UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS WASHINGTON Bulletin 14 (1921). INDIAN WARS AND LOCAL DISTURBANCES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1782-1898. 1782-1787—Wyoming Valley war in Pennsylvania. 1790-1795—War with the Northwest Indians; Mingo, Miami, Wyandot, Delaware, Potawatomi, Shawnee, Chippewa, and Ottawa, September 19, 1790 to August 3, 1795. Included are Harmar's and St. Clair's .bloody defeats and Wayne's victory at Fallen Timbers, which compelled peace. 1811— War with the Indians in Indiana, September 21 to November 18, 1811. General Harrison defeated the Confederate tribes at Tippecanoe, Indiana. 1812— Florida or Seminole war, August 15 to October, 1812. Spanish Florida invaded by Georgia Militia under General Newman, and the Seminole under King Payne, defeated. These disturbances never ceased until Florida was ceded by Spain to the United States. In fact, one band of Seminole was never conquered and reside in Florida to this day. 1813— Peoria Indian war in Illinois, September 19 to October 21, 1813-1814—Creek Indian war in Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, and Tennessee, July 27, 1813 to August 9, 1814. It was in this war that General Andrew Jackson first attracted attention as a commander. He defeated the Creeks in a bloody engage¬ ment at Talladega, November 9, 1813; at Emuckfau, January 22, 1814; at Enotochopco, January 24, and finally at the Horseshoe Bend of the Tallapoosa River, March 27, 1814, which humbled the Creek pride completely. At this battle 750 Creeks were killed or drowned, and 201 whites were killed or wounded. In this war the brave Creeks lost 2,000 warriors. Ten years afterward the tribe still numbered 22,000. 1817-1818—Seminole Indian war in Georgia and Florida, November 20, 1817 to October 31, 1818. It was during this war that Jackson took possession of the Spanish territory. He seized St. Marks and Pensacola, Florida, hanged two Englishmen, Arbuthnot and Ambrister, for inciting the Indians to hostilities, and brought the Indians to terms. 1823—Campaign against Arickaree Indians, upper Missouri River. 1827—Fever River expedition against the Indians in Illinois. 1827—Winnebago expedition, Wisconsin, June 28 to September 27, 1827; also called La Fevre Indian war. 1831—Sac and Fox Indian war in Illinois, June and July. 1832—Black Hawk Indian war, April 26 to September 30, 1832, in Illinois and Wisconsin. Black Hawk escaped from General Atkinson, but surrendered at Prairie du Chien, August 27, 1832. He was taken to Washington to see the "Great Father," and ever afterward lived at peace with the whites. He was but a chief of a secondary- band . He settled upon the Des Moines River, in Iowa, where he died October 3, 1838. 1834— -Pawnee expedition in the Indian Territory, June to September. 1835- 1836—-The Toledo war, or Ohio and Michigan boundary dispute. 1835- 1842—Florida or Seminole Indian war in Florida, Georgia, and Alabama, December 8, 1835 to August 14, 1842. 1836- 1837—Sabine or Southwestern Indian disturbance in Louisiana, April, 1836 to April, 1837. 1836-1837—Creek disturbances in Alabama, May 5, 1836 to September 30, 1837. 1836—Heatherly Indian troubles on Missouri and Iowa line, July to November. 1836- 1838—Cherokee disturbances and removal to the Indian Territory. 1837— Osage Indian war in Missouri. 1847-1848—Cayuse Indian war in Oregon, December, 1847 to July, 1848. 1849-1855—Texas and New Mexico Indian war. 1849-1855—-Apache, Navajo, and Utah war. 1849-1861—-Navajo troubles in New Mexico. 1849- 1861—Continuous disturbances with Comanche, Cheyenne, Lipan, and Kicka- poo Indians in Texas 1850— Pit River expedition, California, April 28 to September 13, 1850- 1850- 1853—Utah Indian disturbances. 1851- 1852—California Indian disturbances. 1851-1856—Rogue River Indian war in Oregon, June 17 to July 3, 1851; August 8 to September, 1853; March to June, 1856. 1854— Oregon Indian war in Oregon, August and September, 1854. 1855— Yakima expedition, Washington Territory, October 11 to November 24, 1855. Commanded by Maj . Gabriel J. Rains, afterward a Confederate General. Composed of a small body of regulars and a regiment of mounted Oregon troops. The expedition was a failure. The following year, under command of Col. Geo. Wright, U. S. A., better success was had against the Indian allies, and peace subsequently compelled. Lieutenant Sheridan, afterward lieutenant-general, greatly distinguished himself at the Cascades. - 2 - 1855—Klamath and Salmon River Indian war in Oregon and Idaho, January to March. 1855—Winna's expedition against Snake Indians, Oregon, May 24 to September 8. 1855-1856—Sioux expedition, Nebraska Territory, April 3, 1855 to July 27, 1856. 1855-1856—Cheyenne and Arapaho troubles. 1855-1858—Florida Indian war, December 15, 1855 to May 8, 1858. 1857— Sioux Indian troubles in Minnesota and Iowa, March and April, 1857. 1858— Expedition against northern Indians, Washington Territory, July 17 to October 17. 1858—Spokane, Coeur d'Alene, and Paloos Indian troubles. 1858—Navajo expedition. New Mexico, September 9 to December 25. 1858- 1859—Wichita expedition, Indian Territory, September 11, 1858 to Decem¬ ber, 1859. 1859— Colorado River expedition, California, February 11 to April 28. 1859— Pecos expedition, Texas, April 16 to August 17. 1860— Kiowa and Comanche expedition, Indian Territory, May 8 to October 11. 1860-1861—Navajo expedition. New Mexico, September 12, 1860 to February 24, 1861. 1861- 1864—Campaign against the Cheyenne Indians. 1862- 1863—Sioux Indian war in Minnesota and Dakota. The Sioux killed upwards of 1,000 settlers in Minnesota. They were pursued by Cenerals Sibley and Sully, with about 5,000 men, scattering in Dakota, The operations against them were successful. Over 1,000 Indians were made prisoners, and 39 of the murderers were hanged after a fair trial. In 1863 the Minnesota Sioux were removed to Dakota. 1863- 1869—War against the Cheyenne, Arapaho, Kiowa, and Comanche Indians in Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, and Indian Territory. 1865-1868—Campaign against Indians in southern Oregon, Idaho, and northern California. 1867-1869—Campaign against Indians in Kansas, Colorado, and Indian Territory. 1867-1881—Campaign against Lipan, Kiowa, Kickapoo, and Comanche Indians, and Mexican border disturbances. - 3 - 1855--Klamath and Salmon River Indian war in Oregon and Idaho, January to March. 1855—Winna's expedition against Snake Indians, Oregon, May 24 to September 8. 1855-1856—Sioux expedition, Nebraska Territory, April 3, 1855 to July 27, 1856. 1855-1856—Cheyenne and Arapaho troubles. 1855-1858—Florida Indian war, December 15, 1855 to May 8, 1858. 1857— Sioux Indian troubles in Minnesota and Iowa, March and April, 1857. 1858— Expedition against northern Indians, Washington Territory, July 17 to October 17. 1858—Spokane, Coeur d'Alene, and Paloos Indian troubles. 1858—Navajo expedition. New Mexico, September 9 to December 25. 1858- 1859—Wichita expedition, Indian Territory, September 11, 1858 to Decem¬ ber, 1859. 1859— Colorado River expedition, California, February 11 to April 28. 1859— Pecos expedition, Texas, April 16 to August 17. 1860— Kiowa and Comanche expedition, Indian Territory, May 8 to October 11. 1860-1861—Navajo expedition, New Mexico, September 12, 1860 to February 24, 1861. 1861- 1864—Campaign against the Cheyenne Indians. 1862- 1863—Sioux Indian war in Minnesota and Dakota. The Sioux killed upwards of 1,000 settlers in Minnesota. They were pursued by Generals Sibley and Sully, with about 5,000 men, scattering in Dakota. The operations against them were successful. Over 1,000 Indians were made prisoners, and 39 of the murderers were hanged after a fair trial. In 1863 the Minnesota Sioux were removed to Dakota. 1863- 1869—War against the Cheyenne, Arapaho, Kiowa, and Comanche Indians in Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, and Indian Territory. 1865-1868—Campaign against Indians in southern Oregon, Idaho, and northern California. 1867-1869—Campaign against Indians in Kansas, Colorado, and Indian Territory. 1867-1881—Campaign against Lipan, Kiowa, Kickapoo, and Comanche Indians, and Mexican border disturbances. - 3 - 1874—Sioux expedition, Wyoming and Nebraska, February 13 to August. 1872- 1873—-Modoc Indian war in Oregon and California, November 22, 1872 to October 3, 1873. 1873- -Campaign against Apache Indians in Arizona and New Mexico. 1874- 1875—Campaign against Kiowa, Cheyenne, and Comanche Indians in Indian Territory, August 1, 1874 to February 16, 1875. 1875- Expedition against Indians in eastern Nevada, September 7 to 27. 1876- 1877—Big Horn and Yellowstone expeditions, Wyoming and Montana, February 17, 1876 to June 13, 1877. Three converging expeditions under Generals Gibbon, Custer, and Terry were sent against the hostile Sioux who had previously repulsed General Crook in the Little Big Horn country. Custer divided his command when in the vicinity of the Indians, and he with 250 of his men were surrounded and killed to a man by at least some 3,000 Sioux warriors. The bands of Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, and other hostiles afterward fled into Canada, and from whence they did not return for some years. Eventually all came into the agencies. 1876— 1879—War with Northern Cheyenne Indians in Indian Territory, Kansas, Wyoming, Dakota, Nebraska, and Montana. 1877— Nez Perce Indian war in Utah, May 14 to October 1. 1878— Bannock Indian war in Idaho, Washington Territory, and Wyoming Terri¬ tory. 1878—Bannock and Paiute campaign. May 30 to September 4. 1878- 1879—Campaign against Cheyenne Indians in Dakota and Montana. 1879— Ute expedition, Colorado, April 3 to September 9. 1879—Snake or Sheepeater Indian troubles, Idaho, August to October. 1879—White River campaign against Ute Indians in Utah and Colorado, September 29 to October 5. 1890-1891—Sioux Indian disturbances in South Dakota, November, 1890 to January, 1891, 1898—Chippewa Indian disturbances. Leech Lake, October. - 0 - Our Indian wars are apparently a thing of the past, but the record shows that they were going on pretty constantly for over 100 years. - 4 -