ENGLISH PUBLICATIONS FOR INDIAN READERS. The Anna Library, 1 Anna each. Mostly with Numerous Illustrations. Indian Fables. 48 pp. Picture Fables. 48 pp. Choice Pictures and Stories. 48 pp. Pictures and Stories for the Young. 48 pp. ' Saint Augustine, the Greatest Early Christian Writer. Columbus, the Discoverer of America. 48 pp. • Palissy the Potter. 48 pp. Peter the Great, Czar of Eussia. 48 pp. William Carey. 48 pp. George Stephenson, the Founder of Eailways. 48 pp. Story of Dr. Livingstone. 48 pp. Story of Dr. Duff, by A. L. 0. E. 56 pp. Thomas Arnold : the Model English Teacher. 48 pp. General Garfield. 48 pp. Neesima : the True Patriot of Japan. 48 pp. India in Yedic Times. 88 pp. Picture Stories of the Ancient Greeks. 48 pp. Pictures and Stories of the Old Romans. 48 pp. Picture Stories from English History. 48 pp. Pictures and Stories of Wild Beasts. 48 pp. Stories of Monkeys, Elephants, and some other Beasts. Pictures and Stories of Birds. 48 pp. Snakes, Crocodiles, and other Reptiles. 48 pp. Fishes and Whales. 48 pp. Curious Little People : a Description of Insects. 48 pp. The Wonderful House I Live in. 48 pp. A description of the human body, Astronomy and Astrology. 48 pp. Burning Mountains, Earthquakes, and other Wonders. The Ayah and Lady ; By Mrs. Sherwood. 64 pp. Proverbs from East and West. 48 pp. Buddha and his Religion. 60 pp. Idols of the Earth : Ancient and Modern. 48 pp. History of the True Incarnation. 52 pp. Short Papers for Seekers after Truth. 12mo. 212 pp. A Guide to Religious Inquirers, Short Papers for Young Men. 12 mo. 104 pp. A Sequel to the foregoing. Hints on General Conduct, the Choice of a Profession, and Success in Life. The Christian Religion. 12mo. 68 pp. TEMPEEANCE EEFOEM msr INDIA. Intoxicating Liquors in Ancient India ; Intemperance in England Temperance Reform in the West ; SpreadTof Intemperance in India ; Temperance Reform in India ; Reasons for Temperance Reform; How to Promote Temperance Reform. FIRST EDITION, 3,000 COPIES. THE CHRISTIAN LITERATURE SOCIETY FOR INDIA: LONDON AND MADRAS. 1 8 96 . OOnSTTEHSTTS- — oOr^Oo-^ Intoxicating Liquors in Ancient India... Intoxicating Liquors in Europe Intemperance in England Temperance Eeeorm in the West ... Spread of Intemperance in India Temperance Reform in India Reasons for Temperance Reform How to Promote Temperance Reform Ganja and Opium Page 1 4 5 6 15 19 24 28 31 TEMPERANCE REFORM. Temperance means moderation. It usually refers to moder- ation in eating and drinking ; but it may be applied to anger, joy, and other feelings. Milton defines it as “ not too much.” He says : “ If thou wilt observe The rule of not too much by temperance taught lu what thou eatst and drinkst ; seeking therefrom Due noui’ishme!it, not gluttonous delight. So mayst thou live, till, like ripe fruit, thou drop Into thy mother’s lap.” The opposite of temperance is mtemperance. Usually this is taken to refer to drinking, so that the word denotes drunkenness. By “ Temperance Keform,” is here understood a reform in drink- ing habits. Before describing the evils of intemperance and the need of reform, a brief historical review may be given of the subject. Intoxicating Liquors in Ancient India. The lower animals, after they are weaned, drink water alone. The ox that labours, the horse that gallops, the eagle that soars in the air j all have as their drink nothing but water. Prom very early times, however, men have made and used intoxicating drinks of various kinds. Of these there are two main classes, fermented and distilled , — represented by wine and arrack. Fermented comes from the Latin word, ferveo, to boil, because during the process of fermentation the liquor seems to boil slightly. Toddy, the juice of the cocoa-nut, palmyra and other palms, when newly drawn, is sweet and unintoxicating. If allowed to stand, the change, called fermentation, takes place. The sugar in the toddy is converted into alcohol and carbonic acid. Alcohol is that which intoxicates in fermented or distilled liquors. Toddy, when it has stood 24 hours, contains about 10 parts of alcohol out of a hundred. Carbonic acid gas is that given off by fresh soda water, and bubbles up in fermentation. The juice of several other plants besides palms can be ferment- ed. In ancient India the most celebrated was that of the soma plant. Nearly the whole of the Ninth Mandala of the Rig-Veda, contain- ing 114 hymns, is addressed to Soma, who represents and animates the juice of the Soma plant. The soma pl^nt is a kind of creeper. The juice was obtained by pressing the plant between stones. The juice, diluted with 2 TEMPEKANCE EEi'OEM. water mixed with barle}' meal, gti, and the mea,l of wild paddy, was fermented in a jar for 9 days.* The exhilaration given by this liquor made it grateful to the Aryans, and their gods were represented as equally fond of it. It was raised to the position of a deity, and represented to be primeval, all-powerful, healing all diseases, bestower of riches, lord of other gods, and even identified with the Supreme Being.f The following are extracts from the 1st Hymn of the 9th Mandala : 1. In sweetest and most gladdening stream flow pure, 0 Soma, on thy way, Pressed out for Indra for his drink. 4. Flow onward with thy juice unto the banquet of the mighty gods : Flow hither for our strength and fame. 10. In the wild raptures of this draught, Indra slays all the Vritras ; he, The hero, pours his wealth on us.J Indra, the chief of the Vedic gods, is notorious for his love of the soma beer. A frequent epithet applied to him is soma pa, soma-drinker. In Mandala I. 16 he is thus addressed : “Drink of it like a stag athirst; Drink, Indra, to increase thy might.’' Mandala I. 8 says, “ His belly drinking deepest draughts of Soma, like an ocean swells.” Liquor prepared from the kadambari tree is described as the favourite drink of Baladeva, the brother of Krishna. The Vishnu Purana (Book V. Chap. 5,25) says that once when drunk, he said to the river Yamuna, “ Come hither; I want to bathe.” The river not obeying, he plunged his ploughshare into her bank, and dragged her after him ! AVine is generally prepared from the juice of the grape. It is the most celebrated of fermented liquors. The varieties of it are numberless. The proportion of alcohol differs very much. Claret contains about 10 per cent, the same as toddy ; sherry and port from 15 to 24 per cent. The excess of alcohol is generally due to brandy or otlier spirit which is added. The wines imported into India usually contain brandy. Beer or ale is another well-known fermented liquor. The word beer probably comes from barley, or from the HebreAv word, har, corn. The Egyptians, 3,000 years ago, made beer by pouring hot water on barley, and allowing the fluid to ferment. The above are fermented liquors. In ancient India distilled liquors were also largely used. Distil comes from two Latin words, de, down, and stillo, to * Rajendralala Mitra’s Tudo- Aryans, p. 419. + Dowson’s Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology, p. 302. J From the translation of Griffith. INTOXICATTNO LIQUORS IN ANCIENT INDIA. 3 drop. It is so called because the liquor falls in drops. In distilla- tion the liquor is placed in a close vessel, with a curved pipe from the top, called a worm, which is kept constantly cool. When heat is applied to the vessel, some of the liquid rises in steam, which is condensed by the cold of the worm and falls in drops. When toddy is heated, arrack is obtained, which contains much more alcohol. Pulastya, an ancient sage and author of one of the original Smri- tis, enunciates 12 diSerent kinds of liquor, besides the Soma beer, which is not usually reckoned under the head of madya, and his successors have added largely to the list. The 12 principal liquors of this sage are, 1, fdnasa or jack liquor ; 2, drdksha, or grape liquor; 3, mddhiika, or honey liquor ; 4:, khirj jura, or d&te liquor; 5, tdla, or palm liquor; 6 , aikhshara, or cane liquor; 7, yiiddhvika, or mowa liquor ; 8, saira, long-pepper liquor ; 9, arishta, or soap- berry liquor; 10, maireya, or rum; 11, ndrikelaja, or cocoa-nut liquor; 12, surd, or arrack, otherwise called vdruni, or paishti.”^ “ Most of the liquors mentioned in Sanskrit works were first fermented and then distilled ; not manufactured, as European wines are, by mere fermentation. In fact they are all spirits differently flavoured with various kinds of spices, fruits and herbs to suit different tastes, and not wines. “The earliest Brahman settlers,^’ says Dr. Rajendra Lala Mitra, “were a spirit-drinking race, and indulged largely both in Soma beer and strong spirits. To their gods the most acceptable and grateful offering was Soma beer, and wine or spirit was publicly sold in shops for the use of the community.^^f The Ramayana frequently notices wine and drinking. In one place no less a personage than the great sage Visvdmitra, who is the author of a considerable number of the hymns of the Rig- Veda, is said to have been entertained with maireya and surd by his host, Vasishta. Sita, when crossing the Ganges, thus addressed the river: “Be merciful to us, 0 goddess, and 1 shall, on my return home, worship thee with a thousand jars of arrack and dishes of well dressed flesh meat.” The Malabharata shows that no pleasure party was complete in which wine did not hold a prominent part. The Harivansa gives a description of a picnic at Pindaraka in which Krishna, Baladeva, Arjuna, with their families, and thousands of courtezans, spent the day in bathing, feasting, drinking and dancing. The Yadavas, inflamed with drink, fought among themselves, till only Krishna and Danuka were left alive. Frohibitions. — Buddha saw the evils of intemperance, and one of his five commands binding upon all is not to taste intoxicating liquors. His system had undoubtedly a considerable effect in * Rajendralala Mitra’s Indo- Aryans, Vol. I. pp. 410-413. f Indo-Aryans, Vol. I. p. 380. 4 TEMPERANCE REFORM. promoting temperance. As in some other cases, the Brahmans adopted measures which he initiated. Manu enjoins the following penalties for drinking surd or arrack : 91. “ A twice-born man who drinks, through delusion of mind, Surd, shall drink the liquor boiling-hot ; when his body has been com- pletely scalded by that, he is freed from his guilt.”* i. 91. “A Brahman, a Kshattriya, and a Vaisya shall not drink Sura.” xi. It will be observed that Manu’s prohibition does not extend to the Sudras, who were allowed to drink anything they liked. In- temperance has always prevailed, more or less, among them, and wild tribes, like the Santals and Gonds, indulge freely at their festivals. Even among the other castes there have always been some who secretly indulged in intoxicating drinks. Medical books give a number of receipts for removing the odour of wine from the mouth. This shows that there were men addicted to liquor who yet wished to pass among their neighbours as total abstainers. Still, on the whole, the bulk of the people have been temperate for centuries. The Tantras. — These are a class of works later than the Puranas, in which prominence is given to the female energy. They are of different kinds. The Sakta Tantras insists upon the use of wiue as an element of devotion. No worship of Devi can be com- plete without the five great essentials, fish, flesh, wine, fried grain, and sexual intercourse. These are called the 5 M^s from the circumstance of the initial letter of their Sanskrit names being M. “The Mdtrikd-bheda Tantra/’ says Dr. B. Mitra, “is most eloquent in praise of drinking. It makes Siva address his consort thus : ‘ 0 sweet-speaking goddess, the salvation of Brahmans depends on drinking wine.’ Belief in such horrible doctrines is largely confined to Bengal. Intoxicating Liquors in Europe. Various intoxicating liquors were used in ancient Europe. In the south, where the vine grows, wine, made from grapes, was chiefly used. In the north beer or ale, made from barley, was the chief intoxicating drink. The ancient Saxons were fond both of war and strong drink. Their supposed heaven consisted in fighting all day and spending the night in feasting and drinking beer out of the skulls of their enemies. About the year 800 a.d., Boniface, the apostle of Germany, wrote to the English Archbishop of Canter- bury, “ I hear that you Saxons are mighty drinkers of ale.” Distillation was unknown in Europe till about the year 1260 * Indo-Aryans, Vol. I. p. 405, INTEMPJSBANCE IN ENGLAND. 5 A.D. Europeans were first made acquainted with it by the Arabs. The word alcohol, denoting pure spirit, is Arabic. Probably the Arabs learned distillation from the Hindus. The spirit obtained was called aqua vitoe, two Latin words meaning the water of life. The “ water of death” would be nearer the truth. The Hindustani word shrdh, may well be compounded of shar, wickedness ah, water. The Arabians, who had conquered Spain, taught it to the Spaniards, and the Spaniards taught it to the Irish. In the old Irish tongue the spirit was called usige-hiatha, which means the same as aqua vitoe. In time this was shortened into usque baugh, this again into usige, from which comes the word whisky. Whisky is made from barley, by distillation. Brandy was originally obtained from wine. The Germans call it “ burnt wine.” Kum, the maireya of the Hindus, is obtained from sugar. A strong spirit is also made from potatoes. The proportion of alcohol in beer varies very much. Table beer has only about 2 per cent ; others have as much as 8 per cent. Spirits have much more. Whisky contains about 45 per cent ; rum about 48 per cent ; brandy 50 per cent. The half of brandy is pure alcohol. It is of all spirit drinks the most dangerous and the most fatal. Its consumptions in India has been largely replaced among Europeans by whisky. in France, of late years, a very injurious spirit, called ahsinthe, has been largely used. A bitter plant, called absinthe, with some others, is steeped in brandy, and then distilled. Intemperance in England. Lecky, the historian, says that drinking in England attained its present proportions only about the beginning of last century. He says : “ The habit of gin-drinking — the master curse of English life, to which most of the crime and an immense proportion of the misery of the nation may be ascribed — if it did not absolutely originate, at least became for the first time a national vice, in the early Hanoverian period. “ In 1689 the Government absolutely prohibited the importation of spirits from all foreign countries, and threw open the trade of distilling on the payment of certain duties to all its subjects. These measures laid the foundation of the great extension of the English manufacture of spirits ; but it was not till about 1724 that the passion foi gin-drinking appears to have infected the masses of the population, and it spread with the rapidity and violence of an epidemic. The fatal passion for drink was at once, and irrevocably, planted in the nation. Physicians declared that in excesssive gin-drinking a new and terrible source of mortality had been opened for the poor. The grand jury of Middlesex, in a powerful presentment, declared that much the greater part of the poverty, the murders, the robberies of London, might be traced to this single cause. Retailers of gin were accustomed to hang out painted boards announcing 6 TEUPEEANCE REFORM. that their customer could be made drank for a penny, and dead drink for two pence, should have straw for nothing; and cellars strewn with straw were provided into which those who had become insensible were dragged, and wliere they remained till they had sufficiently recovered to reiicw their oigies.” The evil became so great that Government was compelled to endeavour to check it. But Lecky adds : “ Still, these measures formed a palliation and not a cure, and from the early years of the eighteenth century gin-drinking has never ceased to be the main counteracting influence to the moral, intellectual and physical benefit.s that might be expected from increased commercial prosperity.”* England is one of the richest countries in the world, yet it contains many wretched poverty-stricken abodes. Kaye, referring to the Houses of Parliament in London, says that from their win- dows, “ our legislators may look out upon hundreds of miserable dwellings, overcrowded with squalid and hungry tenants, whose sufferings surpass any endured by the inbabitauts of a village in Bengal.” East London is notorious for the misery of many of its inhabitants. It is largely accounted for by the fact that at the corner of nearly every street there is a liquor shop. The expenditure on drink in the United Kingdom is estimated at 150 millions of pounds a year, equal to about 260 crores of rupees, or thrice the annual revenue of British India. The evil results have not been confined to the English. As Dean Farrar acknowledges : “ We have girdled the world with a zone of drink. Our footsteps, wherever they have traversed the world on their career of conquest — there is no blinking the terrible fact — have been footsteps dyed in blood. We have decimated the aboriginal populations — lam speaking well within the facts — by drink, and often mainly by the drink that we have introduced. They have melted before us in many cases like a line of snow before the sun.”t Cardinal Manning mournfully confessed that “ Intoxication is the sin, the shame, and the scandal of the English-speaking race.”J Temperance Reform in the West. There have always been some good men in England who abstained from all intoxicating drinks, like Dr. Samuel -Johnson and •John Howard in the 18th century. .John Wesley forbade the mem- bers of his Society the use of “ drams,” and condemned in the strongest terms the sale and use of spirituous liquors. The first * England in ihe Eighteenth Century. Vol. I. pp, 476-482. t Temp^rmice Congress, 1886. p. 87. X Temperance Congress, 1888. p. 58. TEMPEEANCE KEPOEM IN THE WEST. 7 movement, however, in favour of temperance reform originated in America. Dr. Benjamin Rush sought to combiue all the Christians in the United States against the use of spirits as a beverage. The first Temperance Society seems to have been formed in the State of New York in 1808. The Massachusetts Society for the Suppression of Intemperance was formed in 1813. Still, there was no general movement against the use even of spirits. This want was supplied, by the establishment of the American Temperance Society at Bos- ton in 1826. To this may be referred the origin of what is now known as the Temperance Movement, which has been described by De Quincy, a well-known writer, “as the most remarkable instance of a combined movement in society which history, perhaps, will be summoned to record.^’ At the end of 1833, it was estimated that there were 6,000 Temperance Societies in America, with 12^ lakhs of members, of whom 10,000 had been drunkards. It was reported that 4,000 distilleries, places for the manufacture of spirits, had been stopped and 6,000 persons had given up their sale. Professor Edgar, of Belfast, learned in the summer of 1829 of the work of the American Temperance Society, which led him to call upon the Christian public of Ireland to follow the example thus set. The first Temperance Society was formed in Ireland on the 20th August, and by the close of the year 25 Societies with 800 members, had been organised chiefly in the north of Ireland. In Scotland, Mr. Dunlop of Greenock and Mr. William Collins, of Glasgow, the well-known publishers, formed on November 12th, 1829, the West of Scotland Temperance Society. Before the close of 1830, Scotland possessed 127 Societies, with 23,000 members. The first Temperance Society in England was formed at Brad- ford, on February 2nd, 1830, mainly through Mr. Henry Forbes, who had signed the pledge at Glasgow. In 1831 the British and Foreign Temperance Society was formed. In 1834' Mr. J. S. Buck- ingham, M. P., who was for several years in India, succeeded in obtaining a Select Committee of the House of Commons to inquire into the causes, extent, and remedies of drunkenness. Temperance Societies, at the close of 1835, had been established in all the British, American and Australian Colonies, in India, in the West Indies, and in the continent of Europe. Hitherto, however, the members of Societies agreed merely to abstain from the use of spirits, as whisk}’^, brandy, &c : they could take wine and beer in moderation. This was found to be in- sufficient : both wine and beer contained alcohol, sometimes in large quantities. There was a good man at Preston, in the north of England, called Joseph Livesey. He had been a poor weaver boy, who by his industry, ability, and good conduct, became a man of wealth and influence. His life was largely spent in doing good. He visited the poor. On one occasion he met with a poor man lying on damp straw, covered with sores. He weut home and 8 TEMPERANCE REEORM. MR. JOSEPH LIVESEY, brought in a carriage bis own good bed, and gave it, with the necessary clothes, to the sufferer. As a Municipal Commissioner, Livesey used his influence to improve Preston by the removal of unhealthy houses, the straight- ening of streets, the promotion of play-gronnds and parks, the providing of seats for the weak and weary, the opening of drinking fountains for men and beasts. He had a night school established for the instruction of work- men. Soon after his marriage he opened an adult Sunday School in his house, he taking the male scholars, and his wife the females. Afterwards he opened several Eeading Rooms. Livesey is chiefly known as one of the earliest and most zealous temperance reformers in England. In his Sunday School work and as a preacher, he found the curse of drink a sore hindrance. He may be considered to be the main author of the movement in favour of abstinence from all intoxicating liquors. In 1832 a friend, called -lohn King, was passing Livesey’s shop, and he invited him to come in. Livesey asked him if he would sign a pledge of TEMPERANCE REFORM IN THE WEST. 9 total abstinence, to which he consented. Livesey wrote out a pledge and said to King, “ Thee sign it first. He did so, and Livesey next signed it. A few days afterwards, at a special meeting in the Temperance Hall, the subject was discussed, but only 7 persons could be induced to sign the following pledge : “ We agree to abstain from all liquors of an intoxicating quality^ whether Ale, Porter, Wine or Ardent Spirits, except as Medicine.” One of the earliest to join was a fish-hawker, named Richard Preston . One evening he went into a school-room where a temperance meeting was being held, and before he left he signed the pledge of total abstinence. Being zealous and a ready speaker. Turner went about for several years giving addresses on the subject. In 1832 he deprecated the practice of drinking beer, &c., in moderation, and enjoined abstinence. To express himself very forcibly he exclaimed. “ I will be right down out and out, tee, tee-total for ever and ever.” The audience cheered, and Livesey said, “ This shall be the name of our new pledge.” At a Conference at Manchester in 1835, at which 31 societies were represented, it was agreed to form the British Association for the Pi’omotion of Temperance — the first general Society in England on the basis of total abstinence. Livesey lectured on temperance in many of the towns of Britain. To the last a great part of his time was spent in prepar- ing and sending off tracts and papei’S bearing on his favourite subject. Every visitor went away with an abundant supply of them, and an earnest exhortation to promote the cause. The evening of his life was long and peaceful. His birthdays brought him congratulatory addresses from all parts of the kingdom. He died in 1884 in the 91sb year of his age. His last words were, Grlory, glory !” The years 1835-45 were years of great activity in the temper- ance cause throughout the world. In the United States the principle of total abstinence was adopted by all Societies. The American Temperance Union, with State and Local Societies in great numbers, continued the agitation, and laws pi'ohibiting the traffic in intoxicating liquors were passed in some of the States. In 1844 the National Temperance Society was formed in England, which by its numerous organisations helped by slow degrees to promote a sentiment in favor of total abstinence. In Scotland the temperance cause had revived under the abstinence system, and in 1844 the Scottish Temperance League was founded. But it was in Ireland that the Temperance cause made most remarkable progress during this period (1838-45). In that country the friends of temperance had been chiefly Protestants, although the great bulk of the population consisted of Roman Catholics. A great movement afterwards took place among the latter, through the influence of Father Mathew. Theobald Mathew was born in 1790. After being educated as a Roman Catholic priest, he was 2 10 TEMPEBANCE REFORM. FATHER MATHEW. appointed to Cork, a large city in the south o£ Ireland. There he laboured for 18 years with untiring zeal among the poor. Finding that the poverty and degradation of the people were mainly owing to drunkenness, he determined to become a total abstainer. In April 1838, he signed the pledge at the instance of William Martin, a Quaker. He immediately began his crusade, and in 3 months 25,000 persons had joined his standard, and befoi'e the close of the year they had increased to 160,000. The move- ment was not confined to Ireland, but extended to all parts of Great Britain where there was a large Irish population, and he even visited America. The form of the engagement was religious, and was accompanied by the presentation of a medal, to which the utmost reverence was attached by the recipient. He administered the pledge to millions of men and women. The effect of his labours TEMPERANCE REEOEM IN THE WEST. 11 was seen in the great decrease in the consumption of spirits, as also in the lessening of crimes arising from drunkenness. The unbounded charity of Father Mathew and the heavy expenses connected with his work, involved him in debt. Govern- ment gave him a pension of £300 a year, and private subscriptions were raised to meet his liabilities. The great Irish famine. (1846- 48) had an injurious effect upon the temperance cause in Ireland, and with it began the decay in the health of Father Mathew. Worn out by his labours, he died in 1856. The first World’s Temperance Convention, held in London in 1846, was attended by 305 delegates, of whom 28 were from the United States. Bands of Hope. — It is very difficult to reform confirmed drunkards. Even though they may give up liquor for a time, they are liable to relapse when temptation offers. The greatest safe- guard against drunkenness is for the young to become total ab- stainers. The taste for strong drink never having been acquired, they are not tempted to fall like drunkards. The name, “ Band of Hope,” was first applied to temperance societies for the young in 1847. Under this happy title they have since so largely increased as to form a large department of the whole movement. It is esti- mated that upwards of two millions of young persons in the United Kingdom now belong to Band of Hope Societies. Liquor Laws — To prevent the multiplication of liquor shops, licenses from Government require to be taken. In 1851, Maine, one of the United States of America, passed a law prohibiting the sale of liquor except for medicinal purposes. This led some other States of the Union to adopt the “ Maine Law.” The injurious working of the licensing laws led in 1853 to the establishment of the United Kingdom Alliance for the Legis- lative Suppression of the Liquor Traffic. Its first President was Sir W. C. Trevelyan. The Council issued a Declaration of which the following are the first two propositions : 1. “ That it is neither right nor politic for the State to afford legal protection and sanction to any traffic or system which tends to increase cr-ime, to waste the national resources, to corrupt the social habits, and to destroy the health and lives of the people. 2. “ That the traffic in intoxicating liquors as common beverages is inimical to the true interests of individuals, and destructive of the order and welfare of society, and ought therefore to be prohibited.” The great advocate in parliament of this movement has been Sir Wilfrid Lawson, of whom a short account will now be given. He was born in 1829, the nephew of Sir James Graham, and privately educated. Like his father, from an early age he has been an enthusiastic advocate of the temperance movement. In 1859 he was elected member of parliament for Carlisle, but through 12 TEMPERANCE REFORM. SIR WILFRID LAWSON. the efforts of the liquor sellers, he lost his seat at the next election in 1865. In 1868, however, he was returned at the head of the poll. His efforts in parliament on behalf of temperance will be noticed separately. The speeches of Sir Wilfrid are very humorous, and he is everywhere popular. In 1857 the Alliance adopted a series of suggestions for a “Voluntary Maine Law,’' or “Permissive Bill,” which would enable every district to decide by a direct vote of the local electors whether the liquor traffic should exist therein or not. In March 1864, Sir Wilfrid Lawson obtained a first reading for his Permis- sive Bill, and petitions in its favour, bearing nearly half a million of signatures, were presented. The preamble ran thus : “ Whereas the common sale of intoxicating liquors is a fruitful source of crime, immorality^ pauperism, disease, lunacy, and premature death, whereby not only the individuals who give way to drinking habits are plunged into misery, but grievous wrong is done to the persons and pro- perty of Her Majesty’s subjects at large, and the public rates and taxes are greatly augmented ; and whereas it is right and expedient to confer TEMPERANCE REFORM IN THE WEST. 13 upon the rate-payers of cities, boroughs, parishes, and townships, the power to prohibit such common sale as aforesaid, be it therefore enacted,” &c. The debate at the second reading of the Bill was enlivened by the wit of Sir Wilfred, but it received only 37 votes against 294. . In a letter to the Alliance Mr. Gladstone stated his “ dis- position to let in the principle of local option, wherever it is likely to be found satisfactory.” The phrase “ local option” was con- sidered a happy one — and was adopted. Sir Wilfrid Lawson moved the Local Option Resolution which was as follows : ” That inasmuch as the ancient and avowed object of licensing the sale of intoxicating liquor is the supply of a supposed public want with- out detriment to the public welfare, this House is of opinion that a legal power of restraining the issue or renewal of licenses should be placed in the hands of the persons most deeply interested and affected, namely the inhabitants themselves, who are entitled to protection from the injurious consequences of the present system, by some efficient measure of Local Option.” The Resolution, as before, was strougly opposed, and was rejeefed by 252 votes to 164. Though lost, the Resolution had a much larger support than the Permissive Bill. In 1880 Sir Wilfrid again moved his Resolution, which was canied by a majority of 26. When again submitted in 1883, the majority increased to 87, in- cluding that of Mr. Gladstone and 5 other Cabinet Ministers. Lord Rosebery^s Administration sought to introduce a measure some- what similar, but it was defeated. Progress of Temperance in England.— -The movement has gained the support of some men high in position, and noted for their abilities. Among them may be named the Bishop of London and Dean Farrar. A short account may be given of the latter. He is the son of an Indian Missionary, born in Bombay in 1831. He graduated at Cambridge, where he gained the Chancellor’s medal for English verse. He was first an assistant master at Marlborough College under Dr. Cotton, afterwards Bishop of Cal- cutta. In 1871 he was appointed head-master of Marlborough College. While holding this office he produced his celebrated Life of Christ. In 1876 he was appointed to a church in West- minster, where he saw much of the London poor. From being an eye-witness of the terrible evils caused by strong drink, he became an enthusiastic advocate of the temperance cause. He is now Dean of Canterbury, and is regarded as one of the most eloquent preachers in England. This paper in Temperance Reform will conclude with part of an address on the subject by Dean Farrar. Sir B. W. Richardson, an eminent physician, as also an earnest advocate of the movement. The Women’s Crusade against whisky in America, which TEMPJiEANCE EEPORM. DEAR FARRAR. commenced at the close of 1873, led to the abandonment of the traffic by a large number of liquor-sellers. It also issued in the formation of the Women’s World Christian Temperance Union.” As women were great sufferers from the intemperance of their hus- bands, it was fitting that they should take an active part in pro- moting temperance reform. Two of the leaders are Miss Willard in America and Lady Henry Somerset in England. A grand Women’s Temperance Convention was held in London in 1895. The “Blue Ribbon” movement denotes wearing a little strip of blue ribbon to indicate that the person is a total abstainer. SPREAD OP INTEMPERANCE IN INDIA. 15 Spread op Intemperance in India. It has been mentioned that certain classes in India have always been addicted to liquor. Mann’s Code lays no restriction in this respect upon Sudras. There are tribes that have been accustomed from time immeniorial to distil strong drink from the mohra flower. On the other hand, when the English came to the country the great bulk of the people were total abstainers. It is a sad truth that men are much more ready to imitate vices than virtues. Both Europeans and Hindus have their good and bad qualities. One of the greatest blemishes of the former is their drinking habits. Soldiers and sailors sometimes take such quantities of liquor that they lose their senses, and become objects of fear or derision. Even among the higher classes of Europeans in former days, intemperance was not uncommon. When English began to be studied in Bengal, it was thought by some that it would be a mark of progress to imitate the drink- ing habits of their teachers. When an Indian gentleman gave an entertainment to Europeans, a large supply of beer, champagne, and spirits was provided. Gradually as Indians imitated Enropeans in their style of living, they began to eat and drink with their guests, and lastly to drink freely among themselves. In 1866 the progress of intemperance excited so much alarm in Bengal, that a Memorial from the “ Inhabitants of the Province” was addressed to the Hon. Cecil Beadon, the Lieutenant- Governor : 1. “ That in the opinion of your Memorialists, the vice of drun- kenness has now become so prevalent among the inhabitants of the Ben- gal Provinces, and is the immediate cause of so much poverty, suffering, disease, and crime, that it is the manifest duty of Governors to direct special attention thereto, with the view of adopting measures not only to check the spread, but to dry np some at least of the sources of this social cm’se. 2. That the rapid increase of this vice of late years, among the people, including many young men of the better classes of native society, who have received an English Education, and who are now to be found in. almost every part of Bengal, justly adds to the auxiety, with which it is contemplated by very many who exert themselves to promote the general welfare. 3. That the further enquiry is made into the extent of the vice of di'unkenness among the people, the more deeply rooted and widely spread does it prove to be ; and that, without assistance of a nature which can be rendered only by Government, it is vain to look for any appreciable effects upon the masses of the victims of this vice, from the efforts of philanthropy, whether of individual or of societies. 4. That your memorialists believe that such assistance can best be rendered by Government, at present, by the appointment of a special 16 TKMPEBANCE EEFOEM. commission to enquire into the extent of the evils to be traced mainly to the prevalence of the vice of drunkenness, and to ascertain what are the chief causes of this vice* and how far these are under the control of the legislature. , , . 8. That your Memorialists urge the adoption of the measure now- proposed by them, with all the more confidence, as it is known to them that the Government of Bombay has appointed a Commission of Enquiry for that Presidency, -who are required in the words of the Government letter to submit, ‘such a Report on the history and statistics of our Abkari revenue as may show its general effect on the health and morals of the community of all classes, European and Native, in and out of our creeks and great cities, and in the Bheel jungles, as well as in towns and civilized villages, and may lay down for Government a course of policy which shall have for its primary object to check intemperance, and which shall regard the Abkari revenue as a source of public income to be increased only so far, and by such measures as are clearly not calculated to stimulate artificially and by state agency the nse of intoxicating liquors and drugs.” During the same year, 1866, the Calcutta Missionary Conference presented a Memorial with the same petition, containing the follow- ing extracts : 2. That in the prosecution of their labours, your Memorialists have witnessed with great concern the large increase daring the past few years of the use of intoxicating liquors and drugs among the native community, and the corresponding increase of drunkenness and crime that have resulted therefrom. 6. That your Memorialists, without objecting to the principle which the Excise Department has laid down that ‘ as large an amount of revenue shall be raised from intoxicating liquors and drugs as is compa- tible with the greatest possible discouragement of their use’ would submit that in practice, the first part of this rule has been implicitly followed out, while the latter has been practically disregarded.” It does not appear that the Memorial for a Committee of Enquiry was granted, for a similar request was made to Mr. Beadon’s successor, Mr. afterwards Sir George, Campbell. The Hindu Patriot thus notices the extent of the evil : “ We have daily, nay hourly, evidences of the ravages which the brandy-bottle is making upon the flower of onr society. Wealth, rank, honor, and character, health, and talents, have all perished in the blighting presence of this huge monster.” March 24, 1863. The Friend of India says : “ The spread of drunkenness by our excise system has alarmed several of the ‘ inhabitants of the Bengal Presidency,’ into submitting a well- written memorial to the Government of India. They express ‘ anxiety and alarm’ at the increase of intemperance among the native population and its frightful effects upon their health and morals. They ascribe this to the reckless licensing system, and declare that a Commission SPEBAD OP INTIMPEEANCE IN INDIA. 17 similar to that appointed by convocation in England would reveal the greatness of the evil.” The Indian Mirror, noticing the Bengal Excise Report for 1871-72, says : “ The revenue collected during the year was Rs, 7 j 567,299 or Rs. 798,365 over the average of the last five years, and Rs. 424,887 over the totals of the last year. In other words, with an efficient establishment to be rendered' more efficient with the progress of the age, the Government proceeds on the holy mission of converting India into a country of drunkards, opium-eaters, ganja-smokers, &c. The tone of public opinion, heightened by the action of the anti-opium and temperance movement in India, has resulted in the fact of Government being more cautious in its expressions of the results of the excise administra- tion of these provinces. Government no longer praise snob officers as succeed in returning the largest revenue to the coffers of the State. Efficiency is praised, though we do not know whether efficiency in col- lecting money is implied in it. Nevertheless it seems to ns that there runs throughout these pages a secret vein of rejoicing and triumph, as officer after officer comes to assure the Lieutenant-Governor of the increase in the revenue in particular kinds of drugs or intoxicating liquors. It becomes proper that in view of the great ruin and desolation caused by the indulgence in wine and the consumption of opium, writers of reports should put themselves in sackcloth and ashes.” March 16, 1873. The Lieutenant-Governor, in a Resolution, dated 27th January, 1872, acknowledged : “ There can be no doubt that the growing use of European spirits among the upper classes who lead a sedentary life is purely injurious. Mr. Money’s recommendation that the duty on European spirits should be raised will receive Mr, Campbell’s careful consideration with reference to political as well as fiscal considerations, for he heartily concurs in the Board’s old maxim, which has been, he fears, occasionally overlooked that the excise administration should aim not an increase of revenue alone, hut at an increase of revenue combined with the greatest dis- couragement to consumption.” Two bills were introduced by Mr. Campbell into the Bengal Council to amend the liquor laws. Keshub Chunder Sen writes that Lord Northbrook, the Governor-General, with whom he had an interview, seemed “ anxious to reform the excise administration and arrest the spread of drunkenness.” The evil is not confined to Bengal. “ A Hindu,” writing to the Times of India, says : “ Go wherever you may, the first thing you will be offered is brandy-pani. This has taken the place of pansopari, which it was once the custom to offer among Hindus.” Dinners are thought incomplete without intoxicating liquors. Customs dying out in England have been re'vived, as drinking 3 18 TEMPERANCE REFORM. healths. The practice of offering wine to visitors no longer exists among respectable classes in England. Recent Customs and Excise Statistics. — The totals of the net excise and customs revenues on liquors and drugs consumed in India during the past 20 years compare thus : Rx. Rx. 1874-75 2,633,369 , 1889-90 5,294,420 1880-81 3,515,062 ’ 1891-92 5,516,827 1883-84 4,259,099 1892-93 5,659,685 1886-87 4,864,764 1893-94 5,784,438 In 1893-94 the whole drink and drug revenues of India amounted to 4| Annas a head of the whole population of British India. The imports were as follows in gallons : 1882-83. 1892-93. Malt Liquors 1,170,554 3,052,194. Spirits 949,169 1,057,347. Wines and Liquors 418,169 351,885. It will be seen that the consumption of wines has decreased ; that there has been some increase under spirits ; but malt liquor has nearly trebled. The Indian breweries are also turning out large quantities. The following table gives the excise revenue in tens of Rupees for the years mentioned,* with the number of retail shops licensed in 1893-94 for the sale of intoxicating liquors and drugs. Licensed shopsf 1882-83 1892-93 1893-94 India, Government 32,463 104,907 Bengal 978,897 1,159,458 24,731 N. W. P. and Oudh 475,223 549,877 16,060 Punjab 131,495 182,284 5,190 Burma 225,492 474,737 1,461 Central Provinces 218,195 275,608 8,940 Assam 200,999 258,730 1,488 Madras 645,842 1,211,146 32,490 Bombay 700,955 1,025,696 7,496 Revenue, Net 3,609,561 5,242,443 100,675 Charges 94,431 193,013 In 1893-94 there were 33,148 shops licensed for the retail of Spirits made in India, 3,024 for the sale of Imported Liquors, 43,430 for the sale of Toddy and other Indian Fermented Drinks, 9,460 for the sale of Opium and its compounds, 14,61 3 for the sale of other Narcotics than opium. * Statistical Abstract, 28th number, p, 101. t Statement of Progress, 30th number, p. 50. The total includes 2819 in Berar, TEMPEEANCE EEPOEM IN INDIA. 19 Madras had the largest number of arrack and toddy shops, 11,402 and 19,125, respectively. Bengal had the largest number of opium shops, 2,143 ; the N. W. P. and Oudh the largest number for the sale of other narcotics, 3,905. The import duty is Rs. 6 per gallon on London proof spirit; 2^ Rs. per gallon on sparkling wines ; one rupee per gallon on other wines, and one anna per gallon on beer. The duty on spirits manufactured in India “ ranges as high as Rs. 5 per gallon of London proof spirit ; if the cost of licenses be added, the total duties are in places more than Rs. 7 per gallon of London proof spirit.” The “ Statement” says : “ There has been a considerable in- crease in excise revenue during the past 30 yeats ; but this increase, though in part due to enhanced consumption of liquors caused by the growth of population and the general increase of earnings, is yet largely, and in some localities mainly the result of improved excise administration, which has doubled or trebled the rates of liquor duty, and has, at the same time, restricted the use of illicit intoxicats.” p. 49. TeMPE BANCE Ro'nB.M TW TyLDT^, One of the earliest and most zealous Temperance reformers in India was Archdeacon Jeffreys of Bombay. He wrote a power- ful appeal on the subject. Among other labourers, American Mis- sionaries took a prominent part. Gradual Improvement among Europeans.— Dr. Pringle says : “ As regard drinking habits among Europeans of all classes, there cannot be a donbt that, in this part, there has been a marked improve- ment during the last 20 years, due in a great measure to the higher tone of society in the upper classes, under this head.” The substitution of gin and whisky for brandy. Dr. Pringle says has tended to reduce the mortality from strong drink. “ Brandy, from its peculiar stimulant action on the heart, and through it on the vessels of the brain, was without doubt the most injuri- ous alcoholic stimulant which could be taken in a tropical climate.” Dr. Pringle, adds : “ If an improvement has taken place in the drinking habits of the upper classes among the European population, a still more marked improve- ment is visible among the non-official classes, such for instance, as the railway employes-”* Temperance movemeu't among— Soldiexs.^— This began at a station where the Rev. J. G-. Gregson happened to be residing. His * British and Colonial Temperance Congress, 1886, pp. 141, 142. 20 TEMPEEANCE EEIOBM. efforts were so successful that he afterwards devoted himself for several years to temperance work among soldiers in India. In 1888, the Army Temperance Association was started, and the salary of a Secretary was allowed hy Government. The Kev. J. G. Gregson, on leaving India, was succeeded by the Rev. B. T. Beatty, in whose time the Association numbered 14,000 members. Mr. Beatty was succeeded by the Rev. J. H. Bateson. On March 31st 1895j the Ass ocia tion had 177 branches, with a mj.mb^eEahip_Qf_24j600, “ The effect upon the health and morals of the Army in India, of Total Abstinence, is very remarkable. The convictions from court martials among tee-totalers numbered less than 100, as compared with over 2,000 among non-abstainers, work- ing out a percentage of 454 among the former, compared with 4,282 among the latter. Among minor offences of discipline only 22 per 1000 were tee-totalers compared with 100 per 1000 among non-abstainers. As regards health, the number of admissions to hospitals among total abstainers were 6’6 as compared with 12 per cent, of drinkers. Many years ago Lord Roberts told me the Army MS. S4MUEL smith. TEMPEBANCM EEFOEM IN INDIA. 21 Temperance Association practically raised the effective strength of the British Army in India, by at least two battalions, and now it must be at least three.”* The Army Temperance Association owes its success in no small degree to the cordial support it has received from officers high in authority. Lord Roberts warmly commended it to the soldiers; Sir Donald Stewart, formerly Commander-in-Chief, was himself an abstainer. Organised Movement among Indians. — There have been earn- est workers in the cause of temperance in different parts of the country, but only the ‘^ Anglo-Indian Temperance Associatin n.” can be noticed. This was established a few years ago by some warm friends of India. The President is Ms. Samuel Smith, M. P. Mr. Smith was born in 1836. After receiving his education at the Edinburgh University, he removed to Liverpool, where he entered into busi- ness as a cotton merchant. During the cotton famine, caused about 1862 by the civil war in America, he visited India to obtain information about the supply of Indian cotton, and he made a second visit at a later period. He represented Liverpool. in Parlia- ment for 1882 to 1885. Since 1886 he has represented Flintshire. He has written India Revisited, and a work on the evidences of Christianity. The Secretary is Mr. William Sproston Caine. Mr. Caine, born in 1842, is the son of a Liverpool merchant. He was edu- MR. W. S. CAINE, *The Ahhari, October 1895, p. 83. 22 TEMPERANCE REFORM. cated privately. In 1864 he was admitted as a partner in his father’s business in the iron trade, from which he has now retired. In 1868 he married the eldest daughter of the Rev. Hugh Stowell Brown. For more than 20 years Mr. Caine has been President of the Liverpool Temperance Union. At his mines in Cumberland he has built a Temperance Hall, and maintains a missionary for the work-people. Near his London residence, he maintains a hall where Christian services are conducted for the benefit mainly of poor people. He is ably supported by Mrs. Caine, who has there a large mothers’ meeting. After two unsuccessful attempts to enter Parliament, he gained his object in 1880. In 1884 he was appointed Civil Lord of the Admiralty. He entered Parliament as a supporter of Mr. Glad- stone ; but when the latter adopted Home Rule for Ireland, he resigned his seat. He afterwards became member for the Eastern Division of Bradford. In the winter of 1887-8, he made a trip round the world, and spent some time in India on his way home. Another visit enabled him to produce an excellent work. Pictures- que India, beautifully illustrated. Mr. Caine is an earnest, fluent speaker, a staunch tee-totaler. His zeal in the cause was one great reason why he lost his seat in 1895. Mr. Caine takes a deep interest in all questions connected with India. The Rev. Thomas Evans, Baptist Missionary, may be con- sidered the Agent of the Association. He was born in 1826 in South Wales. In 1855 he arrived in India as a missionary. He laboured at different stations in India until 1885, when on account of ill health he retired to the hills. For the last few years he has travelled over India advocating temperance ; his expenses being paid by the Association. Mr. Evans is a ready speaker in Hindi, and sometimes uses poetry with effect. In an account of an effort among tea garden labourers in Dehra Doon he says : “ Before our mass meeting broke up we had a mighty shout from the host of the following words, which I asked them to repeat after me : — “ Pani pio, Chula raho, Shurat jo pive — nash ho jave.” Trans . — “ Water drinkers well will be, Liquor drink and sickness see.” Also— Jo pive shurab — so hovega khrab, Jo pive dhood pani, so hove chulvarie.” Trans . — “ Who drinketh strong liquor to ruin will fall, But drink milk and water, and good comes to all.” As the air went on vibrating with the loud shouts of these words, the congregation dispersed to their homes in the lines of the different tea gardens, to talk and think of the novel experience they had on this day of battle with the demon drink.”* * Ahkari, July 1893, p. 116. TEMPEEANCB REFOBM IN INDIA. 23 The Report of the Association of 1894-95 thus notices the work of other active labourers in the cause : “ The Mahant Kesho Ram Roy has rendered splendid service, as usual, during the year under review. Not only has he maintained his important work at Benares, but he has inaugurated similar caste move- ments in other parts of India. He paid a long visit to the Bombay Presidency, devoting himself mainly to the Surat district, where a special opening presented itself in consequence of a strike against the Govern- ment liquor shops on the part of certain Hindu castes who drink intoxicants. He visited Baroda also, where he succeeded in pledging the Panchayat of Barbers against the use of liquor. A full account of the Mahant’s tonr in Bombay Presidency will be found in the last number of Abkari. “ A well-known Indian gentleman, resident in Bombay, was so deeply impressed with the power and influence of the Mahant, that he has offered to pay the whole of his salary and expenses for three years, if yonr Com- mittee will allow him to devote himself to the Bombay presidency. Four Committee, however, cannot advise that he should be withdrawn from his important work at Benares, where he is able to influence a great number of earnest Hindus who resort to the Holy City from every part of India. “ The Mahant also visited the important centres of Jaunpur and Mirzapur, in company with onr staunch and tried friend, Mr. Ondh Behari Lai, m.a., and roused the moral forces in both cities on the side of Total Abstinence from liquor and drugs. “ Thanks to the generosity of Mr. Jamsetji N. Tata, of Bombay, your Committee have been able to add three lecturers for the Bombay Presi- dency, to co-operate with Mr. Tashwant J. Debir, who has served the Association with such ability and faithfulness for nearly three years. Ail these lecturers are under the control of the Indian Temperance Society of Bombay, one of our oldest affiliated Societies, and are doing excellent work, with marked success.” The Association has organised in London the “ Indian Brother- hood of Total Abstainers.” It consists of the Executive Committee and about 40 Indian gentlemen residing in London, mostly students at the Inns of Court. It is proposed that the Brotherhood should, from time to time, be entertained at the houses of English friends in London. Ahhari, the quarterly organ of the Association, for October 1895, given a list of 224 Indian Societies now affiliated to the Anglo-Indian Temperance Association. The temperance movement has made special progress among the Kayasthas, or writer caste, of North India. The General Secretary, Narayana Prasad Ashthan, M. A., ll. b., writes : “ At Agra, specially in the Kayastha community, we have been working silently and patiently for the last four years, and very appreciable results have come out of our endeavours. There is now not a single festival, not even the Holi, nor a single marriage celebrated, 24 TEMPESANCE REEOSM. in which you will find wine publicly used. Young persons have generally taken pledges of Total Abstinence, while elderly persons are ashamed of their habits.”* The 2ad Resolution passed at the Poona Social Conference, in 1895 was as follows : “ The Conference notes with pleasure that — thanks to the noble efforts made by Mr. W. S. Caine, Rev. Mr. Evans, and their native fellow-workers — considerable success has attended the efforts of the Kayastha Temperance Society and similar other caste organisations for the promotion of total abstinence, and it feels, more than ever, the necessity of active co-operation between the Temperance movements in India, and in England and America. The vice is not of ancient growth here and is still confined to minorities, and it is, in the opinion of the Conference, necessary that the majority of total abstainers should exert themselves to popularise their views, and should have the power of enforcing them by some adaptation of the principle of local option, which cannot be secured without the co-operation of the English and American Temperance Societies.” Resolutions in favour of Total Abstinence were also passed by the Vaishya Conference at Muttra, and the SriVaishnava Conference at Berhampore, Madras Presidency. Reasons foe Temperance Reform. 1 . Intoxicating Liquors are unnecessary. — The ox, the horse, and other animals do not need them : no more, do human beings. The ancient Greeks had a proverb, water is best.” As a nation they were very desirous of excelling in athletic sports. At the public games crowds assembled from all parts of the country. Persons in training for them abstained from the use of wine as it diminished their strength. ‘ 0 ! water for me ! bright water for me, And wine for the tremulous debauchee,’ It cooleth the brow ; it cooleth the brain, It maketh the faint one strong again It comes o’er the sense like a breeze from the sea. All freshness, like infant purity, O, water ! bright water, for me, for me ! Give wine, give wine to the debauchee !” 2. Intoxicating Liquors lead to Poverty. — It has been mentioned that England, although one of the richest countries in the world, contains many families in the most wretched poverty. The grand explanation is that about 150 millions sterling is spent on intoxicating liquors. In India in 1893-4 the revenue from liquors and opium amounted to 578 lakhs of rupees. To this must be added the profit to the liquor sellers. All this large sum would * Ahhari , October 1895, p. 81. REASONS FOR TEMPERANCE REFORM. 26 be saved by total abstinence. At present it is worse than wasted. It had better been cast into the Bay of Bengal. The Hindu Patriot says : “ Notwithstanding the improved education and resources of our higher classes, it is a notorious fact that they can now save very little, and this new feature of our domestic and social economy is, in a great measure, due to the fell drink-craving. Families once flourishing have been reduced to absolute pauperism by the wreck brought by it.” 3. Intoxicating Liquors lead to Domestic Misery. — They do so in various ways. The money that should be spent on the sup- port of the family is wasted on strong drink. Persons given to liquor often lose their situations. Their wives and children are ill clad and half-starved. The house is the abode of wretchedness. 4. Total Abstinence the only Safe Course. — The desire for water does not increase. It is different, however, with intoxicating liquors. As the body becomes weaker, a larger quantity is required to produce the same effect, and at last, in some cases, nothing else is cared for, and the unhappy victim dies a drunkard. No reputation, no wisdom, nor hardly any worth will secure a man against drunkenness. Channing says : “ Let no one say when he thinks of the drunkard, broken in health and spoiled of intellect, ‘ I can never so fall.’ He thought as little of falling in his earlier years. The prevision of his youth was as bright as yours ; and even after he began his downward course he was as un- suspicious as the firmest around him, and would have repelled as in- dignantly the admonition to beware of intemperance. The danger of this vice lies in its almost imperceptible approach. Few who perish by it know its first access- Youth does not see or suspect drunk- enness in the sparkling beverage.’’ 5. Total Abstinence is the only Safe Example. — The influ- ence of a respectable moderate drinker is far more dangerous than that of a drunkard. Others are tempted to begin the use of intoxicating liquors, hoping that they will be moderate like the person they copy. But there are many persons who cannot be moderate. Dr. Johnson gave this as his reason for total abstinence. This is especially the case with Indians. If they began to use in- toxicating liquors, they are very apt to become drunkards. A child who sees his father take wine, may suppose this he may well do the same ; but total abstinence would have a contrary effect. 6. Intemperance leads to other Vices and Crimes.- — To get money to spend on strong drink, men are tempted to dishonesty, and perhaps end their days in prison. Intemperance is often accompanied by licentiousness. Solomon says of the use of wine, “ Thine eyes shall behold strange women” (prostitutes) . It fre- quently leads to quarrels. “ Who hath woe ?” says Solomon, “ who hath sorrow ? who hath contentions ? who hath babbling ? who hath wounds without cause ? who hath redness of eyes ?” They 4 26 TEMPERANCE REFORM. that tarry long at the wine ; they that go to seek mixed wine.” Murders are often committed under the influence of strong drink. 7. Pity for Victims. — The poor drunkard becomes at last a slave to the vice. “ He feels his captivity,” says an American writer, “and in anguish of spirit clanks his chains, and ci’ies for help. Conscience thunders, remorse goads, and as the gulf opens before him, he recoils, and trembleSf and weeps, and prays, and resolves, and promises, and reforms, and ‘ seeks it yet again again resolves, and weeps and prays, and ‘ seeks it yet again !’ Wretched man, he has placed himself in the hand of a giant who never pities, and never relaxes his iron grasp. He may struggle, but he is in chains. He may cry for release, but it comes not ; and lost ! lost ! may be inscribed upon the door-posts of his dwelling.” Total Abstinence is the best preventative against the formation of habits leading to such an unhappy end. The drink craving in such becomes almost irresistible. It is said that when it comes on, it is alleviated by drinking hot water. This is a simple remedy, easily obtained, and which cannot passibly do harm. Its trial should be encouraged. 8. Love of Country- — It has been shown that drunkenness is the curse of England. Notwithstanding the healthy climate, the strong constitution of Englishmen, numbers fall victims to disease and early death. Intemperance would make still more destructive ravages in India. A North American Indian said : “We were once a powerful people, and our enemies feared us, and our wigwams (huts) were healthy, and our young men were brave ; but the white man came, and he brought the accursed fire-water with him and now our tribe is enervated, our wigwams are poor, our glory is gone.” Drunkenness would produce the same results in India. 9. Intemperance leads to Disease and early Death. — G-ood muscular exercise, as cricket, quickens the motion of the blood, enables the body to throw of its worn-out matter and gives a good appetite for food out of which new matter is introduced into the body to take the place of what has been used up. But alcohol, on the other hand, loads the body with waste matter, reduces the appetite, and impairs digestion, so that the body becomes weaker and weaker. Alcohol makes the heart beat faster, and the blood is sent to the surface of the body making the face red, and the body feel warm, but the effects soon pass away, and the heat of the body falls for a time below the usual temperature. The remedy for this depression is more alcohol. The proverb is, “ A hair of the dog cures the bite.” As a weary horse is whipped to make him go faster, so the weary heart is stimulated by alcohol. By repetition the heart is weakened ; the stomach cannot digest food properly. Drunkenness causes redness of eyes, but it is not con- fined to them ; the brain becomes inflamed, the face bloated, the EEASONS POE TfiMPEEANCE EBPOEM. 27 liver becomes hard and shrunken. Sometimes the blood vessels burst in the brain, causing sudden death by apoplexy. It is a sad truth that some of the brightest intellects have fallen victims to intemperance, and died prematurely. This has not unfrequently been the case with educated Hindus. 10. Drunkenness tends to become Hereditary. — This is one of the most lamentable effects of intemperance. Persons fond of intoxicating drinks are often offspring of parents who have indulged in stimulants, or who have weakened their constitution by vicious habits. Mr. Darwin says : “ It is remarkable that all diseases aris- ing from drinking spirituous or fermented liquors are liable to become hereditary, even to the third generation, increasing, if the cause be continued, till the family becomes extinct. '' The evils of intemperance are quaintly shown by the “ Drunkard’s Tree THE DRUNKARD’S TREE. The Sin of DRUNKENNESS, Expels Reason, Drowns Memory, Distempers the Body, Effaces Beauty, Diminishes Strength, Corrupts the Blood, Inflames the Liver, Weakens the Brain, Turns Men into Walking Hospitals, causes Internal, External, and Incurable Wounds ; is a Witch to the Senses, A Devil to the Soul, a Thief to the Purse, the Beggar’s Companion, Wife’s Woe, and Children’s Sorrow ; makes man become a Beast and A Self-murderer, who drinks to others’ Good Health, and Robs himself of His own ! Nor is this all ! It exposes to the Divine Dis- pleasure here ; and hereafter to Eternal Destruction. Such are some of the evils springing from the Root of DRUNKENNESS ! 28 TEMPEEANCU REFORM. How TO Promote Temperance Reform. Since intemperance is causing the fearful evils described in the preceding chapter ; it becomes the bounden duty of all to do what they can to check its spread. Some of the means to be em- ployed will now be mentioned. 1. Become a Member of a Total Abstinence Society. — This is the most effectual course. If you are fond of drink, abandon it before it be too late for your own sake ; if you are not fond of it, it will cost you nothing to give it up. Drunkards need encouragement to join such Societies. It is thought by some that only such persons require to join them ; hence to do so is regarded as a confession of the vice. This objection is obviated when pei’sons of high position and character become members. The English Societies include noblemen, bishops noted for their learning and piety, or others respected for their worth. 2. Encourage others to join Total Abstinence Societies. — If you have children old enough, get them to become members. If there is a Band of Hope, they can join it. Next try to get all your other relatives to follow your example. Widening the circle, endeavour to influence your friends and neighbours. 3. Seek the Reduction of the Number of Iiiquor Shops. — The multiplication of liquor shops is a fruitful cause of intemperance. Cowper thus refers, in sad irouy, to drinking as a source of re- venue in England : “ Drink and be mad then. ’Tis your country bids. Gloriously drunk, obey the important cal]. Her cause demands the assistance of your throats. Ye all can swallow, and she asks no more.” Government wants money. There is therefore a temptation to officers to raise as much as they can to obtain promotion. The professed rule has been quoted “ the maximum revenue with the minimum consumption.” It should rather be only “ the minimum consumption.” Gladstone says, “It is the duty of government to make it easy for the people to do well, and difficult to do ill.” The opposite is the case when liquor shops are opened. When a Missionary condemned the drinking habits of the Santals, they replied: “We would not drink if there were no liquor, shops. We did not bring these shops. Why do you not ask Government to close the shops ? Then we would not drink. We would be very happy if there were no liquor shops. When we see the shops and smell the liquor, then we must drink and get drunk.” The statistics given (see page 18) show that the Madras Presidency has by far the largest numbers of arrack and toddy shops. The notice of “ Terms 1st October 1881” by the Madras Abkari Department, contains the following : — HOW TO PROMOTE TEMPERANCE REFORM. 29 Taluk Vendors. 9. Taluk Vendors .... will be at liberty to select their own shop- keepers and to establish, as a general rule, as many shops as they may consider required for the adequate supply of the locality, subject to the sanction of the Collectors, which will ordinarily be granted in the absence of objections on Police grounds.” It will be seen that taluk vendors are entitled “ to establish as many shops as they may consider necessary, unless there are objections on police grounds.” A taluk vendor may see a good opening in a prosperous village where no liquor shop ever existed before. The people have been orderly, so that there are “no objections on police grounds.^’ According to the terms of purchase, sanction ought to be given in spite of any remonstx’ance cn the part of the inhabitants. The aim ought to be to get the principle of “ local option” sanc- tioned — that when the majority of the people are opposed to the existence of a liquor shop in a place, it should be abolished. Keshub Chunder Sen says : “ We contend for the principle of the Permissive Bill. And why should it not be adopted by our Government? Both the Hindu and Muhammadan communities in India are known to discountenance drink in faith and practice. They cannot therefore be expected to oppose any attempts on the pai’t of our rulers be restrict the use of liquor. If any nation can claim the benefit of the Permissive Bill as a matter of birthright, it is the Indian Nation.” Some progress has been in the above direction. A despatch of Lord Cross to the Government of India, dated May 25th, 1889, contains the following : “ Sites of liquor shops should be as far as possible from market places, bathing ghauts, hospitals, factories, &c. Again. “ No genuine expression of public opinion should be ignor- ed in deciding whether a liquor shop license should be given or not. Again. “ Any extension of the habit of drinking among Indian population is to be discouraged, and the tax on spirits should be as high as may be possible, &c. The avowed policy of the Government of India is as follows : (1.) That the taxation of spirituous and intoxicating liquors and drugs should be as high as it is possible to enforce. (2.) That the trafiic in liquor and drugs should be conducted under suitable regulation for police purposes. (3.) That the number of places at which liquor or drugs can be purchased should be strictly limited with regard to the circumstances of each locality ; and (4.) That efforts should be made to ascertain the cxistonco of local * Calcutta, 21st March, 1873. 80 TEMPEKANCE EEEOBM. pablic sentiment, and that a reasonable amount of deference should be paid to such opinion.” The Bengal Commission says : “ Much care should be exercised in the selections of sites for retail shops both in cities and other Municipal towns, and the wishes of Muni- cipal Commissioners on the subject should invariably receive full con- sideration” (26). The above principles scarcely agree with the Madras Rule about Taluk vendors. The difficulty also is to get them enforced. There ai’e officers of Government who would sacrifice the people for their own selfish ends. Still, they form the ground of an appeal where they are violated. Municipal Commissioners should keep a watchful eye over liquor, opium, and ganja shops, and get them abolished as far as possible. Even one active member may do much. But efforts need not be confined to Municipal Commissioners. The friends of temperance in all parts of the country should present memorials to Government asking for the abolition of liquor shops, wherever it can be done with advantage. The grand argument against the shutting of taverns is that it will lead to illicit sale. The effort ought to be to excite so strong a public opinion against this, as to render it impossible. 4. Encourage lectures on Temperance. — Some may be able to give effective addresses ; all can aid the movement by their presence on such occasions, and inviting others to attend. 5. Circulate Temperance Literature. — The example of Mr. Livesey has been mentioned. When any person called, he always sent him away with papers on the subject. Some telling tracts adapted to India are needed. Poetry may be used with advantages, both couplets like those quoted from Mr. Evans (see page 22) and longer pieces. The Misses Leitch of Jaffna, zealous temperance reformers, secured the publication of some “ Temperance Lyrics’^ in Tamil, but it is to be regretted that their circulation hitherto has been small. Attention is invited to the little collection.* 6. Religious Reformation should be sought.— Mere temporal considerations are often an insufficient barrier against the cravings of appetite. It has frequently happened that drunkards apparently reformed suddenly relapse. Even temperance reformers need a stimulous to exertion and a continuance in well-doing. There have been instances in which they have given way to the evil which once they denounced. The most enduring motive, the best security will be found in accepting God’s gracious offers of mercy through Jesus Christ. Gratitude for pardon, love to the Saviour, the ind welling of God’s # Price i Anna,, Sold by Mr. A. T, Scott, Tract Depot, Madras, QANJA AND OPIUM. 31 Holy Spirit, will be the best safeguards against sin of every kind, and the strongest incentives to benevolence. The daily prayer should also be offered : “ Hold Thou me up, and I shall be safe.” For other remarks on this very important subject, read Short Papers for Seekers after Truth or other works advertised on the wrapper; but, above all, read the New Testament. The remarks on the evils of the use of intoxicating liquors apply equally to the above drugs. The Commissioner of Dacca says of Ganja : — “ I look on all consumption of ganja as an unmitigated curse. It has no redeeming feature. It is the fertile source of crime most danger- ous to the public, and is more than any other the cause for admission to lunatic asylums. I should like to see every check placed on the growth, sales and consumption of ganja, which would not lead to extensive smuggling.” With regard to Opium, the Commissioner of Orissa says : — “ Opium-eating is yearly becoming an engrained habit with all classes, all sexes, and ages, notwithstanding its high price : that the Government system has facilitated this, there can be no doubt. There are shops in every large village, and large quantities are annually consumed. The drug appears to be eagerly sought for, and to have become almost a necessary of life.” The Collector of Balasore, one of the Orissa Districts, remarks : — “ Opium is the bane of this district, and destroys and enfeebles more human beings than anything else. Here it is a true poison. Drugged with opium from his birth, the native of Balasore grows up weak, inert, and stupid ; the dull glassy eye, the heavy loutish bearing, the inability to give a direct answer to a plain question, the indistinct mumbling utterance, the utter prostration of system caused by a slight fever, are all signs of the deadly influence of the drug.” Appeal to Indian Christians. — It is deeply to be regretted that some Indian Christians use intoxicating liquors. Their atten- tion is invited to the following address to them, 'by the late Rev. Dr. Mather, formerly of Mirzapore : “ Many Hindus and Mahomedans regard the use of intoxicating liquors as almost an inevitable result of becoming Christians. It thus becomes a stumbling block to many of them. All earnest-minded Indian Christians ought to give the subject their most solemn considera- tion. The more this evil prevails amongst them, the greater the injury to themselves and the reproach of the holy religion they profess. 32 TEMPERANCE REFORM. We cannot conceive why people, after becoming Christians, should think it necessary to commence the habit of drinking. It is certain that there can be no real necessity for it in their case ; for previous to their receiving Christianity they had no need of it, and why afterwards ? Have they, by becoming Christians, contracted such an amount of bodily weakness as to render stimulating drinks necessary ? Or do they think it an essential part of the Christian Ueligion, so that they cannot be perfect without it ? In this they seem to us like an inva- lid, who should think it necessary to take, with his medicine, those things which tend to strengthen his malady. “ Some may say, that as Europeans are in the habit of drinking, Indian Christians are only following their example. To this we reply, that all Eurppean Christians do not drink. Indeed, many of them think total abstinence a duty. True, many Europeans drink without any cause, and that to excess too. But are our Indian Christians desirous of following the example of these ? We should hope not. But if they will follow those whose example is worthy of their imitation they will entirely give up this habit ; for why do such men drink at all ? generally because of weakness induced by the effects of the climate. This is not the case with our Indian Christians : and therefore it is no reason for them to follow the example of Europeans. And on what occasions do our Indian Christians usually indulge this habit ? Is it when sickness comes upon them? No, it is generally when they come together on occasion of a wedding or a holiday. Some seem to think that they cannot enjoy themselves without drinking. Others follow the very questionable custom of Europeans in drinking each other’s health on such occasions, as if their health and prosperity depended upon it. To us, the intro- duction of this custom among our Indian Christians seems not only absurd, but most dangerous in its tendency. It should therefore be opposed in evei’y possible way. What but evil can result from it ? “We appeal most earnestly thei’efore, to those of our Indian Brethren who occupy positions of importance among the Christians, and who have some influence over them, to do their utmost to put a stop to this desola- ting plague which is spreading so rapidly through the community. To stir them up, we would beseech them to think of the misery it brings upon its victims as well as of the reproach it brings on the cause of our Saviour in this land, and the stumbling block it throws in the way of those who seek the truth. Remember also that when this habit has been contracted other evils follow ; drink renders a man capable of perpetrat- ing any crime. Every effort should be made to turn the current of public opinion against this habit, so that drinking in itself should be considered a disgrace. There is no reason why it should not be so con- sidered. And if our influential Indian brethren exert themselves, it will be so. We therefore appeal to them in the matter, and trust the appeal will not be in vain.” Appeal to Educated Hindus. — Their attention is invited to the following extract from Dean Farrar in the “ Claims of Total Abstinence on the Educated Classes “ When I was at Cambridge, one of the most promising scholars when a youth, years ago, died in a London hospital of delirium tremens GANJA AND OPIUM. 33 through drink. When I was at King’s College, I used to sit next to a handsome youth who grew up to be a brilliant writer. He died in the prime of life, a victim of drink. And why is it that these tragedies are daily happening? It is through the fatal fascination, the seductive sorcery of drink. “ But you, it may be, are quite sure that you will never thus fall. But why are you so sure ? Is your nature so much stronger and nobler than that of Burns, or that of Hartley Coleridge, or than that of Charles Lamb, with his sad cry, “ The waters have gone over me. But out of the depths, could I be heard, I would cry out to all those who have but set a foot in the perilous flood” ? Or why are yon safer than all those drunk- ards in these unhappy islands — many of them men of keen intellect, many of them men of noble instincts ; many of them men of most amiable char- acter ? How did these men became drunkards? Why you know that there is only one way by which any man can become a drunkard, and that is by growing fond of alcohol, at first in moderate drinking — day by day increased a little — year by year a little multiplied — by the solitary becoming the frequent, and the frequent the habitual, till at last it came upon them with a flash that they are drunkards. “ Gentlemen, if every one of you think yourselves so absolutely and so permanently safe from a temptation to which so many millions have succumbed, or if you think that, being absolutely safe yourself, no single person towards whom you have duties and whom you love, nor wife, or child, or friend, or servant, or neighbour, can by any possibility be ever tempted by your example, all I can say is that, while I cannot share your confldence, I most earnestly trust that no bitter irremediable experience may ever give you cause to repent it in dust and ashes. “ If you are fond of wine you ought to abstain for your own sake ; and if you are not fond of wine, you ought to abstain for the sake of others. If you could disprove all that I have as yet said to you, I should say still be a total abstainer for the sake of others.”* Header, for your own sake, for the sake of your family and friends, for the sake of your country, resolve never to taste intoxicating liquors, and do all you can to persuade others to follow your example. Wine. Look not upon the sparkling wine. When red within the cup ! Stay not for pleasure when she fills Her tempting beaker up ! Though clear its depths, and rich its glow, A spell of madness lurks below. They say ’tis pleasant on the lip ; And merry on the brain ; They say it stirs the sluggish blood, And dulls the tooth of pain. Ay — but within its glowing deeps A stinging serpent, unseen, sleeps. * The Voice of the Pulpit on Temperance, pp.^^lO^, 105. 34 TEMPEBANCE REFORM. Its rosy lights will turn to fire. Its coolness change to thirst ; And by its mirth, within the brain A sleepless worm is nursed There’s not a bubble at the brim That does not carry food for him. Then dash the brimming cup aside, And spill its purple wine ; Take not its madness to thy lip — Let not its curse be thine. ’Tia red and rich — but grief and woe Are hid those rosy depths below. W1LI.IS, PAPEES ON INDIAN REFORM. This is a Sei'ies of Papers treating of the great questions connected with Indian progress^ — material and moral. SOCIAL REFORM. On Decision of Charagtee and Moral Courage. 8vo. 56 pp. H As. Post-free, 2 As. A reprint of Foster’s celebrated Essay, with some remarks on its application to India. Sanitary Reform in India. 55 pp. 2 As. Post-free, 2^ As. How lakhs of Lives may be saved every year, and crorea of cases of Sickness prevented ; Precautions against Fever, Cholera, Diabetes, &c. Is India Becoming Poorer or Richer ? With Remedies foe the Existing Poverty. 8vo. 82 pp. 2^ As. Post-free, 3 As. The prevailing idea with regard to the increasing poverty of India shown to be incorrect, and the true means of promoting its wealth explained. Debt and the Right Use of Money. 8vo. 32 pp. 1 Anna. Prevalence of Debt in India j its Causes ; Evils ; how to get out of it ; with Franklin’s Way to Wealth, &c. Purity Reform. 8vo. 32 pp. 1 Anna. The great need of this reform shown, and the means for its promotion. Caste. 8vo. 66 pp. 2 As. Post-free, 2^ As. Supposed and real origin of Caste ; Laws of Caste according to Manu ; its Effects ; Duty with regard to it. The Women of India and what can be Done for Them. 8vo. 158 pp. 4 As. Post-free, 5^ As. Women in Hindu literature; Female Education; Marriage Customs; Widow Marriage; means to be adopted to raise the position of Women. The above complete in one volume, 1 Rupee Net. Postage, 2^ As. Prize Essay on the Promotion of Indian Domestic Reform. 8vo. 144 pp. 4 As. Post-free, 5 As. The prize was gained by Ganpat Lakshman, of Bombay, in 1841- His Essay was published with a Prefatory Note by the Rev. Dr. John Wilson, in which it is highly commended as giving a graphic and correct picture of Hindu family life. RELIGIOUS REFORM. (See also “ The Sacred Books of the East” advertised on last Page of Wrapper.) Popular Hinduism. 8vo. 96 pp. 2^ As. Post-free, 3^ As. Review of the Hinduism of the Epic Poems and Puranas, &c , ; Rites and Obser- vances ; Effects of Hinduism, and Suggested Reforms. Philosophic Hinduism. 8vo. 72 pp. 2^ As. Post-free, 3 As. The CJpanishads; the Six Schools of Hindu Philosophy; the Minor Schools; Doctrines of Philosophic Hinduism ; the Bhagavad Gita ; Causes of the Failure of Hindu Philosophy, &c. 36 ENGLISH PUBLICATIONS. The Brahma Samaj, and other Modern Eclectic Religious, Systems. 108 pp. 3 As. Post-free, 4 As. Modern Hindu Theism ; Eammohnn Roy ; Debendranath Tagore ; Keshub Chunder Sen; the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj ; Madras Brahmoism ; Prarthana Samajes. Krishna as described in the Puranas and Bhagavad Gita 8vo. 72 pp. 2| As. Post-free, 3 As. A full account is given of the Krishna Avatara, chiefly taken from the Vishnu Purana, with some extracts from the Bhagavata Parana and the Mahabharata ; the circumstances which led to the great war between the Pandus and Kurus are described ; and some of the doctrines of the Bhagavad Gita are examined in detail. Account op the Temple op Jagannath at Puri. 8vo. 48 pp. 1^ As. The account is taken chiefly from Dr. Rajendralala Mitra’s Antiquities of Orissa ; Hunter’s Gazetteer of India, Sterling’s Orissa, &c. With views of the temple, pro- cession and images. Christianity Explained to a Hindu; or, The Doctrines op Chris- tianity AND Hinduism Compared. 60 pp. 2 As. Doctrines about God, Creation, the Soul, Karma, Transmigration, Sin, Incarnations, Salvation, Prospects at Death, and Comparative Effects. SwAMi VivEKANANDA ON HINDUISM. 8vo. 96 pp. 3 As. Post-free, 4 AS" The Swami’s Chicago Address is quoted in full and examined ; important facts are brought out which he omitted to state. The History OP Christianity IN India; with its Prospects. 8vo. 150 pp. 5 As. Post-free, 6 As. An account of the early Christian Missions, and the progress of Christianity among the principal nations ; with 35 illustrations, including portraits of some eminent Missionaries. Testimonies op Great Men to the Bible and Christianity. 8vo. 45 pp. 1^ As. Post-free, 2 As. Opinions expressed by great writers, philosophers, scientists, lawyers and statesmen, showing that the Bible and Christianity are flrmly believed by the most eminent men of the time. How THE People op Ancient Europe became Christians, and the Future Religion op India. 8vo. 48 pp. 1| As. Post-free, 2 As. An account of the Eastern and Western Aryans; their common origin; resem- blances in language and religion; how Christianity was first brought to Europe; the opposition it encountered, and its final success ; with the evidence that it will follow a similar course in India. Civilization, Ancient and Modern, Compared; with Remarks on THE Study op Sanskrit. 8vo. 48 pp. 1^ As. Post-free, 2 As. Hindu Civilization in the Vedic and Puranic Periods, contrasted with that of modern times. The accounts of the former have been largely taken from Mr. R. C, Dutt’s Civilization in Ancient India. Long extracts are given from Macaulay’s celebrated Minute on Indian Education, showing the greater benefits to be derived from Western knowledge than from the study of Sanskrit and Arabic. Transmigration. 12mo. 19 pp. By Rev. Dr. W. Hooper. 1 Anna. Tracts por Muhammadans. 12njo. 120 pp. 3 As. By the Rev. Dr. G. House, M. A. Translated from the Bengali. The Integrity of the Gospel; Jesus or Muhammad?; The Sinless Prophet ; The True Islam ; The Koran; Patiha; The Paraclete, &c. are some of the subjects. Doddridge’s Rise and Progress op Religion in the Soul. 12ino. 180 pp. 3 As. Post-free, 4 As. This is an abridged edition of one of the most useful books on Christianity in the English language. ENGLISH PUBLICATIONS. 37 Descriptions of Countries and Peoples. Pictorial Tour round India. Imperial 8vo. 116 pp. 6 As. Post- free, ' 1 \ As. An imaginary tour round India, with visits to Nepal and Cashmere, describing the principal cities and other objects of interest. With 97 woodcuts illustrative of the Himalayas, Calcutta, Benares, Agra, Delhi, Bombay, Madras, &c. The Principal Nations op India. 8vo. 160 pp. 4 As. Post-free, 5 As. An account of 42 Nations and Tribes of India, with specimens of some of their languages, and 55 illustrations. The Native States op India and their Princes; with notices of SOME important Zemindaris. 4to. 100 pp. 5 As. Post-free, 6 As. 157 States are described, and 32 portraits are given. The little book will help to enable Indians to understand the vast extent of their country, and what is being done for its improvement. Kasi, or Benares, The Holy City op the Hindus. Imperial 8vo. 44 pp. 3 As. Post-free, 4 As. An account of the city ; its Sanskrit schools, ghats, temples, and pilgrimages ; with 23 illustrations. The Great Temples op India, Ceylon, and Burma. Imperial 8vo. 104 pp. with 60 illustrations. 6 As. Post-free, As. There are pictures and descriptions of some of the most celebrated Hindu, Sikh, Jain, and Buddhist temples ; as Puri, Budh-Gaya, Benares, Hurdwar, Gangotri, Ellora, Elephanta, Amritsar, Gwalior, Tanjore, Srirangam, Kandy, Prome, and Mandalay. Burma and the Burmese. 4to. 54 pp. 2^ As. Post-free, 3 As. A description of the manners and customs of the Burmese ; an account of their government, religion, and history, with illustrative woodcuts, and portraits of King Theebaw and his Queen. Lanka and its People ; or, A Description op Ceylon. 4to. 72 pp. 3 As. Post-free, 3^ As. The account of Lanka given in the Ramayana is first mentioned. Its history, and present condition are then described, with numerous illustrative woodcuts. Tibet : the Highest Country in the World. 4to. 2| As. An account of the country, its productions, the curious customs of the people, their religions, and supposed living incarnations ; with numerous illustrations. Pictorial Tour round Bible Lands. Imperial 8vo. 100 pp. 6 As. Post-free, 7^1 As. The principal countries mentioned in the Bible and in ancient history are des- cribed ; as, Palestine, Syria, Babylon, Asia Minor, Greece, and Italy ; with 104 Illustrations. Arabia, and its Prophet. 4to. 64 pp. 2^ As. Post-free, 3 As. An account of the Arabs; with descriptions of Jeddah, Mecca, Medina; the History of Muhammad and the early Caliphs ; the Koran, Muslim Doctrines, Sects, Prayers, Pilgrimage, &c. ; with numerous illustrations. Pictures of Kussia and its Peoples. Imperial 8vo. 83 pp. 5 As. Post-free, 6 As. A description both of European and Asiatic Russia, including an account of the different races by which they are peopled, their manners and customs, the Govern- ment, &c. ; with 89 illustrations and maps. Pictures of Women in Many Lands. Imperial 8vo. 112 pp. 6 As. Post-free, 1 \ As. Descriptions of women, beginning with the most degraded nations of the world, and gradually ascending to the most enlightened ; with suggestions, from the i-eview, for Indian women ; with 172 Illustrations. 38 ENGLISH PUBLICATIONS. Biographies. Statesmen op Recent Times. 8vo. 192 pp. 8 As. Post-free, 9^ As. Accounts are given of the leading Statesmen in the great countries of the world ; as Gladstone, Salisbury, Bismarck, and others. Special notice is taken of those interested in India. In all 182 are mentioned, with 122 portraits. The Governoes-General op India, First Series. By Heury Morris, M. C. S. (Retired) 8vo. 145 pp. 4 As. Post-free, 5 As. Contains sketches of the lives of Warren Hastings, Lord Cornwallis, Sir John Shore, Marquis Wellesley, the Earl of Minto, and the Marquis, of Hastings, with portraits. Interesting personal details are given, such as are not usually found in histories. The Governors-General op India, Second Series. By the same author. 8vo. 175 pp. 4 As. Post-free, 5 As. Includes Sketches of Lord Amherst, Lord William Bentinck, Lord Auckland, Lord Ellenborough, Lord Hardinge, and the Marquis of Dalhousie. The two'Series, half bound in cloth, gilt title, 12 As. Anglo-Indian Worthies. By Henry Morris, Madras C. S. (Retired.) 8vo. 160 pp. 4 As. Post-free, 5 As. Full cloth, gilt title, 8 As. Lives of Sir Thomas Munro, Sir John Malcolm, Lord Metcalfe, Mounstuart Elphinstone, James Thomason, Sir Henry Lawrence, Sir James Outram, Sir Donald Macleod and Sir Bartle Frere, with portraits. Eminent Friends op Man ; or. Lives op Distinguished Philanthro- pists. 8vo. 158 pp. 4 As. Post-free, 5 As. Full cloth, gilt title, 10 As. Sketches of Howard, Oberlin, Granville Sharp, Clarkson, Bus Wilberforce Ston, Pounds, Davies of Devauden, George Moore, Montefiore, Livesey, the Earl of Shaftesbury, and others ; with remarks on what might be done in India. Some Noted Indians op Modern Times. 8vo. 164 pp. 4 As. Post- free, 5 As. Sketches of Indian Religious and Social Reformers, Philanthropists, Scholars, Statesmen, Judges, Journalists, and others, with several portraits. Martin Luther, the Great European Repormer. 8vo. 109 pp. 24 As. Post-free, 3 As. The state of religion in Europe in the time of Luther is described ; a full account is given of his undaunted efforts to bring about a reformation, the greater need of a similar change in India is shown, and Luther is held upas an example. 15 Illustrations. Baba Padmanji. An Autobiography. 8vo. 108 pp. 2^ As. Post- free, 3 As. An interesting account by himself of this popular Marathi author, decribing his conversion from Hinduism to Christianity. Picture Stories op Noble Women. 4to. 50 pp. 2^ As. Post- free, 3 As. Accounts of Cornelia, Agrippina, Padmani of Chitore, Lady Jane Grey. Ahaliya Bai, Mrs. Fry, Princess Alice, Miss Carpenter, Maharani Siirnomayi, Pandita Ramabai, Miss Nightingale, and Lady Dufferin. The Queen-Empress op India and Her Family. 43 pp. 3 As. Post-free, 3^ As. Her early life ; marriage ; widowhood ; children ; progress in India daring her reign ; traits of character and lessons from her life. With 27 illustrations and a coloured portrait of the Empress. Sir Herbert Edwardes. By Henry Morris, 8vo. 20 pp. | An. '7 He is described as the hero of Multan ; the peacemaker among wild Afghan tribes; the true friend of India ; the earnest Christian. S. P. C. K. PRESS, VEPERY, MADRAS — 1896. Pice Papers on Indian Reform, i Anna each. Some are original ; others are abridged from the foregoing for popular use. 1. Love of Hoarding and .Jewelet. 2. Marriage and Sheaddfa Expenses. 3. Supposed and Eeal Causes op Disease. 4. Patriotism : False and True. 5. Management op Inpants. 6. Debt, and How to G-et Out op it. 7. The Purdah ; or the Seclusion op Indian Women. 8. Caste : its Origin and Effects. 9. Astrology. 10. What has the British Government done for India? 11. Who wrote the Vedas ? 12. Manava-Dharma Sastra. 13. The Bhagavad Gita. 14. The Science op the Hindu Sastras. 1 5. Fevers : Their Causes, Treatment, and Prevention. 1 (i. Cholera and Bowel Complaints. 17. Animal Worship. 18. Early Marriage, its Evils, and Suggested Eeporms. 19. Duty to a Wipe. 20. The Fruits op Hinduism. 21. Indian Widows and what should be Done for them. 22. The Advantages op Female Education. 23. Hindu and Christian Worship Compared. 24. Hindu Pilgrimages. 25. Charity : False and True. 26. The Two Watchwords — Custom and Progress. 27. The Value of Pure Water. 28. Charms, Mantras, and other Superstitions. 29. Nautches. 30. Importance op Cleanliness. 31. How TO HAVE Healthy Children. 32. How TO BRING UP CHILDREN. 33. How TO TAKE Care op the Sick. 34. Eclipses. 35. Family Prayer. 36. Giving Abuse. 37. Shraddhas. 38. Karma or Fate. 39. The Fatherhood op God. 40. The Brotherhood op Man. 41. Hindu and Christian Ideals op Piety. 42. Prayaschitta. Complete in a Volume half bound, gilt title, 1 Re. Net. Postage 2 As. Q!Livifif^8 4>rir^gq^r^ceMnr^gcprir^stvifir^» itfir^r^j® THE SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST DESCRIBED ^ AND EXAMINED. An Account of the Vedas, with Illustrative Ez- TEACTS. 8vo. 166 pp. 4^ As. Post-free, 6 As. The principal divisions of the Vedas are described; with life in Vedic times, the gods of the Vedas, the offerings and sacrifices. Through the kind permission of Mr. E. T. B. GrifiBth, translations of some of the most important hymns in the Rig Veda are quoted in full. 8vo. 120 pp. 4 As. Selections from the Upanishads. Post-free, 5 As. The Katha, Isa, and Svetasvatara, as translated into English by Dr. Roer, are quoted in full, with the notes of Sankara Acharya and others ; and there are copious extracts from the Brihad Aranya and Chhandogya Upanishads, with an examination of their teaching. 8vo. 96 pp. 3 As. Post-free, The Vishnu Pueana. 4 As. An abridgment is given, verhatim, from the English trans- lation of H. H. Wilson, Professor of Sanskrit, University of Oxford ; with an examination of the book in the light of the present day. The Bhagavad Gita. 5 As. With an English Translation carefully revised ; numerous Ex- planatory Notes, and an Examination of its Doctrines. The following are some other works proposed to be included in the Series ; — 8vo. 108 pp. 4 As. Post-free, The Beahmanas. The Vedanta Sutras. Manu’s Code. The Eamayana. The Mahabharata. The Tantras. The Sacred Books of the Buddhists. An Account of the Jains. The Zend Avesta. The Geanth, the Sacred Book of the Sikhs. The Sacred Books of the Chinese. The Koran. Orders to be addressed to Mr. A.T. Scott, Tract Depflt, Madras; or to the Calcutta, Allahabad, Lahore, Karachi, Bombay, Bangalore, and Colombo Book Dep6ts. a »