Columbia 5Snit)er^ttp CoUcge of ^tpsiicians anb ^urgeonsJ Hibrarp I* Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2010 with funding from Open Knowledge Commons http://www.archive.org/details/mineralmetabolis01forb Picric S. Lee OdnmlMa Univerattf Houy Vnrlr, THE MINERAL METABOLISM OF THE MILCH COW FIRST PAPER OHIO Agricultural Experiment Station WOOSTER, OHIO, U. S. A., APRIL, 1916 BULLETIN 295 The Bulletins of this Station are sent free to all residents of the State who request them. When a change of address is desired, both the old and the new address should be given. All correspondence should be addressed to EXPERIMENT STATION, Wooster, Ohio OHIO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BOARB OF CONTBOL George E. Scott, President Mt. Pleasant Charles Flumerfelt Old Fort Martin L. Ruetenik Cleveland Horatio Markley Mt. Gilead Gr. E. JOBE I Cedarville ■ ^«> ■ William H. Kramer, Secretary-Treasurer ■ M*^ • STATION STAFF Charles E. Thorne, M. S. A., Director DEPARTMENTAL ORGANIZATION ADMINISTRATION The Director, Chief William H. Kramer, Bursar W. K. Greenbank, Librarian L. L. RuMMELL, B. S., Editor P. M. Lutts, In Charge of Exhibits W. J. Holmes, Printer Dora Ellis, Mailing Clerk E. J. HousER, Photographer , Glenn Hall, Engineer AGRONOMY C. G. Williams, Chief F. A. Welton, B. S., Associate William Holmes, Far^n Manager C. A. Patton, Assistant C. A. Gearhart, B. S., Assistant E. C. MORR, Office Assistant C. H. Lebold, Asst. Foreman ANIMAL HUSBANDRY B. E. Carmichael, M. S., Chief J. W. Hammond, M. S., Associate Don C. Mote, M. S., Assistant W. J. Buss, Assistant W. L. ROBISON, B. S., Assistant D. G. SwANGER, Assistant Anthony Russ, Herdsman E. C. Schwan, Shepherd (Carpenter) BOTANY A. D. Selby, B. S., Chief True Houser, B. S., Asst. (Germantown) F. K. Mathis, Office Assistant D. C. Babcock, a. B., Assistant Richard Walton, B. S., Assistant J. G. Humbert, B. S., Assistant CHEMISTRY J. W. Ames, M. S., Chief Geo. E. Boltz, B. S., Assistant J. A. Stenius, B. S., Assistant C. J. ScHOLLENBERGER, Assistant Mabel K. Corbould, Assistant T. E. Richmond, M. S., Assistant CLIMATOLOGY C. A. Patton, Observer DAIRYING C. C. Hayden, M. S., Chief A. E. Perkins, M. S., Assistant T. R. Middaugh, Office Assistant ENTOMOLOGY H. a. Gossard, M. S., Chief J. S. Houser, M. S. A., Associate W. H. Goodwin, M. S., Assistant R. D. Whitmarsh, M. S., Assistant J. L. King, B. S., Assistant FORESTRY Edmund Secrest, B. S., Chief J. J. Crumley, Ph. D., Assistant A. E. Taylor, B. S., Assistant J. W. Calland, B. S., Assistant D. E. Snyder, Office Assistant HORTICULTURE W. J. Green, Vice Director, Chief F. H. Ballou, Assistant (Newark) Paul Thayer, M. S., Assistant C. W. Ellenwood, Office Assistant Ora Flack, Foreman of Orchards W. E. Bontrager, Foreman of Grounds C. G. Laper, Foreman of Greenhouses J. B. Keil, Orchard Assistant S. N. Green, Garden Assistant NUTRITION E. B. Forbes, Ph. D., Chief F. M. Beegle, B. S., Assistant Charles M. Fritz, M. S., Assistant L. E. Morgan, M. S., Assistant S. N. Rhue, B. S., Assistowt SOILS The Director, Chief C. G. Williams, Associate in soil fertility investigations J. W. Ames, M, S., Asso. in soil chemistry E. R. Allen, Ph. D., Asso. in soil biology H. Foley Tuttle, M. S., Assistant B. S. Davisson, M. a.. Assistant A. Bonazzi, B. Agr., Assistant W. C. Boardman, B. S., Assistant Oliver Gossard, B. S., Assistant Clin H. Smith, B. S., Assistant FARM MANAGEMENT C. W. Montgomery, Chief F. N. Meeker, B. A., Executive Assistant H. L. Andrew, B. S., Assistant District Experiment Farms Northeastern Test-Farm, Strongsville J. Paul Markley, Resident Manager Southwestern Test-Farm, Germantown Henry M. Wachter, Resident Manager Southeastern Test-Farm, Carpenter H. D. Lewis, Resident Manager County Experiment Farms Miami County Experiment Farm, Troy Geo. R. Eastwood, B. S., Agent in Charge Northwestern Test-Farm, Findlay John A. Sutton, Reisdent Manager Paulding County Experiment Farm. Paulding H. A. Ray, Foreman Clermont Co. Experiment Farm. Owensville H. S. Elliott, Foreman Hamilton Co. Experiment Farm, Mt. Healthy D. R. Van Atta, B. S., Agent in Charge Washington County Experiment Farms, Fleming and Marietta E. J. RiGGS, B. S., Agent in Charge Mahoning Co. Experiment Farm, Canfleld D. W. Galehouse, A£rent in Charge Trumbull Co. Experiment Farm. Cortland M. O. BuGBY, B. S., Agent in Charge. BULLETIN OF THE Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station Number 295 April, 1916 THE MINERAL METABOLISM OF THE MILCH COW FIRST PAPER E. B. FORBES AND F. M. BEEGLE, WITH COLLABORATION BY C. M. FRITZ. L. E. MORGAN AND S. N. RHUE The dairy cow greatly excels any of the other farm quadrupeds in the rapidity and efficiency with which she produces proteid and mineral nutriment ; and since the cow is only a transformer, but in no sense a creator of these nutrients her maximum productive capacities depend on food requirements for the kinds of nutriment especially involved which are commensurate with her remarkable functional activity. The unusual requirement of the cow for protein in the ration is universally recognized, and receives that attention which its import- ance demands. The mineral requirements of the milch cow, how- ever, have received but scant recognition. There is in the literature almost no evidence on the subject, and we ordinarily assume that cows get enough mineral matter in the ration at all times. The results of this experiment show that in this assumption we have been in error, and that we have important facts yet to learn regard- ing the mineral metabolism and requirements of milch cows. Objects. — In this experiment we sought to study the mineral income and outgo of the milch cow on common practical rations, especially as influenced by the protein concentrates and by the type of roughage fed, and also to study the effects of these same factors on the digestibility of the rations. The rations fed were the following: Corn, cottonseed meal, timothy hay, corn silage Corn, cottonseed meal, clover hay Corn, cottonseed meal, clover hay, corn silage Corn, distiller's grains, clover hay, corn silage Corn, linseed oilmeal, clover hay, corn silage Corn, gluten feed, clover hay, corn silage These rations, therefore, afford a basis for the comparison of clover and timothy hay, and of the common commercial nitrogenous concentrates. (323) 324 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 295 METHOD OF EXPERIMENTATION This investigation was conducted during January, February and March, 1915, by the usual method of the metaboHsm experi- ment, involving the collection, sampling and analysis of food, urine, feces and milk. Six cows were purchased for this investigation. Five of them were grade Holstein-Friesians, and one was purebred. The cows were from 3 to 5 years of age, and all were fresh from 4 to 6 weeks before the experiment began. The conditions under which the experiment was conducted made it impossible to breed the cows dur- ing its course, and none had been bred at the time the experiment began. The cows were used in two groups of three each, three cows to a ration. After a preliminary feeding of 3 weeks, to accustom the cows to the place, the rations and the routine, the experiment began on January 8. The experiment covered three collection periods, mostly of 19 or 20 days' duration, separated by 10-day intervals on the feed of the next period to follow, the changes in the rations being made abruptly at the beginning of the intermediate periods. While abrupt changes in the feeding of animals are, of course, to be avoided, they were on certain accounts necessary in this experi- ment. In no case did they alter the general character of the ration or throw the cows off feed. The cows were confined in stalls built for the purpose of this study, so constructed as to prevent waste of food, and to allow the cows some freedom to move about, and to lie down in comfort. The stalls were situated in the Nutrition Building. The cold-storage rooms, so important to the investigation, were directly across a hall- way from the experiment room. For bedding the cows were pro- vided with mattresses made of burlap and excelsior, and covered with heavy canvas. The foods were assembled before the experiment began. All of those used in a 20-day period were weighed out at one time before the beginning of the period, and were sampled for analysis at the time of weighing. For convenience in weighing, sampling and stor- age, and for the prevention of waste in feeding, the roughage was all fed cut. All dry feeds, both grain and roughage, were weighed into paper bags. The silage was weighed into burlap bags and stored in a refrigerated room at a temperature of 0° F. Salt was fed in chemically pure form, mixed with the grain. The drinking water was distilled, and was allowed ad libitum. METABOLISM OF THE MILCH COW 325 The experimental day began and ended at 6:30 a. m., and the cows were weighed at 8 : 00 a. m. on the first and last 5 days of each experimental period. The cows were milked into weighed pails from two to four times during the 24 hours, as required in each case to prevent loss of milk from the udder while the cows were lying down. It was also necessary with certain cows to close the teats after each milk- ing by the use of elastic collodion. The portions of milk were weighed as soon as drawn, and were then poured into cans, one for each cow, and kept in a refrigerated room until the end of the day, when aliquot samples for analysis were taken, by weight. These daily aliquots were combined, the composite samples being stored in gallon varnish cans in a refrigerated room at a temperature of 0° F, The urine was caught in pails by attendants sitting behind the cows. The urine portions as caught were poured into bottles, one for each cow, the transfer being completed with distilled water. The bottles were coated inside with thymol. These bottles were emptied three times daily into larger storage bottles, also coated with thymol, and kept in a refrigerated room at a temperature of 32° F. At the end of each day these larger storage bottles were taken to a laboratory room; the urine was measured, and aliquots were taken, by volume, for analysis. Certain aliquots were used for daily determinations ; others were preserved at 0°F. ; still others, at 32° F. The feces were caught in weighed pails or scoop shovels, and after weighing, were transferred to friction-top cans and placed in the cooler. The feces portions from each cow were mixed each day, and aliquots were taken by weight and preserved at 0° F. All cans, pails, bottles, etc. were cleaned with distilled water at a laundry sink in the experiment room. These receptacles were then dried on a large steam table in the same room. Three attendants, with a pail on each knee, sat behind the six cows during all the time the cows were standing. Relaxation of attention was allowed only while the cows were lying down. During this time weighed scoop shovels were especially useful, as also were emergency pans in the gutter behind each cow, since the cows fre- quently passed both urine and feces while reclining. The help required for the conduct of this experiment was as indicated below : Six men (two shifts of 12 hours each) to sit behind the cows. One man to do most of the milking, to water the cows, to relieve those sitting behind the cows, to handle the milk and cream, and to do miscellaneous labor. 326 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 295 Three chemists (three shifts of 8 hours each) to weigh the urine, feces and milk, to care for these products, to clean the recep- tacles, and to guarantee the fidelity of the men behind the cows. One chemist to do the feeding and the daily sampling and chemical work. One helper for this last-mentioned chemist. ' One man to operate the refrigerating plant. The experiment, therefore, required full time from 13 men, in addition to the general direction of the head of the department. In subsequent work it has been found much better to use another shift of three men behind the cows, thus reducing the working day of those engaged in the collection of the excreta to eight hours ; it was also found desirable to milk and to feed all of the cows four times daily, and to provide another man to do half of the milking at morn- ing and night and all of the milking at midnight. In the later work, then, we used a total of 17 men. The temperature of the experiment room was kept as nearly as possible at 50° F. in order to keep the cows' appetites keen. Before the experiment began the cows were producing about 40 pounds of milk each, per day. It was impossible to keep them up to this production, however, because of various conditions essen- tial to the experiment, especially the disturbance of night and day attendance by a considerable number of men, and the necessity of restricting the rations so that they would be consumed without waste. On account of the amount of analytical work involved in our complete mineral balances, with other lines of observation added, and because there would be no assurance that the refused feed would be sufficient in quantity for the many chemical deter- minations made, it was considered highly desirable that the foods weighed to the cows be consumed without waste. In this we were entirely successful, without other compromise than a certain reduc- tion of food consumption and of milk yield, which in no way vitiated the results of the investigation. The average daily yield of milk during the experiment was 36.1 pounds, which was satisfactory from our point of view, inasmuch as it is neither so large nor so small as to detract from the bearing of the results on the operations of the practical feeder. RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENT Table I, page 334, states the average daily amounts of foods consumed, the milk produced and the live weights of the cows. It was our wish to keep the cows as nearly as possible at a constant METABOLISM OF THE MILCH COW 327 weight. In 10 cases out of 18 there was shght gain in weight; in 1 case, no change in weight; and in 7 cases, sHght loss in weight. Five out of the six cows gained in weight during the experiment as a whole. The average change in weight was a gain of 3 ounces per head per day. The composition of the foods and milk, and the amounts of the several constituents of the rations, milk, urine and feces are stated in Tables II-VII, pages 335 to 341. These records are included for convenient reference, and do not require discussion. The most important results of the investigation are set forth in Tables VIII, IX and X, covering Experimental Periods I, II and III, on pages 342 to 344. These tables exhibit the average daily- amount of each of the constituents determined in the food, milk, urine and feces, and the final balance of income and outgo for each. The + and — signs indicate whether the cow was gaining or losing in her body-supply of the constituent represented by the accom- panying numeral. Table XI, page 345, includes the balances from Tables VIII, IX and X, together with the amounts of food eaten and of milk produced, in pounds. The balance data show that the intake of common salt, about 1 ounce per head per day, was usually sufficient, along with the sodium and chlorine of the rest of the ration, to maintain sodium and chlorine equilibrium, though there were 4 negative sodium bal- ances and 5 negative chlorine balances out of 18 of each. A more liberal allowance of salt would not be excessive, and might be of benefit. The greatly increased sodium retention, without corres- ponding storage of chlorine, exhibited by Cows 4, 5 and 6 in Period III, was due to the influence of the gluten feed, which contained more sodium than the foods used in other periods. We have also noted, in studies with swine, a large measure of independence in the metabolism of sodium and chlorine. Of the potassium balances 5 out of the 18 were negative, 4 of these being with Cows 5 and 6 in the consecutive Periods II and III. In Period II the potassium intake of these cows was 85.7 grams per day, and the loss was slight (0.020 and 1.265 grams). In Period III the intake was increased to 111.672 and 115.569 grams, and the negative balance increased to 0.514 and 6.832 grams, respectively. It is probable that these losses are unimportant, and that they rep- resent simply fluctuations in the body-supply, which, in general, tends to remain somewhat nearly constant, since there is no means, in the body, of storing this element in considerable quantity. 328 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 295 Without exception there was loss of calcium and magnesium, and in 15 cases out of 18 a loss also of phosphorus. The low calcium content of the ration containing timothy hay, and fed to Cows 1, 2 and 3 in Period I, is naturally reflected in maxi- mum losses of calcium. The feeding of clover hay, as in all other periods, reduced the calcium loss, but the reduction did not corres- pond to the increased intake. The calcium, on some account, was poorly utilized. In general the feces calcium was surprisingly nearly the same in amount as the food calcium, though the amounts of both varied widely; the urine calcium was in very small quantity, while the negative calcium balance (the loss of calcium) was of about the same amount as the calcium in the milk. In Period I, Cows 1, 2 and 3, with a calcium intake of 18 to 21 grams excreted 23 to 24 grams in the feces ; Cows 4, 5 and 6, with a calcium intake of about 40.5 grams excreted in the feces 44 to 46 grams. In Period II, Cows 1, 2 and 3, with a calcium intake of 52.4 grams excreted in the feces 47 to 50 grams ; Cows 4, 5 and 6, with a calcium intake of 42.5 grams excreted in the feces 44 to 46 grams. In Period III, Cows 1, 2 and 3, with a calcium intake of 51.5 to 54 grams excreted in the feces 50 to 51 grams ; Cows 4, 5 and 6, with a calcium intake of 47 to 48.5 grams excreted in the feces 47 to 52 grams. Comparing the calcium balances of Cow 1 in Periods I and II,' we note that the increase of the intake from 17.944 grams in Period I to 52.403 grams in Period II reduced the calcium loss from 25.055 grams only to 14.599 grams. That the calcium of these rations should have been so poorly utilized is remarkable. Its retention was controlled to a large extent by some factor other than the intake of this element. It is also true that the magnesium of the urine and feces exceeded by a considerable quantity the magnesium of the food; while in regard to phosphorus, the amount of this element in the excreta was much less than in the food. The phosphorus, therefore, was much more efficiently retained than the calcium and the magnesium. The amount of calcium required by the cows was, without doubt, much greater than that of phosphorus and magnesium. In comparison with these requirements the supply of calcium in the rations in this experiment must have been much more deficient than that of phosphorus and magnesium. In all probability the loss of METABOLISM OF THE MILCH COW 329 each of these elejaients, related as they are in metaboHsm and in the skeleton, had its cause in the one factor which determined the loss of calcium. The intake of magnesium and of phosphorus may have been adequate, but, since neither of these elements can be stored in quantity except as combined with calcium in the skeleton, a condi- tion which caused a loss of calcium may have rendered impossible the retention of the associated elements. It is possible, therefore, that a change of conditions which would render more efficient the utihzation of calcium would incidentally bring about improved reten- tion of magnesium and phosphorus. These results show that there was with each cow, on every ration, a retention of nitrogen, and in all but 2 cases out of 18 a retention of sulphur, these facts indicating that the rations pro- vided nutriment sufficient in amount, and of the right kinds, to pro- tect and to increase the protein tissues of the cows. This condition, taken in connection with the fact that all of the cows but one gained in weight (here the loss was slight), shows that the losses of cal- cium, magnesium and phosphorus were not due to general under- nourishment. Whatever the condition which determined these negative balances it was of a nature to affect this group of nutrients alone. This means that the animals were well nourished, except that for some unknown reason they were all obliged to draw upon their skeletons in the production of milk. The balance data also demonstrate the existence of an extensive metaboHsm of silicon, the retention of this element from the first ration, which contained timothy hay, being surprisingly large. This storage of silicon may have taken place through the growth of hair, the ash of which contains silicon in considerable quantity. We found no silicon in the milk, but quantities of it in the urine. The computation of the mineral acids and bases of the food- stuffs to cubic centimeters of normal solution of the respective elements (Table XII, page 346) shows a marked predominance of acids in the ration fed to Cows 1, 2 and 3 in Period I. The acidity of the ash of this ration is due largely to the high silicon content of the timothy hay. Approximately half of the total mineral acidity of this ration is due to silicon. The authors have not seen account taken of silicon, in other similar computations of the predominance of inorganic acids or bases in foods. Its relation to the mineral alkalis, in foodstuffs and excreta, seem to us to necessitate an ac- counting for silicon on the same basis as for sulphur, phosphorus and chlorine. 330 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 295 Table XIII, page 347, exhibits the relation of urinary ammonia, phosphates and sulphates to the balance of mineral acids and bases in the rations. The excess acidity of the ration fed to Cows 1, 2 and 3 in Period I caused these cows to produce acid urine, and the total ammonia of the urine was higher than in any other case. Associated with this high ammonia content of the urine was a high phosphorus content. A close relationship between urinary ammonia and phos- phorus was not found, however, throughout the experiment. The high phosphorus and moderate ammonia contents of the urine of Cow 4, Period III, exemplifies the truth of this last observation. No relation was observed to exist between the reaction, the ammonia or the phosphorus of the urine with the amount or the form of the urinary sulphur. No other factor was found to affect urinary sulphur to nearly so great an extent as did the high sulphur content of the gluten feed eaten by Cows 4, 5 and 6 in Period III. The high sodium and sulphur contents of this food result from the process by which it is manufactured. A study of the nitrogen compounds of the urine was attempted, but the conditions necessary to prevent chemical change in certain of these, during protracted storage, were not attained. It is thought, however, that the results of our studies clearly point the way to successful methods of preservation of cow urine for the investigation of its nitrogen compounds. Table XIV, page 348, sets forth the coefficients of digestibility of the rations, the object of this consideration being especially to study the effects of the nitrogenous supplements on the utilization of the nutrients. Certain differences in the digestibility of the nutrients are apparent, but these variations are not prominent, and further work will be required to establish the facts in an unmis- takable way. We see here no evidence that the common commercial concentrates affect, to an important extent, the digestibility of the rations in which they are fed. Certain low coefficients of digestibility in the records of Cows 1, 2 and 3, in Period I, and of Cow 6, in Period III, were due to slight overfeeding. The evidence of indigestion was not especially marked, and the appetites were not affected, but the facts as to these data are undoubtedly as stated. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS From the results of this experiment it appears that a failure to maintain mineral equilibrium must be so common among cows of the more profitable sort that it must be considered a normal condi- tion during the time of larger production, at least if this occurs METABOLISM OF THE MILCH COW 331 during the winter, that is, while the cows are not on pasture. We are led, therefore, to look for results of such losses, in the behavior of cows under usual methods of management. The effects of these losses are observed most noticeably under those conditions which tend to accentuate them ; thus, malnutrition of the bones is common in regions of unfertile, sandy soils, or soils of granitic origin, especially if these be worn through long cropping with insufficient fertilization, and also after seasons of drouth, overstocking of pastures, and deficient food supply. There are in the literature many hundreds of reports of malnutrition of the bones of livestock, as resulting from these causes, and also great numbers of reports establishing the ready response of animals suffering from simple malnutrition of the bones to improved treatment, especially in the way of increased supplies of the mineral nutrients, often in the form of bone meal or of chalk. It is not necessary, however, to go into the field of pathology for instances of the practical bearings of the main point determined by this investigation. Under the best conditions of feeding and man- agement, as understood by practical feeders, a cow often fails to breed during the season following one in which she has been fed for a record of high production. It seems quite probable that the excessive lactation has depleted the mineral reserves of the body to such an extent as to disturb the reproductive functions. Such a depletion is also reflected in the fact of the failure of many cows fed for high production to maintain high records during two consecutive periods of lactation. In all probability the most important results of a failure of heavy-milking cows to maintain mineral equilibrium are not in such prominent effects as we have mentioned, but in an inconspicuous shrinkage of lactation in cows which are apparently in normal condition. Since milk production, in cows such as we used in this experiment, seems to be sustained in part by drafts upon the body- reserves, and since this process cannot continue indefinitely, and since there is in cows a gradual shrinkage and final cessation of milk production coincident with this depletion of nutrient reserves, it is believable that this exhaustion of reserves should be among those factors which catise the gradual shrinkage of milk flow, and that by preventing, as largely as possible, these losses from the body we may be able to lessen the shrinkage and to extend the duration of the production of milk. The time of replenishment of reserves comes, of course, during the latter part of the period of gestation. This process of repair 332 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 295 is most efficiently accomplished while the cows are on pasture, par- ticularly if the pasture contains a considerable proportion of legum- inous vegetation, as indeed most pastures do. Our balance data indicate that after a certain level is reached, in food consumption and milk production, the digestion of the addi- tional mineral nutriment demanded by further increase in milk secretion is accomplished at such a decreasing rate of efficiency that the only practicable method of meeting mineral requirements is through the tearing down of bone tissue, thus causing a loss of min- erals from the body — a loss which it may be impossible entirely to prevent, but which we should seek to minimize through supplying the nutrients in abundance. The overdraft should then be made good as soon as practicable. Whether such a process of depletion and subsequent repair is a part of the most profitable system of milch-cow management remains yet to be determined. The object sought in milk production is milk rather than maximum physiologi- cal economy ; and it is possible that, as a practical measure, we may find it most profitable to exhaust the cow's mineral reserves, at a time when she is able to draw upon them to support liberal milk pro- duction, and then to repay the overdraft when the cow's tendency to produce milk has so far spent itself that the total outgo falls below the total income of the mineral nutrients. A possible method by which the organism of the cow may draw upon her mineral reserves is suggested by conclusions of Bergeim.^ Bergeim ascribes to the leucocytes (probably splanchnic basophiles) invading the intestinal epithelium an important function in the absorption of calcium from the intestine, it being his idea that, by virtue of the phosphonuclease which they contain, they liberate from nucleic acid (probably other phosphoric acid esters also) phos- phoric acid, which dissolves calcium phosphate. This calcium is carried partly in combination with the leucocytes, and is necessary for nucleolytic action. The negative calcium, magnesium and phos- phorus balances observed in this experiment involved extensive transfer of salts from the skeleton to the milk through the agency of osteoclasts. Bergeim considers that the method of their action is similar to that of the leucocytes in the process of calcium absorp- tion, as outlined above, and that the control of these processes is maintained especially by the parathyroid, though other glands, as the thymus, are also involved, mainly as supplies and stores of nuclein. In harmony with this conception we may consider it pos- sible that there is a temporal character of the mineral metabolism 10. Bergeim, Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol, and Med. (1914), xii, pp. 22-24. METABOLISM OF THE MILCH COW 333 of lactation, in the same sense as of the period of gestation — this condition being only partially controllable by feeding and manage- ment. CONCLUSIONS Liberal milk production, on common practical winter rations fed in quantities sufficient to maintain the live weight and to cause regular nitrogen and sulphur storage, caused consistent losses of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus from the cows' skeletons. These losses occurred in spite of liberal supplies of these nutrients in the food. The limited response of the cows to increase in the intake of these elements showed that their utilization of these nutri- ents, on a profitable plane of food consumption and milk production, was surprisingly inefficient. The cause of this inadequate utiliza- tion of minerals, especially calcium, and the possibility of preventing losses of these nutrients stand in need of further investigation. An extensive metabolism of silicon was demonstrated. An excess of inorganic acids over inorganic bases in a ration, due largely to the silicon of timothy hay, caused an acid reaction and an increase in the ammonia of the urine. No important specific effects were observed of the nitrogenous concentrates, cottonseed meal, linseed oilmeal, gluten feed and dis- tiller's grains, on the digestibility of the rations in which they were fed. The results of this study indicate that especial attention should be given to the calcium, magnesium and phosphorus contents of the rations of heavily-producing cows in order that the loss of these elements from the skeleton may be kept as low as possible ; and a liberal supply of foods which are rich in these elements should be allowed after the cow has ceased to produce abundantly, during the latter part of the period of lactation, in order to refund previous overdrafts before the birth of the next calf. The further study of this problem is now under way. 334 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 295 •P ^ (n to 1 i5 ■- ■*-* r-4 OJ to CO CO Pd CO ■n- to CO CSl o CO CO CJ_ in in UC td oc c^; IT. oc in j:; p^ CM I>- oo' od •* 00 s 8 "S in 4-> >• aj'5 -* ^ ^ cr -* CO ^ -^ ■^ CO -* co , '^ "^ ^^ CO ■* CO 43 1^.-=i5 to to to 00 CSl "3 pq •^ 00 CO in ^ f~ M t~ to CO ^~ m '^ in cq t:^ ^ (^ t>! cc oc c: C\ CT oc i>^ ^ CvO I— ^ a^ °S. in o t-^ > (u'S CO ir -^ to t^ CSl t-- x>- to ^ ■<* cr -<* ^ '^j- -* CO -«^ -* ■^ CO ^v <^i^ ,.« ID ITS ■^ oc oo CT> c^ LO s: ^ 2? S3 to a> o ^ o o 00 in in o to oc CSl s c::- s Cvj S s s -* oc a c^ "^ "* ^ to CO CTl oo CJ '"^ -^ a> Cs| S| oc f^l o o o -* -* o to to CS) to to o ^1^ ^ -a i ^ ■<* §8 SS fert " to CO CO CO -* ^ CO IT "\ o oo "•s c: IT LT ^ oi c o ^ J3 o o o +J >) CJ Cq ^ 2 ^ U3 to ^d* Sj3 CO CO in s ^ >. o CO to to Cv] to to tr: t£ to to oc a- oo oc CO ^ ";S 6' c c o ir LT ir o o ir ir ir ir in -<* -* •^ '* ■>* -^ -* •* ^ ^ ■>* '* ■* • c^ [> •"^ cj *i t^ .2 ht Q c c: oc oc c c: c ^ ^ J c Cv cs 5 5 oc > c ^ ,- c c c ,- ; ,_ o p c -^ c c c <= c s c c = p "^ c 1> Cv T- t^ l> I> c: C-- E-> t* o O Cv C' c- ir a c > <= c CS CS Cv c c: c cs Cv CSl -^ ^ C^ -s -fl ■fl ^ cr c cs cs cs ly c^ c- cs Cv ci o- cr a- c: c c c c: c: c: c: c c: c: c c c S • cs c\ cs cs cs Cv cs cs cs Cv CS cq o-c :z;.2 t^ ^3 (1) .9 P- feS >- 1- l-H & . c/; r ^ o rt '^■^ >'^ ? c o^* *" c\ o- •^ > If 1 ti 5 .- cs c Tl ^ tc cs c- •ct ir to 1 METABOLISM OF THE MILCH COW 335 xn Q O O {I. o 2: o in ^ O^ in CD in -# CJi c -* CO to s o CO CM CM o o C> CD r^ o o o CD 000 '-^ CC o d o d d d d d d d d 'Ct* ^ in CM ^ CO -1 ^ rs o 00 00 to CO ()) 3 CM ■^ •^ O >- CD tr> <^ o d o d d d d d d d d d d d s ^_^ OO CO CTJ ^^ ^ ^ in ^ to M* CO en .s 00 3: c^ 00 CO 00 !>] ■^ CM Csl ^ -^ •^ ■^ u o c=> CM o (=> CD 3 o o CD e^ CZ5 ^ o o d d d d d d d d d S <£ dt d u \n c^ ^_, t>. 00 in to ^ in 00 in t? 42 S2 52 3 XI 00 CO c^ 00 in CM 00 t^ in a> t^ CO CO CO ■^ CM CD ■^ ^ CZ> P< o> o C5 000 1 o o c= C3 C=i CZ3 C5 C3 CD d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d o CM CM t^ CO -* '^ in CM CO CM CO ^ b03 S tr~ ^ en 00 c^ -rr en 2 CM CM CM 00 in CD S to ^ CO CM o CD 000 2 «■« CD o CD c^ c> t= CD c> s d d d d d d d d d d d o> o d d d d d d d d d d d d <£ d d c-^ CM t^ c- t- 00 M 1- in o t>- 00 CO CM O) t- CM 1—1 C^ CM CM GO CM CO CM CM to to CO in -* CM CO CO '"' S 3 ■y 3 o CD CD £" o o 000 ^ d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d 3 c^ CO c~ CO C35 c^ 00 C3 ■* CO t^ ■^ m in 2 CO o^ CM CO 05 CO IP 'S Er: CO in in in t^ to -^ o 2 •5 o CO CD CD CD S 2 S o o CD t3> CZ3 CD d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d c -^ to ,_, CM C5 T-H CI> co" '^ ^ T-i t:~ en in t^ 00 c^ t— 1 '^ -^ CM to c^ t^ <1 in to o ^ CO ^ to to to ■=2 tr^ s t^ CO S. a> CM 00 ■^ 2 :i K? CT> ^ 0^ lr~ CJI -* CM en CO CJ5 ■<* CO -* •<* to •4-J 1 Ut gst< '^ he a> 1X> CM ^ ■*. CO CO ^ ""i CO '"^ d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d Oi "^ 00 00 oT 01 ■* ~in~ ~or in 01 en to 00 CJi 00 CO ■^ to P.S CM CM en c^ CM CD CM Ol CM •^ C31 CM S ts s s S^ o '*. CO »~* C3 CO eg tz> CO d d d d d d d d. d d d odd d in f^ ^ CM ^ in CO CM CO CO in CO t— ' CD S s- 00 in in in 00 S CO in to ^ -^ in -^ »— t £3 CD C5 to -^ 2 5 s s <= C5 CO d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d u , OC "^ CO 0^ in to CM 00 S^ t" ?S 'Cj^ c=- 05 to ti- s 00 to C t^ t^ to 'H "^ S Sa a^ t^ « CD £3 ^ ■^ CO -^ to OC t^ ^ CO en o T-H CO CO »— 1 »— H t3 a: CO d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d o [^ CO ■^ ^ > t~- t^ CO ~~o> ^ p;:! S S CM ^5 in Cv ■^ CM CM CM c< en CM 00 P CM CJl CO CO CT a> '-' 3 E^ 0- 5« OO CJl °i « CJ> °\ en a en 0^ c~- e^ o d d d d d d d en '3 P >i s r^ 1 n r J/1 r 1 2 -* i .■3 I c c o c 1 c 1 u > c c c 3j 0) a. g 3 c ._c o c H C C ■5 __c _c C J 5 C •a ^ 'u ►— ( M ;:: ;:: j:;j j:^ p ►— * £ 336 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 295 m 3 1 t— 1 CT> to r-- s 1 o O o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o (U c s:^ lO C^ to in t^ C-1 5 o •-H o T— < o o o •— ' *— * o '~* •"* *— ' 45 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o u 3 fS 00 CM !5 o o o o o 3 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o . o o o o IB SB s t^ Ol 00 Ol o o o o cb o o o o o o o o S" o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o S 00 ITS CO CT> ■* S3 o o o o o o o •— ' O o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o S 3 ;s CT> o a> oo o in 01 t^- Lf5 -* ^ in to •^ i2 s s ft d d d d d d d d d d o o o o o o o o 3 00 a> CD og o ^ •5 o o o o o o o o o o o o *— > ^ o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 00 Ol o> s o J3 in <1 <£> «> vo to to «3 to to t^ to d o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 9J o o o o o s o o o s s^ f— ( lo 1^- CO c^ t^ o to M N M CO C<1 CO CO M CM CO CO CO CO CM CM CM CM CO C^ , , CO ^^ Tj" .—1 in CO CM "^ OJto- o X cb c^ c^ CO C31 rH -* in CO ^~* f^5 M >-; r-1 ^ --I .-1 C^4 •M -I CM CM CM CM CM '-' CM CM CM g o Ol CM CO ^ CD s ■* a> Ol CM s M C^ C^l CO CM CO CO CO o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o Z 0} to oo o ID a> to CO CM ■* o 4-1 1 ■^ 00 m -* CM in CO •"• §8 00 00 g o §8 §8 s § oo oo oo g§ 00 00 g s 00 oo s •o h-( HH « H. t-i « « ^ ^ hH - - h-( - s ^ "^ ^1 &fe o p, "^ 1 ^ M CO -* m to '-' pa CO ■* in to ■"* CM CO in t^ METABOLISM OF THE MILCH COW 337 c 8 ^ CO 00 CO CO CD t^ r^ ^ ^ ^_, CO ro ^, __ CO oo in to Oi CO ^ ?^ o CO ■^ 'd- '^ 'Sa CD CD CO C^I ■^ ^ CO CO CO '^ ■^ CO CO 00 C^q ^^ C^ f~ s: ^ ^ ^ m ^ w 3 00 0-. CO CM r-i cr. CO m LO ■* in -^ oo oo CVI CO CO CO CO a lO oo CO CO CO ^__, CO CD ^ c^ ^ o '^' in LO in oo CO CO in CTl '* J3 s ^ ■^ CO oo CO ■^ •^ Cvj t^ cs, cvi CVI CM CM CM u '^ t- CO ^_, CO CD CD s: ci^ CM CD oo r-( y—i 1-H CT> Ol ^ CO s S r— ( M ■* Tj* ■^ 00 00 00 oo OO Ol CO ^ CM 1 ss 1^5 e^J 00 c^ in ^ ^ •># ,o ,n ,n 1 Ss bt 3 *'■' C*C1 •~* CO ^ o o CO i-H 1" to C^ CO o o o o o o CO oq CO CO CO CO CO (M CM P CO ^ c~q o CO oo CO ^ CM ^__^ ^_j -J CO ■ ' ^* -rf ^* in in m in en en C3 c^ en ,_< o o o cq CJ ,_, CO 00 ^ ^ ^* in in in -^ 'd" -^ o c>- oo in ^ ,_, 00 00 00 in in in oo M a *J 3 CD CD CD ^3- CO in LO 50 in £-s CO cq CD t- c^ CD 00 oo in ^ ,_, r-H '"' *"* ^~* '"' ^ ^ •"• '-' "^ o en CO co ^ OO LO in en t~ l^- c^ ^_, ^_^ .— '"' O o CM c- ,„_, CM CM X ... '" CSI ^ ^ *~* ■"* CO CO CO ia CI rt 'i' CO CO CO 00 o CTl en 05 CO CO CO C^ CO CO c^ 'i" -^ CO oo oo o CVl Ol in in in od oo .•S"" >< Z " -* 'S" -=»■ '53 CT5 uo o c~ e CD a CO (X3 ■'^r 5:- ,— ( oo CD CT^ CO in in Tj* '^ ^ in ^ '"' " ..sj CVJ CM OQ CM CM CM CM CM Is in oo t^ ■* in •* -* •* -* CSI cq CVI 00 CO CO in 00 00 o CTl oo OO CO t^ c^ t~ t~ .^ CO 5-- C-J CV] '"' CM CM CM CM w2 00 oo rt rt C-l CO CO CO CO 00 CO 00 CO en' cn 05 o o M T. s -*^ Cv] oo CM Cvj CM g CO CO CO •^ -cr -* -» ■^ -^ CO u, t^ 00 CO CM 00 o Ol CJ5 "lO m in ^ CM CM in CO CD >.s prt in eg 'is - - - - " - = - = - " = = - = " ~ s 338 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 295 V 00 t— ( ■* o o en ,_4 fS ^ CM t>- t- Ol 5S o C*3 ■* CV) CO o »— ' LO ■ ' ■ ' CO ja -* 00 in -* l-O eg CO CO Ol to to -^ -* LO CD oo 00 'If O J) 3 Ol «3 t^ 05 in •= 2 ^ p. ■* ^ to o o Ol CO ' * -^ " ^ ^ o ^ " ^ s ^ o ^ ^ CM ^ ^ o CM u to M o a •— ' CO CM -^ "* ■* CO -! •-H .-H l-H ca r-( rt rt T-H .-( CM rl rl l-H t-H 1-1 S s 3 «3 -* (NI -* r-- CO (3> ^ f- CJl 00 CT> o o lO 00 00 CM CM -<* to to in ai O) 00 CO ^ CO ■-I oq c^ CO in in CO in to to in LO CM -^ O £ s l>- Ol LO oo ^ in to S ^ 00 O in to CM CJl -=* 00 -^ a 00 o o o o CO [^ t-^ ,_^ 1 CO cq oq CM C-1 CM CM a o ■* t- t-- o to 3 CO CO CM oo 00 »-H "o 00 I>- en f- to Ln to to to c^ t^ to C^ c- 00 00 t^ to m Ol ^ 00 C-Q ■* III < "-H o \n CM -^ C^ »— 1 CO m oo ,_H oo ,_, C-Q ov 00 cq o o M oo oo to 00 c^ to ^t Oi to to ■^ en to I>- CO t>. ,_( oo m ,_, t^ c^ CM ,_, t^ (^ «£ CO LO to •^ -* -* ■* ^ ^ CO in ;?; to g O^ '—' CM o •— ' ,_, ,_, t^ ,_( -^ ^ ^ N CO ■* LD to rA CVl CO ■«* in to ^ CM CO ^ in to -d .9 fc sa f^ >-l - t— ( - l-H - - - t— I M l-H s " ^ S METABOLISM OF THE MILCH COW 339 OO CO M Lo M cn LO LO lO CO ?S ?§ s; iQ " <3> ^ S 00 '— < CO CO CO en ^ --I CO r-H d ^ a r^ ^ t-i ^ « |0 ^ CO CO D Q w o <: w > < o to H CO O o ^ CO c^j in o t^ r^ in Lo ti CO csi in to C^J CO to in 06 ^ Pi ;:::{ CO oo in CO CO CO £3 t-- oo oo 05 CO CO CO CO CT5 CO CTt CO to LO 00 O O iq 35 in CO oo to o to to m LO to CO CO CO to to to °0 [>- CO t~ o o O LO ^ rt 55 OT CM tH i-l g> to in 00 oo to o^ CO rH CJ) to to to "^ ■-< CO r-l to CO CO -^ oo O^ CO CO s se LO H 03 oo oo tZ) oo 2? CO 00 3 ^ CO m m m 1-H C3 .— I •^ in CM r-) 3; nJ H3 " "* o •^ to lo in lo lo 340 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 295 , -p u CO O^ CD o o o C^ LO <= LO ^i* CO *—* c^ CM c^ CO "^ CO CO CT) to CO B^ tD CO LO o t--' 05 ■^ CO CO LO o od CO CM CO ^ a a' S (U CM <3 CJ> LO CO -^ CO s CO ■^ o - ^ ^H 00 CM CO t-~ CM 00 ,_, CD J* 2 t^ CO (O o LO CM OO LO CO LO <£> Ol O o> ^ 00 CO I^- CO o> c- O^ o> OO OO ^ ^ CO (yi CD en c^ s t-^ C-j CO CO o> od CO t-J CO LO CD C^ LO CD [>. CO t~ CO CO CO i>- CD CD CD •^'5 c HH o m a).- cr> CO CM oo CD r' 2? ^ K3 f- 00 ■^ ir^ I>- CO CO CO T-H CM CM L^ LO o o CO I>- ^~* t^ CO CM CO cs in -^ ^ C-^ CD O^ CM CD t^ co' LO CO od CO <£ od o CO CO CM CM CO OJ CM CM CM CM CO CO §s d CM (Tt o CD as lO -^ OO CO LO ^ 00 i>- CM CD e~- 00 CS I>- ^ CTl en t-- CT> •'5 OT o OT CO CM OO '^ t>- CO CO LO c^ O O'i g LO CM cS LO OO lO ^ go' od LO CO CD -^ to CO od CO CO c~ OO o OO Pk lO ;o CO CD LO CO LO tn c -* CO in OO O "# CD LO CO LO ■* CO CD a> 0) LO •^ CM ^ en CJV en to en b« CO CO -^ Ol c- o> ^ CO t^ »— f ^ C2 -^ I>^ CO od LO LO od od ^' CD CO Ol o> O oo OO 00 O C31 a> en Ol CD Ol CJl o Ol a> o> ^ t-^ ^ LO CD to ^ OO 00 CO ^ ,—4 1>- t^^ rH en -^ CO tr^ C3 00 Ol en "<* LO ^ LO CD en oo CJJ LO C^ l>- LO OO LO CD CO o o t^- o 0) G LO LO CO c^ Q C) "*" ^ C3^ ^ co' co' od Lo" ,— H CO od ■a LO CD CM CO CD C3 oo CO CO C^ c^ a-. ^~ CJl 5 !>■ C^ 00 Ol OO OO en o o t^ O 4-> 1^ r~ CM ^_l M- CO 00 ,_, c- ^ CO CD CO CD o 'd' to CM CO ■f-> CO o CO ^3' 00 r^ -* LO CO M CO 00 T-H O LO_ o -* Ol CO CO en CO CO o OO o oo CO OJ T^ r^ t>^ ■^ ^ CXD LO CD LO CM o en c-^ Cji to CO Cji ■^ u CO CO C3^ I>- 00 o en o cn o 00 ai dJ /:2 -j-j w Ui D CO 00 00 LO en 00 CJ) CM LO lO OO CO CD ^ CM LO LO CT> 'ij- CO i ^ CO od ^ 00 CD t>^ CO d od en co' "^ CO CO s o o CO CTi f~ o CM c^ CO c~ CO to s? CO c^ lr~ OO CO o CD en ^ t^ CD t>) ^ '^ LO CM CM M "* CO CO CO CO -^ CO CO CO CO ;^ Q -p ^ _hf C<1 r-t CO CO 1^ t^ lO CM OO o a> 00 ■* CO CO o CM 2 1 00 LO CJl CM CD o LO CO ^ i>- o» CO OO CO CO -* 5 LO__ OJ LO_ c~- in^ o_ ^. •— ' 00* o" tr^ co" >* r_r t-" ,— T -*" Lo" oo" oo" o~ ^' co" cm" cm" oo" CO CO CD LO f- CO o rt i£> c^ lO CO CO -* LO to LO -"^ -- oo r-H O 00 CO ^ ,_( ,_( tTi o- o -^ ,_l 00 "^ LO ^ ;— , XI to O CM o oo CM CO CO -* t~- o CM o s co ■^ C^ t-- CD O in o OJ 2 CO o to CO to to to to LO o CM C^ CD CO CO in CO CT^ CM CM CM "-H C^l I— 1 lU c ^1< OO Cvl 00 CO LO LO t^ o C^ C--^ "* -d- CD od O^ in I>^ 1>^ CM o m CT> LO CM 00 to CM 00 O CO 05 CO CO J3 -* CDO o to CM c2 oo CM in ■^ LO lO cn LO CO CO Ol T— 1 C^ ir- o t>- LO o CM t-^ oo" o^ . o s to o o a^ O o r-^ ^ CM ^ 3 tn S ^S o Ol CO to a> ,_« LO a> 05 ■^ to rH t>- '^ [-^ 1—1 LO CJ^ CO CM CO ■^ T— t CM CD LO S irl CO o LO CO t^ to CiO CO CO ^ o t^ ho ^ CM to LO to to to Lo' to to t^ to '^ oo CD CM ^ ^ CM CM CM CM CSl CM CM CM CM CM rt S en Ol oo to -* ^ ^ to ■^ CO CD 05 CSJ 3 c^ -^ C-- o ■^ ^r in CO CD CM CO CM *o o OO CO 00 to f- LO l>^ to ^' to -cj^ . ^ I^- '■^ ^ O^ tM to CM -^ CM o ■* CO CM CD •— ' cr> CO '<* ^ CO rt ■^ C3 ■^ CM CO <=j fO f^ LO lO cm' LO ^ 00 ^ CO CO CO o 111 in to ^O CM •— ' »— 1 >— ' CM CM CO CO !^ t-- LO to r-. CD o t-- in -* -f to t- 'Tf CV4 -* CM o LO CO .— '£- OV to 00 -f o '— ' t-- o CJ) CO Oi CD M< CM o 'O .-i r-H o CO CM o co' o rH CM M CM -*' t>- CM co' CM* X ^ C-l CO -t lO to ^ C-1 CO -C lO CD ^ c^ CO ^ LO CD n' 1^^ ^■s 'Co «« " i - - - - - M HI t-i M H-t M h— f « ^ t— I M - 342 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 295 Nitrogen Food Milk Urine Feces Balance 000 00 LOCO -rJ'OlOOCO'^ CM CO to CO CM OO-^OOLOrH oo-3*o>-*a> CO t^ ooir5 oo lO CO CT-. S 189.781 33.727 58.668 86. 140 + 11.246 186.391 41.990 50.018 85.704 + 8.679 010C»3CT>i-l " + r-H in -^ CO 'Tj" CM^'tOCO<-H OOLOOOtO I^-oooco) O <0 QO f O LO CMOOOCTJin t-HO-Tj-COCM ■^OLOOiOl coocooin .— IC^tO.— <^^ inOCMOCO C500f~.-I ^ 'O o to C^l SooS'-l mootOLO OOOOiOl + coooo^ (>- LOCM + ■.cot^t>-o oSooSo C0C0O:>lO'-< t>.tO t- QO'^ COCMOOOr-4 COOCOCM-— 1 tT.00t^.-(t— CO CM CM to C^ COCOLOOLO OLOCOIOCO - 1 .— 1 r^ .<* O Co 1 Magnesium Food Milk Urine Feces Balance OOmcOLOO toScMooS ":)• c~-mooo cMOJintooo CO ^ LO r-H in CM CO CO LOOM .^r~mtD LOrtCMCOCM ■^ -^ r-l CT> CMi-H^COtO CM^tcOl CM CM t- --I to CM CM C<1 CM CM CM <0 T-H -t;J' LO 1— 1 CM T-1 1 OrHLOtOCM " 1 " 1 Calcium Food Milk Urine Feces Balance -*COCOCMLn oo .-HOI coo CMCMCOinoO OCTiin^oo .-HtOCOOOC^ Lrt'^^OOCTl SS8g88 T— It^CSOO"^ 00.-l01>-.-l cooooto.-i t^ ^HOOOCM ■*CMOO00 COOOOI>'-H b-OOC5-<*LO t-Hi-H CSICM 1 cncoocMt^ t-H^C^lCMOO CM.-( CM.-( 1 ocoomc^i o.o^to OCMOIOOO Potassium Food Milk Urine Feces Balance 96.647 28.417 12.488 54.214 + 1.528 102.964 30.669 17.413 50.610 + 4.-272 116.664 30.615 18.818 64.231 + 3.000 87.027 20.508 48.313 12.447 + 5.759 87.645 20.819 49.368 13.278 + 4.180 86.932 23.006 43.415 20.031 + 0.480 Sodium Food Milk • Urine Feces Balance CO to CO CD CO CM-^CMLOr— ( co-^oinco CMCOrHO^CO Oi Oi -^ LO <0 T-1t^OO-^00 OCMOOO^ i-H ..:d^ CM -— < C^ .— ( .— I O^ .<* CO LOOIOLOLO OO-^^OOLOO CTlCOO^OCO -^00t-(COCM toir^coi— ICO + oo^^^co ^t-tooo ^tO-*COO COtO-^CMT-H + .2 u •a ht Ri u < Corn 4248; cottonseed meal 1160; timothy hay 3620; corn silage 11340; salt 23.884 Corn 4300; cottonseed meal 1240; timothy hay 3620; corn silage 13600; salt 28.000 Corn 3774; cottonseed meal 1241; timothy hay 5440; com silage 11340; salt 23.274 oo 00 -^ 3 :2 |i 8 ^ iK ^ S3 ^ E' ° 00 S LO 3 '^ ii 8 S ^* "S in 0) -* > 3 O u u in 3 '^ i 1 Xi !^ 3 Av. daily milk S'ield i in oo cjT 00 00 ^'' 00 LO CO Si - CM CO •* to CO METABOLISM OF THE MILCH COW 343 Nitrogen Food Milk Urine Feces Balance o^t^tcco cMinin'^c- CMCMC-CICOCO coin^HLncM cj^t^^H^^a^ 00.— <^H t— 00 got-— OCOCOCO c-o^to[-~ C-OCMtOOl oioinooin t— c:?CMinai mo>coco OiOOLT)^ toocgi^-r- ino-*cooo to ei o-- Tf o^focotno tOO^HOVtO cDoor-iin CO CO + tooo^^a- CO CO tOOOi-l-* " "+ COOOOicO eg .—1 + cgoocoin + COOO^rH CO CM Phosphorus Food Milk Urine Feces Balance a2-*.-HCMai OOO'-i'-l ina^cM^j'O' cj>^c-iooo oi CO.-! in CO .-ICMOO[--tD inoc^.— -tOOOC-- cocnoc^-^ oocootoo - 1 ooinoincM CT).-(OOCM 1 OlOOCMCO OiT-HOOiCO 1 Chlorine Food Milk Urine Feces Balance in CO 00 CO to too^l^~co Ca -^ CTi imT) t»c-mLOcq COtOI>-05 t>- COCO^.-HOO C>CM-^^^CO CJIOO^OCJI coortioin 'OCQCOI>-t>- OlOO'^OLO COLO^r-LO CO CM CO CM^ ^coooo "+ ^toocr>o CMt— « 1 S2°^Y ^=-; CM tOO'JJ''— 1 + CM-*— 1 too CM— 1 + Sulphur Food Milk Urine Feces Balance 18.894 4.671 2.909 10.928 f 0.386 18.894 4.237 3.382 10.756 + 0.519 18.894 4.409 3.411 10.832 + 0.242 18.114 3.495 3.146 10.338 + 1.135 18.114 3.447 3.337 10.580 + 0.750 18.114 3.976 3.259 9.938 + 0.941 Magnesium Food Milk Urine Feces Balance (MtoomcJ5 .-HOcoc-in CM o^ 0^0^ in in^J'O^CMCM CO CO 01 01 05 LOtOCOI>-CO .— 1 t-OC-^OOO eocoi>--^co C0C0 05 t>- to oo-^inooo tO'^O-tO— i co^oot— to eg CM i-HO> cooco-^co CO t^- CO LOCO OCMI>-tOtO o^c-in-* 1 Oi-HtOtOin CO CO 1 OOt-t-^tO^ " 1 oOi-Hini:-'^ oor-Hirsto-^ "1 Calcium Food Milk Urine Feces Balance 52.403 17.335 0.091 49.576 -14.599 52,403 13.748 0.124 47.964 - 9.433 52,403 15.219 0.067 46.644 - 9.527 42.518 15.299 0.071 44.744 -17.596 42.518 13.624 0.076 46.016 -17. 198 42.518 15.157 0.160 44.555 -17.354 Potassium Food Milk Urine Feces Balance ^to^cooo ooooiinTii" -^ CM in CM ^f (OuOtOCOtO OLD l>- CO CO t-OLrtOi— 1 t~-COCOC75 0' otooo— (in CO00-#tO t- to to to CM + ooc-ot-oq r-iCMC-.-l + + + LO.— '1— ICOO OOCMLm-H 1 LO^toin— I OOCM-*^ Sodium Food Milk Urine Feces Balance O0 000"-ft- eoto.-tO ot^Ttooo eg-^-^'^o coococ^co OtO-— 'CTiCO CO CM CO —1 "'uscooifi + Lnco-^coo + LDtOCOOLO + tn t>- rH r-H '■^ + mc-cocMCM + into-* CM CM + a _o 2 >, a OS u y < Com 3000; cottonseed meal 1000; clover hay 4536; corn silage 11340; salt 28. Com 3000; cottonseed meal 1000; clover hay 4536: com silage 11340; salt 28. Corn 3000; cottonseed meal 1000: clover hay 4536; corn silage 11340; salt 28. Corn 2270; distiller's grains 1730; clover hay 4082; com silage 5444; salt 28. Cora 2270; distiller's grains 1730; clover hay 4082; com silage 5444; salt 28. Com 2270: distiller's grains 1730; clover hay 4082; corn silage 5444; salt 28. Av. daily milk yield 05 inOLOlOLO oo'^oooir- OOOCO^ cocooo-*!:^ COCMIOO"^ OCOOCO^ CO^COLOt^ COCOCOC~lO OOLOCOOO " + o^-'^coO'c:) "+ CT1'*CO'-(0 "+ co^co^^ -*'*COCM'-l CM ^^ ^^-.^tO'—trH Magnesium Food Milk Urine Feces Balance 29.473 2.030 7.308 24.087 - 3.952 32.017 1.508 7.357 28.314 — 5.162 t:^ .-H CO t^ "Si- CO CT> l>- .-1 .-H t— ICXi^CM-^ OO^H.-1COOO 0^"--C^ CJIOOLOCO S^^LOOOO cooootoo T-^ LO -H ^ O CM •—It^^ CO CM CO CM 1 CO I— < CO CM CO CM ca OOr-HCO-^CO CM C<1 1 CO'— iC^-^LO Calcium Food Milk Urine Feces Balance 51.518 16.469 0.013 49.714 -14.678 53.944 16.645 0.021 51.463 -14.185 53.944 15.619 0.014 50.866 -12.555 47. 156 15.548 0.017 44.629 -13.038 48.542 12.959 0.135 52.232 -16.784 48.542 14.980 0.056 48.429 -14.923 Potassium Food Milk Urine Feces Balance t>-tOCOOCM CTl-— lOCM^ COOlOOt— irH LO'^tocn-^ OOOLOOt- CMCOCTJCOCM L0C0 05 00O CMt-tr^C < Corn 3000; linseed oilmeal 1250; clover hay 4536; com silage 11340; salt 28. Com 3000; linseed oilmeal 1250; clover hay 4536; corn silage 14516; salt 28. Com 3000: linseed oilmeal 1250; clover hay 4536; com silage 14516; salt 28. Com 2270; gluten feed 1720; clover hay 4536; corn silage 9072; salt 28. Corn 2270; gluten feed 1720; clover hay 4536; corn silage 10886 salt 28. Com 2270; gluten feed 1720; clover hay 4536; com silage 10886; salt 28. Av. daily milk yield 1 CM co- 14,476 ■*" o - CM co -* in to METABOLISM OF THE MILCH COW 345 a a 2 ^ 1 Tl oo -* CO ■>* t~- <3> •«1' 1 -rj* C^l ,-H o^ cq to o o ai m o> CM 01 ^ + .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ■* 5S t- 8 to CO Ol 05 o CO O •-! O ID ^ CO m r^ CO o eg m ^ -- ^ to oo m KR to •-< Oi ob m ^ tb to m a> -* ^ '^" O ,_, ._H ,_H o .— ( ,— t o .-1 E .c! 1 + 1 + + + + 1 1 + _l_ + + + + + + 1 a u O m ^ '^ en m c- -^ ^ >. jq to in "O CO m •d Q. O o o O O o .—I o o o o o T—t <— « >— 1 S3 3 i + + + + 1 + + -r + + ~r + + -1- + + - + (Tl 00 ^ m CO C^J "* ^ to Oi +J c S O O^ OO csj (M en '~* M !a s CO in ea 2 u o 1" 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ■ 1 1 s t— to oo ..* 00 LfJ m 00 '«# CO s o o i>- O »— < "-H m -* •"• 'J f.^ t- I-- ■v^f CJ to .* O C^ f-t 1-i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 II 1 1 to o CQ 'i' t-- ^ eg SS Lrt c^a o oi oo -* c-q oq c- o o CM o ,-H T— ) to ^■y + + + + + -i- + + + + 1 7 1 + + + 1 1 a m ^ [.^ ^ <£> O rt C-- c £; S ^ CO 00 O T-( CO CO oo '~* 'C oa 00 00 O O --H m o m ^ oq cq to CO CO c- S § c^ 1 + + 1 1 + + -1- + + — + + + 1 + + + ^ m ■* o O O c o o c o o o o o o 1UJ3 CO i 1 rt o o t.^ o c- t— o c- CO CO ^- 1 + 1 + 1 1 + -{- 1 + 1 + + 1 + + + 01 2 5 00 ^ cr m t— ^ ^ "2 a m in E^ to to o- t^ CO c .-. O oo CO ■* CO •># .—( Oi CO o f— 1 CO CO k ^ £ CO CO p- ■<3' CO ■4 CO CO CO >i • t>i ■ >i • >, >i ■ >> >,■>,■ >, >% ' >1 • >, >> ■ t>l • >1 ■ d ' d :d m : rt rt : a : rt . .0 Xi -fl J5 . .c fl -fl ■C -Si ■ £ X, ■ fl • A A ■ J3 • Xi • >. : >> a .43 & • o • > o S3 -'g > : > o ._o o .o ■ 1-1 > o u • ^ ■. o ■ > : o . u > o o ^ : o • > ■ o • u ■ i> : > : o . a ■ A : a :H u 0) c 1 c .9 rt 37; cottonseed meal 2.56; ti :orn sila«re 25.00; salt 0.053.. 48; cottonseed meal 2.73; t -orn silatre 30.0: salt 062. +jm ■ o ^•d — <« li Cm •C^ V (U S ot Si a 5i a g ■a gto 8° ..a 95; cottonseed meal 1.80; salt 0.056 50; cottonseed meal 1.80; .61; cottonseed meal 2.20; com silajre 25.00; salt 0.06 61; cottonseed meal 2.20; corn silatre 25.00: salt 0.06 .61; cottonseed meal 2.20: corn silaif€> 25.00: salt O.Ofi cog COo 'ra '/' t- .- t(0 /'Cvl 00; distiller's grains 3.81: corn silatre 12.00; salt 0.062 .00; distiller's irrains 3.81 corn silao-e 12.00: salt 0.062 .61; linseed oilnioal 2.76; ; com silak'e 25.00; salt 0.06 .61: linseed oilnical 2.76; : corn silag-e 32. 00: salt 0.06 go S * l§ c.-c ..E S3 u ; ..eg 8| 00: Kluten feed 3.79; clove silage 24.00: salt 0.062 .00; Rluten feed 3.79; clove sil.TD-e 24.00: salt 0.0fi2 0-; .-d ..oioj _OD _CC ^ CO EdEdEo CO ^.8 CO Ed ^o Ed "^c Eg m gm ,- 1-,-^ oo^ C-i o— < o"-* o o o a o O o o u U U !•«£ CT> 0> CT> o o o o s S S 1— 1 t-< r-i CVJ C^J eg ^^ (.H 1^ HH h- ( H^ HH ( W 1-. ii l-l W M HH M •^ '"' "* '"' ■^ •^ S r-l « eo ■»«■ \n to <3^ 1 346 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 295 ^ r^ CS ; ^ CM CM CM to CM CM ^ in in OO CM CO CO CM ^' ^ § to 1— t CM to in in to to to s SH !§ CO CO CO CO CM CM CM 3'H s o- in g c~ 00 CM OO OO ^ ^ 5 ^ S3 to to t^ :$ :^ [^ in CM ss o CT. cn t>- in LO B =« oo o- O CO CO CO to to ^ 'S- rsi to to to en CO CO 00 05 s 5S o -^ to to •"• CO CM oo oo 00 CM CM (Nl "* t— ( 1— < e-^ o " t^ ^ 00 b^ to to to CO to to to cq CM H s -^ t— .— ( M ■^ ■* in in in -* ;?■ rs; in in oo 00 n^ !0 -* s Cfi •^ -"^ LT CM . to ^ CO CJ> •^ ^ •* t>. t;- c in to CO to to to in to to to in o o o '^ -* •^ p. cr- C^ to LO 00 CM (U c ,_J o o r-H rH 1— ( ■* to to CO 00 2S o -^ ■- Ol W B t^ i>- !>• S r-J ^ o o CO -^ Oi CM t~- r-i to to ■ ' ■ ' _; CO OO 00 OO CO CO CO ^ ''tf ■* a be 2 CM r-i CM »— < a 3 cr> Ol to to to 00 o> Oi a> to 5S CM CM in to CO in in CM CM CM ,~H CM C<1 CO CM S CM C<1 CM CM 6 Ol Ol o O o ^ CM t~ CM £^ CO 00 ^^ t/3 ' CO in ' CO 00 00 ,_, ,_, ,_( CO l>- C-- to in m 4-1 (2 CS] ca CM CM cq CO CO CO CO s t~ r-^ CM o ^ o Ln o 00 00 in CO Ot 00 oo in in in CO oo oo 05 oo oo ^ f£> c^ -i H-l METABOLISM OF THE MILCH COW 547 5£ B-s EH3 CM 1— I r-H CM T-H in Ol CO C^J CM Cn t— I i-H Oa T-H CM CM LO to ITS CO C-- »— ( C7:t CO CM CO "-H i-l to 1-H CM 00 CO CM in '^ CM CI CM !>• CO 00 CO CO CO Oi CO o 1— < in o^ C\3 CO CO CT) CO 5 O^ CM CM CO ij) CO CO CM in CM CO oo in CO CO CTi CTJ CQ CM CM CO CM in CO CO CO CM CM CM CD CO CO CO CO CO CO -<# '^ ^ oo oo CO CM CM Ca i-( 1-H t-( CD CM CM 1— I to in I— I CM CM CO in in in CM cv] c=> c-^ t^ "^ CM CM in CO cr> CM CM CM CM CM CM "a CO oi o CO t-- cri g^ '^ cvj oo cs] r^ cs] £2 cliu'?- £ « S I. « o tn o «i o o „o „u „8 Oo ..o ..o o fo -t ^C -* CO CO '"' JJ— a>— a>— ^' •- tf rt y rt ^ rt'4- • >> ■ ti ■A -.a • ^ ■ 0) : aJ . : > . o ; u : o : 'iK .-* .■q" . ■ a ■ a ■ ■ c : '. 1 •43 J3 . D (U ■ > k ■ O • o u ■ «j "oj CM og * u « u S y S * og> So o^' og i^y^ t^'r> ti-** t^o oco o" O""' o"^ O O O O B^.Bi <-" W CO -^ 1/5 to o S ^ 2 2 ■=> t^ o fC ^ K C3 cocM'^ca •^CM oo oo oo >- rt g rt S ni o ;5 o ii o iJ ^ ^ (^ ' C^ "^ ,-H ^r , I "^ „^ ■^ g i-i >-( i-i i-H ■-( ir;"u5"ir5 ii)_ D^, 0) in -o rt 4J pj ^ rt OJ^ Q^_ IJ^ (U (U fall OJ bii oj bc^ bjD^ bc^ ho d yj »a wd f> 't^ 'w 'w 3Jg«aJjdgcgc3gd f/j ^ U5 M [/j t 4-» •- -M t- 4^ »•' S 8.S 8.S S = S = 8 = 8 ■j »j hj o 5 o R B S 3 E E 348 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 295 Cn 05 00 QCfl in cv) . en LO lO LO lO a> in o^ 00 r-t in -rt in f£> CSl CD C£> to to 1-H oo Ol cv] in CO en oo 00 to '^ to CO to to to to to in CO in (M CO CO to CO oo in tn to tH -J J o o ci .-I CM CO .-I CM CO .2 &