; prosopalgia. A disturbance of the fifth pair of nerves, manifesting itself in a sharp and darting pain, usually unilateral. Symptoms : The pain is paroxysmal, mostly along the points of the nerve branches. It may be located in the upper or lower jaw, especially near the supra- and the infra- orbital foramen and near the mental foramen Convulsive twitching of the muscles along the course of the nerve is observed. Disturbances of nutrition, anemia, chlorosis, an- omalies of menstruation are often responsible. Neuralgia of the teeth proper is comparatively rare. It may be caused by hypercementosis, impacted teeth, tumors, empyema of the maxillary sinus, reflex disturbances, chronic constipation, etc. Treatment : If possible, remove the cause. Careful ex- amination of the teeth for hidden cavities should be made. In obscure cases, the X-ray may be of service. If not of dental origin, it should be referred to the physician. Ungt. veratrinae o ss Sig. : Rub a small quantity over the painful surface and cover with cotton cloth. N". B. — Parts as used in this Denial FoDniilaij/ mean quantities by weight. 232 DENTAL FOEMULABY Chloroformi. Alcoholis aa fl. 5 j Tinct. aconiti fl. 5 ij Olei menth. pip fl. 5 iij M. Sig. : Externally. Apply on cotton upon the pain- ful surface. • Aspirini .3 i F. plv. No. vi. Sig. : One powder every three hours. . ^ Tinct. gelsemii fl. § ss Sig. : Eight drops three times a day. Ostitis and Osteomyelitis : Inflammation of the jaw bone. It may be idiopathic; resultant from traumatism; a concomitant expression of a general disease, or an intoxi- cation. Diseased teeth, fracture of the jaw, syphilis, scurvy, mercury and phosphorus poisoning, and a peculiar infection of the periosteum of the jaw bones in workers of mother- of-pearl are causative factors. Symptoms : Very painful swelling of the periosteum ; the lymph glands are afifected and the teeth are loosened. Treatment : Poultices are frequently necessary to soften the swelling; if pus is present, an incision is made and the periosteal s'urfaces are curetted. The wound is washed with antiseptics and cauterized with 8% solution N. B. — Parts as used in this DmUil Formuhiry mean quantities by weight. VEXTAL FOBMULAEY 233 of zinc chloride and packed with gauze. Antiseptic mouth washes are important. Zinc. Chlorid • • -gr. xl Aquc-e fl. 5J M. Sig. : To be used as a swab. Pericementitis : Inflammation of the pericementum. CHnically, three stages may be obser\-ed : Acute, purulent, and chronic pericementitis. Causative factors are : Trauma, too high fillings, rapid separation, faulty root canal fillings, foreign bodies between the teeth, calcareous deposits, metal poisoning (arsenic, phosphorous, mercury), bacterial infec- tion starting from the apex or the gingival border, etc. As secondary factors may be counted : Sequences of general disturbances (gout, rheumatism, syphilis). Symptoms : The tooth feels elongated on account of the swelling of the pericementum. The gum tissue is in- flamed and the swelling may become edematous, involving the whole side of the face. The pain is very severe ; it •slightly subsides with the formation of the edema. '"Alany practitioners have no clear conception of the diflference between pericementitis and pulpitis, inasmuch as each produces a distinct odontalgia or toothache which only close observation will distinguish from the other. And yet the two conditions have little in common except the pain, and that is not of the same character. It may be well to compare their pronounced symptoms as an aid in diagnosis. ^'. B. — Parts as used in tbis Dental Formulary mean quantities bv weight. 234 DENTAL FOBMULARY Pulpitis. The pain is of a sharp, lancinating character, and in its earHer stages it is dis- tinctly paroxysmal. The tooth is exquisitely sensitive to thermal changes ; in its inceptive state cold, and in its later condition heat, ex- acerbating the pain. There is no swelling of the tissue about the tooth, and no tenderness to pressure in ordinary cases, unless the pulp shall in some way be exposed. At times it is quite difficult to determine exactly which tooth is affected, the pain be- ing fleeting in its nature, and inducing reflex symp- toms in other teeth and tissues. The pain is apt to be worse upon going to bed, and excitement and fatigue increase it. It is possible to bite upon the tooth without any spe- cial sensation, and to use it in mastication, if thermal ex- tremes be avoided. Pericementitis., The pain is dull, steady, boring, throbbing in its char- acter, and is not at all par- oxysmal. There is no sensation to changes of temperature, and neither cold nor hot appli- cations materially affect it. The tooth becomes ex- ceedingly sore, and the least pressure upon it causes pain. In the latter stage swelling is common. There is no trouble in de- ciding which tooth is the dis- eased one, the pain being steady in degree and in posi- tion, and the soreness readily locating it. The pain remains nearly constant without much refer- ence to external conditions or circumstances. The tooth is very sore to the touch, and occlusion in mastication or ordinary shut- ting of the mouth giving pain, irrespective of thermal changes. N. B. — Parts as used in tliis Dental Foriiiulary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOEMULABY 235 Tlie tooth is not elongated, The tooth is raised in its nor does it strike first in oc- socket, and strikes before elusion. - any of the others occlude. (Barrett.) Treatment: Removal of the cause is of prime impor- tance. If the disturbances result from mechanical causes they usually yield readily to treatment after the causative factors have been eliminated. Painting of the affected sur- faces with an iodine solution (Talbot's iodo-glycerol) as a palliative measure is of some service. If the disturbances are of chemical origin, i. e. : arsenic, pho.sphorous, etc.; they are treated as outlined under their respective headings. The disturbances about the apex of a tooth require prompt removal of the accumulated putrid masses from the root canals. The latter are to be opened to allow free drain- age. The avoid unnecessary severe pain, stability of the tooth is essential (traction is made with a string; plaster of Paris or. modeling compound splints) ; scarification of the highly inflamed gum tissues is of benefit, while in the early stages ice chips held between the gum and the cheek are helpful in reducing inflammation. If pus collects about the apex and no read}- drainage is obtained, very intense pain is the direct sequence. An endeavor should be made to drain the pus through the root canal (blind abscess). If this is not possible, an opening is made through the gum tissue and the bone with a fissure bur or a small tubular knife, and an artificial fistula estab- lished. If the disturbance is left alone, nature helps herself; the pus may burrow through the bone and gum tissue along the line of least resistance, or along the pericementum toward the gingival line. As soon as free drainage is obtained the X. "R. — Parts as used in this Dental Fonnulaii/ mean quantities by Avciglit. 236 DENTAL FOEMULAET pain is much mitigated ; it may often stop completely. (See : Acute Alceolar Abscess.) With the successful treatment of the infected root canals and proper filling, the fistula will close in due time and the pericemental disturbances disap- pear. If, on the other hand, a dififuse pus infiltration of the entire pericementum results, recovery is not to be expected ; the tooth has to be removed. Occasionally we find teeth, usually multi-rooted teeth, where the root fillings have not been successfully placed, remnants of putrid matter are left about the apices and, as a sequence, the pericementum is kept in a chronic state of inflammation. Such teeth are a continuous source of trouble. The slightest disturbance (cold, influenza, menal or physical strain) may set up a renewed severe acute inflammation with all its sequences It is then best to remove the root filling, treat the canals antiseptically and again restore the filling. Resection (am- putation) of the root is the most promising procedure. Tricresol fl. o ij Formalini . . . ; fl. 3 j M. Sig. : Mechanically evacuate the pus and. on cotton, hermetically seal in the canals from 24 to 48 Iiours, two or three times — oftentimes one treatment is sufficient. (J. P. Buckley.) Phenol, cryst. Thymolis aa o ij Camphorge 5 j M. Sig. : Seal into root canal. X. ]',. — Parts as used iu this Dental Fonnulury mean quantities by weiglit. DENTAL FOEilULAET 237 Zinci iodidi ,3 J lodi o V Glycerini fl- 5 i Aqiise q. s. ad. fl. 5 iv M. Sig. : Paint upon the gum surfaces of the affected tooth. Tiiict. aconiti. Tinct. iodi aa fl. oij Chloroformi fl. 5 j M. Sig. : Paint upon the gum surfaces of the aft'ected tooth. Morphinae sulphatis gr. j M. f. piL No. iv. Sig. : One pill every two hours until relieved. Tablet aspirini gr. v No. vi. Sig. : One tablet every two hours with a tumblerful of water. Magnes. sulph.atis ,j j Acid, sulphur, dil fl. 5 ss Syr. limonis rt- o J Aquee q s. ad. fl. 5 iv M. Sig.: A tablespoonful in half a glassful of water every three hours until free movement of the bowels is established. N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental FoiDUilary meau quantities by weight. 238 " DENTAL FOIRMULAEY Phosphorus Necrosis : This disease is rare at present on account of improved hygienic conditions in match and chemical factories. Rigid prophylaxis is the best prevent- ative. Symptoms : Intoxication is very slow, extending over months. Carious teeth are the main gates of entry of the phosphorus gases; it is primarily located in the lower jaw. Severe pain, periostitis, loosening of teeth, osteomyelitis and finally necrosis, which often involves the entire mandible, are the results. Treatment : Resection of the involved bone along the line of demarcation ; packing with iodoform gauze and rigid antiseptic. Patient must keep away from factory ; nutritious food and tonics are recommended (milk, cod liver oil, beef, wine and iron). Fl. extr. cascara sagrada f\. § j Licjuor ferri pepto-mangan., cj.s.ad.fl. § xij M. Sig. : Tablespoonful three times daily, an hour after meals. Pulpitis : Inflammation of the pulp. I. Hyperemia. The pulp is hypersensitive; heat and cold produces short acute, but very pronounced expression of pain. Causes: Irritation brought about by chemical, physical or mechanical agencies, i. e. : through a carious defect or til rough the exposure of a tooth root. Heat, resulting from N. B. — Parts as iiscci in tliis Denial Formulary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOBMULABY 239 the too rapid rotating of a disc in finishing a fiUing fre- quently produces a prolonged h3peremia. Treatment : If the insults result from the sequences of a carious defect, the cavity should be excavated ; present acids of fermentation are neutralized by washing with warm alkaline solutions; antiseptics, i. e. : phenol thymol, eugenol, with astringents in the form of tannic acid are applied and a temporary filling is inserted. If hyperemia results from an exposed root, the application of silver nitrate in the form of a concentrated solution or in substance upon the surface of the root gives temporary relief. Orthoformi .gr. v - Glycerit. acidi tannic q. s. to make a paste. M. Sig. : Seal into the cavity for 48 hours. 2. Acute pulpitis, partial and total. If the pain of the pulp is persistent, i. e. : from several hours to several days, a more or less severe inflammation of the pulp is present ; a minute exposure may frequently be located upon close examination. Treatment : In the teeth of the young an efifort should be made in the early stages of the inflammation to preserve the pulp by palliative treatment. Astringents and antiseptics are applied and the bottom of the cavity is lined with a non- conductive material, i. e. : asbestos felt. The temporary fill- ing must remain from one to six months. In the adult it is usually better practice to destroy the pulp at once and replace it by an aseptic root filling. N. B. — Parts as used in this Denial Formulary mean quantities by weight. 240 DENTAL F0BMULAE7 (For root filling materials and arsenical compounds for devitalizing purposes see : Pharmaceutical Compounds, Chapter 7.) 3. Purulent pulpitis, partial and total. Diagnosis : Diffuse continued more or less severe pain upon the side of the face where the tooth is situated. Pain usually increases upon assuming a recumbent position. This form of pulpitis frequently results from cement and other fillings placed into too close proximity to the pulp. Treatment : Palliative treatment for 48 hours before the arsenical compound is applied to prevent violent pain, which will always result when arsenic is applied to an in- flamed pulp. Mixtures of cocain, eugenol, thymol, phenol, etc., are sealed into the tooth as indicated. If possible the pulp is relieved of blood and pus by pricking it with a sterile smooth broach. After it is divitalized it is removed and an aseptic root filling substituted. It is often a physical impossibility to remove all of the pulp tissue from certain root canals ; the mummifying principle applied in such cases is then indicated. 4. Necrosis and Gangrene of the Pulp. If the canals are still closed the preliminary treatment consists in opening the pulp chamber sufficiently to allow the free escape of gases; no attempt is made at this time to enter the root canals. Small, loosely rolled pledgets of cotton saturated with a bland antiseptic are placed in the tooth and the patient dismissed for twenty-four hours. On the return of the patient the canals are opened and as much as possible of their contents removed. Strong antiseptics, i. e. : a mixture of formaldehyde solution and cresol, mono- chlorphenol, etc., may now be sealed into the canal. If the canals are obstructed, sulphuric acid (50%) followed by N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOEMULAHY 241 sodium dioxide is pumped into the canals to gain entrance by dissolving the calcarious deposits. After thorough dis- infection the canals are aseptically filled. (For antiseptic compounds and root filling materials used in this connection see: Pharmaceutical Compounds, Chapter 7.) Pyorrhoea Alveolaris : A chronic destruction inflam- mation of the pericementum with a more or less severe in- flammation of the gingivae and necrosis of the alveolar bone m the region of the afifected tooth. (Miller.) Causes : Local: Salivary and serumnal calculus, chronic irritation from ill-fitting dentures, distorted articulation, orthodontia aippliances and other sources. General: Gout, rheumatisnij diabetes mellitus, locomotor ataxia, and other constitutional diseases. Metal poisoning and probably pre- disposition. Symptoms : The disease begins with a slight loosening of the affected tooth, gingivitis and subsequent formation of a pocket. Pus is not always present in the early stages ; later it ma}- be dislodged by pressure upon the pocket. The gingivae become detached from the tooth and necrosis of the alveolus follows : There is little fetor from the mouth ; the disease usually produces little inconvenience to the patient in the earlier stages. Treatment : The removal of all deposits from the roots with suitable instruments is of prime importance. The pockets are washed out with hot antiseptic solutions and cauterized. Trichloracetic acid, 10 — 25*/^, aromatic sul- phuric acid, a saturated solution of copper sulphate in hot lactic acid, etc., are to be recommended. Loose teeth are N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Fornndary mean quantities by -n-eisrlit. 242 DENTAL FOBMULABT ligated to their sound neighbors or held in permanent posi- tion by fixed metal splints. Articulation is restored and the mouth is brought in a hygienic condition. The gums are saturated with a concentrated zinc iodide solution and fre- quently massaged. The continuous use of astringent and antiseptic mouth washes are highly indicated. Uric acid diathesis is held to be the sole cause of pyorrhoea alveolaris by some writers. The copious drinking of water, especially weak alkaline water (lithia) together with a w'ell-regulated diet and proper hygienic measures will be of marked benefit. A suitable uric acid free diet may be easily selected from the following dietary : Allowed : Water, especially weak al- kaline mineral water. Very weak tea. White meat of chicken, turkey, quail. Meat soups in small quan- tities only. All cereals, rice and break- fast foods. All green vegetables. Cabbage in moderation. Dried fruits and nuts. All breads. Dietary. Prohibited : All raw meats (beef, mut- ton and pork). All glandular tissues (kid- ney, liver and sweetbreads). Asparagus, celery, rad- ishes. Beans and peas. Cofifee. and All liquors, wines spirits. Pastry and confections. Sharp sauces and mayon- naise. Eggs in moderation. Milk. Mushrooms. N. B. — Parts as used in tliis Denial Foninildii/ laoan (jiiaiititics by weight. DENTAL F0E2IULAIiY 243 As a solvent of the iiratic tophi hexamethylene. also known as urotropine, formine, saliformine and cystogen, is recommended. If the underlying cause is a general disease, the co-operation of the family physician should be secured. Lithii citratis gr. v Tablet, No. L. Sig. : One tablet dissolved in a tumblerful of water five times a day. Hexamethylenamin?e % ss Colchicinje gr. ss M. f. tablet Xo. LX. Sig. : One tablet dissolved in a tumblerful of water five times a day. Stomatitis, /Aphthous : Primarily a disease of child- hood. Small, round ulcers of a grayish color surrounded by a red, narrow border ; occasionally three or four ulcers will coalesce to a larger one. It is found principally upon the surfaces of the tongue and upon the buccal mucosa. Espe- cially prone to be present at the time of the first dentition ; rarely in the adult. Symptoms: Painful and burning mouth; slight fever. The salivary secretions are increased. Usually, in ten to fifteen days the ulcers disappear without leaving a scar. Treatment : Perfect cleansing of the child's mouth and the utensils employed in nursing, ^^'ashing of the child's mouth with a two percent boric acid solution or with slight astringent mixtiu-es. Use the finger, wrapped with cotton N. B. — Parts as used in this Denial Formidarj/ mean quantities by weight. 244 DENTAL FOEMULARY cloth and dipped into the warmed sokition. An eight per- cent sohition of zinc chloride used as a caustic upon the ulcers acts most favorably. If the mouth is very painful a one percent cocaine solution may be carefully painted over the afifected surfaces. Silver nitrate is contra indicated. Keep the bowels open. Zinci chloridi gr. xl Aquse q. s. ad. fl. § j M. Sig. : Apply upon the ulcers with a small pledget of cotton wrapped about the point of a toothpick. Glycerol, acidi tannici fl. 5 ij Aquse q. s. ad. fl. § J M. Sig. : To be painted upon the inflamed spots. Acidi borici o ij Glycerini A- o J Aquas q. s. ad. fl. 5 iv M. Sig. : Use as a mouth wash. Stomatitis, Catarrhal: Acute or chronic. Follicular stomatitis. Inflammation of the mucous linings of the mouth. Causes : Neglected mouth hygiene ; ragged edges of teeth ; calcareous deposits or secondary expressions of gen- N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOEMULAEY 245 eral diseases, i. e. : influenza, or other infectious diseases, anemia, and during pregnancy. Symptoms : Red and swollen mucous linings, increased salivation, thickened papillae and turgid gums. The tongue is usually swollen and coated and shows the imprints of the teeth. A pronounced fetor from the mouth exists with painful deglutition and speech ; fever is more or less present. Treatment : Clean up the mouth ; smooth all ragged edges about the teeth ; loose roots must be removed. Smok- ing is to be prohibited. If artificial dentures are worn they should be temporarily removed. The bowels should be kept open by a saline aperient : the gum edges are cauterized with aromatic sulphuric acid or copper sulphate in substances and rigid mouth hygiene is enforced. Alagnesii sulphatis 5 j Acid, sulphur, dilut fl. 5 ss Syrup, limonis fl. .^ j Aquje q. s. ad. fl. .5 iv M. Sig. : A tablespoonful in half a glass of water every four hours. ^ . . . Acid, benzoici . o j Tinct. krameriae . .fl. 5 ss 01. menth. pip gtt. xv Alcohol q. s. ad. fl. f, iv M. Sig. : Half a teaspoonful in half a glassful of warm water as a mouth wash. X. B.— Parts as nseil in this Dental ForniuUinj mean quantities bv weieht. 246 DENTAL FOEMULAEY Stomatitis, Gangrenous : Noma ; cancrum oris ; water-cancer. An acute, rapidly progressive gangrenous ulceration of the mouth, leading to extensive sloughing and destruction of the affected parts. It is brought about by an infection which is probably specific in its nature. The disease pro- gresses very rapidly; it is accompanied by an intense gan- grenous odor and nearly always ends fatally. Its treatment belongs to the domain of the general surgeon. Stomatitis, Ulcerative : Various forms of severe dis- turbances of the soft tissues. I. Mercurial stomatitis: It results from the internal administration of mercury or from inhalation of mercury vapors. Usually starting about the posterior teeth, more so if ragged tooth structure is a source of irritation. The gums are much swollen and loosened from the teeth ; the teeth are loose and covered with a thick, slimy sordes of intense foul odor; salivation is much increased. Ulcerous destruc- tion of the gum tissue terminates in gangrene. Caries and necrosis of the alveolar process and jaw bones may be the result. Treatment : All mechanical disturbances have to be re- moved from the mouth ; loose teeth and useless roots are extracted and the mercury treatment has to be stopped tem- porarily. Smoking and spiced or acid foods are prohibited. Thorough hygiene of the mouth is of prime importance. Hydrogen peroxide in combination with a metal astringent is the sovereign remedy for this affection. The much lauded potassium chlorate administration is of doubtful value. In severe cases of ulceration, iodoform or its odorless substi- tutes applied upon the corroded surfaces are of much benefit. N. B, — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FORMULARY 24Y Zinci chloridi gr. x Resorcinoli? 5 j Thymolis gr. xx Alcoholis -. fl- o ij Glycerini fl. 5 J Aquas hyclrog. clioxidi. . .q. s. ad. fl. 5 viii M. Sig. : A teaspoonful in half a glassful of warm water every hour as a mouth wash. Iodoform! 3 j Glycerini fl. 3 ij m' Sig. : To be painted upon the ulcerated surfaces. 2. Scorbutic stomatitis : Scurvy, scorbutis purpurea. General malnutrition or anemia brought about by an infec- tion resultant from dietary insufficiency of fresh vegetables. The gums are much swollen, spongy and ready to bleed upon the slightest irritation. Malaise, debility and mental lethargy are pronounced. Refer to the physician for the treatment of the general condition. Shock : Sudden vital depression due to injury or emo- tion making an untoward impression upon the nervous sys- tem. Its severity depends upon the cause, i. e. : it may be slight, transient, profound or even fatal. Recovery is fol- lowed by more or less quickening of the pulse and the res- piration and an abnormally high temperature. N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Fonuulary mean quantities bv weight. 248 DENTAL FOEMVLABY Treatment : It requires prompt attention. The body is placed in a recumbent position with the head lowered and the patient is wrapped in warm blankets and hot water bot- tles are placed about the extremities. Quickly acting stim- ulants, viz., whiskey or brandy by the mouth or hypoder- mically in one-half to one drachm doses, should be given very freely assisted by strong, hot coffee. The heart is sup- ported with digitalis and atropine. When there has been much hemorrhage, copious draughts of hot liquids are in- dicated. Recovery from shock, if it occurs at all, is usually quite speedy. Swallowing Artificl\l Dentures: Artificial den- tures, like other foreign bodies, may accidentally be swal- lowed. According to Kleinmann the following points should be carefully observed in the construction of dentures : (l) Great care should be exercised in regard to fasten- ing dentures in the mouth. (2) It is best to advise the patient to remove such substitutes during sleeping hours. (3) Epileptics should quickly remove the artificial teeth in the beginning of an attack (aurea epileptica). (4) Before administering a general anesthetic, artificial substitutes must be removed from the mouth. (5) Dentures should not be made too small and too many clasps and sharp corners should be avoided. Diagnosis : The oesophageal probe and the Roentgen ray are sure mean^. Treatment: If the denture is caught in the pharynx, the coin catcher or other suitable instrument may help to extract it. If lodged in the oesophagus, it may be possible to gently force it into the stomach by means of a sound. If lodged in the stomach or the intestines an attempt should N. B. — Parts os usoy weight. DENTAL FOEMULABY 263 equally true of chloroform and ether when used for general anesthetic purposes. 'The man}- cases of so-called idiosyn- crasy probably find an explanation in the too large doses which formerly were so frequently administered. The danger of poisoning with cocaine preparations has been practically eliminated with our increased knowledge of its action on the tissues. At present solutions containing a relativeh' small percentage combined with adrenaline are usually employed, and, when injected with the proper tech- nique, dangerous results are comparatively rare. No direct antidotes of cocaine are known. The treatment of general intoxication is purely sympto- matic. Anemia of the brain, which is of little consequence, may be readily overcome by placing the patient in a recum- bent position, or by complete inversion if necessary. As a powerful dilator of the peripheral vessels, the vapors of amy] nitrite are exceedingly useful ; it is best administered by placing 3 to 5 drops of the fluid on a napkin held before the nostrils for inhalation. Flushing of the face and an in- crease in the frequency of the pulse follows almost instantly. Nausea may be remedied by administering small doses of spirit of peppermint, aromatic spirit of ammonia, orvalidol. The latter deserves special recommendation. To overcome the disturbances of respiration, quickly instituted artificial respiration is the very best procedure in all methods of re- suscitation : the only drug that has proved to be of value in this connection is strychnine in the form of the sulphate or the nitrate in full doses by means of hypodermic injections. In dental literature reference is frequently made to "shock from the anesthetic." By shock is meant the depres- sion resulting from an injury or an operation, and we are inclined to believe that these '"shock stories" of anesthesia N". B. — Parts as tised in this Denial Formulary mean quantities by weight. 264 DENTAL FOSMULABY can be properly placed under the various disturbances within the four divisions of anesthesia sequences if a correct diag- nosis is made. For the purpose of readily meeting unexpected side effects of anesthetics, every practitioner should provide him- self with a stock of emergency drugs, placed in an easily accessible compartment of his medicine chest, consisting of : Hypodermic tablets of strychnine sulphate, 1-30 grain. Hypodermic tablets of nitroglycerine, i-ioo grain. Amyl nitrite, in 5-drop glass capsules. Validol. Aromatic spirit of ammonia. Smelling salts. Whiskey. Hypodermic syringe in good working order. IMMEDIATE TREATMENT OF ACUTE POISONING. General Directions. When a poison has been swallowed, the stomach should at once be evacuated with the stomach tube, or, in its ab- sence, with a fountain syringe. If corrosives have been swal- lowed and the mucous membranes are greatly swollen, the stomach tube is not indicated, as laceration of the soft tissues may follow. Emetics are of prime importance. Certain metallic salts, especially copper sulphate in 3-grain (0.2 Gm.) doses, and zinc sulphate in lo-grain (0.65 Gm.) doses, dis- solved in a glassful of water, act very promptly. If the patient is unable to swallow, apomorphine hydrochloride, i-io grain (0.006 Gm.), hypodermically, acts promptly and vigorously. As an emergency remedy a tablespoonful of ground mustard stirred in a cupful of tepid water usually produces quick vomiting. If the poison is of an unknown N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOBMULABY 265 origin, emetics, bland liquids and stimulants, together with suitable systematic treatment, is indicated. Acetic, Hydrochloric, Nitric, Nitro-Hydrochloric and Sulphuric Acids. No emetic should be given. To dilute and neutralize the acid, milk mixed with chalk, whiting, magnesia, or baking soda, strong soap suds, or white of Qgg beaten up with water, is given ; later oil and mucilaginous drinks of flaxseed or slippery elm are indicated. Usually intense ulceration fol- lows the acid burns. To relieve pain, morphine sulphate. y^ grain (0.015 Gm.), or tincture of opium, 15 drops (i Cc), is administered. Hydrocyanic Acid and All Cyanides, Alcohol, Chloroform, Ether, Chloral Hydrate, Gasoline, Carhon Bisulphide and Sulphurets of the Alkalies. Hydrocyanic acid and cyanides require very prompt measures; they are quick and powerful poisons. Emetics ma\- be given if necessary. The patient is put in a recum- bent position, the head lowered and plenty of fresh air for free respiration. Persistent artificial respiration should be instituted if needed. Keep the body warm and try to arouse '.ne patient with ammonia vapors ; put cold douches to hi:' head and apply friction to the extremities. Strong stimulants — wliisky, nitroglycerine solution in ^/^ drop doses, etc. — are indicated. Oxalic Acid and Its Salts. Give chalk or whiting mixed with two tablespoonfuls of vinegar and an equal quantity of water ; do not give soda or potash with the object of neutralizing the acid. X. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. 266 DENTAL FOEMULAEY Vomiting should be induced at once and followed by olive oil or mucilaginous drinks. General stimulants — whisky, etc. — and warmth applied to the extremities are essential. Phenol (Carbolic Acid) and Its Compounds, Cresol, Creosote, Lysol and Resorcinol. Induce vomiting and give large quantities of diluted whisky or magnesium sulphate solution in the early stages. Remember that alcohol is not a chemic antidote for phenol or its compounds. Later give bland liquids, olive oil and general stimulants as required. Caustic Alkalies and Ammonia. Promote vomiting by large draughts of warm water. Alild acids in the form of diluted vinegar or lemon juice are indicated, which should be followed by olive oil, white of egg beaten up with water and mucilaginous drinks. Severe pain calls for morphine sulphate, ^ grain (0.015 •Gm.) or tincture of opium, 15 drops (i Cc). Arsenic and Its Compounds. Promote vomiting with large draughts of warm wa- ter and administer at once hydrated oxide of iron (the offi- cial antidote for arsenic ) or dial\'zed iron. The official antidote may Ijc ])re]jared extemporaneous!}- Ijy mixing a tcasp(jonful of calcined magnesia with a cupful of water, add three teaspoon fuls of tincture of iron chlorid, mix well and give the whole of it at once. This is to be fol- lowed witli olive oil, white of egg beaten up with water and mucilaginous drinks. N. B.— Parts as iiseil in lliis PciiUii For 111 11 la rtj mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOUMULAEY 267 Antimony Salts, Copper, Iodine and Its Preparations, Mercury Salts, Potassium Bichromate, Tartar Emetic, Tin and Its Salts, Colchicum, Cantharides and the Oils of Croton, Savin and Pansy. Induce vomiting and is usually produced by the metal- lic salts themselves. Give large draughts of raw white egg (about half dozen or more) beaten up with water, or tiour stirred in water, strong tea or coffee and general stim- ulants. To relieve pain and. tenesmus, morphine sulphate, j^i grain (0.015 Gm.) is indicated. Barium and Lead Salts. Give magnesium sulphate, 4 drams (15 Gm.) or so- dium sulphate, 1 ounce (30 Gm.j, dissolved in a large tum- blerful of water. Promote vomiting by warm water or with mustard and follow with milk and demulcent drinks. Pain is relieved by morphine sulphate, ^ grain (0.015 Gm.) or tincture of opium. 15 drops (i Cc). Silver Nitrate. Give common salt, t)ne-half tablespoonful dissolved in a tumblerful of warm water and induce vomiting ; later, large draughts of demulcent drinks — starch, flaxseed or slippery elm stirred in water — are indicated. Phorphorus (Rat Paste, Etc.). Give a prompt emetic — C(^])pcr sulphalc, 3 grains (0.03 Gm.), dissolved in a tumblerful of water — every five min- utes. Old, thick oil of turpentine in i-dram (4 Cc.) doses, suspended in flour water and repeated every hour, is much lauded. Do not give oils or fats. Milk of magnesia is often beneficial. W'licn indicated oive Q-eneral stimulants. X. B.- — Pnrts ;is iisoil in tliis Drnfal Fnrntularj/ inenn qnnntitios I IV we i "lit. 268 DENTAL FORMULARY Atropine, Cocaine, Gelsemine, Pilocarpine and All Preparations Containing These Alkaloids. Induce vomiting, give large draughts of warm water, strong coffee and tea and general stimulants. If the pa- tient is drowsy, rouse him with ammonia vapors ; apply heat to the extremities and institute artificial respiration if necessary. Aconite, Cotton Root, Digitalis, Ergot, Lobelia, Tobacco, Vera- trum and Preparations Containing These Substances. Give an emetic, which should be followed by large draughts of warm water, strong tea or coffee. Keep the patient in a horizontal position, apply warmth and friction to the extremities and use artificial respiration if needed. Opium and Its Preparations, Morphine and Its Salts and Indian Hemp. If necessary, vomiting should be induced. Give strong tea or coffee and large draughts of warm water. Keep the patient awake and, if possible, in motion. A cold douche is beneficial. Strychnine sulphate, 1-30 grain (0.002 Gm.) and atropine sulphate, i-ioo grain (0.0006 Gm.), administered hypodermically, are often of benefit. Per- sistent artificial respiration should be kept up, even after life seems to be extinct. Nux Vomica and Its Preparations, Strychnine and Its Salts and Fishberries (Cocculus Indicus). Induce vomiting, followed by large draughts of warm water, and give tannic acid in i percent solution or iodide of starch. Spasms are relieved by inhalation of chloroform or by chloral hydrate, 15 grains (i Gm.), dissolved in a N. B. — Parts as used in this Denial Formulary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOEMULAEY 2m tumblerful of water. Evacuate the bowels and give the patient absolute rest. Formaldehyde and Its Solutions. Give ammonia in very diluted solutions and demulcent drinks. General stimulants should be given when indicated. Wood Alcohol. Give immediately a tablespoonful of common salt, dis- solved in a large tumblerful of warm water, and repeat with strychnine sulphate, 1-30 grain (0.002 Gm.), hypo- dermically and give strong coffee or tea. Decayed Meat or Vegetables. These materials are often productive of ptomaine poi- soning. Induce vomiting and cleanse the bowels with full doses of castor oil. Strong stimulants and heat and fric- tion applied to the extremities are beneficial. Poisonous Fungi. Evacuate the stomach as quickly as possible by prompt- ly acting emetics. Give atropine sulphate, i-ioo grain (0.0006 Gm.), hypodermically and tannic acid in the form of strong tea or coffee. URINE ANALYSIS. Urine analysis as an aid in diagnosticating certain den- tal diseases is an essential adjunct to the clinical examina- tion of the patient. Oral manifestation of typical general diseases — as diabetes, gout, autointoxication, etc. — are often the first pathognomonic signs of these diseases. The cor- N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formiilarij mean quantities by weight. 270 DENTAL FOFMULABY rect diagnosis of the latter is verified by a urine analysis and the patient may be surprised to learn that the presence of an odor of acetone from the oral cavity, together w^ith the formation of pericemental abscesses and the rapid ac- cumulation of soft white calcareous deposits about the teeth should be indicative of diabetes, of which he has no knowl- edge at the time. The presence of sugar in the urine will verify the diagnosis. A urine analysis is also of important value to the dental practitioner if he intends to administer a general anesthetic— chloroform or ether — to a patient. For the foregoing purposes an exhaustive examination of the urine is not necessar}" ; it is merely intended to ascer- tain by a few simple tests the presence or absence of al- bumin, of sugar, of the approximate amount of uric acid, etc. The determination of these substances may also in- dicate if the assistance of the family physician is desired in the treatment of the case under observation. An intelli- gent report made to the physician will not merely insure the co-operation of the latter, but may also assist in bring- ing about a better understanding and a much desired closer relationship of the two professions. The normal quantity of urine voided in twenty- four hours varies from 40 to 50 ounces (1,200 to 1.500 Cc). Free perspiration decreases the quantity, while chilling of the skin increases it. The greatest portion of urine is passed during the day ; during the night and the early morning hours the least portion is passed. Usually the urine has a light, amber color, due to urobilin ; the color depends, however, largely on the quantity voided. On standing, nearly all normal urine assumes a cloudy ap- pearance, which is due to the presence of mucus. The nor- mal reaction of urine is slightly acid, due to uric acid, hip- N. B. — Parts as usod in this Dental Formuhni/ menn qnnntitifs 1)V woitrlil. DENTAL FOBMULAI^Y 271 puric acid, or acid sodium phosphate. After meals the re- action may be neutral or even alkaline for a short time. The normal specific gravit}- varies from 1.015 to 1.025; it is low when an increased amount is passed and high when the quantit}- is diminished. Normal urine has a peculiar, aromatic odor ; it is altered by certain food or drugs — as- paragus and oil of turpentine produce a violet-like odor, garlic gives a garlic-like odor, etc. The solid constituents of urine consist of organic and inorganic compounds and they vary very markedly. The solids held in solution by and excreted with the urine within twenty-four hours amount to approximately : 308 to 617 grains (20 to 40 Gm.) urea. 6 to 12 grains (0.36 to 0.78 Gm.) uric acid. 9 to 14 grains (0.54 to 0.90 Gm.) ammonium, calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium urate. 12 to 45 grains (0.72 to 2.9 Gm. ) sodium phosphate. 154 to 237 grains ( 10 to 25 Gm.) sodium chloride. General Examination. For the examination of the urine the mixed total quan- tity voided during the twenty-four hours or a part thereof should be submitted. The preliminary inspection begins with the color of the sample ; the latter may be expressed as pale straw, straw, pale amber, amber, dark amber, red- dish amber, etc., or after X'ogel's scale of colors. It should not be forgotten that certain drugs which are taken inter- nally may impart a distinctive color to the urine — santonin produces an intense yellow color, which changes to red or purple when alkalies are added ; methylen blue produces a blue color, etc. The odor is recognized as normal aromatic. N. B. — Pai'ts as useil in this DcaUil Foniiuhiri/ mean quantitios bv weight. 272 DENTAL FOBMVLABY as ammonical or as putrid ; the reaction is obtained with sensitive Htmus paper. The specific gravity is readily de- termined by the urinometer, the specific gravity bottle, or by the specific gravity beads. If it is above 1.025, sugar in appreciable quantities may be expected. The instru- ments used for this work are usually corrected to conform to a temperature of 60 degrees F. (15 degress C). If the temperature is above or below this standard one degree of the urinometer has to be respectively added or sub- tracted for every 5 degrees F. (2.8 degrees C). Tests for Albumin. Serum albumin is the most often tested for of any constituent of the urine, and of the many tests which have been proposed the following are to be preferred. No single test is sufficient. 1. Heat Test. — Boil the urine in a test tube; when an opalescence appears it indicates the presence of albumin or an excess of phosphate. If a few drops of nitric acid are now added the cloudiness will disappear if due to phos- phate, but will remain permanently if du€ to albumin. 2. Purdy's Modified Heat Test. — Fill the test tube three-quarters full with urine and add saturated sodium chloride solution to fill the tube ; now add two or three drops of strong acetic acid and, holding the tube in the fingers by its bottom, heat the upper layer of the fluid un- til the mixture boils ; then, without shaking the tube or its contents, examine the layer of fluid in the upper part of the tube, comparing its degree of transparency with that of the fluid that was not heated in the lower part of the tube. If the heated portion of the fluid is in the slightest degree hazy or less transparent, albumin is present. N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOUMULABY 273 3. Heller's Nitric Acid Test. — A test tube is filled to the depth of one-half inch with nitric acid, and while being held in an inclined position, the clear (filtered, if necessary) urine is allowed to trickle slowly down the in- side surface from a medicine dropper, so as to form a superimposed layer on the urine. An opalescent ring at the junction of the two liquids indicates albumin. Excess of urates, mucus, etc., sometimes gives rings resembling those of albumin, but on close observation these rings will be seen to be slightly above in the column of urine instead of at the bottom of contact. Tests for Sugar. Sugar occurs less frequently in the urine than albumin, and is usually present in urine having a very high specific gravity — above 1.025. If a sample of the urine contains albumin, it should always be removed by boiling and filter- ing before any of the tests for sugar are applied. 1. Fehling's Copper Test. — Equal volumes of the or- dinary Fehling's solutions are mixed in a test tube and heated to the boiling point ; if no reduction occurs, the solution may be considered safe, and the urine is now added drop by drop to the boiling Fehling's solution until an orange color or reddish precipitate forms, or until a volume of urine equal to that of the copper solution has been added. If there is no precipitate of orange or red- dish cuprous oxide, sugar may be considered absent. Sim- ple discharging of the color of the formation of various bluish-gray precipitates must not be mistaken for a true reduction. 2. Trommer's Modified Copper Test. — Place one inch of urine in a test tube and add one-half inch of potassium K B. — Parts as used in this Denial Fnrmularj/ mean quantities bv weight. 274 DENTAL FOUMULAEY hydroxide solution, U. S. P., to the urine. Mix the two fluids by shaking the tube and add two or three drops of a 5 percent solution of copper sulphate in distilled water. Do not heat the mixture, but allow the tube to stand un- disturbed for twelve to twenty-four hours in the cold. At the expiration of that time, if sugar be present, there will be collected in the tube an ochre-yellow to brick-red precipi- tate of fine sand-like character of suboxide of copper. Quantitative Estimation of Sugar The quantity of sugar in urine is very conveniently and quickly estimated by using "soloid" tablets of copper sulphate and alkaline tartrate (i). It is based on Fehling's reduction test as follows : Prepare a standard test solution of dissolving four "soloids" copper sulphate in about 2 cubic centimeters of distilled water and in this solution also dissolve 4 "soloids" alkaline tartrate, then adjust to 4 cubic centimeters at 15 degrees C. Each cubic centimeter corresponds to 0.005 gram of anhydrous glucose. It may be found more con- venient to dilute the above measure of 4 cubic centimeters with an equal volume of water, when each cubic centimeter of diluted test solution will correspond to 0.0025 gram of anhydrous glucose. Make a rough estimation by adding the urine to a definite volume of the boiling test solution in such quantity that, after boiling and allowing the pre- cipitate to subside, the blue color of the reagent is just discharged. Now dilute the urine (if necessary) until it contains 0.5 to i percent of sugar and make an accurate estimation with the diluted urine. '''Soloid" tablota aro made by Burroughs Wellcome & Co., of London and New York. N. B. — Parts as used in this DmUil Formidnry mean quantities by we iff lit. DENTAL FOFMULAHY 275 Tests for Uric Acid. The presence of an excess of uric acid or of urates is usually readily detected by the physical appearance of the urine itself. If the urine has stood in a vessel from three to four hours and a sediment of red sand ("brick dust de- posit") is seen in the bottom of the vessel, it usually points to an excessive excretion of urates. The urates are more soluble in hot water than in cold water and consecjuently the urine may be clear on voiding', but after becoming cold may deposit quite a sediment. The amorphous urates read- ily dissolve on warming. Under the microscope uric acid appears as whetstone-shaped crystals, which are sometimes arranged in rosettes. These crystals are usually of a yellow- ish-red color. I. Hopkin's Test. — To lOO cubic centimeters of urine add 33 grams of ammonium chloride. Shake or stir until it dissolves and then allow to stand in a cool place for three or four hours. Collect the precipitated ammonium urate on a filter and wash with saturated ammonium chloride solution until the filtrate is clean. Spread out the filter on a square glass plate and wash the precipitate down over one corner of the plate and into a beaker or flask with hot water. The contents of the beaker are now heated to boiling with an excess (lo cubic centimeters) of hydro- chloric acid and allowed to stand in a cool place for sev- eral hours (not less than three), when the uric acid will crystallize out. This is collected on a small filter (the vol- ume of the filtrate being noted) and washed slightly with cold water. Wash ofif the filter into a flask with hot water, enough sodium carbonate solution being added to dis.solve the uric acid, the volume is made up to too cubic centi- meters with water, 20 cubic centimeters of sulphuric acid N. B. — Parts as used in tliis Denial Formtdori/ mean rjiiaiititios by wpisrlit. 276 DENTAL FOEMULAEY are added and a decinormal potassium permanganate solu- tion run in from a burette until a faint pink coloration re- mains one minute after shaking. Each cubic centimeter of decinormal permanganate equals 0.007 grams of uric acid, to which must be added o.ooi gram for each 15 cubic centimeters of the filtrate before noted. 2. Murexid Test. — Evaporate to dryness at a low heat over an alcohol lamp a few drops of urine in a watch crys- tal, add a drop or two of nitric acid and again cautiously evaporate to dryness. A red residue will remain. Now add a drop or two of ammonia solution without at first letting it come directly in contact with the residue. The formation of murexid, which is shown by a beautiful purple color (purpurate of ammonia), indicates uric acid or urates. Test for Indican. Salkowski's Test. — Eight cubic centimeters of urine with I cubic centimeter of a 10 percent copper sulphate solution are mixed with an equal volume of hydrochloric acid of a specific gravity of 1.19. A few cubic centimeters of chloroform are added and the mixture inverted a num- ber of times. The indican (indol-potassium sulphate) hav- ing been split up, the chloroform extracts the resulting in- digo and takes on the characteristic blue color. The quan- tity is estimated by the depth of the blue color. If the urine contains albumin, it must be removed be- fore applying this test ; otherwise the blue color often aris- ing from the admixture of hydrochloride acid after stand- ing may prove misleading. (Purdy.) Test for Urobilin. Strauss' Test. — -The urine is acidulated with acetic acid and cleared by the addition of one-fourth of its volume X. B. — Parts ns used in this Denial Fonniilary mean quantities Vjy weight. DENTAL FOEMULAEY 277 of lo percent lead acetate solution and filtration. The fil- trate is then shaken with amyl alcohol, the urobilin being thus extracted, as is shown by the yellow to deep orange color. The addition of ammonious zinc chloride causes a fluorescence. Urobilin in very small quantities is present in the healthy urine. SALIVA ANALYSIS. (After Dr. Henry C. Ferris.) History of chronic diseases. Description of teeth and character of caries. Amount of saliva. Normal average, 60 Cc. per hour ; 20 Cc. required for examination. Consistence : Report sticky, thick or thin. Odor : Ammoniacal, sweet, sour, etc. Specific gravity : Normal 1.002. Precipitate : Centrifuge entire amount and record in terms of centrifuge scale. Then take 5 Cc. of this and di- lute with an equal quantity of distilled water, which will become cloudy if globulin is present. Centrifuge again and record amount of globulin. Pour off supernatant fluid again in the centrifuge tube; add four drops of glacial acetic acid, which precipitates the mucin. Pour oft* supernatant fluid and add i Cc. of 10 percent, solution potassium ferro- cyanide ; if albumin be present specimen will become cloudy. Centrifuge as before and record quantity of albumin. Enzymic action : Take immediately upon delivery. Make 2 percent solution of starch paste, according to the following directions : Mix starch with half the quantity of cold water and let stand for five minutes ; then add the rest of the water N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Fontiulari/ mean quantities by weight. 278 DENTAL FOEMULARY and boil for ten minutes. Take 5 Cc. of this solution in test tube and place in incubator at temperature of 55 degrees C, to which add J/2 Cc. saliva, let stand for one minute and boil to kill action of enzyme. Centrifuge and read scale, which will give percentage of reduction of starch to dextrin. To determine further the product of the reaction, take 2 Cc. of the clear solution and add i Cc. of iodine solution N/250. If starch is present the reaction will be deep vio- let (iodide of starch) ; if a light violet, it indicates a par- tial reduction of starch, or erythrodextrin ; a colorless re- sult indicates complete reduction of starch to dextrin. Proteolytic test : I Cc. Fehling copper solution. 5 Cc. Fehling alkaline. 94 Cc. I 0/00 sodium carbonate solution. Dissolve in the solution i decigramm casein C. P. Take 5 Cc. of the above and place in the incubator at temperature of 50° to 55° C. ; then add jA Cc. saliva, if there is a string proteolytic action in a few seconds, the color turns to pink; if it is of medium action to violet; if no ac- tion, to a dirty blue color. The first represents peptones ; second, albuminose ; third, unsplit caseine. Oxydase Test. Take i Cc. saliva, 4 Cc. distilled water, 12 drops of a 10 percent solution of sulphuric acid, then mix and add drop by drop 0.5 percent aqueous solution of metaphenylene- (liamin. If there is no oxidase, it stays without color. If there is an oxydcuse, there is formed triaminplu'nylin, whicli makes the solution strongly }ello\v. N. B. — Pnrts ns used in tliis Dnilnl ForDiuJcirij nionn ({iiantitics )jy weight. DENTAL F0E2irLAEY 279 Test for Acid Index. Should be ascertained as soon as specimen is delivered. Use 1/40 normal sodium hydrate solution in 5 Cc. buret. The degree of acidity is obtained by taking 5 Cc. of saliva and adding 2 drops of phenolphthalein solution, neutral, then drop by drop 1/40 normal solution sodium hydrate until a rose color is produced. Having noted on paper the number of Cc. of the sodium hydrate solution in the buret before and after the rose color is obtained, the number of Cc. displaced multiplied by 20 and divided by 4 (in order to find the number of Cc. sodium hydrate solution neces- sary to reduce 100 Cc. saliva) equal the degree of acidity. Normal being alkaline. To attain a more accurate result add i Cc. of i/io normal hydrochloric acid solution and boil to drive off the carbonic acid ; titrate as before and subtract the acid index of the hydrochloric acid from result. Test for Alkalinity, Proceed as above, substituting i,'40 normal hydro- chloric acid for sodium hydrate and methyl orange for phen- olphthalein and titrate. Ammonia or Organic Matter. Take 2^ Cc. saliva and i drop phenolphthalein solu- tion and titrate it with X/40 sodium hydrate solution to a feeble pink color. The used Cc. of the sodium hydrate solution gives the acidity in relation to phenolphthalein. Take formalin and put in i drop phenolphthalein solu- tion and titrate it with NaOIi solution to a feeble pink color. Xow both solutions arc neutral or feeblv alkaline to N. B. — Pnrts fis useil in this Pnital ForDitdari/ menu qua;ititii.'& l)v weiolit. 280 DENTAL FOEMULAEY phenolphthalein ; but if you put i Cc. of this neutralized formalin to the neutralized saliva the pink color disappears, because the ammonia is used up by the formalin. Now titrate a second time with N/40 sodium hydrate until the reappearance of the pink color. This amount corresponds to the amount of ammonia. Multiply the Cc. by 0.017 and you have the percentage of ammonia in the saliva. Proof : 23/2 Cc. and N/40 has the same relation as 100: N/i ; therefore, the amount of grams in the amount of Cc. nor- mal solution (instead of used N/40 sodium hydrate solu- tion) gives the percentage. Ammonia has the atomic weight of 17, therefore i Cc. normal solution corresponds to 0.017 percent and any amount of Cc. used must be mul- tiplied by 0.017 percent. Sulfocyanate Test. Use colorimetric scale (Eimer & Amend), i Cc. of specimen in tube A, i Cc. of i : 2,000 ammonia sulfocyanate in tube B ; add 2 drops of 5 percent ferric chloride to each tube, add distilled water until color in B matches that of specimen. Read scale .in thousands- and ten thousands. Care must be taken to have the bottom of the meniscus on the line. Chlorine. To I Cc. of specimen add 2 or 3 drops of potassium bicromate i percent solution; then titrate with N/io silver nitrate solution until a light brick-red color is attained. Multiply the buret Cc. used by 0.3545. The result will show the amount of chlorine. Urea. To attain the amount of urea, use a Ferris' modified Doremus ureometer, supplied by Eimer & Amend, New N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOEMULAR¥ 281 York. Tube A is washed with water and filled with hypo- bromite solution ; close the stopper and fill tube B with i Co. of specimen ; open the stopper, allow specimen to enter tube A and close stopper. After all bubbles of gas have disappeared, the reading is taken. The degrees marked upon the tube are divided into 0.025 and represent the num- ber of grams or grains of urea contained in the amount of saliva employed. (The normal relation between the chlorine and the urea in the urin is i :2.) Acetone. In 4 drops of specimen dissolve a crystal of potassium carbonate, then add a drop of Gram's reagent. An odor of iodoform indicates acetone. ( Care must be taken not to confound the odor of iodine in Gram's reagent with that of iodoform.) To mount slide and examine with micro- scope for crystals of iodoform is best test. Total Solids and Ash. To obtain total solids cleanse and weight a platinum dish, into which place 2 Cc. of specimen. Dry in the in- cubator at 100° C. from two to three hours. Care should be taken that it does not turn too black. Weight again and add to this 2 or 3 drops of fuming nitric acid. Evapo- rate the acid and burn it white. Weigh again. The first gives the total of solids and the second the amount of ash. Xote A : To determine the percentage of chlorine in total solids, you multiply the chlorine by no and divide by total solids. Xote B : In urine the normal amount of chlorine is 15- percent of total solids and it is reduced in pathological states. X. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. 282 DENTAL FOhMULARY DIAGNOSTIC HINTS. Frequency of Pulse. At birth 130-150 times a minute At the first year 100-130 At the seventh year 72- 90 At the time of puberty 80- 85 At middle Hfe 69- 75 At old age 50- 60 Frequency of Respiration. At the first year • • • -35 times a minute x^t the second year. 25 " " During time of puberty 20 " " Above twenty years of age 18 " " Temperature of the Body. Normal temperature 97/^- 98^° F. Feverishness 99 Slight fever 100 Aloderate fever 102 High fever 104 Intense fever 105 Comparison Between Temperature and Pulse. -100 ° F. -lOI °F. -103 ° F. -105 ° F. - °F. A temperature of 98° F. cor res Donds to a pulse of 60 " ' 99° F. 70 100° F. 80 101° F. 90 102° 103° 104° F. F. F. 100 IIO 120 105° F. a (< 130 106° I'. 4 1 140 N. H.- -Parts as used in 11 is Dcnh tl Form i(ly weig'ht. DENTAL FOlRMrLA'RY 289 Acid Chrome-Alum Fixing Bath. (For hot weather use.) Water (about) 800 parts Sulphuric acid . 3 parts Sodium sulphite 32 parts When dissolved, add : Sodium hyposulphite 256 parts Dissolve and then add : Chrome-alum, from 8 to 15 parts previously dissolved in 120 parts of water. Then add wa- ter to make 1,280 parts. Dry Plates. For snapshots, landscapes and general outdoor work: Cramer's Crown plates. Hammer's fast plates or Seed's No.- 2y plates. For copying drawings, interior views and all time ex- posures : Cramer's Banner, Hammer's slow plates and Seed's No. 23 plates. Lantern Slide Plates. These special plates are made by Cramer, Hammer or Seed and are suitable for making slides either by contact or reduction. For all view and landscape work the average kodak with film attachment gives perhaps the most universal sat- isfaction. For interior work, such as copying and scientific work, an ordinary camera, strongly constructed and pro- vided with a good lens (Goerz. Zeis, Cooke, etc.) is indi- X. B. — Parts as used in this Pcnial Fornudari/ mean quantitie,-; by weight. 290 DENTAL FOFiMULAEY cated. For daylight work, solar paper is best adapted, while for night work, velox paper is to be used. Photographic Blue Print Paper. The ordinary photographic blueprint paper is made as follows. Two solutions are prepared : Solution i. Potassium ferricyanide . . . lo parts Distilled water 32 parts Solution 2. Iron ammonium citrate 15 parts Distilled water 32 parts Mix when wanted for use. Filter and apply to the surface of the paper by means of a brush or a piece of cotton wool. Let the paper dry in a dark place and store away from the light. No developer is required for this paper. After exposure it is placed in water to wash out the undecomposed iron salts. It may be improved by im- mersion in diluted hydrochloric acid, after which it must be again thoroughly washed in water. Varnish for Celluloid Negatives. Shellac, pale orange 4 parts Methyl alcohol 6 parts Dissolve and add : Water of ammonia 6 parts Boiling water'. 8 parts Glycerine j4 P^^ N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by Aveight. DENTAL FOBMULAFY 291 Allow to Stand for a week and filter. After the nega- tive is fixed and was'hed it is thoroughl}- drained. The varnish is then poured into a dish and the negative im- mersed and allowed to soak for a few minutes. It is then taken out and pinned by one corner to the edge of a shelf or another convenient article to dry. Transparent Cement for Photographs. Tragacanth, powdered i part Gum arable, best selected 4 parts Glycerin 4 parts Water, distilled 32 parts Dissolve the tragacanth in one-half of the water, the gum arabic in the remainder and mix the solutions, com- pleting by adding the glycerine. If the gum arabic is not first class you may have to filter the solution through ab- sorbant cotton. The white of a fresh egg dissolved in a little distilled water is also an excellent medium for at- taching photographic prints to glass, face foremost. Photographing Burnt Manuscripts. The writing on a burnt manuscript can be rendered legible by photography, provided, of course, that the paper has not completely fallen to pieces. The method of pro- cedure is as follows : The fragments are carefully ar- ranged on a plate of glass, then coated with a drying var- nish and covered with another sheet, the whole arrange- ment being then placed in a printing frame. If vegetable inks have been used, clear and legible photographs are ob- tained by the use of orthochromatic plates and the proper color screens. \\'riting done in aniline or iron is photo- N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formvlary mean quantities by weight. 292 DENTAL FOBMULABY graphed in the usual way. If the writing is in pencil, the camera and the object must be so arranged that the light reflected from the graphite may enter the lens. To Transfer Photographs, Engravings, Etc., from Paper to Glass in Lines of Silver. Lightly silver a sheet of glass by any of the numerous processes in use (see page XX). Then float on the sil- vered surface a very thin coating of Syrian asphaltum (ob- tainable from any dealer in photographic supplies) dissolved in benzol. This should be done in very subdued light, best of all in the dark. When the asphaltum is dry, lay on it the picture to be transferred and expose the whole to the sunlight for several hours. The .asphalt, by its peculiar property, is thus rendered insoluble in direct proportion to the quantity of light received and, as a consequence, the parts protected by the lines of the picture are left soluble, while the other parts become insoluble. After exposure, the plate is placed in benzol and the soluble parts of as- phaltum dissolved away. It is then rinsed and put in nitric acid for a moment, which dissolves the silver thus exposed. Rinsing in water completes the operation. Paste for Mounting Photographic Prints. I. Nelson's photographic gelatin 4 parts Glycerin i part Alcohol 5 parts Water 16 parts Dissolve the gelatin in water, add the glycerine and finally the alcohol. N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities bj weight. DENTAL FORMULARY 293 2. Arrowroot '. lo parts Gelatin i part Alcohol lo parts Water lOO parts Make the arrowroot into a paste with a portion of the water and soak the gelatin in the balance until soft. Mix the two and bring to a boil and boil for five minutes. On cooling, add the alcohol and sufficient liquid phenol (about I percent) to prevent decomposition. 3 White dextrin 2 parts Alcohol . I part Boiling water 6 parts Dissolve the dextrin in the water and when nearly cold add the alcohol. 4 In mounting b>- the "dry method" the paper or a part of it is previously varnished and the print having been put in place, is subjected to heat in a press. This softens the resins in the varnish and makes perfect contract between the print and the mount. The resinified paper is made by brushing fine tissue paper with the following solution : White shellac 30 parts Gum clemi 3 parts Canada balsam 5 parts Alci ih( )1 1 ,000 parts N. B. — Parts as used in this Denial Fonnuhiri/ mean quantities by weight. 294 DENTAL FOEMULATiY Making of Hand Lantern Slides for Immediate Use. (After Dr. G. V. Black.) The materials necessary for this work are : Hard rolled, fine, tissue tracing paper. Ordinary cover glasses for lantern slides (thin, white glass is preferable). Hard pencils No. H. B. and H. BBB., clmrcoal and paper points. India ink and "crowquill" pens. Water colors and. fine hair pencils. Xylol and Canada balsam. The India ink should be diluted with water propor- tionately so as to make five different grades. The weak solution is used for making a very light shade, the others grading blacker. All water colors can be used freely with the exception of yellow. The latter must be used very carefully, as it will kill light badly. The picture is made by copying or tracing on the trac- ing paper with pencils, ink or water colors. Dr. Black described in the following the details of making colored slides : This drawing is of a lower bicuspid tooth in which I noticed a very peculiar pulp chamber. In order to bring this out a little plainer I will use a lead pencil with which to outline the pulp chamber, doing this very lightly, and then I will color it lightly with red. I will outline the enamel also with a lead pencil, rather lightly, and go over it lightly with a pencil so as to make the enamel stand out a little from the dentine, showing it to be different ; then I will take the red ink and my brush, making sure that the latter is not very wet, and lightly color the pulp cham- ber. It is best to do any such coloring last. It is not nec- essary to the drawing particularly that we color the pulp N. B. — Parts as used in tins Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOEMULAEY 295 chamber, but a fresh tint catches the eye. We must not make this paper too -wet, for if we do it wih all crinkle up in drying. When we use a brush with India ink the paper will be all crumpled up and not fit for use. How will we straighten it out? Let it dry to fix the ink, then lay it on water and saturate the entire paper and it will straighten out. It may then be dried beween pieces of blot- ting paper under a light compress, after which we can add anything further we wish. Xow my picture is completed. I will make a second one of different design, a large pulp chamber in a second bicuspid, a very dift'erent form of tooth in which I will make the enamel a little bit stronger in its demarcation from the dentine by just a little shading with a pencil. This pulp chamber I will not color. I will put this on a cover glass, place on it a mat and over this with another cover glass, having the picture and the mat between two cover glasses. Around the whole I will place a couple of rubber bands. This is now ready for the screen." To make a picture as transparent as possible, it is now dropped into xylol and left there for about five minutes. Two cover glasses are laid on blotting paper and on each is placed a small quantity of Canada balsam, the same as is used in mounting microscopic specimens, care being taken not to include any air bubbles. Remove the picture from the xylol and place it on the balsam cover as nearly to the center as possible and place a second balsam cover slide, face downward, over the picture. Press the two together lightly and carefully put a rubber band on each end so as to hold the slides firmly together. Place the slides on their edge for drying. After a few days' dry- N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by ^veigbt. 296 DENTAL FOEMULAEY ing, the edges may now be enclosed in the usual binding. All pressed out balsam must be carefully removed. Sizing Preparation for Lantern Screens. White glue i part Zinc oxide. 2 parts Glycerin i part Water S parts Macerate the glue in the water, boil until dissolved and add the glycerine. Mix the zinc oxide with a small quantity of the solution until a smooth paste is obtained and add the remainder of the solution under constant stir- ring. Have the fabric stretched on a smooth surface and apply while hot. Leave on the stretcher until perfectly dry. One gallon of this sizing will cover a screen 10 feet square. TO MAKE A PLASTER CAST FROM LIFE. The face is well covered with vaseline, the eyelashes and eyebrows are well buried in wet clay (antiphlogistine is serviceable) and well covered with wet tissue paper and smaller hairs smoothened down. Mustache, whiskers, etc., are coated with clay and oiled. Rubber tubing or quills are inserted into the nostrils for respiration. If the ear is embedded, stop it up with cotton and wax. Have the. patient in a recumbent position and apply the well-mixed plaster with a spatula. Just before setting bury a stout string into the plaster corresponding to the long axis of the face. When hardened, cut the plaster by pulling the string, which facilitates the ready removal of the impres- sion. The impression must be thoroughly set before the cast is made. Soak the impression in water and paint it N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOEMULAFY 297 with a separating medium. The caste has to set for at least two hours before separation is undertaken. HARD RUBBER CORROSIONS OF THE PULP CANALS OF TEETH. (After Dr. J. A. Brown.) The preparation of vulcanite corrosions of the pulp canals of teeth consists of five distinct steps : 1. Remove the contents of the canals. 2. Wash out and dry the canals. 3. Pack the canals with vulcanizable rubber. 4. Invest the tooth in plaster of Paris and vulcanize. 5. Remove from the investment and corrode the tooth in an acid. The process in detail is as follows : Make an opening into the pulp chamber of the tooth and with suitable broaches remove the contents of the canals. Wash and dry the tooth. Fill the canals with a solution of vulcanizable rubber in chloroform and keep in a warm place until the chloroform, has entirely evaporated. Now pack some more rubber into the pulp chamber, force it in the canals as far as possible with warm instruments. Before investing the teeth press a small roll of rubber into the pulp chamber by means of a hot spatula. The purpose of the extra roll of rubber is to force more material in the canals by the expansion of the rubber during the process of vulcanization. The flask should be vulcanized for an hour and thirty minutes at a temperature of 320"' F. When cold remove the tooth from the investment, wash in water and jilace in 50% hydrochloric acid, which corrodes the tooth N. B. — Parts as viseu in this Denial Fornnilari/ mean quantities by weiglit. 298 DENTAL FOEMULAEY substances, leaving a hard rubber cast of the canals and pulp chamber complete. CELLULOID CORROSIONS OF THE PULP CANALS OF TEETH. (After Dr. G. Fischer.) Celluloid corrosions may be made by first dehydrating the tooth, from which the pulp has been removed, in acetone. A solution of one part celluloid in eight parts of acetone is made. The tooth is placed in a perfectly dry test tube, covered with the celluloid solution and tightly corked. After the three days the cork is removed and the acetone is al- lowed to evaporate. The tube is again filled with celluloid solution and the acetone allowed to evaporate (without corking). This process is repeated until in about two or three weeks the tooth is completely covered with a solid mass of celluloid. The tube is broken and the tooth is cut from the celluloid with a sharp knife and placed in a 50% solution of hydrochloric acid, C. P., and kept in a warm room. In about two weeks decalcification will be completed. The celluloid corrosion is now carefully washed, dried and mounted and kept in a dry place protected from dust. CLEANING AND BLEACHING OF BONES. (After Dr. H. H. Lauderdale.) A skull in the flesh or one which, though dry, has been pro]jerly roughed out and dried will always make the best specimen. Roughing out, as the natural science collector would term it, is removing the skin and the major portion of the flesh from the skull. Care should be taken when working on the underside of the skull not to injure the often long and delicate styloid, hamular and other proc- N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOBilULABY 299 esses. With a flattened instrument, slightly bent at one end, remove all the brain substance possible. Place the roughed- out skull in a bucket .of cold water, changing the water daily until it is no longer bloody. If it is not convenient to mascerate the skull at this time take it from the water and place it in a shady place to dry. It can then be kept as long as desired and will have .little or no odor. On the collecting grounds the skulls are treated in this way and can then be shipped to any point in safety. Roughed-out ligamentary skeletons — the skeletons of all smaller animals, reptiles and birds are of this kind — are soaked in an aqueous solution of arsenic for fifteen minutes to protect them from the ravages of insects which would otherwise. destroy the ligaments by which the bones are held together when mounted. Skulls, of course, do not need this treatment. Skulls should never be buried in the soil or boiled in water to remove the flesh, as either method tends" to set the blood in the bones and leave them dark and discolored. Placing them in an anthill and allowing the ants to remove the flesh will produce the same effect. Skulls exposed for a long time to the weather become dark and can rarely be whitened. Place the bucket containing the roughed-out specimens in a warm place and in summer, which is the best time to macerate, place in a sunny location, filling the bucket as the water evaporates. In winter a covered crock in a warm, sheltered nook will do. though the maceration process will be much slower. In ]\lilan, Italy, where large numbers of skeletons are macerated yearly, pieces of horseflesh are thrown in the maceration tubs to hasten the decomposition. The time of maceration varies, being best in summer, slower in winter ; fresh skulls in this climate in the summer re- N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. 300 DENTAL FOBMULAEY quiring from six to eight weeks. When the skull has macerated sufficiently, remove it from the bucket and scrub it in clean water with a stiff brush until thoroughly cleansed. A scraper is often of great service in cleaning the skull cavity. Now take two gallons of water, bring it to the boiling point and add first two pounds of washing soda and then one pound of chloride of lime. Then, with a brush, wash the skull in this solution, commonly called Javelle water. The washing soda assists in removing the grease from the skull, while the chloride of lime bleaches the bones by means of the chlorine liberated. The length of time the skull is washed in this solution will depend on the strength of the solution and quality of the bone ; strong, hard bones are not easily affected, while a delicate bone, left long in the solution, ceases to exist in its original form. After washing the skull in Javelle water the proper length of time, rinse thoroughly in clean water to remove any of the lime which may have been deposited and which, on drying, fills the small pits of the bone, giving it an un- natural, chalky appearance. Place the skull in the sun- shine, when it soon becomes white. If, after two or three days, it is not as white as desired, again wash in Javelle water. If the skull shows signs of grease place it in a glass jar containing naphtha and allow it to remain in the sun- shine, the jar to be covered with a glass plate to prevent the readily volatilized liquid from vaporizing. The skulls are placed in the sunshine as the warmth assists the action of the. naphtha. The time needed to properly degrease skulls depends considerably on their size, the smaller ones being degreased more ra])i(lly than a relatively larger skull. N. B. — Pints ;is nscil in Jliis Denial Formulary moan quantities by weight. DENTAL FOBMULABY SOI For small skeletons and skulls about two months would be the average length pf time required. After removing from the naphtha again wash the bones in the Javelle solution, rinse in water and again place in the sun to bleach. In many fresh skulls the bones show little or no signs of grease and do not need this treatment, and in large skulls and skeletons a special machine is needed, which, though doing the work quicker and using a much smaller amount of naphtha, is much more likely to injure the bones. The bones from the dissecting room, if strongly in- jected, seldom bleach perfectly, just why I cannot tell, the arsenic with which the subjects are injected being, no doubt, the cause. Bones of this sort often remain in maceration for a year and a half and then are very hard to clean, while fresh specimens would be fully cleaned in one-fourth of that time. In macerating skulls great care should be taken to pre- vent any brass or iron getting into the water, as the brass renders the bones of a greenish hue, which, as yet, nothing has been found that will remove. The iron rusts the bones and then they must be scrubbed in hot hydrochloric acid, washed in Javelle fluid, rinsed in clean water and bleached. PRESERVING FLUID FOR ANATOMICAL SPECIMENS. ( W'ickersheimer's. ) Alum loo parts Sodium chloride 25 parts Potassium nitrate 12 parts Potassium carbonate 60 parts Arsenous acid 10 parts \\'ater, boiling. 1,000 parts N. B. — Parts as nscil in this Denial Formularii mean quantities bv weight 302 DENTAL FOEMULAHY Filter the solution and add : Glycerin 400 parts Wood alcohol 100 parts EMBALMING FLUID. I. Mercuric bichloride i part Glycerin 16 parts Wood alcohol 120 parts 2, Solution of formaldehyde 16 parts Phenol liquid 4 parts Water 60 parts DISINFECTANT SOLUTIONS: "FOUR CHLORIDES." Alum 10 parts Sodium carbonate 10 parts Ammonium chloride 2 parts Sodium chloride 2 parts Zinc chloride i part Hydrochloric acid, crude, a sufficient quantity. Water, enough to make 125 parts Dissolve the alum in 50 parts of hot water, add the sodium carbonate which gives a precipitate of ammonium hydrate. Hydrochloric acid is now added in sufficient quan- tity under constant stirring until the precipitate is dis- solved and converted into aluminum chloride. The other salts are dissolved in the remainder of the water and added to the first solution. A suitable strength of the solution for ordinary disin- N. B. — Parts as u.sed in this Denial Formulary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOE MU LA BY 303 fectant purposes (rooms, clothing, etc.) is made by mixing one pint of the concentrated solution with one gallon of water. DISINFECTING POWDER FOR STABLES, LATRINES, ETC. Fresh slaked lime . 75 parts Plaster of Paris 30 parts Sulphate of iron, powder 20 parts Carbolic acid, crude 10 parls Mix thoroughly. To be used dry. Disinfection of Rooms. The room to be disinfected should have a temperature of 65° F. (18° C.) or more, and the air present must con- tain at least 75 percent of moisture. This humidity can be produced by placing pans of steaming hot water about the room. Drawers, closet doors, etc., should be opened and the furniture moved from the walls. Set on the floor in the middle of the room a large tin bucket, in which place a tin can of suitable capacity. Put into the can six ounces of potassium permanganate crystals and pour over them one pint of commercial formaldehyde solution. This quantity is sufficient for every thousand cubic feet of air space. The operator should leave the room at once, as large quantities of formaldehyde gas are immediately evolved. The room must be closed air tight and not opened for at least six hours. Furniture, draperies, carpets, pictures, etc.. are not damaged by this method of disinfection. After the disin- fection is completed the formaldehyde gas can be neutral- ized by ammonia, so as to render the room fit for occupa- tion. This may be readily accomplished by placing in a N. B. — Parts as used in this Denial Formularj/ mean quantities bv weielit. 304 DENTAL FOBMULABY suitable vessel two pounds of freshly burnt lime, seven pints of boiling water and three pints of strong ammonia water. After one hour's exposure to the ammonia vapors the room should be well aired. STERILIZING FLUID FOR INSTRUMENTS. ■ Solution of formaldehyde 50 parts Sodium borate 20 parts Water, enough to make 100 parts ' A SIMPLE STERILIZER. A large wide-mouth office preparation bottle, such as is used for dental varnish, is filled to the depth of about one and one-half inches with a clean powdered pumice stone. Saturate the powder with lysol, cresol or a similar strong antiseptic liquid, leaving a layer of the liquid covering the mixture. Push the instrument back and forth in the pumice, wash in hot water and dry. REMEDIES FOR THE TEETH. Tooth Ache Gum. Beeswax 16 parts Lard 4 parts Oil of cloves 8 parts Creosote 8 parts Melt the wax and lard, when cool add the oil of cloves and the creosote and sufficient crosscut cotton to saturate it thoroughly with the mixture. Roll into small sticks, wrap in paraffin paper and place in vials. N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOSMULAIiY 305 Tooth Ache Drops. Chloral hydrate I part Alenthol i part Gum camphor 2 parts Eugenol 2 parts Rub together until a syrupy liquid is obtained. Tooth Ach~ parts Water 200 parts Oil of rose geranium, a -sufficient quantity to scent. X. B. — Parts as used in this Denial Fonmthiri/ mean quantities by weight. 320 DENTAL FOUMULARY Dissolve the gum tragacanth in the water, in which the "boric acid has previously been dissolved. Dissolve the oil in the alcohol, add the solution of formaldehyde and mix with the gum solution. Keep in well stoppered wide-mouth bottles. A SUBSTITUTE FOR RUBBER GLOVES. Celloidin, Schering i part Alcohol, 96% 5 parts Castor oil ^ part The hands are thoroughly cleansed with soap and hot water, dried, washed in alcohol and again dried. The above solution is now painted on the hands. It leaves an elastic coat. Washing in alcohol will remove it. LIQUID SPLINT FOR THE FIXATION OF FRACTURES. Powdered starch 2 parts Gelatin 2 parts Solution of potassium silicate 60 parts ' Boric acid ; i part Alix the starch with the solution of silicate of potash by shaking from a pepper-box and stirring constantly until mixed. Dissolve the gelatin in- 10 parts of warm water and add the solution to the mixture. Put into a jug of double the capacity and ferment at room or sun temperature for three or four days. Then add the boric acid, mix well, and it is ready for use. If too thick after standing, thin it with boiling water. Keep corked. Apply a silk stocking or roller bandage ; then a coat of the preparation with a brush, and repeat until three or four layers are applied or until the splint is thick enough. It may be cut after hardening and eyelets and laces put in. N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOUMULAHY 321 TO CLEAN MARBLE SLABS. Grease spots are removed by a thick mixture of mag- nesia and gasoline spread over the surface, say three-eighths of an inch thick. Let it remain on the stone an hour or two, then remove the dried crust of magnesia. Stains from extracts may be removed by a thick paste of talcum, white lead, lemon juice and either citric, tartaric or oxalic acid, thinned wnth alcohol. If this fails, try a mixture of barium hyperoxide and dilute sulphuric acid, mixed at the lowest available temperature and avoiding any excess of acid. Use as in the case of the magnesia mixture above spoken of. The stone v/ill have to be repolished, using a mixture of "putty" and paraffin oil. Kid Gloves Cleanser. Stearic acid 5 parts Carbon tetrachloride 75 parts Water of ammonia ■ .... 20 parts Shake before using. Straw Hat Cleanser. Sodium bisulphate 10 parts Tartaric acid 2 parts Borax 10 parts Moisten a small quantity of the powder with water and apply this mixture with a wet brush. To Clean Saliva Ejector Tubes. Place in 10% hydrochloric acid for a few hours and wash in running water. X. B. — Parts as used in this Dental FoDiiulary ineau quautities by weight. 322 DENTAL FOSMULAEY To Remove Glaze from Carborundum Stones. To renew carborundum stones that have become glazed from grinding down teeth containing amalgam fillings, place them in a beaker and cover with a 50% solution of nitric acid, allowing them to remain for two or three hours. Remove and place in a strong solution of sodium bicarbon- ate for several hours, that the acid which has been absorbed by the stones may be neutralized. To Clean Vulcanite Files. When a vulcanite file becomes clogged with rubber and plaster, it may easily be cleansed by wrapping absorbent cotton around it and saturating the cotton with chloroform. In about ten minutes it can be cleaned perfectly by the use of a stiff brush wheel on the lathe. FREEZING PREVENTIVES FOR AUTOMOBILES. I. Potassium carbonate 75 parts Glycerin 50 parts Water 100 parts 2. Calcium chloride 4^ parts Water, hot 8 parts 3- Wood alcohol ; 2 parts Glycerin 4 parts Water 6 parts N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOEMULAEY 323 4- (For acetylene generators.) Calcium chloride 2 parts W' ater 8 parts Freezing Mixtures. I. Potassium nitrate lO parts Ammonium chloride 30 parts Potassium chloride 60 parts Water 100 parts 2. Ammonium chloride 10 parts Potassium nitrate 3 parts Potassium chlorate . 20 parts Cold water 32 parts j\Iix the salt and add to the water. \\'ill reduce the temperature of the water about 50° F. FIRE EXTINGUISHERS. Powders. I. Sodium chloride 43 parts Alum 20. parts Sodium phosphate 5 parts Sodium carbonate y/y parts Sodium silicate 20 parts N. B. — Parts as useil in this Denial FonnHhiry mean quantities by weight. 324 DENTAL FOJRMULABY 2. Sodium bicarbonate 40 parts Sodium sulphate 60 parts Ammonium cliloride 100 parts 3- Potassium nitrate 59 parts Sublimated sulphur 36 parts Charcoal powder 4 parts English red i part Place in a round paper carton, holding about five pounds. Punch a hole in the center and push one end of a fuse cord (about four inches) into the mixture, leaving the other end (about six inches) extend on the outside. In case of fire, the mixture is set on fire by the fuse cord. The burning of the mixture uses up the oxygen in the air and thus extinguishes the flames. To be used in closed rooms only. Liquid. Calcium chloride, crude 20 parts Sodium chloride, crude 5 parts Water 75 parts To be used with a hand spray in case of fire. Fire-proofing of Paper. Ammonium sulphate 4 parts Sodium borate i part Boric acid i^ parts Water 4 parts The paper is immersed in the hot solution until com- pletely saturated and dried. N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOEMULAEY 325 Fire-proofing of Wood. Lime, fresh slaked 40 parts Sodium chloride 10 parts Alum 10 parts Solution of sodium silicate 10 parts Sodium wolframate 10 parts Mix. Fire-proofing of Textile Materials. Ammonium sulphate 8 parts Ammonium carbonate 2.5 parts Boric acid 3 parts Borax 2 parts Starch 2 parts Water 100 parts Water-proofing of Paper. Gelatin i part Water 4 parts Glycerin . i part Cover the paper on both sides with the warmed solu- tion ; after a few minutes, before it is fully dry, drop into the following- solution : Formaldehyde solution 75 parts Water 500 parts Water-proofing of Wrapping Paper. Alum 24 parts Hard soap 4 parts White wax 15 parts Water 120 parts Boil together. Saturate the paper with the hot mixture and hang up to dry. X. B. — Parts as r.scil in this Dental Formuhinj moan quantities l)y weight. 326 DENTAL FOEMULAEY Water-proofing of Boots. Heat fish oil, castor oil or tallow to about 250° F, over a naked fire, and then add about one-fifth of the weight of the oil taken of either vulcanized or raw India rubber, stir- ring well until the latter is dissolved. To color, a little printer's ink may be used. One or two applications of this are sufficient to thoroughly waterproof a pair of boots for a season. Boots thus treated will take a common shoe blacking afterwards with ease. Impervious Corks. The usual procedure for treatment with paraffin is to immerse the dry corks in the melted substance ; they should be kept in the bath for some time and sunk by a porous disc of some kind. Corks treated in this way should be quite impervious to glycerin. Stoppers for Chemicals. Suitable corks are saturated in a solution heated to 100° F. composed of Gelatin 15 parts Glycerin 25 parts Water 500 parts If corks are used for acids, they should be additionally treated with Parafifin 10 parts Petrolatum 2 parts N. B. — Parts as used in this Denial Formulary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOEMULABY 327 Sealing Wax for Bottles. Rosin : 480 parts Japan wax 60 parts Turpentine 30 parts Melt together in a water-bath. To color above quantity, ^dd For green color : verdigris 45 parts For red color : cinnabar 45 parts For blue color : Prussian blue 100 parts For yellow color: chrome yellow 40 parts To remove a tightly wedged glass stopper from the neck of a bottle : Gently heat the neck of the bottle and remove the stop- per while the neck is still warm and before the stopper be- comes affected by the heat. Engine Burs — How to Sharpen. According to Dr. Elliott, a suitable disc mounted in the engine, preferably an electric engine, and a watchmaker's eye gl?ss form all the equipment necessary. After an ex- perience of some years using vulcanite and corundum, shel- lac and corundum, Arkansas stone, copper disks fed with carborundum and vaseline, none compare with what is called the ruby gem disk, made in Worcester, Mass. The time actually taken to sharpen a bur is less than half a minute, and you can sharpen all the burs you have used in a day and make them al)solntely sharp in five or ten minutes. The disk is about one inch in diameter, thin and cone- shaped, the base of the cone toward the hand piece. These disks can be readily turned and given the proper angle at the edge, by holding against the rapidly revolving disk a coarse carborundun, wliecl or broken bit. .-Vnother excellent N. R. — Parts as used in tliis Denial Forwulary mean quantities by weight. 328 DENTAL FOBMULABY plan is to use a steel disk, the teeth formed by rubbing on a very fine file and then hardening. This gives a sharper, cleaner blade to the bur than the ruby gem, but has the dis- advantage that the bur to be sharpened must be soft, have the temper drawn, while this is not necessary with the stone disk. The bur is held between the thumb and index finger of the left hand and slowly rotated as each blade is gone over by the rotating disk held in the right hand. Make it a rule to never use a bur the second time wthout sharpening. N. B.-T-Parts as used iu this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. CHAPTER X. TABLES. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. The system of weights and measures as used in the United States was standardized in 1836, when the then Secretary of the Treasury was authorized by Congress to furnish each state of the Union with a complete set of revised standards for weights, hquid measures, and meas- ures of length. These various methods of weights and meas- ures are quite confusing when an examination of their comparative units is made — that is, it is perplexing to find that a pound is not a pint, an ounce does not equal a fluid- ounce, and a drop is neither a grain nor a minim. The United States National Prototype Standards, from which all weights and measures now used in this country are derived, are the meter and the kilogram, and they are preserved in the custody of the National Bureau of Stand- ards at Washington. The United States meter and kilo- gram are identical with the international Standards of the same capacity. The United States standards of weights and measures are : The apothecaries' or troy ounce = 480 grains. The eommereial or avoirdupois ounce == 437.5 grains. The apothecaries' fluiilounce (identical with the fluidounce of tlie liquid gallon) = 480 minims. N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. 329 330 DENTAL FORMULABY The weights and measures used in the British Pharma- copeia are the Imperial weights and measures, legal for commercial purposes in the British Empire. The English apothecaries' weights are the same as those used in the United States. Apothecaries' Weight. Pound. Troy ounces. Drams. Scruples. Troy grains. lb 1 = 12 = 96 = 288 = 5760 g 1 =: 8 = 24 = 480 3 1= 3 = 60 © 1 = gr. 20 Troy Weight. Pound Troy ounces. Pennyweights. Troy grains. mi = 12 = 240 = - 5760 B 1 = 20 = 480 4 troy grains = 7 carat. dwt. 1 = gr. 24 Avoirdupois Weight. Pound. Ounces. Drams. Troy grains. It) 1 = 16 = 256 = 7000. oz. 1 = 16 ■ = 437.5 dr. 1 = gr. 27.34375 Relative Value of Troy and Avoirdupois Pounds. 1 troy pound = 0.822857 avoirdupois pound. 1 avoirdupois pound = 1.215277 troy pounds. Apothecaries' or Wine Measure (United States). Gallon. Pints. Fluidounces. Fluidrams. Minims. Cubic inches. Cong. 1 = 8 = 128 = 1024 = 61440 = 231 O 1 16 = 128 = 7680 = 28.875 fig 1 = S = 480 = 1.8047 fi3 1 = Til 60 = .22.56 N. B. — Parts as used in this Doiliil Foniiulary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOEMULAET 331 Liquid Measure. 1 pint = 4 gills. 1 gallon = 4 quarts. 1 gill = 4 fiuiJounces. 1 quart = 2 pints. Imperial Measure (British Pharmacopeia). Gallon. Piuts. Fluidouuces. Fluidrams. Minims. 1 = S = 160 = 1280 = 76SU0 1 = 20 = 160 = 9600 1 = 8 = 480 1 = 60 The Metric System. The metric or decimal system of weights and meas- ures originated with Prince de Talleyrand, bishop of Autun, in 1790. Its almost universal adoption by civilized nations, its legality (though not compulsion) in England and the United States,* and its adoption by the United States Pharmacopeia of 1890 demand that it should be under- stood by the progressive practicing physician. Except in the English-speaking world, it is the only system of weights and measures used for governmental, statistical, and scien- tific purposes. It is based upon the decimal system — that is, the denominations increase by tens and decrease by tenths. The starting point is the unit of linear measures, the meter, which represents one-ten-millionth of the polar quadrant of the earth — that is, the distance from the equa- tor to the poles- — and is equivalent to 39.37 English inches. The gram (Gm.) is the unit of weight; the lifer, or capac- ity (although the cubic centimeter is oftener jn-eferably used) : the are, of surface measure. The denominations *The metric system was legalized in Great Britain iu 1S64, and in the United States by act of Congress in 1866. N. B. — Parts as used in this Denial Forniulari/ mean quantities bv weight. 332 DENTAL FORMULAEY representing the subdivisions of any unit are expressed by prefixing the Latin numerals, dcci, centi, and inilli to the unit — meaning respectively one-tenth, one-hundredth, and one-thousandth ; the multiples are expressed by prefixing the Greek numerals deka, hecto, kilo and myria — meaning ten, hundred, thousand, and ten thousand. The gram is derived as follows: The meter is divided into one hundred equal parts, called centimeters. On one centimeter as a base a cube is erected, having for its three dimensions one centimeter (Cm.) each. The contents of this cube will be one cubic centimeter (Cc), measuring one milliliter. This quantity of distilled water at its maximum density (39.2° F., 4° C. ) and 30 inches barometric pressure weighs one gram, or 15,432 grains. The liter is derived as follows : The meter is divided into ten equal parts, called decimeters. On one decimeter as a base a cube is erected, having for its three dimensions one decimeter (dm.) each. The contents of this cube will be one cubic decimeter (dm.^), the capacity of which is one liter, equivalent to 1,000 cubic centimeters, or 33.81 fluidounces, or 2.1 13 pints. One liter of distilled water at 4° C. and 30 inches barometric pressure weighs 1,000 grams, or I kilogram, or 2.2 pounds avoirdupois, or 15,432 grains. Metric Weights and Measures. The meter, or unit of length, = .39.37043 inches. The liter, or unit of capacity, = 33.814 fluidounces (U. S.). The gram, or unit of weight, = 15.432348 troy grains. Measures of Length. English inches. English inches. Millimeter (mm.) = .03937 Decimeter (dm.) = 3.93704 Centimeter (cm.) = .39370 Meter (m.) = 39.37043 Kilometer = 39.370.43 English inches. N. B. — Parts as used in this Denial Formulary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOT^MVLABY 33S Measures of Capacity. English cubic inches. Milliliter (Cc.) ^ ' .06102 Centiliter (el.) = .(il028 Hectoliter = 6102.8 English cubic inches Measures of Weight. Troy grains. I .Milligram (mg.) = .0154 Decigram (dg.) Centigram (eg.) = .154.'? Gram (Gm.) Kilogram = 15432.34 troy grains. English cubic inches. Deciliter (dl.) = 6.10280 Liter (L.) = 61.02800 Troy grains. = 1..5432 = 15.4324 Apothecaries' Weight and Metric Equivalents. Moo grain = n.0006 grams. 15 grains = 0.97 grams. Vu = 0.001 " 15. 1 " = 1. VoO = 0.0013 " 20 ( I = 1.3 1/40 = 0.0016 " 24 1 1 = 1.55 " 'i2 = 0.002 " 30 i I = 1.94 \^0 = 0.003 " 40 c t = 2.6 Me = 0.004 " 45 • 1 = 2.92 M2 = 0.005 ' ' 50 " = 3.23 Mo = 0.006 " 60 " (1 dram) \^ = 0.008 " = 3.89 V^ = 0.011 " li/L' drams = 5.58 Ms = 0.012 " 1% i i = 6.81 " M = 0.015 " •) < I = 7.78 ^i = 0.022 " 2V- = 9.72 Vs = 0.032 " 3 ' = 11.65 % = 0.048 " 4 ( 1 = 15.55 1 = 0.065 ' ' 5 " =:: 19.43 " o grains = 0.13 6 " = 23.3 " 3 = 0.2 1 ounce (480 grains) 4 = 0.26 = 31.1 " 5 = 0.32 2 ounces = 62.2 6 = 0.39 3 " = 93.3 8 = 0.52 4 " = 124.4 " 10 = 0.65 6 i 1 = 186.6 " 12 0.78 8 10 12 " = 248.8 311. 373.2 N. B. — Parts as used in tiiis Dental Fon))ulari/ mean quantities bv weight. 334 DENTAL F0EMULAB7 Apothecaries' Measure and Metric Equivalents. 1 minim = 0.06 Cc. 11/4 fluidranis =: 4.65 Cc o minims = 0.12 " 11/2 = 5.60 3 ( i ^= 0.18 " 1% = 6.50 4 i i = 0.24 " 2 = 7.50 5 i ( = 0.30 " 3 = 11.25 6 1 1 = 0.36 " 4 = 15.00 7 iC = 0.42 " 8 8 t i = 0.50 " (1 fluidoz.) = 30.00 9 I i = 0..55 " (more exactly) = 29.57 10 1 1 = 0.60 " 2 fluidounces = 59.15 15 i i = 0.92 " 3 c t = 88.72 20 ( t = 1.25 " 4 i i = 118.29 25 1 1 = 1.54 " 8 I i = 236.59 30 1 1 = 1.90 " 16 i I 40 1 1 = .2.50 " (Ipint) = 473.18 45 C I = 2.80 " 32 i i = 946.36 50 c t =^ 3.10 " 128 i i 60 minims (1 fluidram) — 3.70 '•' (1 gallon) = 3785.43 ( I Weight Equivalents. To convert grains into grams multiply by 0.065 To convert grams into grains multiply by 15.5 To convert drams into grains multiply by 3.9 .To convert ounces (avoirdupois) into grams multiply by.... 28.4 To convert pounds (avoirdupois)- into grams multiply by. . . . 543.6 Measure Equivalents. To convert cubic centimeters into drams multiply by 15.5 To convert cubic centimeters into drams multiply by 0.20 To convert cubic centimeters into ounces (avoirdupois) mul- tiply by 9.03 To convert pints into cubic centimeters multiply by 473. To convert liters into ounces (avoirdupois) multiply by 35.3 To convert gallons into liters multiply by 3.8 N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOIillULAPiY 335 Approximate Measures A drop equals ronglily 1 minim A teaspo(Jnl'ul A dessertspoouftil A tablespoonful A wineglassful A teacupfnl A tumble?' ful A handful = 1 fluidram. = 2 fiuidrams. = 1/4 fluidounce. = 2 fluidounces. = 4 fluidounces. = 8 fluidounces. = 4 ounces. Percentage Solution Table. Showing the quantity of drug and water to use for preparing aqueous sokitions of different strengths. In these calculations 456 grains have been taken as the weight of one fluidounce of distilled water at ordinary- temperature. C e c c e c c c c c • c c >^n □ c " §m m m tn m in m ^ Hi ^ 1^" -a ^ c c '-'" ^'^ "c ^C ■^'c ^C ^'c ^C "" c • t. i. a t. 0) " c u p a u p 9 E> (*-f « ^ a .• a .■ ft C P- .• a !-•» C ^ • • a C^ c^ tz "• 5 5 5 5 lA 0.2281 0.457 1.14 •'> 3 4.0 7. 1 9.5 121 2.5.3 571 761 228 1 0.4561 0.'.)13 2.29 4.6 9.3 14.11 19. 24] 50.6 1141 1521 456 0.U12 1.37 1.82 2.74 1.83 2.74 3.05 5.48 4. 58 0.87 9.16 13.75 9.2 13.8 18.4 27.0 18.0 27.9 37.2 .55.8 28.21 38. 42.3 57. 50.4 76. 84.fi 114. 481101.31 22S| 3041 912 ^ 72 151.9 96 202.6 144 303.9 3421 450,1368 4 456 tUl.S,ls24 C. 6.S4: '.112 27:!i; 8 3.65 1 7.31 118.32 36.8 74.4 112.8 152. 192 405.2 912 I21li .•;ii4s r> 5.47 110.96 127.5 55.2 111.0 169.2 228. 288 607.911368, 1.S24|.5472 10 7.3 114.6 [36.64 73.0 148.S 225.0 304. 384 810.4I1824I2430I729U Short Rules for Determining Percentages in Mixtures. Multiply 480 b}- the percentage desired and point off two right-hand figures. The figures at the left of separa- trix will give the number of grains or drops, 480 being the numljer of grains to the ounce. Examples: 480X4^1920; ic). 20^191 ; iQi grains to an ounce of liquid, a 4 per cent solution. N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formtilori/ moan quantities 1)V weight. 336 DENTAL FOBMULABY Cabalistic Signs Used in Prescription Writing. tb libra a pound § uncia ' an ounce o drachma a drachm 9 scrupulus. a scruple gr. granum a grain C congius a gallon O octarius a pint fS fluid uncia a fluid ounce f3 fluid drachma a fluid drachm m minim a drop gtt gutta a drop ss semis half N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. CENTAL FOUMFLAJiY 337 Table of Solubility. Name Water Alcohol Ether j Glycerin Acetanilid 23(1 80 400 25 15 1 500 1 1 readily 12 1.3 4 3 1 35 1 17 3.5 3 15 readily 1 readily 2 2.5 readily 1 35 10 Teadily 50 ' readily 4 difficult 10 50 3 readily 3 50 16 readily 3.5 readily 50 readily readily 50 readily 300 readily 3 6 15 reafiily 4 Acid arsenic 5 10 Acid boric 10 Acid carbolic readily readily Acid citric Acid salicylic Acid tannic 2 Acid tartaric readily 3 ■.:.■..•.:: Acid trichloracetic Alum Ammonium bromid Ammonium carbonate . . Ammonium chlorid Antipyrin Apomorphin hydrochlorid Atropin sulphate readily Camphor Caffein 80 readily 0.5 4 4 5000 Chloral hydrate Coeain hydrochlorid .... Codein phosphate Copper sulphate lodin readily 4 Iodoform lodol 5000 2 SO 1 difficult 1(3 25 20 1400 Iron sulphate 4 Lithium carbonate Magnesium sulphate . . . ^lenthol Mercuric chlorid Morphin hydrochlorid . . . Morphin sulphate ...... Phenacetin 15 5 5 N. B. — Parts as used in this T>ental Fonnulari/ mean quantities bv weishl. 33S DENTAL FOEMULAEY Name Water Alcohol Ether Glycerin Pilocarpin hydrochlorid . 10 readiiy Potassium acetate 0.5 o Potassium bicarbonate . . 4 readily Potassium bromid 2 200 1 4 Potassium carbonate . . . 1 15 Potassium chlorate 16 130 32 Potassium iodid 1 12 2.5 Potassium permanganate 21 explosive Potassium sulphate 10 Potassium tartrate 1 Quinin hydrochlorid .... 34 3 Quinin sulphate 800 90 Eesorcinol 1 250 0.5 "5 0.5 5 Saccharin Salol 10 1 0.3 10 Silver nitrate 6 readily 15 Sodium acetate 3 30 Sodium benzoate 2 13 Sodium bicarbonate 12 4 Sodium bromid 1.2 5 1 Sodium carbonate 2 5 Sodium ehlorid 3 6 diflSeult Sodium phosphate difficult Sodium salicylate 1 6 readily Sodium sulphate 3 1 Strychnin nitrate 90 70 25 Strychnin sulphate .... 31 65 Suear 5 Sugar, milk 6 Sulphonal 500 65 135 Tartar emetic 17 1 readily Thymol 1100 1 1 Veratrin 4 7 100 Zinc sulphate 0.6 3 N. B. — Parts as used by weight. in this Dental Formulary mean quantities DENTAL FOEMULABT 339 Number of Drops in a Fluidram. Table showing- number of drops in a fluidram of dif- ferent liquids, with weight in grains and in grams : Drops in Weight of 1 fluidram Name 1 fluidram (60m) In grains In grama Acia.^aoeticum 108 58 3.75 Aei'l. aceticum dilut G8 55 3.56 Acid, hydrochlor 70 65 3.62 Acid, hydrochlor. dilut 60 56 3.49 Acid, laetieum Ill 66 4.27 Acid, nitricum 102 77 4.98 Acid, nitricum dilut 60 58 3.62 Acid, sulphur 128 101 6.54 Acid, sulphur, aromat 146 53 3.43 Acid, sulphur, dilut 60 58y2 3.79 iEtber fortior 176 39 2:52 Alcohol 146 44 2.85 Aqua 60 55 3.56 Aqua amnion, fortior 66 50 3.24 Chloroform, purificat 250 80 5.18 Creosotum 122 56yo 3.66 Glycerinum 67 68 4.40 Hydrargyrum ; . 150 760 49.24 Liq. potassi arsenitis 57 55 3.56 Oleum caryophylli 130 57 3.69 Oleum cinnamonic 126 53^/4 3.46 Oleum gaultheria? 125 62 4.01 Phenol liquid Ill 59 3.82 Spiritus amnion, aromat 142 48 3.11 Syrupus 65 72 4.66 Tinctura aconiti 146 46 2.98 Tinctura digitalis 128 53 3.43 Tinctura ferri chloridi 150 53 3.43 Tinctura iodi 148 47 3.04 Tinctura opii 130 53 3.43 Tinctura Zingiberis : . 144 46 ^.H'^ N. B. — Parts as used in this Peiilol Fonnidary mean quantities by weight. 340 DENTAL FOBMULABY Thermometric Equivalents. To reduce Centigrade degrees to those of Fahrenheit, multiply by 9, divide by 5 and add 32 ; or, degrees Centi- grade Xi-8H-32=degrees Fahrenheit. To reduce Fahrenheit degrees to those of Centigrade, subtract 2,2, multiply by 5. and divide by 9; or, degrees — 32-f-i.8^degrees Centigrade. Fahrenheit and Centigrade Scales. °c °F °C °F °C °F °C °F — 20 —4- I 33-8 22 71.6 43 [09.4 —19 — 2.2 2 35-6 23 73-4 44 [II. 2 —18 —0.4 3 37-4 24 75-2 45 [13- —17 1.4 4 39-2 25 77- 46 [14.8 —16 3-2 5 41. 26 78.8 47 [16.6 —15 5- 6 42.8 27 80.6 48 [18.4 —14 6.8 7 44.6 28 82.4 49 [20.2 —13 8.6 8 46.4 29 84.2 50 [22. — 12 10.4 9 48.2 30 86. 51 [23.8 — II 12.2 10 50. 31 87.8 52 [25.6 — 10 14. II 51-8 32 89.6 53 [27.4 — 9 15.8 12 53-6 33 91.4 54 [29.2 — 8 17.6 13 55-4 34 93-2 55 f3i- - 7 19.4 14 57-2 35 95- 56 1 [32.8 - 6 21.2 15 59- 36 96.S 57 1 34-6 — 5 23- 16 60.8 37 98.6 58 ] .364 — 4 24.8 17 62.6 38 100.4 59 ] 38.2 — 3 26.6 18 64.4 39 102.2 60 ] 40. — 2 28.4 19 66.2 40 104. 61 ] 41.8 — I 30.2 20 68. 41 105.8 62 ] 43-6 32. 21 69.8 42 107.6 63 1 45-4 N. B. — Parts as used in this Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. DENTAL FOEMULARY 341 °c op °C op °C op °C op 64 147.2. 78 172.4 92 197.6 106 222.8 65 149. 79 174.2 93 199.4 107 224.6 66 150.8 80 176. 94 201.2 108 226.4 67 152.6 81 177.8 95 203. 109 228.2 68 1544 82 179.6 96 204.8 1 10 230. 69 156.2 83 I8I.4 97 206.6 III 231.8 70 158. 84 183-2 98 208.4 112 233-6 71 159.8 85 185. 99 210.2 113 2354 72 I6I.6 86 186.8 100 212. 114 237.2 73 1634 87 188.6 lOI 213.8 115 239- 74 165.2 88 190.4 102 215.6 116 240.8 75 167. 89 192.2 103 217.4 117 242.6 76 168.8 90 194. 104 219.2 118 244.4 77 170.6 91 195.8 105 221. 119 246.2 N. B. — Parts as used in Ibis Dental Formulary mean quantities by weight. 342 DENTAL FOEMULAEY Comparison of Wire Gauges. Number of Wire Gauges Expressed in Decimal Parts of an Inch. [0 o Iz; 01 an C3 xrx 3 «3o C 3 Q to '% o 3 m O < . M M 3 ^d OS 03 ea * 03 Twist Drill 4.0 .460 .454 19 .03589 .042 .166 3.0 .40964 .425 £0 .03196 .035 .161 2.0 .3648 .380 21 .02846 .032 .159 1.0 .32486 .340 22 .02535 .028 .157 'l .2893 .300 .228 23 .02257 .025 .154 2 .25763 .284 .221 24 .0201 .022 .152 3 .22942 .259 .213 25 .0179 .020 .1495 4 .20431 .238 .209 26 .01594 .018 .147 5 .18194 .220 . .2055 27 .01419 .016 .144 6 .16202 .220 .204 28 .01264 .014 .1405 7 .14428 ."180 .201 29 .01126 .013 .136 8 .12840 .165 .199 30 .01002 .012 .1285 9 .11443 .148 .196 31 .00893 .010 .120 10 .10189 .134 .1935 32 .00795 .009 .116 11 .09074 .120 .191 33 .00708 .008 .113 12 .08081 .109 .189 34 .0063 .007 .111 13 .07196 .095 .185 35 .00561 .005 .110 14 .06408 .083 .182 36 .005 .004 .1065 15 .05707 .072 .180 37 .00445 .104 16 .05082 .065 .177 38 .00396 .... .1015 17 .04525 .058 .173 39 .00353 .0995 18 .0403 .049 .1695 40 .00314 .098 *Brown & Sharpe, or American Wire Gauge. **Birmingham Wire Gauge. N. B.- by weight. -Parts as used in this Denial Fornvulary mean quantities INDEX. Abscess 209 Abrasion 209 Abrasives 156 Accidents of Anesthesia, treatment of 256 Actinomycosis 211 Acute poisoning, treatment of Alkai Alloy Alloy Alloy Alloy Alloy; Alloy Alloy Alloy Alloy Alloy Alloy ing Alloy Alloy Alloy Alloy Alloy Alloy Alloy Alloy Alloy Alloy Alloy ^264 ne Mouth Wash 160 Alger 73 Alpaca 73 Aluminum 70 Ashbury 73 Argusoid 73 Berry 74 Bibra 73 Bidery 72 Boudoin 73 Brophy 74 for Cheoplastic Coat- 69 Grouse 74 Commercial 72 Dental 70 Erman 74 Gauge 72 Gold 67 Harjier 74 Hodgen 74 Lower Denture 69 Low Fusing 74 Magnolia 72 Alloy, Melotte ' 74 Alloy, Molyneau 74 Alloy, Merck 74 Alloy, Newton 74 Alio}^, Reetz 74 Alloy, Richmond 74 Alloy, Rose 74 Alloy, Ruoltz 74 Alloy, Samsioe 69 Alloy, Silver 69 Alloy, Simpson 74 Alloy, Watts 69 Alloy, Weston 's 69 Alloy, Wood 74 Alloys, for valve plugs 75 Alloying of Gold Plate 66 Almond Meal Compound. . . .310 Alopecia Ointment 307 Aluminum Bronze 70 Aluminum Cements 57 Alveolus, Fracture of 223 Amalgam Alloy, Manufac- ture of S2 Amalgam Alloy, Modern ... 98 Amalgam Alloy, Acme 98 Amalgam, Alloy, Ash & Son 's 98 Amalgam Alloy, Black's ... 98 Amalgam Alloy, Davis' .... 98 Amalgam Alloy, Eureka ... 98 Amalgam Alloy, Fellowshiji. 98 Amalgam Alloy, Fidelity ... 98 Amalgam Alloy, F 1 a g g ' s Submarine 98 343 344 DENTAL FOBMULABT Amalgam Alloy, F 1 a g g ' s Contour 98 Amalgam Alloy, Fletcher's.. 98 Amalgam Alloy, Gibraldar , . 98 Amalgam Alloy, Globe 98 Amalgam Alloy, Hedstrom's 98 Amalgam Alloy, Herbst 's . . 98 Amalgam Alloy, Hodgen 's . 98 Amalgam Alloy, Justi 's .... 98 Amalgam Alloy, Law- rence 's 98 Amalgam Alloy, Lorenz 's . . 98 Amalgam Alloy, Odonto- graphic 98 Amalgam Alloy, Micromet- rie • 98 Amalgam Alloy, Eego 98 Amalgam Alloy, Sauer 's ... 98 Amalgam Alloy, Skoge- borg's 98 Amalgam Alloy, Sterion.... 98 Amalgam Alloy, 20tli Cen- tury 98 Amalgam Alloy, True Den- talloy 98 Amalgam Alloy, Welch 's . . 98 Amalgam Alloy, Witzel's .. 98 Amalgam Alloy, Zsig- mondy 's 98 Amalgam Cement 57 Amalgam Compensation Al- loy 99 Amalgamation of Gold, to prevent .• 99 Antacids 156 Antiseptics 156 Antiseptic Mouth Wash.... 161 Antiseptic Powder, soluble. .197 Antiseptic Solution, Dobell.196 Antiseptic Solution, Thiersch 196 Anesthetic for Exposed Pulps 183 Anesthetic for Pyorrhea Alveolaris 182 Anesthetic Solutions, Schleich 180 Austrian Tooth Soaps 177 Aristol Oil Solution 198 Artificial Dentine 58 Artificial Modeling Clay 23 Astringents 157 Arsenical Pastes 183 B Babbitt Metal. 75 Baked Clay Models 26 Balsam Analgesique 192 Base Plate, Ideal 31 Base Plate, Wax 36 Battery Fluids 318 Bay Eum 310 Beerite 14 Bergman's Tooth Soap 177 Bismuth Pastes 187 Bleaching Leather, Ivory, Etc 313 Blue Print Paper 290 Bones, cleaning and bleach- ing 298 Bone Cavity Pastes 186 Bone Plombe 186 Brass Plating Solution 134 Bronzing of Plaster Casts.. 22 Burns 211 Camphor Tooth Powder. ... 169 Camphorated Phenol 192 Capsicum Bags 191 DENTAL FORMULARY 345 Capsicum Plaster 191 Carbolized Rosin 63 Carving Compound. . . .' 44 Castings, Contraction of.... 118 Casting Inlay Wax 39 Cavity Varnishes 63 Cement, Amalgam 57 Cements, Dental 46 Cement, Gutta Percha 59 Cement for holding objects in place 61 Cement for Photographs ...291 Cement for Porcelain 60 Cement for Repairing Cellu- loid 60 Cement for Steam Fittings. 64 Cement, iron to iron 64 Cement Oxychloride 51 Cement, Oxychloride of zinc 58 Cement, Oxyphosphate 46 C e m e n t , Oxyphosphate of Aluminum 57 Cement, Oxyphosphate of Copper 57 Cement, Oxyphosphate o f Gold 58 Cement, Oxysulphate 52 Cement, Oxysulphate of zinc 58 Cement, rubber for base plates 62 Cements, Silicate 52 Cement, Tin , 59 Chalk 247 Chinosol Mouth Wash 161 Chlorinated Soda Compound. 195 Chloroform Liniment 190 Chlora-Pereha 28 Clarifying Wax Remnants. . 41 Cleansers, Soap Powder 312 Cocaine Anesthetic Solu- tion, Wyckoff 180 Cocaine Anesthetic Solution. 180 Cold Solder 82 Collodion Varnish 19 Coloring of Metals 140 Commonsense Tooth Powder. 168 Compound, Carving 44 Compound, Elastic 44 Compounds, Investment 23 Compound, Modeling 43 Condensation, preventing on mirrors 314 Continuous Gum Enamel li- quid 45 Copper Plating Aluminum. .140 Copper Plating Solution . . . 183 Copper, to clean 125 Correctives 158 Corrosions of pulp canals.. 297 Counter-die metals 75 Counter-irritants 188 Crucibles, to -test 118 Cysts 213 D Dental Alloys 70 Dental Caries 215 Dental Cements 46 Dental Liniment 191 Dental Rubber, to restore. . . 32 Dental Rubbers 31 Dental Silex 19 Dentition 217 Depilatory Compounds 307 Developing of Films 285 Devitalizing Compounds. . . .183 Diagnostic Hints 282 Diamond Cement 60 Die-Metals 75 Disinfectant powder 303 Disinfection of rooms 303 Drv Mouth 219 346 DENTAL FORMULARY Dry Plates 289 Duplicating Plaster Casts.. 19 Dusting Powder 310 Dyspnea 220 E Eau de Botot 161 Eau de Cologne 310 Eau de Quinine 306 Elastic Compound 44 Embalming Fluid 302 Emphysema 220 Emjiyema 221 English Odontine 74 Engine Burs, how to sharpen .328 Engravers ' Wax 40 Etching 152 Etching, Glass 153 Eucalyptol Compound 193 Eucalyptol Gutta Pereha ... 200 Eueapercha Compound. .28, 200 Eurof orm Paste 182 F Fingernail Bleach 311 Filtering Wax 41 Fire Bricks 26 Fire Extinguish rs 323 Fire Gilding 136 Fireproofing of Paper 324 Fireproofing of Wood 325 Fitzgerald's Tooth Powder. 169 Fletcher 's Vegetable Tooth Powder 171 Fluids, Polisliing 119 Fluxes 80 Formagen 203 ForniQcresol 194 Four Chlorides 302 Furniture Wax 41 Freezing Mixtures 323 Freezing Preventives for Au- tomobiles 322 Frosting of Window Glass.. 315 a Geranium-Formol 194 German Silver 72 Gingivitis, Acute or Chronic 225 Glass Etching 153 Glue, Liquid 62 Gold Alloys 67 Gold Fillings, to imitate. . . .126 Gold, to make cohere 126 Gold Plate, to alloy 66 Gold Plate, to repair 127 Gold Plate, to restore color. 119 Gold Plating Outfit 131 Gold Plating Without a Bat- tery 135 Gold and Silver, tests for.. Ill Gold, Substitutes for 69 Gum Enamel, Liquid Contin- uous 45 Gutta Pereha, Aluminated.. 30 Gutta Pereha Cement 59 Gutta Pereha, Coppered 30 Gutta Pereha Impression Compound 31 Gutta Pereha Silver Nitrate. 30 Gutta Pereha, Solution of. . . 28 Greaseless Toilet Cream.... 308 H Hand Cleaning Paste 311 Hand Cream 308 Hair Dyes 307 Hair Tonic 306 Hair and. Scalp, Remedies for 306 Harlan 's Tooth Paste 174 DENTAL FOEMULAEY 347 Hemorrhage, Dental 215 Hemostatic Solutions 181 Hectograi^h Compound.'. . . .315 Hydrogen Peroxide 162 Hydrogen Peroxide Solution, extemporaneous 19(5 Hydrogen Peroxide Solution, to preserve !■'" Hypercementosis 22(3 Hypertrophy of the Gingivaj 226 Hypersensitive Dentin e, . Agents for reducing 2ij6 I Ideal Base Plate 31 Impervious Corks 326 Impression Material, Im- proved 11 Impression Wax, Inlay 38 Impression Varnishes 18 Impression Wax 40 Inlay Wax, to east 39 Investment Comi)ounds 23 Investment C'om])ounds, In- lays 24 Indelible Ink 316 Inks 316 Iodine Caustic 182, 192 Iodine Solution Comiiound. 188 Iodized Phenol : 192 Iodoform, Aromatized 197 Iodoform Emulsion 198 Iodoform Liquitl 198 Iodoform Wax 198 lodo-glycerol 188 J Jaws, Fracture of 223 Jeweler "s Cement 61 K Kid Glove Cleanser 321 Kobert 's Tooth Soap 178 Koladont 175 Kolynos 175 L Lacquer, Metal 150 Lantern Slides, Making of. 284 Lantern Slide Plates 289 Lazar 's Tooth Powiler 169 Leucoplakia 228 Lining of Kubber Dentures. 128 Liquid Glue 62 Liquid Splint 32U Local Anesthetic Solution, Fischer 179 Lockjaw 227 Lower Denture Alloy 69 Lubricant for Eubber Gloves 319 Lubricants for Syringe Pis- tons 319 M Magnalium 71 Mandible, Dislocation of... 219 Marble Slabs, to clean 321 Massing Fluids 172 Melting Point, to determine 42 Metal, Babbitt 75 Metals, Coloring of 14ii Metals, Counterdie 75 Metals, Die 75 Metal, Etching 152 Metals, Heat Conducting Power lis Metal Lacquers 150 Metal Plate, Determining character of Ill Metals. Plating of 128 348 DENTAL FOEMCLABY Metal Polishes, liquid 120 Metals, Eefining of Precious. 100 Metal, Spence 76 Metalloid Compound 44 Mercuric Bichloride Solu- tion 195 Mercury, Refining of 104 Miller 's Tooth Paste 175 Miller's Tooth Powder 169 Miller 's Mouth Wash 162 Model Cements 16 Models, Baked Clay 26 Modeling Composition 43 Modeling Wax 41 Moldine 22 Moldine, to restore 22 Molding Sand , 23 Mono-Chloro-P h e n o 1 Com- pound 105 Mouth Cachou 305 Mouth Washes 159 Mouth Wash Eczema 230 Mummifying Pastes 205 N Necrosis, Arsenical T. . .211 Necrosis of the Alveolar Process 230 Necrosis, Phosphorous 238 Neuralgia 231 Nickel Plating Solution. ... 133 Nickel Plating Without a Battery 138 Noma 246 Normal Anesthetic Solution. 179 Novocaine Compound Tab- lets 181 Novocaint Solution 179 O 1-2-3 Mixture 194 Oil Stone Lubricant 319 Oiled Molding 'Sand 23 Osteomyelitis 232 Ostitis 232 Oxidizing Tooth Powder... 170 Oxpara 204 P Pain, to relieve after extrac- tion 181 Painting of Plaster Casts... 20 Paste for Mounting Prints. .292 Paste for Sealing Teeth 182 Paste, Polishing 122 Pedley 's Tooth Powder 170 Pericementitis 233 Pharyngitis, Dental 216 Phenol Compound 192 Phenosalyl 192 Phenol Sodique 193 Phenol-Sulphonie Acid 195 Photographing Burnt Manu- scripts 291 Photographic Developer ... .284 Photograjjhs, to transfer. . .292 Plaster Casts, to bronze.... 22 Plaster Casts, to clean 22 Plaster Casts, to duplicate.. 19 Plaster Casts, to make from life 296 Plaster Casts, to paint 20 Plaster Casts, to repair 16 Plaster of Paris Bandages, to remove 16 to color 11 to dissolve ' ' set " 15 encaustic 14 to harden 12 to hasten setting 15 to increase cohesion.... 11 marbleized 14 to prevent warpage.... 15 DENTAL FOUMULAST 349 to separate 17 to retard setting 15 to remove from plates.. 16 Plating of Metals 128 Plating Solutions 131 Platinoid 72 Platinum Plating Solution .. 134 Platinum Plating of Instru- ments 140 Plastiline 23 Polishing Fluids 119 Polishes, Liquid 120 Polishing Pastes 122 Polishing Powders 118 Powders, Polishing 118 Potassium Chlorate Tooth Paste 176 Potassium Chlorate Tooth Powder 171 Preparations for the Mouth and Teeth 154 Preserving Fluids for Ana- tomical Specimens 301 Pruyn 's Mouth Wash 163 Pulp Capping 61 Pulp Capping Material 206 Pulp Digestant 185 Pulp Mummifying Paste. . . .205 Pulp Varnishes 62 Pulpitis 238 Pyorrhea Alveolaris 241 Pyorrhea Anesthetic 182 Pyorrhea Astringent 189 R Ranula 214 Red Tooth Powder 171 Refining of Mercury 104 Refining of Precious Metals. 100 Resorcinel Mouth Wash.... 163 Restoring Moldine 22 Root Canal Filling Mate- rials 199 Root Filling, Disappearing. .205 Rosin, Carbolized 63 Rubber Cement for Base Plates 62 Rubber Dam, to preserve... 34 Rubber Denture, to line.... 128 Rubber Gloves, substitute for 320 Rubber Goods, to conserve.. 33 Rubber Solution 32 Rubbers, Dental 31 Rust, to remove 124 S Saccharin Mouth Wash 163 Saliva Analysis . .277 Saliva Tubes, to clean 321 Salol Tooth Paste 176 Sandarac A^'arnish 18 Saponaceous Mouth Wash.. 163 Seal for Pyorrhea Pockets.. 187 Sealing Wax 327 Separating Fluids 17 Shaving Cream 312 Shellac Varnish 19 Sheet Wax, Making 37 Silex, Dental 19 Silicate Cements 52 Silver Alloy 69 Silver, German 72 Silver Plating Paste 137 Silver Plating Solution 132 Silvering of Mirrors 313 Silvering Solution 138 Sizing for Lantern Screen.. 296 Skin Food 309 Skin Lotion 309 Skin, Remedies for 308 350 DENTAL FOBMULAEY Soap Powder Cleansers 312 Solder 76 Solder, Aluminum 80 Solder, Cold 82 Solders, Gold 77 Solder, German Silver 79 Solder, Iridio-Platinum .... 79 Solder, Platinum 78 Solder, Silver 79 Solder, Soft 80 Solution of Cresol Com- pound 193 Sorel 's Dental Cement 58 Spence Metal 76 Sponge Tin 71 Stain for Laboratory Ta- bles 317 Stanno-perclia 30 Steel Tempering 108 Steel, working of 105 Steresol 188 Stimulants ; . . 157 Sterilizer, Simple 304 Sterilizing Fluids for Instru- ments ,. . . .304 Stomatitis, Aphthous 243 Stomatitis, Catarrhal 244 Stomatitis, Gangrenous ....246 Stomatitis, Mercurial 246 Stomatitis, Scorbutic 246 Stomatitis, Ulcerative 246 Stoppers for Chemicals 326 Straw Hat Cleansers 321 Sticky Wax 35 Styptics 185 Substitutes for Gold 69 Swallowing Artificial Den- tures 248 Syncope 249 Syphilis 249 T Table, Percentage Solution. 335 Table of Solubility 337 Table of Thermometric Equivalents 340 Talbot 's lodo-Glycerol 188 Teeth, Fracture of 224 Teeth, Luxation of 227 Teeth, Eemedies for 304 Tempering Broaches 109 Tempering Copper Ill Tempering Fluids for Steel. 110 Tempering Steel 108 Tempering Steel, Color Ee- action 109 Temperatures, Estimating High 117 Temperatures of Various Flames 117 Temporary Stopping 29 Flagg 's 29 Hill's 29 Jacob 's 29 Tests for Gold and Silver... Ill Thrush 254 Thymocami:)hene 194 Thymol Mouth Wash 164 Thymol Tooth Soap 178 Thymophene 194 Tin, Sponge ' 71 Tincture of Aconite, Staple.. 189 Tincture of Aconite, Stronger 189 Tincture of Cresol, Sapon- ated 193 Tincture of Iodine and Aco- nite, Aromatic 189 Tincture of Iodine, Deodor- ized 189 Toothache Cement 303 DENTAL FOEMULABY 331 Toothache Drops 305 Toothache Gum 304 Toothache Sticks '. 303 Tooth Pastes 171 Tooth Polish 306 Tooth Powders 16-t Tooth Soaps 177 Touch Stone ami Its Use... 112 Traumaticiue 28 Tropacocaiue Solution 181 Tumors of the Mouth 235 U Urine Analj'ses 269 V A^'arnishes, Cavity 63 Varnishes, Collodion 13 Varnishes, Impression 18 Varnishes for Negatives. .. .290 Varnishes, Pulp 62 Varnish, Sandarac 18 Varnish, Shellac 19 Varnish, to Filter 64 Victoria Metal 71 Violet Tooth Powder 171 Vulcanite Files, to clean... 321 A'ulcanization, Gold 33 W Waterproofing of Boots ....326 Waterproofing of Paper ...323 Watt 's Alloy 69 Wax, Base Plate .36 Engravers ' 40 for Furniture 41 Impression 40 Inlay, to cast 39 Molding 41 to determine melting point 42 to filter 41 Eemnauts, to clarify... 41 Sticky 35 Weights and Measures. .... .329 Weston 's Alloy 69 Wounds 255 ;x Xerostomia 219 Z Zinc Chloride Solution, Black 197