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'» AUTHOR: .k CHUBB, ETHEL LEIGH TITLE: ANONYMOUS EPISTLE. r^ PLACE: [PHILADELPHIA] DA TE : 1920 #• *.1 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES PRESERVATION DEPARTMENT DIDLIOCR APHIC MrCROFORM TARHFT Master Negative U ai Original Material as Filmed - Existing Bibliographic Record Restrictions on Use: BKS/PROO Books FUL/BIB NYCG91-B75795 Acquisitions FIN 10 PAUGPST147126828-B - Record 1 of 1- Record adde3'^?oS I0:NYCG91-B75795 RTYP:a CC:9665 BLTram OOF: CP:nyu L:eng INT: PC:r P0:1991/1920 OR: POL: DM: NNC{:cNNC Chubb, Ethel Leigh, {:etr. & ed. HMD: 040 100 10 ST:p CSC:d GPC: REP: FRN MOO BIO CPI RR: MS SNR FIC FSI COL ? 7 EL ATC CON ILC EML NYCG-PT A0:08-21-91 UD:08-21-91 MEI:? GEN: II: BSE: 245 10 260 300 502 504 650 650 LOG [Philadelphia], }:cl920. 57 p. Thesis (Ph.D. in Latin)-6raduate School of Arts and '^ri^n... n • ity of Pennsylvania, 1920. • ^^"ooi or Arts and Sciences, Uni Bibliography: p. 3-4. 4 Penn dissertations^xLatin. 4 Latin{:xPenn dissertations RLIN vers TECHNICAL MICROFORM DATA FILM SIZE:__j;^51_^J!l IMAGE PLACEMENT: lA iRl IB DATE FILMED: jUlXll IID REDUCTION RATIO: /fX flL INITIALS__^£"p HLMEDBY: RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS. INC WOODDRIDGE. CT n Association for information and image iWanagement 1100 Wayne Avenue. Suite 1100 Silver Spring. Maryland 20910 301/587-8202 Centimeter 1 ilN 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 mm lllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllHlllll 1 2 3 Inches 1.0 u ■iteu 1.4 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 I.I 1.25 MTi I I r 5 MflNUFflCTURED TO fillM STRNDPRDS BY APPLIED IMAGE, INC. UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas (Anthologia Latina 83) An Edition, with Introduction, Translation, and Notes BY ETHEL LEIGH CHUBB A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Philadelphia, Pa. 1920 BIBLIOGRAPHY The writer wishes to express her sincere thanks to Professor John C. Rolfe, Professor Walton B. McDaniel, Professor Ro- land G. Kent, Professor George D. Hadzsits, Professor Harry B. Van Deventer, and Professor Edward H. Heffner for kindly criticism and advice given during the preparation of this thesis. Editions BuRMAN, PiBTBR. Anthologia Veterum Epigrammatum et Poematum. Am- sterdam, 1759. Vol. 1, Lib. 1, no. 173. (Text with notes.) CoLLBCnO PI8AUREN8I8 OMNIUM POEMATUM, CARMINUM, PRAGMENTORUM LATiNORUM. FesaTO, 1766. Vol. 4, pp. 237 fiP. (Text only.) Wernsdorf, J. C. Poetae Latini Minores. Altenburg, 1785. Vol. 4, pp. 439 ff. (Text with notes.) Lemaire, N. E. Poetae Latini Minores ex Recensione Wemsdorfiana. Paris, 1824. Vol. 3, pp. 357 fif. Meyer, Heinrich. Anthologia Veterum Latinorum Epigrammatum et Poe- matum. Editionem Burmannianum digessit et auxit Henricus Meyerus. Leipzig, 1835. Vol. 2, no. 1610. (Text with brief critical notes.) Baehrens, Emil. Poetae Latini Minores. Leipzig, 1882. Vol. 4, pp. 271 ff. (Text with apparatus criticus.) RiESE, Alexander. Anthologia Latina. Leipzig, 1869. Second edition, 1894. Vol. 1, no. 83. (Text with apparatus criticus.) Articles dealing with the Text* Baehrens, Emil. Jahrbtlcher fQr Philologie und Paedagogik, 107 (1873), pp. 60-61. BiRT, Theodor. Ad Historiam Hexametri Latini Symbola. Bonn, 1876, pp. 61-2. (This discusses the metre also.) Maehlt, J. Zeitschrift far die 6sterreichischen Gymnasien, 1871, pp. 550 ff. Petscheniq, M. Zeitschrift far die osterreichischen Gjrmnasien, 1877, pp. 481 ff. Traubb, Ludwig. Philologus 54 (1895), pp. 124 ff. Winterfeld, Paul von. Schedae Criticae in Scriptores et Poetas Romanos. Berlin, 1895, p. 46. ♦ For the early emendators whose names appear in the apparatus criticus, Heinse, Oudendorp, Schrader, Higt, Hoeufft, and Klotz, I have relied on the statements of other editors. Heinse's conjectures are probably contained in the ms. copy which he made of the Salmasian CJodex, cf . Riese, p. XV and footnote 2, Burman Vol. 1, pp. XLIV-XLV. Those of Oudendorp and Schra- der seem to have been communicated directly to Burman, cf. Vol. 1, p. LII: "Franciscus Oudendorpius, cui et eo nomine me baud parum obstrictum gra- tu3 profiteor, quod specimina huius operis typographum exercentiare censere adiuverit, et praesertim egregiis passim emendationibus suis optime de his Catalectis mereri voluerit; quemadmodum etiam clarissimus Joh. Schraderus, Franequeranae Academiae insigne decus, suas coniecturas, tamquam gemmas interlucentes, hie iUic splendere concessit. '* Burman gives Higt's emenda- tions in the Mantissa Adnotationwn In Vol. 2, pp. 711 ff. Those of Hoeufft are in his PericiUa Crilica] see Baehrens' note on verse 14. 3 4 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas Works in which Reference is made to the Poem, aside from *he Text ScHOELL, F. Histoire abregee de la litterature romaine. Paris, 1815. Vol. 3, p. 53 note, p. 100. MoNCBAUX, Paul. Les Africains; ^tude sur la litterature latine d'Afrique; les paiens. Paris, 1894, p. 367. ScHANZ, Martin. Geschichte der romischen Literatur. Munich, 1896. Part 3, p. 37. Teufpel, W. S. Geschichte der romischen Litteratur. 6th edition. Leipzig, 1913, Vol. 3, § 398.12. Palmer, Arthur. Edition of Ovid's Heroides. Oxford, 1898. Introduc- tion, p. XX, footnote 1. Miscellaneous Bayard, Louis. Le latin de Saint Cyprien. Paris, 1902. Bechtel, Edward A. Edition of Sanctae Silviae Peregrinatio. Chicago, 1902. BoissiER, Gaston. Roman Africa; Archaeological Walks in Algeria and Tunis. English Translation by A. Ward. New York and London, 1899. Bonnet, Max. Le latin de Gregoire de Tours. Paris, 1890. Dill, Samuel. Roman Society in the Last Century of the Western Empire. 2nd edition, London, 1906. GoELZER, Henri. £tude lexicographique et grammaticale de la latinite de Saint Jerome. Paris, 1884. Hoppe, Heinrich. Syntax und Stil des Tertullian. Leipzig, 1903. Kt^NER, Raphael. Ausfiihrliche Grammatik der lateinischen Sprache. Zweite' Auflage, Hanover, 1912. Mt^LER, LuciAN. De Re Metrica Poetarum Latinorum praeter Plautum et Terentium. 2nd edition, Petrograd and Leipzig, 1894. ScHMALZ, J. H. Lateinische Grammatik; Syntax und Stilistik. 4th edition, Munich, 1910. (I. von Mailer's Handbuch, II.2) Schubert, O. Quaestiones de Anthologia Codicis Salmasiani; Pars I. De Luxorio. Vimaria, 1875. ( INTRODUCTION The Salmasian Codex preserves, in incomplete form, an an- cient anthology compiled -at Carthage between the years 532 and 534 A. D.^ In this collection is found the anonymous epis- tle of Dido to Aeneas which is here presented. Date* and Authorship The only external evidence for the date of this poem is fur- nished by the known time of the compilation of the Salmasian iRiese, Praefatio, pp. XXIV-XXV; Schubert, pp. 17 ff. *Monceaux apparently assigns it to the 3rd century, Schanz to the end of the 3rd century. Teuffel and Palmer think it is probably not earlier than the 4th century. Schoell places it in the 6th century. An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 6 Anthology, according to which it must be earlier than 534 A. D. A further indication may possibly be found in the fact that the poem is anonymous. A number of poems in the Anthology which are given under the names of their authors have in ad- dition to the name the title vir clarissimuSj vir inliLstriSj or some such complimentary expression; from this the conclusion has been drawn that these poets were contemporaries of the com- piler of the Anthology.' Consequently there is a presumption that the poems which appear without such a title are of earlier date. While some weight may be given to this evidence, it cannot be regarded as conclusive, for there is always the pos- sibility that the name or complimentary title originally attached to any particular poem may have been lost in copying; also, while it is not probable that the work of an author still living would be inserted anonymously in an anthology, it is by no means impossible. For further evidence we must examine the poem itself. In two passages* the author expresses Epicurean views, suggesting that he was not a Christian. This fact leads Teuffel and Schanz to date the poem just before the official triumph of Christian- ity.* Here again we must beware of attaching too much im- portance to these expressions, for paganism still lived on and flourished side by side with Christianity long after the oflScial recognition of the latter.' There were, too, nominal Christians, like Ausonius, whose religion rested lightly upon them, and did not prevent them from employing the old mythological sub- jects and the language of paganism. Further, it must be re- membered that the opinions which the author attributes to Dido are not necessarily his own. Consequently, while we may conclude that the author was probably a pagan, we are not jus- tified in going so far as to say that the poem must have been written before Christianity became the official religion of Rome. "Riese, pp. XXVI-XXVIIl. *41 and 121-2; cf. also 63 and note. •Cf. Teuffel, Vol. 3, §398: " Aus der Zeit vor dem amtUchen Siege des Chris- tentums scheint eine Anzahl von Schriftwerken in gebundener Form zu stam- men, die sich mit Unbefangenheit oder gar Heiterkeit auf dem Boden der alten Gotterwelt bewegen und die uberlieferten Formen meist mit leidlicher Sicherheit handhaben." •DiU, pp. 385 ff. 6 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas Aside from the foregoing indications, we have only the evi- dence of language and style, an uncertain means of determin- ing the date of a poem so short as this, so imitative, and so full of reminiscences of earlier authors. The writer was conscious- ly using Vergil and Ovid as models; his diction frequently echoes that of other classical poets. Thus the language of his own time is overlaid with that of the writers whom he imitates. We may, however, note the following indications of later date: (1) Metre. The metre is correct according to classical stand- ards, except that in three places ^ initial h is counted as a con- sonant in making position. This is a peculiarity of Christian poetry, and first appears in the fourth century.^ Our author does not follow this rule consistently, for in sixteen places h is treated just as in verse of the classical period. Elision is re- markably rare, occurring only five times.* (2) Syntax. The following variations from classical usage occur :io Double negative for emphasis (29). Fruor with the accusative case (49). Licet as a conjunction with the pluperfect subjunctive (115) and with the indicative (148-9). The former is first found in the early imperial period, the latter from the time of Apuleius. Perfect infinitive used with the force of the present (115, 128). This is not peculiar to late Latin, but becomes more frequent in the later period, and according to Schmalz" is a favorite use with Christian writers. ^98, 119, 132. 'See note on 98. •56, 95, 98, 110, 147. The infrequency of elision is not of much value in establishing the date; from the time of the SUver Age ehsion was avoided by some poets, but there is no regular decrease in the frequency of its occurrence; cf. E. H. Sturtevant and R. G. Kent, Transactums of the American Philological Association, 46, pp. 146 ff. Birt (pp. 61-2) points out a further peculiarity in the very frequent use of two caesuras, dividing the line into three parts. He finds the same peculi- arity in the short poem of 20 lines on Phaedra, attributed to Vincentius {Anth. 279). On these grounds he concludes that this epistle also is the work of Vin- centius. These metrical pecubarities are not in themselves sufficient reason for attributing the two poems to the same author, in the absence of other marked resemblances; moreover, the poem on Phaedra is much more faulty metrically, containing several mistakes in quantity within its short limits. "For fuller discussion see notes on verses cited. "Pp. 435-6. An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 7 Future participle used more frequently than in the classical period (45, 56, 74, 87). »« Asyndeton (124 and 129) is noted by Teuffel" as an indication of late date. (3) Vocabulary, The following words or expressions show certain peculiarities :" libenter habe (2), incole (3), dictare salutem (6), pendet (144) apex (22), sacramenta (33), convincere (37) and resolvere (9), for the corresponding simple verbs, capit (69), fiuctus (75), vota queror (87), durum tuli (103-4), vota cupis (137), sidere (141), mev^ as vocative (144). These peculiarities of usage, taken all together, point decided- ly to a date not earlier than the fourth century. The choice of subject and the general treatment lead to the same conclusion. In the time of barren imitation which succeeded the great cre- ative period of Roman literature, admiration for the master- pieces of the past so dominated the minds of educated men that it left Uttle room for originality, or rather whatever originality existed spent itself on mere matters of form and language. The old themes were treated again and again, and ornamented with new rhetorical devices. Among the great poets Vergil was re- vered above all, his works were studied in the schools and used as models for imitation." The absurd length to which this ven- eration was carried is shown in the Vergilian cento, consisting of phrases from that poet fitted together with much ingenuity 80 as to make a new poem on a totally different subject." A regular school exercise was the dictiOy an expansion of a line of passage from Vergil." The works of Macrobius and of MartJ\< "For statistics of the frequency of occurrence of the future participle in dif- ferent writers see E. B. Lease, American Journal of Philology 1919, pp. 262 ff, "Vol. 3. §398.12. "For fuller discussion see notes on verses cited. »DiU, pp. 385 ff. "Anth. 1.7-18* ^^Three of these have been preserved in the Anthology (223, 244, 255) under the heading Locus Vergilianus or Thema Vergilianum. Among the DiC' tiones of Ennodius is one (in prose) entitled Verba Didonis cum abeuntem vi- deret Aenean {Diet. 28). The grammarian was occupied with Vergil to such an extent that to say he knew Vergil was sufficient designation of his calling, as in the epigram beginning Arma virumque docens atque arma virumque peri" tus, Baehrens Poetae Latini Minores 5, p. 98. 1^ 8 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas anus Capella are an indication of the reverence which was paid to him in the fourth century. Of such a period as this our poem is evidently a production. In regard to the place of composition we have no indication except the fact that the Salmasian Anthology was compiled at Carthage. Apparently all the contemporary poets included in the collection are African,^* and it is natural to suppose that many of the anonymous works also have the same origin. We know that Carthage was a flourishing centre of culture and lit- erary activity during the early centuries of the Christian era." Many minor works must have been produced there by mediocre writers whose names have not survived, and it is much more probable that compositions of slight merit found their way into an anthology put together at the place where they originated, than that they came from other parts of the Empire. The sub- ject of Dido and her sorrows is one that might naturally be ex- pected to appeal particularly to a Carthaginian poet. The epistle itself shows that the author was some one who was familiar with the early poets, especially with Vergil, Ovid, Horace, and Lucretius, for it abounds in verbal reminiscences of their works. The correctness of the versification, too, proves that he was well trained in the schools. On the other hand it shows little originality, and there is an entire absence of poetic inspiration or deep feeling. Such a writer might naturally be found among those whose profession was the study and teaching of hterature, and it seems reasonable to conclude that the au- thor may have been a Carthaginian rhetorician or grammarian '#6f the latter part of the fourth or the beginning of the fifth cen- tury. The poem is valuable in showing what were the interests and Hterary activities of educated men of this period, and in in- dicating the strength of the influence which was still exercised by Vergil and Ovid. "Riese, p. XXIX. "Boissier, pp. 238 ff.; Monceaux, pp. 459 ff. An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas Style and Literary Characteristics 9 By the majority of those who mention it, the poem is briefly dismissed as a mere rhetorical exercise. Palmer^o is the only one of its critics who allows it any merit. The choice of a theme already treated by Vergil and Ovid inevitably challenges com- parison with the works of those poets, and such comparison is not to the advantage of our poem. Yet if we accept the au- thor's own estimate of himself as modicus poeta^^^ and keep in mind the narrow limits within which he confines his work, it is not altogether without charm and interest. While in a sense it is nothing more than a rhetorical exercise, a comparison with the dictiones referred to above shows that it is of much greater length than they, and much more original in its treatment of the subject chosen. The poet doubtless had Ovid's epistle of Dido^^ before him as his model. The setting in the story is the same as Ovid's, namely the time when Dido asks her sister Anna to carry her appeals to Aeneas." The conception of Dido's character also is Ovid's rather than Vergil's — she is gentle and forgiving, re- signed to death. She reproaches Aeneas, it is true, after the manner of Vergil's heroine, but her remonstrances are only a mild echo of Vergil's passionate words, and her brief anger is soon suceeded by gentler emotion. Her last wish is for Aeneas' safety. The language, as well as the general treatment, is more suggestive of Ovid than of Vergil, as might be expected; for the former could be imitated much more easily by a writer of medi- ocre ability. Again and again phrases occur which echo those of Ovid,2< showing that the author must have been sufficiently familiar with his works to reproduce his language unconsciously. Yet at the same time he altogether lacks the smooth, easy flow of Ovid's verse. The thought is frequently difficult to follow, partly because the language is condensed to the point of obscurity. A noticeable characteristic is a certain poverty of vocabulary, which shows itself in the repetition of the same words and phrases, e. g. vota nocentis (39, 99), honesta pericula (97, 136), pentura (74, 87), perflde (35, 119, 124). Nocens in ;> *«>?. XX, footnote 1. »5 ^Epiat. 7. *»Verg. Aen. 4.437-8; cf. Palmer p. 339. **See notes passim. s Luna rubern nitet Voltu, 45-46. cessurus . . . dies: cf. CatuU. 5. 4-6 Soles occidere et redire possunt; Nobis cum semel occidit brevis lux^ Nox est perpetua una dormienda. sic: "on this condition," referring to cessurus lege sorori. continet: "encloses, surrounds"; cf. Enn. Trag. 237-8 Juppiter, tuque summe Sol, qui res omnis spicis, Quique tuo cum lumine mare, terram. caelum contines. The word is similarly used with reference to aether by Pacuv. Trag. 86 quod complexu continet terram, and by Lucr. 5. 318-9 quod omnem Continet amplexu terram. 46 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 27 ^ith the glory of light, and curves the horns of her bow, glowing with brightness borrowed from her brother. The god of day, destined by law to yield in turn to his sister, uses up his privileges; thus he encompasses the earth with light. While nature renews her changes, love alone cannot beguile its own weariness. Black night envelopes the day, plunging it in dim shadows, and enjoys the darkness in accordance with the law of the 46-47. Riese and other editors punctuate with a period after dies, making sic . . . vicem one sentence. The dum clause, however, gives bet- ter sense if taken with what follows, and the introduction of the refrain in this way is parallel with 42. 48. Mersum: proleptic, cf. reparatum, v. 43. Mergo is used of the sun dis- appearing beneath the horizon. Cf. Sen. Thyest. 776-7 O Phoebe patiens, fugeris retro licet, Medioque ruptum merseris caelo diem. Lucan. 4. 282 Svhstituit merso dum nox sua lumina Phoebo. pallentibus umbris suggests the pale shades of the dead, cf . Verg. Aen. 4. 26 paUerUes umbras Erebi. Possibly the writer has in mind the voy- age of the sun-god through the realm of the dead beneath the earth. 49. tenebras, the ms. reading, has been changed to the ablative by most ed- itors. The accusative should be kept, for the deponent verbs which take the ablative in classical Latin are found with the accusative in early and late Latin. (See Lane, Lat. Gram. § 1380, Schmalz p. 382.) E. g. Cato Agr. 149. 1 pabulum f rut occipito. Lucr. 3. 940 ea quae fructus cumque es, periere profusa. Ter. Haui. 401 meo modo ingenium frui. Apul. Met. 8. 12 nuptias non frueris. Apol. 72 prospectum maris me esse fruiturum. Tert. Virg. Vel. 17 dimidiam frui lucem. Patient. 1 super eo quod frui non datur. 28 50 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas Lege poli, peraguntque micantia sidera cursus. Navifragi tacet unda salis, nee murmurat auster, Nee flexum quatit aura nemus. Sua taedia solus Fallere nescit amor. Pinnis modo garrula pendens lam Philomela tacet damno male victa pudoris, 61. Nauifrage A, can. a sali Burman 52. Ne A 53. pinnis (primis a) garuli mane pendens A, modo scripsi, ramis male garrula pendens Burman pmms ad germma tendens Baehrens, pinnas curvamine pandens Traublt 54. filomela A picta A, victa Burman 50. Riese supposes a lacuna between 50 and 51, containing the end of the comparison between day and night, and the beginning of one between calm and storm. There is no necessity for this; peace and quiet are regarded as an essential element of night, as in Vergil's description (Aen. 4. 522-8) which this passage imitates. Other aspects of night are dealt with in the next two "stanzas." micantia is regularly used of the stars, e. g. Lucr. 5. 1205, Hor. Carm 1 12. 46, Sen. Here. Fur. 125, Oed. 46, etc. 51. Navifragi: cf. Verg. Aen. 3. 553 navifragum Scylaceum, sjidOv, Met. 14. 6. navifragum fretum. 52. flexum: proleptic, cf. reparatum, 43, and mersum, 48. 53. The unmetrical ms. reading has caused great difficulty. Riese adopts the change due to Burman, explaining maU garrula aa ^ iam non ga- rula. It IS true that male with certain adjectives practicaUy = non, but only with adjectives whose meaning is such that the qualifying adverb badly" would negative their meaning, as is the case with sanus, gratus, fidus. " Badly garrulous, " however, is not equivalent to "silent. " Further, pinnis has to be changed to ramis to fit the context. Other emendations proposed by Baehrens and Traube have stiU less probabil- ity. It seems possible to correct the line with a slighter change than any of the above. The translation of the line offers no difficulty as the ms. reads; some adverb of time is expected in contrast with iam in the next line. When mane and garrula are transposed, the only difficulty remain- ing IS the scansion of mane. I would substitute modo for the unmetrical mane. Modo is found in 1 12 and 135 in the sense of /ote/j/. Mane m&y have found its way into the text as a gloss; this would account for ita An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 29 heavens; the twinkling stars complete their courses. The waves of the shipwrecking sea are still, the south wind makes no murmur, no breeze bends and sways the woods. Love alone cannot beguile its own weariness. The nightingale, but lately singing, poised on her wings, now is silent, utterly overcome by the loss of her chastity; shelter- ing in her embrace her twittering nestlings near the tree-top, being misplaced in the line. Another way of solving the difficulty is to keep mane, scanning it with the a short, and assuming that the poet has made a mistake in the quan- tity. This explanation is by no means impossible in a work as late as this; it would be, however, the only wrong quantity in the poem. pinnis pendere occurs also in Ovid, cf. Met. 6. 667-8 Corpora Cecropidum pinnis pendere putares; Pendebant pinnis. Met. 7. 379 Foetus olor niveis pendebat in aera pinnis. garrulus is frequently used of birds, e. g. (of the nightingale) Mart 14 75 Flet Philomela nefas incesti Tereos, et quae Muta pvMla juiX, garrula fertur avis. Plin. Nat. 10. 43. 81 Lusciniis diebus ac noctibus continuis quindecim garrulus sine intermissu canius. The nightingale was regarded by the Greeks and Romans as a har- binger of dawn and a singer by day as well as by night. For complete discussion, with many quotations, see E. W. Martin, Birds of the Latin Poets, pp. 125-142 and 236-244; E. W. Fay, Class. Rev. 1904 pp. 303 ff., and a series of articles by E. H. Barker, Class. Jour. 27. p. 92, 29. p. 255.' 30. pp. 180 and 341. 64. damno pudoris: cf. Ov. Ars 1. 100 Ille locus casti damna pudoris habet. Claud. 15. 188 damna pudoris turpia. kpxA.Met. 9. 27 damno pudicitia^ commotus. t' i 30 An Anonymous '' ' He of Dido to Aeneas An Anonymous Epistle^' Dido to Aeneas 31 55 60 Amplexuque fovens c los sub culmine nidos Pensat amore nefas, m orasque alitura querellas Nocte premit quod luc dolet. Sua taedia solus Fallere nescit amor. Nunc iam bene iunctus amantem Ardor alit thalamique fidem sua pignera conplent, Coniunx laeta viro, felix uxore maritus. Vota recenset amor secretaque dulcia; somnus Concordat cum nocte torum. Sua taedia solus Fallere nescit amor. Fecundo semine rerum 55. Amplexusque A, can. a nidi Burman, natos Maehly 57. foriasse, Nocte gemit Riese 58. amantes Maehly 59. talamiq; A pignej A m. pr. 60. uxores maritos A, corr. a 61. recens et m. rec. in A disiunxit, repensat Petschenig 62. Consociat Maehly 63. Fallerere A 55. nidos: nestlings. Cf. Verg. Aen. 5. 214 Cui domus et dulcea latehroso in pumice nidi. 12.475 Pabula parva legena, nidisque loqiuicihus escas. Georg. 4.17 Ore ferunt duLcem nidis immitibiLs escam. Ov. Medic. 77 Addita de querulo volucrum medicamina nido. Sen. Here. Fur. 148-9 querulos inter nidos Thracia paelex. culmine: the top of a tree. Cf. Stat. Theh. 7. 800 iam frondea nutant culmina and Sil. 5. 514 (Vulcanus aesculi) culmina torret. 66. Pensat: cf. Ov. Epist. 2. 143 Stat nece matura lenerum pensare pudorem. amore: i. e. her love for her young. alitura: the author shows marked fondness for the future participle, cf. cessuruSy 45, and 'peritura, 74 and 87. querellas: used here with reference to the story of Philomela's meta- morphosis, as also in Verg. Georg. 4. 511-2 QucUis popidea maerens Philomela sub umbra Amissos queritur fetus. Hor. Carm. 4. 12. 5-6 Nidum ponit ItynflebUiter gemens Infelix avis. Ov. Fast. 4. 481-2 Quaecumque ingreditur miseris loca cuncta querellis Implet, ut amissum cum gemit ales Ityn. Querella and the related words, however, are often used of the song of birds in general. Cf . querulos, 55, and Hor. Epod. 2. 26 Querunlur in sUvis aves. Ov. Am, 3. 1. 4 Et latere ex omni dulce querunter av68. she finds in love the compensation^ -^fcer wrong, and though she will again cherish her sorrowfuf '^complaints, she now at night represses the laments whic3 she utters in the day. Love alone cannot beguile its own weariness. Now the ardor of well-mated love fosters the lover's affection, and the fidelity of the marriage chamber is made perfect by those who pledge it, the wife rejoicing in her husband, the hus- band happy in his wife. Love reviews its desires and secret joys; sleep and night complete their wedded harmony. Love alone cannot beguile its own weariness. 58 59 Cf. Porphyrio's scholium on Hor. Epod. 2. 26 "Queruntur," inquit, quoniam veteres omnium animxilium voces praeterquam hominum ^'que- reUas" dicebant. For a discussion of this use of qu£ror see T. Frank, American Journal of Philology 34, p. 322. iunctus: transferred epithet. Cf. Ov. Epist. 13. 117 Quando erit ut lecto mecum bene iunctus in uno. amantem: there is no need of Maehly 's somewhat prosaic change to the plural. pignera: cf. 109, where the form pignore is used. 60. Cf. Ov. Met. 7. 799 Coniuge eram felix, felix erat Ula marito. Coniunx and maritus are in apposition with pignora. The emphasis is on the ad- jectives laeta and felix rather than on the nouns, i. e. the fact that hus- band and wife rejoice in each other is a pledge that they will be faithful to each other. 62. Concordat: cf. Pervig. Ven. 3 Vere concordant amores. Papin. Dig. 48. 5. 12 bene concordatum matrimonium. Concordo is more commonly intransitive, but the Thesaurus cites a num- ber of instances of its transitive use, as here. semine rerum: cf. Lucr. 1. 58-60 Quae (primordia) nos materiem et genitalia ccrrpcrra rebus Reddunda in ratione vocare et semine rerum Appellare suemus. Ov. Met. 1. 419 fecundaque semina rerum. This is one of the expressions that show the influence of Epicureanism on our author; cf . 41 and 121-2. 63 i*i An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 33 32 65 70 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas Mutat terra vices et alumni temporis auras Laeta vocat; spisso revirescit gramine campus Et vitreas ligat herba comas nee fallit aristas Proventu meliore dies. Sua taedia solus Fallere nescit amor. Fessus iuga solvit arator Et noctem per vota capit; reparare labores Novit grata quies, nee cessat reddere vires Infusus per membra sopor rurisque ministram Ruricolis dat semper opem. Sua taedia solus Fallere nescit amor. Reparant sua litora ponti 64. autumni i4, alumni Baehrens, uemi Heinse 65. reuiuescit A, reuiuiscit a a, reuirescit Burman cSpos A, corr. a 66. uirides Burman liga' erba A, leuat (vel rigat) Higt, agit Maehly fallid A aristas A, aristae Wemsdorf, arista Baehrens 67. Prouentum ... die A, Prouentu . . . dies Burman, Prouentus ... die Wemsdorf, Prouentum . . . Me Baeh- rens 68. Fallerere A soluet A 69. capit A, rapit Burman, cupit Maehly lahori Schrader 70. Nonuibrataquies A, corr. o necessat A 71. rurisq; A, noctisque volgo, lucisque Baehrens ministra Oudendorp, noctique minis- trans Maehly 73. sua A, sub Baehrens litura A 64. Mutat terra vices: taken from Hor. Carm. 4. 7. 3. Cf. also 65-66 with 1-2 of the same ode: Diffugere nives, redeunt iam gramina campis^ Arboribusque comae. See note on 43, where this ode of Horace was imitated. alumni temporis = spring. According to the Thesaurus, alumnus with active meaning is quite common, e. g. Mart. 12. 60 .1 Martis alumne dies. Auson. 381. 7-8 Hoc numero mensisqv£ Numae redit, autumnique Principium referens Bacchi September alumnus, Isid. Orig. 10. 3 et qui edit et alitur alumnus did potest, alumni . . . auras: cf. Lucr. 1. 10-11 Nam simid ac species patefactast vema diei, Et reserata viget genitcUibus aura favoni. 66. vitreas . . . comas: of the grain bound into sheaves. Vitreas refers to the brilliant semi-transparent appearance of the ripe grain. This ad- jective is frequently applied to water, in the sense of clear or shining. Both herba and coma are often used of grain, e. g. Verg. Georg. 1. 134 svlds frumenti quaereret herbam. Prop. 4. 2. 14 Et coma lactenti spicea fruge tumet. By the life-giving principle of nature earth brings her changes and gladly summons the breezes of the fostering season; the fields are clothed again with the thick verdure of grass, the grain binds its shining tresses, and the advancing season does not cheat the ears of grain of their promise of a better harvest. Love alone cannot beguile its own weariness. The weary plowman unfastens the yoke, and welcomes the night in answer to his prayers; grateful rest has power to refresh his toil, sleep, pervading his limbs, is not slow to restore his en- ergy, and at all times brings to husbandmen strength to care for their fields. Love alone cannot beguile its own weariness. The seas by their incoming tides restore their shores 71 Ov. Fast. 3. 854 Sustvlerat nidlas, ut solet, herba corruis. Am. 3. 10. 11-12 Prima Ceres docuit turgescere semen in agriSt Falce coloratas svbsecuitque conuLS. Met. 5. 482 Primis segetes mxyriuntur in herbis. 67. Proventu: ablative of separation, as with verbs of depriving. dies: in the general sense of a period of time. 68. Fessus etc.: cf. Verg. Eel. 4. 41 Robustus quoque iam tauris iuga solvet arator. 69. noctem capit seems to be a reminiscence of Verg. Aen. 4. 529-31 neque umquam Solvitur in somnos, oculisve aut pectore noctem Accipit. Here capit is somewhat stronger than receives or accepts, having rather the force of captat; literally, "grasps at the night through prayers." reparare labores: cf. Ov. Met. 11. 623-5 Somne, quies rerum, pladdissime, Somne, deorum, Pax animi, quem cura fugit, qui corda diumis Fessa ministeriis mulces reparasque labori. ruris: objective genitive with the adjective ministram: ^'miilistering to the country"; Riese translates it "ackerpflegende Kraft" (Jahrbucher far Philologie und Paedagogik 121, p. 262). w% 34 75 80 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas Successu post damna suo, perituraque ludunt Incrementa maris dubii, regit aequora fluctus Lite sua, vicibusque suis quod deperit auget. Officiis natura vacat. Sua taedia solus Fallere nescit amor gemmatis roscida verni Rident prata rosis et floribus arva tumescunt. Pictus ager sub flore latet, dat fronde coronas Lascivis natura rosis. Sua taedia solus Fallere nescit amor. Nee grata silentia noctis Nee somni pia dona placent, nee munera lucis 74. Successus per damna suos A, post Burman, Successu et suo Riese 75. regunt equara A, com. a fluxus Higt 76. Lite A, Lege Wemsdorf augens Baehrens 77. uacans Higt 78. Discussis imbribus atra Cum requievit hiems add. L. Mueller inter amor et gemmatis uesui A, verni Riese, Vesbi Bur- man, uisu vel ubiuis Wemsdorf, veris Birt 79. tumescit A 80. fronte oc eoronQ A, coronas a 82. ne grada A, corr. a 74. Riese's emendation has been adopted in the text as the best correction of this corrupt line. Successu = "the rising tide." The word is used, though not very commonly, in its literal sense of "advance" or "approach," therefore may naturally be apphed to the tide. Accessus is used of the tide, cf. Cic. Div. 2. 34 aestibus . . . quorum accessus et recessus lunae motu gubemantur. For damna and incrementa referring to the tide cf. Sen. Dial. 12. 9. 6 modo oLlevans nos subitis incrementis, modo maioribus damnis deferens. 75. fluctus must here mean "tide." 76. I^: most editors have adopted Wemsdorf *8 emendation, fe^c. It seems quite possible, however, to keep the ms. reading, making it refer to the conflict of the alternate ebb and flow; cf. Ov. Fast. 1. 107-8 Ut semel haec rerum secessit lite suarum, Inque novas abiit massa soluta domos. 77. Oflciis: dative. 78. One line is lacking to the number elsewhere found between the refrains; also as the text stands in the ms., this "stanza" lacks the contrast which is brought out in all the others. The line supplied by L. MuUer (p. 584) gives the sense that is evidently required. Wemsdorf and Baehrens place the lacuna after 80, and Birt after 79. Ah Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 35 again after their losses, the rising waves of the ever changing ocean play along the shore, though destined to recede, the tide rules the deep by its own alternation, and in due succession re- stores all that is lost. Nature has time to fufill her tasks. Love alone cannot beguile its own weariness the dewy meadows in springtime smile with jewelled roses, and the fields burst into bloom. The ground is hidden beneath an embroidery of flowers, and nature, with a riotous abundance of roses, provides leafy garlands. Love alone cannot beguile its own weariness. But neither the welcome silence of night nor the blessed boon of sleep brings any relief, nor does love enjoy the gifts of gemmatis: bejewelled with drops of dew; suggested by roscida. Cf. Lucr. 2. 319 Invitant herbae gemmantes rore recenti. Culex 70-71 Florida cum teUus gemmantes picta per herbas Vere notai dubiis distincta coloribus arva. verni: the ms. reading Vesui (for Vesuvi) is hardly possible. Aside from the anachronism of making Dido mention a place in Italy, as Wems- dorf points out, there is no reason for the choice of this particular local- ity. Wernsdorf's change to visu is easy palaeographically, but there is no point in the use of this word. Riese's verni or Birt's veris makes much better sense. 79. For rideo used metaphorically cf. Catull. 64. 284 Quo permvlsa domus iucundo risit odore. Verg. Ed. 4. 20 Mixtaque ridenti colocasia fundet acantho. Ov. Met. 15. 204-5 fiorumque coloribus almus Ridet ager. 80. Pictus: cf. Lucr. 5. 1395-6 Praesertim cum tempestas ridebat et anni ' Tempora pingebant viridantis floribus herbas. and Culez 70-71, cited on 78. fronde coronas: cf. Lucr. 1. 118 perenni fronde coronam. fronde is ablative of material, which is rare without a limiting adjective; see Lane § 1313; but cf. Verg. Aen. 5. 663 pictas abiete puppis, 81. Lascivis: "luxuriant;" cf. Hor. Carm. 1. 36. 18-20 nee Damalis novo Divelletur aduUero Lascivis hederis ambitiosior. This passage is not quite parallel, for lascivis has a more figurative mean- ing than in the text. 83. pia: because sleep is a gift of the gods; cf. Verg. Aen. 2. 269 (quies) dono divom gratissima serpit. ¥ ^ 36 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas Carpit et indutias fugientis non capit anni; 85 Sed sua victus amor tantummodo vulnera pascit Inter mille dolos totidemque piacula fraudis. Vota queror: vellem tacitis peritura querellis Flere domo, vellem tacitos consumere fletus. Sed negat ipse dolor quod iam pudor ante negavit; 90 Scribere iussit amor miseram me, cuius honestam Fecit culpa fidem. Poteram dispergere ponto 85. poscit A, corr. a 86. toditemq; A piacula A, pericula 5cAradcr 87. Vota A, Nota volgo tacitis A, placidis a, placitis Ondendorp, tacita Traube 88. tacitSs umere A, consumere Burmany tacitos profundere a, iam tabida fundere RiesCy Cocyto fundere Traube 91. culpam A, culpam idem Winterfeld 84. Carpit: sc. amor, from the refrain, 82. Cf. Verg. Aen. 4. 522-3 placidum carpebant fessa soporem Corpora. 4. 555 carpebat somnos. 7. 414 Iam m^diam nigra carpebat node quietem. indutias: trisyllabic; unless u is regarded as short; see note on mane^ 53. 85. sua: equivalent to subjective genitive — "inflicted by itself." vulnera pascit: cf. Verg. Aen. 4. 2 wlnv^ alit venis. 86. piacula has generally been changed to pericida; but it may be explained as sufferings that are an expiation of Dido's faithlessness to her husband's memory, though this aspect of her grief is not brought out elsewhere in the poem. 87. Vota seems to be used as accusative of inner object with queror, though it is a striking instance of that construction. Cf . 137 mcUa vota cupis and Ov. Met. 9. 303-4 moturaque dura^ Verba queror silices. 88 . domo : "at home", i. e. in private, to myself. Domo for domi, though rare, is found even in classical writers, e. g. Cic. Clu. 27, Varro Rtist. 1. 8. 2, Nep. Epam. 10. 3, Suet. Caes. 20. 1, Apul. Apol. 541. An Anonymous EpisHe of Dido to Aeneas 37 light nor take any respite throughout the fleeting year; but baffled in its hopes it only keeps alive its own wounds, in the midst of a thousand deceits and as many atonements for faith- lessness. I break forth into complaining wishes : I would rather weep at home, doomed to perish with complaints unuttered, I would rather exhaust my sorrow in silence. But grief itself denies me what shame before denied. Love has bidden me write, hapless that I am, who by my own fault have made an honorable compact. tacitos consumere: Burman's correction, to which the ms. seems to point. For consumere cf. Cic. PhU. 2. 64 Consumptis enim lacrimis tamen in' fixus animx) haeret dolor. Sen. Dial. 6. 8. 1 Dolorem dies longa consumit. 89. quod pudor negavit: i. e. the comfort of the free expression of her feel- ings, cf. 6 and 22-3. Pudor at first kept her from making any appeal; now dolor does not allow her the solace of keeping her suffering to her- self. 90. Scribere iussit amor: cf. Ov. Epist. 4. 10 Dicere quae puduit, scribere iu>ssit ormw, and 20. 230 Ha£c tibi me vigUem scribere iussit amor. For pudor and amor opposed to each other cf . Ov. Am. 3. 10. 28-9 Hinc pudor, ex iUa parte trahebat amor\ Victus amore pudor. Met. 9. 514-5 Coget amor, potero; vet si pudor ora tenebU, LUtera celatos arcana fatebitur ignes. miseram me: a common expression in Vergil, e. g. Georg. 4. 494 ''Quis et me" inquit "miseram et te perdiditt** Ed. 2. 58 Quid volui misero mihU Aen. 2. 70 Quid iam misero mihi denique restatf See also Aen. 4. 315, 420; 9. 285; 10. 849. 91. culpa: nominative; Uterally "whose fault has made," etc. The word refers to Dido's love, which restrains her from doing Aeneas any harm. The expression is thus interpreted by Wernsdorf: *' Miseram me, quae mea culpa honestum hospitii et coniugii foedus cum Aenea feci, cuius fide nunc impedior quominus nefas aUquod in eum cogitare et me ul- cisci possim." Poteram: i. e. *'I was angry enough to." Cf. Verg. Aen. 4. 600-602 Non potui abreptum diveUere corpus et undis Spargere, non socios, non ipsum absumere ferro Ascanium patriisque epulandum ponere m^nsisf 38 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas Membra manusque tuas miseramque tumentibus undis Praecipitare diem, poteram crescentis luli Rumpere fata manu parvumque resolvere corpus 95 Morte gravi mersumque in viscera figere ferrum Vel dare membra feris; sed nostro pectore pulsum Cessit amore nefas, et honesta pericula passus Corda ligavit amor. Quis tantum in hospite vellet Hoc audere nefas? Quis vota nocentis habere? 100 Nullus amor sub fraude latet. Cui digna rependes, 92. eeramque Burman 94. fatft A 95. Moxte A, can. Heinae 96. mensa A, membra a 97. Crescit A, Cessit Schroder, Higt honestas A, corr, a 98. ligat A, ligavit viUgo, liquauit Maehly, fatigat Baehrens hospide uellit A 99. audire A 100. laude A, corde a, labe Baehrens, fraude Rieee 100, 105, 111, 116. digne A, corr. a 92. manus seems to be added to membra only to make an alliterative phrase * though it may have been suggested by Ovid*s account of the killing o Absyrtus by Medea, where the hands are mentioned particularly; cf Trist. 3. 9. 27-30 Atgue ita diveUit, divtUsaque membra per agros Dissipat, in mtdtis invenienda locis; Neu pater ignoret, scopulo proponit in alio Pallentesqtie manus, sanguineumque caput, miseram diem: day of death. Miser is found in inscriptions referring to the dead. Cf. Isid. Orig. 10. 173 Miser—secundum autem Ocer- onem proprie mortuus, qui in Tusculanis miseros mortuos vocat, propter quod iam amiserunt vitam. Cf. Cic. Tusc. 1. 9. 93. Praecipitare: cf. Quint. Decl. 4. 10 Miraris quod suprema mea ipse prae- cipitem. Lucan. 7. 51-2 sua quisque ac publica fata Praecipitare cupit. crescentis: cf. Verg. Eel 7. 25 hedera crescentem ornate poetam. Verg. Aen 4. 274 Ascanium surgentem et spes heredis luli. Ov. Met. 14. 583 opibus crescentis luli. 94. Rumpere fata: break off the thread of life spun by the Fates. Cf . Verg. Aen. 4. 631 Invisam quaerens quam primum abrumpere lucem. Sil. 6. 510-11 vel si stat rumpere vitam In patria moriamur. 7. 33 Hie ardens extrema malis et rumpere vitam, 2. 597-8 abrumpere vitam .... quaerunt. (In Verg. Aen. 6. 882 si qua fata aspera rumpas the expression has a different sense.) An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 39 I could have scattered your limbs and your hands over the sea, and hastened your evil day of death in the swelling waves; I could have snapped the thread of life of the growing boy lulus with my own hand, and destroyed his little body by a cruel death ; I could have fixed the steel deep in his flesh, or given his limbs to wild beasts; but the evil impulse has departed, driven from my heart by love, and love, having endured honorable dangers, has restrained my angry feelings. Who would dare to commit so great a wrong as this against a guest? Who would wish to have the curses of one who would do him harm? No love is hidden beneath treachery. Whom will you resolvere: destroy or kill; the simple verb solvo is generally used in this sense. Cf. Sen. Epist. 66. 43 alius inter cenandum soluius est. Tro. 600-601 mc fala maturo exitu Fa>ciliqu£ solvant. Curt. 8.9. 32 corporibus quae senectu^ solvit. Flor Epit. 2.21. 11 sic morte quasi somno soluta est, 97. honesta pericula: the phrase occurs again in 136. 98. Corda: "anger"; cf. Verg. Aen. 1. 303 ponuntque ferocia Poeni corda. 6. 407 tumida ex ira tum corda residunt. Val. Flac. 6. 2 (Mars) acri corde tumet. Sil. 10. 490 mansuescere corda nescia. in hospite: in two other places in the poem (119 and 132) initial h is counted as a consonant and makes position. This was the rule in Chris- tian poets, cf. Muller pp. 14, 382, 391. It is first found in Porphyrins (early 4th century), it appears also in Juvencus, Ausonius, Dracontius, Venantius Fortunatus, Luxorius. Our author is not consistent in his treatment of initial h, for there are 16 places where, as in classical poetry, it fails to make position. 99. Hoc nefas: the cruelty which her imagination suggested in 91-96. vota nocentis: cf. 39. 100. fraude is the easiest emendation for the ms. laude. It is to be taken closely with the preceding sentences. Fraude here is violation of the obligations of hospitality; it is because of her love that she cannot harm Aeneas. U] 40 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneaa Si mihi dura paras? Miserandae fata Creusae Lamentis gemituque trahens infanda peregi Vota dels durumque nefas sortemque malorum Te narrante tuli, gemitus mentisque dolorem 105 Et lacrimas prior ipsa dedi. Cui digna rependes, Si mihi dura paras? Dulcis mea colla fovebat Ascanius miserumque puer figebat amorem, Cui modo nostra fides amissam reddere matrem Dum cupit, hoc verum mentito pignore nomen 110 Format amor, gemitusque graves atque oscula figit Confessus pietate dolor. Cui digna rependes, Si mihi dura paras? Nostri modo litoris hospes 102. Lamenta A, carr. a, lamentans genitusque Maehly Peregit A, corr, Wemsdorf 103. Voto dies A, corr. a 104. tulit Oudendarp 105. lacrimis A 107 delet Birt fouebat A, figebat Oudendorpf fallebat Burman 108. nostram fidem A 110. gemitusue A adq; A 111. Concessus M oe/i/y 112. nostro A, nostri vtUgo hospis A nostro . . . litore sospes Baehrens 101. fata Creusae: related by Vergil (Aen. 2. 738-795). Cf. Ov. Epist. 7. 83-6 Si quaeraa vhi sit formosi mater luli, Ocddit, a duro sola relicta viro. Haec mihi narraras; at me movere; merentem Ure; minor culpa poena fulura mea est, 10^. Lamentis gemituque: cf. Verg. Aen. 4. 667-8 Lamentis gemituque et femineo ululatu Tecta fremunt. peregi vota: cf . Ov. Met. 6. 468 agii sua vota sub tUis. Auson. 426. 4 (Hecuba) peragit vota cum matribus. 103. durum . . . tuli: Wemsdorf explains tuli as equivalent to molests tuli, but cites no parallels to support his interpretation. Tuli without a modifier can hardly have this meaning, but durum may be taken as predicate adjective with nefas and sortem: "I bore or felt her wrong and evil destiny as cruel.'' Hence the meaning is about the same as that of moleste or gravitur tuli. Cf . the use of dura in 39. 10^. gemitus mentisque dolorem: hendiadys. lOQ. Dulcis Ascanius: cf. Verg. Aen. 1. 659 pro dulci Ascanio. An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 41 worthily repay, if you desire cruelty for me? While prolonging with laments and sighs the story of un- happy Creusa's fate, I offered unutterable prayers to the gods, and I grieved for her wrong and her evil destiny as you told the tale; I was myself the first to give way to the sighs and tears of an anguished mind. Whom will you worthily repay, if you de- sire cruelty for me? Sweet Ascanius caressed my neck, and the boy pierced my heart with a hapless passion; while my sense of duty desired merely to restore to him his lost mother, love, with lying prom- ise, made the name a true one, and grief, shown in sympathy, uttered deep sighs and imprinted kisses. Whom will you worth- ily repay, if you desire cruelty for me? But lately you were a stranger on our shore, destitute 106-7. Cf. Verg. Aen. 1. 685-8 Ut, cum te gremio accipiet laetissima Dido, Regales inter mensas lalicemque Lyaeum, Cum dabit amplexus alque oscula dvlcia figet, Occultum inspires ignem faUasque veneno. and 1. 717-9 Haec oculis, haec pectore tolo Haeret, et interdum gremio fovet^ inscia Dido Insidat quantus miserae deus. 107. Birt rejects this line because this "stanza" is longer by a line than the others. He thinks it was added by an interpolator who felt that the name of Ascanius was required. But with the line omitted the sense is not clear. It seems better to attribute the extra line to the writer's care- lessness or lack of skill than to interpolation. Birt objects to Ouden- dorp's conjecture figebat on account of the recurrence of the word in 110; but this may be really an argument in its favor; see Introduction p. 10. lOS. fides: faithfulness to the requirements of hospitality. Dido's kindness to Ascanius was at first prompted merely by a sense of duty to the motherless boy. lOQ. mentito pignore: i. e. the false hopes of happiness which love aroused* The juxtaposition of verum and mentito is no doubt intentional. nomen: i. e. of "mother." 110. figit governs gemitus as well as oscula — zeugma. oscula figit: cf. Verg. Aen. 1. QS7 oscula dvlcia figet, 111. Confessus: passive meaning. 42 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 1 ' i.-. i. Nudus et exul eras, dispersa classe per undas, Naufragus, ut taceam clades quascumque videbas 115 Inpendisse tibi; licet haec tibi cuncta fuissent, Regna tamen Carthago dedit. Cui digna rependes, Si mihi dura paras? Nihil est quod dura reposcam. Nequiquam donasse velim! Quae perdere possem Numquam damna voco. Vel hoc mihi, prefide, redde, 120 Quod sibi debet amor, si nil pia facta merentur. Esse deos natura docet, non esse timendos Rerum facta probant. Quid enim non credere possum? 113. Nudos distuleras A, con. MaeJUy dispersas classes A, clade a 114 clades A, classes a uidebor A, uidebar a, uidebas Baehrena 116. char- ta«o A 117. reposcent A, reposcam Higt 118. Nee quidquid A, quidquam A', Hoc quidquid Baehrem, Nequiquam Riese, Nee quod non Maehly qu§ A, quod a 119. uoco A, uolo Burman 121. esset timendos A 122. enim credere non A, nunc credere Higt 113. Cf. Verg. Aen. 4. 373-5 Eiectum litore, egentem, Except et regni demens in parte locavi, Amissam claasem, aocios a morte redtixi. Ov. Epist. 7. 8^90 Fluctibus eiectum tuta statiane recepi, Vixque bene audita nomine regna dedi. 115. Inpendisse: the perfect infinitive has here the force of the present, as was often the case in late Latin, cf . Schmabs pp. 435-6. It is not, however, peculiar to late Latin, but was common in poetry, especially elegiac poetry of the classical period, where it was often used for metrical con- venience; hence it came to be used in aU poetry with merely present force. See A. A. Howard, Harvard Studies 1. p. 111. fuissent: licet should properly be foUowed only by present or perfect subjunctive, but in late Latin it is often found with secondary tenses, and even with the indicative (cf . 149) . The earliest instance of its use with a secondary tense of the subjunctive is in BeU. Hisp. 16. 3 quod factum licet necopinantibus nostris esset gestum; cf. also Juv. 13. 56, Mart. 5. 39. 8, 9. 91. 3, etc. It occurs three times in S. Silvia (see Bechtel p. 124). For discussion and further examples see Schmalz, Neue JahrbOcher 1891. p. 216; E. B. Lease, Archiv fur Lot. Lexicog. 1900. p. 25, and American Journal of Philology 1900, p. 453. An Anonymous EpisUe of Dido to Aeneas 43 and exiled, shipwrecked, your fleet scattered over the waves, to say nothing of all the disasters that you saw threatening you. Although all this had been your lot, yet Carthage offered you a throne. Whom will you worthily repay, if you desire cruelty for me? There is no reason for my demanding a cruel requital. I should wish rather to have given in vain! What I could lose, I never count as loss. But, traitor, grant me at least what love owes itself, if deeds of kindness deserve no reward. Nature teaches that there are gods, experience proves that they are not to be feared. How can I not believe it? 117. Nihil est quod: used as in 35, with the subjunctive of characteristic, if the reading reposcam is accepted. 1 18 . Nequiquam etc. : i. e. *' I gave without expectation of return, consequent- ly I do not desire to exact vengeance because my kindness has been wasted. " 119. Vel hoc: for scansion see note on 98. Vel is here intensive, empha- sizing hoc, perfide: cf. 35. 121-2. This Epicurean doctrine is the whole theme of Lucretius. Cf. also Enn. Trag. 269-71 Ego deum genus esse semper dixi et dicam ca^litum^ Sed eos non curare opinor quid agat humanum genus. Nam si curent, bene bonis sit^ male malis, quod nunc abest. Cic. Nat. Dear. 3. 83 Diogenes quidem Cynicus dicere solebat Harpalum, qui temporibus illis praedo felix habebaturj contra deos testimonium dicere, quod in iUa fortuna tam diu viveret. Ov. Met. 9. 203-4 At valet Eurystheusy et sunt qui credere possini Esse deost Am. 3. 3-1-2 Esse deos i crede. Fidem iurata fefellit, Et fades iUi quae fuit ante manet. Am. 3. 9. 35-6 Cum rapiant mala fata bonos, ignoscite fasso, Sollicitor nutlos esse putare deos. 122. Berum facta: the facts of the world, that which takes place in the world. enim: explanatory — "I know that the gods are not to be feared, for I have good reason to believe it. " 44 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas Tutus fraude manes, et nos pietate perimus! Inprobe, dure, nocens, crudelis, perfide, fallax, 125 Officiis ingrate meis! Quid verba minantur? Non odit qui vota dolet, nee digna rependit Quidquid laesa gemit. Tibi nempe remissus habetur Lege pudoris amor. Cui tanta dedisse recusem, Sceptra, domum, Tyrios, regnum, Carthaginis arces, 130 Et quidquid regnantis erat? De coniuge, fallax, Non de iure queror, meritum si non habet ardor, Sed quod hospes eras, nee te magis esse nocentem Quam miserum, Troiane, puto, qui digna repellis Dum non digna cupis — nondum bene siccus ad aequor 123. Totus frauda A, cmr. Burman at nos Oudendorp 126. dict& Baeh' em 127. Quisquis Maehly lexa A, laesa vulgo, plexa Heinae, rixa Baeh" rens me pe remissus A, me permissus vulgo, nempe remissus Baehrens, Tibine mpermissus Oudendorp 128. podoris A Cui A, Qui {^quomodo) Rieae 129. chartaginis A 130. fallis Baehrens 132. Sit Higt 134. Sum A, Dum Oudendorp, Somno digna Heinse sicus A. 124. For the succession of epithets and asyndeton cf. Auson. 298. 29-30 Salve, fons ignoie ortu, sacer, alma, perennis Vitree, glauce, profunde, sonore, illimis, opace. and Verg. Aen. 3. 658 monatrum horrendum, informe, ingens. For the asyndeton cf. 129. 125. Quid etc.: an abrupt change in Dido's mood, similar to that which is in- dicated in 39. 126. iVon odit etc.: cf. Ov. Episi. 7. 29-30 Non tamen Aenean, quamvis male cogitat, odi, Sed queror infidum, questaque -peiua amo. digna rependit: cf. digrui rependea of the refrain, 100 etc. An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 45 You remain safe in your treachery, and I die because of loy- alty! Base, ruthless, guilty, cruel, treacherous, false, ungrateful for my kindnesses ! But why these threatening words? He does not hate who repents of his wishes, nor does she who is wronged exact a fitting penalty for that for which she grieves. By you doubtless love is thought to be freed from the restraint of honor. To whom could I refuse to give so much — my sceptre, my house, the Tyrian people, my kingdom, the citadels of Carthage, and whatever belonged to a ruler? It is of my husband, false one, that I complain, not of my rights, if my passion has not the re- turn it deserves. But you were my guest, and I think you not more guilty than pitiable, Trojan, you who reject what is worthy while you seek what is worthless — though your garments are as yet scarcely dry you hasten again to the sea, and though 127.^0650 is the simplest of the various emendations proposed, though it is not altogether satisfactory; the change to the feminine after the mascu- line qui is very harsh. Riese prints lexa marked with a dagger. V2S.dediaae: see note on perfect infinitive, 115. 129. Cf. Ov. Epist. 7. 11-12 Nee nova Carthago, nee te crescentia tangunt Moenia, nee aceptro tradita aumma tuo? 132. quod hoapea: for scansion cf. 98 and 119. 133 . digna: i. e. what Dido offers. The contrast between what Dido has given Aeneas and what awaits him in Italy is developed at greater length by Ovid (Epiat, 7. 13-22). 134. Anacoluthon; the quod clause beginning in 132 is not followed by a prin- cipal clause that logically completes it. aiccua: i. e. after suffering shipwreck in the storm which drove him to Carthage. 46 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 135 Curris, et extremas modo naufragus arripis undas. Tutior esse times et honesta pericula nescis. Cum mala vota cupis, solus tibi dura profecto Damna paras. Fugis, ecce fugis, nostrosque penates Deseris et miseram linquis Carthaginis aulam, 140 Quae tibi regna dedit, sacro diademate crines Cinxit, et augustam gemmato sidere frontem Conplevit, nostrumque tibi commisit amorem. Nil puto maius habes et adhuc sine coniuge regnas, Aeneas ingrate meus. Regat ira dolenti 145 Consilium! Sed praestat amor. Mea vulnera vellem 136. nescis A, poscis Wemsdorf timens inhonesta Higt 139. cartaginia A 140. Que A 141. gematos. sydere A 142. Conplebit A, InpUcuit Maehly comisit A 143. regnat Wemsdorf 144. negat Higt, 135. arripis = hasten to, cf. Verg. Am. 3. 477 hanc (Ausoniam) arripe velis. 9. 13 turhata arripe castra. 10. 298 arrepta teUure semel, 11. 531 arripuit locum, IZ^. honesta pericula: cf. 97. nescis: there is no need of changing to poscis, as has generally been done. The emphasis is on honesta—in leaving the safety of Carthage Aeneas is seeking dangers, but this is no proof of courage, for they are not dangers incurred in pursuing an honorable course of conduct. 137.t;oto: accusative of inner object; cf. vota queroTj 87. solus: i. e. you have only yourself to blame. profecto: perfect participle. liO. sacro diademate, etc.: cf. Lucan 5. 60 Cingere Pellaeo pressos diademate crines, Claud. 7. 84 sacro . . . omat diademate crines. Prud. c. Symm. 2. 430 caput augustum diademate cinxit, Prifjc. Anast. 163 Quo caput ipse tuum prima diademate cinxit. Thi3 epithet saawn is often used with diadema (cf. Thesaurus). An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 47 lately shipwrecked you are hurrying to distant seas. You are afraid to be safer, and yet you know nothing of dangers that are honorable. While you cherish your evil desires, you alone are preparing cruel disaster for yourself by your departure. You flee, lo ! you flee and abandon my household gods, and leave the unhappy court of Carthage, which gave you a throne, which encircled your hair with the sacred diadem, placed on your majestic brow the jewelled constellation, and entrusted you with my love. You have nothing greater, I think, than this, and you still reign without a consort, my ungrateful Aeneass Let anger rule the counsels of one who grieves! But love is. The diadema was originally a purple fiUet worn by the Persian king around the tiara. Among the Romans it was always regarded as a sym- bol of kingly power. From the time of Constantine it was adopted by the Caesars as a sign of their imperial dignity; it was often adorned with a row of pearls or precious stones, or made of gold and jewels. See Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encyclopddie, and S. M. Stevenson, Dictionary of Roman Coins, s. v. diadema. Ul. sidere may refer to the form of the diadem, or merely to the brilliance of the jewels of which it is composed. 143. maius: sc. nostra amore from previous line. la.meus: vocative. Cf. Verg. Aen. 6. 835 sanguis meus. In early Latin meus is used as vocative only with a noun having the voc- ative like the nominative; with later writers this rule is not observed, Cf. Kuhner 1. p. 447. 7. ira: contrasted with amor; cf. 15 ff. Ii5. vellem: the present subjunctive might have been expected here. 48 An Anonymoits Epistle of Dido to Aeneas Fletibus augeri, sed iam discrimine mortis Victa feror. Neque enim tantus de funere luctus Quantus erat de fratre. Licet simul inprobus exul Et malus hospes eras et ubique timendus haberis, 150 Vive tamen nostrumque nefas post fata memento. An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 49 146. auferri Maehly 147. fessos A, feror a neque erit Maehly fenere A, funere a, foedere Baehrena 148. erit A, erat Wemsdorf 149. maius hos- pis A (hospes A^), malus Baehrens, magis Burman 150. facta A, fata Bur* man. better. I should wish that my wounds might grow through lamentations, but already I hasten on, conquered by my deter- mination to die. Nor indeed will there be such mourning for my death as there was because of my brother's crime. Though you were at once base as an exile and faithless as a guest, and everywhere are regarded as one to be feared, yet live, and after my death remember the wrong that you did to me. I4&.fiet{bu8 augeri: Dido here recurs to the same thought as was expressed at the beginning of the epistle (cf. 8); she would like to have the sat- isfaction of dwelling on her wrongs. 147 ./eror: cf. Verg. Georg. 4. 497 fer&r ingenti circumdata node, Aen. 4. 376 Heu Furiis incensa feror. litctus: sc. erit. 14S. fratre: Dido's brother, Pygmalion. 149. era«, haberis: indicative with licet, which is found from the time of Apul- eius on; see note on 115. 150. Fire: cf. Ov. Epist. 7. 63-4 Vive precor, sic te melius quam funere perdam. Tu potius leti causa ferere mei. and 6. 164 Vivite, devoto nuptaque virque toro. Cf . Palmer's note on the latter passage — " There is often some bitterness, almost a curse, in this word." 50 An Anonymous EpisUe of Dido to Aeneas INDEX VERBORUM * indicates that the word i8 not in A, but is introduced into the text as an emendation. t indicates tiuU the word is found in A, hut not accepted in the text. a (exclam.) 18 ad 134 adhuc 143 aemula (ace.) *35 Aeneas 144 aequor (ace.) 134 aequora (ace.) 75 affectus 32 ager 80 alit59 alitura 56 alumni (gen.) *64 amissam 108 amo ames 1 amare 5 amantem 26 amantes (ace.) (-em A) 58 amor 4, 7, 17, 43, 48, 53, 58, 61, 63, 68, 73, 78, 82, 85, 90, 98, 100, 110, 120, 128. 145 amorem 14, 107, 142 amore 14, 34, 56, 97 amplexu 55 anni (gen.) 84 ante (adv.) 89 apex 22 arator 68 aretls (gen.) 44 ardor 59, 131 aristas 66 arripis 135 arva (nom.) 79 arx arees (ace.) 129 Ascanius 107 ater atra (fem.) 49 atque 110 audere (-ire A) 99 auget 14, 76 augeri 146 augustam 141 aulam 139 aura 52 auras 64 auster 51 autunmi t64 bene 58, 134 bonus 3 calamus 15 calor 25 campus 65 cantat 4 capit 69, 84 carminis 2 carmine 10 carpit 84 Carthago 116 Carthaginis 129, 139 castus 14 casus 41 cedo cessit *97 cessurus 45 celerare *15 ceme 3 cessat 70 cinxit 141 circumdat 49 circumdata (fem.) 13 clades (aec.) 114 classe (-es A) 113 colla (ace.) 106 comas 66 commendat t21 commisit 142 concordat 62 condemnat *21 confessus 111 confessam (-us A) 26 coniunx 60 coniuge 130, 143 conplent 11, 59 conplevit 142 conponam 10 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 51 conscia (nom. pi.,) 29, 32 consumit 46 consumere *88 continet 46 continuit 16 conubium (nom.) 27 convincere 37 eonvitia (nom.) 7 corda (aec.) 98 comibus (abl.) 44 coronas (-ae A) 80 corpus (ace.) 94 credere 122 credula (fem.) 27 orescit t97 crescentis 93 Creusae (gen.) 101 crimen (nom.) 27 crimine 33 crines (ace.) 140 crudelis (voc.) 124 culmine 55 culpa (-am A) 91 culpet 26 cum (conj.) 137 cum (prep.) 62 cuncta (nom. pi.) 115 cuncta (ace.) 28 cupis 134, 137 cupit 109 curris 135 cucurrit 24 cursUs (ace.) 50 curvatis (abl.) 44 Cynthia 43 damno (abl.) 54 damna (aec.) 74, 119, 138 de 45, 130, 131, 147, 148 debet 120 debuit 6 debita (aec.) 37 deflet 40 deperit 76 deseris 139 deis (dat.) 103 deos 121 dextram 19 diademate 140 dietare 6 dies (sing.) 46, (-e A) 67 diem 49, 93 diflFero distuleras tll3 dignetur 5 digna (fem.) 30 digna (ace.) 100, 105, 111, 116, 126, 133, 134 discrimine 146 dispergere 91 disperse (-as A) 113 do dat 72, 80 datur 38 dedi 13, 28, 34, 105 dedit 116, 140 dare 96 dedisse 128 docet 121 dolet 57, 126 dolenti 144 dolor 11, 14, 16, 89, 111 dolorem 11, 104 dolos 86 domus 14 domum 129 domo 88 dono donasse 118 donum dona (nom.) 83 dona (aec.) 9 dubii (gen.) 75 dubium (ace.) 18 dubiS 22 dulcis 106 dulee (ace.) 4 dulcia (aec.) 61 dum 15, 20, 13 bis, 42, 47, 109, ♦134 dunmi (ace.) 103 duro (abl.) 25 dure 124 dura (ace.) 20, 39, 101, 106, 112, 117 bis, 137 ecce 138 egena *12 >«^i 52 ego An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 53 mihi 101, 106, 112, 117, 119 me (ace.) 8, 90, tl27 nos (nom.) 123 enim 122, 147 eo ire 38 et 17, 20, 21, 29, 64, 66, 69, 79, 84, 97, 105, *113, 123, 130, 135, 136, 139, 141, 143, 149 bis explicitam 21 extremas 135 exul ♦I 18, 148 facio fecit 91 fecisse 41 factura (fem.) 19 facta (nom.) 120, 122 facta (ace.) tl50 fallax (voe.) 124, 130 fallit 66 fallere 43, 48, 53, 58, 63, 68, 73, 78, 82 fata (nom.) 9 fata (ace.) 94, 101, *150 fatis (abl.) 13, 34 fecundo (abl.) 63 feiix60 feris (dat.) 96 feror 147 tulil04 femuQ (ace.) 95 fessua 68 fides (sing.) 28, 36, 108 fidem 3, 30, 40, 59, 91 figit 110 figcbat *107 figere 95 firmat t20 flamma 24 flere 8, 88 flentem 7 fletus (aco.) 10, 8S fletibus (abl.) 146 flexum (ace.) 52 flore 80 floribus (abl.) 79 fluctus 75 format ^20, 43, 110 fovebat 106, tl07 fovens 55 fratre 45, 148 fraudis 86 fraude 36, ♦lOO, 123 fronde 80 frontem 141 fniitur 49 fugis 38, 138 bis fugientis 84 funere 147 garrula (fem.) 53 gemitu 102 gemittis (ace.) 104, 110 gemmato (abl.) 141 gemmatis (abl.) 78 gemit 127 gramine 65 grata (fem.) 4, 70 grata (nom.pl.) 82 gravi (abl.) 10, 95 graves (ace.) 110 babes 39, 143 habet 11, 12, 131 haberis 149 habetur 127 habe2 habere 99 herba 66 hie banc 31 hoc (ace.) 99, 109, 119 haee (nom. pi.) 115 haee (ace.) 9 honestam 90 honesta (ace.) 97, 136 honore 44 hospes 112, 132, 149 hospite 98 iaetes 35 iam 54, 58, 89, 146 igne26 ille32 in (w. ace.) 95 in (w. abl.) 98 incole 3 incrementa (nom.) 75 fndutias 84 infanda (ace.) 102 infusus 71 ingrato (dat.) 6 ingrate 125, 144 inpendisse 115 inprobus 148 inproba (nom. pi.) 8 inprobe 34, 124 inter 86 invidiam 41 ipse 11, 16, 89 ipsa (fem.) 29, 105 ira t20, 144 iram *24 irata t24 iratas 15 ista (ace.) (-e A) 31 iter (ace.) 22 iubar (ace.) 44 iubeo iussit 90 index 3 iugum (ace.) 68 luli 93 iunctus 58 iura (ace.) 46 iuvant 7 labores (ace.) 69 lacrimas 105 laesus 7 laesa ^127 laeta (fem.) 60, 65 lamentis (abl.) (-a A) 102 laseivis (abl.) 81 latet 80, 100 laude flOO leeti (gen.) 32 lege 28, 45, 50, 128 libenter 2 licet 34, 115, 148 ligat 20, 66 ligavit 17, (-at A) 98 linquis 139 lite 76 littera 21 litus litoris 112 litora (ace.) 73 loquentem 16 luetus 147 ludimt 74 ludant 2 lux lueis 44, 83 luce 57 magis 8, 132 maius (ace.) 143, tl49 male 22, 27, 54 maledieta (ace.) 13 malus *149 malorum 103 mala (ace.) 137 mandat 23 mane t53 manes 123 manus 18 manum 16 manu 94 manus (ace.) 92 maris 75 maritus 60 mariti (gen.) 28 marito (abl.) 30 matrem 108 medullas 25 meliore 67 membra (ace.) 25, 71, 92. ^96 memento 150 mens mentis 3, ^17, 104 mente 23 mensa t96 mentito (abl.) 109 meretur 31 merentur 120 mergo mersum (ace.) 48, 95 meritum (ace.) 131 meritis tl7 mens 31, 144 meis (dat.) 35, 125 mea (ace.) 40, 106, 145 micantia (nom.) 50 mille86 ministram 71 w 54 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas minor minatup 125 minus (adv.) 21 mira (fern.) 28 miser miserimi (ace.) 107, 133 miseram 90, 92, 139 miseras 56 miseris (abl.) 13 miseror miserandae (gen.) 101 modicum (ace.) 5 modo (adv.) 8, ^54 108, 112, 135 mortis 8, 146 morte 95 munera (ace.) 83 murmurat 51 mutat 64 nam 8, 38 narrante 104 natura 42, 47, 77, 81, 121 naufragus 114, 135 navifragi (gen.) 51 nee 11, 16, 28, 29, 37, 51, 52, 66, 70, 82, 83 bis, tll8, 126, 132 nefas (nom.) 97 nefas (ace.) 56, 99, 103, 150 negat 89 negavit 89 neget 41 nempe *127 nemus (ace.) 52 neque 147 nequiquam *118 nescis 136 nescit 43, 48, 53, 58, 63, 68, 73, 78, 82 nidos 55 nihil (nom.) 35, 39, 117 nil (ace.) 120, 143 noeens (nom.) 24 nocentis 39, 99 noeentem 132 noeens (voc.) 9, 124 nomen (ace.) 109 nomina (ace.) 23 non 20, 32 bis, 36, 84, 121, 122, 126, 131 bis, 134 nondiun 134 nosco novit 70 nostra (fem.) 108 nostri (gen.) (-o A) 112 nostrum (ace.) 142, 150 nostro (abl.) 96 nostros 138 nostra (ace.) 2 nox 49 noctis 82 noctem 69 noete 57, 62 nudus (-08 A) 113 nullus 26, 100 nullam 6 nulla (nom.) 7 numquam 29, 119 nunc 27, 58 odit 126 officiis (dat.) 77, 125 omnia (ace ) 41 opem 72 orbem 46 OS era (ace.) *20 oseula (ace.) 110 otia (nom.) 2 pallentibus (abl.) 48 paras 101, 106, 112, 117, 138 parvimi (ace.) 94 pascit 55 patientis 12 passus 17, 97 pectore 96 pello pulsum (nom.) 96 penates (ace.) 138 pendet 14 pependit 18 pendens 53 penitus 24 I>ensat 56 per 25, 69, 71, t74, 113 peragunt 50 peregi (-it A) 102 perdo 33 perdere 118 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 55 perit36 perimus 123 peritura (fem.) 87, (nom. pi.) 74 perfide 35, 119, 124 pericula (ace.) 97, 136 petebas 36 Philomela 54 piacula (ace.) 86 pietate 111, 123 pignore 109 pignera (ace.) 59 pingo pietus 80 pinnis (abl.) 53 pius pia (nom. pi.) 83, 120 pia (ace.) 1 placet 38 placent 83 plus (ace.) 11 plura (ace.) 16 poetam 5 pollice 19 polus poli (gen) 50 ponto (abl.) 91 ponti (nom.) 73 possum 122 potest 5 poteram 91, 93 poteras 37 possem 118 post ^74, 150 praecipitare 93 praestat 145 prata (nom.) 79 premit 57 prior 105 pro 33 probant 122 probus 3 profecto (dat.) 137 proventu (-um A) 67 pudor 23, 89 pudoris 54, 128 puer 107 puto 133, 143 quam (eonj.) 133 quamvis (eonj.) 10 quantus 148 quatit 52 -que 3, 17, 18, 22, 24, 25, 40, 49, 50, 55, 56, 59, 61, 71, 74, 76, 86, 92 bis, 94, 95, 102, 103 bis, 104, 107, *110, 138, 142, 150 querellas 15, 56 querellis (abl.) 39, 87 queror 87, 131 querulos 55 qui 126, 133 quae 140 quod 45, 76 cuius 29, 90 cui 4, 108, 128 quern 12 quod (ace.) 4, 35, 57, 89, 117, 120 quae (ace.) 13, 118 quicumque quaseumque 114 quies 70 quis (interrog.) 98, 99 cui 100, 105, 111, 116, tl28 quid (ace.) 2, 19, 122, 125 quisquis 1, 40 quidquid (nom.) 130 quidquid (ace.) 34, tll8, 127 quod (eonj.) 38, 39, 132 quotiens 18 rapit 42 recenset 61 recipit 47 recursus 38 recusem 128 reddis 31 reddent 29 redde 119 reddere 70, 108 regnas 143 regnantis 130 regnum (ace.) 129 regna (ace.) tl2, 35, 36, 116, 140 rego regit 75 regat 144 \' s? ^ 56 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas Wk remittis 9 remissus 22, *127 reparant 73 reparare 69 reparatum (ace.) 43 repellis 133 rependit 126 rependes 100, 105, 111, 116 reposcam (-ent A) 117 requiro 12 requiris 1 renim 37, 63, 122 resolvere 94 revirescit 65 revocata (fern.) 18 rident 79 ridens (red-A) t24 Romula t35 rosa rosis (abl.) 79, 81 roscida (nom.pl.) 78 rubet 45 rumpere 94 ruricolis (dat.) 72 runs 71 sacer sacro (abl.) 140 sacramenta (nom.) 33 saepe 10 sails 51 salutem 6 sceptra (ace.) 129 seribere 90 secreta (aec.) 61 sed 7, 36, 85, 89, 96, 132, 145, 146 semine 63 semper 1, 72 sensus 12 si 8, 30, 38, 101, 106, 112, 117, 120, 131 sicl, 46 siccus 134 sidere 141 sidera (nom.) 50 silentia (nom.) 82 simul 148 sine (prep.) 143 solus 42, 47, 52, 57, 62, 67, 72, 77, 81, 137 solvit 68 somnus 61 somni (gen.) 83 sonat 4 sopitus 25 sopor 71 sorori 45 sortem 37, 42, 103 sorte 36 spisso (abl.) 65 studet 15 sub 28, 55, 80, 100 successu (-us A) 74 8ui sibi 120 sum tl34 est 35, 39, 117 eras ♦113, 132, 149 erat 27, 130, *148 erit 30, tl48 fui29 fuit 19 fuissent 115 esse 5, 121 bis, 132, 136 suo (abl.) (-OS A) 74 sufi76 sua (nom.pl.) 59 sua (aec.) 42, 46, 47, 52, 57, 62, 67, 72, 73, 77, 81, 85 tacet 51, 54 taceam 114 tacitos 88 ■ tacitis (abl.) 87 taedens *24 taedia (ace.) 42, 47, 62, 67, 62, 67, 72, 77, 81 talis (nom.) 30 tamen 116, 150 tantummodo 85 tantus 147 tantum (ace.) 98 tanta (ac.) 128 temporis 64 tendas 34 tenebras 49 \ An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 67 tenent 33 terra 64 thalami (gen.) 59 times 136 timendus 149 timendos 121 torpor 20 torsit 22 torus 32 torum 62 totidem 86 totus tl23 totum (aec.) 33 trahit41 trahens 102 tractus 22 trepidanti (abl.) 19 Troiane 9, 31, 133 tu tibi 115 bis, 127, 137, 140. 142 te (ace.) 132 te (abl.) 104 tumentibus (abl.) 92 tumescunt (-it A) 79 tutus ♦123 tutior 136 tuus tuas92 tua (ace.) 1 Tyrios 129 ubique 149 umbris48 unda 51 undas 113, 135 undis (abl.) 92 unde38 ut 114 uxore 60 vaeat 77 vaeet 8 -ve tllO vell2, 96, 119 verba (nom.) 11, 125 verba (aec.) 17, 23, 40 verni (gen.) ^78 verum face.) 109 vesui t78 vias 17 vicem 31, 47 vices (aec.) 64 vicibus (abl.) 76 videbas (-bor A) 114 vinco victus 85 victa (fem.) 54, 147 viro (abl.) 60 vis vires (ace.) 70 viscera (ace.) 95 vitreas 66 vive 150 vocabula (ace.) 20 voco 40, 119 vocant 9 volo velimll8 vellem 87, 88, 145 veUet 98 voluptas 4 vorat 26 vota (nom.) 30 votis (dat.) 27 vota (ace.) 1, 39, 61, 09, 87, 99, 103, 126, 137 vox vocem 21 vulnera (ace.) 40, 85, 145