EPITOMIE 
 
 ART of HUSBANDRY. 
 
 Comprizing all Neceffary Di¬ 
 
 rections for the Improvement of it, viz. 
 
 Plowing, Sowing, Grafting, Gardening, 
 
 ‘ Ordering of Flowers, Herbs j Directions for 
 the life of the ANGLE- Ordering of Bees: 
 Together with the Gentlemans Heroick Exer-' 
 cifej Difcourfing of Horfes, their Nature, 
 i and Ufe, with their Difeafes and Remedies : 
 Of Oxen, Cows, Calves,‘Sheep, Hogs, with 
 the Manner of Ordering them, their Difeafes 
 and Remedies. 
 
 Of the Nature of Marie, the beft Way of Plant¬ 
 ing Clover-3rafs, Hops,Saffron, Liquorice, Hemp,drc. 
 
 To which is Annexed by way of Appendix,a New 
 
 Method of Planting Fruit-Trees, and Improving of an 
 Orchard : Wirh Directions for Takings Ordering, Teach¬ 
 ing, and Curing of Singing Birds,. and other ufeful Ad¬ 
 ditions. 
 
 By 7. B. Gent. 
 
 LONDON , Printed for Benjamin Billingfley, 
 
 at the Sign of the Printing Prefs , in the Pia^t of the 
 Royal Excbmgt, over againft Popis-Htsd-AHi), 
 in Cornhill, 1685. 
 

 Courteous Rtddfr. 
 
 T His Book of Hiistefidry 
 hath been heretofore twice 
 
 Printed , the good Succefs of 
 the firft Edition (notwithftand- 
 |ing it was neither Perfed not 
 Methodical ) prevailed with 
 the Author 3 to make feveral 
 confiderable Additions ih the' 
 
 Second^ all of which were the* 
 Fruits of diligent Obfervatidtf 
 confirmed by Reaibn, and mofb 
 of them approved by his own 
 Experience ; and he under- 
 landing 1 the Table not being, 
 A 2 Afpfae 
 
To the Reader. 
 
 Alphabetically Printed, to give 
 fuch Dilguft to lome Perlons, 
 as to make them. to forbear to 
 Purchale a Book fo Necelfary 
 andUfeful, at.fo fmall a Rate; 
 Therefore to: Comply With 
 their Defoes,,he hath fin the 
 Perilling thereof) taken fuch 
 Care and Pains, that there can 
 be no reafonable Pretence for 
 further Complaint , and that 
 one of the Meaneft Capacity 
 may readily;-,find Remedies for 
 all - Piftempers Incident to the 
 molt lifeful and Necelfary 
 Creatures ; with lnftru&ions 
 for Deftroying all kinds of V en 
 mine, and whatfoever is either 
 . ; . ar 
 
Tq the Redden. 
 
 mi Enemy or Annoyance to 
 our : plealurable Profits. And 
 now that the Book is arrived 
 at a* Fourth lmpreflioh, the Au¬ 
 thor (for the further Service, 
 of the Ingenious) hath added 
 tHbreunto a fmall Tr^d con¬ 
 cerning the Taking, Breeding, 
 Ordering , Teaching , and 
 Curing of Singing - Birds 3 
 Exhibiting fuch Diredions for 
 that Purpofe, as are both Ap¬ 
 proved and Recommended by 
 Experience for Curiofities , 
 worth the Knowledge of all 
 fuch as Delire to Enjoy the 
 Vernal Melody of the Woods 
 all the Year long, at their own 
 Home; 
 
To the Reader. 
 
 Home: And now he doubts 
 not but the Book may juffly 
 bear the name of a Beneficial 
 Jewel, of fmall Price • and que- 
 ffions not: but the abundance 
 of Variety , will Difpole the 
 Reader to Perufer it often with¬ 
 out Irkfomnels, and then let his 
 own Experience, the Mother 
 gf Truth, (when he finds thofe 
 things Eafie and Real, which 
 at firfi: Teemed either Difficult 
 ml Impoffible ) befpeak his 
 Approbation of thefe NeW- 
 Additions which will be a 
 further Licouragement to the 
 Authour, to fet forth a Second 
 Part' of fuch New Experi¬ 
 ments,- 
 
To the Reader. 
 
 nents, to ferve this Age, as he 
 mce Intended to have Referved 
 is a Legacy to Pofterity, for the 
 benefit of the Future. 
 
 Vive, Vale, ft quid novifti reQius ijlif, 
 Candidas wperti 3 ft non , bis ntere mentn. 
 

 j s $^W 
 
 THE 
 
 EPITOME 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ART of HUSBANDRY. 
 
 With the Antient Terms thereof, as they 
 ■ have been tiled in feveral Counties of 
 dupjard : Together with the Chiefcft, 
 Choiceft, and moft Experimental Obler- 
 vations $ as well of Former, as alio our 
 Modem more Refined Writers in Ruffcdl 
 Affair-s. 
 
 Of the diverf £/lldr,t:cr of 'Ploughs* 
 
 T Here are feveral makings of Ploughs, ac¬ 
 cording to the Diverfe manner of Coun¬ 
 tries ; there are Ploughs of Iron, of di- 
 terle Falhions, which is occaiioned from the di- 
 terfity of Grounds and Soyls : Some are white 
 Clay, fome Red , fome gravel Chilturn ^ feme 
 ' B Sand, 
 
2 The Epitomy of 
 
 Sand, feme Barren Earth, feme Marled, and in 
 many places Heath-ground \ fo that one fort of 
 Plough will not ferve in all places, therefore it is 
 neceliary to have diverfe manner of Ploughs. In 
 Somnurfeijhire about Cicefter , the Sharre- beam that 
 in many places is called the Plough-head, is 4 or 5 
 foot long, and it is broad and thin. And that is be- 
 cau fe the Land is very tough,lb as to foak the Plough 
 into the Earth, iftheSharre-beatn were not large, 
 broad, and thin. In Kent they have other manner 
 of Ploughsfeme go with Wheels, as they do in 
 diverfe other manner of places; and feme will turn 
 the Shell-bred at every Lands end,and plough all one 
 way. In Backing*) umpire are Ploughs made of an¬ 
 other manner, and alfo other manner of Plough- 
 Irons, the which generally are good-and likely to 
 ferve in many placesand efpecially if the Plough- 
 beam and Sharre-beam were four. Inched longer be¬ 
 tween the Sheath and Plough-tayl, that the Shell- 
 bred might come more dope ; for thofe Ploughs 
 give out too fuddenly, and therefore they are the 
 worfe to draw. In Licefter-pire, Latlca-pire , York- 
 ptrc , Cambridge-pire, Lincolnpire , Norfolk and 
 many other Countries, the Ploughs are of diverfe 
 makings. But howfoever they are made, they are 
 well Tempered, and go well. 
 
 To knew the Names of ill parts of the Plough. 
 
 T O inform thofe young Husbandmen that are 
 Ignorant of the feveral Names of Ploughs, I! 
 fhall exprefs them as follovveth : The Plough-beam 
 is the long' Tree,above which is a little bend.The 
 Share-beam is the Tree underneath; whereupon the 
 Share 
 
the Art of Husbandry; g 
 
 Share is fet,The Plough-lheath isathinpiece ofdry 
 wood made of Oak, that is fet fall in a Mortefs to 
 the Ploughs beam, and a'fo into the Share-beam,the 
 which is the Kere or chief band of the Plough.The 
 Plough-tail is that the Husband-man holdeth in his 
 hand, land in the hinder end of the Plough-beam is 
 put a long flit made in the fame tail,and not fet fall, 
 Dutthat it may, r ife up and go down,and it is pinned 
 behind,and the feme Plough-tail is fet faft in a Mor- 
 tefs in the hinder, end of the fhare-beam.. The 
 Plough-ftilt is on the right fide of the Plough,wher- 
 upon the Reft is fet: The Reft is a little piece of 
 wood pinned faft, upon the:nether end of the ftilt, 
 and to the Share beam into the further end. The 
 Shelbried is a broad piece of wood faft pinned to the 
 right fide of the Sheath ill the farther end,and, to the 
 utter fide pf the ftilt in the hinder end: And the feid 
 (helbred fhpuld come over the feid Sheath and Sen- 
 bred anlnchj and fogo ipaft the ulidd of the Share 
 with afharp edge, to receive and turn the Earth 
 when the Culter hath cut it- Thereat two,long 
 ftandsi in every Plough in the hinder end, fetaflope 
 between the Plough-tail-and the ftilt, - to hold out 
 and keep the Plough abroad in the hinder end, the 
 j one is longef than the other. The Plough-fopt is a 
 little piece of wood which is crooked and fet before 
 in aMortefs in the Plough-beam, fet faft with 
 Wedgesito driveup and down ■, and it is aftay, to 
 order of what deepnefs the Plough (hall go. The 
 Plough-ear is made of three pieces of Iron, nailed 
 faft to the right fide of the Plough-beam.The meaner 
 fort have a crooked fort of wood pinned faft to the 
 Plough-beam. The Share is a piece of Iron, fharp 
 before, and broad behind, a foot long, made with 
 
 11 p, -> * 
 
4 The Epitomj of the ; 
 
 a Socket to;be fet on the farther end of the Share- j 
 beam, the Culter is a bent piece of Iron fet in a j 
 Mortefs in the'midft ofthePlough-beamfaftned with i 
 Wedgeson every iide,and the back thereof is halt an j 
 Inch thick,and more than three Inches broad) made ! 
 fharp before to Cut the Earth clean; it mult be well 
 fteeled,which will caufe the ealier draught, and the 
 Irons for to lalt the longer. The Plough-wall is a 
 piece of hard wood, with a pin put through, fet 
 in the Plough-beam in an Augure-hole. 
 
 Of the Tempering of the Ploughs.' 
 
 T He knowledge of the.tempering of the Plough 
 is-very expedientand neceffary for aHusband- 
 man,that he may Plough and turn clean,- and make 
 noReft-balks. A Reft-baltis where the -Plough 
 bit eth at the point ofthi .Culter or Share, and cut-! 
 eth not the Ground clean to• the Furrow that was i 
 lately Ploughed,but leaveth a little Ridge ftanding ! 
 between,the whichbreeds’Thiftlesand other Weeds,! 
 All thefe Ploughs Ihould have all a like maimer'of | 
 tempering in the lrons: Howfoever one :may tem¬ 
 per for one thing in two of three places as for deep- 
 nefs /the foot is one,thefetting of the Culterisano- 
 therfand the third is at the Plough-tail, where are. 
 two-wedgesr.that are called Slote-wedges; the one 
 is in the S’ote above the beam, and the other is 
 in the faid Slote under the Plough-beam A fome- 
 times the Husbandman will fet both above, or 
 both underneath \ but always let him take good 
 heed, and keep one general Rule, That the hinder 
 end of the Share-beam always touch the Earth,that 
 it may kill the Worms, or elfe it goeth not truly. 
 The tempering to go broad or narrow,is in the fet- 
 
jlrt of Husbandry. 5 
 
 ting of the Culter,and with the driving of the fame 
 Wedges, Fore-wedges and Hind-wedge , which 
 hould be made of dry wood,andalfo the'fetting on 
 jfhis iharehelpeth well, and is a cunning point of 
 Husbandry, which mendeth and pareth much 
 ploughing it muft lean much into the Furrow,and 
 the point muft not Hand too much up nor down,nor 
 too much into the Land,nor into the Farrow. Some 
 Ploughs havea band of Iron triangle-wife,fet there 
 is the Plough-ear fhouldbe that hath three nicks on 
 the further fidetand if the Husbandman will have his 
 Plough to go a narrow Furrow, as a fide Furrow 
 hould be, then he muft fet his Foot-team in the nick 
 sext to the Plough-beam ^ and if he will go an 
 ordinary breadth, he fetteth it in the middle 
 lick, that is beft for ftirring.andif he would go a 
 oroad Furrow, he fetteth it in the uttermoft nick, 
 that is the beft for following, the which is a good 
 way to keep the Brede found tempered, but it fer- 
 reth not the deepnefs: And fome men have inftead 
 of the Plough-foot,a piece of Iron fet upright in the 
 further end of the Plough:beam,thcy call it a Cock, 
 uade with two or three nicks, and that ferveth for 
 deepnefs. The Ploughs that go with Wheels have 
 ill a ftraight Beam, and may be tempered in the I- 
 ron, as the other are for the breadth,but their moll 
 pedal temper is at the Bolfter, where the Plough- 
 ieam lieth, and that ferveth for deepnefs and for 
 breadth. They are good on even Ground that lieth 
 light, but they are far more coftly than the other 
 Ploughs.', And though thefe Ploughs be well tem¬ 
 pered for one manner of Ground, that temper will 
 aot ferve.fot another manner of Groundnut it muft 
 reft in- the diferetionof the Husbandman-to know 
 when it goeth well'. B .i ' Nccef- 
 
The fyitomy of the 
 
 Nfceffary things th.it belong to a Plough , ■■ Cttrt or 
 
 B Efore the Husbandman begins to Plough, hi 
 muft have his Plough well ordered, and hi! 
 Plough-Iron, his Oxen,or Horfes, and all the Geai 
 that beiongeth to them,that is to fay. Bows,Yokes 
 Hades,Stickings, Wrctheyne Teams. And befon 
 he doth lade his Corn, he muft have a Warn, a Ca 
 piock, or pair of Sleths, Wain-rope, a Pitchfork 
 this Wain is made of divers pieces, that will re 
 quire great reparation, that is to fay, the wheels 
 which are made of Nathes, Spokes, Treffes, am 
 Dowls, they muft be well fettered with wood 01 
 Iron,and if they are Iron-bound,they are much thi 
 better,although they are the dearer at the firft, ye 
 at length the Husbandman (hall find them bettei 
 cheapfor a pair of wheels iron-bound will wea' 
 outfeven or eight pair of Wheels, and go rount 
 and light after the Oxen or Horfes to draw. How 
 foe vet on Moorifh Grounds and foft, the othe 
 wheels are better, becaufe they are broader on th< 
 foie, and will not go fo deep. They muft haveai 
 Axle-tree clout, with eight Wain clouts of Iron 
 two Limpins of Iron in the Axle-tree end,two Axle 
 pins of I ton,or elfe of tough hard wood. The bo 
 dy of the Wain of Qak, the Staves, the nethe 
 Rathes, the over Rathes, Crofs fiimner, the Key 
 and Py-ftaves. And if he go with a Horfe or aMar- 
 to Plough,, then muft he have hisHombersj orCbl 
 Jers, Holms, whited Traifes, Swingletiers, am 
 Tog. ATfo a Cart mad? of Afh, becaufe it is Jigh 
 and like ftufFto the Wain, and alfoa CartTaddle 
 Back 
 
jfrt of Husbandry. 7 
 
 Sack-bands and Belly-bands, and a Cart ladder be¬ 
 hind, when the Husbandman lhall carry any Corn, 
 or other Provillon. In many Countries there are 
 Wains that have Cart-ladders both behind and be¬ 
 fore. Alfo the Husbandman muft.havean Ax, a 
 Hatchet, a Hedging-bill, a Pin-auger, a Reft-au- 
 jer, a Hail, Spade, and a Shovel: Many other 
 things are belonging to Husbandmen which will be 
 rery coftly, therefore it will be neceflary for him 
 to make his Yokes, Ox-bows, Stoles, and as many 
 other things as he can of his Plough gere. 
 
 Whether is better a Plough of Horfes-, or a Plough 
 j of Oxen . 
 
 I N fome places a Horfe-plough is better than an 
 Ox-plough, that is to fay, in every place where 
 the Husbandman hath feveral Paftures; for the 
 Horfes may beTeddered or Tyed opon their Leys, 
 Balks, or Hades, whereas Oxen may not be kept, 
 and it is but in few places that they are ufed to be 
 teddered. And Horfes will go fatter than Oxen on 
 even or light Ground, and quicker in Carriages, 
 but they are far more coftly to keep in Winter^for 
 they mutt haveboth Hay and Corn to eat,and ftraw 
 for Litter: Th$y mutt be well (hod on all four feet, 
 and the Gear that they draw with is more coftly 
 than that of Oxen,and will laft but for a fliort time- 
 The Oxen will eat ftraw and a little Hay,the which 
 is not half thecoft that is required for Horfes,nei¬ 
 ther are they fhod. Therefore where the Husband¬ 
 man hath feveral paftures to put his Oxen in.when 
 they come from their work,there the Ox-plough is 
 the better. For an Ox muft not endure his work to 
 B 4 labour 
 
8 The fyitomy of the 
 
 labour all day,and then be put on the Commons,oi 
 elfe before the Herdmen, all night.without Meat| 
 and to go to his Labour in the Morning: But if ,h« 
 be put in good palture all night, he will labour lufti 
 ly all the day. Moreover Oxen will Plough in 
 tough Clay and hilly Ground ILiT? c wil 
 ftand Hill. If any Difeafe ^.orae to the : Horfe, ol 
 the Horfe grows old,b?uifed or blind,then he wll 
 be little worth: And if any Difeafe come to an Ox, 
 that he grows old, bruifed, or blind,' fora fmall 
 matter he may be Fatted,and then he is mans meat, 
 and as good or better than ever he was y whereas 
 when theHorfe dies, he is but Carrion. 
 
 Of Horfes and Mares to Draw. 
 
 A Husbandman cannot be without Horfes Or 
 Mares, or both, and that more efpecially if 
 he go with aHorfe-plough, hemufthaveboth, his 
 Horfes to draw, and his-Mares to bring Colts-to 
 uphold his flock y the 'Mares mult not bear Sacks, 
 or be ridden upon, or go Journeys when they are 
 with'Foal,and efpecially:when they have gone with 
 Foal,twenty or twenty three weeks, for then there 
 is great dangery forif lhe bethen ridden upon arid 
 let up hot, fhe will caft 'her Foal, which will prove 
 a great lo.fs to him that Owns her : For (he will la¬ 
 bour and'bear'whop (he hath-Foaleds and draw 
 when (lie is with Foal as well as ; the-Horfe. It is 
 convenient for the Husbandman to know when his 
 Mare Ihould be Horfed. It is the common fayingi, 
 that (he will take Horfe within ni'Fteor ten days next 
 after (he hath Foaled, but lam not altogether of 
 that opinion y and if (he To do, (he will not hoid 
 
Art pf Husbandry. $ 
 
 thtretol for that Horffidoth fofee and drive her to 
 It'!'But twenty days'after it is time-enough tobtiag 
 het to £ Horfe,for Otherwife Jhe will not hold to 4 t, 
 eicept fhe be veryeager.of Horfing: And chatunaf 
 be ; known by her (hape,for that will twirlaboutiand 
 i^ again many times in an hour. And thenibring 
 ier'ito a Horfe, and let her be with him a day or a- 
 lights and that isfufficient; for iris' better to keep 
 the Hbrfe from the Mares, than to go with them, 
 for divers caufes, and-that more efpecially for that 
 the Horfe (hall be more lufty, and more 'Foals 1 may¬ 
 be got : But that Husbandman ; that hath many 
 Mares .will have t®o little leifure to attend them, 
 but let them go together,and happy be lucky. Some- 
 men do hold an opinion,that put a Horfe to a'Mare 
 in the beginning of the Moon,after it be prime,that 
 he (hall get a Horfe-foal ^ others hold the contrary, 
 that if a Horfe be put to a Mare in the old of the 
 Moon, he (hould get Horfe-foals. I hold that it 
 maketh no matter whether, for I have proved-it, 
 that a Mare is moft able to bear the Horfe from 
 May- day to St. Banholomews-thy •, fori have Had 
 Horfes that have gone into my Mares both day and 
 night, and at the Foaling time,! have had upon one 
 day a Horfe-foal, and on the next day and fecond a 
 Mare-foal,, and oii the third and fourth day.nexfra£ 
 ter a Horfe-foal, and on the next-day or fecofid& 
 Mare-foal,and on the third or fourth day next gftss 
 a Horfe again, and fo every week of both, 
 whereas by their opinion or reafonH (hduldi had* 
 fourteen days together Horfe-fbais,and othepifouss 
 teen days together Mafc-foalsji; Birtofone tfririgl 
 am ref tain, that'fome one.'Hot#would get'more 
 Horfe-foals than fome other Horfe will do •, ^nd 
 
io The Epitomy of. the 
 
 iikewife a Marc will bear more Mare-Cojts than 
 fome other Mares will do, though they are Horfed 
 with one Horfe; neither can! give any reafon why, 
 except the Luftinefs of the Natures of both of the® 
 are put to it, whether of them ihould have the dp' 
 mination. But if the Husbandman have Mates 
 of divers colours, let him fever them in divers par¬ 
 cels,and let him put to his white Mare a gray horfe, 
 and his gray Mare a white Horfe, fo that he be not 
 all white skinned about the mouth; and to a Mare 
 of colour that hath no white upon her, a coloured 
 Horfe that hath much more white on him, and to 
 his coloured Mare a mean white Horfe of colour 
 main white. And thus ihall the Colts be well co¬ 
 loured. And if a whit? Horfe be put to a coloured 
 Mare, Ihe Ihall have molt commonly a fandy Colt 
 like to an Iron-gray, neither like Sire nor Dam. 
 Howfoever, I have known many Mares that will 
 have their Colts like theiHorfethat gotit,the which 
 is again!! the kind of Mares; for a man had rather 
 get one good Horfe than many Mares that are not 
 fo likely to prove well. 
 
 To carry Wood and other Necejfary. 
 
 I N May when the Husbandman hath Fallowed the 
 Ground, and fet out his Sheep-fold, and carried 
 away the Dung and Muck, if he have any Wood, 
 Coal, or timber to carry, or fuch other neceflaries, 
 that muft needs be done with the Cart or Wain, 
 then is the time to do it. for then the way is like 
 to be fair and dry, and the days long, and at that 
 time the Husbandman hath leaft to do inHusban- 
 
Art of HwUndry. i| 
 
 To cany out Dung and Mwl^aHdfytead it. < i 
 
 I N the latter end of Jpril , and the beginning of 
 May 7 is the time for the Husbandman to carry 
 j out. his Dung or Muck, and to lay it upon his 
 Barley-ground. And where he hath Barley this year* 
 let him Sow it with Wheat or Rye, and the next 
 time that it is Fallowed,the*IhalLcs^w all his LandsM^:; 
 over at every fecond Fallow. But that Husbandman 
 that can find the means to carryout his Dung, and^~^ j 
 doth lay it upon his Land after it be once ftirred,ii 
 is much better for him than to lay it upon his Fal- . 
 
 low, for divers caufes: One is, that if it be laid 
 upon his Fallow, all that falleth upon the hoi- - 
 low ridge* it fhall do little good \ for when it is 
 ridged again, it lieth fo deep in the Earth, that it 
 will not be eafily ploughed up again, except that 
 when he hath fpreadit,' he will with a Shovel or a 
 Spade call: out all that is fallen in the ridge. Andif 
 it be laid upon the ftirring, at every ploughing it 
 lhall meddle the Dung and the Earth together ; the 
 which fhall caufe the Corn to Grow and Increafe 
 much the better. In fome places they load not their 
 Dung till Harveft be done .• This hath been a Cu- 
 ftome on the furtheft fide of Darbyjhire , called Sea- 
 refdde , Halonjhire, and fo Northwards towards 
 Tork and Rippon, and that I call better than upon 
 the Fallow* and efpecially for Barley. ■ But upon 
 the firft ftirring it is belt for Wheat or Rye,and that 
 the Husbandmans Dung be laid upon ftnall heaps 
 nigh together,and to fpread it even,and to leave no 
 Dung th'ereasthe Muck-heap flood •, for the moift- 
 nefsof the Dung (hall caufe the Ground to be Rank 
 enough; 
 
i a The Epitomy of the 
 
 enough: And if it be meddled with Earth, it will 
 laft the longer,and better for Barley than for wheat 
 or Rye, becaufe of Weeds, Horfe-dung is the 
 worft Dung that is. The Dung of all manner of 
 Cattel that chew their Cud, is very good, and. the 
 Dung of Doves is belt, but it muft be laid upon the 
 Ground very thin. 
 
 The firft Stirring, 
 
 I N June is the time to rig up the Fallow, the which 
 is called the firft Stirring ) and then let the Hus¬ 
 bandman plough it as deep as he can for to turn the 
 roots of the Weeds upwards, that the Sun and 
 the dry weather may kill them; for he cannot con¬ 
 veniently plough his Land, and load out his Dung 
 both upon one day with one draught ofBeafts,but he | 
 may well enough Load out his Dung before Noon, 
 and he may load Hay or Corn in the Afternoon v^ith 
 the fame Draught,with no hurt to his Cattel,becaufe 
 in loading of Hay or Corn, the Cattel are always 
 currying or biting, which they cannot dain load¬ 
 ing of Dung, or ploughing. 
 
 The fecond Stirring. 
 
 I N Aigitft-, or the beginning of September, is the 
 time for the Husbandman to make his lecond 
 Stirring, and moft commonly it is caft down and 
 ploughed a main Furrow not too deep, and fo he 
 turns it clean. But if it be caft, it (hould be water- 
 furrowed between the Land there where the Rain 
 ufes to be, that it may be drier when the Land (hall 
 befownj and if the Lands lie high in the Ridge,and 
 high at the Rain, and low in the midft of the fide, 
 
Art of Husbandry. 13 
 
 that the water may not run eafily into the Rain, as 
 I have obferved from time to timeinmany places, 
 then let the Husbandman fet his Plough three of 
 four Foot from the Rigg, and call: all the Rigg on 
 both lide 5 ,and when the Rigg is caft, let him let his 
 Plough there as he began up to the remainder ofthe 
 Land, and fo will the Land both be Caft and Rig : 
 ged,and‘ all at one Ploughing: And this lhall cable 
 the Land to lie round When it is foWni at the next 
 time, and thus lhall the Corn’be favedfrom drown? 
 ing. -j"' : ' - >. 1 ; •"■••d 
 
 ' To Harrow alt manner of Cbm. t .rd*. 
 
 W Hen the Lands are Ploughed!] and the Corn , 
 fown, it will beeonvenient Ch'atthey Ihould 
 be well harrowed,or'elfeCftwVsi Pidge'onsy 
 will eat,devour, and bear awaythe Corns* : It is, the 
 cuftoiTi in many Countries to -havenslf an; Qx-jhab- 
 row, the which is made of fix ftiallfjfi&es of Tiffit 
 ber called Harrow-Bulls, inade eitheL of Afti- or 
 Oak ; they are of two yards longf’&h&ias'Vriuch as 
 thefmall of a mans Legy they havedhotsof wood 
 put thorow them, like-Laths, and ifr every Bull are 
 fix lharp pieces of Iron called Harrow-tynds, fet 
 fomewhat Hope forward, and thefoffflbpflope mult 
 be bigger than the other,becaufethefetfe'beam mult 
 be fafbied to the fame with a fhacklbor with a wyth 
 to draw by.' This Harrow-is gooil Wbreak t'h'e 
 great Clots, and to make much Mdald'pand "then the 
 Horfe-harrows to come after to Mk the Clots 
 fmaller, and to lay the Ground event '■ eft is a great 
 labour and pains for the Ox to go to harrow', it is 
 more calie and better for them to go to Plough two 
 days, than to Harrow one day. It is an old faying: 
 
*4 
 
 The Eplonty of the 
 
 The Ox is nevet m, 
 
 Tdlhe to the Hatrerngo. 
 
 Arid the teafon is, becaufe the Harrow goetb by 
 twitches, and not always after one draught. The 
 Horfi-harroW is made of five Bulls, not above an 
 Ell of length, and. not fo much Ihotted and tinded. 
 And whenthattheCqrn is well, covered, then it is 
 Harrowed, enough • There are Horfe-harxowsthat 
 have tines of wood, and thofe areufed much about 
 Eifpon, and feme, other places where he may border 
 hones, for thofe Hones would wear the Iron too 
 foofi. Ahd thofe tines aremoft commonly of the 
 Ground-end-of a young Alh; they are more than a 
 foot long in,th?;begiuning,andliand as much above 
 the Harrow: as-beneath.And as they wear or break, 
 they drive them down lower, they fhoald be made 
 long before. ;that they are ufed, that they may, be 
 dry 5 for then.'tjley will indure and lafl muchbetter, 
 and flick ths fafter. The Horfes that Ihall draw 
 thefe Harrows, mult be well kept, and fhod welh 
 or ejfethey will: fee foon tired, and fore beaten that 
 they will nokhe able to draw> they muft have Horn* 
 hers or CqUers, .Holms writhed about their Necks, 
 T.relTes tO draw by, anda Swingle-tree fox to hold 
 -the Treflesj -wd:d Jogewjjh Jbetwixt the Swingle- 
 ■Jf$e .and 1 the Harrow. Afld. ifithe Barley-ground 
 ■will notbreafe with Harrows,but, be clotty,it (hould 
 he;beaten With Mauls, and not ftrait down ; for 
 -then the Corn-will be beaten.into the Earth. And if 
 they beat theGIot on the fide, it will the better 
 (break, and the Clot will be the lighter, that the 
 •Corn may come by the lighter. Some ufe to roll 
 ' their 
 
Art of Husbandry. i $ 
 
 thwrbBarley-ground after a Ihowre of Rain, td 
 make the Gronndtobethe evenerto Mow. 
 
 ■b. . ; -i b yA\-.\\-ipt F dlkvr. • 
 
 T \7Hen the ifiafebandmen have fown their 
 V V Pcafe, : Beiiis, Barley, and Oats,and har¬ 
 rowed them, it will be their belt time to Fallow in 
 the latter end of March or April, for Wheat, Rye, 
 and Barley, and let them do the belt that they can 
 to plough a broad Furrow, and deep, lb that they 
 turn it clean,and lay it flat,that it rear not an edge, 
 the which will deftroy all the Thiftles and Weeds ; 
 For the deeper and the broader that ■ it goeth, the, 
 more flew Mould, and the greater Clots lhallthey 
 have, and the greater -Clots, the better Wheat ; 
 for the Clots keep the Wheat warm all the Winter, 
 but at 'March they 'will melt and break,and fall into 
 many fmall pieces; the which is a new Dunging 
 andrefrefliing the : Corn,and likewife there Ihall be 
 but few- Weeds grow upon the Fallows that are Fal¬ 
 lowed! for the Plough goeth underneath the Roots 
 of all manner of Weedsi, and turfieth the Root up¬ 
 wards, that they may not grow: And if the Land 
 be Fallowed in the Winter-time, it will be far the 
 woHe, forthefe three caufes: One is, all the Rain 
 that fetleth, Ihall Waite the Lahd, and drive away 
 the Dung, and the good Mould,that the Land Ihall 
 be much the worfe. Another cduft is,the Rain fhall 
 beat the Land fo flat, and bake it lb hard together, 
 that a dry May coming, it will be too hard to ftir 
 in the Month of June. The thirdcaufe is,the weeds 
 | Ihall take fuch Root in the ftirring time, that they 
 will not be clean turned underneath,the which Ihall 
 
i(S Tk Epitomy of the. 
 
 be a greater hurt tojthe, Corn jWheait (hall bfefowni 
 and efpecially of the time of: Weeding of the feme, 
 and for any other thing, make a deep hollow Fur¬ 
 row in the Ridge of the Land* and let the Husband¬ 
 men look well that the Reft balk it not; for if they 
 do,-ithere willbemany ThiftleS^ndthen theyfhail 
 not make a clean Ridge attheftrftftirriflgian'dfthpr- 
 foreitmuft bedeeply Ploughddvor;el(9:it WiUdlQt 
 turn the. Weeds,clean. ; ,r 
 
 . ' flow to Plough’all mmntr of the Jym 1 ; ; oj 
 
 Ploughs;beiogmadeandttnlpered, aslhave 
 •I , alreadyiexpreflcd, it w.Ukbe convenient todn- 
 fohmithe young HusbandmaohQW'he fhould plough 
 alftftnes of the; tear..,In tbcheginningof the year! 
 aftpr the Fcaftof the it will be time for 
 
 tkiHusb'andman to,go,to the-Pfougbj and if.he 
 haverany Leys; to Fallow otfow .Oats updftr'ftrft 
 ploiiigh therntthat-the Grafs and!thoMofs;ipay ; R[o.ti 
 'andplough them: a'deepfquare Furrow, aOddmall 
 manner of:Ployghings,,let himJookthat:bi$/Eye, 
 and his Hand^nd his Feet 49 agr^o, and thatithey 
 bro always ready the one toforvejtbe qtherjtojtnrn 
 upmuch Mould,, and lay it flat, tbat.it rear jlet up 
 amEdger,' fordfiprear an EdgftHtiieGiiafs and^fofs 
 will: not: Rotund if he fovydt'.wUh WintOfi^ora, 
 a&jWheat or Rye,,as much-Gori}' as toucheth the 
 Mofs., vpill he.drowned ; for that theMofs.doth 
 keep fuch a wet land raoifture ia:it felf. In fome 
 Countries, if a man Plough deep, - he lhall pafs the 
 good Ground, and have but little Corn, but that 
 Countrey is not fit for men to keep Husbandry 
 upon, but to Rear and bring up Cattel and Sheep; 
 
 for 
 
Art of Husbandry. 17 
 
 for otherwife they muft go beat their Grounds with 
 Mattocks, as they do in feveral places in Cornrvdl, 
 and in forae parts of Devon\hlre. 
 
 How to Plough for Peafe and Beans. 
 
 -I’lrft the Husbandman mnft take notice, which is 
 the molt Clayie Ground, let him Plough that 
 firlt i but let it lie a good fpaCe before that he fow 
 it, becaufe the Froft, the Rain,the Wind, and the 
 Sun, may foon caufe it to break fmall, to make 
 much Mould, and to Ridge it, and to plough a 
 fquare Furrow, the breadth and the deepnefs all one, 
 and to lay it clofe to its Fellow :For the more Fur¬ 
 rows, the more Corn ferves, as hath been faid, for 
 a general Rule for all manner of Corns, which may 
 be proved at the coming up of all manner of Corns, 
 if the Husbandman do but ftandat the Lands end, 
 and look towards the other end, and he lhall eafdy 
 perceive how the Corn groweth. 
 
 How all manner of Corn jhould be fom-> and how much 
 mofl commonly on an Acre. 
 
 Ulrlt of Peafe and Beans. An-Acre of Ground 
 ■*- by the Statute, that is to fay, fixteen Foot and 
 an half to the Perch or Pole,four Perches to an Acre 
 in breadth,and eleven Perches to an Acre in length- 
 may be very well fown with two Bulhels of 
 Peafe,that is but two Strikes in other places} and 
 ifthere be the fourth part Beans, then will it re¬ 
 quire half a London Bulhel more and it it be half 
 Beans,it will have three London Bulhels, and more} 
 ifit be of Beans, it will have four London Bulhels 
 C fully, 
 
18 The Epitofiij of the 
 
 fully, and that is half a Quarter, becaufe the Beans 
 are great, and grow up ftraight, and do not fpread 
 and grow abroad as Peafe do. An Acre of good 
 Beans is worth an Acre and an half of good Peafe, 
 becaufe there will be more Bulhels: And the belt 
 property that belongeth to a good Husbandman, is 
 to low all manner of Corn thick enough, andefpe- 
 dally Beans and Barley j for commonly they are 
 fown.upon rank Grounds, and good Ground will 
 have the burden of Corn and of Wood •• And as mucii 
 Ploughing and.Harrowing hath an Acre ot Ground, 
 and fow thereupon but one Bulhel,and another fow< 
 eth four,Bulhels: And undoubtedly one Bulhel 
 will not. give fo much Corn again as the four Bu¬ 
 lhels, though the three Bulhels that be fowed more, 
 be allowed and let, apart. And one Bulhel and s 
 half of white Peafe or green Peafe,will fow as mud 
 Ground as two Bulhels of gray Peafe,and that is,be- 
 caufethey are fo fmall, that the Husbandman nee< 
 not to take fo great a handful.I n fome Countries they 
 begin for to fow Peafe foon after Chriftmas, and if 
 fome places thev fow both Peafe and Beans under 
 furrow,and thole of reafon muft be fowed betimes 
 but generally to fow after Candlemafs , is found t< 
 bea good feafon, fo that they are Town towards thf 
 beginning of March, or thereabouts. But efpeci 
 ally let them befownin the old of the Moon: Fo 
 theopinionof the moll expert Husbandman is, tha; 
 they will Cod the better, and ripen the fooner. Bu 
 I ipeak not of Haftings, for thofe are to be fown be 
 fore Chrifiim, 
 
 Hi 
 
Art cf Husbandry. 
 
 How to Sow Wheat and Rye. 
 
 A Bout Michaelmas is the time to fow both 
 ft. Wheat and Rye. Wheat is moft commonly 
 bwn under the Furrow, that is to fay, caft it upon 
 be Fallow, and then plough it under: Andinfome 
 laces they fow their Wheat upon their Peafe-ftub- 
 ile, the which is never fo good as- that which is 
 bwn upon the Fallow \ and that is ufed where they 
 nake Fallow in a Field every fourth year. In Ejfex 
 hey ufe to have a Youth to go in theFurrow before 
 he -Horfes or Oxen, with a Bag or a Hopper full 
 if Corn, and he taketh his hand full of Corn, by 
 ittle and little cafteth it in the fame Furrow. This 
 loy, as Ifuppofe, ought to have fomewhat more 
 han ordinary difcretion .• Howfoever there is much 
 ;ood Corn and Rye molt commonly fown above 
 nd harrowed, two London bulhels of Wheat and 
 lye will fow an Acre. Some Ground is; good for 
 Vheat, and fome for Rye, and fome for both, and 
 ipon that good Ground fow blend-Corn, that is, 
 10th Wheat and Rye, which is the furelt Corn of 
 growing, good for the Husbandmans houlhold, 
 ind this Wheat that Mil be medled with Rye, 
 null: be fuch Wheat as will-Toon be ripe, and that 
 s flaxen Wheat, pole-ear’d Wheat, or white 
 Wheat. There are divers kinds of Wheats: Flax- 
 :n Wheat, hath a yellow Ear, and bare, without 
 \yns, and is the brighteft Wheat in the Bulhel,and 
 vill make the whiteft Bread. This Corn will wear 
 he ground very much * the ftraw of it is fmall, but 
 t grows tery thick, andisbutfraall Corn. Pone- 
 ar’d Wheat hath no Aynsftis thick fet in the Ear, 
 ‘ C 2 and 
 
30 The Epitowy of the 
 
 and it will foon fall out y’tis greater Corn and it will 
 make white Bread. White Wheat is like pole- 
 ear’d wheat in the Bufhel, but it hath Ayns, and the 
 Ear is four fquare, and it will make white Bread, 
 In Ejfex they call flaxen Wheat, white Wheat. 
 Red Wheat hath a flat Ear, an Inch broad, full ol 
 Ay ns,it is the greateft Corn,the broadeft Blade,and 
 the greateft Straw •, it will make white Bread, the 
 it be the ruddieft of colour in the Bulhel. Englifl 
 Wheat hath an Ear, it hath few or new Ayns, and i 
 is the word: Wheat,except Peck-wheat.Peck-whea 
 hath a read Ear, full of Ayns,thin fet,and oft-time 
 it is Sintered, that is to fay, fmall Corn wringlet 
 and dried it will not make white Bread,but it wil 
 grow upon cold Ground. 
 
 To Sow Barley. 
 
 E Very good Husbandman hath his Barley-Fal 
 low. well Cunged, lyingridged all the deepam 
 cold of the'Winter; the which ridging makes th< 
 Land to lie dry, and the Dunging maketh it to b 
 mellow and rank. And if a dry Seafon comes be 
 for z'Candlenw, or foon after, it fliould be cal 
 down,& water Furrowedtietween the Lands,and ii 
 the beginning of March , ridge it up again •, fow ii 
 every Acre five London Bulhels,or four at the leaft 
 Some years it may fo happen that there is no Sea 
 fonable weather before March, to plough the Bar 
 ley-earth The Husbandman as foon as he hath fow 
 ed his Peafeand Beans,then let him call his Barley 
 earth,and Ihortly after ridge it again, fo that it bi 
 fown before April : And if the time of the year bi 
 pall,then fow it upon the calling. There are threi 
 kind 
 
Jlrt of Husbandry. 21 
 
 kinds of Barleys, that is to fay, Sprot Barly, long 
 Ear,and Bear Barley: Sprot Barley hath rnoft com¬ 
 monly a flat Ear, three quarters of an Inch broad, 
 and three Inches long,the corners are very greatand 
 white, it is the belt Barley. Long Ear, hath a flat 
 Ear, half an Inch broad, and four Inches and more 
 of length But the Corn is not fo great, nor fo 
 white, it will foonturn and grow to the Oats.Bcar 
 Barly or Big,(hould be foon fown upon dry ground; 
 it hath an Ear four Inches long, or more, fet four- 
 fquare, like Peck wheat, it hath fmall Corns and 
 little Flour,and that is the worfl: Barley,four Lon- 
 ion Bufhels are fufficient for an Acre: And in fome 
 Countries they do not fow their Barley till May> 
 and then molt commonly upon Gravel or Sandy 
 Ground :But that Barley generally is never fo good 
 as that which is fown in March. For if it be very 
 dry weather after it is fown, that Corn that lieth 
 above, lieth dry, and hath no moifture, and jhat 
 little underneath cometh up, and when Rain falls, 
 then that fpreads that lieth above,and oftentimes it 
 is green when the other is ripe,and when it is threlh- 
 td, there is much light Corn in it. 
 
 To'Sow Oats. 
 
 I N March, is the time to fow Oats, and efpecially 
 upon light Ground and dry, howfoever they 
 will grow on wetter Ground than any Corn elfe •, 
 for wet Ground is good for no manner of Corn. 
 Three London bufhels will fow an Acre. There are 
 three forts of Oars, that is to fay, Red Oats, Black 
 Oats, and Rough Oats. Red Oats are the beft, 
 when they are Threlhed they will be Yellow in the 
 1 C 3 bulhel; 
 
22 The £pitO0iy of ihc 
 
 bufhel they are very good to make Oatmeal ol 
 Black Oats are as great as they are, but they hav 
 not fo much Flower in them,for they have a thicke 
 Husk, nor do they make fo good Oatmeal. _ Th 
 Rough Oats are the worlt Oats, and it quitteti 
 not the coll to low them. They are very light, am 
 have long Tails, whereby they will hang each o 
 the other. Thefe feveral kinds of Oats wear th 
 Ground very much, and make it as it were quid 
 A young Husbandman had need to be careful hot 
 thick he foweth all manner of Corn f6r 2 or thre 
 years, and to obferve how it cometh up, whethe 
 it be thick enough or not, and if it be too thin, le 
 him fow thicker the next year \ but if it prove well 
 let him hold his hands for three or four years; bu 
 ifit be thin, let him Recoiled with himfelf, whe 
 ther it proceeds from the unfeafonablenefs of th 
 Weather, orthroiigh his thin fowing. 
 
 Howto fever Peafe , Beans, and Fitches. 
 
 ■\\ 7 Hen the Husbandman hath Threlhed hi 
 # ’ * Peafe and Beans, after they be winnowed 
 jf he Sow them or Set them, let them be well rte 
 with Sieves, and let him fever in three parts th 
 great from the fmall,by which means he (hall get ii 
 every Quarter a London bufhel, or thereabouts 
 For the lihail Coin lieth in the hollow and voii 
 places of the great Beans, and yet {hall the grea 
 Beans be fold as dear. And therefore he that buy 
 eth by whole-fale, and Retaileth, mull needs be : 
 great gainer; and he mult needs be a lofer that fet 
 • 'his Peafe, Beans, and Fitches together, for then hi 
 lof^th his : whole-fale; but fever into three parts 
 there is the more gain.' Hot 
 
23 
 
 jlrl of Tlmbandry. 
 
 How all manner of Cornflmldbe covered. 
 
 T" He Corns being ihorn and bound, and the 
 I Tythes cad’out,it will be time to Cover them, 
 itock them, or half Throve them , but covering 
 s the belt way of all manner of white Corn .• And 
 hat is to fet four (heaves on one fide, and tour 
 heaves on the other fide,and two (heaves above, of 
 the greateft,bound hard nigh to the nether end, the 
 which mull: be fet upwards,and the top downwards, 
 fpread abroad for to cover all the other (heaves. 
 They will (land bed in wind, and fave themfelves 
 bell in Rain \ they (hould be fet on the ridge of the 
 Land, and the fide-fheaves to lean together in the 
 tops, and wide at the bottom, that the wind may 
 10 thorow to dry them. Peafe and Beans (hould be 
 let on the ridge of the Land, four (heaves together, 
 the tops upwards, and writhen together, and wide 
 beneath, that they may the better wither. 
 
 To Load Corn, and Alow it. 
 
 W Hen all the feveral Corns are dry and wi¬ 
 thered enough, then let the Husbandman 
 load them into the Barn, and lay every feveral fort 
 of Corn by it felf: And if it be a wetHarveft, let 
 him make many Mows and if he have nothoufing 
 enough, then it is better for him to lay the Peafe & 
 theBeans withoutupon aReke,rather than any other 
 Corn, and it will be better upon a Scaffold than on 
 the Ground, but then it muft be well hedged from 
 Swine and other Cattel. Befides, the Ground.will 
 rot the bottom, whereas the Scaffold favethboth 
 C 4.Hedging 
 
24 The fyitOMj of iht 
 
 hedging and rotting,bat they muff: both be well co- 
 vered. And the Husbandman may fet Sheep 01 
 Cattel under the fame Scaffold,for it will ferve hin 
 inftead of a Houfe, if it be well aijd ftrongly made 
 
 How to know divers manner of W;eds. 
 
 I N the latter end of May-, and the beginning 01 
 Jane, is the time for the Husbandman to weed 
 his Corn. There are divers manner of weeds, aj 
 Thirties, Kedlocks, Docks, Cockle, Drake, Dari 
 nel, Golds, Hadods, Dog-fennel, Mathes, Tare 
 and divers other fmall weeds; but thefe already 
 named, are thole that are moil troublefome. Th| 
 Thiftle is an ill weed; rough and fnarp to handle] 
 which fretteth away the Corns nigh it,andcaufet| 
 the Shearers not to fliear clean.Kedlocks have a leal 
 like Rapes, it beareth a yellow flower, and is an ill 
 weed ; it groweth in all manner of Corn, and hath 
 fmall Cods,and groweth like Muftard-feed- Docks 
 have a broad leaf, and divers high fpires, and very 
 fmall feed in the top. Cockle hath a long final] 
 Jeaf, and it will bear five or fix flowers, purple coi 
 lour, as broad as a Groat; the feed is round and 
 black, and may well befuffered in Bread-corn, but 
 not in feed, for therein is much flour. Drake is 
 like Rye, till it begin to feed ; it hath many feeds 
 like to Fennel-feeds,and hangeth down-wards, am 
 it may well-befuffered in Bread, for thereis mucl 
 flour in the feed, and it is an Opinion, that it pro- 
 ceedeth from Rye. Darnel groweth up ftrait like 
 to a high Gra fs; it hath long feeds on either fide, 
 thereis much flour in the feed; it groweth much a- 
 tnongft barley, and it is faid to come from fmall 
 - ' ■ 1 barley. 
 
Art of Husbandry. 2 5 
 
 Barley. Guides or Goldes hath 3 fhort jagged leaf 
 that groweth half a yard high, it hath a yellow 
 [lower as broad as a Groat •, it is an ill weed, that 
 groweth molt commonly amonglt Barley and Peafe. 
 Haddod hath a blew flower, and a few little leaves, 
 it hath five or fix branches flowered in the top ; it 
 'roweth commonly in the Rye upon lean Ground, 
 t doth little hurt. Dog-fennel and Mathes, are 
 )oth one, and in the coming up is like Fennel; it 
 jeareth many white flowers, with a yellow feed, 
 ind it is the worft weed that is, except Tare : It 
 rifeth molt commonly whengreat wetfalleth Ihort- 
 ly after the Corn is fown. Tare is the worft weedi 
 and it doth never appear till the Month of 7 ««f, af¬ 
 ter a great wet,or a little before; it groweth molt 
 in Rye: It is fomewhat like Fitches, but that it is 
 inuch fmaller \ it will grow as high as the Corn, 
 and with theweightthereof,pul!itdownflattothe 
 earth, fretting the Ears of it away : Wherefore 1 
 have feen Husbandmen Mow down the Corn and it 
 together ; and alfo with (harp hooks to reap it, 
 as they do Peafe,and make it dry, and then it will 
 be good Fodder. There are many other Weeds 
 which do much harm, which here for brevity fake 
 I lhall omit to mention. 
 
 How to weed Corn. 
 
 h pHE chief Inftrument to weed Corn,' is a pair 
 1 of Tongs made of Wood, the further end of 
 them being nicked to hold the weed the falter. Af¬ 
 ter a (hower of Rain it is belt weeding, for then 
 they may be pulled up by the roots, fo as never for 
 to grow again. If it be dry weather, then mult 
 
26 The Epitomj of the 
 
 the Weedcr have a Hook with a Socket upon a little 
 ftaff a yard long} and this Hook Ihould be well 
 Heeled, and ground (harp both behind and before; 
 and in his other hand he Ihould have a forked flick 
 about a yard long, and with his forked Hick he 
 muft put the weed from him, and he putteth 'the 
 Hook beyond the root of the weed, and he pulleth 
 it to him, andcutteth the weed clofe to the Earth, 
 and with his Hook he taketh up the weed,and caft- 
 eth it in the Rain, and if the Rain be full of Corn, 
 it is better to Hand Hill when it is cut and withered; 
 but let him beware that he do not tread too much 
 upon the Corn, and efpecially after that it be Ihot, 
 and when that he cutteth the weed,that he cutteth 
 not the Corn-,and therefore the Hook Ihould not ex¬ 
 ceed to be above an Inch wide. And when the weed 
 is fo (hort, that he cannot with his forked Hick put 
 it from him, and with the Hook put it to him,then 
 muft he fet his Hook upon the weed clofe to the 
 Earth, and put it from him, and fo he (hall cut it 
 clean. With thefe two Inftruments, he (hall ne¬ 
 ver need to ftoop to his work. Dog-fennel, Goldes, 
 Mathes, and Kedlocks, are bad to weed after this 
 manner, they grow upon fo many branches, and 
 are fo clofe to the Earth,and therefore they ufe for 
 themoft part to pull them up with their hands:But 
 let them look well that they pull not up the Corn 
 there-withal. As for Tare, no weeding will ferve 
 turn. 
 
 • How to Mow and Shear Barley and Oats. 
 
 p Arley and Oats molt commonly are Mown, a 
 
 Man or Woman following the Mower with a 
 Hand-rake half a yard long, with feyen or eight 
 teeth, 
 
Art of Husbandry. ■ 27 
 
 teeth,in the left hand,and a Sickle in the right hand;, 
 with the Rake he gathereth as much as will make a. 
 (heaf: And then he rakcth the Barley or Oats by the 
 tops, and pulleth out as much as will make a band, 
 and cafteth the band from him <on the Land, and 
 with his Rake and his Sickle taketh’up the Earley 
 or Oats, and layeth them upon the band, and fo 
 the Barley lieth unbound three or’four days until it 
 be dry weather, and then he binds it. And when 
 that the Barley is led away,the Land mult be raked, 
 or elfe there will be much Corn loft, and if the Bar¬ 
 ley or Oats lie, they muft needs be (horn. 
 
 To Reap or Mow Peafe or Beans. 
 
 P Eafe or Beans are Reaped moft commonly laft, 
 or elfe Mown after divers manners; fome with: 
 Sickles, fome with Hooks, and fome with Staff 
 hooks. In fome places, they lay them on Reaps, 
 and when that they are dry, they lay them toge¬ 
 ther on heaps like Hay-cocks,and never bind them 
 but the belt way is when the Reaps be dry to bind 
 them, and to fet them on the ridge of the Lands, 
 three (heaves together. Mowers geld not your 
 Beans, that is to fay, to cut the Beans fo high,that 
 the nether Cod grow ftill on the ftalk,and when they 
 are bound,they are the readier to Load and Unload, 
 to make a Reke,or to take from the Mow to Threlh, 
 and fo are not the Reaps. 
 
 How Rye fiould be Shorn. 
 
 A T the latter end of July, or the beginning of 
 Angufis is the time to Shear Rye, which 
 Ihould 
 
2 o The Epitomy of the 
 
 fhcrnld be Ihorn clean, and fait bound. In fome 
 places they Mow it, the which is not fo profitable 
 a way for the Husbandman,, but it is the fooner 
 done. For when it is Mown it "will not be fo fall 
 bound, and the Hitsbandman cannot gather it upfo 
 clean, but there will be much loll •, it alfo taketh 
 up more room in the Barn than fhorn Corn doth : 
 Nor will it keep or fave it felf from Rain or ill wea¬ 
 ther, when it ftandeth in the Cover, as the fhorn 
 Corn will do. 
 
 How to Shear Wheat. 
 
 \ /\/Heat llionld be fhorn dean, and bound hard ; 
 ' ’ but for a general Rule, let the Shearer 
 take heed,that the Shearers of all manner of wheat- 
 Corn, caft not up their hands haftily, for then all 
 the loofe Corns, and the Straws that he holdeth not 
 in his hand, flieth oyer his head, and are loft ; and 
 alfo it will pull off the Ears, and that more efpeci- 
 ally of the Corns that are very ripe. In fome places 
 they will (hear their Corns high, to the intent to 
 Mow their Rubble,either to Thatch or to burn; if 
 they fo do, they have great caufe to take good heed 
 of the Shearers: For if the Ears of the Corn crook 
 down, or bend to the Earth, if the Shearer be not 
 very wary, and put up the Ear,or hecuttheftraw, 
 as many Ears as be under his Hook or Sickle, fall 
 on the Earth, and are loft And when they Mow 
 the ftubble, it is a great hindrance to the profit of 
 the Ground. In Somcrfet-jhirc , about Zelchefler , 
 or Martock, they (hear their Wheat very low, and 
 all the Wheat-ftraw that they purpofe to make 
 Thatch of, they donotThrelh it, but Cut off the 
 Ears, 
 
jirt of Husbandry. Q 9 
 
 Ears, and bind it in Iheaves, and call it Reed, and 
 there-with they Thatch their Houfes. And if it be 
 a new Houfe, they thatch it under their foot, the 
 which is the bell and furelt Thatching that can be 
 ofltrawj for Crows, Pidgeons, and the like,(ball 
 never be able to hurt it. 
 
 How to Soiv both Peafe and Beans. 
 
 L Et the Husbandman Sow his Peafe upon clayie 
 Ground,and the Beans upon the Barley ground, 
 for they require ranker ground than the Peafe. 
 Howfocver fome Husbandmen are of Opinion, 
 that the big and It iff Ground, as Clay, Ihould be , 
 fowl n with big Ware, as Beans, But I am of ano¬ 
 ther mind •, for if a dry Summer come, his Beans 
 will fall fhort. And if the Ground be very good, 
 putthe more Beans to the Peafe, and they will yield 
 the better, when they are Threfhed. And if it be ve¬ 
 ry rank Ground, as it is much at every Town fide, 
 where Cattel do refort, then Plough not the Land, 
 until it be fown : For if he do, there will come up 
 Kedlocks and other weeds. But let him fow it 
 with Beans i for if he fow it with Peafe, the Ked¬ 
 locks will hurt them. And when he. finds a feafoh- 
 abletime, let him fow both Peafe and Beans,fo that 
 they are fown in the beginning of March. To know 
 afeafonable timetofovw, go upon the Land that is 
 ploughed, and if it fing or cry, or make any noifc 
 under thy feet, then ’tis too wet to fow ; but if it 
 makenonoife, and will bear the Horfes, then fow 
 in the Name of God. For the manner of Isis Low¬ 
 ing, lethim put the Peafe into the Hoprer, and calf 
 abroad thong of Leather or Garth-web, of an f.!l 
 
50 The Epitom of the 
 
 long, let him fallen it to both the ends of the Hop¬ 
 per, and put it over his head like a Belt, and Hand 
 in the midft of the Land where the Sack lieth, the 
 which is molt conveniently for the filling of the 
 Hopper,and let him fet his left foot before,and take 
 a handful of Peafe. And when he hath taken up his 
 right foot, then let him call the Peafe from him all 
 abroad, and when his left foot rifeth, let him take 
 another handful,and when his right foot, then call 
 them from him, and fo at every two paces, he (hall 
 fow a handful of Peafe: Let his foot and his hand 
 agree,and then he (hall be fure for to fow even-In his 
 calling,he mult open as well his fingers as his hand: 
 And the higher and the further that he call his Corn, 
 the better fhall itfpread, except it be a great wind. 
 And if the Land be very good, and will break fmall 
 in the ploughing, it is better to Sow,and after the 
 Plough than to delay and lofe time. 
 
 7 o make a Ditch. 
 
 I F the Husbandman will make his Ditch four foot 
 broad,then it Ihould be two foot and a half deep ; 
 And if it be five foot broad, then it mult he three 
 foot deep,and fo accordingly ; and if it be but five 
 foot broad, then it mull be double fet, and the ra¬ 
 ther it Ihould be fenced, and the lower Hedge will 
 ferve. „ 
 
 To get SetSy and jet them. 
 
 I F the Husbandman have Paltures, he cannot 
 want for Quick-letting,Ditching, or Placing • 
 When it is green, and cometh to be of age, let him 
 get his Qnick-fets out of fome Woody parts, and 
 1 let 
 
the Art of Husbandry. 311 
 
 let them be of white Thorn and Crab-tree,for they 
 are belt: Holly and Hafel are good. If he dwells 
 in the plain Country, then he may get both Alh, 
 Oak,and Elm, for thofe will increafe much Wood 
 in a (hort fpace. Let him fet Oak-fets and Alh, ten 
 or twelve foot afunder, and cut them as he doth his 
 pther Sets,and cover them over a little withThorns, 
 that Sheepand other Cattel eatthemnot. Andal- 
 fo weed them clean in the Midfammer Moon, or 
 foon after, for the Weeds, if they overgrow, will 
 kill the Sets. But get no black Thorn for this ufe, 
 for it will grow outward into the Pafture, and do 
 much hurt to the Grafs, befides' the tearing of the 
 Wooll off the Sheep. It is a good time to felt , 
 Quick-fets, from the time the Leaves are fallen, un¬ 
 til our Lady-day in Lem. The Husbandmans Tan¬ 
 dy or gravelly Ground fliould.be fir ft fet, for it will 
 foon dry,and then the Quick-fet will take no root, 
 except it meet with great wet; for the Moulds will 
 tie it, if it be Ditched in February or March, and 
 likewife Clayie Ground, &c. Let the Husband¬ 
 man make his Sets long enough,that may be fet deep 
 enough in the Earth, for then they will grow the 
 better: Let them ftand half a foot and more above 
 the Earth,that they may fpring out-of many bran¬ 
 ches.; and then let him take a Line and fet it where 
 he will have his Hedge, and let him make a Trench 
 after his Line, and pare away the Grafs, there let 
 the Quick-fets be fet, and let him caft it by Line, 
 where the Earth of the Ditch fhall lie, and dig up 
 the Moulds, and fpade graffdeep, and put in the 
 Sets, and dig up more Mould and lay upon that Set, 
 and fo to go through with it till he have fet up his 
 Sets, and let them lean towards the Ditch, and a 
 » foot 
 
3 2 The Fjjitoaj of 
 
 foot from that, let him make his Ditch; for if he 
 make it too nigh his Sets, the water may happen to 
 caufe the Sets to fall down. 
 
 To make a Hedge. 
 
 T HE Husbandman mull; get his Hakes of heart oJ 
 Oak, for thofe are belt ; Crab-tree, black 
 Thorn, and Elder are good. Red Weathy is bell 
 in Moorilh Ground •, Alh, Maple, Hafel,and whin 
 Thorn will do well for a time. Let him fet his Hake' 
 within two Foot and a half together, except thai 
 he have very good hedging, and lodge to bind with. 
 And if it be double eddered, it is much the better, 
 and of greater flrength to the Hedge,and it will lafl 
 much the longer ; let him lay his fmall Troufe oi 
 Thorns that he hedgeth withal,over the Quick-fets 
 that Sheep do not eat his Spring or Buds of the Sets 
 let his Hakes be well driven that the point take thi 
 hard Earth, and when that he hath made his Hedge 
 and eddered it well,then let him take his Mall again 
 and drive down the eddering, and alfo his Hake 
 immediately: For with the winding of Edderings 
 he (hall loofe his Hakes, and therefore they muf 
 needs be driven new, and hardned, and that Hakf 
 lhall be driven the better when it is well bound. 
 
 To Plajli or Plethe a Hedge. 
 
 I F the Hedge be ten or twelve years growing 
 lince it was firH fet, then let the Husbandman 
 take a iharp H.itchet or Hand-bill, and cut the Sets 
 in a plain place, clofe unto the Earth, the more hall 
 afunder,and bend it downwards towards the Earth, 
 ' and 
 
Art of Husbandry. 33 
 
 rap and wind them together •, but always let him: 
 e Ture that the top lie higher than the Root a good 
 uantity, for elfe the fap will not run into the top 
 indly, but in procefs of time the top will die; 
 nd then let him fetalittle Hedge on theback-fide, 
 id it Ihall need no more mending for many years 
 fter; and if the hedge be of 20,24, 30. years of 
 ge lince it was firft fet,then let him windeitatthe 
 ethermoft boughs, andwinde them together, and 
 len cut the Sets in a plain place a little from the 
 arth, the more half afunder, and let him fuffer it 
 hang downwards rather than upwards,and that 
 r divers caufes 5 then let him winde the boughs 
 nd branches thereof into the Hedge, and at every 
 ivo foot, or three foot to leave one Set growing not 
 lethed- Let the tops be growing of five foot high* 
 r thereabouts, to Hand as a Hake, if there be any 
 iich, or elfe to fet another, and to winde another 
 hat is plethed about them .■ And if the boughs will 
 lot lie plain in the Hedge, then cut it more than 
 lalf afunder, and bind it unto the Hedge, then Ihall 
 ot the Husbandman need for to mend that Hedge 
 nt in few places, twenty years after or more .-And 
 fthe Hedge be old, and be great Stubs or Trees,- 
 nd they in the bottom, that Bealls may go under 
 - between the Trees, let him take a lharp Ax, and 
 it the Trees or Stubs that grow a foot from the 
 arth, or thereabouts,'in a plain place, within art 
 lch or two Inches of the fide: And let him again 
 lave downwards, and let the top of oneTreelie 
 vcr the root of another Tree, to the plethe down 
 lie boughs of thefamcTrce to Hop the hollowpla- 
 cs. And if the hollow and void places will not be 
 lied and Hopped, t ! *en let him fcour the old Ditch* 
 
34 The Epiiowfofthe 
 
 and caft it up new, and fill with earth all the void 
 places i and iffo be thefe Trees will not reach in 
 every place to make a further defence, then let him 
 double Quick-fet it, and Ditch it new in every 
 place that is needful, and fet a Hedge thereupon, 
 andlet him over-lay the Sets, to keep the Sheep and 
 Cattelfrom eating them. 
 
 To mend aHigh-my. 
 
 Tjlrft and principally, let the Husbandman look 
 JL that there be no water Handing in the High¬ 
 way, but that it be always current and running,nor 
 that it have no more a flop in one place than in ano¬ 
 ther. And in Summer when the water is dried up, 
 then to get Gravel, and to fill up every low place, 
 and to make the even fomewhat defending,or Cur¬ 
 rent one way or other; and if there be no Gravel 
 or Stones to get, yet fill it up with Earth in the be¬ 
 ginning of Summer, that it may be wellhardned 
 with carriage and treading upon, and it will be well 
 mended, if the water may pafsfromit: The whicli 
 fhould be well confidered of, and that more efpeci- 
 ally about London-, whereas they are at much more 
 coil than needs. For there they Ditch High-ways 
 on both (ides, and fill up the hollow and low place 
 with earth,and then they caft and lay Gravel aloft: 
 And when a great Rain or water cometh and link 
 eth through the Gravel, and (inketh into the Earth 
 the Earth Iwelleth and waxeth foft, and with tread 
 ing, and efpecially with carriage, the Gravel linked 
 and falleth downwards, as its nature and kind re 
 quireth, and then it is in a manner as a Quick-fend 
 that is difficult for any thing tqgo over it. But if hi 
 woult 
 
Art of Husbandry. 35 
 
 would make more Ditches in Summer time, when 
 the water is dried up, and the Workman may lee 
 ail the hollow and low places, and then to carry 
 Gravel, and fill it up as high as the other Knoles 
 are, then would it not fwell or be turned into a 
 Quick-fand, and every Traveller might go betides 
 the High-way with his Carriage at his pleafure • 
 
 If this courfe were followed, it would be both good 
 and necefiary for that purpofe. 
 
 How Forks and RakesJlmld be made. 
 
 T He good Husbandman hath his Forks and his 
 Rakes in a readinefs the Winter before, and ’ 
 they (hould be got betwixt Michaelmas , and Mai<- 
 tlemas, beyked, and fet even to be upright in his 
 hand, that they may b'e hard, ftiff, and dry. And 
 when thattheTusbandmanfittethby the Fire, and 
 hath nothing to do, then may he make them ready, 
 and teeth the Rakes with dry wethy wood, and 
 bore the holes with his Wimble both above and 
 under, and drive the teeth upward fall, and hard, 
 and afterwards wedge them about with dry wood of 
 Oak, for that is hard, and will dry, and never come 
 out. And if the Husbandman get them in Sap* 
 time,all the baking and drying that can be lhallnot 
 make them hard and ftiff, but they will alwaies be 
 plying, for they are moll commonly made of Ha- 
 fel and Wethy, and thofe are the firft Trees that 
 bloom and efpecially Hafel; for it beginneth to 
 bloom as foon as the Leafis fallen: And if the Rake 
 be made of green wood, the head will not abide up¬ 
 on the fteal, and the teeth will fall out when the 
 Husbandman hath moft ufe of them,to the hindrance 
 D 2 of 
 
The Epitomy of the 
 
 of his work, and the lofs of his Hay. Let him be 
 fure that his Rake and his Fork arc upright in his 
 hand; for if one end of the Rake, or the fide of 
 the Fork hangs downwards, they will neither be 
 handfome, norealie to work withal. 
 
 flow to Mow Grafs. 
 
 A T the latter end of June, it will be time for the 
 Husbandman to begin to Mow his Meadows, 
 for then they will be well grown: But howfoever 
 they are grown, in July they mull be Mown; for 
 divers caufes: One is, that it is not convenient to 
 have Hay and Corn both at work at one time. Ano¬ 
 ther is, that the younger and greener the Grafs is, 
 the fofter and the fweeter it will be when it is Hay, 
 but it will require themore'withering; and the el¬ 
 der the Grafs is, the harder and drier it is; and the 
 harder and drier it is, the vvorfe it is for all manner 
 ofCattel; for the feeds will be fallen, which are 
 in a manner a kind of Provender, and it will be the 
 harder to eat and chew. And another taufe is, that 
 if dry weather come, it wiil drie and burn upon the 
 Ground, and watte it felfaway. Let the Husband¬ 
 man have a care that his Mower Mow clean, and 
 hold down the hinder hand of his Sithe, that he do 
 not indent the Grafs, and Mow his Swath clean tho- 
 row to that that was lalt Mown before, that he 
 leave not'a man between, and efpedally in the com-j 
 nion Meadow; but in the feveral Meadows it makefh 
 the lefs charge, and that themouidy Warp-hills be 
 fpread, and the Hicks clean picked out of the Mea¬ 
 dow in 4pril, or she beginning/of May. 
 
yirt of Husbandry. 
 
 To Redde and make Hay. 
 
 37 
 
 W Hen the Meadows are Mowed, then they 
 (hould be Redded, and laid upon the even 
 ground; and if the Graf; be very thick, it ihould 
 be ihaken with hands, or with aihort Pitchfork; 
 for good Redding is the chief point to make good 
 Hay, for then it fhall be withered all alike, or elfe 
 not •• And when it is well withered on the over-fide 
 and dry, then let the Husbandman turn it clean be¬ 
 fore Noon, as foon as the Dew is gone- And if he 
 dare trull: the weather, then let him let it lie fo all 
 night,and on the next day let him turn it again, be¬ 
 fore Noon, and towards the Night make it wind- * 
 rows, and then in final] Haycocks, and fo to Hand 
 one night at the lealt andfweet, and the next fair 
 day caft it abroad again, and turn it once or twice, 
 and then make it into greater Hay-cocks: And to 
 Hand fo one Night or more, that it may unjoyn and 
 fweat; for if it fweat not in the Hay-co.cks,, itwi.II 
 fveat in the Mow, and then it will be dully, and 
 not wholfome for the Cattel. And when it ftandeth 
 in the Cocks, it is better for to Load, and more 
 Hay may be Loaded at a Loading, and the falter it 
 will lie.; which Hay cometh of a Grafs called'Crow¬ 
 foot, and groweth fiat above the Earth,and beared! 
 a yellow flower half a yard high and more; and 
 hath many knots towards die Coat,and it is the bell; 
 Hay for Horfes and Bealls, but it requires much* 
 more withering than any other Hay, or'elfe it will 
 bepifs it felf, and wax hot, and afterwards dully. 
 For to know when it is withered enough, make a 
 little Rope of the fame, that you think fnould be 
 D 3 molt 
 
3 8 The Epitomy of the 
 
 molt green, and twine it as hard together between 
 your hands as you can, and fo being hard twined, 
 let one take a fharpKnife, and cut it clofe by your 
 hand, and the knots will bemoift, il it be not dry 
 enough. Short Hay and Ley-Hay are good for 
 Sheep and other Cattel. 
 
 To remove ond fct Trees- 
 
 I F the Husbandman will remove and fet Trees,let 
 him get as many Roots vyith them as he can, let 
 him be careful that he neither break nor brnife them. 
 If there beany Root broken or much bruifed, let 
 him cut it offhard by the Root, as it is bruifed with 
 a (harp Hatchet, otherwife the Root will die. And 
 if it be A(h, Elm, or Oak, let him cut off all the 
 boughs clean, and favc the top whole. For il 
 he make himfelf rich of Boughs, he makes him- 
 feif poor of Thrift, for two caufes. The Boughs 
 caufe them to (hake with Wind, and to loofe 
 the Roots; alfo he cannot get them fo cleanly, 
 but thatfome of the Roots mult needs be cut, and 
 then there will not come fo much fap and moifture 
 to the Boughs,as there did before: And if the Tree 
 be long, cut off the top two or three yards. And 
 if it be an Apple-tree, or a Pear-tree, or fuch other 
 as beareth Fruit, then let him cut away all the Wa¬ 
 ter-boughs, and the fmall Boughs, that the Princi¬ 
 pal of them may have the more fapand if he make 
 a mark which fide of the Tree Hands towards the 
 Sun, he may fet it fo again, which is fomuch the 
 better. 
 
Art of Husbandry. 
 
 39 
 
 How to fet Trees without Roots , and yet 
 for them to grow, 
 
 T Here are Trees that will fpring Roots them- 
 felves, and thofe are certain Apple-trees that 
 have knots in the Boughesor Caffes, or Wides, and 
 fiich other that will grow on flavelings 7 and like- 
 wife Poplars and Wethies, they mull be cut clean, 
 and belides the Tree that they grow on, and the top 
 cut clean off, eight or ten foot in length, and all the 
 Boughs between, and be let a foot deep or more in 
 the Earth in good Ground: There are four imn£r 
 of Wethies, that is to fay, white Wethy, Black, 
 Red, and Offered Wethy. White Wethy-will* 
 grow on dry Ground, if it be fet in the beginning 
 of Winter, and will not grow on Moorilh ground. 
 Black Wethy will grow better on Moorilh than on 
 dry ground ; and Red Wethy in like manner. 
 Offered Wethy will grow belt in watry and moift 
 Groun d: And they are Trees that will foon be nou- 
 rilhed, and they will bear much wood, and they 
 fhould be Cropped every feven or eight years, or 
 elfe they will die, but they muff not be Cropped in 
 Sap-time, nor no Trees elfe. In many places both 
 the Lords, Free-holders, and Tenants will let fuch 
 Wethies and Poplars in Moorilh Grounds for to 
 increafe Wood- 
 
 Necefary things belonging to Grafting. 
 
 I T is no lefs neceffary than profitableand pleafant 
 for a Husbandman to be furnilhed with molt forts 
 of Fruit, and therefore it will be convenient for 
 D 4 him 
 
40 The Epitottiy of tie 
 
 him to know how to Graft. Therefore he is to be 
 acquainted with what things he mud have to Graft 
 withal. He muft have a Grafting-Saw, the which 
 fhould be very thin and thick Toothed ; becaufe it 
 is thin,it will cut the narrower Kirf,andthe clean' 
 er from bruiting the Bark. And therefore it is fet 
 in a Coppice piece of Iron, fix Inches, for to make 
 it flifF and big. He mult alfo have a Grafting- 
 knife of an Inch broad, with a thick back to cleave 
 the ftocks withal. And alfo a Mallet to drive his 
 Knife and his Wedge into the Tree, and a lharp 
 Knife to pare the Stock-head •, and another lharp 
 Knife to cut the Graft clean. And alfo he mult have 
 two Wedges of hard Wood or Iron ; a long fmall 
 one for a fmall Hock, and a broader for a bigger 
 flock, to open the flock when it is cloven and pa¬ 
 red ; and alfo good tough Clay and Mofs and Bafles, 
 and peeling of Wethy or Elm for to bind them 
 with. 
 
 How to G raft. 
 
 H E muft get Grafts of the faircfl Lanfes he can 
 find on the Tree, and let him be furethatit 
 have a good knot or joynt, and an even •, then let 
 him take his Saw, and Saw into his Crab-tree in a 
 fair plain place, gare it even with his Knife, and 
 then let him cleave the flock with a great Knifeand 
 his Mallet, and fet in a Wedge, and open the flock 
 according to the thicknefsof his Graft; then let 
 him take his fmall fharp Knife, and cut the Graft 
 onbothildesinthe Joynt, but let him not pafs the 
 midfl thereof; and let the inner fide that (hall be 
 fet into the flock, he a little thinner than the out¬ 
 ward 
 
Art of Hudandry. 41 
 
 vard-fide, then let him proffer his Graft into the 
 lock, till that they dole fo clean, that they cannot 
 mt the edge cf his Knife on the other fide betwixt 
 he ftock and the Graft, and let himfet them fo that 
 he Tops of the Graft bend a little outward,and let 
 lim look that the wood of the Graft be fet fit with 
 he wood of the ftock; and therefore he may not 
 it the Barks meet in the inward-fide: Then let him 
 mil away his Wedge, and it will ftand much faft- 
 r. Let him afterwards take tough Clay like Marie, 
 nd lay it upon the ftock-head, and with his finger 
 ay it clofe to the Graft, and a little under the head 
 0 keep it moift, and that no wind come into the 
 lead at the cleaving ; then let him takeMofs, arid 
 ay thereupon for chinning of the Clay, and take a 
 iaift of white Wethy or Elm, or half a Brere, and 
 find the Mofs, the Clay, and the Graft together ; 
 mt let him be very careful that he break not the 
 Iraft, neither in the cleaving, nor in the binding; 
 nd he muft fet fomething by the Graft,that Crows, 
 :nd fuch ravenous and unruly Birds do not light up- 
 in the Graft ; for if they do, they will quickly 
 ireak them. 
 
 What fould befirfi Grafted. 
 
 P Ears and Wardens (hould be grafted before any 
 manner of Apples, becanfe the Sap cometh 
 boner and rather into the Pear and Warden, than 
 into the Apple-tree ; and after St. Valentines Day, 
 it is time to Graft both Pears and Wardens till 
 March be come, and then to Graft Apples to o.ur 
 Lady - 
 
42 The Epitomy of the-. 
 
 Lady-day ; and then let him Graft that he hath gc 
 of an old Apple-tree firft, for that will bud befoi 
 the Graft got of a young Apple-tree lately Graftei 
 and a Pear or Warden fhould be Grafted in a Peai 
 flock : And if he have got none, then 1 st him Gral 
 it in a Crab-tree-ftock, and it will do well. Sou 
 men Graft them in white Thorn, and then it wi 
 be the harder, and moreftony. For all manner c 
 Apples, the Crab-tree-ftock is beft. 
 
 How to graft betwixt the Bat\andthe Tree, 
 
 ’T’Here is another manner of Grafting, and foone 
 
 done, and offooner growth, but it ftandsi: 
 great danger of the Wind when it begins to grow 
 Therefore the Husbandman muft fpare his ftock 
 and (have the Head thereof as he did before, butle 
 him not cleave it; then let him take his Graft, am 
 cut it on the Joynt to the middle, and make the Te 
 naunt thereof half an Inch long, and a little more 
 all of one fide, and part the Bark away a little at tb 
 point on the other fide \ then he muft have madi 
 ready a Punch of hard wood with a Slope and a Te 
 naunt on the other fide like to the Tenaunt on thi 
 Graft: Then let him put the Tenaunt of the Puncl 
 betwixt the Bark and the Wood of the Stock, and 
 pull it out again, and put it in the Graft, and lei 
 him be furethat it joynclofe, or elfe let him mend 
 it. And this courfe fo taken, cannot fail; for thei 
 the Sap will rife on every fide, and it will fpringft 
 fait, that ifit ftandon plain Ground, the Wind maj 
 poffibly blow it befides the Head, for it hath n( 
 Fixation in the Wood. And ths is the beft remed) 
 for the blowing off, to cut or crop away fomeo 
 tb 
 
Art of Husbandry. 43 
 
 he nethermoftleaves as they grow, and this is the 
 fed way to Graft, and eipecially a great Tree: And 
 hen let him Clay it,and bind it as he did the other. 
 
 To Nounlb all manner of Stone-Fruits , 
 and Nuts. 
 
 AS for Cherries, Damfons, Bullas, Plumbs, 
 f\ and the like, they may be fet on the Stones, 
 ad alfo of the Siens growing about the Tree of the: 
 jme, for they will fooneftbear. Filberts and Wal- 
 utsmay be fet on the Nuts in the Garden, andaf- 
 erwards removed and fet where he will. But when, 
 hey are removed, they (hould be fet upon as good. 
 Iround or better, or elfe they will not like. 
 
 To fell Timber. 
 
 [F the Husbandman have Wood to Fell, I advife 
 l him for to retail it himfelf, that he may have 
 n eye to his Market; and if not, ifhehaveaBaily 
 r fome other difcreet Servant, to do it for him;, 
 ad if it be fmall Wood, to Kidd it, and Sell it by 
 he Hundreds, or by the Thoufands; and if there 
 e Aihes in it, to fell the fmall Afhes to Coopers for 
 larches, and the great Afhes to Wheel-rights, and 
 he more mean and ordinaryTrees to Plough-rights, 
 he Crab-Trees to Millers, to make Coggs and 
 longs. And if there be any Oaks, either great or 
 ball, to Fell them, and Peel them, and fell the 
 lark byitfelf, and afterwards to fort the Trees, 
 he Poles by themfelves, the middle fort by them- 
 elves,and the greateft by themfelves,and then to fell 
 ;hem by Scores and Half-fcores,or Hundreds, as he 
 
44 The Efitomy of the 
 
 can,and to fell it hard by the earth; for one Foot lies 
 to the Earth,is worth two foot on the top.Let hii 
 cut his Timber long enough,that he may leave non 
 on the top-,and let him fell the tops as they are,at tl 
 great,orelfe drefs them, and fell the graat .Woodti 
 itfelf, and the Kid-wood byitfelf, and to fell th 
 under-wood firft, at any time between Martlem 
 and Holy-rood Day. And all the Afhes betwee 
 Martltmas and Candlsnuu ; and ail Oaks as Toons 
 they will peel, until May be done, and not after, 
 
 7 o FellWood for the Houje-, or to Sell. 
 
 I F the Husbandman have any Woods to Fell, foi 
 hisHoufhold to Burn or Sell, then let him Fe| 
 the under-wood Sire in Winter, that his Cattel aix 
 Beafts may feed and broufe the Tops, and let hiii 
 Fell no more on a day than the Bealls will eat th 
 fame day, or on the morrow after. Andasfoona 
 it is well eaten and broufed, then let hid Kid them 
 and fet them on their ends, and that will fave tli 
 bands from Rotting, and they will be the lighter ti 
 carry, and they will burn the better, and lie in lei 
 room. And when that he (hall bring them home t( 
 make a Hack of them, let him fet the nethcrmol 
 courfe upon the ends, and the fccond courfe flat 
 upon the fides and the ends, the fides and the end: 
 outward, and for the third courfe, let him fall oi 
 the fide overthwart the other, and fo to go then 
 over, until that he have laid ail up. And when thai 
 helhall have occalion for to burn them, to take 
 the uppermcli firft. 
 
4 $ 
 
 .4rl of Husbandry. 
 
 To keep Spring-Wood. 
 
 N the Winter before the Husbandman will Fell 
 . his Wood, let him make a good fure Hedge,, 
 bat no manner ofCattel may get in. Andimmedi- 
 tely after it is fallen, let it be carried away before 
 tie Spring rife up; for elfe the Cattel that carry the: 
 :ood, will devour the Spring, and when the top 
 ieaten or broken, it is a great hindrance to the: 
 rowthand goodnefs of the Spring; for there where 
 
 [is eaten , bud and ifl’ue out many Branches., 
 nd that not fo far as the firlh won’J have been. A 
 'ark is bell kept, when there is neither Man,Dog,, 
 or Four-footed Beall therein, except Deer. And 
 b a Spring is bell kept, when there is neither Mart 
 lor Four-footed-Beaft within the Hedge: But if 
 here be much grafs, and the Husbandman is un¬ 
 filling tolofeit, then let him put in Calves newly 
 leaned,and taken from their Dams, and alfo weali¬ 
 ng Colts, and Horfes not pall a year of Age. Lei: 
 lim take his Calves away at May, the Colts may 
 ;o longer for their eating ofany wood,butitsdan- 
 ;erous both for the Calves, Foals, and Coalts for 
 Ticks, ot for being Loulie, the which will kill 
 hem, if they be not well looked to. In feven year; 
 twill requite the greateft part of the coll, but at 
 :en years it is at the belt,and then theynder-boughs 
 Ihould be cut away, and made Kid of, and the o- 
 thcr will grow much the better and filler: Bur it 
 the under-boughs are not cut away, they win die, 
 and then they are loll, and will prove very hurifrl 
 to the Spring *, for they will take away the Cp that 
 Ihould make the Spjing to grow the better. 
 
 H-,v 
 
46 
 
 The Epitomj of 
 
 How to Shred, Lop, and Crop-Trees. 
 
 I F the Husbandman hath any Trees to Shred,Lo| 
 or Crop, for his Fire-wood, let him Crop the: 
 in Winter (as hath been faid) that the Beafts ma 
 eat the broufe and the Mofs of the boughs. An 
 ,alfo the Yves, and when that they are broufed an 
 eaten, lethimdrefs the Wood, bow it clean, am 
 cut at every height, and rear thegreatWoodto th 
 top, and Kid the fmall boughs, and fet them a 
 end ■, and if he lhall not have fufficierit wood, ex 
 cept that he head the Trees, and cut off the Top 
 then let him head them three or four foot above an 
 Timber And if it be no Timber,but a fhaken Tref 
 or a hedg-root full of knots, then let him headi 
 thirty foot high, or twenty at theleaft; forfofa 
 it will bear plenty of wood and boughs, and mud 
 more than if it were not headed. For a Tree hath; 
 property to grow to a certain height, and wheni 
 arriveth to that height, it is at a ftand, andgrowetl 
 no higher; but in breadth and in conclullon, the toj 
 will die, or decreafe, and the body thrive; and if: 
 Tree be headed,and ufed to be Cropped and Loppei 
 at every twelve or fixteen years end, or thereabouts 
 it will bear much more wood in procefsof time,thai 
 if it were not Cropped, and be more profitable to 
 the Owner. 
 
 It is the common cuftomwith fome to begin at 
 the top of the T ree when it is to be Shred or Crop' 
 ped, becaufe each bough (hall lie upon the other, 
 when that they lhall fall, fo that the weight ofthe 
 boughs (hall caufe them to be the rather cut down; 
 but that is not the belt way, for thatcaufeth the 
 
Jlrt of Hmbavdry, 47 
 
 tough to (have down the nether part, and pulleth 
 away the bark from the body of the T ree,the which 
 for the future, will caufe the Tree to be hollow in 
 that place, to the hurt of it. And therefore let the 
 Husbandman begin at the nethf rmoft bough firlt, 
 with a light Ax for a hand to cue the bough,or both 
 (ides a foot, or two foot from the body of the Tree, 
 and efpecially to cut it more in the nether fide,than 
 the upper fide, fo that the bough fall not ftreight 
 town, but fall on the fide, and then it fliall not flare 
 nor break any bark, and every bough will have a 
 new Head, and bear much more wood •, and let the 
 Husbandman, except he muft needs do it, avoid to 
 Crop the Tree, and that more efpecially when the 
 Wind ftandeth in the North or in the Eaft ; and let 
 him beware that he Crop it not in Sap-time,for then 
 it will dry within few days after, though it were an 
 Oak. 
 
43 
 
 The Epitomy of 
 
 Particular Secrets and Choke Tfules fir Set¬ 
 ting , Watering , and Ordering of feverai 
 choice 7 fonts, Tfoots, Delectable Flowers, 
 and Herbs for Gardens. The Ordering of 
 the Summer-Garden for ‘Picafire and De¬ 
 light, as alfo for the more profitable increafe 
 of the Kitchen-Garden : Together with D U 
 regions how to Sow , and Order for the Sea- 1 
 fin, whatferer belongeth to the Summer or 
 Kitchhi-Gardens , for Thftis, Herbs, ‘dfootsj 
 Seeds, &c. Js alfo for the Aptetf time to\ 
 Gather, Dry, and ‘Prcfrve them. 
 
 T He Husbandman or Gardiner, who would 
 have Plants to grow to a greater bignels 
 than ordinary, ought to remove them af¬ 
 ter four or five Leaves are come up, and to fet them 
 again, as out of one bed bellowed into another,and 
 the like from one border into another, prepared at 
 a certain diftance afunder, when lhowers of Rain 
 have weli moiltened and foftned the fame , being 
 fiich Plants that (before the letting) require to have 
 tops of the Leaves, and ends of the Roots cut off, 
 whereby they may the freelier grow broad or big 
 in the Roots. 
 
 The young lets in the Garden (of pleafant delight 
 and fnieil) may the Owner of the Garden alfo be¬ 
 llow in Borders in all fcafons (although more com- 
 incndaLiy in the Spring-time) in breaking of the 
 ’ , Hips 
 
Art of Huibandry. 49 
 
 lips or branches of one years- growth, for the 
 lodies of theoldftock, and in wreathirigithe ends 
 ibout fo to fet them a good depth in the Earth,the 
 tloon at that time drawing near to the Change, 
 vhich will much further the Sets in their fooner til¬ 
 ing of Root. - :' - 
 
 The Marigold, Daifie, Columbines, Primrole, 
 towflip, Sweet John, Gilliflowers, Carnation:;, 
 ’inks, and fundry other deledtable Flowers, if the 
 iardiners do change thofe into Beds, they will in- 
 reafethe bigger, fairer, and doubler, the Moon at 
 ;his time being con'ideredtobe iricreafed of Light, 
 here mult be a diligence to be beftoWed in the of- 
 en watering of them. 
 
 The Plants (which are certain Leaves fprung up) 
 leed not wbe removed.into other Beds,“are Spin- 
 iage, Arach, Dill, Sperage, Sorrel, Chervil,Par¬ 
 ley, and divers others of the like fort. 
 
 The Gardiner having Digged and Prepared his 
 Garden into Beds and Borders, I will now (hew 
 lira, as briefly as I can, the belt order and manner 
 or Setting and Sowing of the chiefelt Plants,Herbs, 
 lowers that are now molt in requelt. 
 
 When he fets any Herbs, Flowers, or Plants, he 
 null the next day a little moiften the Ground in the 
 norning, and fo keep it moift until they be well 
 Rooted by watering. 
 
 The belt-watering which is certain (except his 
 Ground be new made with half Dung! is to make 
 ihole with the Dibble,a little for the Herb or Plant 
 illope to the Root, and foto water the Root under 
 the Ground; for water rotteth and killeth above 
 Ground; and vvhatfoever he fows, let him cover it 
 fith Earth, but as thin as he can ; for if they tie 
 1 E too 
 
50 The Epitomy of the 
 
 too deep fet or fown, moft Seeds, Kirnels, and fuel 
 
 like, will never come up. 
 
 When he fets any thing* let him be fure to mal 
 the Earth very wet,then let him overlay half a foo 
 on dry Mould, making itfo clofe (with beating i 
 with the Spade) as he can, then let him fet in hi 
 Herbs or Plants, thrufting the Earth very hard ti 
 the Root, 
 
 Herbs for Works may be watered; but Plant 
 muft not be wet above ground,for fear of rotting. 
 
 Let him never water but in the morning,excep 
 in June or July-, and then he may water about fou 
 of the Clock in the Afternoon. 
 
 For Setting, Sowing,or Planting, it isbeft whe 
 the weather is warm* nor the ground neither ten 
 wet nor too dry at the top, butfo moift as thatij 
 will notftick to his (hoe, as after' a froft. And fa 
 the time of the Moon* I hold the fecond day befotl 
 the new Mopn to be the belt for moft things but fa 
 Flowers, and that a little after the Change or Net 
 Moon. _ 
 
 The Ground which is to Sow at the Spring,mu! 
 be Digg’d at Michaelmas, with good Dung, an 
 then let him Trench the Digging. 
 
 The belt time for Sowing is February, March 
 April-, but for the Setting of Herbs, March , an 
 the beginning of April is bell: •• And thofe Herb 
 which fpring out of the Ground in February, mul 
 be fet in the Month. 
 
 In the middle of April, or in the beginning o 
 May (as the Moon (hall happen to be in the Wane, 
 let him dig a Ditch about a yard deep, and la 
 fomethree quarters of a Load of Horfe-dung there 
 in* then let him cover the Dung over afoot thic 
 ( wit 
 
.Art of Husbandry, 51 
 
 with good Earth, laying his Seeds along on the 
 Earth dry, and let him cover them an Inch thick 
 with light Earth, and every night (until May be 
 >aft, let him cover them with a wet cloth or ftraw, 
 0 keep away the Froft, and uncover them in the 
 jay'time: And let him take notice, that when the 
 Cucumber hath three leaves, he may then remove 
 them to their other places. The Pompion-feeds 
 [hould be fet a finger deeper in the Earth •, and the 
 Cabbages Ihould be removed when they are a hand.- 
 ful high. 
 
 Parfiiep-leeds may be fown in Odder (in the' 
 Wane of the Moon) but if they prove not, let him 
 fow more feeds in February following. 
 
 Carrots Ihould be fown at the latter end of Ap-il^ 
 or the beginning of May. 
 
 Turneps grow belt in Tandy earth, and Ihould be 
 fown at that time that Carrots are •• But if they are 
 required in Lent-, let him fow them in ./%«/?, at 
 the Wane of the Moon. 
 
 Onions require a rank fat Ground, half Dung, 
 he mull fow them in February : He may alfo fow 
 Onion and Lettice-feeds, and Radifh-feeds mingled 
 together in one plot for Sallees, at the fame time in 
 a hot Ground .-Let him fet Onions for Scallions to 
 feed in OElober. 
 
 Garlick requiretha temperate Ground, not too 
 rank •, and it is good fetting of it in February , and 
 in OElober. 
 
 Leeks are for a rank Ground, and (hould be fown 
 in OElober. 
 
 Radilhes require fuch a ground as theOnions doth; 
 fow it in February, and it will laft all the Summer, 
 every Month before^ Woodfeer, in the wane of the 
 , E 2 Moon 
 
52 The Efitomy of the 
 
 Moon for fear of feeding, and he (hall always have 
 them frelh and young: But after Woodfecrhe may 
 low them at any time of the Moon. 
 
 Skerrots mult be fet in the wane, about' the lat¬ 
 ter end of September-, or beginning of Oftober. Foi 
 the mod: part all Roots (houldbe fown in the wane 
 of the Moon. 
 
 Letticefownin Auguft, will live all winter ;but 
 if they are fown in -March, they will be fobittet 
 that they cannot be eaten. 
 
 Parfley fhould be fown after the beginning of A* 
 gafi, it will be frelh in the fpring all the year; ii 
 loveth the (hade: The feeds of Parfley and Marjo 
 ram will lie fix weeks in the Ground before the; 
 come up. 
 
 Hop may be fown in feeds in April, but the; 
 will not laft : The Roots that are young are goo< 
 to fet, bnt the flips are belt. 
 
 Marygolds may be fown in Auguft for th 
 Spring ■, he may remove the Plants about two In 
 ches long, and they will grow the bigger. 
 
 Alexander is fown in March or April-, hema 
 remove the Roots, and they will grow the nex 
 year. 
 
 Borrage and Buglofs, are fowed in the Spring 
 and die that year. 
 
 Succory, or Endive 2re fown in March or Aph 
 remove them before the fpindle, and they will t 
 the better. 
 
 Pennyroyal,the Roots parted,or the branches li 
 in^ the ground, will grow. 
 
 . Mints,either the Roots fet or the branches bein 
 cut in divers places, and fet in the earth, being we 
 will thrive- 
 
 Savoi 
 
jlrt of Husbandry. , 5 5 
 
 Savory {owed in the Spring rommonly dyeth:but 
 being removed, it will live in Winter. 
 
 Time is fown or fet in the Spring,both the feeds, 
 flips,and roots of it will grow: keep it from feed¬ 
 ing,and it will laft three or four years. 
 
 Tanfie may be fowed in March or April y the 
 Roots being removed, will profper. 
 
 Blood wort may be fowed in the Spring •, its roots 
 being new fet laft long. 
 
 Dandelyon may be fowed in March or April, and 
 may be ordered as the former. 
 
 Carduus-Benediftus mult be fowed in the Spring, 
 for it will dye in the Winter. 
 
 Wormwood is bell to be fet in the flips;, it will 
 laft three or four years. 
 
 Clary'is fown in the Spring y it feeds the fecond 
 year and then dyes. 
 
 Fennel may be fown in the Spring and Fall; he 
 may fet the Roots, and it will continue many 
 years. 
 
 Sweet Marjoram may be fown in April, but it 
 will dye in the Winter •, but if it be fet, the flips will 
 profper. 
 
 Artichoaks proceed of young Plants taken from 
 the old flock: The bed time to plant them is in 
 March or April, two days before the full of the 
 Moon, yet iome plant them in Auguji) let him fet 
 no Plants,if he may have choice, but thofe that have 
 the bottom knobs whole, neither let him pluck any 
 Plant from the flock,till it be flrong y and if the bot¬ 
 tom knobs are palled offand broken, it will hardly 
 grow: And when that he would take.the Plants 
 from the flock, let him dig the Earth half a foot 
 deep round about the flock, then let him thruft his 
 E 3 Thumbs 
 
54 The Spitowy of the 
 
 Thumbs betwixt the Ifock and the Plant, keeping 
 
 the bottom whole and unbroken, &c. 
 
 Peafe and Beans for the Garden mult have the 
 feed changed every year •, if not,the increafe will be 
 very fmall,and grow lefs and lefs •, for in three years 
 the great Rounfeval and great Bean will be no big¬ 
 ger than the wild ones,let him do what he can to his 
 Ground, if he fetor fow them which grew there be¬ 
 fore 5 and fo likewifeit is with Corn, if the feed be 
 not changed. 
 
 If his Peale be in February , let him let them an 
 inch and an half deep; but if he fow them in March 
 or -/%»'/, let him fet them but an inch deep, but let 
 him be lure that he fet them in the Wane of the 
 Moon, forne fix or feven dayes before the change, or 
 elfe he will have a great Cod, and but fmall Peafe; 
 and let him fet them down eight inches afunder,and 
 he (hall have Peafe long, and have them often •• Let 
 him fet them in feveral plats, fome in February, 
 fome in March , and others in dyril : A Quart of 
 Peafe will ferve to fet a good plat of Ground.Peafe 
 and Beans will profper well, being fet under Trees; 
 and being fown in temperate wet weather, it will 
 be a month or longer, before they will appear. 
 
 We lhall now proceed to give other expert and 
 certain Rules for lowing, planting, and letting of 
 the moft dele&able Flowers and Herbs in ufe, for 
 the adorning of a Summer-Garden, or a Garden of 
 pleafure and delight. 
 
 Rofes are of feveral forts and colours, as White, 
 Red, Damask , Province, Musk, and fweet- 
 Bryar, &c. Of all the flowers in the Garden, 
 this is the chief for beauty and fweetnefs: Role- 
 Trees are commonly planted in a plat by themfelves 
 
 , (if 
 
dr! of Husbandry. 55 
 
 if the Gardiners have room enough) leaving a 
 jretty fpace between them for gathering.Now for 
 lim to get and fee his Plants, be muft do thus ? Iq 
 ;he latter end of January, February , or the begui¬ 
 ling of March (at the increafe of the Moon) go to 
 'omeoldRofe trees (but not too old) and the Gar* 
 liner (hall find long young fuckers or branches 
 vhich fprang up from the Root of the Tree the 
 ialt year, let him dig the hole deep, that he may cut 
 Dtf thofe fuckers clofe to the Root (but let him take 
 heed of wounding the tree) then let him fill up the 
 bole again with earth very clofe & hard,thefe fuck¬ 
 ers muft be young Plants for young Trees -• If the 
 fuckers have too many branches, let him cut them 
 away, alfo the tops of them, they will take Root 
 the better: Then where he intends to fet them,let 
 him dig holes in good ground,at the leaft a footdeep, 
 & fet them a good depth,treading in theEarth hard 
 about them, having a little Trench near them for 
 watering, till they have taken Root. The Provolt 
 Rofes will bear Root the fame year that they are fet 
 in; he may if he pleafe, plant Strawberries, Prirn- 
 rofes, and Violets among the Rofe-trees and they 
 will profper very well. 
 
 Gilliflowers, Carnations, or JWy-flowers, focal' 
 led, becaufe in July they are in their prime and glo¬ 
 ry ; thefe for beauty and feent are next to the Role, 
 they are of feveral curious colours, and fmell like 
 the Cloves,and therefore of fome are termed Clove¬ 
 n-flowers : Thefe are to be fet of young flips 
 without fiianks, taken from the old Bddy or Root; 
 and when that the.Gardiner fets them Jet him leave 
 one joynt(next to the leaf)at the top of the Ground, 
 fo that the Ground be above the top of the middle 
 E 4 joynt; 
 
5 6 The fyitomy of the 
 
 joy nt; for if he fet any part of the Leaves within th< 
 Ground, the Gilliflowcfs heaps will never prove 
 Earthen Pots are good, which have holes in or near 
 the bottom, in which pots let nim plant his Gilliflo- 
 wers, and in dry weather, twice a week in the 
 Summer-time fet them in a Tub of water,for three 
 hours or more. But let no water come to the top 
 of the pot, but the Rain, the pot will fuck upa fuf 
 ficient moiftureat the bottom holes: The Gardine; 
 fhall never need to take in his pots but in froltj 
 weather. 
 
 Wall- 7 «/y-flowers ufually growing on Walls; 
 (for they delight to grow in Lime,and Mortar)the; 
 will fometimes feem dead in the Summer, and be 
 , green, and bear flowers in the Winter ; they beai 
 ftore of feed, which he may fow,and fet the flips 
 If he would have them grow upon a Wall, let hin 
 dig little holes betwixt the Bricks and Stones witl 
 an old Knife, and put in the feed. 
 
 Tulips are very beautiful Flowers, but have nt 
 fcent} they adorn a Garden well, or a Houfe} theii 
 Roots are all like Onions, which the Gardiner muf 
 fet in January, if there be no Froft, and after the; 
 have done bearing, about Michaelmas let him taki 
 up the Roots out of the Ground,which will bedou 
 ble, and keep them dry in a Box againft the nex 
 year. 
 
 Primrofes, fo called, as they are the firft Flow 
 ers in the Spring \ they are very fweet, growinj 
 both Angle and double •• when theRootsgrow toi 
 great, part them in two or three quarters, and fe 
 them again,though they be flowered,they will grow 
 
 Cowflips are dainty fweet Flowers, they alii 
 grow both Angle and double ; and if the Root 
 * gror 
 
' Art of Bmbandry. 5 7 
 
 »row broad) you may fever them as you did the 
 >riinrofe. 
 
 Hearts-eafe or Panlies, they are in lhape almoft 
 like a Violet: they died their feeds, and dye, but 
 ;ome thick ■ p the next Spring. 
 
 Lavender Is wondrous fweet, both Leaf and Flo¬ 
 wer, good tor flier/ • their Roots will grow double 
 like a Tulip, vvhici. being parted, mull be new fet:. 
 
 Marigolds Ihew pleafant, and are of a reafonable 
 cent ; you may fow them of leeds, or fet young 
 ilants. 
 
 Dailies are white, red, or mingled colours, they 
 nakea pretty Ihew in a Garden in the Spring; their 
 loots growing too thick and too broad, are to be 
 jarted and new fet. 
 
 Flower-de-luces alfomake a great Ihew in a Gar¬ 
 ten ; the Roots are to be fevered and new .fet, 
 which being dryed fmell fweet. 
 
 Lillies that are red make a pleafant Ihew, but 
 have no fcent ; their roots grow like Garlick double, 
 but bigger, which being parted and new fet, will 
 grow again. 
 
 White Lillies, their roots are not like the red; 
 their roots alfo are to be parted and fet as the red 
 Lilly. 
 
 Crocufes mnft be ufed and fet as the Tulip; if 
 the Gardiner fet them in his Borders; they will 
 make a pretty Ihew in the Spring. 
 
 Lupines proceed from a feed fown in April and 
 March y they bear a delicate flower,and the green 
 leaves are of a flrarige lhape j they bear Cods like 
 fmall Beans, in which are feed. 
 
 Holy-hocks are w hite and red; he may fow them 
 of feeds, or plant the root. 
 
 Piony 
 
5 3 The Epitomy of the 
 
 Piony muft have the roots parted and fet, the 
 green leaves fpread very broad; it beareth a great 
 beautiful red flower: The feed of it muft be fown in 
 the fpring. 
 
 French Mallows make a handfome lhew; they are 
 alfo to be fowed in the fpring. 
 
 Saffron flowreth about Michaelmas ; when the 
 flowers fade, it is to be fet of roots, which ought 
 to be removed every third year about Midjam- 
 
 Poppy hath a very fair flower, and of a pret¬ 
 ty colour ■, the feed of it muft be fowed in the 
 Spring. 
 
 Batchelors-buttons are fowed in the Spring time) 
 or the roots may be planted. 
 
 Sweet Sifsly hath a pleafant fcent; he may fow 
 the feeds, or part the roots and fet them. 
 
 Rofe-Campions may likewife be fowed of feed, or 
 the Roots planted. 
 
 Flower of the Sun groweth very high, and bear¬ 
 eth a great yellow flower, as big as the crown of a 
 hat, it openethand Ihutteth with the Sun (like the 
 Marigold ) the feeds muft be fet in February or 
 March , about a finger deep. 
 
 Strawberries are white, red, and green; but the 
 beft Strawberries are gathered out of the Woods, 
 which have Roots well bearded : Let him fet them 
 in January, February or in Auguji, three inches 
 one from the other, in the beginning of the laft 
 Quarter of the Moon. 
 
 I lhall next follow the order bf the growing and 
 fettingof green fweet Herbs for the Summer-Gar¬ 
 
 den. 
 
 Angelica groweth big and broad, and lafteth 
 long; 
 
Art of Evtbaffdry. 59 
 
 ong*, you may fow it ot feeds in the Spring, and 
 the Roots may be removed after the firft year. L,o* 
 age groweth much like to Angelica, and it is to be 
 ird'rc! in the like manner. 
 
 Annifeeds are produced of feeds fowed 5 they 
 lye the firit year, and fo doth Coriander. 
 
 Coaft-mary may be fowed of feeds, or the roots 
 arted and fet in March, are belt- 
 
 Featherfew is to be fowed in March or April. 
 
 Oculus Chrilti is bell to be fowed of feeds, or 
 ipon any remove of the young Plants, and new fet 
 hem. 
 
 Herb-of-Grace,or Rue,the bell way to let it is of 
 lips 5 it is green moll part of the year, and thrives 
 )ell in the (hade.- Southern-wood is to be ordered 
 like Rue. 
 
 Dutch-box grows green moll part of the year, it 
 s very handfom for Works and Borders j he nay 
 part the Roots and fet them. 
 
 Rofemary is a tender Herb, the bell fetting of 
 t is in Afril , or in the end of March, theGardi* 
 ler mult fet fuch as have no bloflbms, and as he 
 takes it from the Branch, but by no means let him 
 (live it, or tear the flips, but cut them off a little 
 from the body, leaving fome few leaves behind on 
 the piece, and then it will grow again, otherwife 
 the body being hurt, it will never grow. 
 
 Bay-roots will proceed from the Bay-berry,being 
 fet in the Spring, or he may plant the young fuckers 
 which fpring from the Root. 
 
 Hony fuckles or Wood-bine, the Gardiner mult 
 get them in Woods or Hedges in the Fields, but. let 
 him dig enough to have their Roots y prune them, 
 and plant them againll the fide ofaHoufe, or a 
 Wall, 
 
Art of Hftslmdrj. 6t 
 
 make ufeof Plants fet in the Sun in Anguft in their 
 Flowers; as Winter-favory, Time, Marjoram, 
 Pennyroyal, Mints, Balm, Rofemary-Tops, Mari¬ 
 golds, Lavender, Roie-leaves, &c. Let him gather 
 them as he dries them, when he fees the morning 
 fair and hot, and the Herbs dry. 
 
 The belt and worthieft Roots of Herbs, for the 
 molt part are to be gathered in apt and fit feafons and 
 places, when that the Leaves are beginning to fall 
 off, and the Fruits and Seeds already filed, fo that 
 the feafon be fair: For done in a Rainy day, the 
 Roots will be rendred the weaker, when ■ y are 
 filled with unneceflary moifture. 
 
 The Flowers in like manner are to be gathered, 
 as the Borrage, Buglofs,ardall others of like fort, 
 when they are wholly opened, and before they are 
 feeble, except the Flowers of the Rofe and Jefa- 
 mine, which ought to be gathered for the better 
 and longer keeping before that they are much, o r ra¬ 
 ther but a little opened. 
 
 The Leaves and whole Herbs are to be gathered, 
 when that they are come to their growth and per- 
 feftion. 
 
 The Fruits, and Mellons, Cucumbers, Citrons, 
 and Gourds, when they appear yellow, apd are 
 come to their perfeft growth and perfettion. 
 
 The Seeds in like condition are to be gathered 
 when they are well ripened, and before they filed 
 on the Earth but thofe that do remain on the 
 earth, after the Herbs are throughly dried, ought 
 to be rubbed forth with the hands, and kept unto 
 the time of lowing. 
 
 Let the Gardiner remember that feeds ought to 
 be gathered in a clear feafon, and in the wane of 
 the Moon. , ' And 
 
6 2 The Tpitomy of the 
 
 And let the Gardiner take this for a general Rule 
 to be obferved, Thatalways all thole things that 
 arv % 'ye gathered, as the Herbs, Flowers, Roots, 
 Fruus, and Seeds, that they are to be gathered in a 
 lair and dry feafon, and in the decreafc of the Moon, 
 The Herbs which the Owner intends to keep,are 
 to bepickt, and to be preferved by clean ling; let 
 them be dried in the (hade, the place being open to¬ 
 wards the South, not moift and free from fmoak 
 and duft. 
 
 Thefe are to be put in Leather-bags rather that 
 Canvas, the mouths at the hanging up felt tied, or 
 into wooden Boxes of the Box-tree, to the end that 
 the Herbs may notlofe their proper virtues. 
 
 The Flowers ought to be dried no otherwife that 
 by the Sun at Noon, but more efpecially through 
 the (harp heat of the fame, together with the heat 
 of the Air, unlefs it be our Rofe of the Garden, 
 which is to be preferved for a longer time, and it is 
 to be longer dried, and more moderately in a high) 
 place, .Handing -open to the Sun at Noon, or fo that 
 
 the Sun-beams enter into, but yet touch not the 
 Rofe-leaves. 
 
 The belt way for drying of Flowers, is to lay 
 them in a temperate place, free from moifture, duft, 
 and fmoak, and to Air them to and fro, that they 
 corrupt not in the drying, fo as to lofe neither co¬ 
 lour, nor the natural favour. 
 
 The finer feeds are to be preferved in Leather- 
 bags, or in Earthen Velfels, having very narrow 
 mouths, or elfe in Glafs-bottles, or Gally-glafies 
 very well Hopped. 
 
 But the fteds of Onions, Chibols, and Leeks, 
 as alfo of Poppy, are to be preferved in Husks and 
 Heads. ^ '■ For 
 
Art ef Ewbattdry. 6 % 
 
 For the preferving of Roots,the Gardiner ought 
 to learn and exercife two means; the one for keep¬ 
 ing of them fre(h,and the other for the round Roots, 
 as the Navew, Radifli, Carrot, and other like forts, 
 for to prefers them dry. 
 
 The way and means to preferve Roots frelh, is to 
 bm y them in a Cellar,in Gravel or Sand well turn¬ 
 ed upon them, or in a Garden-ground reafonably 
 deep digged,even as he doth lor the Radilh and Na¬ 
 vew in the Earth,that he may enjoy the commodi¬ 
 ty of them for the greater part of the Winter: To 
 preferve Roots dry, the Gardiner (after the pluck¬ 
 ing of the Roots out of the Earth) ought to walh, 
 them very clean with Conduit or Spr ing-water,af¬ 
 terwards to cut away all the fmall and hairy Roots; 
 which done, to dry themin alhadowy place, free 
 from the beams of the Sun, if fo be that they are 
 fiender or thin Rin’d, as the roots of the Fennel,Suc¬ 
 cory, Parfiey, Endive, Borrage, Buglofc, Sperage, 
 and fundry fuch like: But if the Roots are thick of 
 Rind, of agrofs Eflence, and big, then ffiufl; the 
 Gardiner lay them dry in the Sun at Noon-day, as 
 the Roots of Gentian, the Earth-Apple, Briony, 
 Rapontick, Ariftolocia, or any others like thera. 
 
 All the Field-Plants, Flowers and Roots, are 
 longer in Nature, but in fubftance inferiour to the 
 Garden-plants, &c. 
 
 Among wild Plants,thofe growing on the moun¬ 
 tains, do excel the others in property. 
 
 Amongft all Plants, thofe are of a itronger Na¬ 
 ture, more efpecially thofe that are ofa livelier co¬ 
 lour, better talle and favour. 
 
 The Herbs which onewould ufe for the Kitchin, 
 ought rather to be gathered with a Knife,fomewhat 
 ' above 
 
 ' 
 
64 The Eplomj of the 
 
 above the Earth, when they are (hot up to their per* 
 fe£t growth, as the Beets, Succory, Atach, Bor- 
 rage, Marigold, Colewort, Endive, Clary, Roc¬ 
 ket, Bafil, Marjoram, Mercury, Lettice, Parfley, 
 and many others. 
 
 Thus I have, as briefly as I could, difcourfed of 
 Fruits, fundry Herbs, and Flowers, how they are 
 properly to be gathered, and, according to their di- 
 .verfity,to be preferved.i ad which Inftrudtions and 
 rare Secrets, I have in part borrowed out of the 
 Treafures of the belt and molt experienced Profef- 
 fors of Husbandry ; together with what I have got 
 through my earnefl: Importunity from fome of my 
 .molt intimate Friends. I befcech God to vouchfafe 
 hisBleflingtothefe my poor Endeavours. 
 
 Of Bees. 
 
 I N the keeping of Bees there is little charge, but 
 they require good attendance to the time that 
 they (hall caft the Swarm.To which purpofe it will 
 . be convenient that the Hive befet in a Garden or an 
 . Orchard,whereas they maybe kept from the North- 
 wind, and the mouth of the Hive towards the Sun, 
 
 In June and July, they do molt commonly call, and 
 ■ they (hould have fome low Trees nigh to them be¬ 
 fore the Hive, that the Swarm may light upon; 
 and when the Swarm is knit, take a Hive, and 
 fplint it within with three or four fplints,that the 
 Bees may knit their Combs unto it, and anoint the 
 fplints and tides of the Hive with a little Honey 
 and if he have no Honey,let him take fweet Cream 
 and then fet a Stool or a Form.nigh to the fwarm 
 and lay a clean wathed Ihect upon the ftool,and ther 
 
Art of Husbandry. 6 5 
 
 let him hold the fmall end of the Hive downwards, 
 and lhake the Bees into the Hive, and then prefent- 
 ly fet it upon the (tool, and turn the Corners of the 
 (feet over the Hive: let him leave one place open, 
 that the Bees may go in and out ; but let him do 
 this quietly; for he muft not in any wife fight or 
 thrive with them : And let him lay Nettles on the 
 boughs where they were knit, to drive them 
 from the place; and then let him watch them, all 
 that day, that they go not away; and at night, 
 when all are gone up to the Hive, let him take it 
 away, and fet it where it lhall Hand, and take away 
 the lheet, and let him have Clay ready tempered ; • 
 to lay about it upon a board or Hone where it fhall 
 Hand, that no wind come in ; but the board is bet¬ 
 ter and warmer. Let him leave a hole open on 
 the Souch-fide of three Inches broad, and an Inch 
 Jof height, tor the Bees to enter in and out. And 
 then let him make a covering of Wheat or Rye- 
 jlfraw to cover, and houfe the Hive above, and let 
 him fet the Hive two foot or more above the Earth 
 bon the Hakes, fo that a Moufe, nor any other 
 Bealls or Vermine may come nearit.ButifaSwarm 
 k call: late in the year,they Ihould be fed withHo- 
 jny in the Winter, and laid upon a thin narrow 
 )oard, or Slate, or Lead put into the Hive, and 
 mother thin board Ihould be fet before every Hives 
 mouth, that no wind come in; and to have four or 
 Eve little nicks made in the nether-fide, that a Bee 
 may come out or go in, and fo faftned, that the 
 wind blow it not down; and fo ordered, that he 
 may take ir up when he will. That Hive that is fed, 
 let the mouth ofit be rtopt dean, that other Bees 
 ome not in ; for if they do, they will fight 3 nd kill 
 ' F one 
 
66 The Epitomy of the 
 
 one another. And let him beware that no Wafps 
 come ifito "the Hive j fop .they will kill the Bees, and 
 eat the Hony. There, is alfo a Bee called a Drone, 
 which is greater than another Bee: This Drone will 
 eat the Hony, and gather nothing, and therefore 
 they Ihould be killed, it is a cpnimon faying, that 
 lhe hath loft her fling, arid that therefore fhe will 
 not labour, as the others do. 
 
 . How to keep Beap and other Cattel, 
 
 I F a Husbandman would keep Cattel well to' his 
 profit, lie muft have feveral Clofes and Paftures 
 to put them in, the which Ihould be well quick- let¬ 
 ted, ditched, or hedged, that at his pleafure, he 
 may fever fiis biggeit and ftrongeft Cattel from the 
 weakeftj and efpecially in Winter time, when they 
 fliall be foddered. And though a man be bat a Far¬ 
 mer, and (hall have his Farm twenty years,it is lels 
 cqII for him,, and more profit for him to quickfet, 
 ditch,.or hedge, than to have his Cattel go before 
 the Herdfinen; for let the Husbandman fpend in 
 three year's as. much money as the keeping of hisj 
 Beafts, Syvine, and Sheep do. coll him in the years. 
 Then alwajes after he fliall have all manner of Cat- ; 
 tel. with the tenth part of the colt •, and tfie beafts' 
 fliall like much the better, .and by this means the 
 Herdfman fhajl have .for, every beafh. two'pence a 
 Quarter, or thereabouts.' And the Swine herd will 
 have for every Swine at' leaft a penny., Then he. 
 muft have a Ihcpherd o'fIris own; or elfe hefhall ne-. 
 ver thrive: Then reckon''Meat, Drink-and' Wages 
 for his Shepherd, the Herdfmans, and the Swine¬ 
 herds Hire: thefe charges will double his Rent, or 
 i arife 
 
Art of Husbandry. Sf 
 
 arife nigh to dp fo, except hi? Farm be above, forty 
 pounds 'Now,,,‘let us comiggte’'-w))a): ; 
 
 thefe Chargesjv'iU come'tp’in three.ye^rs 
 him lay out as much money in Quick-fettihg', dish¬ 
 ing, and hedging, and in three years he ihall Be 
 difcharged for ever, arid ranch of his labour ■, he 
 and his fervants may do with their own hands,and 
 fave much money. And .then hath he every jipjdja 
 feveralft^|.h}l % the afle^t of the Lord $na.tfje T|- 
 nants,' every .fftighfwur $ay ^change' 
 with the .other.. And then fliail.hjs Farm be pyace. 
 asgood in pFpht .tp tho’Tenant as it 
 as much Land Kept ini Xil^agethis mtaps 
 rich man fhalFnot o'veE-eh^the.popr ’roanjgjfelwji* 
 Cattel," anclthe fourth part of theTJayl aaft^ijraw 
 (hall ferve his Catfel'bettcr- in a.Pafture,! than-four, 
 timesfo much wil.l’do ijj.a Hdpfef andJ-pfs atten¬ 
 dance, and tire Cattel Ihall jike the better. , ' 
 
 ; To buy fat Cattel. ; 
 
 TF the Grader Ihall buy fat Oxen or Kinp, lethiiri 
 I handle them, and fee that they are foft on the 
 fore crop behind the fhoulder and upon the hinder- 
 moft Rib, and upon the Huckle-bone;, and- the 
 Nachc by the Tail: let him fee that the Ox hjivea 
 year Cod, aud the Cow a great Navel; for then it 
 is very likely that they are well tallowed. And let 
 him take heed .where he buyes any lean Cattel or 
 fat, and of whom, and where it was bred: For if 
 lie buy out of a better ground than he hath of his 
 own, that-Cattel will not like with his. Alfo let 
 iiim look that there be no manner of dekpefs a- 
 nongft the Cattel: whether there be any.-Murren 
 
68 . The Eptomy of the 
 
 or Long-faught amongft them, which may prove 
 very dangerous •, for a beaftmay take a ficknefsten 
 or twelve days or more before it appears on 
 them. 
 
 To buy lean Cattel, 
 
 T Hat Husbandman that will thrive, muft be well 
 furnilhed with Cattel, he muft rear and breed 
 fome Calves and Foals, or elfe he muft be a Buyer. 
 Ifhe buy Oxen for the Plough, let him look that 
 they are young & not gouty, neither broken of Hair, 
 of Tail, or of Pizzle. If he buy Kine for the Pail, 
 let him&e that they are young, and likely to give 
 good !Pk ; and let him be fijre that he feed her 
 Calves well. And if he buy lean Oxen, let him 
 feed and fat them, the younger they are, the bet¬ 
 ter they will feed, and fooner gain flefh: (but as we 
 have faid ) let him look well to the Hair,that it ftare 
 not,and that the Beall lick himfelf,be whole mouth¬ 
 ed, and want no teeth. And though he have the 
 Gout, and be broken both of Tail and Pizzle, yet 
 will he feed. But the Gouty Ox will not be driven 
 far. Let him alfo be fure that he have a broad 
 Rib and a thick hide, that he be loofe skinned, that 
 it Hick not hard nor ftrait to his Ribs, for then he 
 will not feed. 
 
 To Rear Calves. 
 
 I T is convenient fora Husbandman to rear Calves, 
 .and efpecially thofe that come betwixt Candle- 
 ■mat and May ; for at th3t feafon he may belt fpare 
 Milk, and by that time the Calf lhall be weaned, 
 1 , there 
 
jirt of Husbandry; 6 9 
 
 there will be Grafs enough to put' him into, and at 
 Winter he will be big enough to fave himfelfa- 
 mongft other bealts, with a little favour.The Dam 
 of the Calf (hall Bull again, and bring another by 
 the lame time of the year: but if he (hall tarry till 
 after May the Calf will be weak in Winter, and 
 the Dam will not bull again, but oftentimes go 
 barren. And if he (hall rear a Calf that cometh af¬ 
 ter Michaelmas , it will be coftly to keep the Calf 
 all the Winter feafon at Hay, and the Dam at: hard 
 meat in the houfe, as they ufe in the plain Champi¬ 
 on Countries. And a Cow (hall givemore mb'; 
 with a little grafs and ftraw, lying without ;n 
 Clofe, than he (hall do with Hay and Straw lying's 
 a Houfe,for the hard meat dryeth up the Milk. But 
 he that hath no Pafture mud do as he may: but yet 
 it is better for the Husbandman to fell thofe Calves, 
 than to rear them, becaufeofthecoft, andalfofor 
 the profit of the Milk to his Houfe, and the rather 
 the Cow will take the Bull. If the Husbandman go 
 with an Ox-plough,it is convenient that he rear two 
 Ox-Calves, and two Cow-Calvesat the lead to up¬ 
 hold his (lock - t and if he rear more, it will be the 
 more profitable for him. It is better for the Hus¬ 
 bandman to wean his Calves at Grafs, than at hard 
 meat, if they went to grafs before. And that man 
 that may have aPadure for his Kine, and another 
 for his Calves, and water in them both, may rear 
 and breed good beads with little cod. And if the 
 Husbandman wean his Calves with Hay, it‘ will 
 make them big-bellied, and they are the likelier to 
 rot when they go to grafs. InWinter they (hould 
 be put in a Houfe by themfelves, and given Hay 
 over night, and put in a good Pafture in the day 
 F 3 time. 
 
jo The Spilbmy of the 
 
 time, which will render them much the,better to 
 
 hanfUpwheir they fhall be Kine or. Oxen t 
 
 ‘ i i Tq.feld Calves. , ,. r . u 
 
 yjT.vyill be-a fit time to gpld CaiTCSji^b’ojdoftJ|e 
 -■» rfflWP? w b en arfciea or twenty'day es ojd; 
 
 tiien is leaft danger, .and the Ox (hall' be ..the 
 :^(gher,,ahd the longer- of bodyr^'^.^e Xcip'ger 
 i •Aodxtiatj'may be ; thusjprovqd‘j, t t?ke.twb 
 Ox-c^jjes,', botlvpfthem p? one kind, pqe. ; tnaiung, 
 andbotnof, one'jager^eljddne of tbenj^iiijlpijtne 
 other go,forth, and;he^Bull. ■ ( And put poem both 
 in one paltate un'tO.'they .are fopr or ^Vjs.-years old, 
 and then, lhall you fee the. Ox-calf far, greater eve¬ 
 ry ‘way. than the bull,. There is no .other, caufe of 
 this but; the gelding, .^pd ifhegeld them not till 
 -they are a year old, there will be the nipre danger, 
 , and-he-will, be lefs of body, andihorter horned. 
 
 Of which is the greatefi lefs, a Lamb, a 
 ' Cd!, or Foal. ' ■ 
 
 I T is .lefs damage, to a Husbandman to have , his 
 Cow to call her Calf, than anEw to .calt her 
 - Lamb; for the Calf will fuck as much Milk'ere it be 
 fit to be killed, as it is worth, and oftljejEw com- 
 eth no profit of the Milk, but the Lamb. Howfp- 
 ever they ufe in fome places to milk their'Ews when 
 . they have weaned their Lambs, but that is a great 
 hurt to the Ews; infomuch that it will caufe them 
 that they will not take the Ram at the timeefthe 
 year, becaufe of their leannefs, but grow barren, 
 AndifaMare caftherFoal, that is thrice fbmuch 
 
j4rt of Husbandry. ‘Jl 
 
 lofs. For if the Foal come of a good breed, the lols 
 is fo much the greater, and in *a Ihort ti»i6 the Foal 
 maybe fold for as much money as would buy many 
 Calves and Lambs. ' 
 
 What Cmdjhouldgo together in one Pufinre. 
 
 B Eafts alone, not Hdrfesalone, nor Sheep alone, 
 (except it be Sheep upon a very high Ground) 
 will noteat Pafture even, but leave many in Fees 
 and highgrafs in divers places, except it be over¬ 
 laid with Cattel. Therefore we may the better 
 take notice, that Horfes and Bealls will.agree - well 
 in one Pafture, for there is fbme manner of Grafs 
 that a Horfe will eat, thata Beaft wilfhot,as the 
 Fitches, Flalhes, and low places, and all the hol¬ 
 low Bundes and Pipes grow therein. But- Horfes 
 and Sheep will not fo well agree, except it be' Sheep 
 to feed for a Iheep will go on a bare pafture, and 
 will eat the fweeteft Grafs,. 9 nd fo will aHorfeibut 
 he would have it longer. Howfoever he Will eat as 
 ■dole to the Earth as a Iheep, but he cannot foon 
 fill his belly.. To a Hundred Beaftsthe Husbandman 
 or Grafier may pat in twenty Horfes. If it be low 
 ground, and if there be Grafs enough, he rrtay put 
 in an hundred lheep,andfo after the rate,the pafture 
 more or lefs: and after this manner they may feed 
 or eat the Clofe even, and leave but few tufts. But 
 if it be high ground, let him put in more^heep, and 
 lefs’Beafts, and Horfes. Milch Kine and draught 
 Oxen Will eat a Clofe much bearer than as many fat 
 Kiiie and Oxen. A Milch Cow may have too 
 , much meat, for if (he grow fat, fhe will the ra¬ 
 ther take Bull, and give lefs Milk, for the fatnefs 
 F 4 flop- 
 
j7 The Epitomy of the 
 
 ftoppeth the Pores and the Veins that fhould bring 
 the Milk to the Paps, And therefore mean Graf 
 is belt to keep her in a low eftate. And if a Covt 
 be fat, when Ihe Ihould Calve, then is there great 
 hazard of her, and the Calf lhall be the lefs; but 
 the Husbandman cannot allow his Draught Ox too 
 much meat, except it be the after Mathe of a low 
 mown Meadow, for that will caufe him to have chi 
 Girte, and then he is not fo fit to labour. Am 
 if there be too much Grafs in a Clofe,the Cattel lhal 
 feed fo much the worfe, for a good bite to the eartl 
 isfufficient \ for if it be long, the-Bealls will bit 
 off the top aud no more, for that is fweet and theo 
 therlyeth Hill upon theGround.and rotteth,andm 
 Bealls will eat it but Horfes in Winter / But thefs 
 Bealls, Horfe, and Sheep, may not be foddered 
 together in Winter •, for then they Ihould be fever 
 ed, forelfethe Bealls with their Horns will gor 
 both the Horfes and the Sheep in their Bellies. I 
 will be necellary to make Handing Cratches to cal 
 their Fodder in, and the Staves fet right enough to 
 gether for pulling their Fodder out too haftily fo 
 Ihedding. And if it be laid upon the Earth, th 
 fourth part thereof will be loll: but if he is force 
 to lay it on the Earth, let him lay it every time i 
 » new place, for the old will fpoil the new. 
 
 Of Swine. 
 
 T He husbandman that is well furnilhed with c 
 ther Cattel, it will alfo be very profitable fc 
 him that he have Swinq: it is a common laying 
 That he that hath Sheep, Swine, and Bees, flee 
 he or wake he, may thrive: and the faying is, bi 
 
Art of Husbandry. 7 3 
 
 anfe that from thefe things the greateft profit ari- 
 eth with the leaft colt.'Therefore let the Husband- 
 nan confider with himfelf how many Swine he can 
 onveniently keep: let them be Boarsand Sows all, 
 ind no Hogs. And if he be able to rear fix Pigs a 
 icar, then let two of them be Boars, and two of 
 hem Sows, andfo to continue after that rate; For 
 1 Boar will require as little keeping as a Hog, and 
 s much better than a Hog, and hath more meat.on 
 ip, and is ready at all times to cut in the Winter- 
 eafon, and tobelaidinSoufe. And a Sow before 
 le be fit to be killed, lhall bring forth as many Pigs 
 nd more, as Ihe is worth and her body is not the 
 ?orfe, but will be as good. Bacon as a Hog, and • 
 sketh as little keeping but at fuch a time as Ihe 
 lath Pig;. And if his Sow hath more Pigs thpi he 
 ntends to rear, let him fell them, or difpofe of 
 hem for his Family-, L- l let him rear thofe Pigs 
 hat come about L«»f,efpecially at the beginning 
 if Summer j for they cannot be reared in Winter 
 or cold, without great colt. 
 
 Of the Properties of Horfes. 
 
 A Good Horfe hath feveral properties, two of. 
 tx a Man, two of Baufon or Badger,- four of z 
 .yon, nine of an Ox, nine of a Hare, nine of a 
 : ox, nine of an Afs, ten of a Woman. 
 
 The two properties that a Horfe hath of Man, is 
 0 have a proud heart 5 the fecond is to be bold and 
 lardy. 
 
 The two properties that a Horfe hath of a Baufon 
 ir Badger, is firft to have a white Rale or Ball on 
 he Forehead, the fecond to have a white Foot. 
 
 The 
 
74 The Epitomf of the 
 
 The four properties that a Horfe hath of a Lion, 
 is firft to have a broad Breaft, the fecond to be ftiff- 
 Ntcked, the third to be wild of Countenance, the 
 ■fourth to have' gbpd legs. 
 
 ' The nine'properties thata Horfe hath of an Ox, 
 -is firfi to ix: f?road-Riblied, the fecond to be low- 
 Bfawned,tHeth'itdto be’(hort'Pkfturned,the fourth 
 to have greatfinews, the fifth to be Wide betwixt 
 Gftilfes, the fifth to haveagreat Nofe, the feventli 
 to.be big on the Chine, the eighth to be- fat aiiid 
 ''Well-fed, the, ninth to be upright Handing, 
 
 T -fi'he nine properties thataHorfehathoTa Hare, 
 is firft to be ftiff-eared,the fecond to have great eies, 
 ‘the third to have round eyes,. the fourth to have 2 
 Jean Head, thefifth to have lean. Knees, the fixtli 
 fhbe light ofFbbt, the feventh ! to turn upon a light 
 . ground, the eighth to have fliOrt Buttocks, the 
 ninth to hive two good Fillets. 
 
 The nine 'properties that a Horfe hath of a Fox, is 
 firft to be prick-Edred, the fecond is to- be little- 
 Eared, the third is to-be roundfided, thefouth 
 is to be fide-Tailed, the fifth is to be (hort-Legg’d, 
 the fixth is to behlack-Legg’d, the feventh is to be 
 Ihort-Trotting, the eight is to lie well-Coloured , 
 
 • the ninth is to have a littleHead- ' 1 
 
 r The nine properties that an'Horfe hath ofan Afi, 
 the firft is to bfe finall-Monthed, the fecond is to be 
 long : Reined, the third is to be thin-Creftfed, the 
 fourth is to be ftrait-backed,the fifth is to have finall 
 Stories, the fixth is to have Lath-‘Legs,' thefefentli 
 is. to be_ rognd-Footed, the Eighth is to be hbilow- 
 Footfe'cf tKe-flinth is to h'dvea rpbgh Foot.;'- 
 The feh^^rtiesaHorfeliat^ofa W(«t$n,ffie 
 firft is to be nierry at bleat, the fecondr is to'be well 
 
Art of HMandry. 75 
 
 Paced,' the third is to have a brohd Fore-head, the 
 fourth-is to have broad Buttocks, the fifth, is tote 
 hard of ward,the fixth is to be eafie to-be leapt lipbh, 
 rhe.ieventh is tobegood at a long journey, tlife 
 eiphjtfi is tobeeverbufiewith the Tongue,the ninth 
 is- to$p (chewing theBridle, the ten® is to be a&iVfe 
 an& flying under a man., ’ .' f k ■ 
 
 , \6f the divers Difafes of Cat tel, and the Rem~ 
 
 ., • ' dies thereof ., andfirf of the Murrain .' 1 ■ 
 
 t He Murrain proceeds froma ranknefs of Blood, 
 it appeareth firft molt commonly in the Head; 
 for the Head will fwell, and theEies wax great, 
 and run with water and froth at the mouth, which 
 are certain figns that the.Beafl: is palt remedy -,-for 
 he will not eat after he hath fallen lick, The bell 
 . way is to tye him,,and to make a deep pit hard by 
 the plate where he ,'dyeth, and fo to' calt him in,and 
 cover.'him clofe with’earth, that no Dogs niay come 
 to the Carrion. For, as'many Beafts asfmell ofthat 
 Carrion,- are very likely to be infe&ed. And then 
 let them take the, $ in, and carry it to the Tanners, 
 and. fell; it. It fethoeen a commop charitable cu- 
 ltom‘,.; tQ take the bare head oftKe'&he bealt, and 
 put it upon a long pple, and fetit on a Hedge falb 
 bonnd'toaltake by the.liigh-way-fide, that every 
 rnantbat rideth or goeth by.that way, may fee and 
 know by that (ign, that there is ficknefs of Cattel 
 in thatTownlhip. And the good honelt.Husband¬ 
 men ii^ thofe parts are of opinioiV, that this may be 
 a meaqs that the Murrain may the fooner ceafe; 
 whep tliebeaft is Hay’d, the Murrain Will appear 
 betwixt the flefh and the skin, and it will rile'Up 
 
j 6 The Eptomy of the 
 
 like a Jelly or Froth an inch deep or more; and the 
 belt Remedy for the Murrain, is to take a fmall 
 Curtain-rod, and bind it hard about the Beafts neck, 
 and that will canfe the blood to come into the 
 Neck; and on the other fide of the Neck, there is 
 a Vein that a man may feel with his finger, then let 
 him take a blood-iron, andfetit ftreight upon the 
 Vein, and blood him on both fides, and let him bleed 
 the quantity'of a pint, or nigh it, and then let him 
 takeaway the cord, and it will ftanch bleeding. And 
 thus let him ferve all his Cattel in that Clofe or Pa- 
 fture, and by Gods blelling there lhall no more of 
 them be lick. 
 
 Of the Long-f'aught, with the Remedy. 
 
 T His ficknefs will endure long, it is perceived by 
 its hoilfing, the Beaft will ftand much, and eat 
 but little, and grow very hollow and thin, and he 
 will hoilt twenty times in an hour, but few fuch 
 do mend. The beft Remedy is to keep the Cattel 
 in fundry places, and as many, as were in company 
 with that Beaft that firft fell iick, to let them blood 
 a little, There are many Farriers that can fever 
 them, that is, to cut the Dew-lap before; there is 
 a Grafs called Fetter- grafs, take that Grafs, and 
 bruifeit a little in a Mor.ter, and put thereof as 
 much as a Hens Egg into the fame Dew-lap, and 
 be careful that it fall not out. 
 
 Of Denholm , and the hard Remedy thereof, 
 
 T His Difeafe comes when a hungry Beaft is put 
 into a Pafture full of rank Grafs, where he 
 , ' , will 
 
jfrt of Husbandry. 77 
 
 will eat fo much, that his fides will ftand as high 
 as his back-bone, and at other times the one fide 
 more than the other. When the Beaft hath this dip 
 eafe with the fwellingihe mull not be driven haftily 
 nor laboured. The fubftance of this difteinper is 
 but a wind, and therefore he Ihould be loftly dri¬ 
 ven, but not fuffered to lie down, lhavefeena 
 Farrier take a Knife and thruft the Beaft thorow the 
 skin and the flelh, two Inches deep or more, fix 
 Inches or more through the Ridg-bone, .that the 
 wind may come out; for the wind lieth betwixt the 
 Flelh and the great Paunch. 
 
 Of the Ryfen upon, and the Remedy thereof. 
 
 "TEw or no men know from whence this Difeafe 
 r proceeded, but you may perceive it by {wel¬ 
 ling in the Head, and more especially by the Eies; 
 for they will run on water,and dofe the beafts fight, 
 which many times caufes them to dye within an 
 hour or two, if they are not fuddenly taken in hand. 
 The caufe of this difeafe is, that there is a Blifter 
 rifen under the Tongue, the which Blifter muft be 
 (lit with a Knife acrofs: when he.hath pulled out 
 the Tongue, let him rub the Blifter well with Salt, 
 and take a Hens Egg and break it in the'Beafts 
 mouth, (hell and all, and caft Salt with it, and hold 
 upthe beafts head, that all maybefwalloweddown 
 into the Body. But the breaking of the Blifter is 
 the great help, let him drive the Beaft a little a- 
 bout, and this (hall cure him by the help of God. 
 
 Of 
 
73 
 
 Tk Efitowy of 
 
 Of the turn, and the Remedy thereof, . 
 
 T Here are Bealls that will turn about wh^i. they 
 eat their meat, and will not feed : ’Tis a dan¬ 
 gerous difeafe forthe.m, by reafohthat they arefu'b- 
 jett to fall in Pits, Ditches, or Waters. The caufe 
 of this Diftemper proceeds from a bladder in the 
 Fore-head, between the Brain-pan and the Brains, 
 the which mult be taken out, orelfethe Beall'lhall 
 never mend, but it will kill him. This is the Re¬ 
 medy, and the grentell Cure that can be on a Beall: 
 Take the Beall and throw him down, and bind his 
 four feet together, and with his Thumb let him 
 thruft' the Beall in the Fore-head, and where he 
 finds the foftcll place, there let him take a Knife, 
 and cut the skin three or four Inches on both fides 
 between the Horns, and as much beneath towards 
 the Mole, and flay it, and turn it up and down, and 
 pin it fall with a j in. And with a Knife cut the 
 Brain-pan two Inches broad, and three Inches long; 
 but let him look that the Knife go no deeper than 
 the thickncls of the bone, for perifhing of the 
 brain .• Let him take away the bone, and then he 
 lhall fee a Bladder full of water two: riches long and 
 more. Let him take that out, and be fure that he 
 hurt rot the Brain ; and then let him lay down the 
 thin, and few it'fall as it was before , and bind a 
 (doth nvo or tli'ree-fold upon hisFore-hcad,to keep 
 it h orn.add nod wet, for ten of twelve days toge¬ 
 ther: Thus have 1 feen many Cured. But if the 
 L r ; ft he bit, and have good iubllantial meat upon 
 1 in^it will beia-erto kill him, for there will he 
 I u hi i !e lols. II the Biadder be under the Horn, 
 
Art of Husbandry. 79 
 
 it is pall Cure. A Sheep will be troubled with 
 the fame diftemperbut 1 never faw any of them 
 Cured. 
 
 Of the Wamy-breed-, avd the Remedy. 
 
 T Here are Beafts: that have this Difeafe in divers' 
 parts of their Body and £egs. This is the Re¬ 
 medy! cult the beuft down, and bind.his four Regs 
 together, and let the Farrier takeaCuker,orpair, 
 of Tongs, or fuch Other Iron, and make it glow¬ 
 ing hpt y and if it be a long Warry-breed, let him 
 fear itclofe-tothebody ; and if it be in the begin¬ 
 ning,; and but flat, then let him day th^ hot Iron 
 upon it, and fear it to the bare skin, and it will 
 prove a perfedCure. 
 
 Of the FohI , and the Remedy. . 
 
 T His Difeafe is for the molt part between the 
 Clees, fometimes before, and fometimes be¬ 
 hind j it will fmell, and caufe the beaft to halt. This 
 is the Remedyj call him down, and bind his four 
 feet together, and take a Rope hard writhenand 
 twilled together, andpirt it between his Clecs, and 
 let him draw the Rope too and fro for a good fpace, 
 till that he bleed well,and then let him lay 1:0 it foft- 
 madc Tar, and bind a Cloth about it, that no Mire 
 or Gravel get between the Clees, then put him in¬ 
 to Palture, or let him Hand llill in the Houfe, and 
 he will luddenly mend. 
 
 Of 
 
8o 
 
 The Eptimy of 
 
 Of the Gout without Remedy. 
 
 T Here are Bealls that will have the Gout, and 
 that for the moll partin the hinder-Feet, 
 which will caufehimto golliffly and halt. 
 I never knew any mgn that could find fuch a Reme¬ 
 dy as to cure this diltemper: the only way to be 
 taken that I know of, is to put him into good Graft, 
 and let him feed well. 
 
 To help a Beafi that piffeth Blood. 
 
 TakeofBlood-wort,ofShepherd$-purfe,orKnot- 
 grafs, of each a like quantity,and Itamp them toge¬ 
 ther, then ltrain them with a quart of Milk of one 
 coloured Cow, and put thereunto a little Runnet 
 made of the fame Milk, and mix therewith the Lea¬ 
 ven of. brown Bread, then llrain them all together, 
 and give it with a Horn: ufe this morningand even¬ 
 ing, and it will cure him. 
 
 A Remedy for the Blain in the Tongue. 
 
 I T is a certain Bladder growing above the Root of 
 the Tongue againlt the pipe, with grief at 
 length with fwelling, will choak and Hop the wind: 
 You may perceive this diltemper by his gaping , 
 and holdingforth of his Tongue,and foaming at t! >e 
 mouth * without a fpeedy Remedy it will fudde'n- 
 ly kill him. The Cure is, to call him, and to take 
 forth his Tongue? and Hit the Bladder, or break it 
 thereon •, then wa(h it with a little Vinegar and 
 Salt, and he will recover. 
 
 To 
 
Art of Husbdftdry. 8 t 
 
 To help aBeafi that is goarid, 
 
 Take Allies finely lifted, and mix them with the 
 grounds of Ale and Beer, and make it as thick as 
 Butter, and fo lay it thereon, and it will heal it- 
 
 A Remedy for the Bant aft e in a Beafi. 
 
 T'His Difeale will lhake him much, and make 
 him quiver in the Flanks, and pant extreamly. 
 For the Cure, you lhall give him fome Runnet, 
 
 I Soot, and Chamber-lye mixed together. 
 
 To kill Lice and Ticks inCattel. 
 
 Take the Decoftion of wild Olives mixed with 
 
 Soot, then rub and chafe the bealt all over there¬ 
 with. Another^ Take Bearfoot-herb, ftampit, and 
 then ftrain it with Vinegar mixt with it, and fo 
 apply it. 
 
 A Jovereign Remedy for the Blague in Cattel. 
 
 THis Difeafe proceeds from an infeftion of blood j 
 1 it appears firft (commonly) in the Head} for 
 the beafts Head will fwell, and his Eyes grow 
 great, and run with water. When he doth once 
 froth at the mouth, he is pall: Remedy. For the 
 Cure, take of wild Carrot, called in Latine Damus y 
 or wild Parfnep, of Groundfel, of Angelica-roots, 
 or the Root of Sea-Holm, named Eringion, with 
 Fennel-feed, and fprinkle it with fod Wine, and 
 fine whcaten Meal, with hot Water, mix them fo 
 together, and give your lick Cattel to drink thereof, 
 then foon after yon fhall make a Drink of Caflia, 
 Mirrh, and Frankinccnfe,in like manner rnixtwith 
 as much blood of the Sea-Tovtoife, if you can get 
 • 1 G it} 
 
82 The Efitomy of the 
 
 it then put altogether in a quart o{ good old 
 Wine, and fquirt it into their Noftrils.- You mull 
 admitiifter this Medicine three days together, every 
 d ay a third part. Other Prefer vatives are thefe: 
 Youmuft change their Lays, and divide them into 
 L.uany parts, far oT from thence, and alfofeparate 
 tne whole from the lick , for one beaft infeded will 
 imed all the reft in a fhorttime: Thus when you 
 have changed them into other parts, you muftput 
 them where you may be fure that no other beaft doth 
 feed with them. 
 
 An approved Remedy for the Tettar in Cattel. 
 
 T'His Diftemper is an ill-favoured Scurf or Scab 
 growing on the skin or outward part of the 
 beaft. Some Tettars are broad, and fome will 
 grow long, and hang like a Clufter of Grapes, fom- 
 whathard. It is fuppofed that they arc increafed 
 through leannefs and wet, or it may proceed from 
 fome venomed Humour, or by fome prick or bruife. 
 The running or broad Tetter is cured by fearing it 
 round about with a hot Iron, then lay Tar on it, 
 anditwill take itaway.Somealfo fay that when the 
 beaft begins to be in good cafe, and Iufty with eat¬ 
 ing of grafs, that it will wear away ofit fclf by de¬ 
 grees ; for he hath it for the inoft part in the Win¬ 
 ter,_ and not in the Summer. 
 
 An excellent Cure for an Ox or Cow that 
 bath a Fever. 
 
 'J’His Difsafe is fometimes got by cold or other 
 diftempers: The figns thereof are, when his 
 \ ' Eyes 
 
Art of Husbandry, 83 
 
 Eyes are hollow, and feem as if they were heavy, 
 dropping from his head, his mouth lathering and 
 fomeing, drawing his breath very long and hard, 
 with much pain, which occalions him fomet'imes 
 toligh. For the Cure, you mult keep him a day 
 and a night without meat or drink, then the next 
 morning falling you may draw a little blood from 
 him, under his Tayl; about an hour after give him 
 thirty fmall Truncheons ofColewortsfod in Sallet- 
 Oyl and fait Filh-water, or Brine, and force him 
 tofwallowit. Do thus to him for five mornings 
 falling} call before him the tender branches of O- 
 live trees, or the tender buds of the Vine; rub and 
 cleanfe his Lips thrice a day, and give him cold wa¬ 
 ter to drink, and keep him up till he be well. The 
 Ox alfo is troubled with this difeafe, which pro¬ 
 ceeds from his too much labour: You mult let him 
 blood on the Vein of the Forehead,or on the Vein of 
 his Ear. Then give him green Herbs, as L,ettice,and 
 fuch like, that arecold, bathe all his body with 
 white Wine give him cold water to drink, and he 
 will recover. 
 
 An excellent Remedy for the Limes of Cattel 
 inf effect. 
 
 THe Cure is, you mull pierce one of his Ears 
 with a little Bodkin, anclbcing fo pierced, put 
 into the Holes the bu r nt-Roots of Hazel-trees, 
 then take a quantity of the Juice of Leeks, with 
 fo much Sallct Oyl, and mix it with a pint and an 
 half of Wine, and give it him falling, life this nine 
 days together, and he (hall recover. This diftem- 
 
84 The Epitomy of the 
 
 per proceeds from the Lights and Lungs ofa Bealt 
 infedted, which will caufe him to grow lean ; till 
 at length a common Cough will fo dry his. body ,that 
 it will kill himj if a fudden Remedy be not applyed. 
 
 To help an Ox or any other Beaft that have loft 
 their Qinie. 
 
 'T'He Quide by fome accident or other may fall 
 from the bealt, which will caufe him to mournj 
 and have no ltomach to eat ; for that the meat 
 which he hath already eaten, he cannot digeft. To 
 cure this diftcmper, take part of the Quid out of 
 another Bealts mouth, and give it to the Tick bealt 
 to fwallow down, and by that means he will reco¬ 
 ver? But if he hath been long diltempered, that he 
 is much waited and fpent, then you mult pull forth 
 his Tongue, and prick the under-vein with an Awl 
 in two or three places, till it bleed: this will cure i 
 him. Probatmi eft, 
 
 A Remedy that fails not to cure a Beaft that 
 cannot pifs. 
 
 Take and bruife Carduus Benedidtus Iteeped in 
 white Wine, and fo give it to him. Give an Ox 
 that cannot pifs,Warm Water mixed with bran; 
 alfo take and Itamp Sow-thiftlc, and heat it with 
 Ale and Beer, and it will help him. 
 
 To care a Cow of the Whcthered. 
 
 'J’Hisdiltemper falls upon her when fhe hath bat 
 newly calved, and hath not call her cleanning 
 . • which 
 
^frt of Husbandry. 85 
 
 which without voiding will fuddenly kill her. To 
 Cure her, take a good quantity of the Juice of 
 Mallows, mixed with Ale and’White wine, which 
 is excellently good to Repulfe the latter birth, af¬ 
 ter the Cow hath Calved. 
 
 A Remedy for the Faintnefs of a Labour* 
 ing Ox. 
 
 That Ox that hath Laboured hard all theWinter 
 at plough, and at the approach of the Spring, will 
 be very Lean, and Faint, and Loulie, infomuch that 
 with, little or no Labour, they will lie down. To 
 Recover and make him Lully, before his watering, 
 you mult give him a good handful of Barley in the 
 itraw, and afterwards let him drink: Which will 
 preferve him in a llrongand good cafe. 
 
 To recover the Leannefs of a Cow 
 
 You mull make a Drink, and give it her falling, 
 which is: Take of Long-Pepper, of Madder, of 
 
 the Bark of Walnut-tree, and Turmerick, with 
 fome Bays, of each a like portion beat them into 
 line powders, and put them into a pint of Ale luke¬ 
 warm, and fhe will be in a good liking, and far bet¬ 
 ter plight. 
 
 Remedies againft the Worms in Cattel. 
 
 Take andilamp Garlick, and mix it with Milk 
 or Ale, and give it to theBealt. Take a handful of 
 Wood-fage, orWild-fage, bruifeit, andltrainic 
 with Ale, and give it: They are approved Medi¬ 
 cines. 
 
 Againfi the Milting of an Ox, or any 
 other Beaft. 
 
 This diltemper is lo called from the Bealls fudden 
 lying down, if there be but the lealt flop, though 
 at Plough or Cart,which for the moll part may pro- 
 G 3 ceed 
 
86 " T hefyitowyofthe 
 
 ceed from fome blow, ftripe, or other mifchance. 
 When the beaft lies down, do not difturb him, lb 
 as immediately to rarfe him ^ but gently turn him, 
 and lay him on the other fide, and he willby de- . 
 grees recover himfelf: For the Remedy, bruiie the 
 bark of an Alh, ltrain it with Ale, and fo give it 
 him, and he will do well. 
 
 An excellent Remedy, for the dropping Nojlrils 
 and watry Eyes of Cattel. 
 
 Take Salt and Savory mixed together,and rub his 
 Throat with it, as alfo his Jaws •, alfo you may rub 
 and chafe the faid parts with Brine and Garlick mix¬ 
 ed together, or elfe fquirt in his Noftrilsthe Juyce 
 of Pimpernel mixed with a little White-wine: 
 Thefe things are excellently good for the dropping 
 Noftrils and watry Eyes of Cattel. 
 
 To Cure the Garget in the Maw. 
 
 This dangerous diftemper proceeds from the 
 beafts over-eating of Crabs, or Acorns that they 
 find under Trees,which for the molt part they fwai- 
 Ipw whole without breaking or chewing, fo that 
 they lie fo in Lumps in the Maw, that they cannot 
 digeftif, fo that in time it will grow andfprontin 
 the Maw fas fome fancy) till it brings them into a 
 dying condition. The Cure is, take a good quan¬ 
 tity of whole Milliard-feed, and mix it with wine 
 andftrong Ale, and give it to the beaft, and it will' 
 fet him right. i 
 
 A Remedy againfl the Crying and Fretting of 
 the Guts in Cattel , by fom; called 
 the Crowling. 
 
 The Cure is, when the bead: (hall fuddenly fee 
 any thing fwim, cfpecially (as fome will have it) 1 
 a Drake on the water, that he lhall prcfently be 
 Cured. i ■ To 
 
jiri of Husbandry. 87 
 
 To cure Apoftuwes in B eafis. 
 
 Open the place with an Iron, and when it is cut, 
 then you may crufli out all the evil humour and 
 matter in it, then ftir and walh it with the warm 
 brine of an Ox. Afterwards take Chirpi (fo na¬ 
 med of the French) mixed with Tar and white Oyl 
 of Olive, plaifter wife clofe the fore therewith: 
 If you cannot wa(h the fore clean inwardly, you 
 mult melt the Tallow of an Ox or Goat, and fo in- 
 fufe it into the wound, and let it run down all a- 
 bout the bottom thereof. Probatumeft. 
 
 To cure a Eeaft that is Goar’d, 
 
 Ifitbebyfome of his Fellow-cattel (to prevent 
 fome Gargal, orfome Apoltume that may proceed 
 from it) you muft take Alhes finely fifted, mix 
 them with the Grounds of Ale or Beer, and make 
 them as thick as Butter, and fo lay it on the Goar, 
 and this will certainly cure it. 
 
 The beft times to be obferved to flop Taxes. 
 
 ■You mult obferve when the Moon is in the fign 
 of Taurus, Virgo, or Capricorn , that will be the 
 belt time for to give your beaft drink to Itop it. Al- 
 fo it is not good to purge, or to let blood, (without 
 a great necclfity) in the Change of the Moon, nor 
 when there is an evil Afpeft in one plant to another, 
 nor in the ligns of Capricorn, or Aquarius ■, lor they 
 are the two Houfes of Saturn and Mars. 
 
 A fuddcn and approved Remedy againft a 
 Sprain or Stroke, 
 
 Take Butter, Black-Sope, and Hemlock-herb, 
 with a quantity of Salt and Oyl proportionable ; 
 then mix them altogether, bathe the Sprain and 
 Stroke therewith, as hot as lie can endure it, and it 
 will cure him. But if it be in the Legs, you mult 
 G 4 put 
 
38 The fyitomy of the 
 
 put unto them the things aforefaid, either with 
 grounds of Beer or Ale, walh them therewith, and 
 then wrap it about with a Hair-rope dipt in Cham¬ 
 ber-lie, and the beaft lhall do well. 
 
 T3 cure Calves that have the Worm in 
 their Bellies. 
 
 Thefe Worms will annoy them much, and at 
 length prove dangerous •,' they will take away their 
 ftomachs to their meat. The belt Remedy is to 
 take Lupjn-peafe half raw, bruile them and divide 
 
 them into fmall pieces, make them to fwallow them: 
 Do this in the morning, and it will kill them. 
 
 An approved Remedy for Coftivenefs 
 , „ -in Cattcl. 
 
 A Swelling in Ox and Kine, is procured through 
 heat, fo that they cannot dung, The Cure is, to 
 chace and drive them apace up and down: If they 
 do not then dung, anoyntyour hand with Oyl or 
 Greafe, then rake them, and take forth their dung 
 An excellent Cure for a Beaft that is Hide¬ 
 bound. 
 
 . This Difeafe happens to an Ox when he hath been 
 over-laboured. For this Cure, feeth Bay-leaves in 
 Ale, and fo bathe him therewith, and immediately 
 chafe and rub him with-Oyl and Wine mixed toge¬ 
 ther, and fo pluck and draw the skin on both his 
 ildes, till you have by degrees loofed it from his 
 Jtibs: Dothisin aSun-fhiny-day, thatitmaythe 
 better dry and foak it. 
 
 An excellent Cure for the Garget in the 
 throat of a Beaft. 
 
 This Diftemper will gricvoufly afflict him it 
 commonly leizes on him through fome great 
 drought for want of water. The Cure is, you 
 mull 
 
Art of Husbandry. 89 
 
 mull: call him, then cut and flay his skin on both 
 iides, as far as any fwelling doth appear, then take 
 the whiteft fifted Allies that you can procure, and 
 mix them with the grounds of Stale and Pifs, and 
 ftir them well together, and walh the flelh fore 
 therewith, and it will heal it. 
 
 A certain Remedy againf the Worm in 
 a Beafts tayl. 
 
 This Worm will breed like to an eating Canker, 
 
 which will make the beaft of ill-liking, very poor' 
 
 in flelh: When you offer to feel, you fhall find this 
 place fomewhat foft; a little above the place on the 
 iides of his Tayl, you muftflit the skin down-right 
 with a lharp Knife, two Inches long; then take a 
 quantity of bruifed Garlickand Salt mixed toge¬ 
 ther, bind it fall to the place, and let it fo remain 
 till it do fall offit felf, and the beaft will do well. 
 
 An approved Remedy to Cure Galls and 
 Scabs in Cattcl. 
 
 Take Garlick, and bruife it, and with it chafe 
 and rub all the Sores. If it grow to any great Sore, 
 then rub the place with bruifedMallows mixed with 
 white Wine, and bind them to the place. 
 
 A Remedy for the Galling of the Neck.or 
 Throat with the Toal^ 
 
 If it fwell but of one iide, you muft let him blood 
 on the Ear on that fide j but if it be chafed in the 
 midft of the Neck, then let him blood in both his 
 Ears, and lay unto it a Plaifter made with the Mar¬ 
 row of an Ox, mixed with the Suet of a Buck, and 
 then melt them together with fome Pitch and Tar, 
 and you Ihall lieal him- 
 
 A Lure for the Itch in Cattel. 
 
 It may proceed from bad drefling, he may take it 
 from 
 
yo The Epitomy of the 
 
 from his Fellows, or it may come from ill water., 
 and Choler in the Veins. The Remedy is to w'afh 
 and chafe him with hisown Urine made warm,and 
 mixt with old Salt-butter. 
 
 A Cure for the Flowing of the Gall. 
 
 This Diftemper proceeds from the abundance of 
 Choler increafed by hard Travelling in hot Seal'ons; 
 the Gall being filled with Choler, it overflows the 
 whole body, caufmg the Yellows, or the Jaundice. 
 For the Cure, takeGallwort-herb, which is better, 
 and ftamp a handful thereof, and then (train it with 
 a quart of Ale, and fo give it the beaftto drink 
 three mornings, and he will recover. 
 
 An approved Remedy againfi the Colliek 
 in Cattel. 
 
 This Diftemper caufeth a Girting andRumbling 
 of the belly, with a noife in the Guts; you fhall 
 lee the difeafed beaftlie down, and rife prefently, 
 becaufc his pain will not fuffer him to take any eafe 
 or reft. If it be an Ox ; bruife Garlick, or bruifed 
 Leek, with a pint of Wine. The General Medi¬ 
 cine to help Cartel, is to put into their Drink the 
 OylofNuts,or Onions boiled in fvveet Wine. 
 
 An excellent Remedy againfi the Haw in 
 the Fye, 
 
 This Difeafe is foon perceived by the Beafts hold¬ 
 ing of his head on one fide,and his winking with his 
 Eye, which will runof'watcr. The Cure is, you 
 mull: hold him faft by the head, with a ftrong double 
 thread, put therewith a Needle in the midft of the 
 upper Eye-lid,and tic it to the Horn,then take your 
 Needle again with a long thread,and put it through 
 the Gviftle of the Haw, and with a (harp Knife cut 
 the skin cxadtly round, and fo pluck out the Haw; 
 
 then 
 
Art of Husbandry. 9 1 
 
 then lay a fine Lumen-cloth about the top of your 
 finger \ and put your finger inwardly round about 
 his Eye, and takeout the blood, then wafh it with 
 Beer or Ale, and call; in a good quantity of Salt> 
 walh it again, and ftroke it down with your hand: 
 Let him go, and he will do very well. 
 
 A Remedy for the Kibes in the Heel 
 Cut them forth as nigh as you can, and let them 
 bleed well; then take Herb-Grace, and the Yolk 
 of a new-laid Egg well beaten and ftampt, and fa 
 bind it to the Grief, and it will help and heal it.. 
 
 An excellent Remedy for the Sicknefs of 
 the Lungs. 
 
 This Difeafe is perceived by the riling and fha- 
 kingof the Dew-lap. For the Cure, take Bear-, 
 foot and beaten Garlick, wrap it in Butter, then cut 
 his Dew-lap two Inches beneath his flicking-place, 
 open it round with your finger, or with a flick on 
 : both fides and beneath, then put in your fluff: You 
 ; mult cut your Dew-lap four fingers above the bot- 
 | tom thereof; then mull you tie a ftrong thread to 
 '• your fluff, to pluck it up and down as you fhall fee 
 . caufc every third day, and it will rot the fooner.. 
 
 If the humour do not rot, then change your fluff, 
 - and put in new, and he fhall do well. 
 
 Excellent Remedies for the Cough in Cut el. 
 
 ! This Diftcmper proceeds from cold or over-tra- 
 | veiling of the bcafl, or by eating of fome unwhol- 
 j forn thing. For the Cure, take Stitch-wort chopt 
 fmall, with husked Beans bruifed together •• You 
 may alfo takeofLcntil-pealecut outoftheir Husks, 
 bruifethem final!, and mix them with three pints 
 of warm Water, and give it him with a Horn. 
 If an Ox hath but of late got a Cough, you may 
 
$2 Th$ Epitwy of the 
 
 Core it by a drink made with Water mixed with 
 
 Barley meal. 
 
 For the Navel-gall , with the Remedy , 
 
 T’His Diftemper proceeds from a hurt with a Sad- 
 A die, or with a Buckle of a Crupper, or from 
 fome other caufe that hath hurt the midlt of the 
 Back: The Cures whereof are divers, and fo they 
 ought to be; for Medicine is to be adminiftred ac¬ 
 cording to the hurt,as it may be more or lefs. If it 
 be but only Galled, take the Soot of a Chimney and 
 Yeft mixed together, and plafter it once or twice a 
 day. Another Cure for it is, that if it be fo hurt, 
 
 that it fwell, and is Apoftumed, then Lance it on 
 the nethermoft part of the Ulcer, fo that £he matter 
 may have iHue downward; for if you fhould lance 
 it at the top, then the corruption that remaineth 
 will fiftulate: If you find the Concavity deep, then 
 make aTent of Flax, and dip it in this Salve •• Take 
 of Deers Suet, of Wax, of Tar, and of Turpen¬ 
 tine, of each three ounces, and one ounce of Ro- 
 iln, mingle them together, and Tent the Wound ; 
 and if you fee any dead flefii grow in it, thenfprin- 
 kle the powder of Verdigreafe upon it; lay upon 
 the head of the Tent the plafter of the Yolk of an 
 Egg, Hony, and Wheat-flour, and thus drefs it 
 morning and evening, and it will quickly be whole. 
 
 Of the Worms , with the Remedy , 
 
 'Y'He Worms lie in the great Paunch of the Bel¬ 
 ly of the Horfe; they are engendred of raw 
 and bad humours: There are three kinds ofthem; 
 
 , the 
 
jfrt of Husbandry, 93 
 
 the Worm, theBot, the Truncheon: fome of them 
 are of a Ihining-colour, like a Snake, fix inches in 
 length, great in the midft, and fharp at both ends. 
 The fclorfe when he is troubled with them, will lye 
 down and wallow, which is when they feed on him; 
 his breath will ftink, and his mouth be clammy. 
 The prefent Remedy is to give him a quart ofMilk, 
 and half a pint of Honey in it blood-warm \ this 
 keeps them from gnawing of him,becaafe they will 
 fuck thereof until they are ready to burll: then 
 the next day give him this Drink. Take a quart 
 of Wort, or Ale that is very ftrong, then take a 
 quarter of a pound of Fern, half a pound of Savin, 
 half a pound of Stone-crop ;ltemp them, and mt 
 them together with two Spoonfuls of Brimftone, 
 and as much Chimney foot, beaten to powder. Let 
 them lye in fteep two hours, then ftrain them, and 
 give the Horfe a, little warm, bridle him, and let 
 him ftand fix hours without meat, and queftion not 
 but your Horfe will be quiet and do well. 
 
 Of the Farcy, with the Remedy. 
 
 'J'His is a very bad difeafe, but may be cured if 
 it be taken in time, it will appear in divers 
 parts of the body,where there will rife Pimples,and 
 as much as half a W alnut-fhell •, they will follow a 
 Vein, and will break of themfelves, and as ma¬ 
 ny Horfes as do play with him that is fore, and 
 gnap off the matter that runneth out of the fore,will 
 have the fame difeafe within a month after, and 
 therefore let the Grafier keep his lick Horfes from 
 the whole. This diftemper proceeds from an Ulcer 
 which is not unknown to any that haye for a long 
 time 
 
94 The Vptor,ij of 
 
 time been Matters of Horfes, and yet unknown to 
 all,. I mean as to the caufe of this difeafe .■ feme fay 
 it is a corruption of blood, feme an outward hurt, 
 as of Spur-galii'ngr biting of Ticks, Hogs Lite, or 
 fucii'like ; feme fey an infirmity bread in the Breaft 
 near the Heart, in the Sicle-veflels near the Stones, 
 with many evil humours congealed together, which 
 afterwards difperfe themfel ves into the Thighs, and 
 rdraetimes into the Head, and do fend forth wa¬ 
 tery humors into the Noftrils, and then it is called 
 theiruruling Farcy. Indeed if the true caufe of a dif- 
 eafe"be known, the difeafe it felf is easily cured. 
 -The Mange, tfie Leprofie, and this difeafe of the 
 Farcjs are moft pernicious to a Horfe; for often- 
 timeiit falleth OGt,that many Horfes infefted there- 
 withi(though they live, and the difeafe feemeth to 
 be.'healed, yet) they arerendredof fmall ornoufe. 
 For - my own part, 1 1 conjefture the,caufe of this dif- 
 ■fcafeg-rows eitherfrom abundance of had blood, or 
 by a great diftenipcr thereof, through a violent 
 heat, changed into a Hidden cold. To cure this di- 
 ftemper, firft let him blood on both- Tides of the 
 Meek three quarters at leaft; for it is moft certain, 
 That the Liver whichds the fountain of blood is cor- 
 .-niptedvand fo feiideth the fame into every part of 
 ithe bridyTo as td become loathfome to behold: then 
 -give ! Ithe Horfe' this Drink. Take a Gallon of fair 
 Water, put intoita.good handful of Rue, and a 
 'goodlpoonful of Hemp-feed, and a handful of the 
 dimer Rind of green Elder, briiife them in a Mortar 
 ’together, anddet them Teeth until they are half con- 
 fumed, and being cold, give ittohim to drink .■ {till 
 cohtinueto let him blood a great quantity in that 
 Vein whLhtsnighettto the fore place, as you fee 
 , occali- 
 
jirt of Husbandry, 95 
 
 occafion. Let his dyet be thin, but very dean and 
 fweet,then take this following approved Medicine. 
 
 Of Herb-Grace a handful, of Featherfewa handful* 
 of Chickweed of the Houfe,a handful. \ of Kilweed 
 a handful, of He-b Roberta handful, keep the refi- 
 due thereof in a Pipkin clofe covered with the 
 Earth, ftopthe mouth thereof clofe with Herb- 
 Grace and Dock-leaves, and a green Turfelaid up¬ 
 on it, no Air to come in, and every third day un- 
 tye his Ears anddrefs it, and fo continue till all the ( 
 Farcy be dead ; for undoubtedly at three or four 
 dreffings it will kill it- . 
 
 Of a Ceurb, with the Remedy. 
 
 THis difeafemakesa Horfeto halt very fore ; it 
 appeareth molt upon the hinder-legs, ftraight 
 under the Cambrel place, and a little beneath the 
 Spaven- it willbefwelledand hard to cure, If it 
 grow upon the Horfe. The Cure, is, take a pint 
 ofWine-lees, a Porringerof Wheat-flour,ofCum- 
 min half an ounce, and ftir them well together, 
 which being warmed , charge the fore place there¬ 
 with, renewing it once every day, for thefpaceof 
 three or four days y and when that the Dwelling is 
 almoft gone,then let them draw it with a hot Iron, 
 and cover the burning with Pitch and Rolin melted 
 together, and laid on warm, clap on a flocks of his 
 own Collar, and let him reft, and come in no water 
 for the fpace ot twelve days. Another for the fame: 
 Take an Iron,and makeit red hot,and hold it againft 
 the fore as nigh as you may, but touch not the fore, 
 and when it is warm, then take a Fleam, and wet it 
 in fix or feven places full of Nervi!, then take a 
 handful 
 
TkEpilomyof 
 
 handful of Salt, and a penny weight of Verdigteafe, 
 and the White of an Egg, and put all thefe toge¬ 
 ther, and lay it to the fore. 
 
 Of Wind-galls in Horfes , with the Remedy, 
 
 W ind-galls are a difeafe which proceeds 
 from too much labour; they appear above 
 the Foot-locks', as well before as behind: they con- 
 lift of a little fwelling with Wind This is a Grief 
 many are acquainted withal. Thecureis, wafhthe 
 places with warm water, and lhave the hair, then 
 draw it with a hot Iron, in this manner £ ^ that 
 dont flit the middle Line which pafleth down-right 
 through the Wind-gall with alharp Knife, begin¬ 
 ning beneath, and fo upwards half an inch, thruft 
 the Jelly out, then take Pitch and Rofin molten to¬ 
 gether laid on hot, with Flock; upon it. 
 
 Of the Pains and Cratches of a Horj ?, with the 
 Remedy, 
 
 'J’His difeafe caufeth a Horle to halt •, it proceeds 
 chiefly from ill keeping : it appears in the pa¬ 
 tterns; as if the skin were cut over-thwart, that a 
 man may lay in a Wheat-ftraw. This diftemper 
 proceeds from a frettilh waterilh matter bred in the 
 patterns of the hinder Legs, liquid and thin humours 
 reforting to the Joynts, whereby the Legs will be 
 fwollen, hot, and fcabby. The Cure is towaflithe 
 patterns with Beer and Butter, which being dry, 
 clip away all the hair, faving the Footlock then 
 take of Turpentine, Hogs-greafe, and Honey, of 
 all alike quantity, mingle them in a Pot, and put in- 
 to them a little Bole of Armony, theYolkof two 
 
Art of Husbandry. 97 
 
 Eggs, and as much Wheat-flour as will thicken 
 them, then with aflice lay it on a doth, make it 
 faft to go round the pattern, and bind it fait, re¬ 
 newing it every day. Let him notcome in any wet 
 but Hand ftill.- fome will walhit only with Gun¬ 
 powder and Vinegar, whicn cannot but lerve very 
 well to the purpofe. 
 
 Of the Ringbone, a Difeafe in Horfes , with the 
 Remedy. 
 
 T'His is a dangerous difeafe; it appears before^* 
 the foot above the Hoof, as alfo behind* 
 gets into a Griftle growing about the Crouts of the 
 feet; it will fwell three inches broad, and a quar¬ 
 ter of an inch or more of height, the hair, of 
 the beaft will ftare and wax thin, it will make him 
 halt 5 it is hard to cure,ifit be of any long growth. 
 The Cure is to fire the fore with right lines from 
 the Pattern to the Coffin oftheHoof,in this manner 
 III. and let the edge of the drawing Iron be as thick 
 as the back of a big Knife, burn it fo deep that the 
 skin may look yellow, then cover it with Pitch and. 
 Rofin molten together, and lay thereon Flocks of 
 the Horfes collar: fome will eat it away with Cor- 
 rofives, astheSplent. 
 
 Of the Spaven, with the Remedy thereof 
 
 I T is a very bad diftemper, which will occafion the 
 horfe to halt, and that more efpecially in the be¬ 
 ginning ofit i it appeareth on the hinder Legs with¬ 
 in and againft the Joynt, it will be fwelled and 
 hard. Some Horfes have a thorow Spaven, as 
 H it- 
 
98 Tk Eplomy of the 
 
 it appeareth both within and without; fuch a kind 
 of Spaven is hard to be cured. Our molt expert 
 Farriers will have a Spaven to be of two kinds ei¬ 
 ther dry or wet; this latter they call the blood-Spa- 
 ven. The dry Spaven is cured in the manner fol¬ 
 lowing. Firft walhitwith warm water, and fliave 
 off the hair as far as the fwelling is, then fcarific the 
 place, that it bleed, take of Canttharides a dozen, 
 and of Euphorbium half a fpoonful, break them in¬ 
 to a Powder, and boil them together, with a little 
 theOyledeBay, and when they are boy ling hot, 
 
 S ' h feathers anoint the fore, and tye his Tayl, fo 
 t he may not wipe it, and within an hour after 
 fet him in the Stable, and tye him fo that he lye not 
 down that night (for rubbing off the Medicine) and 
 within a day after,anoint it with Butter jand fo con¬ 
 tinue for fix days \ then draw the fore place with an 
 hot Iron, take a {harp one like a Bodkin, fomewhat 
 bowing at the point, and fo upward betwixt the 
 skin and the flefli, and thruft it in the nether end of 
 the middle Line, then tent it with Turpentine and 
 Hogs-greafe molten together, and made warm, re¬ 
 newing it once every day,for the fpaceof nine days ■, 
 but remember that after this burning you take up 
 the Mafter-Vein, which mnft be done in this man¬ 
 ner: Call: the Horfe upon fomc ftraw, then having 
 found the Vein, mark well that part of the skin that 
 covereth it, and pull that afide from the Vein with 
 your left thumb, to the intent you may flit it with 
 a Razor without touching the Vein, and cut no 
 deeper than through the skin, and that longeft-wife 
 that the Vein goeth, and not above an inch, then 
 will the skin return again to the place over the 
 Vein: vvitha Cornet under-cover the Vein, and 
 
Art of Husbandry. yy 
 
 make itbdarj thruft theCorftertnderneath it, and 
 raife it upr,andput a Shoe-makyrsthrad underneath 
 fdmewhat'Higher than the-Cd.riiet fhfading, flit the 
 Vein long-ways, that ittiiay bleed, and having 
 bled (rimdwhat from above, then knit it with a fure 
 knot fomewhat above the flit,'fiffFering it to bleed 
 only from beneath a great .quantity ; then knit up 
 the Vein alfo beneath the flit’With a fecure knot, 
 then'betwikt thefe two knots.tfut the Vein afunder, 
 where it was flit, and fill the hole with Salt, then . 
 lay on this following Charge: Take half a pound of 
 Pitch, a quarter of a pound of Rolin, a quarter of 
 a pint ofTar,boil them together, and being warm, 
 anoint all the infides of the Joynts, and clap on the 
 Flocks of the Horfes collar, and turn him to Grais, 
 if it may be till he be perfectly whole and the hair 
 grown again. 
 
 Of the wit or blood Spaveti, with the Remedy. 
 
 S Ome call this, as hath been faid, the Thorow 
 Spaven jit is fed by a thin flexible humour by 
 the Mailer-vein. The cure is to lhave off the hair 
 and to take up the Vein on every part, and then cut 
 the Vein blunder, and draw it with a hot Iron, 
 charge it and put on the Flocks, and it: will perfett- 
 ly heal it, as 1 have certainly experimented. 
 
 For any dangerous Bots or MaW'Veorms-, the 
 Remedy, 
 
 r j^Hisisa very evil Diftemper, the Eots lying for 
 the moll part in theHorfes Maw, where they 
 will remain an Inch long, white-coloured, and red- 
 t Hi head- 
 
J CO Tk Iptomy of the 
 
 headed ; and as much; is a fingers end * they will 
 grow quick and ftick M on the Maw-fides. This 
 difeafeappearethby the ftatnping or trembling of 
 the Horle ; taken at the beginning, there are Re* 
 medics .enough for them •, but let them alone too 
 long, they will eat through the HorfesMaw and kill 
 him. For Cure, take as much Precipitate (which is 
 Mercury calcined) as will lie gently upon a filver 
 Two-pence, and lay it on a piece of fweet Butter al- 
 moft as big as a Hens Egg, in the manner of a Pill, 
 then chafe him a little up and down, and afterwards 
 fetting him up warm, making him fall for full two 
 hours after, and it will kill all manner of worms 
 whatfoever* yet in the adminiftration you mult be 
 very careful; for in the Precipitate thereis a ftrong 
 poifonous quality, therefore mix the fame prefcri- 
 bed quantity with a little fweet Butter, as much as 
 a Hazel nut: Before that you lap it up in the great 
 lump of Butter, it will be the better to allay much 
 of the evil quality.But this I leave to your own d if- 
 cretion, alluring you, that there is not any thing 
 comparable to it for the fame infirmity. 
 
 Of the Serew , or Serov/-, with the Remedy of it. 
 
 THisdifeafe is like to the Splent, in manner of a 
 Griltle, but it is a little longer and more,about 
 the bignefs ofan Almond it groweth on the fore¬ 
 leg, and lieth upon the Knee on the inner fide: 
 SomeHorfes have a Thorow-Serew on both lides 
 of the Legs that Horfemuft needs ftumblo*and fall, 
 and it will be very hard to cure him. The belt Re¬ 
 medy is, to.take an Onion and to cut out the Core, 
 and put therein a fpoonful ot'Hony, a quarter of 
 , ’ 3 
 
Art of Husbandry. 101 
 
 apoundofunflackt Lime, three penny-worth of 
 Verdigreafe, and roaft the Onion, and bruife it, 
 and lay it to, hot ; having firft cut the skin. Pro¬ 
 
 of a Malender , with the Remedy. 
 
 THis is a Difeafe that may be cured fora time, ' 
 but with ill keeping it will come again ; it ap¬ 
 peared ontheformoft Leg on the bending of the 
 Knee behind: It is like a Scab or Scald growing in 
 the form of Lines or ftreaks. Some Horfes will 
 have two of them on a Leg within an Inch together; 
 they willmakeaHorfetoftumble, and fometimes 
 to fall. The Cure is, to wa(h it with warm water 1 , 
 and to lhave the Scab clean away, then take a fpoon- 
 ful of Sope, as much Lime, and make it into a 
 Pafte, and fpread as much on a clout as will cover 
 the Sore, bind it fait, renewing every day for three 
 days together; then anoint the fame with Oyl of 
 Rofes, tocaufethecrufttofallaway, thenwalh it 
 with Urine, andftrew upon it the powder of Oy- 
 fter-lhels. Another for the fame : Take a Barrel¬ 
 led Herring with a foft Row, and two fpoonfuls of 
 black Sope, half an ounce of Allum, and bruife them 
 together, and lay it on the Sore three days. 
 
 Of the Sfem, with the Remedy. 
 
 THis is the leaft difeafe that is, except it be the 
 Lampas, and many undertake to Cure it, of 
 which very f^fail. The cure of it is,to walh it with 
 warm water, - and lhave ofFthc hair, and highly to 
 ■ H 3 fcarifie 
 
102 The Spit foxy of the 
 
 fcari&e all tha fore places with the point of a Razor, 
 fo as that the blood may jlfte forth.: Then take of 
 Cantharadies half a fpoonful, and of Euphorbium 
 as much, beaten into a fine powder, and mingle 
 them together with a fpoonful of Oyl de Bay, and 
 then melt them in a little Pan,ftirring them well to¬ 
 gether,fo that they may boil overhand being fo,boyl- 
 ed hot,take.two or th.re?: Feathers, and anoint all the 
 fore places therewith and let not the Horfe re¬ 
 move Irpm the place for two hours after. After¬ 
 wards. carry him away, and tie him, fothat he may 
 not touch the Medicine with his Lips • And alio let 
 him ftand without Litter that day and night, and 
 within two or three days after, anoint the Sore with 
 Butter for nine days, and it will cure him- . 
 
 Of the GUnders^ with the Remedy. 
 
 T'Hu original.caufe of this Difeafe, is the Rheum, 
 which being an abundant moifture , and na¬ 
 turally very cold,at length congealet.h accordingto 
 the nature of cold, and then proceedeth to Kernels, 
 and foto Inflammations, which become fo great in 
 the end, that they feem toftrangle the breath of the 
 Horfe, from whence it is faid to have the Strangles, 
 which by continuance of time either perifh the Li¬ 
 ver of the Lungs,by a continual diftilling of putrified 
 and corrupt matter. Thefigns are apparent to any 
 man that hath any difeerning, and the diverfity of 
 Medicines infinite. The beginning always of this 
 difeafe, is taking of cold, after too much heat, the 
 which cannot be avoided from aHorfe that hath had 
 too much feeding, and too great reft moreefpecial- 
 Jy if his dyet be naught 7 or by the ule of conti- 
 
Art of Husbandry. 103 
 
 mial Travel upon a full ftomach, or before his body 
 be made clean after long reft; for the Handing Pool 
 is ever muddy. The Cure is, you muft take one 
 ounce of Fennel-Greek,boil it in water till it lpl.it, 
 and open in two, and after that mingle it with the 
 Decottion, and two pound of Wheat-meal, and 
 give it the Horfe to drink twice a day, and keep him 
 falling. Probatnm eft. 
 
 An excellent Remedy for the Haw in the Eye-. 
 
 'J'His difeafe in the Horfes Eye, is like a Griftle j 
 the way to Cure it, is to take up the Haw with 
 a little Ivory Needle, or Pen-knife, and then to cut 
 it all away with your Sillers; for the only, way to 
 Cure it, is to cut it out. 
 
 Of the Barbs , Barbies , with the Remedy. 
 
 'y Hey are little Paps in a Horfes mouth that hin¬ 
 der him from eating. The Cure is, to clip them 
 away, and to wafh them in Vinegar and Salt. 
 
 Of the Vives, with the Remedy of it. 
 
 /jHis difeafe is in a Hories ear, between the up¬ 
 per end of the Chall-bones and the Neck ; it 
 proceeds from the corruption of the blood: they 
 are round knots between the skin and the flelli, like 
 Tennis-balls, and if they are not timely killed, they 
 will grow quick, eat the.roots of t he Horfes Ears, 
 and kill him. The Cure is, to draw them with a 
 hot Iron right down in themidft, from the root of 
 the Ear, fo far as the tip of the Ear will reach, be- 
 H 4 ing 
 
loij. The hipitomy of the 
 
 ing pulled down, and again under the root of the 
 far, with a hot Iron draw two ftreaks on each fide, 
 then in the midft of the firft line, Lance them with 
 a Lancelet of Razor, taking hold of the Kernels 
 withapareofPinfers, fo as that you may cut the 
 Kernels out without hurting the Vein, then fill the 
 hole full of Salt. Another Cure for the fame: Take 
 Agrimony, Hony, and Violet-leaves, ftamp them 
 together, and flit the Sinew under the Ear, and lay 
 a Plaifter thereunto for two or three days. 
 
 Of the Mourning Chine , with the Remedy. 
 
 T He caufe hereof is great heat, and afterwards 
 taking of cold; it firft beginneth with aRheum, 
 which proceedeth to the Inflammation of the Liver 
 and the Lungs, by the continual diftilling upon 
 them \ then to the Glanders, which is the Apoftu- 
 mation thereof,and laftly to an Exulceration,which 
 abruptly and untruly is called the mourning of the 
 Chine.• The figns to know this difeafe, are thefe. 
 i. The continual diftilling of Rheum in the Head. 
 2. The continual Knobs between the Jaws. 3. The 
 keeping of the hair without calling. 4. A conti¬ 
 nual running ofa thick flunking matter at the Nofe, 
 like Oak water. 5 . The faftning and growing of 
 a Knob as big as a Walnut, totheinfide of one of 
 theJaws; which iffo, commit the Horfes Oarcafs 
 to the Crows, for he is paftall help. The Cure for 
 fuchaHorfe, if he be not paft Cure: For the firft, 
 which is the Rheum, the Cure is what I have men¬ 
 tioned for the Cold in the Head. For the fecond 
 Cure, I refer you to that of the Glanders. For the 
 fjiird, let him blood till you fee that he have fine 
 and 
 
At of Husbandry. 105 
 
 and pure blood, and give him good Maflies. For 
 the fourth, for the running of his Nofe, you may 
 add lome ordinary purging Drinks, that are ufed 
 for the purging of the Head. For the fifth, if you 
 find no amendment but a Knob grown to his Jaw* 
 then you muft give him a Purge with Pills \ and it 
 thefe means will not help him (though he were the 
 beftHorfein the World) he is remedilefs. 
 
 Of the broken Wind, with the Remedy. ■ 
 
 T He caufe of this dangerous Dil'eafe, hath been 
 but guefled at, not truly difcovered by any, 
 as not being well underftood, and therefore accoun¬ 
 ted of molt Horfe-men Incurable. I do intend to 
 ufemybeft Endeavours to Unfold and Explain it: 
 To which purpofe, I will divide the fame into three 
 Kinds, every one of which may be truly termed a 
 Broken-wind, becaufe the breath beingdrawn very 
 Ihort and thick (contrary to the Original Inftituti- 
 on or Creation, the which is long, cold, and quiet, 
 for fo every Creature is by Nature^ but when any., 
 accident of violence of the body is ufed in any of 
 them or a diftemper) the figns thereof will quickly 
 be vifible, and then every mans experience telleth 
 him evidently, that he panteth ^ndfetcheth breath 
 very fhort and thick; 1 therefore will begin with the 
 Caule thereof, the which rightly underftood, the 
 EffcOs cannot be hid. Now the Caufes why a 
 Horfe draws his breath very (hort, are thefe; as 
 Sicknefs, great Fulncfs, violent Exercife: But the 
 reafon of the Caufe is ; for that the Heart being the 
 only hotteft part of the Body, from whence the 
 Arteries or Veins do carry the heat thereof to every 
 , , part 
 
10 6 The Epitoxij of the 
 
 part of the Body (and therefore it is truly laid to] 
 be the Chariot of Life,) when the fame by ficknefsj 
 or violence of exercife is choaked, or as it were 4 - 
 fmothered with too great heat, then do the 
 Lights, being the Bellows to draw breath, accord-' 
 ing to that Office that Nature ordained them 
 unto, prefently labour with all violence to draw 
 it, and cool and comfort the Heart, and fo 
 confequently all the members and parts of the bo¬ 
 dy, to fill all the empty corners with Air, which 
 naturally and in predominant qualities is moift: 
 and when they have drawn fufficient breath,the dri- 
 nefs 1 and heat by tlfe moiftnefsbf the Air is quench¬ 
 ed, which being fo, then doth the Creature draw- 
 breath leifurely and coldly, and not before •• but fo 
 long r as the Heart is oppreffed by" the violent heat of 
 ficknefs, or by great Fulnefs, or violent Exercife,- 
 the Caves, Pipes, and paffages for the breath, are 
 almoft flopped and choaked up; then do the Lungs 
 labour extream thick to preferve the Life of the 
 creature which is the heart,and therefore it is faid to 
 be the firft thing that liveth,and the laft that dieth: 
 
 • So that all thiijfs which hinder and Hop thepaflagesi 
 of the breath, breaking the natural courfe thereof! 
 are the only caufes of a Broken-wind.So likevvife the 1 
 Cure of the Broken-wind muflbe by removing of 
 the Hoppings of the Air, and then the Lungs will 
 perfetty perform their Office, and the Creature 
 will be freed from the difeafe. The differences of 
 Broken-wind both in caufe and effect, are divers 
 and yet may be termed Broken •, namely, the fhort- 
 nefs of breath, the Pur-fick, and Broken-winded. 
 i. As touching the (hortnefs of breath, it may pro¬ 
 ceed from fome grofs and tough humours, cleaving 
 to 
 
Art of Husbandry. 107 
 
 to the hollow places of the Lungs, flopping the 
 Windpipes, fo that the horfe cannot eafily draw 
 his breath ; and the fign thereof is his coughing of¬ 
 ten, daily, and vehemently, without voiding at 
 the Nofe or the Mouth. 2. It may come by hafty 
 running after drinking, or upon a full ftomach, or 
 difTolution of humours, defending into hisThroator 
 Lungs, by reafon offome violent heat diflolving the 
 fame.And thefigns thereof,are continually panting, 
 fending the fame forth very hot at his Nofe , in a 
 wheafmg manner, his Flanks beating fo thick, that 
 he .cannot fetch breath, but by holding his Neck 
 right outand flraight; and this maybe truly called 
 a Broken Wind. TheCure is, to take.a clofeearth¬ 
 en Pot,.and put'thereinto three pints of ftrong 
 Wine-vinegar, andfome new-laid Eggs, with the 
 fhells unbroken , and . four Garlick-heads, clean 
 peeled and bruifed then cover the Pot-clole, and 
 let it in fome warm Dunghill, and there let it Hand 
 a whole night, and the next morning take out the 
 Eggs, but break them not, then ftrain the Garlick 
 and Vinegar through a clean cloth, put thereunto a 
 quarter ofHoney, half a quarter of Sugar-candy, 
 two ounces of Liquoriih, two ounces of Annifeeds 
 beaten into a fine powder. The horfe having failed 
 all night, in themorningogen his mouth, and put 
 out his Tongue, and put one Egg into his Throat, 
 and then let go his Tongue, fo that he may fwal- 
 low itdpwn, then pour after it a horn of the faid 
 Drink, being luke-warm,and fo all the,Eggs in that 
 manner, and all the Drink being fpent, bridlehim, 
 and ftpp him, and doath him very warm, and let 
 him flandfour hours,then unbit him ;andifitbein 
 Winter 5 give him Wheat-ltraw but no Hay, and 
 
108 The Epitomji of the 
 
 if in the Summer-time, give him Grafs, and for 
 fome days together Mafhes to drink, with fome 
 Sallet-Oyl or Hogs-greafe in them, and the Horfe 
 Will do well ■) and in a few days be fit for Exercife. 
 
 Of the Gravelling of the Horfe , with the 
 Remedy. 
 
 I T is a hurt will make the Horfe to halt, it pro¬ 
 ceeds from Gravel and little ftones that get in 
 between the Slough and the Heart of the Foot •, the 
 cure is, to pare his Hoof, and get out the Gravel, 
 and then ftop him withTurpentine and Hogs-greafe 
 molten hot, andftopt with Tow : have a care that 
 he come not out of the Stable till he be well. 
 
 Qf the Larnpae, with the Remedy. 
 
 T Hisdifeafe is in the Mouth \ it is the eafieft to 
 be cured of all thofethat diftm'b the Horfe as 
 it is only but a thick skin full of blood that hangs 
 over his Teeth, that he cannot eat , fo there needs 
 no more to be done, but to let out the blood, and 
 then take away the skin, and the Horfe will be 
 cured. 
 
 Of the Accloyed , or Cloying the Foot with the prick, 
 of a Nail, with the Remedy. 
 
 I T is a hurt that cometh from ill fhooing, when 
 a Smith drives a Nail into the quick, the which 
 will make the Horfe to halt: The cure is, to take 
 Turpentine, Wax, and Sheeps Suet molten toge¬ 
 ther, ai$ poured into it. 
 
 Of 
 
<Art of Husbandry. 109 
 
 Of the Colts-Evil, with the Remedy. 
 
 THis is a very bad difeafe, which proceedeth 
 from the ranknefs of water and blood .-it ap¬ 
 peared in his Scote, for they will fwell great, and 
 will not be hard. This diftemper taken at the firft, 
 is thus cured; walh the Sheath clean with luke¬ 
 warm Vinegar, draw out his Yard, and walh it al- 
 fo, then ride him to fome running ftream up to the 
 belly to allay the heat: do this luftily for a quar¬ 
 ter of an hour, and fo after for three or four days, 
 and it will cure him. 
 
 Of the Pains in the Head , with the Remedy. 
 
 THis is an evildiftemper thatbefals the head.The 
 cure is: Take a pintofMalmfey, five new laid 
 Eggs, a head of bruifed Garlick, fmall Pepper, 
 Cinnamon, and Nutmegs beaten fine; give it him 
 to drink three days together, and let him fait fix 
 hours after. 
 
 Of a Horfe that finmUeth, which is called the Cordes , 
 with the Remedy. 
 
 'Y'His diftemper appeareth in the further Legs of 
 the Body of the horfe: it is called the Cordes, 
 becaufe the CordeisaSinew that breedeth aniongft 
 the Sinews, the one end cometh down towards the 
 Shackle-vein, andfo up through the Leg, and go- 
 , cth over the inward fide of the Knee, and fo over 
 the Shoulder, and fo along the Neck by the Wea- 
 fant, and it goeth over the Temples under his Eye, 
 * and 
 
Ill The Epitomy of the 
 
 and down over the Snout, betwixt both the'No- 
 ftrils and the Griftle,there knit the length of an Al¬ 
 mond. The Remedy is, to take a fharp Knife, and 
 cut a flit even at the top of his Nofe juft with the 
 point of the Griftles, open the flit, and yob (hall 
 perceive a white ftrihg, take it up withaToars 
 Tooth, or a Bucks horn, that is crooked, or fome 
 Bodkin made fo, and twine it about the ftfait, and 
 cut it afunder, you may twine it fo much, as that 
 you may rear his foot from the ground, then ftitch 
 up the flit, and anoint it with Butter, and the horfe 
 will undoubtedly be cured- 
 
 Of the More found, with the Remedy. 
 
 T His is an evil difeafe, which proceeds from rid¬ 
 ing fall till the horfe fweat, and then being fet 
 up presently in a cold place withoutLitter that he 
 takes cold on his feet, and that more efpecially be¬ 
 fore that it appeareth in the hole under the heart of 
 the foot, for it will grow down,, wax whiter and 
 comly like a Pumice \ and alfo will appear in pro- 
 cefsoftimeon the wrinkling of the hoof, and the 
 hoof before will be thicker and more brittle, then 
 if he had not been more found : nor will he tread fo 
 boldly upon the hard (tones as he did before The 
 Remedy is, paring and good (booing, which being 
 carefully done, he will do good fervice. 
 
 Of the Enterferre, with the Remedy. 
 
 T His diftemper procecdsfrom the ill fhooing of 
 the horfe ; it appeareth oftentimes both be¬ 
 hind and before, between the feet againft the Fet¬ 
 locks, 
 
jfrt of Husbandry. j iq 
 
 locks. There is no other Remedy for it but good 
 ihooing. 
 
 Of the Scelander, with the appointed Remedy. 
 
 T His diftemper is in the bending of the Leg 
 before; itisfomewhatlike aMalander, and 
 may be cured in the fame manner. 
 
 Of the Scab , with the Remedies. 
 
 T Here is a difeafe amongft horfes, which is cal¬ 
 led the Scab ; it is a Scurfe in divers parts of 
 the body; it chiefly proceedeth from, leannefs and 
 ill keeping. It is commonly amongft horfes. There 
 is a filthy flunking Scab, which is called the Crown 
 Scab, growing about the Coronets of the horns •• the 
 hair will flair like Hogs briftles, and be always 
 mattering. When the hair is lhaven away, you 
 are to take a little Frankincenfe, Nitre, Tartar,and 
 the Bark of Alh, Vitriol, Verdigreafe, and Helle¬ 
 bore white and black, round Birthwort, andftamp 
 them together with Yolks of Eggs and ordinary 
 Ale, then after that boil them, and .anoint the fore 
 place. This Oyntment will alfo ferve for the Scab 
 and the fore Crupper. 
 
 A Remedy for cut and bruifed Sinews. 
 
 Take of Tar and Bean flour, Oyl of Roles, and 
 lay it hot to the place : of the fame effedt are 
 Worms and Sallet-Oyl fryed together : to the fame 
 purpofealfo fervesthe Oyntment of Worms,which 
 you may have at the Apothecaries. 
 
 For a Horfe that cannot pifs. 
 
 Take a pint of white Wine Vinegar, half a 
 t pound 
 
H2 The Epitomy of the I 
 
 pound ofSimgreenj bruifeitfmall, and wring out 
 the Juice, take a handful of Fennel, and a handful ( 
 of Fcx-Gloves, the Leaves of the Flowers, two ; 
 ounces of Gromwel-feed, and half a pint of fweet 1 
 Honey, ftamp them well together, and ftrain them 
 into Vinegar. Let him Hand without meat and j 
 drink 24 hours. Probattim eft. 
 
 . To bring Hair again. j 
 
 Take the Dung of Goats, and fome Honey and ; 
 Allum, and the blood of a Hog, boil them together, 1 
 andbeinghot, rub the place therewith. 
 
 For the Stone and Collick in a Horfe , the 
 Remedy. 
 
 Take a pint of white-Wine, half apintof Bur- 
 feed, and beat them fmall, two ounces of Parfley- 
 feed, half a handful of Hop, half a handful of unlet 
 Leeks, and halfa handful of Water-crelfes, halfan 
 Ounce of black Sope, and mingle them together, 
 ftamp and ftrain them, but put the Bur-feed and 
 Parfley-feed together to it after it is {trained, and 
 then warm it, and give it him to drink. 
 
 Of a prefcnt Remedy to hill the Fire either in 
 Burning or Shot. 
 
 Take Varni(h,or Oyl and Water beaten together, 
 and anoint the place with a feather. 
 
 To ripen an Impofiitme. 
 
 Take Mallow-root, and Lilly-roots, and bruife 
 them and put them into Hogs Greafe, and Linfeed- 
 meal, plaifter-wife, lay it to. 
 
 For a Wrench in the Foot-lochs , or any other JoWt) 
 that is fnddenly done. 
 
 Take ofNarvil, and black Sope, and boil them 
 
Art of Husbandry. 113 
 
 together a little on the fire, and annoint with it< 
 
 For the dangerous Galling of a Horfe , an ex- 
 1 cellent Remedy, 
 
 Take a pottle of Verjuice, two penny worth of 
 green Copperas, boil it in a point and a half, and 
 wafli and fearch the hole therewith, and fili it with 
 red Lead, and let it remain three days untouched, 
 then wafh it with the fame, and fill it again with 
 red Lead. This will heal it, though it be gdlled to 
 the body. 
 
 Of Wans in general^ and of the fpongy Wart , 
 
 1 vith the Remedy, 
 
 THere is a diftemper that fome Hoffe-men will 
 neither allow to be either a difeafe or hurt,and 
 that is, if a Horfe want Warts behind, beneath the 
 Spaven place: for then he is no Chapmans Ware, 
 if he be wild: but if he be tame, and have been rid¬ 
 den upon, then caveat Emptor : Let the Buyer be¬ 
 ware that he hath both his eyes to fee, and his hands 
 to handle; there is a Saying, That fuch a Horfe 
 fhould dye fuddenly when he hath lived as many 
 years as the Moon was days old, or fuch time as 
 he was foaled. But to pafs over this light digreffi- 
 on ) there is a Wart which is called Spongy. The 
 Cure is, if it be long enough, to tye a thread about 
 it, and it will eat off, or elfe to take it off with a 
 hot Iron. 
 
 vv 
 
 To help the Snrhaiting or Sorenefsofa 
 Horfes Feet. 
 
 Hen you find your Horfe to beSurbaited, 
 prefently clap on each of his Fore-feet 
 * . I two 
 
114 The Efitomy of the [ 
 
 two New-laid Eggs, andcrulh them therein,' then 
 upon the top of them lay good Cow-dung: Thus j 
 Hop him for four hours, and he will recover. ' 
 For a Wrench , or (train in the Pajlern. 
 
 Take a quart of Brine, and feethe it till it be 
 ready to boil over, and then ftrain it, and put into 
 it a handful of Tanfie, a handful of Mallows, a Sau¬ 
 cer full of Hony, a quarter of a pound of Sheeps j 
 Tallow, beat them together, and fet them on the ; 
 fire until they are well fodden, and then lay it hot 
 to the Tent, and few a cloth faft about it, and fo 
 let it reft five days, and it (hall cure him. 
 
 For a BackSinew-ftrain, or any other 
 Strain. 
 
 Take an ounce of Turpentine, and two or three 
 fpoonfulsof Aqua Vitae, and beat them together, 
 till they come to a perfeft Salve, then anoint the 
 Strain very well therewith, and heat it either with 
 a hot Brick, or Bar of Iron •, and thus doing three 
 or four times, it will take away the ftrain. 
 
 For a frothy Hoof. 
 
 Firft, with an Inftrumentmake hollow the Ex¬ 
 tremities of the Hoof on the out-lide, till the prin- \ 
 cipal Vein break; let all the blood come forth, then 
 fill up the hole with fine Salt, and Hurds fteeped in 
 Vinegar, and then bind them, fo that they fhall not 
 fall off This is the lure way to make a hard and j 
 found Hoof. 
 
 Of the Atteint. 
 
 It is a diftemper that proceeds from an over¬ 
 reaching before •, and if it be behind,-it is che tread¬ 
 ing of another Horfe, which every ordinary Far¬ 
 rier knows how to cure, and therefore we fhall 
 wave it. 
 
 Of 
 
Art of Husbandry. 115 
 
 Of the Mourning of the Tongue, 
 
 I (hall pals over this Diftemper as it is held un- 
 curable. 
 
 A Remedy for a Pinch, or a Gall in the Withers. 
 
 Firft cut out the dead flefh, and make a Tent with 
 the White of an Egg, and then wafh the part with 
 warm White-wine, and afterwards anoint the fore 
 place with white fweetSuet. 
 
 A prefent Remedy for the Staggers. 
 
 When you find your Horfe diftempered in his 
 Head, then take a piece of woollen Cloth, and,bind 
 it faft to the end of a ftick, being well rubbed with 
 good Barbary Sope, and then put it into both his 
 Noftrils with as much eafe as you can, and it will 
 draw it forth very gently again •• This is a per- 
 feft Remedy. 
 
 An excellent Remedy for the Strangles. 
 
 When you firft fee the Strangles growing, prick 
 them under the Throat in the Morning, and after 
 cover the Horfes head with a Linnen-cIoth,and then 
 rub him often under the Throat, with frelh Butter, 
 on the fore place, and it will Cure him. 
 
 A Remedy for the fveliing of the Cods. 
 
 Take ftrong Vinegar, white Chalk, well pow¬ 
 dered, ftirit well, and makea Paffce, anoint the 
 Cods of the Horfe three or four times a day, and in 
 few days it will cure him. 
 
 A Remedy for the Mattering of t he Yard. 
 
 Takea pint of White-wine, boil therein a quart 
 of Roche-Allum, and with a Squirt thruft it very 
 far into his Yard; fquirt the fame fome three or 
 four times, to pierce and clean fe the bottom from 
 the filth, and thus continue till he be whole. 
 
U 6 The Epitomj of the 
 
 An excellent Cure for the Tetter,. 
 
 Before you meddle'with the place, firft draw 
 blood from his Legs, and then ftrikethe Veins of. 
 the Legs on the out fide, and on the in-fide, but not 
 on the place where the Hoof comes forth, then 
 walh the place with White-wine, and mingle the 
 Juice of Prunella with powder of Galls and clear 
 Water,and with this Liquor, beat theHogs-greafe 
 and liguid Pitch, that all become like Honey, and 
 having fo done, anoint the Tetter, and in fix times 
 drelfing it will be Cured. 
 
 A rare Medicine for a fore Eaclhe it never 
 fo wrung with a Saddle. 
 
 Take ofSheeps Dung to the quantity of three 
 parts of your Plaifter, and the fourth part of dry 
 Wheat and Rye-flour, and mingle them well toge¬ 
 ther, and let them boil a quarter of an hour in good 
 fair water, and then lay it on warm, and at two or 
 three times applying, it will Cure the Back : This 
 is a tried an approved Plaifter- 
 
 For the Botch intheGroynsofthe Horfe. 
 
 The Cure is, to take of Wheat-flour, Turpen¬ 
 tine, and Hony, of each a like quantity, ftirring it 
 to make aftifFPlaifter, and to lay it to the fore to 
 break it, and then Lance it: Tent it with Turpen¬ 
 tine and Hogs Greafe. 
 
 A Remedy for the Lax. 
 
 Take of Bean-flour, and Bole Armony, of each 
 a quartern, mingled in a quart of Red-wine, give 
 it him Luke-warm,and after it, let him drink warm 
 water, with. Bean-flour •, but if that will not flay 
 'him, then give him half a penny worth of Alluni 
 beaten into powder,and Bole Armony beaten fmall, 
 in a quart of Milk, ftirring them till all tht Milk be 
 of 
 
jitl of Husbandry. H 7 
 
 of a Curd, and this will Hop him. 
 
 A Remedy for the Coftivenefi, or BeHy-hound, 
 
 Take ofjthe Decoftion of Mallows, a quart, 
 'put to it half a pint ofOyl, fo much Butter, an 
 ounce of Benedict Laxative, and pour it into his 
 Fundament with a little Horn, and hold his Tayl 
 cloie to his Fundament, whilft another doth lead 
 him, and fo keep it in him as long as you can, and 
 after keep him warm, and give him warm water to 
 Drink. 
 
 An excellent Remedy for the Tellows. 
 
 The caufe thereof, is the abundance of bad hu¬ 
 mours the Cure is plain : Let him blood, ifyoa 
 fee it yellow, a pottie, then give him a quart of 
 White-wine, of Saffron and Tamerisk, of each 
 half an ounce, and the Juice that is wrung out of 
 two handfuls of Selandine, let him take it blood- 
 warm, and keep him warm,and with good Malhes, 
 wherein put two fpoonfuls of the powderofBrim- 
 ftone. Some will give him in this Drink the green 
 Ordure ofGeefe (brained. 
 
 A Remedy for the Swelling of the Gums. 
 
 The cure is, to make him to bleed well in the Pa¬ 
 late of the Mouth, and alfo to fcarifie t he rank Gums, 
 that the blood may come out, then rub them found- 
 ly with Vinegar and Salt. 
 
 A Remedy for the Rifts and Corruption in 
 the Palate of the Mouth. 
 
 Take (harp Vinegar and Salt,audwafh the fame, 
 and then anoint it with Hony. For the Lampas 
 and Bladders in the Mouth (as we have faid) every 
 Smith can cure it. 
 
 A certain Remedy for the Carney in the Month. 
 
 Thisdiftemper proceeds from the eating of lilthy 
 I 3 Hsy, 
 
118 The Hpitomy of the j 
 
 Hay, that Cats, Dogs, and other Vermine have 
 piffled upon, which will caufethe Horfes mouth to j 
 be clammy and furred, fo that he will not eat. The ; 
 Cure is, to let him blood in two great Veins under! 
 the Tongue, and to waih his mouth with Vinegar 
 and Salt, and to give him new Bread that is not hot. 
 
 A Remedy for the Heat in the Mouth. 
 
 Turn up the upper Lip, and- jag it with a Lan -1 
 cet, that it may bleed, and walh it with Vinegar 
 and Salt. 
 
 A Remedy for a cold in the Head. 
 
 Thecaufe proceeds'from fome heat, or Handing 
 too much' Hill, or from having fome Air piercing 
 his head when he is hot, or by fome humours con¬ 
 gealed after long reft, and full feeding,and through 
 the want of exercife to expel the fame. The figns 
 are a continual diftilling Rheum, waterilh Eyes, or 
 bis fhort drawing of breath at the Neftrils, when 
 the Caves and Paflages of the breath are ill ftopt. 
 The Cure is, put upon his head a double hood, an J 
 every morning ride him when he is falling; take 
 two Goofe-feathers dipt in Oyl of Bay, and thrull 
 them up into his Noftrils, through the ends where¬ 
 of with a Needle, put two threads to fallen the 
 fame to the Head-flail, fo that the feathers may net 
 fall out, and to the Snaffle and Bit thatheis rid 
 with, fallen a Root or two of Polypodium of the 
 Oak, which hath been lleeped all night in Spike- 
 Oyl, and every time you ride him, anoint the fame 
 with the fame Oyl, and when he cometh home, 
 put on his head the double hood, and perfume hiai 
 hot with Frankincenfe,calling a cloth over his head: 
 life him thus nine days together, and give him 
 «arm water or good Malhes, during the faid nine 
 days; 
 
*Arl of Husbandry. j 
 
 days \ for the&humesot continuance are very dan¬ 
 gerous, and many times remedilefs, leaving behind 
 them a worfe difeafe than themfelves. 
 
 An excellent Remedy for the Canker in the Month. 
 
 Wa(h the Mouth with ftrong Vinegar, made 
 thick with the powder of Allum, two or three days 
 together, to deftroy the.ulcerate matter; then take 
 a quart of fair water, of Allum four ounces, of 
 Hony four or five fpoonfuls, and Maudlin-leaves, 
 of Sage-leaves, and Columbine-leaves, of each a 
 handful \ boil all thefe together till half be consu¬ 
 med, and then every time being warmed, walh the 
 fame two or three days, and it will heal it. 
 
 Of the Loupe Difeafe. 
 
 There ate Horfes that will be Loufie; this dilfem- 
 per of their proceeds from too much leannefs,cold, 
 and ill-keeping:It is molt commonly amongfl: young 
 Horfes. We lhall not infill: upon the Remedy of it, 
 as it is fo familiarly pradtifed by every Smith. 
 
 Of the Repairing of a broken Hoof that 
 it may grow. 
 
 Take of Garlick-heads feven ounces, of Herb- 
 Grace, three handfuls of Allum beaten and lifted, 
 of Barrows Greafe that is old, two pound; mingle 
 all thefe with Afles Dung, boil them together, and 
 anoint the Hoof therewith. 
 
 A certain Remedy for the Fretting of the 6uts. 
 
 Take in the morning a quart of good Ale,and four 
 ounces of Fenugreek, feven ounces of Bay-berries, 
 as much Long-Pepper, an ounce of Ginger, two 
 ounces of Watercrefles, an handful of Sage, ano¬ 
 ther ofMintsibeatthem together in Ale,then ftrain 
 it, and give it him blood-warm, rope all his Legs, 
 and tie him fo, that he lie not downput him into a 
 1 4 fweat 
 
 ‘ I 
 
120 The fyitomy of the 
 
 fweat, keep him hot, give him no cold water for 
 three days after, feed him with dry Beans and Oats, 
 and the horfe will ’-ecover. 
 
 Of pulling out of Shivers or Thom , and 
 of Smiling. 
 
 The Cure is, to pull them out, if they may be 
 feenj but if there be fuch a fwelling, that they can¬ 
 not be feen, then take Wormwood, Paretory, 
 Bearsfoot, Hogs-greafe, and Honey, boil them to¬ 
 gether, and being hot, make a Plaifter. It is an ex¬ 
 cellent Remedy for any Swelling, fo alfo is Wine- 
 lees, Wheat-flour and Cummin boiled together, 
 and when it is at a head, lance it. 
 
 Of the Stranguttion. 
 
 It is an eafie difeafe to cure, but the horfe will be 
 fore Cck with it jit proceeding from a chafing heat, 
 that will make him fweat,and afterwards it will rife 
 and fwellin divers parts of his body,as big as a mans 
 lift: It will break of it felf if it be kept warm. 
 
 Of Blindnefs. 
 
 A Horfe will be blinded with too much labour: 
 This diltemper, if it be young and taken betimes, 
 is bell cured by giving of him eafe. 
 
 Of the Foaling of the Yard , with the Remedy. 
 
 The Cure is, to wafh the fame with warm white 
 Wine, and anoint it with Oyl of Rofes and Honey 
 mingled together, then put it up with a Cod-piec? 
 ofTrofs, keep itupftill, and drefs him every day 
 once till he be whole. 
 
 Of the Millets , with the Remedy. 
 
 _ This diftemper appeareth in the Foot-locks be¬ 
 hind j it cauleth the hair to (hed three or four inches 
 in length, and a quarter of an inch in breadth, like 
 US ifit were bare. It is feldom or never cured,, buc 
 a horfe 
 
Art of Husbandry. 121 
 
 a horfe may live, being purged with ordinary Pur¬ 
 
 ges, for a long time with this diftemjper. 
 
 An excellent Remedy for the String hault , or any old 
 Strain or Lamenefs in the fincvpy Joynts. 
 
 Take Boars Greafe , Bole Arraoniack; black 
 Sopeyind Nerve-Oyl, of each a like quantity, boyl 
 them all together,and then apply it hot to the grief, 
 rubbing and chafing it,and alfo heating it very well, 
 either with a hot Brick, Brick-bat, or hot Fire-flio- 
 vel: Thus do once every day,until the pain begon?. 
 The String hanlt is adiftemperwhich maketh the 
 j horfe to twitch up his Leg •, it proceeds for the molt 
 [ part from a cold : it feldom appears outwardly.. 
 
 ; A Remedy aprrovedfor the Hide-bound , by fome impro¬ 
 perly called the Affreyde. 
 
 : The caufe thereof is a fudden cold, after a great 
 ; heat when the Pores are open, the coldentretH, 
 
 ; and maketh an attra&ion of the Sinews, fo as 
 that the horfe feemeth to go or travel with great 
 : grief, his skin being as it were ftarched, Ihrunk, 
 i and clinging to his Ribs. The Cure' is, to- let him 
 blood in both the Flank-veins, being next the gird¬ 
 ing place and the Flanks; then take a quart of white 
 Wine,and pnt thereinto three ounces of Sallet-Oyl, 
 and of Cummin one ounce,of Annifeeds two ounces, 
 
 1 Liquoris two ounces beaten into powder, and give 
 it him warm,then let him be rubbed half an hour to- 
 , gether cover all his Back with a Sack throughly 
 I foakt in a Tub of water, and the water wrung out 
 and upon that call: many cloaths, and gird them fall 
 unto him to bring him to fweat, which is the only 
 and chief thing to recover him jthen keep him with 
 . good Malhes, and every day let him be lb ufed for 
 7 or 8 days together, give him fodden Barley and 
 Beans 
 
 I 
 
122 The Epitcmy of the \ 
 
 Beans for his diet,-and green Mault on the floor,! 
 and after the eight days, let him blood in the two 
 Breaft-veins, about a pint •, then give him to the* 
 quantity of a pint and a half of Sack, and a quarter I 
 ofa pint ofSallet-Oyl, four pennyworth of thebefe 
 Treacle; ride him until he fweat,then prefently fet 
 him in a warm Stable, and keep him hot •• at night 
 give him a good Malh of Mault, with the powder; 
 of Brimftone, to the quantity of two fpoonfuls. • 
 A Remedy for the Hurt of the Tongue with a Sit. 
 The Cure is, to walh it with Allum water, then 
 take black Bramble-leaves, and chop them with 
 Jard, and put them within a clout, and make themj 
 as round as a Ball,' then dip the fame in Honey, and; 
 annoint the Tongue therewith until it be whole. 
 
 A Remedy for the Giggs in the mouth. 
 
 They are fwellings with black heads growing on 
 the inlide of the Lips. The Cure is, to flit them, 
 and thruft out the corruption, and to walh the fame 
 with Vinegar and Salt. 
 
 An excellent Receipt to fatten a Herfe. 
 
 This way 1 have experienced, and found it to be 
 good and certain: Take of Elicampane, of Cum¬ 
 min feeds, ofTamericksj ofAnnifeeds,ofeach two 
 ounces y of Groundfel a handful: boil all thefevery 
 well with three heads of Garlick,cleanfed and flam- 
 ped in a Gallon of ftrong Alt, then ftrain it well, 
 and give the Horfe a quart hike- warm in the morn¬ 
 ing fsftiog, then ride him till that he be warm,fet 
 him up hot- Thus do for four or five mornings 
 then turn the horfe to Grafs (if it bea fit luitable 
 time of the yearjand he will feed heartily.But ifthe 
 time of the year ferve not for Grafs, then you mufl 
 keep him in the Houfe, and over and befides the 
 
 i 
 
Art of Husbandry. 129 
 
 Drink before prefcribed, you muft take fine pow¬ 
 der of Elicampane,and the fine powder of Cummin- 
 feeds,of each a likequantity ;mix them well together, 
 then every time that you give your Horfes Pro- 
 vender, which fhould be thrice a day in the morn¬ 
 ing, noon, and night,take halfan ounce of this pow¬ 
 der, and fprinkle it by little and little, and a little 
 into his Provender, for fear he fhould naufeate it, 
 until it be all eaten up. And thus do for fourteen, 
 dayes together at theleall, andyoulhall fee the- 
 Horfe profper in a wonderful and ftrange manner. 
 
 An excellent Remedy againfl a Horfes forfeiting 
 with Provender. 
 
 When a Horfe hath eaten more than his ftomach 
 can well digeft, he is in much pain, fo as that he is 
 not able to Hand, but lyeth and walioweth as ifhe 
 had the Bots. The Cure is, to let him blood, and 
 to draw his Yard and walh it, put a piece of a Clove 
 of Garlick intoit, to make him pifsgive him ah- 
 fo a Clyfter with the water of fodden Mallows, 
 fiefh Butter, and Sallet-Oyl ’, keep him warm, and 
 let him eat very little for four or five days. 
 
 Thefe following things are mofi excellent to put 
 into a Horfes Provender, to preferve him 
 from Difeafes . 
 
 The powder ofWolfes Liver, the powder Enu- 
 la Campana,the powder of Polypodium of the Oak , 
 fine cut pie.es of Rhubarb, the powder of Brimftone 
 made fine, the powder of Liquoris, Anifeeds, Fenu¬ 
 greek, Turmerick, Bay-berries, long Pepper, Agri¬ 
 mony, Chamomil, Wormwood, Savin, Linfeed* 
 Smallage, Parfley, Rue, Hyfop, Coltsfoot, Ho re¬ 
 hound, and fuch like. Of 
 
124 Tifo Epitomy of the 
 
 Of the Catarrh in Hogs, with the Remedy. 
 
 It is a Rheum which makes their Eyes to water, 
 and a moifture to afcend up into the Head, which 
 breedeth a corrupt matter,fomewhat of affinity with 
 the, Plague. It feizeth upon them for the molt part 
 from their eating of too much fruit that lyes rotten 
 under the Teees. For this diftemper Marlh-mal- 
 lows are excellently good mixt amongft their 
 meat. 
 
 approved Cares for a Hog bitten by a mad, 
 or by ether Dogs. 
 
 If he be bitten by a mad-Dog, take of ftrong 
 Chamber-lie,and mix it with Bay-Salt and Soot,and 
 put therein an Addle-Egg,or two,then beat them all 
 together,and make it boy la little, then rub the place 
 as hot as he may well endure it without fcalding, 
 with a flick, and a clout tied to the end of it. Ufe 
 this twice or thrice, and he lhall do well. But if 
 he be bitten by other Dogs, that he is like to come 
 by an Apoftumeto avoid the danger thereof, you 
 mult wafh his Wound betimes with Stale, Salt, and 
 Nettles bruifed,or Vinegar and Mallows boiled to¬ 
 gether, and fome Hogs-greafe put thereunto, and 
 therewith bathe the Sore ; then anoint with Tar, 
 and frelh Greafe mixed together, and he lhall do 
 well. 
 
 An approved Remedy for the Staggers, or Stir¬ 
 ring Difeafe in Hogs, 
 
 The Cure is, to put Sea-bur-knob in the Roof 
 of their mouths; cut it, and let it bleed, and take 
 thegowder of Lemmon and Salt, and rubit there¬ 
 with, thenlet them have a little Stale, and they 
 will recover. 
 
125 
 
 ^frt of Husbandry. 
 
 To make a Hog to Scour, 
 
 Give him fmoaked Barley in the draw, as it is 
 alfo ftewed for the wethering of a Cow to help her. 
 Of the Lethargy in Hogs , with the Remedy. 
 
 If this difeafe come, the Hog-herds fhut up all 
 their Hogs together in one houfe;and let them there 
 remain a day and a night together without any meat 
 or drink. The next day after give them water, in 
 which is ftamped the Roots of wild Cucumbers. 
 And as many as have drunk thereof, will begin to 
 vomit, and afterwards by Vomiting, are purged 
 and cleared for the diftemper. 
 
 A Remedy for the Lask in Hogs. 
 
 Give them dried Beans, beaten Savil, mixed with 
 Broom. 
 
 To kill Maggots in Hogs. 
 
 If they breed in the Ear, or other wife, in any 
 hollow place under the skin, you rnuft take the 
 Juice of Hemlock, and pour it into the hole, and 
 it will kill them, or elfe they will immediately void 
 them ofagreatbignefs. 
 
 An approved Remedy for. the Difeafe in 
 Hogs , called the Milt. 
 
 The Remedy is,by making them Troughs to feed 
 out, of a Wood in Latine called Tamerix , which 
 in Englilh is called Quick-Beanwood, out of which 
 will come fuch a moifture, that it will heal the In¬ 
 flammation of the difeafe for fometimes there pro¬ 
 ceeds fuch au Inflammation from the Milt, that it 
 breeds a Peftilence. 
 
 To cure Hogs that have eaten of payf nous 
 Herbs. 
 
 Such as Henbane, and Hemlock ; to cure them, 
 yo i mull give them the Juice of Cucumbers warm¬ 
 ed, 
 
 I 
 
126 The Epitomy cj the j 
 
 ed, the which being drunk, will caufe them to j 
 vomit, by which they cleanfe their llomachs, and 1 
 recover their healths again. There are two other I 
 Herbs, the Cameleon Thiftle, andtheGoofe-foot,J 
 which are death for them to eat. I 
 
 ToCurethe Jpoftumes under the Hogs Throats. 
 
 ■ When they have Apoltumes and Kernels under 
 their Throats, they ought to be let blood under i 
 the Tongue, and when that you have drawn blood j 
 Sufficiently, you mull Rub and Chafe all his Throat 
 and Groyn. 
 
 An approved Cuye of the G arget in Hogs, 
 
 This is a dangerous difeafe, that many of them 
 die of •, it is a fwelling and Inflammation of the 
 Throat, behind the Jaws of a Hog. I cannot be | 
 acquainted with any other Remedy \ for it is but 
 this, that they ufe to flit it in themidft, as long as 
 the Inflammation or Sore is, and then to flay up the 
 skin on botli (ides of the flits, and fo far as the fore 
 
 is, rub it with Nettles and Salt, and lay Tar upon 
 
 it, and he (hall recover. 
 
 A Remedy , together with a Bath for a Swine 
 that hath the Swine-Pox . 
 
 For the Cure, give them the Powder of Brim- 
 ftone with fome Salt. A Bath to wa(h them, is as 
 follows, take Yarrow, Plantane, Primrofe leaves, 
 Bryar-leaves, old Oaken-leaves of a year, of wa- 
 tryBettony, ofeach two handfuls: Boil them in 
 two Gallons of Running-water, till that they are 
 tender, and then wafh your Hogs and Pigs there¬ 
 with, and ule this once or twice, and it will drieup- 
 A Remedy for Lonfe Hogs. 
 
 This difeafe comes to them from leannefs, and 
 want of good keeping in Winter j for fo long as 
 they 
 
| ^Art of Husbandry. _ n 7 
 
 ’they areLoufie, they will not thrive. The Reme¬ 
 dy is, take Quick-filver , and kill it with Sallet- 
 Oyland Fafting-fpittle, then mix therewith frelh 
 ; Greafe, or Neats-foot Oyl, and fo anoint them all 
 Jover. 
 
 | Prejervativesagainfi the Meades, with the mofi 
 approved Cures of them in Hogs. 
 
 \ To keep and fave your Hogs from being Mea- 
 ; fled, take this courie ■, You (hall ufein the furtimer 
 jefpecially in the Dog-days (which laft from the 
 jmidft of July, to the middle oiAuguff) to give 
 them amongft their Wa(h and other Meat, chop¬ 
 ped cold Herbs, ofLettice, Endive, Succory, Vio¬ 
 let-leaves, of Dandelion, Sow-thiftle, or Sumitors, 
 and fuch like,chop a quantity of thefe amongft their 
 Meat, to keep them cool. Another is, to take a 
 quart of ftale Pifs, or Mens Urine, that 'hath been 
 kept very long, and therein put a good handful of 
 Black-fope, ftir and mix it well together with the 
 Pifs, then put therein a quantity of Whey, force 
 I theHog, if he be nice, to drink it. Let him reft 
 i two or three hours after it, and then give him fome 
 [ other meat, not much: And fo let him reft without 
 ! any other fuftenance until the next morning, for a 
 weeks fpace or more, as you fhall have caufe, and 
 you (hall fee this Experiment made good. 
 
 To fatten i heep. 
 
 All things will fatten Sheep, which are mingled 
 with Salt-water, as Vetches, Bran, Chaff, and 
 fuch like. 
 
 To make the Wool to come again. 
 
 If the Wool of the Sheep after they have been 
 flabby, do fall off fas in fome places the Wool 
 will gc clear off:) To make it grow again and ftp- 
 
528 The Epitomy of the 
 
 ply the fame place, greafe them with Butter mixed 
 with Tar, Oyl, Goofe-greafe, or frelh-Greafe j 
 for Tar alone is too (harp, a fretter and a whealer, 
 without it be mixed with fome of the aforefaid In¬ 
 gredients. 
 
 Of the Red-watery with the Remedy. 
 
 This is a certain Bladder with water under the 
 
 tip of the Heart, which fealds and confumes the 
 
 Heart, and at length will kill the Sheep. The bell 
 help is for fome nights to chafe them with a Dog, 
 which will preferve them from the mifehief of this 
 diftemper. 
 
 An excellent Remedy for the Cough of 
 a Sheep. 
 
 You mull give him in the morning with a Horn, 
 a little offweet Almonds, mixed with a little white- 
 Wine. Let him take it warm -, let him have new 
 ftraw, and make him to eat of the Colt-herb grow¬ 
 ing on Lands: fome call it Horfe-hoof. 
 
 Of the cloven Peftl. 
 
 There is no other Kemedy, when he is a Lamb, 
 but to keep it clean till it be bigger; anoint him 
 with Tar, and when he is in reafonable cafe, kill 
 him, for there is no Cure for it. 
 
 A Remedy for the Flegme. 
 
 Put the tender tops or branches of Savory into 
 their Noftrils,or Bafil into their Nofes, which will 
 caufe them to fneeze, but you mult clofe their Eyes. 
 You muft alfo take of the Juice of Briony , with 
 Honied water. 
 
 To-kill Maggbts. 
 
 Take Oyl of Olive, and the powder of Brim- 
 Hone, and fo anoint therewith , or of the powder 
 ofBrimltoneand Tar, mixed together, and warm¬ 
 ed over a foft fire. , A 
 
Art of Husbandry. ~ 129 
 
 A Remedy for the Water in the Belly or Head. 
 
 Stamp and ftrain of Two-penny Gr afs, and-give 
 it him in boiled Wine- Againlt any water in the 
 Head, boil Purflane in honied-water ftrained, and 
 fo give it him. 
 
 For the Worms in the Gtits, the Remedy. 
 
 Take a quantity of the Juice ofHorehound, with 
 fome Leek-blades? and bruife them, and fo give it 
 to him, and it will help him. 
 
 Of the Tin-worm. 
 
 It is a fmall Red Worm, with many Legs, much 
 like to a Hogs Loufe, they creep in the Grals: if 
 Sheep, or any other Cattel do eat one, they will 
 fwell, and within a day or two die, if they are not 
 Cured. To efFedt which, take a quantity of Stale 
 and Salt, and Itir them together, and give it him 
 fo, chafe him a while after : Or give him the Juice 
 of the Herb Robert, and it will recover him. 
 
 A Remedy for the Loofenefsof the Teeth. 
 
 For the Cure, take the tender Crops of Bryars, 
 Called the Black-Bryar, and put it amongft his 
 meat, and his Teeth will fallen again in the eating 
 thereof. 
 
 A Remedy for the Flowing of the Gall. 
 
 Give him half a fpoonful of Aqua-vit$, mixed 
 with fo much Vinegar, and let him blood under the 
 Tayl, and he will mend- 
 
 A Remedy for the Cholcr in Sheep. 
 
 'Tis cured by giving the ftale Urine of men. 
 
 A Cure for the Loufe in Sheep. 
 
 Take Quick-filver killed in Oyl-Olive, or Spit¬ 
 tle, and therewith anoint him- 
 Of the mid-fire. 
 
 This is a difeale counted Incurable y the Shep- 
 t K herds' 
 
 1 
 
?5o The Epitomy of the 
 
 herds have no other way but to keep the Sheep 
 warm, and to nourilh him with Goats-milk, the 
 which will mitigate the diftemper of the violence 
 of the fire. 
 
 A Remedy for a Sheep that hath loft her 
 Quid. 
 
 If a Sheep hath loft her Quide, notwithftanding 
 flic will eat all the day,and call it up in the night 
 again (which calling will be like to the Paunch ofa 
 Beaft) for Ihe cannot digeft it, but pine away by 
 little and little : For the Cure,you mult take Quide- 
 wort that groweth amongft Corn like to Ground- 
 fel ; bruife a quantity thereof, and then mark when 
 you do fee another Sheep chew the Quide, and take 
 part of her Quide out of her mouth, and mix it 
 with the bruifed Quide-wort, and roll it together, 
 and fo give it, make her fwallow it, and lhe will 
 do well. 
 
 An excellent Cure for the Staggers in Sheep. 
 
 Take of Long-pepper, of Liqnorilh, of Ani- 
 feeds, of Hemp-feeds, and of Honey, of each a pen¬ 
 ny-worth; heat all thefe together, and put therein 
 a Pottle of ne w Milk, and ftir the Honey and it 
 with the reft altogether, and thereof give to each 
 Lamb, or Sheep two fpoonfuls, or fomewhat more 
 lukewarm, and this will cure them. 
 
 Vfefnl Prcfervatives , when tho Peftilence. 
 ragetb amongft Sheep. 
 
 If it pleafe God that ail your Cattel are lick,firit 
 youmuft change your Pafture, and your watering 
 places, and drive your Cattel further off intoother 
 Paftures. If the Peftilence or Murrain rulh vio¬ 
 lently on them with great heats, you muft have 
 them to coverts, lhades, and cold places. If it 
 pro- 
 
Art of Husbandry, xgi 
 
 proceed from cold, you mull have then into open 
 places againft the Sun, you muft drive them very 
 foftly, keeping them in a kind of gentle cxercife, 
 yet not to let them reft and lie too much. And when 
 that you have brought them to the appointed place, 
 you muft part them into many Troops and Bands, 
 and there let them be carefully lookt to. 
 
 A Remedy for the jhort Breath and Ptirfie. 
 
 You muft cut their Ears, and change their Pa- 
 fture, alfo flit their Noftrils .• Some hold it neceflary 
 to give them Annifeeds, Liquoris, and Sugar can¬ 
 dy 5 all finely beaten together, and mixed with old 
 Greafe, or of the powder of Juniper-berries, ad- 
 miniftred to them with the Juice of Angelica, with 
 aHorn, in Wine or Water is excellently good. 
 
 To help the IVcthering of a Sheep. 
 
 Stamp the Leaves of Mallows with ftrorig Ale, 
 and give it to the Ewe, and fhe fhall do well} the 
 Juice of Mugwort will do the like. 
 
 A Remedy for the Turning Difeafe in the Sheep. 
 This difteniper caufes them to hold their heads 
 on one fide if (lie hold her head on the right fide, 
 you muft ftrike off the Horn on the left fide j for 
 under the Horn there is a worm which you muft 
 anoint with Tar, then bind a doth on it, and the 
 Sheep will recover. 
 
 For the launches. 
 
 The ftale Urine of men, is accounted the belt 
 Remedy. 
 
 A Remedy for the Water in the Belly of a 
 Sheep. 
 
 You muft cut a hole in the Belly of the Sheep,' 
 put in a feather, and let out the water, and flitch' 
 it up again. 
 
132 The Epitomy of the 
 
 A Remedy fir the Water-bladder under 
 the Chin. 
 
 If you feel it, you (hall find it foft; there is no 
 other way. but to Lance it a little,and then to Tar it, 
 A Remedy fir the Limg-fick^ or Piirfnefs. 
 
 Stamp Lung-wort, and ftrain it in a little Honey- 
 water, and give them of the Juice of Carduus Be-; 
 nedidtus, called by fome Sow-Thiftle mixt with j 
 warm Ale, and it will by Gods Blelfing cure them. ; 
 
 7 0 cure the Glanders or Snivel. 
 
 If this difeafe continue upon the Sheep two days, 
 the belt way will be either to feparate himfrom the 
 reft, or to kill him. Some ufe for the Remedy, to 
 take a flick, and therewith to take out all they can 
 get out, and fotomakethefheep clean, when any 
 occafion is, upon which he will fomewhat recover. 
 Others give them the Juice of Bettony with hony- 
 ed water, and the Herb called Bucks-beard, which 
 groweth higher than that which in Latine is called 
 Picnomenon, This Herb ftamped and given with 
 Wine, is marvellous good againft cold or flegm in 
 any parts of their bodies. 
 
 To cure the Itch or Scab in Sheep. 
 
 ■ Anoint with Goofc-greafeand Tar mixed toge¬ 
 ther with the tender Crops of Broom in Aid), 
 ftamp and boil them with Goole-greafe, put Tar to 
 them with a like proportion, then make two (herds 
 on both lides of his Backbone, from his head to his 
 tayl,and anoynt with theaforefaid Greafe,and yon 
 (hall need no moreanointing. There is a tcabbinels 
 alfo amongft Lambs, being half a year old, towards 
 Winter, or the next Fall of the Leaf y (the Shep¬ 
 herds fay) the taule is, for that the Rams at that 
 time arefcabby that get them, and that then all the 
 , Lambs 
 
jfrt of Husbandry. i$g 
 
 Lambs lhallbe fcabby at the next Fall.To heal this 
 diftemper, you muft greafe them with Tar mixt 
 with frefh Greafe, or Neats-foot Oyl, or Goofe- 
 greafe. Thereis another fcabbinefs which happens 
 fometimes on the Moufels of the iheep, and that 
 proceeds from the place where there is great plenty 
 of Furs and Grofe, they by the eating of the tops 
 and flowers thereof, do prick their Lips and Mouf¬ 
 els, from whence come fcabs, which you muft heal 
 by anointing them with frefh Butter. There is ano¬ 
 ther fcab which they have, which comes through the 
 negligence of the Shepherds, when they fuffer them 
 to feed on the Grafs covered with Dew. To reme¬ 
 dy this, take Salt and Hyfop, a little quantity bea¬ 
 ten together, and therewith fret and chafe the Pa¬ 
 late of the Mouth, the Tongue, and all over the 
 Moufel, and they will be cured. 
 
 An excellent Remedy for theGiddinefs 
 in Sheep. 
 
 This diftemper proceeds from a Bladder in their 
 heads, you (hall find it foft under your finger, and 
 there you muft cut it. For any other pains or Giddi- 
 nefs ofthe head, thefe following Remedies are fpe- 
 cialgood: Take the Juice of Ivy leaves, and put 
 thereofinto his Ear, and bind or dole it, fo that 
 it may notbe call out, or the Juice of wild Thyme 
 ftamped with Ak {trained and given him. 
 
 Approved Remedies for the Haw in the Eye, and 
 other Difiempers ofthe Eyes. 
 
 Drop into the Eye,Juice of Chammomil,or Crows- 
 f)ot Herbs, ftampt and laid to. Againft any hot 
 caufe or pain ofthe Eyes, to let the Juice of Dra¬ 
 gon Herb, or the Juice ofLettice lye to it plaifter- 
 wifc. For a cold caufe, take the Juice of Clary 
 K 3 mixed 
 
 ' 1 
 
j 54 The Epitpwy of the 
 
 mixed with Honey, and drop it in. Alfo tfie Juice 
 ofPimpernel put into the Eyes, and laid to, will 
 break-and kill every Haw or other Apoftumes in 
 the Eyes. 
 
 Of a flop in the Teats. 
 
 There is fometimeson Ewes Teats a certain fmall 
 Mote or Scab with a black head, hanging unto it a 
 hard watry firing like flegm, which is within the 
 Teat, which will flop her Milk : Therefore the 
 Shepherd muft have a preventive Cure in lambing 
 time. 
 
 Hm to fet and fee over the Sheepfold. 
 
 T He beft time to fet over the Sheepfold is in 
 May. Let it be fet upon Rye-ground, if the 
 Husbandman or Shepherd have any, ar.d to flit it e- 
 very morning or night \ and in the morning when 
 he cometh to the Field, let him not take out the 
 fheep prefently, but raife them up by degrees, and 
 afterwards let them ftand ftill a good while, that 
 they may dungcnd pifs.And let him goamongftthem 
 to fee whether any of them have the Mathes, or be 
 Icabbed, and let them fee and perufe them three 
 or four times upon-the one fide, as often upon 
 the other fide. And when that the Kells are gone 
 befidc the ground, then may they be let out of the 
 Fold, and then let him drive them to the founded 
 place of the Field. But he that hath a fallow Field 
 feparate to himfelf, let him occupy and pofiefs no 
 Fold; for folding of fheep tnaketh them fcabbed, 
 andbreedeth Mathes: and when altorm ofill wea¬ 
 ther comes, they cannot flye nor go away, which 
 muft very much abate them of their flefh. But let 
 
jirt of Husbandry. 19 5 
 
 that Husbandman that hathfeveral fallow Fields, 
 drive twenty, thirty, or forty flakes, according to 
 the number of the lheep, upon his fallow where he 
 would fet his Fold, and that morfe efpecially in the 
 furtheft Eaft part of the Field, from thence as they 
 came in, for their going upon the Ground doth 
 much good: and let the Shepherd bring his fheep 
 to the flakes, and the fheep will rub themfelves on 
 the flakes. And let thefhepherd walk about them 
 till they are fet, and fo order them for two or three 
 nights, and they will follow thofe flakes as he 
 flitteth them, and fet by them. And if any ill wea¬ 
 ther comes, they will rife up, and go to the Hedge 
 This manneroffolding (hall keep them from breed¬ 
 ing of Mathcs and Scabs, or in the lead manner a- 
 bate of their flefh ) it will alfo preferve them from 
 rotting. In the morning let the Shepherd put them 
 out of their Paflures, he (hall not need to have any 
 Hurdles or Sheepikcks. 
 
 What time of the year the Rams [hottlcl be put to 
 the Eives. 
 
 A Husbandman (as 1 have already (aid) cannot fo 
 well thrive of his Corn, except he have other 
 Cattel, nor by his Cattel without Corn ; for other- 
 wife he (liould bg a Buyer, a Borrower, ora Begg- 
 er; and becaufe that fheep, in my opinion, are the 
 profitablefl Cattel that a Husbandman can have, 
 I (hall difeourfe the more at large of them. It will 
 therefore firfl be a neceflary thing for the Husband¬ 
 man or Shepherd to know what time he fliali put 
 the Ram to the Ews. In this particular I mud 
 make a diltinftion ; fpr all times are not alike to 
 put to the Rams, for upon the mi,[take of time, 
 
i g 6 The fyitomy of the 
 
 there may be a great damage or lofs •, for that man 
 that hath the beft (hecp-pafture for winter,and fome 
 fpringing in the beginning of the year, he may fuf- 
 fer his Rams to go with his Ews all times of the 
 year to blifTom or ride them when he will: but for 
 the common pafture, it is time to put to his Rams at 
 the Exaltation of the Holy Crofs, tor then the Buck 
 goeth to the rut, and fo would the Ram. But for 
 the ordinary Husbandman that hath no Pafture but 
 the common Fields, it is time enough at theFeaft 
 of St. Michael the Archangel. And fo for the poor 
 Husbandman of the Peek, and fuch others, that 
 dwell in hilly or high ground, that have no Pafture 
 nor common Fields, for them Simon and Judes Day 
 will be a very good time ; and the reafon is this: 
 AnEw goeth with Lamb twenty weeks,and ufesto 
 yean her Lamb in the twenty firft week ; and if (he 
 have not convenient new Grafs to eat, (he will want 
 Milkfor her Lamb, for want of which there are 
 many Lambs that perilh and are loft, that through 
 theleannels of the Dams, and their wantofMilk, 
 are forced to forfake their Lambs, fo that in fome 
 hard Countries oftentimes, they both dye. 
 
 To make an Ewe to love her Lamb. 
 
 I F theEw have Milk, and will not love her Lamb, 
 put her into a narrow place made of Hordes or of 
 fmooth Troufe, a yard wide, and put the Lamb to 
 her to fuck it} and if the Ew ftrike or fmite theLamb 
 with her head, bind her head with a Hay-rope or 
 Cord to the fide of the Pen,and if the Lamb will not 
 ftand fide-long, call the Ew, and give her a little 
 Hay, and tye a Dog by her, that (he may fee him; 
 
 I 
 
Art of Husbandry. 137 
 
 and this fright will in a fhort fpace caufe her to love 
 her Lamb: and if he have a Lamb dead, whereof 
 the Dam hath much milk, (lay the Lamb', and tye 
 that skin upon anotherLambs back that hath a weak 
 Dam with little milk,and put the good Ew and that 
 Lamb together in the Pen, and in one hour (he will 
 love the Lamb; and then he may take the weak Ew 
 away, and put her in another place, ■ and by this 
 means he may fave both hers and the Lambs life. 
 
 Jt what time Lambs fiould be weaned. 
 
 I N fome places they never fever the Lambs from 
 the Dams, which is for two caufes one is, in 
 
 the belt pafture, where the Rams go away with their 
 Ew, there it needeth not; for the Dams will grow 
 dry, and wean the Lambs them (elves. Another 
 caufe is, he that hath no found pafture to put his 
 Lambs into when they (hould be weaned, he mud: 
 either fell them, or let them fuck as long as the 
 Dams will fuffer them. It is a common faying. 
 That the Lamb (hall notrot as long as it fucketh, 
 except the Dam want meat. But he that hath fe- 
 veral and found paftures, it is time for fuch a one to 
 wean his Lambs when they are (Ixteenor eighteen 
 weeks old at the fartheft, and the Ew (hall again 
 the better take the Ram. And the poor man of the 
 Peek Country,and fjc'n other places where they ufe 
 to milk their Ews five or lix weeks, &c„ fpoil their 
 Lambs, fo as that they are never fo good as thofc 
 that fuck long, and have meat enough. 
 
 To 
 
138 
 
 The Epitomy of the 
 
 To draw jheep, and to fever them in 
 divers parts. 
 
 W Hen the Grader hath many flieep in his 
 Paftures, it will be convenient tor him to 
 have a Sheepfold made with a good Hedge or a Pale, 
 the which will eafily receive all his fheep that go in 
 one pafture in a dry place, and adjoining to the end 
 of the fame, let him make another little Fold that 
 will contain ninety fheep or more, and both thefe 
 Folds mult have e|ther of them a Gate into either 
 pafture, and at the end of the Fold let him make a- 
 nother little Fold that will receive forty fheep or 
 more, and between every Fold a Gate. And when 
 the fheep are in the great Fold, let forty of them 
 or thereabouts, come into the middle fold, and 
 flake the gate, and then let the Shepherd turn them, 
 and look on every fide ; and if he find any fheep 
 that needeth any help or cure for any caufe, take 
 that fheep with his Hook, and put him into the lit¬ 
 tle Fold. And when that he hath taken all that 
 
 need any curing, then let him put the other into 
 whether pafture he pleafes, and let as many in of the 
 great Fold, and take as many in as need any hand¬ 
 ling, and put them into the little Fold; and thus go 
 them all over, till that he have done, and then let 
 him melt Greafe, and handle all thofe that he hath 
 drawn, and then lhall not the great Flock be tarried 
 and kept from their meat \ and when he hath cured 
 them, let him put them into their pafture. 
 
 
Art of Husbandry. 
 
 >39 
 
 To Meddle Tar. 
 
 L Et the Shepherds Tar be medled with Oyl» 
 Goofe-greafe, or Capons- greafe; thefe three 
 are the bell:: For they will make the Tar to run and 
 fpread abroad. Butter and Swines-greafe, when 
 they are melted, are good, fo that they are not fait, 
 for Tar of it felfis too lharp, it is a fretter, and no 
 healer, without it be medled with fome of thefC. 
 
 To make Broom-Salve. 
 
 A Medicine to falve poor mens (heep,that think 
 Tar too coftly, (the worth of which if fome 
 of the Richer fort knew, they would make ufe of it.) 
 
 Let the Shepherd take a Ihere full of Broom , 
 Crops, Leaves, BlofToms and all, chop them very 
 final!, and then feeth them in a Pan of twenty Gal¬ 
 lons with running water, till it begin to grow thick 
 like a Jelly, then let him take two pound of Sheep- 
 fnet melted, and a pottle of old Pifs, and as much 
 Brine made with Salt .• Let him put all into the faid 
 Pan, and ftirit about, and then llrain itthorowan 
 old Cloth, and put it into what Vefiel he will. And 
 if his (heepbenot Clipped, then let him make it 
 lake-warm, and then walh them therewith with a 
 Sponge, or a piece of oid Mantle, or of a folding 
 of fiich foft Cloth or Wool, for fpending too much 
 of his Salve. And at all times of the year he may 
 ufe it as he (hall have occaiion. Let him make wide 
 (hedsin the wool of the (heep, and anoint them 
 with it, and it will heal thelcab,and kill the flieeps 
 Lice, neither will it hurt the Wool in the fale there- 
 
140 The Epitomy of the 
 
 of. And thofe that are walhed, will not Be fcabby 
 again, if they are well fed •, for that is the belt 
 Greafe that the Shepherd can greafe the Iheep 
 withal,to greafe him in the mouth with good meat, 
 which is a great prefervation ofiheep from rotting, 
 except there come Mildews; for a iheep will chufe 
 the belt, if he have plenty. 
 
 To greafe Sheep. 
 
 I F any Iheep be Leabed, the Shepherd may per¬ 
 ceive it by the biting, rubbing, or fcratching 
 with the Horn, and molt commonly the Wool will 
 rife, and be thin or bare in that place. Then let the 
 Shepherd take him, and Ihecl the Wool with his 
 fingers there where the fcab is, and with his finger 
 let him lay a little Tar thereupon, and itroke it in, 
 length at the bottom of the Wool, that it be not 
 feen above, and fo let him (hew the Wool, and lay 
 a little Tar thereupon, till he have palled the fore, 
 and then it will go no further. 
 
 To belt Sheep. 
 
 I F any Sheep Ray, or be filled with Dung above 
 the Tayl, let the Shepherd take a pair of fhcars, 
 and clip it away,and let him call dry Moulds there¬ 
 upon yaidifit be in the heat of Summer, itlhould 
 be rubbed over with a little Tar, to keep away the 
 Flies. It is neceflury that a Shepherd have a Board 
 fet fad to the lidcof his little Fold, tolay his Iheep 
 upon when he handleth them, and a hole bored in 
 the Board with an Augur, and therein a grained 
 {lake of two foot long, to be fet fad, to hang his 
 Tar- 
 
jlrt of Husbandry. 14! 
 
 Tar-box upon, that it may not fall. A Shepherd 
 alfo lhould not go without his Dog, his iheep-hook, 
 and a pair oflhears, and his Tar-box, either with 
 him, or ready at his Sheep-fold, and he mull teach 
 his Dog to bark when he would have him; to run, 
 and to leave running when he would have him, or 
 elfe he is no right Shepherd. His Dog mult be 
 taught when he is a. Whelp,otherwife it will be hard 
 to make an old Dog Hoop, or to be plyant- 
 
 To wap Sheep. 
 
 I N June is the time to lhear Sheep, and before that 
 they are Ihorn, they mull he very well walhed, 
 which as to the Owners laic of the Wool, is a very 
 profitable help, and fo to the Cloth-maker: But 
 let x the Ihepherd beware that he j ut not too ma¬ 
 ny (heep into a Pen at one time, neither at wafting, 
 norat (hearing, for fear ofmurtheringorover- 
 prellingof their fellows, and that not any of them 
 go away till that they are clean wafted. Let the 
 Ihepherd hold the (heep by the head in the water, 
 and let him hold it high enough to preferve him 
 from Drowning. 
 
 To pear Sheep, 
 
 I Et the Owners give his (hearers a fpeci.il charge 
 to take heed of their (hears, left they twitch 
 the (heep, andefpedally for pricking with the point 
 of the (hears, and that the Ihepherd be always rea¬ 
 dy with his Tar-box to falve them. And let him 
 be fare that they are well marked, both Ear mark 
 and Pitch mark,and Rcbef-matk, ar.d let the Wool 
 
142 The Fpitomy of the 
 
 be well folded or wound with a Wool-wind,by one 
 that hath good skill therein, the which ihall very 
 much advance the fale thereof. 
 
 How to draw out , and feparate the bad Sheep 
 from the good. 
 
 W Hen the Ihepherd hath (horn his (heep, it 
 will then be his belt time to draw and fe¬ 
 parate them in divers manners, the (heep that he 
 will have fed,by themfelves, the Ews by themfelves, 
 and the Share-Hogs and Theves by themfelves, the 
 Lambs by themfelves, the Weathers and the Rams 
 by thejnfelves,if he have fo many Failures for them; 
 for the biggeft will beat the weakeft with his head. 
 And of every fort of (heep, it may happen that 
 there a’X fome that like not, but are weak } thofe 
 Ihould be put in the frefli Grafs by themfelves, and 
 when that they are a little Cured, as he fees occa- 
 lion, he may fell them. The often change of Grafs 
 is very whclefome and healthful for all manner of 
 Cattei. 
 
 If a Sheep have the Mathcs. 
 
 T He Shepherd may perceive this difeafe by the 
 iheeps biting, or frisking, or ihaking of the 
 Tayl: Thisdiftempetis moft commonly moilt and 
 wet \ and ifit be nigh untothcTayl, it is often¬ 
 times green, and filled with the ftieeps-dung, and 
 then the lhephcrd mult take a pair of (hears,and clip 
 away the Wool bare to the skin, let him take a 
 handful of dry Moulds, and call them upon the wet 
 todry it, and then wipe the Moulds away,and lay 
 Tar 
 
J jirt of Husbandry. 143 
 
 I jar there where the Mathes were, and a little fur- 
 | ther. Let the Ihepherd thus look to them every 
 |day, and cure them, if there be occafion. 
 
 E 
 
 i Of the blindnejs of Sheep. 
 
 T ' Here are fome fheep that will be blind for a fea- 
 fon, and yet mend again. Let the Ihepherd ' 
 [put a little Tar in his Eye •• This is the common 
 ! Medicine that the (hepherds ufe. 
 
 \ Of the Worm in the Sheeps Foot, and 
 | Help thereof. 
 
 T ' Here are fome lheeps feet that have Worms 
 in them, which makes them to halt. Let the 
 fhepherd take the (heep, and look betwixt his Cleft, 
 and there is a little hole as much as a great Pins- 
 head, wherein groweth five or fix black hairs, an 
 Inch long, or more. Let the fhepherd take a fharp- 
 pointed Knife, and flit the skin a quarter of an Inch 
 long about the hole, and as much beneath, and put 
 ihis one hand in the hollow of the foot under the hin¬ 
 der Cleft; let him fet his Thumb above, almoftat 
 the flit, and thruft his finger underneath forward, 
 and with his other hand take the black hairs by the 
 end, or with the Knifes point, and pull all the hairs 
 by little and little, and thruft after his other hand 
 with his Finger and his Thumb, and there will 
 come out a worm like a piece offlefh, nigh as much 
 asa little Finger. And when it i> out, let him put 
 a little Tar in the hole, and it will quicly be cured- 
 
144 The Epitomy of the 
 
 Of the Blood , md the timely Remedy of it. 
 
 T Here is a Sicknefs amongft Sheep, which is 
 called the Blood, of which they oftentimes 
 die fuddenly : The figns of his death are, that he 
 willftand ftill, and hangdown hu head, and fome- 
 times quake. The Shepherds Remedy for this Dif> 
 eafe is, to take the Iheep, and rub him about the 
 head, and efpecially about his Ears, and under his 
 Eyes, and with his Knife let him cut off his Ears 
 in the midft; and alfo let him bleed in a Vein under; 
 his Eyes j if he bleed well, he is like to livey if 
 he bleed not, then kill him, and fave his flefh; 
 for if he die by himfelf, the ftelh is loll:, and the 
 skin will be far ruddier, (like to blood) than any o- 
 ther skin fhall be. 
 
 Of the Pox, and the Remedy thereof. B 
 
 '“g-His Difeafe appears upon the skin in the like-1 
 1 nefs of red Purples, as broad as a Farthing, I 
 This diftemperdcftroys many Iheep. To remedy 
 this, the Shepherd is to handle all his Iheep,and to 
 furvey and look on every part of their bodies, and 
 asmany as he finds taken therewith, let him put 
 them into frefh new Grafs,and keep them from their 
 Fellows, and let him often have an Eye over his 
 
 Flock, and draw them as he hath need. And if it !>: 
 
 in Summer-time, that there be no Froft, then let 
 him walh them. 
 
 0 !\ 
 
Art of Husbandry. 445 ” 
 
 Of the Wood-Evil, and the Remedy thereof. 
 
 T Here is a ficknefs amongft Sheep, that is called 
 the Wood-Evil. It taketh them in the Spring: 
 of the year, and taketh them molt, comtaonly in 
 heir Legs, or in their Neck, and niaketh them td 
 alt, and hold their Necks awry : For the mbit part 
 hofe that have this ficknefs, die within a day of 
 ». The belt Remedy is to wafh them a little', 
 nd to change their ground, to bring them to a low 
 round, and frefh Grafs; for this ficknels is molt 
 imonlyin Hilly, Ley, and Ferny Grounds. Some 
 or this ficknefs, let their fheep blood in a Vein un- 
 ■ the Eye. 
 
 What are the things that chiefly Rot flieep. 
 
 Ti s necelTary that a Shepherd fliould know what 
 things chiefly Rot the fheep, that he may the 
 etter preferve them. There is a Grafs called 
 pear wort,it hath a long narrow Leaf like a Spears 
 ead, it will grow a foot high, and it beareth a yel- 
 w flower as broad as a Penny. It groweth always 
 low places: where the water ufeth to Hand in 
 Vinter. Another Grafs is called Penny-grafs, it 
 'owethlow,clofe to the earth inMoofilh Grounds, 
 hath a Leaf as broad as Two-pence, but' never 
 :areth flower. All manner of Grafs that the Land- 
 ood runs over, is bad for flieep, becaufe of the 
 nd and the filth that fticketh upon it. All Moo- 
 
 I ih Ground and Marlh-Gtound, is bad for flieep. 
 he Grafs that groweth upon Fallows, is not good 
 t fheep; for there is much of it weedy, rind often'" 
 V L times 
 
14 6 The Epitowj of the 
 
 times it comet-h up by the root, and that bringeth 
 earth with it •, and the (heep eat both. Mildew 
 grafs is very bad for (heep, and that we may find 
 out by the Leaves of the Trees in the morning, and 
 efpecially of Oaks y take the Leaves, and put thy 
 Tongue to them, and thou (halt tafte like Honey 
 upon them. Therefore the (heep (hould not be let 
 out of the Fold, till the Sun hath the power to dry 
 up the Mildew. Want of food will caufe -a great 
 Rot amongft (heep y for then they will have neither 
 goodflelh, nor good skins, White Sindes are very 
 bad for (heep in Paftures and in Fallows. There is 
 another Rot that is called the Pellet,vyhich proceeds 
 from great wet, efpecially in woody Countries, 
 where they find a want ofdrinefs. 
 
 To know Rotten .Sheep divers manner of ways, wheraj 
 fame of them never fail. 
 
 L Et the Shepherd ufe both his hands, and twirl 
 upon the (heeps Eye, and if it be ruddy, and 
 have red firings in the white of the Eye, then the 
 lheep is found y but if the Eye be white like Tal¬ 
 low, and the firings dark-coloured, then he is Rot¬ 
 ten. Let him alfo take the (heep upon the Wool ol 
 the fide, and if his skin be ruddy- colour’d and dry, 
 then he is found, but if it be pale colour’d and wa- 
 try, then he is Rotten. Alio when the Shepherd 
 hath opened the Wool of the fide, let him take a lit 
 tie ofit betwixt his Finger and his Thumb, and pul 
 it a little, if it ftick fait, he is found y if it come light 
 ly off, he isRotten. When alheep is killed, if hi 
 body be full of water, he is Rotten, and alio th 
 fat of the flelh will be yellow, if the Liver be cut 
 whereii 
 
 1 V 
 
Art of Husbandry. 147 
 
 wherein will be little qnicknefles, and lire things 
 like flocks, and alfo the Liver will be full of knots, 
 and white Blitters •, if it be Rotten, it will alfo 
 break and crumble in pieces, but if the fheep be 
 found, it will hold firm together. 
 
 L 2 
 
 BRIEF 
 
x > 
 
 148 
 
 fllllllllllilllllllll.. 
 
 BRIEF 
 
 Experimental Dire&ions 
 
 For the Right life of the 
 
 NGLE. 
 
 E that addrefleth the River for his pleafure, 
 muft be well prepared , as to the fetting 
 forth of his Tackle. The firft thing lie 
 muft do, is to obferve the Sun,the Wind,the Moon, 
 the Stars, and the Wanes of the Air; he muft ob- 
 lerve the Times and Seaions to fet forth his Tackles; 
 to go for his pleafure and for his profit.' As for Ex¬ 
 ample, the Sun proves cloudy, then muft he fet 
 forth his Ground-bait, or hisTackles, and of the 
 brighteft of his Flies. If the Sufi proves bright, 
 then muft he put on fome of the darkeftofhis Flies. 
 Thus muft he go to work with his Flies; light for 
 darknefs, and darknefs for light; he muft alfo ob¬ 
 ferve that the wind be in the South, for that wind 
 blows the Flic in the Trouts mouth. But if the 
 wea- 
 
right Vfe of the Angle. 149 
 
 weather be warm, it is indifferent whether the 
 wind ftandeth, either with Ground-bait or Menow, 
 
 . fo that he can call his Bait into the River. The ve¬ 
 ry feme obfervation is for Night, as for Day for 
 ifthe Moon prove clear, or if the Stars glitter in 
 theSkie, there is as ill Angling that night, as if it 
 ‘ were high Noon in the midlt of Summer, when the 
 Sun ihineth brightelt, there is little hopes of any 
 pleafure. For the petty Thames Recreation of 
 catching of Bleaks, Dace, &c. as they are id ge¬ 
 nerally known of every young Beginner, I am un¬ 
 willing to trouble the Reader withfuch a trifling 
 Difcourfe. 
 
 I Jhall begin, though not without fome feeming 
 digreflion, firft with the taking of Eels. When the 
 Angler ftays a night or two, let him take four or 
 five Lines, fuch as I (hall inform hereafter will ferve • 
 for Pikes, of fourteen or fifteen yards long, and at 
 every two yards long make a Noofe to hang a 
 Hook armed either to double thred, or filk twill: 
 for it is betterthan Wyre. Let him bait his Hooks 
 with Millers-thumbs, Loaches, Menows, or Gud- 
 gins: Let him tye to every Nooie a Line bated. 
 Thele Lines mult be laid crofs the River in the 
 deepelt place, either with Hones, or pegged, fo 
 that the Line may lie in the bottom of the River, 
 there will be no doubt of taking of a dilh of Eels; 
 he rnuft alfo have a imall Needle with an Eye, to 
 bait his Hooks, he mult ma*ke two Flies, the Pal¬ 
 mer rubbed with Silver or Gold, and the May- Fly: 
 Thefe are the ground of all Flies. To make the 
 Palmer-Fly, he mull arm his Line on the inflde of 
 the Hook; let him take his Sciffers.and cut fo much 
 of the brown of the Mallards feathers,as in his own 
 ; I, L 3 re a for. 
 
150 DmBious for the 
 
 reafou (hall make the Wings, then let him' lay the 
 outermoft part of the feather next the Hook, and 
 the point of the feather towards the Jhank of the 
 Hook,let him whip it three orfour times about the 
 Hook with the fame filkhe armed the Hook, then 
 make his (ilk faft: Let him take the Hackle of the 
 Neck of a Cock ora Capon, or a Plovers Top, 
 which is the belt, and let him take off the one fide of 
 the feather,then he mult take theHackle-filk,or gold 
 or filver thred •, and let him make all thefe faft at 
 the bent of the Hook, let him work them up to the 
 wings, every bout (hifting his fingers, and making 
 a ftop, then the gold will fall right, let him make it 
 faft: and work up the Hackle to the fame place, 
 and make the Hackle faft ; and let him take the 
 Hook betwixt his finger and his thumb, in the left 
 hand, with a Needle or Pin, part the wings in 
 two, then with the arming (ilk, as he hath faftned 
 all hitherto, let him whip it about as it falleth crofs 
 between the wings, and with his Thumb he mult 
 
 turn the point of the feather towards the bent of the 
 Hook 5 then let him work it three or four times a- 
 bout the lhank,fo fallen it,and view the proportion. 
 For other Flies: if he make the grounds of Hogs- 
 wool, fandy, black, or white, or the wool of a 
 Bear, or of a two years old red Bullock ; he mull 
 work all thefe grounds upon a waxed filk, then he 
 mull arm andfet on the wings, as I (hewed before; 
 for the May- Fly, let him work the body with fome 
 of thefe grounds, which will do very well, ribbed 
 with black hair ; he may alfo work the body with 
 Cruels, imitating the colour, or with filver, Ant¬ 
 ing the wing. For the Oak-Fly , he muft make 
 him with orange, tawny and black for the body, 
 
right Z)Je of the Angle. 151 
 
 and the brown of the Mallards feather for the 
 wings. 
 
 To take a Perch, the Angler in the firfl: place 
 mull take notice that this fith feeds well; andifhe 
 lights where they are, they will bite freely My 
 opinion is (with fome more than ordinary Expe- 
 rience) for to bait with Lob-wormschoptin pieces 
 overnight let him go to hisfport in the morning 
 betimes, let him plum hisGround, gage his Line, 
 and bait his Hook with a red knotted Worm, or 
 a Menow, which fome hold better ; let him put 
 the Hook in at the back of the Menow, betwixt the 
 filh and theskin, that the Menow may fwimup and' 
 down alive, being buoyed up with a Cork or a 
 Quill; that the Menow may have liberty to fwim a 
 foot off the ground .• So doing, the Angler (hall 
 not queltion the profit or pleafure of his expended 
 time. 
 
 1 do now think it convenient for me to fliew 
 my opinion for floating for Scale-filh in the River 
 or Pond : the feed brings the filh together as the 
 Sheep to the Pen- There is nothing better in all 
 Anglings for feed, then Blood and Grains, I hold it 
 better than Palte , then let him obferve next to 
 Plum his ground, Angling with fine Tackles, as 
 Angle hair for half the Line next the Hook, round 
 and final! plumed, according to his Float For the 
 Bait, there is a (mail red Worm, with a yellow 7 tip 
 on histayl, which is very good i Brandlins, Gen¬ 
 tles, Pafte, or Cadice, which we call Cockbait, 
 they lye in a gravelly husk, under the Hones in the 
 River: Thefe are the molt fpecial Baites for thefe 
 kind of filh. 
 
 There is amanneroftroulingfor a Pike with a 
 
 l, 4 Hazel- 
 
152 DireSms for the 
 
 Hazel-rod of twelve foot long, with a'Ringof 
 Wyre in the top of the Rod, for the Line to run 
 thorow: Within two foot of the bottom of the 
 Rod, there is a hole made to put in a wind to 
 turn with a Barrel, to gather up the Line, and to 
 loofe it at pleafure: This is the belt manner of 
 Trouling. But I am of opinion, that I can (hew a 
 way, either in Meer, Pond, or River, that (hall 
 take more Pikes than any Trouler with his Rod. 
 And thus it is: Fil'd, take a forked (tick, a line of 
 twelve yards long wond upon it, at the upper end 
 leave about a yard, either to tie a bunch of Sags, or 
 aBladder, to Buoy up the fi(h, andtocarry it from 
 the ground: The Bait muft be a live filh, either 
 Dace, Gudgin, Roach, or a final! Trout: The 
 forked (tick mutt have a flit in the one fide of the 
 Fork to put in the Line, that he may fet his live-filh 
 to fwim at a Gage, that when the Pike taketh the 
 Bait, he may have the full liberty of the Line for 
 his feed- He may turn thefe loofe either in the Pond 
 or the River •• In thePond with the wind all the day 
 long, the more the better: At night let him fet fome 
 fmall weight, that may flay the Buoy, as a Ship lb 
 eth at Anchor, till the fi(h taketh. For the River, 
 he mult turn all loofe with the ftrearn ■, two or three 
 are fufficient to fhew pleafure, gaged at fuch a 
 depth, as that they will go current down the Ri¬ 
 ver, where there (hall be no doubt of excellent 
 fport, if there be Pikes: For the Hooks, they muft 
 be double Hooks, the (hanks muft be fomewhat 
 Ihorter than ordinary : My reafon, the (horterthe 
 Hook is of the (hank, it will hurt the filh the lefs, 
 and it muft be armed with fmall wyre well foftned- 
 Bud hold a Hook armed with twilled filk to be 
 better. 
 
right Vfe of the Angk. 153 
 
 better. If you arm your Hook with wyre, the 
 Needle mult be made with an Eye \ then muft he 
 take one of thofe Baits alive (which he can get) 
 and with one of his Needles, enter within a ltraws 
 breadth of the Gill of the filh, fo pull the Needle 
 betwixt the skin and the filh ; then pull the Needle 
 out at the hindmolt fin, and draw the arming tho- 
 row the filh, until the Hook come to lie clofe to the 
 fifties body: But 1 hold for thofe that are armed 
 with Wyre, to take off the Hook, and put the Nee¬ 
 dle in the hindmolt fin, and fo to come out at the 
 Gill; then let him put on the Hook drawn clofe to 
 the body, ’twill hurt the live filh thelefs, foknit 
 the arming with the live filh to the Line; then let 
 him put off either in Meer or Pond, with the 
 wind in the River with the ffream: The more that 
 he pulls off in the Meer or Pond, he is the likelier 
 to have the greater pleafure. There is a time when 
 Pikes go a froggingin Ditches, and in the River to 
 fun them, as in May-, Jim,andfiiiy, there is then 
 a fpeedy way to take them, and fcarce to mifs one 
 in twenty. The Angler mull: take a Line of fix or 
 eight foot, let him arm a large Hook, of the largelt 
 fize that is made, and arm it to his Line, let him 
 lead the thank of his Hook very handlomly, that it 
 may be of fuch a weight, that he may guide the 
 Hook at his pleafure : He may ftrike the Pike that 
 he fees, with the bare Hook where he pleafes: This 
 Line and Hook doth far exceed fnaring. The bell 
 fport to take a Pike, is to take a Goofe, or Gander, 
 or Duck i take one of the Pikes Lines I have be¬ 
 fore defended, and let him tie the Line under the 
 left wing, and over the right wing, about the body, 
 as a man wtareth his Belt: Turn the Goofeoffinto 
 . , the 
 
154 Directions for the 
 
 the Pond, where Pikes are, and there will he plea- 
 
 fant rare Feats betwixt theGoofe and the Pike. 
 
 To take a Carp, either in Pond or River, if the 
 Angler intends to have fportwith fome profit, he 
 mull take a Peck of Ale-grains, and a good quanti¬ 
 ty ofany Blood, and mix the Grains and the Blood 
 together, and call into the place where he meant 
 to Angle^this feed will gather the Scale-fifh,as Carp, 
 Tench, Roach, Dace, and Bream -..The next morn¬ 
 ing let him be at his fport very early , plum his 
 Ground, and he may Angle for the Carp with a 
 ftrongLine \ the Bait nwft be either a red knotted 
 WormorPafte, and he fhall have fportenough. 
 
 The Angler may begin to Angle for aTrout with 
 Ground-baits, in this manner following: Firft, he 
 muft be fureofaneat Taper-Rod, light before, 
 with a tender Hazel top, which is very gentle, he 
 may Angle with a Angle hair of five lengths, one 
 tied to the other for the bottom of the Line, and a 
 Line of three-haired Links for the upper part, and 
 fo if he have good Sea-room, he may take the lar- 
 geft Tront that fi.vims. He that Angles with a Line 
 
 made of three- hair’d Links at the bottom, and more 
 
 atthetop, may take Trouts.- But .he that angles 
 with one hair, fhall take five Trouts to the others 
 one \ for this fifh is very quick-lighted Therefore 
 the bell way for night or day, is to keep out of fight. 
 He mull angle always with the point of his Rod 
 down the ftream; for a filh hath not the quicknefs 
 fo perfedt up the ftream, as oppofite againft him, 
 observing feafonablc times. As for Example; we 
 begin to angle in March, if it prove cloudy, the 
 Angler mull angle with the Ground baits all day 
 long; But if it prove clear and bright, he mult take 
 the 
 
right Vje of the Angle. 15 5 
 
 the morning and evening, or elfe he is not like to 
 do any good \ for the times mult be obferved, and 
 truly underftood: For when an Angler cometh to 
 the River for his pleafure, that doth not under- 
 ftand to fet forth his Tackles fit for the time, it is 
 as good keeping of them in the Bag, as to fet them 
 forth. 
 
 The Angler that doth intend to angle with the 
 Ground-baits, let him fet his Tackles to his Rod, 
 and let him begin at the uppermoft part of -the 
 ftream, carrying his Line with an upright hand, 
 feeling the plummet running on the Ground fome 
 ten Inches from the Hook, plumming his Line ac¬ 
 cording to the fwiftnefs of the ftream that he angles 
 in; for one plummet will not ferve for all ftreams; 
 for the true Angling is, that the plummet runneth 
 on the Ground. For his Bait, let him take the red 
 knotted Worm, which is very good where Brand¬ 
 lings are not to be had- Now that he may make 
 thefe Brandlings fit to be angled with, that they 
 may livelong upon the Hook, which caufeth the 
 fport. When he hath gathered his Worms out of 
 
 the Dunghil, he mult get the graft Mofs he can 
 find, then wafn the earth very clean out of it, then 
 let him have an Earthen-pot to put his Mofs into it, 
 and let him put his Worms to the Mofs in the Pot, 
 and within two days he lhall find his Worms fo 
 poor, that if he bait fome of them on his Hook, he 
 lhall fee that with throwing them two or three times 
 into the water, they will die and grow white. Now 
 the skill is, when thefe Worms are grown poor, to 
 feed them up, to make them fat and lofty; he muft: 
 take the Yolk of an Egg, fome eight or ten fpoon- 
 fulsofthetop of new Milk, beaten well together 
 
156 Dm 3 ions for the 
 
 ina Porrenger ; let him warm it a little until that 
 it curdle, then let him take it off from the fire, and 
 fet it tocool; when itiscold,lethimtakealpoon- 
 ful, and drop it upon hiS Mofs into the Pot, every 
 drop about the bignefsofa green Pea, lhifting his 
 Mofs twice a week in the Summer, and once in 
 the Winter. Thus doing, he lhall feed his Worms 
 fat, and make them lulty, that chey will live a long 
 time on the Hook ■, thus he may keep them all the 
 year long. This is my true Experience for the 
 Ground-baits, for the Running-Line for the Trout. 
 
 The Angling with the Menow, called in fome 
 places Pencks, for aTrout,isa pleafant fport,that 
 taketh the greateft Fifh. The Trout comesas bold¬ 
 ly to the Bait, as if it were a Maltive-Dog at a 
 Bear: The Angler may ufe hisltronger and greater 
 Tackle, and it will be advantages to him in his 
 Angling, to ufe a Line made ot three filks, and 
 three hairs twilled for the uppermoft part of the 
 Line, and two filks and two hairs twilled for the 
 bottom next his Hook, with a Swivel nigh to the 
 middle of his Line, with an indifferent large Hook. 
 
 Let him bait his Hook with a Menow, he mult 
 put his Hook through the lowermolt part of his 
 mouth, fo draw his Hook thorow, then put the 
 Hook in at the mouth again, and let the point of 
 
 the Hook come out at the hindermolt Fin, then let 
 him draw his Line, and the Menows mouth will 
 clofe, that no water will get into its belly : He mult 
 Angle (as hath been faid) with the point ofhis Ar- 
 gledown the Itream, drawing the Menow up the 
 ftreamby little and little, nigh the top of the wa¬ 
 ter j the Trout feeing the Bait, cometh moll fierce¬ 
 ly at it, the Angler mull give a little time before 
 
right Vje of the Angle. 157 
 
 he ftrikes:This is a true way withoutLead;for many 
 times I have had them come to the Lead, and foriake 
 the Menow, which he that, tries in time will prove. 
 
 My next task will be to inftrudt the young Ang¬ 
 ler how to angle with a Flye. Let him fit himfelf 
 with a Hazel, either of one piece, or two fet toge¬ 
 ther in the moll convenient manner, light and gen¬ 
 tle : Let him fet his Line to the Rod, for the upper- 
 moll part he may ufe his own difcretion for the 
 lower part next the Fly, mull be of three or four 
 haired Links. If he can attain to angle with one 
 hair, he (hall have the more rifes, and take more 
 fifh ; let him be Hire that he do not overload him- 
 felfwith the length of his Line : and before that he 
 begin to angle, let him make a tryal, having-the 
 : wind on his back, to lee at what length he can call 
 I his Flie; that the Flie light firll into the water; for 
 j if any of the Line falleth into the water before the 
 ! Flie, it had been better unthrown than thrown. 
 Let him always call down the llream, with the 
 wind behind him, and the Sun before, it isa great 
 advantage for him to have the Sun or the Moon be¬ 
 fore him Let him begin to angle in March 
 with the Flie: but if the weather prove windy or 
 cloudy, there are feveral kind of Palmers that are 
 good at that time. Firft is a black Palmer ribbed 
 with lilver: the fecond, a black Palmer with an 0 - 
 range tawny body; thirdly, a black Palmer, with 
 | the body made of all black: tourthly, a red Palmer 
 ! ribbed with gold, andared Hucklemixcd with O- 
 range Cruel. Thcfe Flies ferve all the year long, 
 j morning and evening, whether windy or cloudy 
 [ weather. But if the Air prove bright and clear, he 
 I may imitate the Hawthorn Flie, which is all black 
 !' , and 
 
158 Directions for the 
 
 and very fmall, and the (mailer, the better. In 
 May let him take the ^y-Flie, and imitate that, 
 which 1 b made feveral waies : Some make them, 
 with a (hammy body, ribbed with a black hair ^ 0- 
 thers make them with Tandy Hogs-wool, ribbed 
 with black (ilk, and winged with a Mallards feather, 
 feveral ways, according to the fancy of the Angler. 
 There is another called the Oak-Flie, which is made 
 of Orange-colour’d Cruel, and black, with a 
 brown wing: another Flie, the body thereof is 
 made with the drain of a Peacocks-feather,which is 
 very good in a bright day. The Grafhopper which 
 is green, the fmaller Flies are made of indifferent 
 fmall Hooks,which are the better.-thefe feveral forts 
 I have fetdown, willferve for the year long, ob- 
 ferving the times and feafons: And let him take no¬ 
 tice, that the lighted Flies are for cloudy and dark 
 weather, the darked for bright and light,and the 
 red for indifferent feafons, for which his own judg¬ 
 ment, experience, and difcretion mud guide him ; 
 fo that he mud alter thefe Flies according to thefe 
 directions. Of late daies the Hogs-wool, of fe¬ 
 veral colours, the wool of a red Heifer, and Bears- 
 wool are madeufe of, which make good grounds; 
 they are row very much ufed, and procure very 
 good fport. The natural Flie is a fure way of ang¬ 
 ling,and will catch great dore of Trouts with much 
 pleafure. As for the May Flie, he (hall always 
 have them playing at the River-fide, efpecially a- 
 gaind Rain. The Oak-Flie is to be had on the But 
 of an Oak, or an A(h, from the beginning of Mxj 
 to the end of Angnjl ; it is a brownifh Flie, and 
 dands al waies with his head towards the root of the 
 Tree, very ealie to be found. The fmall black Flie is 
 to 
 
right Vfe of the Angle. 159 
 
 to be had on every Haw-thorn-bulh, after the Buds 
 are come forth.. The Grafhopper, which is green, 
 is to be had in any Meadow ot Grafs in June or July : 
 withthefe Flies, he muftufefuchaRodastoangle 
 with the Ground-bait; the Line muft not be as long 
 as the Rod : Let him withdraw his Flie, as he 
 (hall find to be molt convenient in his Angling. 
 When he comes to deepWater that ftandsfome- 
 whatftill, let him make his Line about two yards 
 long, and dop his Flie behind a Bu(h,at which Ang¬ 
 ling I have had very good fport. The way to make 
 the belt Pafte, is to take a reafonable quantity of 
 frelh Butter, as much fre(h Sheeps Suet, a reafona¬ 
 ble quantity of the ftrongefl: Cheefe he can get, with 
 the loft of an old ftale white Loaf; let him beat all 
 thefe in a Mortar, till they come to a perfeftPafte: 
 and when the Angler goes to his fport, let him put 
 as much on his Hook as a green Peafe. 
 
 The 
 
The Nature^ Ufe 3 and Benefit of 
 Marie. 
 
 M Arle is a very ufeful thing, the Nature of 
 it is cold, which is the reafon that it fad- 
 dens the Land exceedingly, for it is ve¬ 
 ry heavy, and will go downwards. Some Coun¬ 
 tries yield Marie of fevcral colours, as ‘tis affirmed 
 of Kent , wherein is found both yellow and gray; 
 the blew and red are counted belt To marie to¬ 
 gether, ! hold not proper , but when you are re- 
 folved to lay down your Land to graze, be fure at 
 the laft Crop you intend to take (which may be 
 two or three more after marling,) then man are 
 your Land,for the lefs binding,and the more light, 
 loofe and o]en, the more fruitful it is, fothatit 
 will produceagallant Clovery. The ftrft yearafter 
 you have laid it down upon the Wheat or mixed 
 Corn-ftnbble,you mull run it over again with Dung, 
 and it will pay treble. Now the Lands upon which 
 Marl is molt natural for increafe , is upon your 
 higher fandy Land, mixed of gravelly or any found 
 Land whatsoever, though never fo barren, to 
 which it is .-natural and nouriihine, as Bread to a 
 mans Life. 
 
 Tbt 
 
Art of Husbandry. 
 
 1 59 
 
 Thebefi my of planting ofTrefoyl or Clovtr- 
 G rafs.' 
 
 THere are feveral forts of Clover, I (hall only 
 fpeakof the great Clover that we fetch from 
 Flanders , called Trefoyl , named by Clufm Trefo- 
 lio majus tertium , which bears the red Honey-fuckle, 
 vvhofe root and branches far exceed our natural 
 Meadow-Clover, and bears a very fmall feed like 
 Muftard-feed, not fo round, but longer like a Bean} 
 the bell is of a greeniih yellow colour, fome alittle 
 reddilh; the black, I fuppofe, will not.do well. 
 Your Dutch or Low-Country fted, or from the lo¬ 
 wer parts of Germany, is very much of it, but ve¬ 
 ry hazardous that comes over hither jbut being well 
 chofe there (for the choice is the Mailer-piece of 
 the work) the tranfporting of it by Sea is no conli- 
 derable prejudice to it But much of it that was 
 fold in the Seedmens Shops in London , was either 
 corrupted by the Dutch before it came thence, or 
 elfe parched by our drying, or elfeby the Shop¬ 
 keepers, either mingled with old or new, or keep¬ 
 ing itanother year, and then felling it for new. The 
 beltway of Sowing of this Dutch Seed, mull be by 
 mixture of it with Alhesof Wood, or Coals coarf- 
 ly lifted, or with fome Dull, or good Sand, or 
 line Mould, or any thing elfe that will help to fill the 
 Land, or fpread well forth of the Land : and after 
 this I multprefs as the weightielt thing of this Hus¬ 
 bandry, to have a molt fpecial care of the even fow- 
 ing of it, becaufe the wind, though very fmall,hath 
 power over this, and therefore you mult chufeas 
 calm a time as poffibly you can. You may fow it 
 
16 o The Efitomy of the 
 
 upon any Land you intend to graze upon, any fair 
 places in a Meadow, or High-ways trodden orpo- 
 ched, it will foard them •• but the ufual way is thus 
 advifed ; when that you have fitted your Land by 
 Tillage and good Husbandry, then fow your Bar¬ 
 ley or Oats, and harrow them in, and after your 
 Clover upon the fame Land, covered over with 
 fmall Harrow or Bulh, but fow not the Corn as you 
 ufually did ; but if you will lofe this Crop,you may 
 fow it of it felf.The feafon of it is in the beginning 
 of Aprils or in the end of March, if it be likely to be 
 a dry feafon. I have heard of three Crops,and fome 
 affirm that it will bear, two to cut, and one for to 
 graze ; the fir ft Crop may be at mid -May ready to 
 cut, and this Crop is belt always to be cut green, 
 and before the ftalk begi ri to grow too big and begin 
 to dry and wither, unit ft it be for Seed , therefore 
 as Experience will teach, it will be belt to cut it 
 green & y oui.g,and give it to Cattel or Horfe in the 
 Stable ; for if you cut it to keep, it will go fonear 
 together, as that it will do but little fervice dry; 
 yet if being cut young, it will be very good and 
 fweet,and either feed or give Milk abundantly; and 
 then after the firft cut, let it grow for Seed, and 
 herein you muft be careful, that you let it grow till 
 it be full ri; c, for it wiilnotbevery apt to ffied; 
 a r d ifit grow to feed, 1 cannot conceive of what ufe 
 thofe [talks that are fo hard and dry can be, unlcfs 
 it b.e for firing in a dry Country, fo that the feed 
 mult be the advance of that Croponly,and fo it may 
 well enough, and you may have a good after-paf- 
 tore, and may graze it until Jann&ry , and then 
 prefevve it. But if you Would know when your 
 Seed is ripe, obferve thcle two Particulars. Firft, 
 
Art of Husbandry. 161 
 
 obferve theHnsk, when the Seed appears in it, then 
 about one month atter it may be ripe. Secondly 
 try the Seed, after it begins to turn the co¬ 
 lour, and the ftalk begins to dye and turn brown, 
 it begins to ripen, and being turned to a yellowilh 
 colour, in a dry time mow it, and preferve it till it 
 be perfe&ly dry any manner of way, and then about 
 the midft of March threfli it,and cleanfe it from the 
 ftraw as much as you can ; foulter and beat the 
 Husk again, being exceeding well dried in the'Sun 
 after the firft threfhing,and then get out: what feed 
 you can, and after try what a Mill will do at the 
 reft, as aforefaid more at large: But I will give 
 way to any that can make a better difeovery. I 
 need not preferibe a time in July or Juynft as bell 
 tocut forieed,becaufe forae years and Lands will 
 ripen it fooner than others will; therefore have re- 
 fpett to thy feed and Straw according to the former 
 directions: But when you are to go into good feed, 
 you muft graze it upon the Land, and then be 
 fure not to let it grow too rank and high ; but if 
 the ftalk grow big, Cattel will balk it, and ftain it 
 more, audit will not eat up lo kindly at firft, nor 
 graze fo even afterwards, but exceeding much Milk 
 it will yield, and feed, and nourilh very well. But 
 toaffirm, (as fomc have done, and do confidently to 
 thisday)that it will grow on thcbarrenneftGround 
 that is, as on Windfor Forreft, I dare not ; I have 
 known that it hath tailed, and 1 am confident muft, 
 without exceeding great coft on Husbandry ", yet 
 that very Land well manured and tilled, dunged, 
 limed, marled, or chalkt, or otherwife made fat 
 and warm, will bring forth good Clover, and other 
 rich Commodifies, as they do in Flanders •• the Na- 
 > ‘ M a lure 
 
16-2 The Epito/r/fof the 
 
 ture of the Land is good, but the Spirit of it is too 
 low to raife it of it felf. And this is all that is held 
 forth in the difcourfeof An^M Husbandry, ex¬ 
 ceeding barren Lands, but well dunged and tilled, 
 and then Clovered, not that it is the barren Land, 
 but the good andcoftly Husbandry; only the old- 
 nefs of the Land, and the reftinefs thereof, yields 
 more fpirit to the Grain or Clover by far, then the 
 tillable Land well husbanded, and laid down with 
 Clover, will do very wellalfo. The quantity of 
 feed for an Acre, as I conceive, will be a Gallon, 
 or nine or ten pound, though fome are of opi¬ 
 nion lefs will ferve turn. Therefore, as I faid be¬ 
 fore, 1 fay your old Land, be it coarfe or rich,asit 
 is, or hath been difufed with Tillage long, is bell 
 for Cornjfoalfoit is the belt and molt certain Land 
 for Clover \ and when yon have corned your Land 
 as much as you intend,then to alter it to Clover, is 
 the propereft feafon. This 1 {hall lay down fora 
 general Rule, that whatfoeverLand is neither too 
 rank or fat for any fort of Corn, is not too good to 
 Clover, and you lhall alwayes find it to be the bed 
 Husbandry, unlefsyou recover the barren Lands up 
 to a good and rich condition, which isalfo the far 
 betterHusbandry,than to let it lie pelting and moil- 
 ingupon poor mean Landunfatned by fome foils or 
 other •, therefore 1 advife every man to plow up no 
 more than he can well overcome by his Purfe and 
 Husbandry, and let the reft lie till he have brought 
 up the other, and then as he hath railed one part, 
 take up another, and lay down that to graze, either 
 with Clover or otherwife: And let him take heed 
 that flatters himfelf to raife good clover upon barren 
 Heathy Land, otherwife than aforefaid. Let him 
 
 take 
 
Art (f t-iiislwid’j. ■ 163 
 
 take notice, he will pull down his Plumes after 
 two or three years Experience, -unlefs bedevife a 
 new way of Husbandry: As to the annual profit 
 that may accrue thereby, Ifliall a little differ from 
 the Flanders Husbandry, but' (hall affirm, that one 
 Acre, alter the Corn is cut, the very next year if it 
 be well Husbanded, and kind thick Clover, may 
 be worth twenty Marks, or twenty pounds, and 
 fo downwards, as it degenerates weaker, lefs 
 worth. In Brabant they fpeak of keeping four 
 Cows Winter and Summer, fome cut and laid up 
 for Fodder, others cut and eaten green ; but I have 
 credibly heard of fome,in England, that about one 
 Acre kept four Coach-horfes,and more all Summer 
 long ; but if he keep but two Cows, it is advan¬ 
 tage enough upon Inch Lands as never kept one : 
 But I conceive bell: for us, until we come into a 
 ftock of Seed: to mow the firlt Crop in themidft 
 or end of May, and today that up for Hay, al¬ 
 though it will go very near together ; yet if it grow 
 not too Among, it will be exceeding good and rich, 
 and feed any thing-, and referve the next for Seed; 
 and if we can bring it up to perfeftSeed, if it but 
 yields four Buffiels upon an Acre, it will amount to 
 more than I fpeak of by far, every Bulhel being 
 worth threeor four pounda Bufnel ;andthenafter 
 the Math or Eadifii, that yearmay be put up three 
 midling Runtsupon an Acre,and feed them up: All 
 which laid together, will make up an Improve¬ 
 ment fufficient; and yet this property it bath alfo 
 thatafter the three firP. years of dovering,it will fo ~ 
 frame the Earth, that it will be very fit to corn a- 
 gain, which will be a very great advantage. Firft 
 to corn the Land, which ufually yields a far better, 
 
 , , M 3 profit 
 
164 The Epitowy of the 
 
 profit than grating, and fometimes a double profit, 
 and fometimes more, near a treble profit, and then 
 toClover it again, will afford a wondrous ftrange 
 advance. And if you conllder one Acre with the 
 Clover and Husbandry thereof, may Hand you the 
 firft year in twenty Shillings, the Land being worth 
 no more, which may produce you yearly (if it 
 thrives well) eafily five, fix, or eight pounds per 
 Acre, nay fome will affirm, ten or twelve pounds, 
 or more. 
 
 Of the Plantation of Hops, and how Land is 
 Improved thereby. 
 
 H Ops is growna National Commodity -• But it 
 was not many years fince the Famous City of 
 London petitioned the Parliament of England , a- 
 gainft two nufances, or Offeniive Commodities, 
 w.ere likely to come into great ufe and efteem -,that 
 was Newcaflle Coal,in regard of their.ftenchjOFc.and 
 Hops, in regard that they would fpoil the talle of 
 Drink, and endanger the peoples healths, and for 
 fome other reafons, Ido not well remember: But 
 petition they did to fupprefs them, and had the 
 Parliament been no wifer than they, we had been in 
 a meafure pined, and in a great meafure ftarved. 
 This Hop-plantation will require a large Difcourfe; 
 but 1 (hall contract my lelf to the briefeft Difcove- 
 ry thereof I can pofiibly. i. Chufe the Land that 
 is belt for them, and beft Sets to plant withal, i. 
 The belt manner of Planting them, in Husband¬ 
 ing of them, until they are fit for Sale. 3. The 
 Profit and Advantage that will acrue thereby,I lhall 
 afterwards, as plainly as I can, exprefs. 4. Def- 
 cribe 
 
Art of Husbandry. 165 
 
 cribe the manner of its growth, thus: It comes' 
 up with feveral fproughts like Afparagus, runs up 
 and climbs upon any thing it meets withal, bears a 
 long ftalk, hairy and rugged Leaves, broad like the 
 Vine, the flowers hang down by clutters, fet as it 
 were with fcales yellowifli, called in high Dutch, 
 LupUm , in low Dutch, Hopjfem, and in Englilh, 
 Hop. It is OfFenlive upon this account, hot in the 
 firft Degree, fluffs the Head with the fmell, there¬ 
 fore ufe it not too much ; yet the Leaves operand 
 cleanfe. The belt Land is your richeft Land, it 
 muft be a deep Mould, that which lieth near the 
 Rocks, the Poles cannot be fet deep enough to ftand 
 firm;itlhould be a mixt Earth that is compounded of 
 Sand and a little Clay,but much folidEarth,a ftrong- 
 ifh Land laid dry and warm, will bear the weighti- 
 eft Hops. A barren, Moorilh, wet Soil is not natu¬ 
 ral to Hops ; but if this be laid very dry, and made 
 very rich with Dung and Soil, it may doreafona- 
 ble well. The Hop-Garden lhould ftand warm, 
 that it may be preferved from North and Eaft 
 winds, rather by Hifls than Trees, as near your 
 Houle as may be, and that Land you determine for 
 your Hop-Garden, lay as Level and as Square as 
 you can; and if ic be rough and ftiff, itwili do well 
 to be fowed with Hemp, Beans, orTurneps be¬ 
 fore; butin whatftatefoever it be, till, in thebe- 
 ginning of Winter make ufe of the Plough, or 
 Spade, and this not only the year before, but eve¬ 
 ry year as long as you ufe it; and the more pains 
 and coft you beftow,the more profit,and is the near¬ 
 er to you, refemble the Flemming in his Hopping. 
 And for your Sets, and good Roots, to procure 
 them, you muft go to a Garden orderly kept, where 
 
1 66 '■ The Spitomy of tie 
 
 the Hops are of a good kind,all yearly cut,and where 
 the Hills are railed very high, for the Roots will be 
 greated, be fure to buy choice Secs; they may cod 
 fix pence a hundred in fome places, and fometiiv.es 
 you may have them for the taking up: Leave your 
 Husbandry orderly, their Hills well dred. You 
 mud chufe the bigged Roots you can find, fuch as 
 are three or four Inches about, and the Set nine 01- 
 ten Inches long, and have three Joynts in a Root. 
 Take heed of wild Hops, they arc only difeerned 
 by the Root and Stalk. The unkindly Hop that 
 likes not his Ground, Soil, or Keeping, comes up 
 green and fmall in the ftalk, thickand rough in the 
 Leaves like Nettles, much bitten with a black Flie, 
 but it deltroys not the Hop, butfomewhat injures 
 it. The manner of Planting as foon as your Roots 
 are got, is either to fet them fpeedily, or lay them 
 in fome Puddle, or bury them in Earth; but leave 
 them notin Water above twenty four hours: then 
 begin to direft your Hills with a Line, tied with 
 Knots and Threads thereto ; the due didance had 
 need to be eight Foot betwixt, becaufe then you 
 make the fewer and bigger Hills, the Sun comes 
 about them Let the Poles reach not one another, 
 that fo it may be plowed yearly the more ealily, 0- 
 therwifeit mud be digged, tome fay feven foot,and 
 others fay fix foot, as one lately accuftomed man¬ 
 ner is. And 1 am confident there is mod advantage 
 by thin planting But that I leave to each mans ex¬ 
 perience. Your hole under the Knot of your Line, 
 had need be a foot fquare and deep, then if you can 
 have the Wind South or W'ed, it is bed ^ if not, 
 go on, having made many holes j but be fure to 
 take the Month of Jpnl, for the work, and take 
 tw.o or three of your Roots, as a great old Gardi- 
 
Art of Bm Landry. i6j 
 
 ner affirmed to me, by which they will yield green 
 Sciens, or white Buds, and will have fmall beards 
 growing out. Joy n your Sets together, even in the 
 tops, and fet them altogether both upright, and 
 there hold them in their place, till you have filled 
 the hole with good Mould, and fet low, but juft 
 as :he tops may be Level with the Ground.and then 
 after they muft be covered thick with fine Mould; 
 be careful you fet not that end downwards which 
 before grew upwards, which you may know by the 
 bad growing upwards, and let no part of the dead 
 ftalk remain upon theuppermoft Joyntthereofjthen 
 prefsdewn the Earth hard to the Roots. Some will 
 let them every one at a corner of the foot of the Line, 
 which I rather incline to, becaufe they have room, 
 andftand round : But if you plant late, and have 
 green fprings upon them, then be careful of not co¬ 
 vering the fpring •, but to fet more Plants, left fome 
 Uiould fail, and in a bigger hole, round about the 
 fame fet eight, fome fay ten or more, which is 
 thought tedious. Now at this time you need make 
 no Hills at all there, as aforefaid- Poultry muft be 
 kept from thence for fcratching, the Goofe more 
 efpecially, or any things that are mifchievous.Now 
 for poling, if your diftance be thn?e yards, or eight 
 foot, then four Poles are required, elfe three will 
 ferve; but I incline to fix or feven foot,diftance,and 
 four Poles, and as many this year as any. Elder 
 Poles are very good, Taper, and Rough, and fui- 
 table to the Hops defire. The time of cutting your 
 Poles is in December , or in November , and then 
 droPs them, and pile them up dry; ifyou leave 
 fome Twigs it will not do amifs. For length fifteen 
 foot is well, except your Ground be very rich, or 
 your 
 
 } . 
 
168 The Epitomj/ of the 
 
 your Hills exceedingly heightned ■, if they grow 
 too thick, your Poles need to be the longer. The 
 Hop never Hocketh kindly, until it reach higher 
 than the Pole, and returneth a yard or two ) for 
 vvhilft it is climbing, the branches that grow out of 
 the principal {talk, grow little or nothing. Let 
 your Poles be flrong nine Inches above the bottom, 
 they will (tend the fafler : 150 Poles make a Load, 
 which maybe worth a little more than ordinary 
 Wood, a few will fupply the Handing Hock. In 
 fetting your Poles, lay all to each Hill you intend 
 to fet, which fpeeds the work. When your Hops 
 appear, as you difeern where your principal Root 
 Hands, then fet to poling, having a Crow of Iron 
 to make entrance for the Pole: But if you Hay long¬ 
 er, then you will be more fubjeft, either by run¬ 
 ning or making holes, to bruife the Root, or elle 
 they will not fo cafily catch the Pole without flying. 
 Your foot of the Poie muHbe fet a foot and a half 
 deep, and within two or three Inches of the princi¬ 
 pal Root: But if your Laud be Rocky, then you 
 nnilt help yourfelf by making your Hill higher to 
 Hrengthen your Poles,for which you Hay the long¬ 
 er \ left that you bury your Sciens, your Poles of 
 each Hill, leave them rather outward one from ano¬ 
 ther, and then with a Rammer ram them outward, 
 and not inward. If a Pole Ihould break, takeaway 
 the broken Pole, then tie the top of thole Hops 
 to a new Pole, then winding it with the Sun a turn 
 or two, fet it in the hole i but if you take a Hake, 
 and tic it to, without wrcHing the Wyers of it, 
 you may do well to piece it; but if it be broken at 
 tl’.e nether end, (hove the Pole in again ; and if your 
 Poles break in the palling,or will not be drawn,by 
 
Art of Husbandry. 16 $ 
 
 reafon of the Drought or Hardnefs, yon may make 
 a pair of Pinfors of four or five Foot long, with an 
 Iron running Hook upon them, and with a Block 
 laid under upon the top of the Hill, and fo cole- 
 weigh up your Poles, the mouth thereof made hol¬ 
 low. And for laying up your Poles, the ufual way 
 is to tie two and two together in the top, being fee 
 in fixoppofite Hills, and lay fome Hop-bands up¬ 
 on the three Hills, under your Hop-poles, and fo 
 draw your tops near together, or farther off, as 
 you fee caufe. When your Hops are grown two 
 foot high, bind up with a Rulh, or Grafs your 
 binds to the Poles, winding them about the Poles 
 as often as you can, and wind them according to 
 the courfe of the Sun, but not when the Dew is up¬ 
 on them •• Your Rufhes lying in the Sun, will grow 
 tough. Now you mult begin to make your Hills,and 
 for that purpofe get a good ftrong Ho, of a good 
 broad bit,&Cut or Ho up all theGrafs,in the Bowlers 
 betwixt your Hills, and therewith make your Hills 
 with a little of your Mould, but not with ltrong 
 Weeds, and the more your Hills are raifed, the 
 better, the larger, and the ftronger grows theRoot, 
 and the bigger will be your Fruit, and from this 
 time you muft be painful in railing your Hills, and 
 clearing your Ground from Weeds. In the firft 
 year fupprefs not one Scien, but fuller them all to 
 climb up the Poles,and iliould you bury the Springs 
 ofanyoneof your Roots, it would die, fo that 
 the more Poles are required to nourifh the Spring. 
 But after the firft year, you muft not fuffer above 
 two or three Italics to grow up to one pole,but pull 
 down and bury all the reft, yet you may let them 
 grow four or five foot long, and then clnifc out the 
 
170 7 he Epiloxiy of I hr. 
 
 belt for ufe. As foon as your pole is fet, you may 
 make a Circle how broad your Hill fhall be, and 
 then hollow it, that it may receive the moift re; 
 and not long after, proceed to the building ot your 
 Hills. Where you uegin, and where your Hops 
 arehigheft, there begin again, and pare again,and 
 lay them to your Hops, but lay the out circle high- 
 eft to receive moilture, and be always paring up, 
 and laying to the heap with fonte Mould, until 
 the heap comes to be near a Yard high, but the firft 
 Year make it not too high,and as you pafs through 
 your Garden, have a forked Wand in your hand 
 to help the Hops that hang not right. Now thefe 
 Hills muft the next year be pulled down, and dref- 
 fed again every year. Some when their Hop is ele¬ 
 ven or twelve foot, break off the tops, which are 
 better than they which have their pole fo long as 
 the Hop runs .■ But if that your Hop by the midft 
 of Jdy attain not to the top of the pole,then break 
 off the top of the fame Hop for then the reft of 
 the time will nonrifh the branches,which otherwife 
 will lofe all, it being no advantage in running up to 
 the ftock, orincreafeoftheHop. Now we come to 
 the gathering of them-, about St. Margarets Day, 
 Hops blow, and at Lammas they bell: But when 
 your Hops begin to change colour, it is a little be¬ 
 fore Michaelmas, but long before fome will turn, 
 change, and grow ripe, which howfoever the bell 
 way will be to pull them, and not fuffer them to 
 Ihcd j they are called Midfummer- Hops. Let them 
 not grow till the other be ripe, and as foon as the 
 feed of the reft begins to change, then get Pullers 
 amain, and as many as you can, taking a fair fea- 
 fon •, and note, you were better to gather them too 
 
.Ait of Husbandry. 171 
 
 early than too late. Therefore for neatnefs fake, 
 pull down four liills {landing together in the raidft 
 of your Garden, cut the Roots, pare the fame plat 
 level, throw water on it, tread it, fweepit, and 
 make it fat, wherein the Hops mull lie to bepickt. 
 Then begin and cut the {talks clofe by the tops of 
 the hills, and cut them afunder that grow one into 
 another, wicha long {harp Hook, and with a Fork 
 take them down ; you may make them Fork and 
 Hook, one apt lnftrument, with which you may. 
 {hove off all from the pole, and carry it to the place, 
 and pick them off from the pole. Straight fine poles 
 are belt for this way, but cut no more {talks, than 
 you can carry away in thefpace of one hour afore- 
 hand; for either the Sun, or Rain, will offend them 
 when they are off of the pole; they mull; all Hand 
 round the floor, and fpeedily ftrip them in Baskets; 
 for it is not unwholefome, though forne fmaller 
 Leaves fall among!! them. Clear your floor twice 
 a day, and fweep it, and if the Weather be unlike 
 to be fair, they may be carried into the Houfe in 
 Blankets; butufe noLinnen, it will be ftained to 
 the pnrpofe. And if you pull them upon poles, then 
 'lay them upon Forked ftakes, and difpatch them, 
 be careful of wet left they {hed their feed, which 
 is the marrow of them, and carry out your ftraw, 
 and fo depart your Garden till March, unlefs it be 
 to bring in Dung.Lay on fome in theWinter to com¬ 
 fort and warm the Roots, your old Dung is belt, 
 rather none than not Rotten. And in April, help 
 every Hill with a handful or two of good Earth, 
 when the Hop is wound upon the pole; but in 
 March , you will find,unlefsit hath been Tilled, all 
 Weeds. But if you have pulled down your Hills, 
 1 and 
 
Xj2 The Efitomy oj the 
 
 and laid your Ground as it were Level, it will ferve 
 to maintain your hills for a long time : But if you 
 have not pulled down your hills, you (hall with 
 your Ho, as it were, undermine them round, till 
 that you come near to the principal, and take the 
 upper or younger Roots in your hand, difcerning 
 where the new Roots grow out of the old Sets,but 
 cut no Roots before the beginning of March , or 
 end of Jpril. The firfl: year of drefllng your Roots, 
 you muft cut away all fuch as grew the year before 
 'within an Inch of the fame, and every year after, 
 cut them as dole to the old Roots.Thofe that grow 
 downward are not to be Cut, they are thofe that 
 grow outward, which will incumber your Garden. 
 The difference betwixt old and new eafily appears: 
 You will find your old Sets not increafed in length, 
 but a little in bigriefs, and in few years all your 
 Sets will be grown into one, and by the colour alfo, 
 the main Root being red, the other white: But if 
 this be not yearly done, then they will not be per¬ 
 ceived y and if your Sets befniail, and placed in 
 good ground, and the hill well maintained, the 
 new Roots will be greater than the old; if they 
 grow to wild Hops, the italic will wax red, puif 
 them down, and plant new in their places. As for 
 the Annual Charge of the Hop-Garden after it 
 is planted the Dretfing the Kills, the Allies, the 
 Hoing them, the Poling them, and Tying to the 
 Poles and Ordering the Hops, is ufuaiiy done 
 for Forty Shillings an Acre, together with Pulling, 
 Drying, and Bagging by the Day. And io 1 pro- 
 teedto theDrvingof them, which may be upon 
 any ordinary Kilnc, with ary Wood that is dry, 
 but not too old ; or ellc good fwcet Rye ffraw will 
 
jlrt of Husbandry. 173 
 
 do well, but Charcoal beft of all. They mull be 
 laid about nine or ten Inches thick, and dried a 
 good while on that fide, and then turned upfide 
 down, and dried as much on the other fide: About 
 twelve hours will dry a Kilne full, which muft be 
 followed night and day, then laid up in a clofe 
 Room upon a heap together for a Month, if youf 
 Markets will give you way to frame and forgive 
 again: When the ftalk begins to be brittle, and the 
 Leaf alfo begins to rub, then the Hop is dried fuffi- 
 ciently,but tread them not while they are hot,it will 
 tread them to chill, and then either againft Stnr~ 
 bridge Fair, or what other Markets yon provide 
 for,°youmay bag them up clofe and hard, either 
 to 200 a Quarter. And fo I come to my next par¬ 
 ticular, to Ihew you the profit of them : One Acre 
 of good Hops may poflibly be worth at a good Mar¬ 
 ket , Forty, Fifty, Sixty Pounds; an Acre may 
 bear Eleven, or Twelve Hundred Weight, poflibly 
 lome have done more, many Ten; but grant but 
 Eight Hundred, they may lometimes be worth not 
 above One Pound Four Shillings the Hundred, and 
 fome other times they have been worth Twelve or 
 Fourteen Pound a Hundred, and ufually once in 
 three years they bring Money enough. It is ufu¬ 
 ally a very good Commodity, and many times ex¬ 
 traordinary, and our Nation mayaferibe unto it 
 felf, to raife the belt Hops of any other Nation. 
 There’s an old Saying: 
 
 - Hcrefic and- Beer, 
 
 Hoyt into Eng! ;nJ in ere Tc.ir. 
 
 f 
 
 
174 
 
 The Epitaxy of the 
 
 Of the Myffery of Saff ron, and the way of 
 planting of it. 
 
 T'Here is another very rich Commodity, wherein 
 our Nation hath the Glory, and yet it is a very 
 Myftery to many parts of it; they know not whe¬ 
 ther fiich a thipg grows in England ■, and yet none 
 fuch fo good grows in the World belides, that I 
 have ever heard or read of,and that is Safirpn. It is a 
 molt foveraign and a wholfom thing, and if it take 
 right, it is very advantages and coftly for price. 
 It hath its ebbings and its flowings, as all other 
 things have. I (hall briefly give you the ftory of 
 it: Good Land that is of the value of 20 /. an Acre, 
 being well Husbanded, tilled and fitted, or worfer 
 Land being well manured, and brought to perfeft 
 Tillage, will ferve the turn \ but the better, the 
 better for the work. The feafon is about Midfum- 
 mer , when it is to be fet, that being the feafcn 
 when they ulually take up, or draw their Sets or 
 Roots, and old llore, when they maybe had, and 
 110 time elfe. The Land being brought into perfect 
 Tillage, the bell way is to make a Tool like a Ho 
 in operation, but as broad as fix of them, and 
 with that they draw their Land into ranges, open, 
 as it were a Furrow about two or three inches deep, 
 and there place their Sets or Roots of Saffron about 
 two or three inchesafimder (which Roots are tobe 
 'bought by the Strike, fometimes dearer, and fome- 
 times cheaper, and are very like to Onions, an 
 Onion about an inch and a half over) andasfoonas 
 they have made one Furrow all along their Land 
 from one end to another, then they, after thatitis 
 
Jlrl of Husbandry. 175 
 
 let,begin in another,and draw that which they raife 
 next to cover this, and fo they make their Trench, 
 and cover the other ; they keep one depth as near 
 as may be, which Ranges, or Furrows, are not a- 
 bove three or four Inches diftance, that lb a Hof 
 two or three inches diftance may go betwixt them to 
 draw up the Weed, which being fetand covered, 
 it may come up that Summer, but it dies again j 
 yet it lives allWinter,and growsgreen like Chives' 
 or fmall Leeks. And in the beginning of Summer 
 itdieth wholly, as by the blade of it is to appea¬ 
 rance ; let one come and take a Ho, and draw all 
 over it, and cleanfe it very well,and then will come 
 up the Flower without the Leaf. In September the 
 Flower ofit appears like Crocus that is blew, and 
 in the middle of it come up two or three Chives 
 which grow upright together, and the reft of the 
 Flower fpreads abroad, which Chives is the very 
 Saffron, which you may take betwixt your fingers 
 andholdit, and call: away all thereftof the Flo w- 
 er, and referve that only, and fo they pick it, ajid 
 they mull pick it every morning early, or elfe it 
 returns back into the body of it, to the Earth a- 
 gain until the next morning, and fo from one to 
 another, for a months fpace it will bear Saffron. 
 You muft get as many Pickers as may overcome it, 
 before it ftrike in at the very nick in the morning. 
 It will grow to bear a Crop, and then it muft be 
 taken up, and planted new again, and then it will 
 yield good ftore of Sets to fpare, which cannot be 
 had any other way. It muff; be taken up at Mid- 
 Jammer , and then Set as aforefaid. And when that 
 you have got your Saffron, then you muft fet it a- 
 drying •, and thus you muft do, make a Kline of 
 N Clay, 
 
176 Tke Epitomy of the 
 
 Clay not half fo bigas a Bee-hive* and' very like 
 it will be made with a few little {ticks and Clay, 
 and ferve excellently well for this fervice. A little 
 fire ot Charcoal will ferve to dry it, but it mull: be 
 very carefully tended. Three pound of wet Saffron 
 will make one of dry. An Acre of Land may bear 
 fourteen of fifteen pounds of Saffron, if very good .• 
 
 But iffeven or eight pounds, it will do the work, 
 
 and one Acre of it will be managed with no great 
 charge. I do not believe it can come to 4 1. an 
 Acre, it hath been fold from 20 s. a pound to 5/. 
 a pound, It is an excellent advantage, and brings 
 in at worft a faving bargain, but it may poflibly 
 be worth 30 or 40 1 . an Acre •, but if it come to 7 
 or 8 i. it lofeth not. The Saffron-Country is 
 (on one fide and Nook of Ejfex, and fome part of 
 Suffolk) at Sajfron-Walden, and betwixt that and 
 Cambridge hath very much of it in their Com¬ 
 mon-fields : And truly thefe Lands are but of a 
 middle worth. I have feen as rich Lands again in 
 many Parts of England but it is, as I believe, 
 Loamy Ground, and of a little Ladder Nature, It 
 will require to belaid dry and found, and the Land 
 it felfmuft.be very found andwholefome. 
 
 Of the Plantation of Liquorice at large. 
 
 I Proceed to another National Commodity, in the 
 Plantation whereof we exceed all other Nati¬ 
 ons, and that is Liquorice, our Englifh Liquorice, 
 as we call it \ being far beyond the Spanifh Liquo¬ 
 rice oranyorlier The planting of it few underftand, 
 and fewer praftife. That I may be open, and full 
 in the difcovery of it \ I lhall under two or three 
 Heads, 
 
Jin of Husbandry. 177 
 
 $eads, formalize what I intend to exprefs, 1. To 
 Jifcover the belt Land to bear it. 2. The bell way 
 I can find pradlifed to Plant it. 3 • The Profits and 
 I Advantages of it. The bell Land to raife your Li- 
 Iquorice upon, is your richeft you can get or make, 
 your warmeit you can find out, the foundelt and 
 the drieft that is pollible to be had» of a very deep 
 foil j you mull Dig and prepare your Land before 
 you Set, and it mull be Digged three Spades d.eep, 
 and two or three Ihovelings at the leall, laid as hol¬ 
 low and as light as may be: You mull have it digged 
 out of Natural Land, if it be very rich Land indeed, 
 that it will feed an Ox in a Summer \ it is the bell g 
 for Eight-pence a 1 at London, Forty make ^ 
 a Rood, which is a quarter of an Acre, which comes 
 to about 4 or y/.anAcreiand this is the main charge 
 of all for three years, there is no more, unlefs it be 
 a little Hoing, which rids off of the hands very fall; 
 
 I believe it will not coll above 20 s. an Acre more 
 in all the three Years, both in Setting, andall the 
 Dreffings of it, befides the Sets and Land: The 
 Sets being doubly, trebly, worth your Money. 
 
 Sets have been fold for 2 s, the Hundred ; but if 
 your Land be not frefh Land, or extraordinary 
 rich, and as rich as your bell Gardens are, it mull be 
 made fo with Soils and warm Manures. Horfe dung 
 is excellent to be Intrenched into the Earth, it both 
 warms and lightens it, and makes it fit for this fer- 
 vice. About London, arc very ferviceable Lands 
 for it, and fo is any dry Soil whatfoever, where it 
 is rich enough and deep; that which bears this well, 
 wiil alfo bear your Moulder Weed, that rich Com- 
 noddy. Having digged and. prepared your Land, ' - 
 you may proceed to the planting of it, and theivbi 
 , N 2 vcm 
 
178 The Epitomy of the 
 
 you muft endeavour to get the belt Sets you can, 
 and from the belt and largelt forts of Liquorice. 
 The belt Sets are your Crown fets, or Heads got 
 from the very top of the Root,h little (hived down; 
 be careful of this, of very found Land ; for how 
 foon foever you come to water, your Liquorice 
 will check and run not one Inch further: And having 
 procured your Sets, your Ground being calt into 
 Beds of four foot broad, all along your Plantation, 
 from one end to another, with a long Line, you 
 may lay down a Set at every foot along the Line, 
 which Line may have Knots and Threads at every 
 foot, if you will be foexaft, and then a man may 
 come with a Tool made a little flattifh or roundifh, 
 of the breadth or bigneft of a good Pichforks tail, 
 about half a yard long, with a Crutch at the over- 
 end, and (harp at the nether, and that thruft into 
 the ground, it being made of Wood, or Itch: But 
 it flat, an Iron will do belt, and open the hole well, 
 and put in the Set, and clofe a little Mould to it, 
 and fo you may over-run an Acre very quickly in 
 the fetting of it, and if it thould prove a very dry 
 time,you mult water your Sets two or three days at 
 the firfl, until that you fee that they have recover¬ 
 ed their withered wanenefs; and then the firtl year 
 you may'planc your Garden with Onions, Radilhes, 
 or any Sallet-iierb, or any thing that Roots not 
 downward, and I am confident it would be better 
 too, becaufe it will prevent fome weeding; and 
 for the fecond, it mull: be Hoed and kept from weeds 
 too, and a little the third ; but one thing be very 
 curious of, in the taking up, and fudden letting of 
 thy Sets, as Icon as took up, let again ; but if you 
 fetch from far, then as foon as taken up,put a little 
 . Mould, 
 
\Art of Husbandry. 179 
 
 Mould, and pofte them away by Horfe-back, and 
 get them into the Ground as foon as poflibly ; the 
 delay of fetting fpoils many thoufand Sets. The 
 feafons of planting is in the Months of February., 
 and March : You may the fecond Year take fome 
 Sets from your ownftock, but be very curious 
 thereof: But the third year you may take what 
 youpleafe;and in the taking of the Liquorice up,the 
 belt feafons for which is November and December, 
 
 there will run from every Mafter-root, a Runner, 
 
 which runs along the over-part of the Ground, 
 which hath littlefprouts and Roots or Sciens,which 
 will yield excellent Sets, if they be cut three or 
 four of them in every Set, which may be about 
 four or five Inches long, which is alfo to be planted, 
 and is as good as the Crown-fet alfo ifit be any 
 thingamoift time, you may take flips from the Leaf 
 or Branches, and let them, and then fome of them 
 will grow \ but they may be fet betwixt the other 
 to thicken, left: they Ihould fall. The third Parti¬ 
 cular, is the Profit and Advantage that may be made 
 thereby, which is very confiderable ■, but it is alfo 
 fubject to the Ebbings and Flowings of the Mar¬ 
 ket. It muft be taken up in Winter, and muft be 
 fold as foon as taken up,left it lofe the weight,which 
 it muft needs do : You may make of an Acre of in¬ 
 different Liquorice 50, or do /. Land of excellent 
 good, 80,90, or 100/. It is not of fo great ufe 
 as other Commodities are, and fo will not vend off 
 in great Parcels, as others will, neither will it en¬ 
 dure the keeping for a good Market, becaufe it will 
 be fo foon dry. 
 
s8o T/je Hpitomy of the 
 
 How good a Commodity Hemp is, with the 
 manner of Planting of it. 
 
 H Emp is an excellent Commodity, and would 
 De far better, but that it is not made fo Nati¬ 
 onal. This Staple-Commodity in the produft 
 would bring a conftant profit for the ftock, & would 
 maintain the poor at work, fo as to get a competent 
 Livelihood. Why (hould we run to France , to 
 Flanders , and to the Low-Countries , for Thread, 
 and Cloth of fo many forts, and fine Linnen, when 
 we have Hemp and Flax enough of our own ? I 
 lhall now proceed to a brief Defcriptionof the way 
 of railing it. As for the feed of it, that is famili¬ 
 arly bought and fold in all places,in thefeafon ^but 
 the beit feed is your brightelt, which you may try 
 by rubbing of it in your hand - , if it crumble with 
 rubbing, it is bad •, but if it ftill retains its fubltance 
 and colour, it is good. The belt Land for it, is that 
 which is Sandy, or a little Gravelly, fo it be very 
 rich, and of a deep foil: As for your cold Clays, 
 they are notfitforit,the very belt Land can be pickt 
 for it, is but good enough. The quantity that is to 
 be lowed upon our Statute Acre, is three Strikes, 
 or Bufhels, and Harrowed with fmall Harrows, the 
 which after the Land is made exceeding fine, as the 
 fineft Garden ; then in the beginning or middle of 
 jiprH, is the time they fow it: Some fow it not till 
 theendof April: But if it be any thing a kindly 
 Year, the earlier the better, andfo preferred ex¬ 
 ceeding choicely at firft, for fear of Birds deftroy- 
 ing of it, as you fee in many Countries. Be care¬ 
 ful that Cartel never bite it,nor lie upon it,for they 
 
Art of Husbandry. 181 
 
 will deftroy it. The feafon of getting it, is firft 
 about Lammas , when a great part of it will be ripe, 
 it may be about one half, that is, a lighter Sum¬ 
 mer-Hemp that bears no feed, and the ftallc grows 
 white and ripe, and molt eafily difcernable, which 
 is about that leafon to be pulled forth and dried^nd 
 laid up for ufe, or watered and wrought up (as all 
 good Houfe-wives know) which you muft pull as 
 neatly as you can from among all the reft, left you 
 break it; for what you break, you utterly deftroy, 
 and then you muft let the other grow for feed until 
 it be ripe, which will be about MichaelmM, or a 
 
 little before. When feed and Italk are both full ripe, 
 
 and you come to pull them, you bind up in bun¬ 
 dles as much as a yard-hand will hold, Which is the 
 Legal meafure; but for your fimple or Summer- 
 Hemp, that is bound in lelfer bundles, as much as 
 may be grafped in both your hands; and when your 
 Winter-Hemp is pulled, you may ftock it up, or 
 barn it, any way to keep it dry, and then in the 
 feafon of the year, threlh it, and get out the feed, 
 but ftill preferve your Hemp till you fet to the 
 working of it, which infteadof breaking and taw¬ 
 ing of it (as they do in moll: parts) there they alto¬ 
 gether peel it, and no more, and fo fell it in the 
 Rough; But 1 leave all at liberty for that, whether 
 you peel or drefs it up by Brake or Tewtaw. As 
 for the Seed an Acre will bear, is two or three quar¬ 
 ters, and it is ufually fold for about a Mark aQuar- 
 ter, fometimes ten (hillings. If good Hemp, then 
 (lore of feed, elfe not; but in many and mpft parts 
 of the Nation, it is fold for about four (hillings a 
 Bufhel: your Fimbled-Hemp is not worth above 
 half fo much as the other fometimes it is fubjeft 
 
j 8 2 The Spit my of the 
 
 to Weeds, to Carlock, and Muckle-weed, which 
 muft be weeded ; but the belt way to deftroy them, 
 is to let your Hemp-land lie one year fallow: I 
 only fpeak of Holland., the cheapeft place for it, 
 and the firft fountain of it: But generally through¬ 
 out the Nation, it is offar more worth and value. 
 The richer your Land is, the thinner, the poorer; 
 the thicker you muft fow. One Acre of good 
 Hemp may be worth 5,6, 7, or 8/. an Acre, and 
 fold as foon as pulled or gathered ; but if it be 
 wrought up, it may come to 8, 9, 10, or n /. or 
 more: It is a common thing in ufe, every one 
 bows the manner of working it to Cloth. 
 
 The Husbanding of Flax fo as to make it come up to 
 as much of the Improvement as ne can. 
 
 F Lax, as I may call it, is a Root, or founda¬ 
 tion of advantage, upon theprofperity where¬ 
 of, thoufauds of people in good, honeft, and labo¬ 
 rious Callings, are maintained; for the profit accru¬ 
 ing thereof, Is both general and particular. For 
 the Land capable of railing good Flax, is any 
 found Land, be it in what Country foever it will, 
 if the Land be good, either earthy, or mixed of 
 Sand or Gravel, and old Land; it is belt, that hath 
 lain long unplowed, it had need come up to the 
 value of a Mark, or near twenty Ihillings an Acre 
 to fow Flax upon, within a mile of London, and 
 yet in moft Counties of England , I know as good 
 and as kind Land for that Husbandry, as any other; 
 and at London they have Workmen dearer too, and . 
 yet can raife.(though they give fo dear) a very con- 
 fiderable profit. There is excellent Flax about 
 Maidftpne in Kent, ’tis fa id the beft Thread in Eng - 
 
Art of Buddy}dry. 18 $ 
 
 land is made of it; one Acre, of good Flax may 
 maintain divers perfons, to the compleating of it 
 to perfed Cloth j confider how many Trades are 
 lupplied thereby, i. The Flax Land mtift have 
 the fame Husbandry of plowing and fowing, as 
 Lands have for Corn; there's the Husbandmans 
 bulinefs fometimes, yea , many times weeding 
 too, then pulling, Itiching, and drying, then 
 repelling, and laying up, and preferving the feed, 
 then watering is either on the ground or in the 
 water, then drying of it up, hoing of it, then 
 breaking and tewtawing of it, then better helling 
 and drelling it up, then fpinning of it to Yarn or 
 Thread, then weaving it, and bleaching, and then it 
 returns again to the good Houfewives ufe, or Semp- 
 fter, and then to the weaving and ufage ; and all 
 thefea dozen good Callings. 2■ For the carrying 
 on of this deflgn, and making the belt of this Im¬ 
 provement, I will here give you the belt and molt 
 profitable way of planting of it, that is difeovered- 
 As for the La nd, let it be good and well ploughed, 
 both ftraight and even, without balks, andindue 
 feafon, about the beginning of March, or latter 
 end of February : and as for the Seed, the true 
 Eaft Country-feed is the beft, although itcoft very 
 dear; one Bufhel of it to fow, is worth ten Bulhels 
 ' of our own Country-feed; but the fecond Crop of 
 our own, of this Country-feed, is very good, and 
 the third indifferent, but then no more; buta- 
 gain to your belt Seed The quantity of it is, a- 
 . bout two Bulhels of it upon an Acre at leaft, fome 
 fow a Peck more; but 1 conceive two may be e- 
 nough,but ot our Seed it will require half a Strike 
 more than of the Eaft Country-feed: Our Flax- 
 , men 
 
184 The Epitomy of the 
 
 men in former daiesdid not fow above half fo much, 
 
 or little more j but uow Experience hath brought us 
 
 to this pitch. The feafon of fowing it, is a warm 
 leafon, in the latter end of March ; but in the 
 warmer parts, as Bjfex and Kent , I conceive mid- 
 Mttrch may do well ; but in colder parts, as down 
 towards Warwkk-fhire and Worcefier-jhire , the be¬ 
 ginning of April may beearly enough ; and if there 
 lhould conic a very wet feafon, you muft take care 
 of weeding it alfo, that it grow not till it be over¬ 
 ripe, left the ftalk lhould blacken or mildew •, yet 
 to its full ripenefs you muft let it grow, the which 
 you may perceive, both by the hurle, and by the 
 feed. Some will ripen earlier, andfome later; 
 but againft it be ripe, be lure to have your Pluck- 
 ers to fall in hand with plucking of it, and then tye 
 up every handful, and fet them upright one a- 
 gainft another, likeaTenc, till they be perfectly 
 dry, then get it all into the Barn. It is indiffe¬ 
 rent whether you ripple it,or take offthe boles ofit, 
 as foon as you bring it home,or when you intend to 
 ufe it. As for your watering ofit, whether in the 
 Water or upon the Land, that I Ihall not peremp¬ 
 torily determine; but thus much I fay, that both 
 may do well, and he that gets ftore, will find ufe of 
 both, bexaufeof the one you make ufe as foon as 
 your Flax is pulled, and then you need not ftand 
 focurioufly upon the drying of it ; but after you 
 have got your feed, you may water it, and the wa¬ 
 tering of it opens and breaks the hurle the belt;but 
 then you muft be careful of laying up your feed, 
 that it heat not, nor mould, and that which you wa¬ 
 ter then, get it forth upon your Grafs Land, and 
 fpread it thin, and turn it to preferve it from mil¬ 
 dewing 
 
Art of Husbandry. x 8 5 
 
 dewing, and keep it fo until you find the hurle be 
 
 ready, and willing to part from the Core, and then 
 
 dry it up, and get it in for ufe. And for the drying 
 ofit, a Kilnemadeonpurpofeis belt, fo that you 
 be careful offeorching it, this will make a great¬ 
 er riddance of the fame, and to them that have 
 great ftore, Sun-drying will never do the feat, 
 though it may do well for a fmall quantity, or the 
 Flax of a private Family. As to the working of it, 
 you mult provideyourBrakes andTeutaws ; both,the 
 one, that is, the Brake which brufes and toughens, . 
 the Hurle and the Tewtaw that cuts and divides out 
 the Core: if you ufe the Tewtaw firft, it may cut 
 your well-dryed Flax to pieces; yet both doth well, 
 but ufe the Brake firft. It will coft the Workman- , 
 Ihip of it betwixt three or four pounds an Acre, to 
 bring it up to Sale: It lieth much upon the Work¬ 
 mans hand, and therefore far moreto be advanced, 
 by howmuchthe mere it raifeth employment for 
 fo many people to live by. Where Wages are 
 great, it comes off the hardeft ; yet where it is 
 carried on to the purpofe, people ftock hard that 
 want Work, and becaufe of conftancie, will work 
 on eafie terms, or elfe how could they poffibly do 
 good of it at London-, or near about it, where they 
 work at double Rates ? but there 1 have feen the 
 bell; Flax I ever faw. Laftly, the benefit that 
 may be made thereby, an Acre of good Flax may 
 be worth upon the ground (if it be the Eaft- 
 Country-feed) feven or eight, yea, poffibly ten or 
 twelve pounds, yea, far more, the charge whereof, 
 belides the feed until it be ripe, may not be above 
 ten ffiiliings an Acre, which if you work up to be 
 fit to fell in the Market, it may rife up to 15 or .1 5 , 
 
 . or 
 
286 The Epitomy of the 
 
 or near zo /. in the Market; but to bring it fo high 
 as 30/. as in Flanders , I dare not fay. But an 
 Acre of our Country-feed, will hardly come up 
 to above three pounds or four, unlefs very good 
 indeed, to which if it amount, and no more 
 upon the Land, it will make a good advancement 
 of it; which it may be, Land, and Seed, and all 
 Charges, may come to about fifteen or fixteen 
 pounds an Acre, the feed-not being worth above 
 two (hillings a Strike. 
 
 A difcovery of Rape and Coal-feed’s Hus¬ 
 bandry, 
 
 T He planting of Coal-feed, or Rape-feed, is 
 another excellent good means for the Im¬ 
 provement of Land : This Coal-feed hath been of 
 late daies in good efteem. And it is molt efpecially 
 ufeful upon your Marlh-land, Fen-lands, or upon 
 your new-recovered Sea-Land, or any Lands that 
 are very rank and fat, whether Arable or Pafture. 
 The beffc feed is the biggeft, the faireft feed you 
 can get, it being dry, and of a pure clear colour, 
 of the colour of the bell Onion feed. It is to be 
 had in many parts of this Nation; but Holland is 
 the Center of it, from thence ufually comes your 
 good feed. The feafon of fowing it, is about 
 Midfummer, you muft have your Land plowed well, 
 and laid even and fine, then you may fow it; about 
 a Gallon of feed will fow an Acre, the which feed 
 muft be mingled (as afore was directed about the 
 Clover) with fomething that you may fow it even, 
 and not upon heaps. The even fowing of it is ve¬ 
 ry difficult; it grows up exceedingly to great 
 , Leaves. 
 
Art of Husbandry. 187 
 
 Leaves 5 but the benefit is made out of the feed efpe- 
 cially. You may fow it eitherupon the Lay, Turfe, 
 or Arable, and both may do well •, but your Arable 
 muft be very rich and fat,having made your Ground 
 fine and fit to fow it. The time to cut it, is when 
 half the feed begins to look brown; you muft reap 
 it as you do Wheat, and lay it upon little Yelms, 
 two or three handfuls together till it be dry,and that 
 very dry too, about a fortnight will dry it,itmuft 
 not be turned or touched, if it bepoffible, forfear 
 oflheddingthe feed, that being the chief profit of 
 it: It muft be gathered in Iheets, or rather a great 
 Ship-fail Cloth, as big as four or fix Iheets, and fo 
 carried into the Barn erefted on purpofe, or that 
 place on purpofe defigned to threlh it that day; you 
 may have fixteen or eighteen men at a Floor, four 
 men will threlh abundance in a day. I have heard 
 that four men have threlhed thirty Coomb in a day. 
 The feed isufually worth 10 s. a Coomb, that is, 
 four ihiilings a Bulhel, fometimesmore, and fome- 
 times lefs- It will, il exceeding good, bear Ten 
 Coomb upon one Acre, and raife a good Advance 
 upon your Lands. It is a Commodity will not want 
 of Sale, the greater the Parcel is, the better price 
 you will have. It is ufed to make the Rape-Oyl, 
 as we call it. The Turnep-feed will grow amongft 
 it, and it will make good Oyl alfo, you may fell a 
 Thoufand pounds worth together, to one Chap¬ 
 man : It is belt to be planted by the Water, or near 
 it. It cannot be too rank, the Eadifh and Stubble 
 will exceedingly nourilh (heep in Winter. It hath 
 another excellent property, it will fit the Land fo 
 for Corning; for Wheat it may produce a Crop as 
 good, or better than it felf, and for Barley after it- 
 The 
 
y 88 The Epitomy of the 
 
 The Charge of the whole Crop, I conceive may 
 come to be betwixt 20 or 30 s. an Acre, and a good 
 Crop may be worth 5, 6,7, or 8/. an Acrej the 
 leaft is a very good Improvement, becaufe it will 
 do excellently well, if well ordered (and a kind 
 feafon upon the Land* the very firit year after Re¬ 
 covery, when it will do nothing elfe, if.it can be 
 but plowed) when other things, as Corn and Grain 
 may be hazarded. 
 
 Qf Weld or Would , m firne cull it , or more 
 properly ByarsWeed. 
 
 I TisaDyars rich Commodity, it beareth a long, 
 narrow greenifh, yellow Flower, which runs 
 to a fmall Seed, far fmallcr than a Muftard-feed,very 
 thick fet with feed. Pliny calls it Lutea, but Virgil 
 calls it Lutum , and in our Engliih, W 4 d, Would , or 
 Byars-Weed. It flourifbeth in jW and July. In 
 many places it growethofit felf, in and about Vil¬ 
 lages and Towns,and isofa very great ufe,and confi- 
 dering the eafic charge of the railing of it, and the 
 hardnefs of the Land upon which it grows, is of in¬ 
 comparable advantsge.Forfirft it will grow uponve- 
 ry indifferent Land, not worth above ten groats or 
 half aCrown/KT Acre;yea,as fome affirm, the verieft 
 hilly,barren,chalky,light Land,not worth ie pence 
 per Acre will carry it, and bear it to very good pur- 
 pofe; but unto fo barren Lands, I will not give en¬ 
 couragement, unlefs where there is little or none 
 better; but inany indifferent Land,fo it be ofa very 
 dry, warm nature, it will do very well. And 
 fecondly, it will coft but a little the managing, it 
 requires no Tillage at all, nq Harrowing, it being 
 to 
 
Art of Husbandry. 189 
 
 to be fowed where you fow your Barley or Oats,up* 
 on that Husbandry, without any other addition* 
 unlefs you draw a Bulh over it, or a Roul, either 
 of which is fufficient to cover it after you have low¬ 
 ed it. The difficult piece in the managing hereof, 
 is the very fowing of it, that is, that it may be 
 fowedeven * for the feed being fo very fmall, will * 
 require both skill, and an even handto.fcatter.it: 
 Some low it by taking it with one finger, and the 
 thumb } others with the two Fore-fingers, But nei¬ 
 ther ofthefedo I affeft as the bell way, becaufe 
 they cannot fpread fo well as they may with their 
 whole hand .* 1 therefore prefcribe a mixture with 
 Allies, Lime, fine Earth, or fomefuch thing as will 
 belt fuit with the weight of the feed y for could 
 you find out that which agreeth both in weight and 
 bignefs, then out of all queftion, none like to that 
 to fow it withal. A Gallon of this feed will fow an 
 Acre,which had need to every quart of feed,to have 
 two Gallons offorae of the aforefaid. It mult be 
 often ftirred together, left that the feed link to the 
 bottom, and fow that part thicker than the other, 
 and then call it out at Arms-end,at as good and even 
 compafs as you can. The feed thus lowed , may 
 grow up amongft the Corn, and yet be no preju¬ 
 dice, becaufe it groweth not fall the firft Summer; 
 but after the Corn is cut, it mull be preferved.And 
 the next Summer you lhall receive (through Gods 
 KlefiingJ a comfortable Crop : You mult be ex¬ 
 ceedingly curious in the ripening of it ■, if you let 
 it grow too long, your feed will fall out; if not 
 long enough, your feed will not be perfect, nor your 
 Italic neither, and therefore oblerve both the turn¬ 
 ing of the Iced, and the ripening cl the ftalk ;for 
 
190 The Eptotny of the 
 
 I cannot tell you which of either will admit of a 
 difpenfation ; and as foon as ever you perceive it 
 to grow up to perfect ripenefs, you mult down 
 with it, that is, pull it as you do your Flax, up by 
 the Roots, and bind it in little handfuls,and let it 
 up to dry in little filches.or ftitch, until both feed 
 'and (talk be dry, and then carry it away carefully, 
 as that feed be not loft •, lay it up dry, and fo keep 
 it as you fee caufe;for a goodMarket; for it is to be 
 fold for the Dyers ufe, whofometimes will give a 
 very good price, but at all times fufficient profit, 
 
 and go far to buy it, from forty Ihillingsan Acre, 
 
 to twelve pounds an Acre ; fome fay more; you 
 may barn it up, and keep it, and the feed together 
 until March, and then you may get out the feed by 
 lalhing and whipping of it forth upon a Board, or 
 Door, which referve for feed : The feed is fome- 
 times Ten (hillings a Bulhel, and fometimes more 
 or Iefs, as the Market rifes or falls, it coloureth 
 the bright-Yellow,and the Limon-colour.The Stalk 
 and Root are both ufeful, and mull go together 
 to the Dyer. The Charges of Towing, and all 
 things till you come to pulling, is not above one 
 Hulling, whipping and banning may come to four 
 {hillings more ; the feed may be worth half a Crown, 
 lo that all Charges and Rent of the Land may a- 
 mo nt to lefs, but I will fay Fifteen (hillings, then 
 the Improvement will be four-fold; if worth Four 
 pound Ten (hillings an Acre, fix-fold; if worth fix 
 pound per Acre, eight-fold, and much more, as 
 fome affirm to fix teen-fold Improvement. It be¬ 
 gins well, and fpreads and thrives very much in 
 Kent, in many parts thereof; the bed place to get 
 the feed is in Kent, clean down to Canterbury, and 
 
 ' Il'jf, 
 
Art of Husbandry. 191 
 
 Wye, where you may fee both the Land and the 
 Growth, and difcoverthe Myfterie thereof. Itis 
 fold by weight, fomucha Hundred, and fo much a 
 Tun weight. 
 
 Of Woad , or Wade, the Land befi for it, the Vfageof 
 it, and the Advantages thereby. 
 
 W Oad is alfo a great Commodity, it lays 
 the foundation for the Solidity of many 
 Colou rs more: AWoaded Colour is free from fram¬ 
 ing, excellent for holding its colour, nay, iad hold¬ 
 ing colour muft be woaded- It hath been one of the 
 greatelt Inrichments to the Matters thereof, until 
 our late Wars, of any Fruit the Land did bear. It 
 is called Glafittm,or Garden-woad, by the Italians 
 called Guedo ; in Spanijh , ahd in French , Fafiel, 
 in Dutch , Wert, and in Englifh , Wo ad, or Wade. 
 It hath flat long Leaves like Reben Rubrum ; the 
 ftalk is fmall and tender, the Leaves are of a blew- 
 ilh green colour. The Seed is like an Afh-key, or 
 feed, but not fo long, little blackilh Tongues. 
 The Root is white and Ample. It is a very choice 
 Seed to grow, and thrive well , it beareth a yellow 
 Flower, and requires very rich Land, and very 
 found and warm, fo that very warm Earth, either 
 a little Gravelly, or elfe Sandilh, will do exceeding 
 well; but the purer, warmer, folid Earth is belt, 
 and exceeding rich Land, and though it Ihould be 
 mixed with a little Clay,itwill do well, but it muft 
 be very warm. There is not much Land fit for this 
 defign in many Countries, efpecially ycurhardeft 
 Wood land parts, you have in many of your great, 
 deep, rich Paftures,many Hills and Hills-lides good 
 . O Woad- 
 
192 The Epitomy of the 
 
 Woad-!Land, when the Bottom-ground will do no 
 fervice •, but yourchiefeft is your home Corfe,or 
 lelTer Ground lying near, and bordering about the 
 Towns. Your belt and Naturalleft parts in England 
 for Woad, arefome parts of Woreefter-jhire, War- 
 wkksfiire } Southward, Oxford-jhire , Glocefter- 
 fbire , Northampten-jhire, Leicefter-jhire-, fome parts 
 of Rutland , Bedfordjhire , and Backingham-jhire , 
 and fome other places here and there : All thefe 
 Parts have fome admirable Woad-land in them. 
 The Land muft be found, and atabove twenty fhil- 
 lingsan Acre to graze in at leaft, or elfe it will not 
 be worth the woading. And to plow and fow woad, 
 it may be worth as much more as to Graze, yea, 
 fometimes more, if it be extraordinary rich Soil, 
 and Trading good. And whereas fome write, that 
 itundoeth the Land', lanfweras I judge in my own 
 Breaft, that in regard it is fo often cut, and grow- 
 ethfo thick, and is fo often weeding, that,it mull 
 needs do fo, as I believe all Corn doth draw out 
 fome of the Spirit thereof-, but no more than other 
 Grain,if it could be fo oft cut to grow again.Thus 
 much I can fay of it, that it prepares the Land ex¬ 
 ceedingly for Corn, and doth abate of the ftrength 
 and fuper-richnefs,orRanknefs thereof,which Corn 
 would not well endure \ for I am ready to main¬ 
 tain,that the richeft Land is not bed for Corn: For 
 
 though the one may over-burden and be foRank j 
 
 yet the other may bear as much to the Strike; and 
 for Goodnefs, your Middle-Land beareth the Bell 
 away for Corn, in my opinion. 
 
 To acquaint you with the ufe of Woad, I mull 
 do thefe three things, i- Shew you how the land 
 muft be prepared and fowed. 2. Shew you how 
 it 
 
di-t of Husbandry. . 193 
 
 it tnuft bs ordered', when thattbe leafttmft be cut, 
 and how ordered iafterfaesdftting of’ftv Arid 
 laftly, how it moft be'teitipered-and feafoned t-6 
 make the belt Woad for urfe and profit'-.' pf' Before 
 I proceed, Tmoft jntorffliyouy that thiskferaraodity 
 is not to be played withal, as yoii may 1 do-with Li¬ 
 quorice and Saffron, Stc; to niake'Experiments 
 of a little parcel y but a man mult of-neceffityfet 
 forth and forward fo much ftock, and Lanjiy : and 
 feed, as may keep one Milfor twcy' at work-to make 
 it into perfect. Woad.' it'is the 'doing'of a'great 
 quantity,and carrying on-a great'ftock- that makes 
 this work, and will carry it on toprofithndcredit: 
 Some have as much under hand,-as will'work fix 
 or eight Mills. The charge of itis exceeding great 
 in the management of it, and' 1 as well it pay- 
 eth for all c barges, as any Commodity 1 know of. 
 The Ground muft be of-old Land, as aforefaid, and 
 a tender Turfe , and mult ; be exceeding' choicely 
 plowed, if very hilly, they muft be caft,‘and well 
 caft,that that you call: forth,lye not high to raife the 
 Furrow : Theyuf ally-plow outward, or caft all 
 their Lands at the firft plowing, and having broke 
 the Ground with a Harrow, then they fow it, and 
 fow about four Bufhels or Strikes on an Acre, which 
 done,then cover it,and harrow it very well and fine, 
 and pick out the Clots, Turfes, and Stones, and lay 
 
 it on the hollow- places of the Ridge in heaps, as 
 
 is the ufual cuftom:But now I (hould rather chufe to ; 
 take a little Cart with one Horfe, and as the Boys 
 and Children pick them up,caft them into the Cart,' 
 and carry them into feme flank and hollow place,' 
 and lay them down to rot, or elfemend fore bar¬ 
 ren place, bccaiife they lofe a good conilderable 
 
194 The Epitomy of the , 
 
 part of Land, and foof Woadtoo, which other- 
 wife might be as good as the reft, and is now, by 
 reafon of the times, not worth fo much. The 
 Land that is loft is very conliderable, in regard it is 
 fo good ofit felf,and the ftock fo good and rich that 
 is lowed upon it, that all even Ground had need be 
 regained, that poflibly may be. 2. 1 am to fhew 
 you how it is to be husbanded, and when the Leaf 
 muftbe cut, and how ufed, and how oft, &c. Af¬ 
 ter the Land is fowed, and that it begins to come up, 
 as foou as any Weed appears, it muft be weeded, 
 yea, it muft be twice weeded, or more, if it requi- 
 ers before it be ready to cut 5 but if it be fpecial 
 good, and comes thick, and cover the Ground well, 
 it will ask the lels weedingTo them that are ex- 
 ercifedin this fame Service, and have their Work 
 and Work-folks at command, they will have it 
 weeded for eight pence an Acre, and fometimes lefs: 
 as foon as- the Leaf is come to its full growth, 
 which will be fometimes fooner, fometimes later, 
 as the year is drier or moifter, more fruitful or lefs, 
 which when you perceive at the full ripenefs, let to 
 cutting ofit off. As foon as ever it is cut, your 
 Mills being prepared, and great broad Fleaks, fo 
 many as may receive the Crop prepared, and 
 planted upon Galleries or Stories made with Poles, 
 Fir, Alder, or other Woad j your Mill is ufually 
 known, a large Wheel both in height, and breadth, 
 and weight doth bell:, it is a double Wheel, and the 
 Tooth or Ribs that cut the Woad, are placed from 
 one fide of the Wheel to the other, very thick, 
 wrought (harp and keen at the edge, and as foon as 
 the Woad is cut,and comes ou t of the field,it is to be 
 put into the Mill, and ground, one Kilne full after 
 ano- 
 
jfrt of Husbandry. 195 
 
 another as faft as may be •, the Juice of the Leaf 
 muft be preferved in it, and not loft by any means, 
 and when it is ground,it is to be made in balls round, 
 about the bignefs ofaBall, without any compofiti- 
 onat all, and then prefently laid one by one upon 
 the Fleaks to dry, and as foon as dried (which will 
 be fooner or later, asthefeafon is) they are to be 
 taken down, and laid together, and more put in 
 their places .• But becaule all the circumftances will 
 be too tedious to difcourfe, and the work is no com¬ 
 mon work, and very many not well verfed therein, 
 
 I will rather advife you to get a workman from 
 the Woad-works, which can carry it on artificially, 
 rather than to venture the experimenting of fo 
 great Work upon Words and Rules. Good Woad 
 may yield in a plentiful year five, or poflibly fix 
 Crops, yea, ordinarily four, and yet foraetimes 
 but three; But the Winter-Crop is of good worth, 
 excellent for Sheep, conceived good againft the 
 Rot, and alfo it will maintain them well, and it 
 will contain them in good heart,andftrengthen them 
 till fowing time again. The time of fowing is in 
 the beginning and end of March. And thus when 
 you have cut all your Crops one after another till 
 Autumn. The declining feafon will not ripen 
 it again, and your Mill is at Ieifure, then you muft 
 proceed to the third Particular, which is to the or¬ 
 dering and feafoning of it, and working it up to 
 ufe, which muft be done in the manner following: 
 You muft fetyour Mills to work again, to grind it 
 all over, and then feafon it up, and fo you may 
 makeit ftronger or weaker, as you may feeoccali- 
 on. There is fo much difference betwixt Woad 
 and Woad, that the Dyers, though fo experimen- 
 O 3 tal 
 
196 The Fpitomy of the 
 
 tal, will hardly buy you any parcel tiil they have 
 experimented it in colouring; and therefore for me 
 toprefcribea Rule upon luch uncertainties, I hold 
 it not fafe, the Woad-man that ufes to make up 
 three Or four forts of Woad, will make it up as he 
 intends to befriend a Cuftomer.The fir ft years tryal 
 will put you into fufficient Experience : As the 
 Woad yields many Crops, fo each Crop is worfe 
 than the other ; the firft Crop is belt, the fecond 
 next, the third much worfe, the fourth far worfe 
 than that - , and the fifth wotft of all: if you get a 
 fifth, but that is not. ufual, four Crops is fufficient, 
 andfometin.es you mult be content with three, and 
 as the firft Crop is ufually (in a good year) ripeby 
 the midft of June-, fo will the fecond be ufually ripe 
 in one month after that, and fo every month, or 
 thereabouts, each Crop will be ready, and if the 
 latter end of the year prove kind, then you mult 
 expedt a Crop the more. Now to know when the 
 Woad is ripe, and to take it in the very feafon, 
 is a" fundamental piece, which is when the Leaf is 
 come to a full growth, and retains its perfect colour 
 and lively greenefs, then with all your might fet 
 fomany hands to cutting of it, as that it do not fade 
 or wax pale or wan,before you have cut your Crop; 
 for then it will begin to be over-ripe, and the lefs 
 fapand marrow of it drinks in again, and will not 
 yield ftore of Juice, which is the fpirit of it, and 
 belt of the Woad. The Woad-man feafons the 
 two firft Crops together, and fome feafon the third 
 by it felf, and the fourth by it felf; feme put the 
 three firft Crops together, which makes the worfer 
 Woad, but the very Virgin-Woad is the firft and 
 fecond, and the better they! defire to make it, the 
 “ A " " ■ r - ; .■ ■■ - • morc 
 
Art of Husbandry. 197 
 
 more intire they compound it, not confounding it 
 with divers forts. The manner of feafoning is thus ; 
 after every Crop is cut, grinded, balled and dryed 
 as dry as poflibly it can be, and laid up in the Ball, 
 every Crop by it felf, then you muft take the firft 
 and iecond Crops, and grind them all over again to¬ 
 gether, or apart, as you pleafe, but they muft be 
 then wrought as duft, as it were, in the Mill, and 
 ground very well the firft and fecond Crop, or fo • 
 much- as you will make of your belt fort of 
 Woad, and fo laid upon the floor in a heat or 
 Couch, and then you muft mix it with water, and 
 turn it over, and mix it again, and turn it over, 
 and give it fo much water as that it will be foakt 
 throughly, however you may over-foakand drown 
 it, and that will be very prejudicial to it: It muft 
 be turned in the Couch once for three or four weeks 
 together, and then every other day once for about 
 a fortnight, and then twice a week till it comes to 
 a right colour. At the firft many men muft be em¬ 
 ployed, carrying water as hard as they can, till it 
 be wet and well foaked, and that you may know the 
 better how to temper it aright, you (hall find it 
 heat exceedingly in the Couch, which you muft 
 look to keep in a moderate condition, which over¬ 
 heating you may prevent with turning, that it over¬ 
 heat not by any means y it may grow fo hot-, as 
 you can poflibly abide your hand in it, but not to 
 exceed that heat: And how to know it feafons 
 kindly, and fo will in time come toperfedt rich 
 Woad i you muft obferve that it will alter and 
 change divers times: Firft it will hoar, mould,and 
 
 frolt, and finell exceeding ftrong, and then it will 
 
 in a little time abate thereof, and grow towards a 
 0 4 black 
 
198 Tk £pitomy of the 
 
 colour, and then it will hoar and inould again, 
 and change a little whitilh, and after this fecond 
 change it will come to a perfedt black, which the 
 brighter and clearer colour, the better. This mull 
 be the Winters work, and it will be good for cold 
 weather, and when it is thus wrought, and comes 
 to its colour, then you may lay it up, or heap it up, 
 to lye for a Sale, putting divers Poles into each 
 heap,into the bottom, to open and keep it cool,and 
 you mult be fure it take not heat again; and thus 
 all your forts of Woad muft be feafoned one after 
 another,andefpeciallyallfuch that you can dry that 
 Summer: But to tell you how to chufe the belt 
 Woad, is fcarce in the power of the Woad-man, 
 who can but guefs at it from that experience he 
 hath in the mixing ofit; but it mult be tryed by 
 the Dyers, who, as we faid, ufually do fo before 
 they buy it. 1 lhall end with the advantages thereof, 
 which are very great-And firlt it is National,in that 
 it fets many poor on work, It is the Itapleand chief 
 of the Dyers Trade, layeth a foundation forall en¬ 
 during and holding Colours, and much advantages 
 Land in the Rent, It doubles or more, and in the 
 ufage ofit upon this Husbandry, trebleth or qua- 
 druplethit, and many times more : And then fc- 
 condly, it is perfonally advantagious, the belt E- 
 ftates that have been got in all our rich upland 
 Countries, have been got by it: At fome feafons, 
 and when they have a right Crop and goodMarkets, 
 it will amount to as much more \ it hath been fold 
 from20 to 30/. the belt Woad, and back again 
 down to 6 /, a Tun. 
 
 Tlx 
 
1 99 
 
 The Nature-, Vfe, and Advantages $f Madder. 
 
 A Nd fo I defcend to ray third Dyers Commo¬ 
 dity, in relation to Dying, or Colouring j 
 and that is to the Story of Madder, that colours the 
 rich and belt folid red. It is now very rarely plant¬ 
 ed in Gardens, and in fome fmall Plats of Ground, 
 and it amounts to the very great advantage of the 
 Planters, that Set and Sell forth by the Roots they 
 draw, to vend to the Apothecaries, and Medicina- 
 bly to others; they make a molt exceeding value 
 of the Lands beyond all Credence .• Some have 
 made, as I have been informed, after the Rate of 
 Three Hundred pounds an Acre in three years, for 
 fo long as it grows, before it come unto perfedtion; 
 and others that have fold it by whole-fale, a parcel 
 together at the worft Advantage,to an Hundred and 
 fixty pounds an Acre, and fome have out of fmall 
 Plats of Gardens, made more than I have, or will 
 here affirm j and however this being a fundamental 
 Fruit, and fuch a one as that the plenty thereof will 
 not much abate the Market, or dying Trade, being 
 fupplied herewith from beyond the Seas, that the 
 Erection of fuch a Plantation as may bring it forth, 
 wrought up and fitted to the Dyers ufe,and fo to be 
 a fupply to our felves within our felves: It would 
 . be a good defign to the Nation, as it Imploys fo 
 many hands to bring it to perfedtion. It turns Land 
 to as great an Advantage as any Seed or Root that 
 is capable to receive it, and needs no more fear want 
 of Marke ts for the Vending of it,than we need for 
 Wool, that Staple-Commodity of the Nation. 1 
 fhall proceed to the Defcription of it. There is but 
 one 
 
2 CO The Epilomy of the 
 
 one kind of Madder, which is Manured and fet 
 for Ufe ; but there are many things like thereto, 
 as Goofe-grafs , foft Oliver, Ladies-Bedlhaw, 
 Woodroof, and CrofswortAll which are like to 
 Madder-Leaves, and are thought to be wild kinds 
 thereof. It hath long italics, or trailing Branches 
 difperfed upon the Ground, Rough, and full of 
 Joynts, and every joynt fet with green and rough 
 Leaves, in ma. ner of a Star; the Flowers grow at 
 the top of the Branches, of a faint yellow colour, 
 after which comes the feed round and green : The 
 Root creepeth far abroad within the upper Cruft of 
 the Earth, intanglingone Rootinto another, and 
 when it is green and frelh, the Root is of a Reddilh 
 colour, it is finall and tender, but gathers and runs 
 into theground, juft like an Ivy along a Houfeor 
 Tree. It is a Commodity of much value, Paten¬ 
 tees ftrove hard for it, and Patents were gained 
 about it in the late Kings days. For the making 
 outpf a good Plantation, 1 muft obferve thefe three 
 things, i. Shew you what it comes of, how to 
 plant it and preferveit. 2. How to get it and ufe 
 it, to bring it to a faleable Madder. 3- The bene¬ 
 fit and advantage of it will be National and Perfo- 
 nal Although it bear a feed, yet that feed comes 
 not to perfection, it is therefore to be planted from 
 the Sets that are to be got from the Madder itfclf, 
 and they are to be bought in many Gardens in Lon- 
 dfe«,who keep up that Plantation for the advantage 
 offelling their Sets,and Roots Phyfically to theApo- 
 thecaries only ; all the skill is to diftinguifh of the 
 goodnefs thereof: And for the difeovery thereof, 
 firft know the feafon of getting, or rather drawing 
 them, which is in March-, and slpnl, yea, as foon 
 
Art of Husbandry. act 
 
 as they are fprnng forth of the Ground two or three 
 Inches long, then you mult be careful to get Sets' 
 rooted ) every Set having fome fuckers, or fpinies 
 of Root going out of them •• They mult be flipped 
 from the main Root, andthefe Sets as foon as ever 
 took up, put into fome Basket with a little Mould* 
 and polled to the place where they are to be fet,the 
 fooner the better * and then your Ground being ve¬ 
 ry rich, it cannot be too rich lor this Commodity* 
 however it mult be of a warm and a very deep Soil, 
 and digged two or three Spades graft depth, and 
 two (hovellings alfo, raked and laid Even and Le¬ 
 vel, and then by flraight Lines trod out into long 
 Beds about one foot broad from one end of your 
 Work unto the other, and fet about one foot afun- 
 dereveryway^ andifitbeadry fpriug, they mult 
 be kept with watering, until they recover their fa¬ 
 ding wan condition. You may begin to dig your 
 Ground in the beginning, and along all Winter,till 
 the very day offetting, and then you muft keep it 
 with Weeding and Hoing,untilit have got theMa- 
 fterlhip of the Weeds, and then it being a Weed 
 it felf, will deltroy all others. One Rod of Ground 
 is worth leven-pence a Rod digging; or if very 
 dry ftrong Ground, eight pence j but fix-pence the 
 heft. You may fow fome early Sallet-herbs, as 
 Radilh or Onions, or fuch things as will be ripe 
 betimes, among it. The firffc year good weeding 
 is the belt pvefervntive unto it, and in your fetting 
 them by a little Line, one goeth before, and laieth 
 every Set in his place, and another comes, and with 
 a broad Dibble made for'the purpofe, thnifts down 
 a deep and open hole, and puts in the Set, and for 
 the nourilhing of it, in cafe any die, you'mufc piant 
 
2 C 3 The Epitomy of the 
 
 new in the room of it; for the time of the growing 
 of it,until that it come to perfeftion,is three years: 
 The firft year you may take off fome few Sets, here 
 and there, but that is fomewhat dangerous ; for 
 that year, it muft be kept with Hoing a while alfo, 
 then the fecond year you may take up Sets as fall 
 as you will, and almoft as many as you will, lea¬ 
 ving but as you do in the Cropping of an Oak, the 
 bough for the drawing upofthe fap out of the Root, 
 being fo thick and ftrong in the Ground, that no¬ 
 thing will almoft decay it. If then you can get it 
 for the ufe of the Drugfters and the Apothecaries, 
 and the Set to plant again ; in the taking up of every 
 Root, there will be one Runner which hath little 
 Buds on it, which may be divided and cut into a fin¬ 
 gers length, each planted with one Bud out of the 
 Ground, fet upright, which makes very excellent 
 good Sets , one Runner will make many Sets; 
 but thefe Sets cannot be got up until the Madder be 
 taken away: And having thus preferved it until it 
 come to a good Crop, having curioufly dried it as 
 you do your Hops, to a juft and perfect gage of 
 drought. There is a Myftery, that is, to pare off 
 the husks, that it may, if it be poffible, as the 
 Wheat is ground, be flaked, or flayed, that it may 
 go all one way, which fort they call the Mull-Mad¬ 
 der, is little worth, not above nine or ten Ihillings 
 a hundred •, and then you mnft take out the fe¬ 
 cond fort, called the number 0, which is the mid¬ 
 dle Rinde, and is not worth fo much as the third 
 fort, called the Crop Madder, by one fixth part; 
 and this Crop-Madder is the very heart and pith of 
 it, inclining to yellow ; this is leffer in quantity, 
 but little, better in quality by far. Sometimes the 
 
Art of Husbandry. 203 
 
 beft Madder is worth 8 or 9 /. a Hundred, and the 
 number 0, is worth 6/. 6 s $d. fometimes it is 
 not worth above 4 or 5 /. a Hundred- Some Dyers 
 ufe of this Commodity, above an Hundred Pound 
 a W:ek a man. Now as it is planted in Gardens, 
 unfpeakable advantages are made thereby, and 
 fhould it hold a proportion when it comes to be 
 made up, and compleated to the Dyers, it would 
 prove the richeft Commodity that I know fowed in 
 England. 
 
 THE 
 
204 
 
 mmmmm*mwm%mm 
 
 THE YOUNG 
 
 GENTLEMANS 
 
 Heroick Exercife • 
 
 OR THE 
 
 Perfe&ion of Horfemanfhip , 
 
 Drawn from Nature, Art, and Pra¬ 
 ctice of Riding, 
 
 B Efore I enter into the Unfolding of the Parts 
 of this Art, I do think it fit to fhew the Na¬ 
 tural Minit and Temperature, that ought 
 to be in every Perfeft Rider. He mult be aPerfon 
 void ofFear jf°H thetrue Properties ofhis Forti¬ 
 tude lhould be to Guide his molt noble Nature, 
 through hard and difficult things, to the Attaining 
 of the End of his Heroick defires-, becaufe the per¬ 
 fection of every good Undertaking confifteth in 
 this, that it bedonebyaftaidandconftantReafon, 
 without Raflinefs. And becaufe every Rider is a 
 reafonable Creature, he therefore ought to be able 
 to' 
 
Beroicli Exerctfe. 20$ 
 
 toyieldaconftant reafon without any Contradicti¬ 
 on, as not fubjedt to any prejudice of the Inquirer, 
 for that he only teacheth by Reafon for what he 
 doth, an Inherent property peculiar to Man-; yet 
 it cannot be truly faid, that every Reafonable Man 
 is a perfedt Rider, becaufe every man hath not at¬ 
 tained to the reafon of the Art,and therefore unable 
 to teach, Nam quod nemo dedicit , nemo -docere pot eft : 
 For no man can Teach what he hath not Learned. 
 And though it may be confefled,that every good be¬ 
 ginning cometh unto usby Nature: yetthegrowth . 
 and progrefs thereof, we attained unto by Precepts 
 of Reafon, and the accomplilhment by knowledge 
 and Pradtice; For Nature without Knowledge is 
 blind, Knowledge without Nature falls (hort, and 
 Pradtice without the former is Imperfedt. 
 
 From hence it proceeds, that unlefs Nature, Art, 
 and Pradtice beconjoyned, it will be impolfible to 
 be a good Rider, to be able to know how and when 
 to help his Horfe, theonly principal things requi¬ 
 red in a Rider that is enriched with Nature, Art, 
 and pradtice ; and yet if he be fo qualified and be- 
 ftow all his Labour and Skill upon a Jade; let him 
 allure himfelf he fhall Oleum & operam perdere , but 
 lofe his Labour. For although every Horfe be a 
 fenlible Creature, moved by Senfe and Feeling, as 
 things proper to his Nature, and taketh his Inftru- 
 dtion by Speech, as Man inftrudteth Man ; which is 
 either by encouragement,or eherifhing him when he 
 dot h well, or by Pnnifhing him when he refifteth his 
 Difcipline ; yet neverthelefs when a Jade begins 
 to be taught, and proceeds with a continual perfe- 
 verance therein, yet (hall he never attain the perfe¬ 
 ction of Adtion, becaufe all Art muft imitate the 
 Na- 
 
so 6 The Efitomy of the 
 
 Nature of the Horfe, which to content and pleafe, 
 is the end of the whole Art: But where contrary 
 Natures are, there of neceffity muft be contrary 
 workings, and then muft needs enfue contrary ef¬ 
 fects ; for every Creature worketh according to its 
 Nature. For amendment whereof, the ignorant 
 and pretended Rider proceedeth to violence, which 
 the Nature of the Horfe abhorreth, as a perturba¬ 
 tion ; for then his Riding becometh grievous and 
 painful, fo that he knoweth not what to do,no more 
 than anoutwardly Scholar, by whipping to fay his 
 Leffon delightfully ; and were it granted, that the 
 Horfe were of a good difpofition to yield all obedi¬ 
 ence to the moft skilful Rider, yet (hall he never at¬ 
 tain to any perfection of ACtion, becaufe Nature 
 hath not (haped nor given him aptnefsfitforfucha 
 purpofc, no more than a natural Fool by Education 
 can attain unto true Wifdom. And yet few Riders 
 neither have, nor do truly judge hereof; for that 
 nothing is more manifeft in all their Writingsand 
 Actions, than provifion and means to make perfect 
 that which is moft imperfect by Nature, as though 
 they had never learned that Art,can never overcome 
 the neceffity of Nature: Wherefore I defire all fuch 
 as with and defire to be goodRiders, firft to examine 
 their own natural difpofitions. Secondly, to learn 
 to know the true and perfect fhape of Horfes. 
 Thirdly, the natural Caules of their goodnefs and 
 Badnefs. Fourthly, to be taught by an undemand¬ 
 ing Matter, and not to begin without his direction. 
 Fifthly, to praCtife, and alwayes to examine the 
 
 reafon of his Practice, then lhall he fee what a 
 
 Hand-maid all Art is to Nature; then fhallhe di- 
 feern in the beholding of the Actions of the perfect 
 
I Heroic!^ Exercije. 2 of 
 
 fhaped Horfc to be eafie, quick, and ready accor¬ 
 ding to his perfection of Nature, as true qualities 
 S bred and brought forth by Nature, not by correQi- 
 1 on, but with all mildnefsand gentlenefs, Voluntari¬ 
 ly performed, the which all true and natural Ri¬ 
 ders will and ought altogether to cherilh, feeing all 
 Horfes do in that bountiful form, that he himfelf 
 doth Cxpref, when he defires to appear molt come¬ 
 ly and juft in his Pace, juft in his Trot, juft in his 
 Gallop, juft in his Carriere, juft in his Head, juft 
 ;• when he ftandeth ftill, juft in union with the will of 
 ' the Rider, his Head and Neck will be lo juftly and 
 j rightly placed, qffuch ftaidnefs, and his Mouth of 
 •fuch a fweetand perfedt compofure, as it feems as 
 if Nature ftrove to fet forth her own glory : All 
 which fome call Natural, and not fo much Acciden¬ 
 tal in a perfect and a true fhaped Horfe, 
 
 It remaineth now to difcourle of thole things 
 which molt principally are required by the Art, for 
 [the true performance of fuch Adtions as Art re- 
 E quireth, either for helps, corredtions,or cherifhings 
 | for reducing the Horfe to perfedt Adtion, fit for the 
 jnioft gentle ufe of man. 
 
 ; For he that knoweth how to corredt and cherilh 
 la Horfe in his due time, is, and fo ought to be ac- 
 I counted, the moft grounded in this Art, the which 
 | cannot in a fmall time either be attained or perform- 
 fed; and therefore for the true attaining thereof I 
 ij wilh that none undertake the fame, as I laid before, 
 but by the diredtion of an expert Mailer, left it be 
 faid to him, as Timothem the bell' Player on the 
 
 Flute, of his time; who when that he took a Scholar, 
 
 ufed to demand of him, Whether he had made an 
 entrance into that Play, which if he had, he took a 
 , P greater 
 
2 o 8 The Young Gentlemans 
 greater reward by half, than he did of them that 
 knew nothing, faying, That his pains were greater 
 to take from him what was unskilfully taught him, 
 than in teaching that which was good to fuch as un- 
 derftood nothing at all thereof. The things that 
 are principally to be ufed for helps, are, as hath 
 been faid, correftions and cherilhings, which may 
 be contained in thefe three heads, viz., the Voice, 
 the Hand, and the Leg becaufe the Voice by 
 words of Art helpeth, and with mild, meek, and 
 gentle words cheriiheth, but by loud and taunting 
 terrifieth and correfteth. The hand (being the 
 Inftrument of Inftruments) upon the true ufe 
 whereof the ground of the Art refteth, by the 
 temperate and fweet flay 'thereof, it helpeth : By 
 clawing, or gentle putting to the Horfe, it che¬ 
 riiheth, and by correfting or ftriking, frighteth. 
 Again, the Hand by the ftroke, jerk or found of a 
 Rod, or Wand, is fomctimes very ufeful, it often 
 helpeth by praftifing mildly and gently with it, 
 clawing and fcratching the Horfe, it incourageth 
 and cheriiheth him j but by ftriking him too hard, 
 correfteth to his difpleafure. Again, thehand with 
 a Bridle,in flacking ic,eafeth and cheriiheth him,and 
 by drawing it hard, opprefleth and correfteth him, 
 by the guiding thereof it governeth a Horfe, as a 
 Stern doth a Ship, which in all motions and actions 
 anfwerethto that motion which the hand moveth. 
 The Leg, when it gently provoketh with the Calf, 
 helpeth, the Spur alfo by gentle means helpeth, 
 and when there is a juft occalion by hard ftrokes 
 correcteth; fo as to bring a Horfe to true obe¬ 
 dience and perfection of action, lie is to be cor¬ 
 rected, helped, and cherilhed j he is to be directed 
 or helped, to the end he Ihould not err, therein is 
 
Hcroicl^ Exereije. 209 
 
 great knowledge required: He is chearfully to be 
 cherilhed for his well doing; toaccomplilh which, 
 knowledge, Reafon and Experience are required 
 whereby appeareth how every good,Rider ought 
 to bequalified *, of which, namely, the Voice, the 
 Hand, and the Leg. Before I come to fpeak of 
 Action, wherein the true underltanding hereof is 
 mod proper, I do purpofe to give a little-further In- 
 ftruction, and fit'll: of the Voice. When you 
 mind to help your Horfe therewith, it mult be 
 with a molt mild and chearful one, as to fay, Hey, 
 Hey, Hola, Hola, fo Boy fo, Hup, Hup, enough, 
 enough, no more ;and many fuch like: But a cor¬ 
 rection is clean contrary, which is with a terrible 
 thundring Voice, as Villain, Traitor, and many 
 fitch like, whereas in cherilhing, the molt mild 
 and fvveet Voice is ufed, as my good Boy, fo my 
 good Boy, with an inclination of bending your bo¬ 
 dy to him, and fuch like encouragements; fo as al¬ 
 io the found of the Voice is to be ufed, as well as a 
 Voice pronounced, by giving a' Chirk with the 
 Tongue, which may be called Clacking, in pro¬ 
 nouncing whereof, the tip of the Tongue ftriketh 
 the roof of the month, as it doth in making the 
 fuppofed found drawing near the Greek word 
 Clogm, and fo alfo there is another found of the 
 Voice to be ufed, as Hey, Hey. The next is the 
 Hand, which, as I faid, is the Inftrument of In- 
 ftruments, in the true ufe and government where¬ 
 of is the ground of the whole Art; and as for the 
 Bridle and the Rod, they are but dead and fenfe- 
 lefs Inltruments, withoutall ufe, when they are not 
 appointed for the right ufe, of the temperate and 
 ftoddy hand bearing up a firm moderate {lay, nei- 
 • ,w P 2 ther 
 
2io Tkt Young Gentlemans 
 ther too much (lacking, nor too much drawingin; 
 every good Horfe cauieth a true and a juft rein, a 
 juft bearing, a juft ftaidnefs, with a light and fweet 
 mouth in all aftions; fo as whatfoever the Horfe 
 doth, isbotheafie, ready, and perfedt, and being 
 done with delight, muftof necelfity be belt done, 
 becaufeit beftpleafeth both Man and Horfe,neither 
 of them being moved to any perturbation, grief, 
 or pain: And as for the Rod and Wand, being In- 
 ftruments only for the hand,how and when they are 
 to be handled, offered, ufed, omotufed. And for 
 the Bridle which the Italians properly call II Mm- 
 codelTimone , the handle of the Stern : We fhsll 
 for the prefent pafs them by. 
 
 , The third thing is the Leg, wherein the ufe of 
 the Calves of the Legs, the Heels, the Stirrup, anil 
 the Spur are to be handled} I fhall,to avoid repeti¬ 
 tion and all manner oftedioufnefs, refer them alfo 
 to their proper place. And I lhall for the prefent 
 divide this our immediate Concernment into cer¬ 
 tain prefcript, general Grounds or Rules, to follow 
 which, the Rider fhall find of daily ufe in teaching 
 the whole Art to his Scholars and Horfe. 
 
 Firft, when the expert Rider beginneth to teach 
 a young Scholar, let him follow the Order of the 
 difereet School-mafter, that teacheth Children to 
 write, who inviteth them with his gentle ufage to 
 the Pen, Paper, and Ink, and in a moft mild and 
 civil manner, teacheth them howto ufe their arms 
 and hands, and how to hold their Pens and then 
 how to, make the firft Letter, the which when the 
 Scholars attempt, though it be very bad; yet in re- 
 fpett of t he infancy of their knowledge, and wil¬ 
 ling minds to do better,they are not only commend- 
 
Heroic I{ Exercije.' 211 
 
 cd, but rewarded for doing fo ; the Scholars being 
 thus encouraged, defire to go on to be taught to 
 make many Letters, and then after in a gentle and 
 flow manner, he teacheth them perfectly, how to 
 Ijoyn their Letters. Even fo (hould your Scholars 
 jbe taught in Riding, and young Horfes in their be¬ 
 ginning to be taught, whereby all their A&ions 
 [might bring delight and admiration to their Be- 
 fholders. For mild teaching, flow, teaching not 
 [too much; (for a Horfe may be wearied with too 
 {long teaching at one time) but giving him often 
 [breath, high keeping in courage, often reward- 
 ling, cherilhing , great familiarity, no change of 
 [the Rider till he be perfeft, no change of Bit, 
 ino rough Bit, no cutting or galling of his Nofe 
 tor mouth, but gently feeding, no beating, or 
 whipping, no violence, no paffion, but with all 
 banner of Natures delight, make the Horfes adti- 
 ons more than wonderful, becaufe Nature hath 
 p natural love to it felf, and an innate hatred to all 
 [things that are Enemies to the fame, which is 
 'plainly teftified by that natural Sympathy and An¬ 
 tipathy, which may be obferved in all Creatures, 
 ps the Lamb which never had Experience of the 
 [Wolves cruelty; yet at the firfl fight ofhim, doth 
 [tremble and Hie for fear. 
 
 P 3 
 
 CHAP. 
 
212 The Young Gentlemans 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 Of Correction. 
 
 S Econdly, that theRider never doth corredt his 
 Horfe, but when gentle means and cherifhing 
 will not prevail \ for no doubt but that he will 
 willingly yield by gentle means, if it befenfibleto 
 him, what, how, and when to do: But that Horfe 
 that will not be moved by gentle means, let the Ri¬ 
 der allure himfelf he is ofa bad Nature: But if any 
 thing (hall happen wherein of necefilty Corredlion 
 is tobeufed, then let Solomons diredtiori be follow¬ 
 ed, who , as he was the wifclt man that ever 
 was, or lhall be, fo did he' keep more Horfes than 
 any King,that Hiftory mentioneth,who faith, That 
 an untamed Horfe becometh fierce .• But if he of¬ 
 fend, in the inftant time that he erreth,corredt him; 
 wherein how many do offend, all mens Eyes are 
 witnefles, beholding the common Horfe-breakers 
 and ignorant Riders to minifter horrible and moil: 
 violent Corredtions, when the Beholder cannot fo 
 much as fee a caufe, nor himfelf exprefs a reafon, 
 but errour evermore taketh that for truth whichis 
 falfe: So as it plainly appeareth, that when a Horfe 
 hath been taught, and yet notwithftanding erretli 
 in his Difcipline, that he hath been truly taught, 
 Solomon would have him in that inftant time punilhed 
 for that errour, but not to corredt him for igno¬ 
 rance, which renders the Rider either to be mad, 
 or as ignorant as a Horfe. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
Heroic 4 Exercije. 
 
 213 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 That Teaching is not ft for fuch Horfa as Nature hath 
 not framed ft to he Taught, 
 
 T Hirdly, that all Riders lofe no time in Teach¬ 
 ing of good Horfes \ but as for thofe Club¬ 
 headed, Diftorted, Ugly-countenanced, Flefhie, 
 Gourdy-limbed, Short, Thick-necked, Low-fore- 
 parted, Narrow, Shallow-breafted, and Evil lha- 
 ped Jades and Roiles,turn them either to the Carts, 
 Car-men, or iVw-Garden-ftable : For in every 
 particular Nature (that is the temperature of the 
 Elements in every particular body, without all 
 contradiction) caufeth and maintaineth the particu¬ 
 lar actions of the body wherein it is: And that fuch 
 lhaped Horfes were never compounded or framed 
 of a true Temperature of the Elements, and there¬ 
 fore impolfible to be reduced to the perfection of 
 action, otherwife than by abufe and great force, 
 Nature abhorreth. And that is but for a fmall time, 
 fuch Carrions as thefe made ufe of alfo, do lhadow 
 the Glory of the Kingdom,difparage the Judgment 
 thereof, difcourage many Noble and Heroick Gen¬ 
 tle-men, either to become Breeders, Riders, on 
 Maintained ofHorfes•, and laftly, call milts over 
 the Perfections of our Englilh Riders. 
 
 P 4 
 
 CHAP. 
 
214 
 
 The Young Gentlemans 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 Of the Englifh , Bridle , Saddle , bringing of the 
 Htrrfe to the blocks the Mounting and Seat of the 
 Rider , and of the Execution of the Aclion , of 
 Teaching of the Aft. 
 
 W Hen the Horfe is made Gentle, Familiar, 
 and fit for the Rider to Teach, put on a 
 Head-ftall, or a Canet-fane over his Nofe, with a 
 pair of ftrong Reins, butfoloofe and eafie for his 
 Nofe,as may neither hurt nor abate of his Courage, 
 or his quick and frclh feelin g and in a molt gentle 
 manner, fetafaddle upon him, with an upright 
 Ihort Pommel, fo as that the true ufe of the hand 
 may not behindred or injured, the Bolfters whereof 
 Ihould be broad in the top to inclofe the Thigh,and 
 yet to bear fo Hope, that the Knee be not pinched, 
 .nor the Thigh kept from the true refting place,the 
 Seat whereof Ihould be of a reafonable length and 
 largenefs, the Bolfters behind bearing forward to 
 inclofe and fupport theThigh to the formerBolfters; 
 the Strapper thereof broad and very ftrong, with 
 broad Girths, and with very ftrong and broad Buc¬ 
 kles crofs-girded,fo as that the Saddle may reft: firm 
 on his Back, whereby the Seat will be eafie, fure, 
 and certain, without motion, leaving the near Stir¬ 
 rup-Leather almoft half a hole longer, than the 
 right Stirrup jand although that the Horle be gen¬ 
 tle, yetbecaufe he hath a new Mafter and Rider 
 P9t known unto him, being neither allured of him- 
 
Herrick. £xcrcife. 215 
 
 felf, nor of that his Rider would have him do, fo 
 as that it may be truly laid, that he is not himielf, 
 but that he is troubled in mind : Therefore to keep 
 him from fear and perturbation , I would have a 
 qufet and ftaid Horfe alfo ladled to be rid before 
 him, and then bring them both to the Block •, but 
 the old Horfe firft, and then the Colt,at which tyne 
 let the Rider ufe all the mild and gentle words to 
 the young Horfe, making the Reins of the Bridle 
 even and j;'ft,holdingthem in his left hand,not ftifft 
 nor altogether remifs or loofe; and as foftn as he is 
 mounted on his Back, let him fit quietly there a 
 while, left any fudden motion Ihould breed any 
 perturbation in the Horfe, and until the Rider have 
 fetled himielf in his Saddle, his Nofe direftly an- 
 , fwering the Horfes fore-top, betwixt his Ears, his 
 Legs hanging ftraight down,neither thrufting down 
 the Toe,nor lifting up the Heel, but with his Foot 
 with fuch evennefs in the Stirrup, as if he ftood up¬ 
 on the Ground, the Stirrup-leathers rather ftiort 
 than long, winding his Toes fomewhat nearer to 
 the Horfes fide, than the Heel, holding the Reins 
 even and juft with his Creft, even with the point 
 of the Withers, a little above the Main, with his 
 Thighs and Knees clofe to the Saddle, and his Feet 
 : refting in the Stirrup in due place, not too far thruft 
 j into the Stirrup, with an upright and ftraight body, 
 
 ■ his Ridge-bone anfwering the Ridge-bone of the 
 I Horfe, fo as the Horfe and Rider may ever feem to 
 i be of one body in all motions; during whiih time 
 let the Rider claw the Horfe with his hand, tore- 
 move from him all fear, or hard conceit of his Ri¬ 
 ding : That done,let him go forward two paces fair 
 anidfoftly, and ftay again, making much of him, 
 and 
 
216 The Yoiwg Gentlemans 
 
 and fopace foftly and quietly to the place where 
 the Rider intendeth to tread out a Ring; all which 
 mufthe done by the Rider boldiy, and without fear, 
 and as he mull: be thus ufed in goin^ forward, fo 
 inuft he be ufed in Treading and Pacing out of the 
 Ring, in fome new-plowed Ground, that is moll 
 deep of Mould, where firft let the old Horfe enter 
 betwixt two Furrows, fo far as the Rider may 
 have fpace enough, and Mould enough, and follow 
 with the young Horfe clofe to him, which will 
 caufe himthc more willingly to go,becaufe he is di¬ 
 rected and guided by the old Horfe, by w hich means 
 he fhall not be any way dilcouraged: Then let the 
 old Horfe (the young Horfe following) enter on 
 the right hand, overthwart the Furrows, and tread 
 out twice together a round Ring, containing in cir¬ 
 cuit about 30 paces, and being come about the fe- 
 cond time where he began, let him tread out the 
 like Ring on the left hand, and after he hath gone 
 twice about, let him begin again on the left hand, 
 and fo continue till he have gone four times toge¬ 
 ther about the left Ring, and the right fix times; 
 that done, let him go fair and foftly out of the Fur¬ 
 row where he began, about 30 or 40 paces, and 
 there ftand ftill, keeping his head and his body right 
 in the path, remembringalwaies to have fome go 
 by, to fignifie his true performance, and to help 
 if need be 3 and then let him go very gently back 
 from the place he came, and there let the Rider a- 
 light,.and make much of him, by Coying him, 
 and giving him a little Grafs, Hay, or Bread in his 
 month, to procure and win Love : And thus let 
 him be ufed two days with a Horfe before him, and 
 after him. Let him then lead and begin himfelf, to 
 
HerckJi Fxerafe. 217 
 
 tread and pace the Ring in this gentle manner, for 
 the fpace of ten days, keeping a temperate, ftaid, 
 and fine hand upon the Reins, with a fweet feeling 
 flay, carrying his Fore-head as Rams do when they 
 go to fight, whereby he (hall not only Rein well, 
 
 • but bear his Head (laid and light; and when that he 
 knoweth wjjat to do, and that for the fame he is al¬ 
 ways cheri(hed,he will drive to do it faftenThrough 
 the Riders continual keeping of his hand fteddy, 
 the Horfe will do it with a wonderful pride' and de¬ 
 light, by giving him liberty ■, but a too hafty treat¬ 
 ing of the Horfe, will work the clean contrary. 
 
 In the pacing of the Ring, the Rider muft not 
 carry any over-hard hand, to dull thefenfe \ but fo 
 temperately, that the feeling may be always frelh; 
 otherwifeby the violent, by much galling hisNofe, 
 whereof he would willingly have eafe j to avoid the 
 fame,he will fet his Head and his Neck awry,the true 
 life whereof is, that (landing in the Furrow juft and 
 ftraight with his body, the Rider moves him gently 
 to go forwards, and in the very motion, turns him 
 on the right hand, by drawing very foftly the right 
 Rein Ihorter with his right hand, lower under the 
 Pommel of the Saddle, w hereunto if he yield (as no 
 doubt but he will)efpecially havingtrod the fame be¬ 
 fore,let the Rider prefen tly make much of him,nei¬ 
 ther drawing nor flacking the Rain: At which time 
 for his doing both for the eafe of theRider and the 
 Hor(e,ifneed (hall be,let fome skilful perfon (but his 
 Keeper were moft fit) come on his right fide to his 
 fore-(houlder,and thruft him in by little and little,& 
 the Rider alfo by the Calf of the right Leg,and the 
 Clack of his Tongue to be a help to make him go 
 forward, ifthe Horfe be fuch a one as I have de- 
 fcribedhe will do it ;but if he fiiould not in the ve- 
 ry 
 
2i8 The Young Gentlemans 
 
 ry motion of the tarn, then let the Rider draw the 
 
 Rein with his hand, as before, whether it be on the 
 right hand, or on the left: All which mult (as hath 
 beenfaid) be done by gentle dealing, fo as that 
 the Horfe may hope for reft: and quietnefs, where¬ 
 by he will be ready to do wbatfoever his Rider will: 
 But if he be a rammage Jade (as 1 f|jd before) 
 and of an evil difpolition of Nature, %r my own 
 part I efteem him not of any worth, nor fit to be 
 kept. Having fpokenofPaceing of the Horfe in 
 the Ring, itfolloweth, that after the ten days are 
 expired, the Horfe be taught to Trot the Ring, 
 which he maft begin in a flow and gentle Trot, as 
 he was in the firft beginning of Paceing,increafe his 
 Ring-turns by two and two every day, until he 
 make ten Turns for the left Ring, and twelve for 
 the right, which will augment his fwiftnefs,* where¬ 
 of he fhould be reftrained until he bemo.ft perfedt, 
 and then he will do it with the greateft Grace and 
 Pride that rftay be imagined, which is the true pro¬ 
 perty and quality ofall Art, evermore to affedt and 
 effedt to perfedtion; during which time of the be¬ 
 ginning of Trotting, he muftnotbe ridden witha 
 Wand, nor wear any Bit, until he be moft perfedt 
 in his Trot,ftop, and turn well on both hands, and 
 not by any means fufFered to Gallop, until that he 
 can alfo perfedtly advance By taking this courfe 
 he will be juft in his Pace, juft in his Trot, with a 
 ftaid Hand andNeck,being the chiefluftre and good- 
 nefs that Nature and Art affordeth. 
 
 Wherefore, when you begin to Trot the Ring,be 
 fure that at the firft he be moved thereunto as gently 
 and quietly as youcandevife, and fo every Adtion 
 whatfoever, upon a reftrained, temperate, and 
 firm 
 
Heroic 4 Exercife , 219 
 
 firm hand, with a fweet flay,and with a true Rein, 
 that is, that his Nofe be juft under his Fore-head, 
 neither too much out, nor too much in, Which is 
 the juft placing and fetling of his Head, which will 
 make him to have a pleafant Mouth, when he com- 
 eth to wear the Bit, in which confifteth the chief 
 point of Horfemanfhip, becaufe he is fo to be main¬ 
 tained in all his Aftions, the which is molt eafie to 
 be done, and to be continued, if the Harfe be of 
 perfeft lhape and fpirit \ but if helhould make re¬ 
 finance, for that he is either rammage or evil bro- - 
 ken, then Trot him fwiftly with quicknefs of Voice, 
 Rod, and Spur; for the time of his Trotting, is 
 the fitteft time to make him forget his toys,and to 
 attend his way; and if all this will HOt help, then 
 fpare not to Gallop him; and if this fails, then be 
 fure he will be a Jade from the beginning to the 
 end ; for a Horfe of a good temper and perfeft lhape, 
 can never be of fo bad a Nature and Quality. 
 
 I (hall now next difcourfe, how to make the 
 Rider perfeft in ftop,after he hath ended the num¬ 
 ber of hisRing-turns,which is to trot hisHorfe right 
 out in the middle Furrow betwixt the Rings, until 
 that he come to the place of ftop,and there to make 
 a-pretty ftay, keeping his body right in the path, 
 whereinifhis whole body or any part Hand over¬ 
 thwart, feek not at firft, thorough your too much 
 pa(fion,to correft him for the fame; but let a Foot¬ 
 man direft him to Hand right in the path, as we faid 
 before, by thrufting in that part that ftandeth out 
 of order, or that he may caufe the Horle to go fur¬ 
 ther in the fame path, and ftop him, holding that 
 Rein {freighter on that fide, whereon he moft forc- 
 eth his head , then afterwards the other, which 
 will 
 
270 The TomgQentlemans 
 
 will inforce him to keep right \ which when he yield- 
 eth,ever chcrilh him, .and after it will be good to 
 trot and ftop him on a ground that is a little fteepy, 
 which foraething falleth, and immediately rifeth: 
 But when he is perfect, then he may do it on a I 
 ground that is very fteep: But to teach him to go 
 back, the Rider muft (as I have faid) keep a firm 
 Raid hand upon him with fome liberty, and then ' 
 gently ftriking him on the Neck with his Rod, in 
 that inftant'of time fay. Back, Back: But if he 
 refufe, let a Foot-man with his Rod gently ftrike 
 him on the Knees, and fo by the gentle pulling in 
 of his hand, and fair means, win him, and when 
 he yieldeth, cherifh him. 
 
 Having lhewed how to ride a Horfe without a 
 Wand, Bit, or Spur, I will now Ihew the Rider 
 how to manage ail th rce, together with the true ufe 
 of the hand upon the Bit, one of the chief and on¬ 
 ly principal points ofHorfe-manfhip. Firftthere- 
 fore, when he rides with a Wand, let him take it 
 very warily, that the Horfe be net frighted there¬ 
 with, and to afeertain the Horfe thereof, prcfently 
 after lie hath received it, toy, and fcratch him about 
 the neck with the end thereof, and for thecarrying 
 of it, it muft be carried in the right hand, with the 
 point upright, and when that he mull ufe it,let the 
 point fall ciofe unto him, as occafion (hall require; 
 but in his management of it, let him lay his hand 
 upon his right Thigh, and his hand crofs the Horfes 
 Neck,and when he isalmoft ready to turn on the left 
 hand, let him lift up his hand and Rod,andhold’the 
 point right-forth on the right Ikleagainft his Eye, 
 and as lie changeth turns, fo let him change his Rod 
 on the one fide and on the other: But if his Horfe 
 will 
 
Berokl{ Exercife. 221 
 
 will not turn on the fide he would have him, let him 
 ftrike him on the contrary fide; and when heisany 
 way difordered, let him carry his Wand on the con¬ 
 trary fide \ and when he would have him carry his 
 fore-part right,ftrike him gently on the Ihoulder or 
 fore-legs, and when he would have him lighten be¬ 
 hind, ftrike him on the Rump and Hanches: And 
 thus much for the ufe of the Wand,.as occafion 
 fhall ferve. 
 
 Now for the ufe ol the Bit, which isanlnftru- 
 mentonly guided and directed by the hand,and be- 
 caufe the ground of the Art of Riding dependeth 
 only upon the right ufe and true government of the 
 hand, being guided by reafon and difcourfe, fo as 
 the Horfe in all motions and actions is, and ought 
 toanfvverto that motion. 
 
 Firft, therefore, let the Bit that he firlt bit his 
 Horfe withal, be gentle and pleafant i yetfo that 
 the gentlenefs caufe him not to defpife the Rider, 
 nor the hardnefs drive him to defpair; for you mult 
 underftand, that knowledge always prefuppofeth 
 reafon, and reafon fenfe , and fenfe reafon: All 
 which confiftin a true Mediocrity,and therefore a- 
 mongft themoft learned Precepts that were written 
 in the Temple of jipolle, in Greek, this was in the 
 fecond place, Nothing too much. 
 
 _ For if he prefs him with the Bridle, if lie carry 
 his Head well, yet muft he prefently eafe his Bridle- 
 hand, and make much ot him, became he fheweth. 
 himfelf obedient to him •, and whenfoever he doth 
 any thing well, and with delight, the Rider muft 
 be very careful not to vex him, but ever fo to win 
 
222 The Young Gc>;tki>i(ws | 
 
 that thereby the Horfe doth bring in his Head, and | 
 yield to his hand ; yet he mull (horten the Reins of I 
 his Bridle, till his Head be fetled in its due place, ? 
 that is, as hath been faid, neither tocarry his Head 1, 
 too much out, nor too much in, and (till to main- j 
 tain him in the form of his doing} yet that it exceed j 
 notMediocrity or Temperature, butremain light! 
 on the Head with a fweet Mouth. | 
 
 Thus having fhewed the Rider, that it mull be 
 done by keeping this order, 1 proceed : Let him 
 ftay his Horfe temperately with an even hand, as his 
 refiftauce fhall require, without giving apy other 
 liberty, than with his Rod to ftrike him gently up¬ 
 on the bowing of his Neck, provoking him mildly 
 with the Spur on that fide on which he molt wrieth 
 his Buttock} to the end that he may go juft, until : 
 he draw back one of his Fore-feet, which if he do, 
 make much of him, and then ftay awhile, and do 
 the like, drawing away the Bridle ; for the former 
 cherilhing will make him to underftand, and then 
 will he go lightly back with both the Fore-legs, 
 when he is touched on the Neck with the Rod,fay¬ 
 ing with a loud Voice, Back: At which Voice, with 
 the feeling of the Rod, and drawing of the Bridle, 
 he will go back to the Riders delire; and always 
 after when he is out of the due and true way upon 
 the Bridle, let him do the like, that is, to go back ’ 
 in form aforefaid. And although fome diforder be 
 committed, let not the Rider defpair; for he lhall 
 find himeafily won to a good Mouth, by thisufe of 
 a temperate and a firm hand,which is theMediocrity 
 offlackingand drawing, which is properly named 
 a fweet Stay, which the hdim call Dolce Apj>%- 
 gio, making him light upon the hand, champing 
 
j Heroic^ Exercije.. 22g 
 
 ! the Bit with great pleafure, and a ftaid Head in due 
 iplace, the true Tokens whereof are juft Rains.- 
 Staid, and alight Coine-head with pleafure on the 
 ;Bit being properties infeparable in every perfedt 
 iftaped Horfes aftions .• But becaufe it mayfeem 
 very difficult to have a continuance ofperfedtion 
 in any adtion, although it is common upon ftop*or 
 ftanding ftill, to be in order ; yet perhaps upon 
 motion he will leave playing upon the Bit,and brat 
 pip the Head, efpecially upon the main Carrierej 
 ; which proceeds’from a want of true knowledge, 
 |how to maintain and continue the hand juft and 
 firm with a fweet ftay, fo that he may take pleafure 
 pn the Bit ; and therefore how to maintain a Horle 
 )oth in furious and quiet doings, is to be conlidered 
 if. If then that any time he make any diforder, 
 lote it diligently, then ftay him, and make him go 
 lackward, as you did before; for in going back, 
 le will bring himfelf to his right order again, then 
 irefently make much of him, and forthwith move 
 im forwards; fo mult he be ufed in Treading of 
 heRing, firft gently upon thePace,upon the Trot, 
 nd upon the Gallop, in pradtifing whereof, he 
 lull precifely obferve that he be done with a tern- 
 erate, ftaid, and firm hand, otherwife he will 
 ape, thruft his Tongue upon the Bit, or over the 
 it, to defend himfelf, thruft his Head outfudden- 
 ', pluck indifdainfully, or elfelhakingormoving 
 : his head one way or other, to be freed from the 
 •effing of the intemperate hand, which is to him 
 olence, andcontrary to Nature, the which Art 
 ould evermore labour to pleafe. The true form 
 
 d pradtice of drawing the Bridle, is alfo to be 
 irned, which is, that being Mounted in the Sad- 
 • Qi die, 
 
a24 The Young Gentlemans I 
 
 die, let the Rains be drawn equal 5 and ifthe Horfe E 
 know not the Bit, then let the Bit be very flack, I 
 and let the Rider hold the Reins in his left hand, I 
 with the little-finger and Ring-finger between, un- p 
 derthe Pummel of the Saddle, as near the Withers f 
 ashecan fcarcely perceive, the which he mult not j 
 remove until he feel the Horfe to ltay upon the \ 
 Bit, and there hold him without flaying or further : 
 drawing, until he perceive whether the Head Hand 
 in the true form; which if it be not, then let him 
 a little yield his left hand again, and Handing fo a 
 pretty while,bring his left hand to his former place 
 again, where the Horfe made his firft flap upon the 
 Bit; then let him draw his Rains with his right 
 hand fomewhat more through the left hand, as be¬ 
 fore, but fo little and gently, as fcarcely to be per¬ 
 ceived ■, for fo mult all the motions ot the hand be, 
 and then keep it ftaid and firm a pretty while 7 and 
 if he yield, though very little, let him keep his 
 hand ftill at one flay, neither flacking nor drawing 
 it, whereby he will feel the eafe that he hath got by 
 yielding of it, and then prefently .make much of 
 him. _ But if it fo happen that the Rains fall flack, 
 let him not remove his left hand, as before ; for 
 they muft not be flack until they flay again upon his 
 right hand, whereunto w’nenfoever he yieldeth, 
 make much of him, continuing ftill in the fame man¬ 
 ner to folicite him, till his Head be in its due place: 
 After which time, if he bear not light, let his Rider 
 ftrike him gently upon his knees of his Fore-legs, 
 to make him to go back, whereby he will bring in 
 his Head, and then will the Bit move, ai.d his hand 
 find eafe j but let him be very careful at that inftant, 
 to keep his hand fo firm, as that he neither flacknoi 
 draw 
 
Herrick. Exercije. 225 
 
 draw in, to the end that he may feel and retain the- 
 eafe of his own motion of yielding, which willing¬ 
 ly he will not lofe,it being delightful to his Nature, 
 but take fomepleafnre to ftir the Bit in his Month, 
 i and go backward withal with it, which when the 
 ! Rider finds out being won,with obfervationofgpod 
 I order, he may be brought to a more continual per- 
 | ffftion. Thus 1 have Jhewed the Rider fo much of 
 | rhe Art as may help him : But if the Nature of the 
 1 Horfebe oppofite and repugnant, as in thegreat?ft 
 (number of Horfes, it is, as I have faid before, to no 
 j purpofe; however for a time he may feem to be 
 ! taught, yet queftionlefs it cannot be of any conti¬ 
 nuance. 
 
 1. Therefore let the Rider obferve, that when 
 he is teaching of his Horfe herein,or any other Let 
 fon, that he doth not trouble him with any other 
 thing at that time. 
 
 2. That he donotfufferany one to ride him,un¬ 
 til he be perfefted by himfelfin fuch Lefl'ons as he 
 taught him, left he fhould be confufed by the diver- 
 fity of Teachers, and their manner of Teaching. 
 
 3. That when he is brought to a jnftftay of head, 
 and anaffuranceof the Bit, that then his Rider is 
 to maintain him therein, to a fulnefs ofperfection. 
 
 4. When he is out of order, then let him ftay 
 him, and make him go back, as before was men¬ 
 tioned. 
 
 5. When he is in order, as we have often ex- 
 prefled, make much of him, and not ftay long, but 
 with a firm hand, gently put him into his Pace a- 
 gain. 
 
 6. If he continue in good order, cherifh him, 
 guidinghisbody with a pleafant and gentle motion 
 
 0.2 of 
 
22 6 The Toting Gentlemans 
 
 of the Calves of your Legs, move him to doit 
 more expeditioufly, which if he be of a good Na¬ 
 ture, he will fpeediiy perform •, always remem- 
 bring to keep a firm hand, unlefs he bring in his 
 Head. 
 
 7. If his Trot continue not lightly upon your 
 hand, ftayhim, andcaufehim to go back, which 
 will bring him in order again, and then gently put 
 him into his Pace, andfoto his Trot, as before; 
 which being well done, cherilh and delight hint 
 with all the fweetnefs that you may, fo that the Ri¬ 
 der may overcome in his love thereby, and guide 
 him by fome leading Line, and give him a little 
 Grafs or Hay out of your hand. Tickle, Scratch 
 him, and fpeak to him moft loving words, which 
 will make him at his nextExercife to do all to his 
 Riders greateft content, and within twenty daysor 
 thereabouts, he will pace and Trot in fuch order, as 
 that the Rider may always afterwards Trot him 
 moft fwiftlyin the Ring, or in the Manage. 
 
 8. In his fwift Trot, by all means keep you 
 true feat and firm hand, fo that he lofe not that ex¬ 
 cellent grace and form prefcribed} but do not Gal¬ 
 lop him, till he be juftperledt in his fwift Trot,and! 
 then out of that Trot, to put him to a fwifter and 
 quick Gallop in the large Rings, even to theftop: 
 But beware that you draw not your hand haftily to 
 you, but by a little fway of your body, back and 
 hand together, and fway your hand there, until b 
 retreat a Hep or two, and there ftay him, and fuller 
 him not to go forwards, and at that inftant mate 
 very muchofhim, and folet your Hand and Bod) 
 re-alfume the fame place again. 
 
 9. I dare to allure the Rider of the right ule cj 
 
 whi 
 
Heroic 4 Exercije. 227 
 
 what hath been faid, and of the fuccefs thereof. 
 Therefore let him follow his Praftice, and continue 
 itLet him pace his Horfe overthwart fome deep 
 Fallow, as fall as he can for half an hour, but Puf¬ 
 fer him not to Trot, keep his hand in afirmand 
 I temperate ftay, as before j and if he find his Head 
 in due place, his Carriage light and pleafant upon 
 ! the Bit, he may allure himfelf that he hath gained 
 ! the perfection of the hand, and the true ufe thereof 
 | for the teaching and making of his young. Horfe j 
 j wherein obferve, that if he be of perfect 'lhape, 
 i his Head will be in the due place, and light upon 
 I the Bit without Art. 
 
 ! I now intend to difcourfe a little of the Horfe that 
 is ready taught, and brought to perfection: With 
 him the expert Rider hath fmall ufe of a Rod, or 
 any other help, but to keep his true, juft, and per- 
 fedl feat, becauie his Horfe, by the lealt token of 
 Bridle orSpur, will do all things in fuch time and 
 meafure, as the Beholders will judge the Man and 
 Horfe to be but one Body, one Mind, one Will •, 
 and therefore how the Rains Ihould be carried, pla¬ 
 ced, and ufed, is the only thing to be fpoken of. 
 
 The Rains he mult hold in his left hand, placing 
 the little finger and the Ring-finger betwixt the two 
 Rains, and the Thumb clofe upon the Rains, fo as 
 that the hand remove not from the Creft of the 
 Horle^ for by the motion of the hand, it is fignifi- 
 td to the Horfe which way you Ihould have, him 
 turn, and flacking it oh the other • The order and 
 manner whereof hath been, and is diverfly ufed of 
 the belt Horlemen, and therefore 1 leave it to every 
 mans ufe, ashefindethitto be moll fit: But in the 
 tanning of the Tilt, where the Horle neither doth 
 Q r 3 nor 
 
228 The Young Gentlemans. 
 
 nor can turn, the Rider muft not draw the Bri¬ 
 dle towards the Tilt, but only ftrain the Rain 
 that is next the Tilt, to make him carry his head 
 towards the fame. 
 
 1. Becaufe the true fhape and goodnefs cf the 
 Nature ofthe Horfe is it that Art attendeth and 
 worketh upon ^ in thofe Horfes the Rules of 
 Art have perfection with continuance, fp as that 
 the' Horfe that is of perfeft fhape and body, 
 fhall'dot indanger Windsor limb, or deformity 
 of body. 
 
 a. Next hisperfon fhall never be in peril by rea¬ 
 ring or running away. 
 
 3. Nor fhall the Rider ever be grieved with hea¬ 
 vy bearing upon his head, but perform all with 
 great delight: Neither fhall he need Caret fale, 
 Mufrole, Martingale* orfuchlike, but ouly falfe 
 Rains.' 
 
 4. And laftly, this teaching will manifeft the 
 difference betwixt the true knowing and ignorant 
 Rider, which will be perceived by the very Horf¬ 
 es doingsthe Horfe doth reprefent and exprefs 
 himfelf molt beautiful, and thereby renders the ex¬ 
 pert Rider and the Horfe to appear moft nobly,! 
 with fuch delight to the Beholders, that they will 
 feem to be ravifhed with it: All which is attained 
 by difcretion, taking of time with moderation, and 
 temperance, which is little regarded, and of very 
 few, who will rather chufe to ride out of order, and 
 that with much extremity of Spur and Rod, that 
 for want of breath they commit many ftrange dif- 
 orders} whereby the poor Horfe is moft cruelly 
 tormented, having no other to ride him but out! 
 yvithout difcretion, a mad man. Alter your Horfe 
 
Heroic 4 Exercije. 339 
 
 hath perfe<flly learned fwiftly to trot, and to flop, 
 as well to go back, then ought he to be taught 
 rightly to advance, which is by lifting up his fore¬ 
 feet juft and even together, like to a Goat, fome- 
 what above the Ground, and fo to let them fell e- 
 ven and juft, t wice or thrice togfther; The true 
 doing whereof ftill caufes him to make a juft and 
 perfect manage, and a ready and true turn: For 
 theattaining whereof,trot him gentlyforty or fifty 
 foot in feme plain way, and give him a juft ftop, 
 which he will truly perform, becaufe he hath perfect¬ 
 ly learned the fame. Let him always keep a perfect, 
 fteddy, and pleafant hand on the Bridle, then in- 
 ftantly with a mild voice, Hup, Hup, ftriking him 
 at that inftant with his Wand on the right Ihoulder, 
 and alfo on both che Calves of his Legs together, 
 but fpur him not, if poflibly without it he will ad¬ 
 vance, the which with a little labour and patient 
 teaching, no doubt but he will attempt to do t wice 
 or thrice together, which if he do, then in that in¬ 
 ftant let his Rider make much of him (although he 
 did it very meanly) then let him paufe a little time, 
 and give him breath, and trot himagain in the fame 
 manner the like diftanceof ground, and as before, 
 fo gently ufe him again: But if he do not better e- 
 very time he is taught, he mult be ftill folicited, un¬ 
 til that hedo better, and then after that he can in 
 plain ground perfectly advance, to teach him gent¬ 
 ly upon the hanging knole of a Hill, to bring him 
 perfectly to ftop, and run Hiding upon his Buttocks 
 or hinder Legs, which is very handfome, beautiful, 
 and graceful for Manageand Turn and therefore 
 let him do it before he is taught any other Leflonrand 
 then he will do it upon a foft trot,upon the fwift trot 
 Q.4 and 
 
s;o The Toting Qentlmm 
 
 and afterwards upon a foft Gallop, and not before; I 
 but never upon a fwift Gallop,until that he be per -1 
 fedt both in Turn and Manage. If he advance too 
 high, and not juft and even, with a good grace as 
 he ought, then may the fault be fpeedily found,and; 
 eafily amended b.y immediate correcting him with i 
 oneeven ftrokeover his Legs, the Wand again or¬ 
 dered and conveyed out of his fight, with a fvveet 
 ftaid hand on the Bridle: Few inch tryals will a- 
 mend and perfect what isamifs in theHorfe. 
 
 And whereas lome appoint many helps forHorf- 
 es that are harder to turn on the one fide than on 
 the other (although 1 do confefs their general de¬ 
 fire is more apt to the left hand than to the right) 
 yet to a Horfe of good Nature and perfect fhape,a 
 little Art will fpeedily teach him to teach others; 
 But if he be a Jade, one mayasfoon teach an Afs 
 to play upon an Harp. ! 
 
 . know remaineth to (hew, when to make thej 
 half Turn and the double, the Chembctta, the I 
 Manage, topafsafwift Carricrc, the Cornet, and j 
 fuch like- ! 
 
 The next Leflonfor him to learn, after he is per¬ 
 fect in thofe I have fetdown, aslpromifed, is to 
 make a true and a juft half double Turn, which 
 jhould be in this manner. Firft, when the Rider 
 hath gently trotted, flopped, and advanced his 
 Horfe the length of a (hort Carriere, let him teach 
 him gently and mildly to make the half Turn (be¬ 
 ginning alwaies on the right hand) that is, for the 
 Rider toturnhim with the help of his left Leg, 
 that his head may ftand that way, which before his 
 laylftood, which is called a Half Turn, becaufe 
 iemaketh his half Circle: But if in the Turn he 
 
Hmick tlxercife. 
 
 fet his head that way it flood at the firft, that is a 
 whole Circle, and therefore called a whole Turn: 
 But let him firft do the half Turn perfect, which 
 mult be done by helping him with his Voice, and 
 Calf ofhis Leg, and not at firft by any means to 
 have him fpurred, if he can otherwife be brought 
 unto it; becaufe a Spur is a correction, which is 
 not to beufed but at that inftant time when he hath 
 committed an errour, and not when he remaineth 
 ignorant,in what he doth •, by which means undoubt¬ 
 edly, being a ienlible Creature, he will perceive 
 his errours and offences, whereby with little cor¬ 
 rection he will eafily amend any fault. Let the 
 Rider never go about to make him defpair, but 
 continually incourage him; for having formerly at¬ 
 tained a perfection of a juft, even, and fwift Trot 
 in the Rings (the very true ground of all other Lef- 
 fons) he will eafily turn on the right hand, letting 
 his head that way that his Tayl Hood; the which 
 being perfectly attained, then let the Rider clofe it 
 up with another half Turn on the fame hand,with 
 the prefcribed help, fetting his head and all his bo¬ 
 dy in thefame way it was at the firft ; then give 
 him breath, and make him do as much on the left 
 hand, with thofe other prefcribed helps, and fo 
 change from hand to hand, leaving alwayeson the 
 right. 
 
 t. In the doing whereof, obferve whether he 
 bring on the contrary Leg orderly. 
 
 2. That he do it after the firft bound of advan¬ 
 cing, and after the fecond or third bound, 
 t 3. That after he is perfect in doing the whole 
 [Turn, that the Rider make him to do it fiviftly and 
 [roundly, without ftop or lby of the half Turn, 
 I and 
 
 I 
 
77,7 The Young Gentlemans, 
 
 andfpeedily in the doling of every whole Turn, 
 
 and in as narrow a compafi as may be. 
 
 4.. That the Rider (as hath been faid) begin on 
 the right hand, and end on the right. 
 
 5. After he is perfeft asaforefaid, give him on 
 each hand three whole Turns, whereof let the firft 
 be very fair and foftly, beginning at the right hand, 
 and ending on the right •, in performing whereof, 
 the Rider muft alwaies help him with his Tongue, 
 his Rod, and his Leg, by which continual ufe be* 
 fore he teacheth him any other Leflon (which Ihould 
 never be done, unlefs he be perfeft in the LefTon he 
 is learning, fo that the Rider fhall in the end, 
 with difereet and temperate teaching, bring him to 
 an admirable petfeftion, keeping time and mea* 
 five, that the one be not fwifter than the other -,if 
 either thelaft, which for the molt part is asfpeedy 
 and perfect. 
 
 Now to proceed to the Managing thereof, the 
 true fignification whereof is to be rightly under* 
 flood by fuch as intend to be expert in Horfeman- 
 {hip •, for ignoratis teminis ignoramr & Ars , to 
 be ignorant of Terms is to be ignorant of the Art; 
 1 take it to be a compound word of the word Ma- 
 tun and Ago (the hand in this Art being Inflrument 
 of InftrumentsJ doth guide and govern the Horfe 
 to every action, and therefore may fitly be faid, 
 Manus agere, or as the Italians properly call it 
 Mamgiare , which is as much as skilfully to hand' 
 die. And therefore when the Rider lhall exer- 
 cife the Horfe perfectly and gracefully in his 
 pace, trot, flop, advance, double, or fingle turn, 
 gallop, leap, capitole, cornet, aflault, or what¬ 
 soever the hand being the principal After or 
 prifflUl 
 
Heroic 4 Exercife. 233 
 
 pms mm, may truly and aptly be called Ma¬ 
 nage , which cannot fo rightly bedone without the 
 general knowledge of the practice of the Precepts 
 of the whole Art. 
 
 And although many worthy Horfemen have and 
 do only reft and reign Managing to Galloping, and 
 to bring a Horfeto and fro one felf fome path, by 
 a half reft, and when the Rider manageth with a 
 hall reft, caufing the Horfe at the end of every 
 managing path, after he hath ftopt, to advance 
 twice together,and at the fecond bound to turn and 
 reft one'bound 5 Doth not the Rider therein exer- 
 cife the Trot, the Stop, and the advance, and the 
 Turn which he formerly learned, and according to 
 the fame manner? or when he manageth with the 
 whole reft, |?y turning him immediately upon the 
 ftop, without any carryance or reft at all, which 
 only is moft common with us in England 5 and yet 
 the managing of the half reft is molt necellary for 
 the attaining ofperfedtion: Doth not the Rider 
 keep and maintain the Horfe in one path, one place 
 of ftop, making him to keep his ground,and there- 
 in carry his Head, his Neck, his Legs, and his Bo¬ 
 dy juft, doling his Turn roundly, and ina narrow 
 room, with the true time and meafure in every a- 
 dtion, as hath been taught? How then can Manag¬ 
 ing be properly referred to one only adtion, when 
 it is the perfect adting of every Action and Leffon 
 he hath learned? wherein when the Riders Horle is 
 moft ready and perfedt, he mayincreafe the often 
 doing of his Lefl'on as he will, and make an 
 alteration of his Turns and Exerdfes, to find 
 out the truth of his obedience; and when the 
 Ame are firft artificially and thenexadtly perform¬ 
 ed 
 
234 Tike Tom:g Gentlemans■ 
 
 ed, then may the Rider be truly faid to be a perfect 
 Manager. 
 
 Now are to be (hewed, what are the principal 
 things that are to be obferved in the true Managing 
 of a Horfe. 
 
 He is taught his manage with a foft Trot, and not 
 with a Gallop: my reafon is, bccaufe thereby he 
 may beat thefirft fenfible of apprehenfion what to 
 
 do, and how to do, and that gracefully, by the 
 bowing of his Houghs behind, by turning round 
 with the Chambetta, which is by holding up the 
 fore-foot on the fide he fhould turn, whilft he brings 
 over the contrary Leg,and fetteth it not down un¬ 
 til he have clofed his Turn , (o as hereby he (hall 
 carry both his fore-feet above the ground,not trai¬ 
 ling upon the ground, which is disgraceful. When 
 the P,idcr teacheth his Horfe (which is after he 
 can (top well) let him advance beforehand turn 
 readily on both hands, then with afoftTrotcome 
 to the place of (top about 20 paces in length, and 
 make him advance twice together, and at the fe- 
 cond bound turn him on the right hand,as hath been 
 faid, you mult alwaies begin, helping him, io that 
 by bowing of his Houghs behind, he move his 
 forepart orderly, then immediately in a gentle 
 manner trot him back to the place you came from, 
 and then there after he hath made his (top, at the 
 fccond bound of his advancing turn on the left hand, 
 obferving the like order, until the Rider have gone 
 ten or twelve times,and at.'laft caufe him toad vance 
 twice together.. And thus much for the half reft, 
 which is to advance thrice, and at the third bound 
 to turn; but be fare he be perfect in one LelTon be¬ 
 fore you teach him another. 
 
 It 
 
Heroic 4 Exercifi * 255 
 
 In all the Riders managings, let his body Hill ac¬ 
 company hisHorfe with' a good grace \ and when he 
 hath very perfedtly learned his Manage on the loft 
 Trot) he may manage him with a Gallop, giving 
 him on each hand one frngle Turn ; anda little be¬ 
 fore he is turned, let the Rider hold his Wand on 
 the contrary fide, whereby he lhall know on what 
 fide to turn \ and at the ftop, let the Ridet make 
 him to advance, either with his Voice, Rod, or 
 Spur, alwaies being careful to give him breath* e- 
 vermore beginning with a gentle Gallop, until that 
 he be perfedt. But I wilh theRiderfotoufeandex- 
 ercife his Horfe, thathemay belong Mailer of lb 
 good and fo perfect a Horfe, and not to fpend or 
 fpoil him in a little time, in teaching him need- 
 lefs toies > as fome ignorant Horfemen ufe to 
 do. 
 
 After the Horfe is perfedt in fuch LelTonsas have 
 been formerly taught, and is grown to full and per¬ 
 fedt ftrength, then let the Rider begin with him 
 with a Ihort Carriere in a fair Tandy way, and with 
 a lively Voice put him forward, forcing him to run 
 fwiftly, roundly, and fmoothly , with a fteddy 
 hand, and lightly to ftop himfelf on his Buttocks-, 
 then let him turn him on the left hand, and foftly 
 pace him to the other end of the Carriere path,and 
 there ftop him,and turn him again to the right hand, 
 and fo leave off, and reft him. And as this palling 
 Carrier or fwift Gallop muft not be done or taught, 
 ‘until the Horfe be, as hath been laid, moft perfedt 
 in all the Lellbns \ fo muft it be done very fparing- 
 iy and feldom, as once in a month at the moft. 
 
 C H A P. 
 
236 
 
 The Toiwg Gentlemns 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 Of the Bound-, Leap, Lark- 
 
 S Ome have a defire to have their Horfes to 
 bound, leap, andyark: and though I know 
 it might be molt exactly done by the belt fpirited 
 Horfe jbut tending altogether to their deftruftion, 
 and a matter rather of foolilh delight then of any 
 ufe, I leave it to the difpolition of the Owner, wilh- 
 ing much rather to have dangerous exercifes omit¬ 
 ted then praftifed,unlefs that there are more plenty 
 of Horfes that are fit for the fame •, therefore any 
 Reader cannot admire that he meets with fo Ihort 
 a Chapter. 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 Of the Capriole and Cornetti. 
 
 T He difference betwixt thefe two is, that the 
 Capriole or Goats-leap is alwayes in going 
 forwards, and the Cornetti (till in one place,Thefe 
 are to be learned and taught by one order, but nei¬ 
 ther of them will be well learned, and therefore ne¬ 
 ver exaftly done, unlefs the Horfe be very perfed 
 to Hop, which muft be by much bending of the El¬ 
 bow of the hinder Roughs, or Keels of the Horfe. 
 Now the Cornetti may in fome part refcmble the 
 dancing 
 
Eeroick Exenife. 237 
 
 dancing of a Bear at a flake; for when hedanceth 
 and pranceth up and down in one place, lifting his 
 fore-feet even and juft together, feeming to turn,if 
 he might be fuffered; which is never well done, un- 
 lefs the Horfe be juft and fteddy of head and body, 
 bowing the Hams of his hinder Legs, as if he would 
 fit and Aide on his Buttocks. And the Capriole is in 
 the fame manner, butftill going forwards, feeming 
 as though he would yark behind by advancing his 
 Rump, but doth notand as he doth it forwards, 
 fo will he do it backward and fide-long. 
 
 Now the Rider need not teach his Horfeeither of 
 thefe, until, as hath beenfaid; he be perfectly exer- 
 cifed in thofe Leffons formerly mentioned, becaufe 
 thefe Leffons are only learned by flopping and ad¬ 
 vancing ■, the which, if he have once perfectly, and 
 have long pra&ifed, then trot him fundry dayes up¬ 
 on feme hanging ground, and upon the Knole of 
 the Hill on the fame ground, make him to advance 
 twice together at the end of the two paces, all the 
 length of the Hill downwards, ftill remembring to 
 cherifh him when hedoth well, to give him breath, 
 that all his performances may bedone with delight. 
 And if he be helped with the word faying, Hup, and 
 i by the Riders Rod, by ftriking him on the fore-part 
 of the (houlder,he will go from flop to Hop,advanc¬ 
 ing both the fore-feet and hinder Loyns, with time 
 and meafure, as often as the Rider pleafes, and in 
 I fuch a juft, even, andftaid manner, as willbevery 
 | pleafant to the Beholders. 
 
 Now becaufe I would not have the young Rider 
 to begin any Lefl'on, but by the diredlion of a per- 
 fedt Mafter,andinthatcourfe tocontimie ■, fo mull 
 theyoungRider endeavour with himfelfto know 
 the 
 
238 The Young Gentlemans 
 
 the reafon of all his Pra&ices, and therefore mult be 
 fureto be prefent at the Exercifesof the molt skil¬ 
 ful Horfemen and as Solomon faith,Iet his foot tread 
 often upon their threfhold. Let him be acquainted 
 with the molt expert Pradtitioners, and when he is 
 able rightly to judge and toilakea true difference 
 betwikt good and bad •, then let him pradtife as of¬ 
 ten as he can, and never doubt with good advice to 
 become a< perfedt Horfeman, fo as to be able to 
 teach whatfoever is fit for a Horfe to do, and a 
 young Gentleman to know- • 
 
 CHAP. VII. 
 
 Short infallible Rules to be obferved and prattifed by 
 every Horfeman. 
 
 i. TV) not gallop your Horfe before that he 
 JL-J can ftop well. 
 
 1 .Do not run him before he can ftop in his gallop, 
 
 3. Do not fwiftly gallop him before that he can 
 ftop. 
 
 4. Do not make him a Runner before he be fix , 
 or feven years old. . 
 
 5. In all his doings, from the beginning to the 
 end, keep his Rains true, and his head fteddy, for 
 this Rule is the foundation of all other Rules. 
 
 6. In the morning early, when that he is empty* 
 before he eat any thing,teach and exercife him until 
 hebeperfedt; and after, twice or thrice in a week 
 is fufficient. 
 
 7. In all his teaching and exercife, do them mo¬ 
 
 de- 
 
Heroic 4 Exercife, 339 
 
 derately and temperately, and leave him always 
 after the well doings of his Leflbns,both in breath, 
 and with a good mouth. 
 
 8. After he is perfect in his Leflons,let the Rider 
 exercife him not alwaies in one place,neither let him 
 confine him to a juft and certain inftant of time. 
 
 9. In the managing of his Horfe, let him not 
 Gallop him fwiftly at thefirft,but with afoft Pace, 
 and feldom with a Gallop. 
 
 10. In corredingofhis Horfe for an Error, let 
 him corredthim even in that inftant of time when 
 he Erred, and mot otherwife; and when he had 
 done well (as hath been often faid) let him be fure 
 to make much of him, and cherilhhim- 
 
 Thefe following Rules muft be obferved after¬ 
 wards, when he is ready in all his LefTons, and in 
 the greateft perfection ofall his ftrength-, for before 
 that time they do not much concern him. 
 
 1. Dtfiemper gather roundly. 
 
 X Goonfmoothly. 
 
 3. Bear his head fleddily. 
 
 1. Difemper Hand and Mouth. 
 
 2 . Diminifhnot his Strength. 
 
 3. Elfe it will make him Over-reach. 
 
 In all his Teaching and Exercife, to obferve, 
 
 1. Begin foftly. 
 
 2. To go afterwards on more fpeedtly, 
 
 3. To perform couragioufly. 
 
 Laftly, Let the Rider exercife and perform all his 
 Actions and Motions with an upright Body,his Stir¬ 
 rups being fhort \ let him keep his Legs and his 
 Seat gracefully, in a comely and beautiful manner, 
 and let him perform all he hath to do. couragioufly, 
 without the leaft perturbation of Mind. 
 
140 
 
 V zlZl >2 > '?'*C* >f?' r | 
 
 vv* 
 
 J. true and kief my of ‘Planting and Order- j 
 ing.cf all forts of Orchards , lithcr Apple f 
 Pear , ‘Plumb^ or Cherry , according to the\ 
 Experience of the Author ^ king never before ’ 
 
 'Publificd . 
 
 T He principal occafion that moved me towrite' 
 this fmall Treatife concerning Orchards, - 
 was, becaufe very many of my Countrey- 
 men are fo molt abominably Cheated and Abufed, j 
 by Buying feveral forts of Trees of our Nutfery-: 
 men, which having Bought,are fo much Deceived 
 in their Expeftation,of Railing an Orchard to fome, 
 confiderable Growth and Benefit in a Ihort time, by j 
 Buying Trees of the faid Nurfery-men, which' 
 hath proved fo prejudicial to the Nation,that thou- ( 
 fandsmight have enjoyed the benefit of their La-: 
 hours in Planting of Orchards, had they not been ■ 
 deceived in their Trees, befides the great Charge 
 and Uncertainty of their Growing. Now I (hall ! 
 briefly (hew you how all forts of people are abufed! 
 in Buying Apple, Pear, and Cherry-Trees (but as j 
 for all forts of Peaches, Neftellings, Apricocks,j 
 and all forts of fuch kinds^f Fruit,they can bring 
 them up far better than any other,they having both, 
 and giving them extraordinary attendance, fo it is 
 not 
 
Planting of Orchards, 24 i 
 
 not convenient to (hew the way of railing of them) 
 which is thus : : A Gentle-man,or Country-man,Far¬ 
 mer, or any other having provided his piece of 
 ground, -by Manuring and Enriching it with good 
 (tore of Soil (for I fuppofe no body is fo Ignorant 
 to plant without his ground be well enriched j‘'hiS 
 next thing (as hundreds before him have done) is 
 to inquire out a good Nurfery, which no qtieftiori 
 but he may find very good, but he will find it 1 bad 
 enough before he hath done withit,orelfe he will 
 fpeed better then his Neighbours,or the Authour of 
 this hath done before him, who having provided 
 his Catalogue of feveral forts of Trees, comes to 
 theNurfery-man, and defires to let him fee fueh 
 and luch Trees, as are written in his Catalogue, 
 which the Nurfery-man willingly performs. The 
 Gentle-man having viewed, jnarks them, and likes 
 them exceedingly, agrees for 300, or 4C0, accord¬ 
 ing as his piece of ground will take up •, and are, 
 queftionlefs, very good Trees, ftraigiit, handfome 
 and beautiful to the Beholder; But when he comes 
 to take them up,they ftand fo exceffive dofe, that 
 two thirds of the Roots are fpoiled, and the Trees 
 being in extraordinary proof, that by fuch time 
 they come into the Country, the Trees are fo wi¬ 
 thered and bruiled, that not one in ten comes to 
 perfection : And further, the Trees that you Buy 
 of thele Nurfery-men come out'offuch a very rich 
 Soil, that when they come to be planted in the 
 Countrey : mans Orchard, pine away to nothing; 
 and after fix years Handing, have been forced to 
 plant them afrelh, to his lots of time, great char¬ 
 ges, f oft, and trouble. But ftill they run on, and 
 delight to be deceived,and are of this opinion, that 
 R 2 thofe 
 
242 true and Irkfway of 
 
 thofe T i;ees, out of the Nurfery, being four or five 
 years, Grafted, will turn to an Orchard far fooner 
 than any other way of Planting. But I lhall Ihew 
 yon the true way of Planting and Ordering youi 
 Orchards, whether Pear, Plum, Cherry, or Ap- 
 ple-OrchardS; with little or no Charge, and yet 
 llpaltfjean, Orchard much fooner and better,and not 
 come to'the twentieth part, which will accrue by 
 paying the Trees out of the Nurfery,as the Authot 
 hatfi proved by Experience. 
 
 in the fi rib place you mull feek out, if you can 
 poflible with convenience, fuch a piece of Ground 
 that leans towards the South, or being a Hill riling 
 ttWiarife the South, that the Sun might call his 
 beams, to the Root of every tree through the whole 
 Orchard ? whichifit beuponan exa&Ievel itcannot. 
 Eet the Ground be good by Nature, if you can ; if 
 npt you mull enrich- it by Soiling it, which will 
 be no lofs, confidering the feveral Crops it will 
 bear after it is Planted. Now having found out a 
 place fitting for the purpofe, call up a high ditch, 
 and well quickTet it, that fo it may grow up with 
 your Trees, to defend them as they grow up, if 
 not quick-fetted before. Now having found out 
 your Ground and well Fenced it, you mull conli- 
 der what kind of ground it is,w hether black mould, 
 Glay,Gravel,Sandy or Mamlieground: According to 
 the Nature of the ground, you mull get fuch Fruits 
 as may profper therein according to the feveral 
 Soils; which five forts many times happen in an 
 Acre of Ground.l lhall begin with the Clay-ground, 
 all forts of Winter-Apples do abundantly delight 
 in a Clay-ground, being very well Soiled and made 
 Rich: And. 1 have obferved, that your Winter- 
 Apples, 
 
'Planting of Qnbards. 243 
 
 Apples, as Pepins, Pearmains, Gilliflowers, Cua- 
 nings, and Harvey-Apples, which if you have 
 them of the belt bearing fort,growing upon a Clay- 
 ground well Chalked, have been larger, firmer, 
 and have endured two or three Months longer thaa 
 that lame fort of Apples growing upon a Gravel or 
 Sandy Ground. Your next Ground is your Mam- 
 lie or Chalky Ground, which brings forth a very 
 lovely fweet Apple, but not fo bigas the other, 
 yet far Tweeter, and will keep full as long, being 
 fit for all forts of Waiter-Apples, and Summer- 
 Pears, and Winter-Pears. Your next Ground is 
 your Sandy Ground, which is only fitting for Sum¬ 
 mer-Fruit, and Cherries, which to make them 
 thrive, you mult well Chalk and Dung, at leaft a 
 yardround from the bodies of the .Trees, and a 
 foot, deeper then the Tree Hands. Thofe Apples 
 that love fuch a kind of Ground, are your Lerding, 
 French Pepin, Higthnig, Robbers, and all other 
 Summer-Apples and Pears, and your Duke-Cher¬ 
 ries, and feveral others which willaotlaftheyond 
 Oiriflmai, yet are true Bearers andexeellent-Your 
 next is your Gravelly Ground, which will bear ex¬ 
 cellent Fruit, being well ordered, until the Trees 
 have taken good Root. You mult dig the Ground 
 above a yard round from the body of the Tree, and 
 dung it very well, that fo the Tree may gain good 
 ttrength, and bignefs of Root before it come ta 
 touch the Gravel, that fo meeting with the Gravel, 
 it may . not Hand at a flay,when it comes to Rootinj 
 the Gravel, and then there is no doubt, but it will 
 anfweryour expectation- Y,our next fort is yom; 
 black Mould, which is the belt, and will bear all 
 forts of Apples, Pears, Plums,, and Cherries, with 
 little- 
 
244 d t riie a,! d t'ritfrtdjl of 
 
 lettle help •, I do not mean your black fort of heathy 
 Mould, which hath neither h'tatt ; norgoodnefs, 
 biittobecutup in Summer, and well dryed, will) 
 makegood fires in Winter. Now having found) 
 out your piece of ground, and ordered according 
 to directions, meafure your ground, and fo con¬ 
 trive to fet the Row of Trees full South, at what 
 diftance you think molt convenient, according as 
 you do intend the Trees Chill be fuffered to 
 grdw in bignefs, after your firft row is planted, 
 which muft be fet at fucha diftance. that you may 
 plant one between every for Trees, which will 
 make a fifth. Now having made you underftand 
 the Charge and Deceit of your Nurfery-Trees,how 
 they pine away coming out of fo warm a place, 
 and fo rich a Soil, into fuch a Barren place s for 
 make your Orchard as rich as you can , it is 
 barren ground to your Nurfe’rics3 for otherwife 
 how could a man maintain his Wife and Children 
 out of two or three Acres of ground, if it Were 
 not extradrdinary good ? Therefore when your 
 ground is provided and made fit, imploy your La¬ 
 bourers or Servants tb gather youfo many dozen oi 
 Crab-flocks, ! Pear-flocks, or Cherry-Hocks about3 
 foot long,or thereabout, according as it beft pleafes 
 the Planter-to have them cut. See your Crab-ftock& 
 the reft be id-good proof,& ndt an old decaied Hock 
 but green,and-’as dear without knots as yoil canylet 
 them not exceed in bignefs above three Inches a-l 
 bout-. Now having confidered your piece of ground] 
 what fort of Land it is, fee it according to direfti- 
 ons: Having fodoue, bufb-up-every Tree, and lay 
 fomemuckle Dung to every one, about half a yard 
 round,do notcover your Treestoo deep .in Mould; 
 
 three 
 
'Planting of Orchards. 245 
 
 three Inches above the Root is enough y for if you 
 cover them too deep, a good (hower of Rain will 
 not reach the Root. Thismuckle dung keeps the 
 Roots moift and warm, and kills ail manner of 
 Weeds that would grow about the body of the tree. 
 After they have flood one year, open the Bufhes, 
 iand prune all the (hoots off that (land a foot below 
 the top, leave not above three or four at molt,and 
 then you may put in Sheep, Calves, or Beafts: 
 But'if it be well manured, you may plant Garden- 
 Beans or Peafe, according as you find the ground 
 inclined. If your Orchard lie (loping, as is beft, 
 then make a Trench to lead to every Tree-,y'ou need 
 not have many great Trenches, but two or three, 
 and the reft (mall,and fo you may water your whole 
 Orchard for the firft year or two without any trou¬ 
 ble. When the Trenches are made, you ought to 
 let your Crab-ftock Pear or Cherry to (land three 
 years at the lead before ypu Graft, and two before 
 you bud y for you will find they will bring forward 
 your Graff more in one year than in two. You 
 may Graff according as you fee the Stock to pro- 
 fper: Be fure to have your Graffs of the belt fort 
 of Fruit-Trees, and of good Beavers y for fome 
 forts bear fair Apples, but very tew. 
 
 When your trees are graffed according to your 
 mind, of all forts of choice Fruits, then at the fall 
 of the Leave view all your trees, and ftop up the 
 Cleft where the Graft was, put in fome Pitch to 
 keep the Rain out, and then it will be clofedfoon 
 after, and the tree grow the firmer. When your 
 (Grafts are two years fhoot at fartheft, prune rbem 
 'all, and not fuffer any to grow crofs one another, 
 efpeciallyin the middle of the tree. If you fi id 
 lome 
 
246 A true and. brief my of, &c. 
 fome to flioot up ftrait upright,hang a little ftone 
 at the end of the Boughs, but one Spring, and you 
 will make them grow how you pleafe. Thofe that 
 grow ftraigbt upright are feldom good Bearers, 
 if they be fufiered to grow •, therefore you may 
 remedy it at the firft: But when they are grown too 
 old, they will not behalf fo pliable. When they 
 begin to bear,do not fulfer them to bear above three 
 or four Apples or Pears, but pull them off \ for if 
 you fuffer them to Bear too much at firft, it will 
 put a ftop to the Trees growth.This I think is Di- 
 reftion enough for any reafonable man to order his 
 Affairs.