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Our Task in China. 
 
 A. ITS NATURE. 
 
 Our task in China as well as elsewhere is set forth in the parting 
 command of our Lord and Savior, Mark 16, 15 ; “Go ye into all the 
 world, and preach the Gospel to every creature.” These words also 
 send us to China, to all China, and to every individual of China. 
 Since you and I are sent there and sent to preach the Gospel, let us 
 first investigate why this is necessary. 
 
 Why does China Need the Gospel? 
 
 As soon as anybody gets acquainted with the Chinese, he sees 
 that they are not a godless nation ('“godless” in the primitive sense 
 of the word). When our missionaries go to our Hwa Pu Kai 
 (d^wabooguy) chapel, which is right in the heart of the native city 
 of Hankow, they find at least four large temples within two short 
 blocks of it. If they walk through its streets, which are so narrow 
 that a loaded hay-wagon could hardly pass, they are sure to pass one 
 or more shrines partially obstructing the way. If they go into the 
 suburbs or still farther out among the farms, — more properly called 
 gardens, because they are so carefully tilled. — they can hardly walk 
 a mile without somewhere encountering a little temple of the Earth 
 God and his ever-faithful spouse. Even if they flee out into the 
 solitudes of the mountains, they will find temples in places where we 
 would least expect them — in caves hewn into the rocks, in places of 
 historical interest, and, without fail, at every point of extraordinary 
 beauty. Temples are far more numerous in China than churches are 
 in America. Almost every heathen house is a temple; for opposite 
 its main door you will find a narrow table, which is used as a family 
 altar and therefore bears an incense-burner, a soul-tablet, a god of 
 wealth, or is overhung by an idol-picture or an inscription indicating 
 who is worshiped there. 
 
 Some of the temples, it is true, are no longer used for worship. 
 They have been turned into government schools, or are used for police 
 piirposes, or rented as dwellings and business places. Some have even 
 been sold to private parties. Wlien one of our missionaries visited the 
 temple of the God of War in Peking, he found the floor literally 
 covered with dust over two inches high, and on the Altar of Heaven, 
 the most important altar in China, weeds were growing. He actually 
 picked a bunch of them, intending to send it to our Board (where it 
 should have been more welcome than a bunch of American Beauties). 
 But a servant, not knowing the value of this queer posy, threw it into 
 the garbage-can. 
 
4 
 
 Such sights certainly show that the Christian missionaries have 
 not labored in vain in China. But these cases are not nearly 
 numerous enough to prove that idolatry is dead. While it is true that 
 temples which are in every-day use for worship are not to be found 
 in great numbers, at least not in Hankow, there nevertheless are such. 
 They may be seen not only out in the country, but also in the very 
 heart of the city, not far from Christian missions. Many of them are 
 rich in marble sculptures around the front courtyard, above which 
 rise columns and arches of richly carved wood, covered with gold-leaf, 
 while the roof consists of glazed tiles laid in beautiful patterns. 
 These must have cost many thousands of dollars. Every now and 
 then you encounter a priest or two with a sign on his back and a bell 
 in his hand, often with a thick needle driven through his cheek or 
 some other part of his body, canvassing every house, rich or poor, to 
 collect money for repairing or building a temple. Though, as a rule, 
 they do not seem to get large sums, they are seldom turned away 
 empty-handed. The very poorest will give at least two coppers. The 
 T’si San Hwei (tsissahndjway), or Benevolent Association, of Hankow, 
 made up of practically all the Chinese merchants of the city, is doubt- 
 less doing something for the relief of the sick and the orphans, but 
 thousands upon thousands of its dollars are used to hire Buddhist 
 priests to “nien chin,” say mass, as it were, for the welfare of the 
 whole city. With the avowed intention of counteracting the influence 
 of Christian institutions of mercy, they have built a grand Buddhist 
 temple in the midst of their hospital and “orphan”-school, and over- 
 topping the whole, in which these masses are daily and punctually 
 attended to. Our missionaries have repeatedly witnessed the ordina- 
 tion of Buddhist priests, especially at the Kwei Yuen Si (gway- 
 uenssi'), a very ancient monastery southwest of Hanyang (c^ahn- 
 yang), more than four hundred at a time. From two to eight little 
 holes are burned into their clean-shaven foreheads with little cones 
 of charcoal. WTiere there is such a supply, there must be a demand. 
 This was in the winter, in the coldest part of January. On the other 
 hand, at all times of the year, even in the hottest part of the summer 
 season, in the evening you will see crowds standing around a man 
 who is reading the “san hsii” (ssahnshii), or “good books,” which is 
 also a movement for strengthening heathendom, especially Confu- 
 cianism. 
 
 But idolatry is not at all dependent upon the active work of the 
 priests. It is deeply seated in the hearts of the people. These are 
 everywhere performing their idolatrous rites. One can seldom pass 
 through the streets without seeing some one burning “spirit-money,” 
 that is, coarse yellow paper with indentations, every one of which 
 signifies a dollar; or imitations of sycee, a sort of silver shoes, made 
 of tin-covered paper; or even paper houses, as offerings to their 
 
5 
 
 ancestors. Or they will insert sticks of Incense or burning candles’ 
 between the bricks of the pavement. Again, a house but yesterday 
 doing business will suddenly have been transformed into an impro- 
 vised temple, in which a number of hosangs or taosi (dphssangs, 
 doussi), i. e., Buddhist or Taoist (doiiist) priests — for a considera- 
 tion, of course — are “reading the Sutras,” that is, saying mass. 
 This is done for various reasons: either for some one who has died 
 recently or years ago, that they may he delivered out of the “earth 
 prison”; or to appease the “hungry ghosts” of those who have no' 
 “filial” sons to burn “spirit things” for their sustenance; or because 
 their house has not burned down in a recent fire; or for the healing: 
 of a sick child, etc. Now and then you will hear a mysterious clangv 
 issuing from within a house the doors of which are tightly closed, and 
 you will wonder why it attracts no crowd. Upon inquiry you will be 
 warned not to attempt to enter, because they are “sweeping out the 
 ghosts.” Or you will call upon a neighbor, and he will tell you that 
 he must absolutely not be disturbed, as he has already performed the 
 ceremonial ablutions and donned his best clothes in order to sacrifice 
 to his ancestors. The very children will be seen running around with 
 amulets of cloth monkeys or cash dangling from their necks to help 
 them across the twenty “bars” which hinder their growth into man- 
 hood (for instance, measles, smallpox, etc.), and if by the wayside 
 there be a booth for selling playthings, you may be sure that among 
 these are clay imitations of the principal gods and goddesses. 
 
 Two classes of men are especially well patronized, the soothsayers 
 and the sellers of charms, whose portable tables make the space of the 
 none too broad alleys, here called streets, still narrower. The business 
 of the former has been reduced to a perfect system by one of China’s 
 foremost character-heroes. Wen Wang, more than three thousand 
 years ago. It is therefore so universally held in awe by the adherents 
 of all religions that even Si Hwangti (ssidjwang'dee), when he burned 
 all the other books 213 B. 0., did not dare to interfere with this. This 
 has made divination so respectable that there is hardly a temple which 
 has not a carefully assorted list of printed passages from the “I Chin” 
 (eedshin) or “Canon of Changes,” or a similar device, from which you 
 can by lot (bamboo sticks) choose a declaration of your future fate. 
 Of course, in the temple this is done with some ceremony and under 
 the guidance of a priest, which makes it much more expensive than 
 the same service furnished by a wayside stand. 
 
 The fear of ghosts is so universal that it is reflected by the posi- 
 tion of every house-door. This will never be exactly opposite that 
 across the street, lest the ghosts, which happily can travel only in 
 straight lines, come over from the neighbor. At a time when an 
 epidemic of smallpox was raging in the city, due perhaps to the fact 
 that a long stretch of an unspeakably filthy sewer beneath several of 
 
6 
 
 the main streets was beinsr uncovered, your missionary one day saw 
 a very fine imitation of a steamship, engine and officers not missing, 
 exhibited along the way. During one of our evening services at the 
 Hwa Pu Kai ((f}wahbooguy) a long procession, gay with lanterns and 
 inscriptions, escorted the ship through the streets, inviting the ghosts 
 to get on. Suddenly the whole ship was unmercifully cast into the 
 Han River. Xear our Ta Chi Men ( dahdsimmen') School, however, 
 the Smallpox God, an ugly black monster, was carried around in 
 solemn procession, and no one dared to do him harm. 
 
 You naturally ask how it is that in a place where the Gospel has 
 now been preached for sixty years, as is the case in Hankow, and 
 where there are large colonies of several thousand Europeans of all 
 nations, besides thousands of Chinese who have received a good 
 “Western” education and can converse with the Europeans in their 
 respective languages, — how in spite of all this enlightenment so much 
 superstition and darkness and idolatry can still survive, sometimes to 
 be practised even by the richest and most highly educated. Perhaps 
 you may even poke fun at such nonsense and say. If the Chinese are 
 such fools, how can they expect us to help them? 
 
 My dear friend, one day your missionary was called to an epileptic 
 who was getting an attack of fits every half hour. When one of these 
 fits was disfiguring the poor fellow's face, a Chinese standing by burst 
 forth into loud laughter at the sight which to him seemed so comical. 
 Would you want to be like such an ill-bred fellow? Would you not 
 rather have done as your missionary did — tell him, “Hush ! The 
 poor fellow is dying. Hurry and take him to the hospital!”? So it 
 is with these poor Chinese. If you take pains to investigate this 
 matter further, you will find that these symptoms betray a very serious 
 disease, a disease that means not only death, but damnation. For it 
 means that they are without the Gospel, and that means, without 
 Christ, their Savior. 
 
 The temples that we have spoken of are not temples of the living 
 God, but of idols. If they are Taoist (douist), it is very likely that 
 they are erected for the worship of U Hwang Shangti (XT (f)wang 
 ssangdi), the “Pearly Emperor” or “Master of Heaven,” a title given 
 to one of the Taoist popes in the year 748 by Hsiian Tsung (Shiien- 
 dsung) of the Tang djmasty. Or they may be erected in honor of 
 any of a thousand other idols they worship. If they are Confucianist 
 temples, they will contain no cari-ed image. But the honors given to 
 the “Most Holy” — as such he was canonized by Chen Tsung (Dsiin 
 Dsung), the Sung emperor, in 1012 — are nothing short of divine. 
 If they are Buddhist temples, they are dedicated to the worship of 
 Amitabha, or, as the Chinese call him, Omito Fu, a Bhodisattva or 
 Buddhist saint, of the Pure Land School, who is said to have promised 
 all that “call upon his name, be it only ten times or less, provided 
 
7 
 
 they have not been guilty of the five heinous sins and have not vilified 
 the true religion,” that their desire to be reborn in his “Paradise of 
 the West” will be surely fulfilled. Or, possibly, they are places of 
 worship for Kwanyin (gwanyin), the Chinese goddess of mercy, who 
 formerly was a man-god, in India called Avalokita, thought to be able 
 to assume any shape, “Buddha, goblin, or what not,” in order to save 
 men from misery, and who for some seven hundred years has per- 
 manently changed into a w’oman-god, because the Buddhist priests, 
 ever careful of “public opinion,” found that this vastly increased her 
 popularity. So none of these gods is any better than Dagon or Baal, 
 or even Moloch, in whose red-hot arms the Canaanites used to sacrifice 
 their children. 
 
 Goddess of Mercy, Kwanyin (gwanyin), in the Imperial Palace 
 
 at Peking. 
 
 This goddess has 1,000 hands and 1,000 heads. It was the favorite goddess of 
 Empress T'si Hsii (tsishii), who had some 200 missionaries and about 
 2,000 Chinese Christians murdered. 
 
 The priests of whom we have spoken, if devotees of Buddhism, 
 may at times appear in richly embroidered satins, and by chanting 
 their Sutras, or “holy” books, or by marching in figures and carrying 
 out their whole elaborate ritual, may very much impress the ignorant 
 multitude ; yet all their rosaries, robes, masses, monasteries, and 
 nunneries, together with their mock holiness of an unmarried life, 
 has no other object than to draw men away from Christ, the true 
 Savior. In order more thoroughly to mislead the multitude, the devil 
 makes such men willing to undergo suffering. But that will not open 
 heaven’s doors to them. The priests of Baal, too, cut themselves till 
 the blood gushed forth. Therefore, even if one of them, as it is said. 
 
8 
 
 sat with his face to a wall for nine years, in rapt meditation, or if 
 one of the Hanyang hosangs had themselves burned alive in order to 
 go directly into the ‘Ture Land” of the “Western Paradise,” they 
 neither entered nor led people there, but both deceiver and deceived 
 went to the place of eternal torment. 
 
 To see the Chinese so often and so reverently think of their 
 dead, especially their deceased parents and teachers, is, indeed, very 
 impressive, and it is to be hoped that what is good in this may not 
 be lost when they become Christians. But the honor they give to 
 their ancestors under Confucian influence in burning incense and 
 candles to them, sacriflcing and praying to them, is most certainly far 
 beyond what is proper. It is idolatrous. 
 
 As to their childish fear of ghosts and the ridiculous ways of 
 getting rid of them, we had better not ridicule such things. Let us 
 rather remember that things but little less ridiculous have happened 
 and are happening in the most enlightened countries. They only go 
 to show that these people are really sitting in darkness, in the valley 
 of the shadow of death, which none can enlighten but Jesus, the 
 Light of the World, by Ilis Gospel. 
 
 Perhaps you will say: But I have read that the Chinese have 
 many very excellent qualities. This is true. Your missionaries have 
 seen them. The Chinese children treat their parents with respect and 
 honor, likewise the pupils their teachers, and the younger submit 
 themselves to the elder. They are polite to a fault. Their desire 
 not to hurt your feelings will actually make them appear deceitful. 
 Upon the whole, they are patient, persevering, and peaceful. If they 
 do get into a flght, and you step in to make peace and, in doing so, 
 show good judgment, you may not only succeed, but you may earn 
 their heartfelt gratitude. They are certainly a sober people. For two 
 cents they can get whisky enough to get drunk, but cases of drunken- 
 ness are exceedingly rare. When they want to talk politics, they do 
 it over a cup of hot tea. The chastity of the betrothed is so jealously 
 guarded that young people when about to be married are not allowed 
 to see each other until the day of their wedding. Most Chinese are 
 married. Bachelors and old maids are almost unknown. 
 
 Chinese, doing business with Chinese, generally deal honestly, 
 perhaps because they realize that they must. If a Chinese sees proflt 
 in any undertaking, he is generally a hard worker, and, if there is 
 careful supervision, the work done is also dependable. A Chinese 
 garden is about as perfect in being free from weeds as it can be made. 
 Having earned money, the Chinese also knows how to save. In our 
 country lawyers and politicians are usually elected to high office, but 
 the Chinese prefer men of knowledge and learning. H we could only 
 get them to revere the true God as faithfully as they do their ancestors 
 and their idols, erecting Christian churches as flne and spacious as 
 
9 
 
 their temples, worshiping the true God in every house as they do their 
 idols, rejoicing over the birth of Christ and the other great deeds of 
 God, as they do at New Year, no one would deny that they would be 
 excellent Christians and Lutherans. 
 
 But though as a nation the Chinese may in their natural traits 
 of character compare favorably with any heathen nation, our own 
 ancestors not excluded, their virtues are more than offset by glaring 
 vices. All China is one great gambling den. The sellers of lottery 
 tickets have of late been robbing Hankow of more money than all the 
 robber chiefs that have become famous since the time of the Revolu- 
 tion in 1911. No stores in the city are so gaudy in scarlet paint and 
 electric light as those of the gamblers, because everybody is in the 
 game, from the governor to the burden-bearer. Dishonesty is uni- 
 versal in China. There is hardly a business but has its “large” scales 
 for buying and its “small” scales for selling. Cloth and wire are 
 openly stretched that they may go farther, and unless you are ever 
 on the lookout for adulterations and makeshifts, you are sure to be 
 deceived. As three Mohammedan merchants once said in our Hwa 
 Pu Ivai chapel: No cheating, no business! 
 
 Prostitution is very common, and the authorities are said to 
 reap a large part of their income from it. One of our helpers said 
 that in certain streets not far from our chapel there was hardly 
 a woman past the menopause who would not prostitute her body for 
 a consideration. Although public exhibitions of shameless pictures 
 are seldom seen, and then generally in connection with some foreign 
 enterprise, obscene pictures of the grossest kind are common in the 
 peep-shows. 
 
 Courts of law are more or less open to bribery. The man who 
 has the “face,” that is, the standing, generally manages to get the 
 best of any one inferior to him. Graft is general. As soon as the 
 government shows the slightest weakness, there is some one to take 
 advantage of it, and if only he has talent to lead, there is no lack of 
 reckless followers. Even though a case may already be decided, there 
 is no telling when it may be reopened and the decision reversed. 
 
 Suicide is very common, especially among women who consider 
 themselves slighted or oppressed. But when it is carried out, whether 
 by women or men, the motive is generally revenge, because the person 
 on whose account suicide was committed is generally made to suffer 
 severely. The killing of newly born girl babies is now prohibited by 
 law. But what is a law where there is no one to prosecute the 
 criminal ? In poor families where more than two or three girl babies 
 are bom they are almost sure to be drowned. 
 
 But the worst sin of all, and the sin from which all the others 
 spring, with the Chinese as well as with us, is the covetous heart, 
 which looks only to itself and its own gain, thirsting so intensely for 
 
10 
 
 profit, advancement, and power that it does not hesitate to stamp 
 down any and every competitor or foe in the mad rush for this world’s 
 happiness, not in the least thinking of the world to come or of the 
 inevitable judgment of the Most High. Unless the Lord asserts Him- 
 self through terrible calamities, calamities that are universally felt 
 to be divine punishments, the heathen Chinese will forget that he has 
 a soul, and that there is a final judgment and an eternity. To battle 
 with this carnal mind, ever drawn earthward as though by a thousand 
 devils tugging at a thousand chains, that is our never-ending task in 
 China. No one can transform such a morass of corruption and filth 
 into a garden of God, — no one but Christ, through His Gospel. 
 
 And how many are there of those to whom we owe this Gospel? 
 There are some four hundred millions! More than a himdred thou- 
 sand for every pastor and teacher in our whole S 3 niod, more than six 
 himdred for every communicant we have, male or female! 
 
 What? Hoes our dear Lnrd really send us to perform such 
 a stupendous task? He does, indeed! “All the world” includes all 
 China. “Every creature” means also every Chinese. And a Chinese 
 belongs to the world and to China only while he is still among the 
 living. Once dead, he can no longer be reached by the Gospel. So 
 we had better become active. The King’s command is urgent. Those 
 to whom we are sent are dying at the rate of seventeen thousand 
 a day. 
 
 But shall we ever be able to accomplish it? — My dear friend, 
 are you a Christian, a Lutheran ? If not, then this does not concern 
 you. If, however, you are a child of God, you need only be reminded 
 of one thing: It is Christ who sends. This is certain ; He knows what 
 He is about. And if you but do your duty, take that Gospel that He 
 has given you and see that it reaches the Chinese, you will find that 
 His command has been well considered; for as a machine gun is 
 a weapon vastly different from a bow and arrow, so, too, the Gospel 
 is “the power of God unto salvation to every one that believeth.” 
 With this Gospel in your hands, if you but do your whole duty, the 
 battle is sure to be won. Therefore, having considered our task, let 
 us now turn to 
 
 B. ITS SOLUTION. 
 
 I. What We have been Doing. 
 
 At the present time we are laboring at three places: Hankow, 
 Shihnanfu, and Ichang. The last of these stations, opened in Sep- 
 tember, 1921, upon resolution of the conference gathered at Kuling 
 July 11 to August 7, is 
 
 Ichang (eetsang'). It is a “fu,” or departmental city, of at least 
 55,000 people, 200 of whom are Europeans. The town is situated on 
 the left bank of the Yangtse, 397 miles above Hankow and ten miles 
 
11 
 
 below the beautiful Yangtse gorges. In passing these the river forms 
 dangerous rapids, not navigable for ordinary steamers. Therefore 
 passengers coming here from Hankow must disembark, and goods 
 sent through here must be rehandled. This alone would make it 
 desirable to have a mission-station here, because we have work farther 
 west at Shihnanfu. But the chief reason for locating a mission- 
 station here is because Ichang is at the eastern end of a vast territory 
 
 Map of China Showing Location of Hupeh Province together with 
 Our Three Mission-Stations. 
 
 Kikungshan (dshigungssahn) and Kuling (guling) are summer-resorts. 
 
 At Peking Is the language school. Shanghai Is the landing-place. 
 
 hardly yet touched by missionaries, as we shall see when speaking of 
 the next station. 
 
 The missionaries stationed at Ichang are Rev. Geo. O. Lillegard 
 and his wife, members of the small Norwegian Synod, which is 
 a member of the Synodical Conference, and which will, if possible, 
 support this mission alone. Quite an undertaking for a body having 
 only 33 pastors and supporting a professor at St. Paul! May God 
 bless the plucky little band and by their example teach us that we can 
 maintain a body of one hundred missionaries in China and India, 
 if we try seriously. 
 
12 
 
 When Rev. Geo. O. Lillegard was sent to Ichang, fighting between 
 the northern and southern forces was in progress, and a battle was 
 impending. This, however, did not deter him from going up and 
 
 Map of Hankow, Wuchang, and Hanyang Showing Location of 
 Our Ten Mission-Chapels. 
 
 trying to rent a house. When he had accomplished this and returned 
 to get his wife, his colleagues asked him how he had been able to 
 rent a house. He answered that the impending battle had helped 
 him. The Chinese considered their houses safer in our hands than 
 
13 
 
 in their own. They were right. Ichang had been looted several times 
 by soldiers who were not receiving their pay, and sometimes even 
 foreign property had suffered. But never had any mission-property 
 been harmed, nor any missionary. What a change compared with 
 1900, when the Empress Dowager, Tsi Hsii (T'sishshii) had 200 
 foreign missionaries and 2,000 Chinese Christians killed and wanted 
 the Boxers to drive all the foreigners out of China! 
 
 Shihnanfu (ssinnahnfu) and neighborhood have been occupied by 
 our missionaries since March, 1920, when the Kevs. Erhard Riedel, 
 Arnold Gebhardt, and Hugo Gihring, the first and last with their 
 wives, went there. It is also a departmental city of some 30,000 
 inhabitants, situated on the western bank of the Chin Kiang (tshin- 
 dshiang), a tributary of the Yangtse. It takes ten days to get there 
 
 Our Shihnanfu School, May, 1921. 
 
 To left Rev. A. Gebhardt, in center Rev. E. Riedel. Some of these children are 
 blind ; they were taught a trade. 
 
 from Ichang by the land route, afoot; up the dangerous rapids by 
 native junks, and from Tai Chi (dye tehee) overland it used to take 
 just about the same time. But with the powerful engines of the new 
 Dollar Line steamers the distance of 130 miles to Tai Chi can be 
 covered in one day, which shortens the trip from Ichang to Shihnanfu 
 to five days. This is a great relief to our missionaries in case of 
 sickness since there is no foreign doctor nearer than Ichang. 
 
 Are we to be criticized for going into this out-of-the-way field? 
 Such criticism would be made without a knowledge of the conditions. 
 According to the Christian survey of China recently made by the 
 China Continuation Committee, no region in all China is in greater 
 need of Protestant mission-work than this. Eor on their map, shown 
 on page 14, all the surrounding district, having a population of more 
 than three million people, is marked dark as night, because among 
 lOflOO heathen there is not yet one Christian communicant. It ill 
 
14 
 
 M;jp showing progress of Protestant missions in Hupeh Province. Compare variously sliadod portions of province with the 
 little squares, 1 — 8. In portions marked like sq. 1 there is not even one communicant to every 10,000 inhabitants ; 
 sq. 2 = 1 — 5 communicants: sq. 3 = C — 10; sq. 4 = 11 — 20; sq. 5 = 21 — 30; sq. G = 31 — 40; sq. 7 = 41 — 50; 
 
15 
 
 behooves a large Christian body like ours to see such conditions and 
 yet countenance excuses. Eather should we bend all our efforts 
 toward sending out a sufficient number of men, so that missionaries 
 can he placed not only in Shihnanfu proper, but also in all the im- 
 portant cities siirrounding it. At the same time we should provide 
 those who go there with modern buildings to live in. We also ought 
 to have a hospital and foreign doctors of our own at Shihnanfu, not 
 only for the sake of the missionaries, but still more for the sake of 
 the Chinese themselves. To illustrate this, let me tell you a story. 
 
 Your missionary was on his way to our Ta Chi Men (dah- 
 dsimmen') school on a cold winter’s morning. In passing one of the 
 miserable huts lining the way, he saw a man laid out on the road 
 to die. He spoke to the poor fellow, but there was no answer. He 
 touched him, but he would not stir. He was just about dead. No 
 wonder, for his clothes consisted only of a thin cotton jacket and 
 trousers with no underwear. Your missionary had the poor fellow 
 carried to the London Hospital. To his astonishment, when he called 
 the next day, the man was still alive. The following day he uttered 
 a few sounds, although still unconscious. After that he improved 
 day by day, so that we could speak to him about the salvation of his 
 soul. Ultimately he left the hospital a healed man. H your son 
 would have been the physician used by God to help this poor fellow, 
 would you not rejoice? The Episcopal Church, according to its last 
 report (for 1920), had 51 hospitals in China, in which 411,000 Chinese 
 in the midst of their distress found out on their own bodies the dif- 
 ference between heathen superstition and stupidity and Christian 
 love. We may say that is none of the Church’s business. But it 
 certainly is a way by which the Church can make them listen to its 
 message and imderstand. 
 
 The work at Shihnanfu has been suffering much of late because 
 the region west of Ichang has been the seat of active war operations 
 between the northern and southern forces. Between October 27 and 
 November 6 the city “changed hands four times, was bombarded 
 twice, captured by force of arms twice, and once looted.” The last 
 time a Chinese tailor, who had taken refuge in our chapel, was shot 
 to death through our front door. Thank God, no attempt was 
 made to harm our missionary. Brother A. Gebhardt, and that Eev. L. 
 Schwartzkopf, who was to take the place of Eev. E. Eiedel, had been 
 advised to stay at Ichang for the time being. Under such conditions 
 mission-work, of course, cannot prosper. 
 
 But such conditions are exceptional. Eev. E. Eiedel has already 
 done considerable work in the city, so that, after normal conditions 
 will have been restored, we shall doubtless soon hear of the first 
 Christians to be baptized by us there. Eev. A. Gebhardt has been 
 laboring in the villages to the North. 
 
16 
 
 Once well under way, th.is station, situated among a more stable 
 population than we have in Hankow and farther away from its many 
 temptations, may yet prove the most satisfactory. 
 
 Hankow is our oldest station. It is a city of some 1,000,000 
 people, situated in the very heart of China, 600 miles from the sea, 
 on the left bank of the Yan^se and the Han Eiver, at the point 
 where both meet. Together with Wuchang (wootsang'), the capital 
 of the province of Hupeh (c^oobeh), a city of 600,000 people, and 
 Hanyang', the most ancient of the three cities, with more than 200,000 
 people, it forms the most populous center of all China, similar to 
 Chicago in the United States. These “Wuhan” cities are the seats 
 of considerable manufacturing industries and of a large commerce, 
 the latter carried on chiefly by large river craft and even ocean 
 steamers, but also by a railroad, connecting it with Peking in the 
 north, and Changsha and beyond, in the south, not to speak of the 
 thousands of junks and boats penetrating all the surrounding country. 
 The chief centers of foreign trade are naturally the Concessions, 
 British, Russian, French, former German, and Japanese. These, with 
 their clean, well-drained, broad streets, electric lights, and running 
 water, their excellent police system and fire protection, together with 
 their large modern business houses and warehouses, are a constant 
 object-lesson of civilization to the Chinese. But most of our work 
 self-evidently must be outside the Concessions. 
 
 During 1921 Rev. H. Bentrup, who had just begun work, but was 
 much hindered by the condition of his eyes, had charge of two chapels 
 and two schools. One was Yin Wu Chow (dso), south of Hanyang, 
 where on Pentecost Sunday he could baptize 10 heathen. This station 
 came into our hands by the action of three Chinese Lutheran Chris- 
 tians who had been converted in the Norwegian Mission Society of 
 Hunan and had applied to us for an evangelist through one of our 
 Hunanese helpers. The other station was near the Lao Ewan Miao 
 (Lou Gwan Miou). Both had flourishing schools. 
 
 Rev. L. Meyer, who has been in active work since the autumn of 
 1919, has had charge of four chapels and four schools. Most of the 
 schools have several teachers (13 in all). The first chapel to be taken 
 over from Rev. E. Riedel by Rev. Meyer was that at the San Hsin Kai 
 (ssahn shin guy). It has a boys’ school of 40 and a girls’ school 
 of 20. The next to be opened was the San Yuen Li. Here he has 
 spent most of his time, and, as a rule, employed the best teachers 
 available, so as to make it a model for the rest of his work. It is 
 therefore the farthest advanced (seven classes) and the best attended 
 of all our schools, having had at one time some 190 pupils. Besides 
 these two city chapels he has also two out in the country, one at 
 Sen Kia Ki (ssendshiadshee'), with 40 boys and 30 girls in the school 
 and one at Lo Kia Ten (lodshiaden'), with a single school, also 
 
ir 
 
 B.ev. H. Bentrup’s Pentecost at Yinwucho'w, 1921. 
 
 Ten heathen converts were baptized. Mr. Ma, the evangelist, to the right of the 
 missionary. Some in this group were catechumens. Three Lutheran Christians 
 at Yinwuchow, who had been converted in the Norwegian Lutheran Mission, 
 applied to us for an evangelist and a teacher. 
 
 Rev. L. Meyer’s San Yuen Li School. 
 
 Boys with their teachers and Mr. Cheo to left. Girls with their teacher to right. 
 Here Rev. Meyer spends most of his time and employs his best teachers, making 
 it his model school. It is also our largest school, having had as many as 
 
 190 pupils. 
 
18 
 
 prosperous. This coimtry work is rendered very difficult, because it 
 is so hard a task to find helpers that can be depended upon to do 
 their duty without being visited every few days. Let us all pray God 
 to give us faithful helpers. — Both evangelists and teachers had 
 regular meetings with their missionary. 
 
 One of the features of all this work that will cause special 
 rejoicing in the hearts of our readers is that among the pupils there 
 were so many girls, and that at the San Yuen Li a large class for 
 women could be maintained by Mrs. Meyer. 
 
 In addition to this work Rev. L. Meyer had charge of a little 
 hospital and dispensary with a Chinese doctor and nurse. We were 
 enabled to open this hospital, because Mrs. Klein, formerly a physician 
 of the Yale Mission at Changsha, now married to a Lutheran busi- 
 ness man, offered to supervise the work free of charge. Rev. Meyer 
 
 Our Girl Pupils, May 29, 1921, together with Mrs. Meyer’s 
 Women’s Class at the San Yuen Li School. 
 
 also was the secretary of our Ruling and Hankow Conference and 
 the treasurer of our whole mission, both of which duties took much of 
 his time. 
 
 Rev. E. L. Arndt, in active work since September, 1913, also had 
 charge of four chapels with 13 teachers. In connection with the 
 Hwa Pu Kai (c^wahbooguy) Chapel there were 3 male and one female 
 teacher. Their schools were attended by 55 boys and 15 girls. Con- 
 nected with the Hai Sheo Li (diyssohlee) Chapel there were 5 teachers, 
 one of them a woman. Their schools were attended by 87 boys and 
 18 girls. The Hwa Chin Kai (c^wahdshinguy) Chapel had 3 teachers, 
 one a woman, with 46 boys and 14 girls. The Man Chwin (mahn 
 tchwin) Chapel school had an attendance of eleven during the day 
 and five in the evening. Besides this we had a school among the 
 famine sufferers during April and May attended by some 20 pupils. 
 
 On the 23d of May, 1921, our whole mission had the joy of wel- 
 coming in its midst the Rev. Friedrich Brand, First Vice-President 
 of the Missouri Synod and General Secretary of its foreign missions. 
 
19 
 
 Haisheoli (ciiaissoli) School, Opened June 1, 1914. 
 
 In center Mr. Hsieh. Having been received into a Christian orphan asylum 
 of the Norwegian Hauge Synod, he had never known heathendom from 
 personal experience. He is no longer living. 
 
 Our Evangelists, after having been Examined in the Christian Creed 
 by Vice-President F. Brand, Director of Missions. 
 
 The examination took place June 4, 1921. Since then these men have attended 
 an evangelists’ school. 
 
20 
 
 who remained with us till the middle of September. He visited all 
 our stations, examined our ten evangelists, held two meetings with 
 our Christians, and one general rally of all our Hankow forces on 
 May 29, which was attended by more than 160 Christians and cate- 
 chumens and some 500 pupils of our day-schools, 100 less than had 
 been attending them. These were absent because the Dragon Festival 
 was approaching. 
 
 From July 11 to August 7 we met in conference with Rev. Brand 
 at Ruling, where we send our wives and children during July and 
 August. How we rejoiced to have all of our missionaries gathered 
 together, especially those who during the previous summer had re- 
 
 Our Conference at Kuling, July 11 to August 7, 1921. 
 
 Upper row. left to right ; Mrs. and Rev. L. Meyer, Mrs. and Rev. Geo. O. 
 Lillegard, Rev. E. L. Arndt. 
 
 Lower row, left to right : Rev. E. Riedel, Rev. and Mrs. Schwartzkopf and 
 son. Rev. H. Gihring, Vice-President F. Brand, Mrs. Riedel and son, Mrs. and 
 Rev. H. Bentrup and son. Rev. A. Gebhardt ; below ; Dorothea and Paul Riedel. 
 
 mained at Shihnanfu! And what a treat it was to have a series of 
 doctrinal discussions and common services again and to meet at the 
 Lord’s Table! But the chief object of our deliberations naturally 
 was : — 
 
 II. What Is to Be Our Duty in the Future? 
 
 In the first place, we were all agreed that our duty in China is 
 not to extend as far as possible our work in Hankow or at Shihnanfu 
 or at lehang, however necessary that may be to begin vnih, but that 
 it is our duty to bring the Gospel to all China. To restrict our efforts 
 to a small mission-field may seem very plausible wisdom to our Old 
 Adam, but it is not right. 1) It is a clear violation of the parting 
 command of our dear Savior. 2) It is not commensurate with the 
 
21 
 
 superabundance of means and men wbich God’s grace has showered 
 upon us. 3) To take a back seat when humility demands it may be 
 ;good Lutheranism, but to lag behind others when duty calls is rank 
 heresy and directly opposed to every symbol in the Book of Concord. 
 4) There is not a Chinese, no matter how filthy or far gone he may 
 he, who is not worth having. The price that has actually been paid 
 for his soul settles that beyond a doubt. Our motto must therefore 
 he; All China for Christ! 
 
 To accomplish this, we realized that, first of all, every one of us 
 must do his best. We have therefore taken steps to promote among 
 ourselves and our wives a more extensive study of the language. We 
 have acknowledged it as a principle that even in midsummer, when 
 the heat-equator is almost over our heads, our stations should not be 
 left entirely vacant. We have set it down as a rule that our wives 
 also must do as much work among Chinese women as their position 
 permits them to do. Realizing that any army, in order to do its best, 
 must be organized and have unity, we have tried to organize our work 
 •on as uniform a basis as possible. On the other hand, we have also 
 realized that to insist on all sorts of changes in the Chinese, simply 
 because we are not used to them, would be unwise and un-Lutheran, 
 and we have taken steps to avoid this. Above all, the conditions 
 which prevail among all the other Christian missionaries, who were 
 gathered at Ruling, and who are now cleft into two parties, demon- 
 strated to our very eyes how dangerous it is to be in the least care- 
 less about matters of doctrine, and as we are in special danger to be 
 off our guard in this respect, we have strengthened one another in 
 •every conceivable way for the purpose of fighting for the truth. On 
 the other hand, since it is always necessary to win not only a man’s 
 head, but also his heart, we have exhorted each other to deeds of love. 
 For the same reason we believe that it is no waste of money, energy, 
 •or men to found hospitals, orphan asylums, etc., but rather the 
 reverse. 
 
 Howevbr, in order that none of our resources be wasted, and that 
 ■our missionaries may be able to do their best, we also considered it 
 necessary that Synod, as soon as possible, buy property and erect 
 suitable buildings. To make the buildings stand firmly, they must 
 have a foundation; to make them dry, there must be air-spaces 
 heneath the floor and in the walls ; to make it possible to heat them, 
 they must have chimneys; and for purposes of ventilation they must 
 have windows. This is aU the more necessary because suitable dwell- 
 ings in Hankow are getting so rare that they can hardly be procured 
 •even at a rent that is preposterously high, while in Shihnanfu there 
 are no modern buildings whatever. 
 
 In order that our missionaries’ time may not be wasted, it is also 
 •clear that something will have to be done for the education of their 
 
22 
 
 growing families. While this is not a pressing matter just now, it is 
 necessary to make haste if we want to have property at Kuling, where 
 such a school may be erected. We have therefore petitioned Synod 
 to buy thirteen certain lots while they are yet to he had. 
 
 Again, in order that the Word of God may spread as far as 
 possible, we must make more use of the printed page. Small and 
 young as our mission is, we have already made a good beginning. 
 Revs. E. Riedel and A. Gebhardt have translated “Christian Questions 
 and Answers.” Rev. L. Schwartzkopf has published a little prayer- 
 book patterned after our Habermann. With the help of kind and 
 able friends practically our whole hymn-book has been translated inte 
 Chinese verse, 336 hymns having already been printed in “Srmg Chii 
 Si Ko” (ssi go), a hymn-book as genuinely Lutheran as our own, 
 and used in the whole “Lutheran Church of China.” Other works 
 are in preparation: a complete translation of o\ar whole Synodical 
 Catechism, the Book of Concord (one-third finished), three sermon- 
 books on the three series of texts used in the above church, a liturgy, 
 a trimonthly bulletin, and various tracts. All the sound Lutheran 
 literature that we can get out is going to be a God-send not only to- 
 our own Christians and helpers, but to the whole Lutheran Church 
 of China, which will gladly receive and use as much of it as we can 
 produce. Think of the influence for good that we can thus exercise! 
 Was there ever a more glorious opportunity for God-pleasing pub- 
 licity? But to do such work takes time, time which in the present 
 undermanned state of our forces must be actually stolen from the- 
 time that should be spent on the street, in the chapels, in the schools, 
 and in Chinese homes. Our staff ought to he so well manned that 
 we could let one brother devote his whole time to such work. And 
 when he and the printer have finished their work, there are bills to 
 pay; for these books cannot pay for themselves and help to support 
 the China mission as our Concordia Publishing House does in 
 America. Almost all such literature must either be given away or 
 sold at a “loss.” Here is an opportunity for some one to turn this 
 “loss” into a gain both for himself and the whole Lutheran Church 
 of China. From two to eight hundred dollars will finance some of 
 these undertakings, and it virtually means to preach to the Chinese- 
 yourself in “a thousand voices,” and that to a select audience of 
 Christians and church-workers. ISTow, who is still singing; “Oh, that 
 I had a thousand voices!”? 
 
 If, however, we are in earnest about winning all China for Christ,, 
 it is clear that this cannot be done by missionaries from America 
 alone. We must train Chinese workers. As they are not laboring 
 among an imcivilized people, it is also necessary that their education 
 be as thorough, both in imparting knowledge and in building up- 
 character, as it is at home. We have therefore resolved to begin ant 
 
23 
 
 Evangelists’ School for our future pastors and a Middle School for 
 our future teachers. The former has already been started. But how 
 weak and how small! The three men that we have at Hankow are 
 hardly equal to the task of keeping up and extending the mission- 
 work already begun. How can they do justice to a new theological 
 seminary and a normal school, both of which are more difficult to 
 conduct in China than in America, partly because our professors 
 themselves have yet so much to learn, partly because they have no 
 adequate Lutheran literature to use? The very terms they are to use 
 in discussing theological problems are often yet to be discovered. 
 
 Yet, formidable as this difficulty is, it is by no means the greatest. 
 The gi’eatest difficulty is how to procure suitable students for such 
 an institution. Are we to start a higher course of learning and invite 
 to study any one who may volunteer to come? If we do, our “semi- 
 nary” will soon be filled, to be sure; for the Chinese are all very 
 eager to get an education, especially if we engage foreigners as our 
 teachers. They will pay us money to have the privilege, provided we 
 teach them what they want. But what will they do with the knowl- 
 edge acquired? They will use it in business. And even though we 
 were inclined to let one who is ready to do it teach religion, if his 
 heart is not in it, what will be the result? ISTothing but a sounding 
 brass! There is no way out of this difficulty but to get more mis- 
 sionaries to work in order to win more Christians. First Christians, 
 then students! That is the only way. 
 
 But how will we get the greater number of foreign missionaries ? 
 We must send them. “But we sorely need them at home.” My dear 
 friend, if we wait until they are no longer needed at home, we shall 
 never get them. We had such a time some twenty years ago. What 
 did we do ? Did we say ; How is our opportrmity ; now let us enlarge 
 our territory in the heathen countries ? No. We cut down the supply. 
 There were those who cried, “Overproduction!” And there was 
 a veritable stampede away from our institutions. And now? We 
 could use hundreds of pastors and teachers in Germany, in Czecho- 
 slovakia, in Poland, in Russia, in South America, and all over the 
 world, especially in the two great heathen countries of India and 
 China. No, let us never again cry, “Overproduction!” There never 
 has been such a thing as an overproduction of faithful pastors and 
 teachers. When Wyneken once formd people in Germany who thought 
 so, he was driven by the Spirit to exclaim: “Oh, that they might 
 be choked by the very bread they eat, those men who can sit about 
 here idle, waiting for a position as pastor while they know that in the 
 American backwoods there are thousands who are hungering for the 
 Bread of Life without a pastor ready to break it to them!” 
 
 There is perhaps no Protestant body in America to-day with so 
 large a number of young men in its institutions who have promised 
 
24 
 
 to enter the ministry or become Christian teachers, as our Missouri 
 Synod. Take them at their word. Show them how sorely they are 
 needed. If any of them think of breaking away, instead of helping 
 them to find a good excuse, ought we not to tell them that to do such 
 a thing under the present circumstances is a sin? For that is what 
 
 it is. If we do not tell them, they may yet accus<* us before the 
 judgment-throne, when those to whom they should have ministered 
 will rise up against them and us to remind us of our callousness and 
 indifference with respect to their pitiable condition. How can we 
 dare to face Him as judge, who for the sake of these benighted people, 
 as well as for us, left the glories of heaven, bore all tbeir sins, atoned 
 
 Our Latest Arrivals, November, 1921. 
 
 Left to right: Rev. and Mrs. II. C. Klein, Rev. and Mrs. A. Scliolz, Rev. and Mrs. II. \V. Tlielss. 
 Miss O. Gruen, Rev. M. Zsehlegner. The rest are San Francisco friends, who saw them off at the dock 
 
25 
 
 for them with His own heart’s hlood, and secured for them a com- 
 plete pardon, if, when He wanted us to do no more than to bring 
 them the message, we, partakers of the same grace as they, sought 
 excuses and considered our own petty business more important! 
 
 Let us also not. waste any of the man-power already standing in 
 line and at work. War times have taught us that a suit may be made 
 to hide much more nakedness and give life-protecting warmth for 
 a long, long time, if only we be not too particular about style and 
 not mind a few patches. When souls are pouring down into hell in 
 one country alone at the rate of seventeen thousand a day, we had 
 better not insist upon style and no patches. On the contrary, ought 
 we not do all in our power to make the pastors and teachers already 
 in the work last as long as God’s grace enables them to serve our 
 congregations and Christian schools ? Even when they think of laying 
 down the burden, ought we not to encourage them to bear it longer? 
 Let us help them to labor on. Let us bear with them. Every man 
 persevering at his post helps to release some one who can be sent to 
 the front trenches. Every day longer that you hold out at home has 
 this salutary effect, that it enables the Church of God to send out 
 some one else to the heathen. During the late war, in hunger-ridden 
 Germany, if anybody would have deliberately taken bread, meat, or 
 other life-preserving victuals and wasted them publicly, — would he 
 not have been punished? Verily, he might have been mobbed, and it 
 is doubtful whether he would have found any sympathy, even in the 
 halls of justice, since, virtually, he was a murderer, because in conse- 
 quence of his wastefulness somebody was being starved to death. 
 Why, then, do we see men about to quit work in the Lord’s vineyard 
 or already standing idle who could still very well do service? And 
 why are we not troubled about it? If we investigate, we shall find 
 that in the depths of our heart there is indifference to soul-murder. 
 If there were not, would not some of the waste that has been going 
 on in our own midst have troubled us and driven us into a rage? 
 Let the conviction live amongst us that it is a duty to conserve our 
 man-power, and that it is a sin to waste it, and we shall always have 
 plenty of men to spare to send to the heathen. 
 
 So much for o\ar task in China. We have found it to be a great 
 task. But it is not a hopeless one. The Gospel of Christ is mighty 
 to save the Chinese as well as the Americans. The really difficult 
 part of our task has already been accomplished through the precious 
 blood of the Son of God and is continually being carried through to 
 a triumphant end by the work of the Holy Spirit. For us it but 
 remains prayerfully and cheerfully to submit to His guidance, and 
 the victory is won. 
 
26 
 
 ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS. 
 
 Are there autos in Hankow? — Yes, for the rich business men, 
 foreign and Chinese, in the Concessions. The missionaries can hardly 
 use them, for the longest road available goes only seven miles out 
 into the country. Beyond that — the wheelbarrow. 
 
 What do the farmers raise ? — In China there are no farmers, 
 only gardeners. They raise rice, wheat, oats, millet, soy-beans, sweet 
 potatoes, and a wealth of vegetables, also many fruits. They also 
 raise cotton, hemp, sesamum, tea, vegetable wax, and many kinds of 
 drugs and dyestuffs; also mulberry-trees for the silkworms. Their 
 animals are few : the water-buffalo, the donkey, the Manchurian pony, 
 the razor-backs; also chickens and ducks< 
 
 What wages do the Chinese pay ? — That depends. A common 
 tailor or a copper-hammerer will get as low as 7 cents a day. A mill- 
 hand gets 3 dollars a month. A carpenter, 25 cents a day. Our 
 teachers and evangelists are paid 6 .to 7 dollars a month. But if 
 a man can do work that will satisfy a foreigner, he expects and gets 
 a good deal more. 
 
 Is traveling cheap? — Yes, very cheap, if you put up with con- 
 ditions. A Chinaman who will sleep anywhere on deck and eat bare 
 rice can get from Hankow to Shanghai on a fast-running, lai^e 
 steamer for 2 dollars. Many missionaries travel first-class Chinese, 
 which means a good state-room and good Chinese food the same way 
 for about 6 dollars. But their rooms are not heated in winter and 
 have no fan in summer. Besides, they must take with them their 
 bed-clothing, as the bunk contains only a mattress. As burden- 
 carriers are cheaply obtained, this is no hardship. If one wants 
 foreign food and foreign accommodations, the same trip may cost 
 17 to 25 dollars. 
 
 Do the Chinese still wear queues ? — Barely. If so, they are 
 liable to be chopped off when they come to Hankow. 
 
 Are your evangelists all Christians? — Yes, and as far as our 
 knowledge goes, we could ordain at least one of them. The teachers, 
 too, are almost all Christians. The few who are not are catechumens, 
 who are either not allowed to teach religion or help at doing it in 
 such a way that the work is virtually done by the missionary. 
 
 Are your Christians contributing any money to support the mis- 
 sion? — Yes, a little. Perhaps we should have devoted more time and 
 pains to teach them systematic giving in spite of the small amounts 
 (in United States money) that they are able to pay; for if wisely 
 and economically expended by them, they can do a great deal of 
 church- work with a small amount of money. For school purposes our 
 mission-pupils have probably already paid some 2,500 dollars in 
 
27 
 
 United States gold these nine years. As to other contributions, we 
 have been urging them continually to help us in mission-work. That 
 counts most and has often been done. 
 
 Will the Chinese stand firm in times of temptation ? — Trials 
 and temptations sift the Chinese just as well as they do us. We have 
 had some sad cases of backsliding where least expected. But we have 
 also experienced the reverse. One of our first Christians persisted in 
 praying aloud daily every morning, although beaten for it. A car- 
 penter’s wife was so indignant because her husband wanted to become 
 a Christian that, when the missionary called in his absence, she would 
 follow him with vile language as long as she could see him. Yet he 
 became a Christian. He did not even use violence to bring her to 
 terms, although Chinese custom would have permitted that. An old 
 lady’s son was so embittered at the idea of his mother’s becoming 
 a Christian that he declared to her face that she was not his mother — 
 an insult of which a decent heathen would never have become guilty. 
 Yet at the appointed time she was there to receive baptism, and her 
 only sorrow was that her little grandson, that father’s son, could not 
 he baptized with her. Whenever he is not at home, the little boy is 
 always in church at her side, and her constant hope and prayer is 
 that he may yet come to Jesus. Even children have refused to wor- 
 ship the idols, though beaten. They were good children, too. 
 
 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION. 
 
 Read our synodical papers. The articles which have so far ap- 
 peared about our China Mission are found in — 
 
 Missionsbriefe, Vols. I — lY, 1911 — 1916. A small number of 
 copies, not quite complete, are yet to be obtained from E. L. Arndt, 
 c. o. Rev. Lor. Meyer, 11 Milan Place, French Concession, Hankow. 
 Price, 75 cts. in United States 5-cent stamps. 
 
 Missionstaube, 1913 ff., especially after 1917. 
 
 Lutheraner, 1917 ff. 
 
 Lutheran Witness, 1917 ff. 
 
 Wanim will es in China nicht schneller licht werden? Sold by 
 Concordia Publishing House, St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 Good books on China can be found in every public library. H 
 they should not have them, vT-ite to the proper officials and get them 
 to buy them for you ; — 
 
 Wells, William, The Middle Kingdom. New York. Scribner’s, 
 1907. 
 
 Couling, Samuel, Encyclopaedia Sinica. London. Oxford Univ, 
 Press. 1917. 
 
 Bashford, J. W., China; an Interpretation. New York. Abingdon 
 Press. 
 
28 
 
 Hirth, Fr., The Ancient History of China. New York. Columbia 
 University. 1908. 
 
 Li Ung Bing, Outlines of Chinese History. Shanghai. Commer- 
 cial Press. 1914. 
 
 Ross, E. A., The Changing Chinese. New York. Century. 1911. 
 
 King, F. H., Farmers of Forty Centuries. New York. Mac- 
 millan. 
 
 Hawkins, Geography of China. Shanghai. Commercial Press. 
 
 Smith, A. H., Village Life of China. New York. Eevell. 1899. 
 
 Du Bose, The Dragon, the Image, and the Demon. New York. 
 Armstrong & Son, 714 Broadway. 
 
 Soothill, W. E., The Three Religions of China. London. Hodder 
 and Stoughton. 1913. 
 
 Groot, J. J. M., The Religion of the Chinese. New York. Mac- 
 millan. 1910. 
 
 Soothill, A Mission in China. Edinburgh. Oliphant, Anderson, 
 and Ferrier. 
 
 If you have any more questions or requests, write to any of our 
 missionaries, whose addresses you will find in the Lutheran Annual. 
 If your questions are of general interest, they may be answered in 
 the synodical papers. 
 
 The following sets of slides may be obtained from the Board of 
 Foreign Missions through Rev. Herm. Hohenstein, 3506 Caroline St., 
 St. Louis, Mo. : — 
 
 1. Our Mission in China. 
 
 2. Heathendom in China. 
 
 3. The Making of a Missionary. 
 
 4. All China for Christ. 
 
 5. China’s Only Hope. (The latter is in the possession of the 
 
 Walther League, 6638 Eggleston Ave., Chicago, 111.)