HX64077543 RA982.B65G841898 An historical report af An^Eastorical report of the Boston Dispensary. RECAP THE LIBRARIES COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY Medical Library i i |Esii riJiJ(rmlfFugffui]fpjOfimlf^ I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i Ei pjiJfruiinijflfrnillTniirFinJlrinJr^ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from Open Knowledge Commons http://www.archive.org/details/historicalreportOObost AN HISTORICAL REPORT OF THE Boston Dispensary FOR One Hundred and One Years. 1796 — 1897. Prepared by Robert W. Greenleaf, A. M., M. D. BROOKLINE, MASS. : The Riverdale Press: C. A. W. Spencer, Harvard Square. The following Report — appropriately called both '■''CentenniaV' and ''Historical — of the Boston Dis- pensary^ prepared by one of its Medical Staffs is herewith presented to the friends of the Institution and to the Public, by the Executive Committee of the Board of Managers, who heartily endorse the recom,m,endations m,ade therein, feeling that, if the needs of this old and m^ost deserving charity are generally understood and appreciated, a sufficient sum of m.oney will be forthcom^ing to enable them, to carry out the proposed improvements. For the Executive Com;mittee, FRANCIS IV. LA WRENCE, Chairman. Boston, January, l8g8. PREFACE. During the past few years several physicians of the Boston Dispensary have thought of plans for perfecting the work of the Institution and for still further extending its field of use- fulness. Hitherto each physician had been accustomed to perform his duties independently, each following the traditions of his predecessor and meeting his associates only in occasional consultations. Not until this year have plans for a better organization been perfected. At a meeting held January 27th, 1897, committees were appointed to consider the needs of the Dispensary. A subse- quent meeting was held June 2d, at which, among other important matters, it was voted to recommend that an historical report of the Institution be prepared and placed before its friends, together with such an account of the pro- posed lines of development as would show wherein the coopera- tion of its friends was necessary for the accomplishment of the desired results. It is hoped that the following report, prepared in accordance with this vote of the Staff, will not merely interest its readers in the doings of this venerable Institution, the oldest organized medical charity in Boston, but that it will also inspire them to emulate the example of its early benefactors, through whom so much of well-directed charity has been possible. In thus voting to have an historical report prepared few of the Staff were aware that the Dispensary had completed a 6 PREFACE. century of active life, nor that sixty years ago the physicians of that date had an efficient organization which resulted in important measures for the work of the Institution. Excepting the annual statistical reports of the Superin- tendent, no report of the work of the Institution has appeared since the admirable account compiled in 1859, by Dr. William R. Lawrence, and entitled "A History of The Boston Dispensary." This book is now out of print. It is therefore especially fitting that some extended account should be given at this time to the friends of the Dispensary in honor of its centennial. In the preparation of this report especial indebtedness is acknowledged to the late Dr. Lawrence's "History" above referred to, also to our Superintendent, Dr. William H. H. Hastings, from whom, besides the data from his annual reports since 1876, the writer has received continued courtesies and assistance. For the Staff, Robert W. Greenleaf. BOSTON DISPENSARY. Managers. Samuel Johnson, President. Arthur Lincoln, Treasurer. Edward S. Grew, Secretary. Francis W. Lawrence. Charles G. Weld. A. Lawrence Mason. Francis W. Hunnewell. Charles W. Amory. J. Collins Warren. E. Pierson Beebe. Executive Committee. Francis W. Lawrence. Samuel Johnson. A. Lawrence Mason. Superintendent William H. H. Hastings, M. D. Surgeons. Edward O. Otis, M. D. Edward E. Pease, M. D. Frederic M. Briggs, M. D. Warren F. Gay, M. D. Physicians. Robert Disbrow, M. D. Edward L. Twombly, M. D. Thomas M. Rotch, M. D. William E. Fay, M. D. Harold Williams, M. D. William H. Prescott, M. D. Edward M. Buckingham, M.D. Augustus S. Knight, M. D. William F. Temple, M. D. Frederick R. Tower, M. D. Henry Jackson, M. D. John W. Bartol, M. D. Robert W. Greenleaf, M. D. Edmund C. Stowell, M. D. Samuel Breck, M. D. Alfred A. Wheeler, M. D. George A. Sargent, M. D. John N. Coolidge, M. D. Department for Diseases of the Skin. Physicians . Francis B. Greenough, M. D. Abner Post, M. D. James S. Howe, M. D. 8 BOSTON DISPENSARY. Department for Diseases of the Nervous System. Physicians. Frederick Coggeshall, M. D. William R. Woodbury, M. D. Department for Diseases of tlie Throat and Nose. Physicians. John W. Farlow, M. D. William S. Boardman, M. D. Frederick C. Cobb, M. D. William E. Chenery, M. D. Assistant Physician. Benjamin Tenney, M. D. Department for Diseases of "Women. Physicians. John B, Swift, M. D. Malcolm Storer, M. D. George Haven, M. D. Charles H. Hare, M. D. Department for Diseases of the Eye. Physicians. Frank E. Draper, M. D. William E. Baxter, M. D. Department for Diseases of the Ear. Physicians. Wallace Preble, M. D. Edgar M. Holmes, M. D. Assistants . Philip Hammond, M. D. Charles S. Wright, M. D. Department for Diseases of the Genito-Urinary System. Physicians. Gardner W. Allen, M. D. Howard A. Lothrop, M. D. Charles M. Whitney, M. D. C. Merton Smith, M. D. Department for Diseases of the Rectum and Anus. Physician. Walter J. Otis, M. D. Assistants. Joseph C. Stedman, M. D. John S. Phelps, M. D. J CENTENNIAL REPORT. Obstetric Department. Physician. Charles M. Green, M. D. Assistants. Edward M. Reynolds, M. D. Charles W. Townsend, M. D. Orthopedic Department. Physicians. Calvin G. Page, M. D. Charles F. Painter, M. D. Department for Mental Diseases. Physician. Walter Channing, M. D. Assistant. Arthur C. Jelly, M. D. Pathologist. Edward M. Greene, M. D, Dentist. Alexander H. Fisher, D. M. D. District Physicians. No. I. George M. Muttart, M.D. No. 7. James S. Stone, M. D. 2. Fred Drew, M. D. 3. Carl A. Ewald, M. D. 4. Arthur L. Chute, M. D. 5. Frank A. Higgins, M. D. 6. William Cogswell, M. D. 8. George A. Harlow, M. D. 9. WiUiam P. Coues, M. D. 10. Sidney A. Lord, M. D. 11. Richard F. Chase, M. D. 12. Richard E. Edes, M. D. Physician to the Roxbury District. Henry F. Hewes, M. D. Apothecary. George Lachambre. Assistant, Everett C. Dodge. 10 BOSTON DISPENSARY. STAFF ORGANIZATION. President. Harold Williams. Vice-Presidents. Robert Disbrow. Abner Post. Francis B. Greenough. William H. Prescott. Secretary and Treasurer. Frederic M. Briggs. Committees. Executive. John W. Farlow. Henry Jackson. Warren F. Gay. On Nominations. William R. Woodbury. Augustus S. Knight. Edward L. Twombly. On Building and Finance. Edward O. Otis. Joseph C. Stedman. Warren F. Gay. On Publications. Robert W. Greenleaf. Frederick Coggeshall. Benjamin Tenney. On Instruction. George Haven. Malcolm Storer. John W. Bartol. REPORT. The Boston Dispensary was founded in 1796, eight years prior to the founding of the Massachusetts General Hospital, and sixty-eight years before that of the Boston City Hospital. It is the third institution of its kind in the country, having been preceded by the dispensaries of Philadelphia and New York, which were founded respectively in 1786 and 1790. Its early history is that of small beginnings destined to bear rich fruit. In the years following the Revolution there was much suffering among the sick poor. This appealed deeply to Boston's pioneer philanthropists, who, guided some- what by measures adopted elsewhere, established the Boston Dispensary. Their method was to secure the services of a physician to give gratuitous treatment to needy and worthy cases. The patients were to be visited at their homes, or, if able to walk, were to be advised at the doctor's office. Medicines were to be supplied by an apothecary whose business it was, in addi- tion, " to keep an accurate account of patients, their abodes, diseases, and times of admission and discharge." Funds were supplied by subscription, each contributor being entitled to have two patients attended to for each ^5.00 subscribed. 12 BOSTON DISPENSARY, This simple organization was governed by a board of twelve : managers, as follows : — ): Stephen Gorham, Esq., Mr. WUliam Shattuck, I Rev. Dr. Parker, Captain Samuel Dunn, / Mr. John Parker, John Andrews, Esq., John Coffin Jones, Esq. John Codman, Esq., Deacon WilHam Brown, Jonathan Amory, 3d, Rev. Dr. Stillman, Rev. Samuel West, Mr. William Smith, treasurer. Their names, as well as those of the list of early subscibers, {vide Appendix) are too well known in Boston's benevolent circles to need especial comment. There were also three attending and two consulting physicians and surgeons and an apothecary. In the list of physiciansf(z/Z(/^ Appendix) Dr. John Fleet and Dr. James Jackson were among the early represen- tatives. One finds in this list a remarkable assemblage of the strong physicians of Boston during the last century. It is interesting to know that so many of the leaders of medicine have served long apprenticeships in the oftentimes trying and discouraging attendance on the sick poor in their homes. Of the first apothecaries, Oliver Smith and Thomas Bartlett, the Dispensary is especially indebted to Oliver Smith. In an address delivered on the seventeenth anniversary of the Dis- pensary, Dr. John G. Coffin said of him : " If among them any individual can be regarded as the founder of the Institu- tion, this distinguished honor must be awarded to the name of Oliver Smith. His exertions were first in time and foremost in zeal and perseverance. "But this association is not the only monument of his productive benevolence. He has ornamented our city and repaired the ravages of war. His noble humanity was not confined to deeds of a public nature ; many individuals who CENTENNIAL REPORT. I 3 survive him still retain grateful remembrance of his numerous acts of kindness and friendship. "Mr. Smith had not the happiness of being a parent; but he had the great happiness of possessing a heart which led him to consider every son and daughter of affliction as children of his family. For much of the beauty and improved state of the Mall and Common in this town, one of the most pleasant public walks and prospects in the United States, the inhabi- tants of Boston are indebted to Mr. Smith." On March loth, 1797, it was voted to request the apothe- cary to make a board sign and to paint on it the words "Boston Dispensary," with some appropriate device. We owe to Mr. Bartlett the accomplishment of this vote, which resulted in the production of that interesting relic, the attempted portraiture in wood of the Good Samaritan, now safely resting within our present building, but for years a weather-worn landmark of early Boston, at 92 Washington street. It is said that this sign had much to do with turning the attention of early benefactors of the Dispensary to its needs. The early days of the Dispensary were not free from discouragements. Funds were not always forthcoming. The excuses for failure in remitting subscriptions sound very like those of today. One treasurer, the Hon. G. T. Bigelow, quotes such as " Mr. is abroad." " Mr. will perhaps subscribe next year." "Mr. has removed to Roxbury." At times other measures were adopted to secure funds. For example, a Benefit was held at the Boston Theatre, February 26, 1 821, at which Mr. Keen appeared as King Lear. From this the sum ^550.00 was presented to the Dispensary. On another occasion in 1823, the sum of ;^200.00 was realized from the first exhibi- tion of the Egyptian mummy. One reason for an inadequate revenue was the fact, com- mented on in "The Pilot," when publishing a list of the 14 BOSTON DISPENSARY. benefactors of the Dispensary, that, whereas a considerable number of persons of foreign parentage were recipients of this charity, very few of their respective nationalities were con- tributors to its funds. It is to be hoped that with the improved fortunes of our foreign-born citizens they will vie with native Bostonians in the maintenance of charitable institutions. Chief among the benefactors of the Dispensary was Ben- jamin Dearborn. By his will, probated April 23d, 1838, various bequests were made, which ultimately returned to the Dispensary upwards of ^90,000. This munificence rendered the Institution to an extent independent of annual subscribers, and made possible much that otherwise could not have been accomplished. Nor was this the only service rendered the community by Mr. Dearborn. His inventions were numer- ous, and he kept a number of skilled mechanics constantly employed in their elaboration. His profound knowledge of statics led to the production of his unrivaled balances. His keen foresight led him to formulate plans then considered most visionary, but bearing testimony to his greatness. Thus we find him preparing an original communication on the em- ployment of convict labor as a rational mode of punishing crime, and another on a " Lenient System for adjusting De- mands and collecting Debts, without imprisonment." His memorial to Congress in 1819, on the subject of running steam-carriages upon railroads, though then scarcely listened to, has been abundantly verified both in letter and in spirit by the intricate web of steam railway now spanning all parts of the United States. Mr. Dearborn was a teacher in his early days and was the author of "The Columbian Grammar," pub- lished in 1795, probably the first grammar of American origin published in the United States and a credit to American literature. CENTENNIAL REPORT.. 1 5 Mr. Dearborn's portrait now graces the walls of the mana- gers' room at the Dispensary. It is to be hoped that his name will be perpetuated in some more substantial manner. If new buildings are to be erected it will be fitting to name a ward in his honor. The list of benefactors and life members {yidt Appendix) includes other names worthy of special mention. Adequate reference to them would unduly prolong this report and those interested are referred to Dr. Lawrence's "History." This "History" was prepared as a labor of love in 1859, and in it one finds accounts, arranged chronologically, of the early days of the Dispensary. Much that is curious is therein detailed. There are also details of the plans of the early managers, among whom the Rev. Dr. Samuel Parker, Rector of Trinity Church, was an active worker. Dr. Parker was Chairman of the Board of Managers each year until 1804, when he resigned. In this year he became Bishop of Massa- chusetts, but death removed him before he had performed any Episcopal services. It is said that he had been very active in making improvements and in procuring subscribers and donations. The impression has prevailed among many persons that the Dispensary has been largely aided by public funds and that the physicians have been remunerated as "City Doctors." Both of these impressions are erroneous. The funds of the Dispensary have always been from private sources and the physicians, excepting the district physicians, have always given their services gratuitously. That the service of the district physicians is practically gratuitous is shown by a quaint bill of Dr. Fleet's. It is as follows: — Boston Dispensary to John Fleet, Jun. To attending one hundred and nine of their patients .... $109.00 To delivering five women by orders from Nov., 1801, to July, 1802, 10.00 July, 1802. |i 19.00 i6 BOSTON DISPENSARY. In 1858 the salaries of the district physicians at South and East Boston were fixed at ^100.00 per annum, and at a subse- quent time ^200.00 per annum. That these salaries were intended solely to defray expenses incurred by the physicians in their visits is obvious from the amount of travel required of them. The policy of sparing physicians extra expenses, which now finds expression in the purchase of instruments and appliances for special examinations and treatment, was foreshadowed early in the history of the Institution. For example, in 1825 we find that "the Treasurer was authorized to pay the tolls of the Physician of the Southern District in passing over the South-Boston Bridge." Some idea of the amount of work performed by the district physicians may be inferred from the following letters and figures. For the year ending October, 1820, when about 1,000 patients were annually attended, Dr. Enoch Hale writes as follows : — " The memorandum of the number of visits was kept origi- nally solely for my own gratification. It is now returned, as exhibiting in some measure the extent of the duties which the Dispensary requires, and as furnishing some slight criterion by which to estimate the quantity of medicine required by the patients. Consultations at my own house are not included in the number of visits." Number of patients 268 Number of visits 2770 Or an average of nearly eight visits daily. One of these patients visited .... 249 times. One One Two One One 95 70 59 55 53 Nine other patients visited more than 30 times each. CENTENNIAL REPORT. 17 In 1859, when the total number of patients attended by the Dispensary was 14,426, Dr. Robert Ware writes as follows: — " 131 Tremont Street, 9th May, 1859. " Dear Sir, — As you requested, I have gone over my books for the nine months ending April i, 1859. The last column gives the largest and smallest numbers of visits made at any time during the month. " Very truly, '■ Robert W ire. " Dr. Lawrence." 1858. No. of Visits. Patients. July, 31 days. 494 153 26 and ID. Aug.* 19 " 367 102 28 " 8. Sept. 30 " 746 18s 36 " 13- Oct. 31 " 716 184 34 " 12. Nov. 30 " 672 215 30 " 9- Dec. 31 " [859. 663 175 37 " II. Jan. 31 " 691 161 30 " 10. Feb. 28 " 527 147 27 " 8. March, 31 " 578 150 28 " 6. 5>454 1,472 This gives an average of 20.8 visits per day, and an average of nearly four visits to each patient during the period of nine months. * Absent from the city t^velve days. The statistics of the present activity of the Dispensary will be given later in this report. Suffice it to say now that upwards of 42,000 patients are treated annually by the Dis- pensary, of whom 14,000 are treated by the District Physicians. Some of the work foreshadowed in the early days of the Dispensary became later of much importance. For example, in 1 8 14 the employment of nurses was considered of such importance that we find the following: "If a fund, yielding an income of two or three hundred dollars, could be placed at the disposal of the Managers, for the support of Dispensary Nurses we believe that a system could be adopted by which a sufficient number of respectable persons could be found who l8 BOSTON DISPENSARY. would always be ready to respond to the call of the District Physician. By the experience acquired in such a school, these nurses would in time become valuable to other classes in the community; and their places could be filled by other candi- dates." For some reason, possibly lack of funds, permission was not again given to employ them until 1838, when in certain cases physicians were allowed to provide nurses, "the sum expended not to exceed the sum of ^10.00 in any one case." Thus was anticipated the work of the Instructive District Nursing Association, which has supplied nurses regularly to each district physician since 1886. The instruction of medical students also became a feature of the work at a very early date. Details of the extent of this custom are not given, but it is clear that clinical instruction and the assumption of a certain amount of responsibility were recognized as of great value in the early education of the physician. The Dispensary has always gladly welcomed students. Its present building has an amphitheatre for class purposes, and it has been the custom for years for the phy- sicians to give instruction to small classes in their respective rooms. In this way students have been received from the Harvard Medical School, the Boston Polyclinic, and of recent years also from the Tufts College Medical School, the Woman's Medical College of Philadelphia, etc. Through the district work many of the patients have been provided for the midwifery classes in the medical schools : — 414 cases were thus provided in 1896. The Department of clinical medicine at the Harvard Medical School also makes use of this opportunity for students to follow cases at the bedside, each student being required to report on three cases thus visited. In the early days it appears that students substituted for the regular phy- sicians of the districts to such an extent that for a while in 1826 the privilege to prescribe for patients was taken away. CENTENNIAL REPORT. IQ In 1827 the physicians so strongly recommended the renewal of this privilege that students were again permitted to prescribe but "were requested to call upon the apothecaries once in each week that they might become acquainted with the price of medicines." That the Dispensary was desirous of being abreast of the times was evidenced in still other ways at an early date. For example, we find that in 18 12 an electric machine was pur- chased. This evidently was not used a great deal, for in 1820 its sale was authorized. Our recent public agitation of the bath-house question was voiced as long ago as 1821, when it was voted, "On application of Dr. Chandler Robbins, Jr., that a bathing tub be purchased and deposited in some central place, for the use of the patients of the Dispensary." As we have not had even one bath tub during the intervening years, it might make amends to equip the Dispensary with a hydriatric department in accordance with modern requirements, with steam, spray baths, etc. The treatment of the sick, by measures of hydro-therapy, which have been proved of such value elsewhere, is yet in its infancy in Boston. It might be a welcome addition to our Dispensary to have provision for it here. After the manner of certain English societies it has long been the custom of the Dispensary to provide trusses, either at cost or gratuitously, to patients needing them. For ex- ample, in 1803 Mr. Bartlett was authorized to pay $8.00 for two trusses furnished to patients, while in 1806 we find it voted, " That Mrs. Abigail Smeak be furnished with a truss, and that the same be paid for by the Treasurer." The custom is still continued. The Dispensary was early interested in sanitary questions, apart from its immediate province. In 1803 we find it issuing 20 BOSTON DISPENSARY. a circular* in the several newspapers, in which are set forth in three parallel columns the comparative relations of vaccina- tion, inoculation and small-pox. By following such advice our people have had an immunity from the loathsome disease, small-pox, for so long a time that every now and then some well-meaning individual, perhaps learned in other lines of thought but densely ignorant of sanitary problems, presumes to advance so-called anti-vacci- nation arguments. The question no longer admits of argument, * Natural Small-pox. — For twelve centuries this disorder has been known to continue its ravages, des- troying every year an im- mense proportion of the population of the world. It is in some few instances mild, but for the most part violent, painful, loathsome, dangerous to life and al- ways CONTAGIOUS. One case in three — dangerous ; one in six dies. At least half of mankind have it ; consequently one in twelve of the human race perish by this disease. In London 3,000 die annually ; 40,000 in Great Britain and Ireland. The eruptions are num- erous, painful and disgust- ing. Confinement, loss' of time, and expense are cer- tain, and more or less con- siderable. Precautions are for the most part unavail- ing; medical treatment necessary, both during the disease and afterwards. It occasions pitts, scars, seams, &c., disfiguring the skin, particularly the face. It is attempting to cross a large and rapid stream by swimming, when one in six perishes. Inoculated Small-pox. — For the most part mild, but sometimes violent, painful, loathsome, and dangerous to life. Always CONTAGIOUS, and there- fore gives rise to Natural Small-pox ; and has actu- ally, by spreading the dis- ease, increased the general mortality 17 in every 1,000. One in 40 has a dangerous disease ; one in 300 dies ; and in London one in 100. Eruptions are sometimes very considerable; confine- ment, loss of time, and ex- pense, certain, and more or less considerable ; prepara- tion by diet and medicine, necessary ; extremes of heat and cold dangerous. It is passing the river in a boat, subject to accidents, where one in 300 perishes, and one in 40 suffers par- tially. Vacci7iatio7i. — Is an in- fallible preventive of Small- pox ; always mild, free from pain or danger, NEVER FATAL, NOT CON- TAGIOUS. No eruption but where vaccinated. No confine- ment, loss of time, or expense necessary. No precaution, no medicine required. No consequent deformity. No subsequent disease. It is passing over a safe bridge. CENTENNIAL REPORT. 21 the value and safety of vaccination properly performed having been definitely settled years ago. Vaccination and vaccination alone has made small-pox so rare that not a few physicians of wide experience have never attended or even seen a case. The physicians of the Dis- pensary have made themselves acquainted with this dread disease either from observation of the occasional cases which have come to their notice in their services or by the courtesy of the physicians at the small-pox hospital. They are on the alert to detect new or imported cases early, and on several occasions have been of great service to the Board of Health, and hence to the community, in detecting such cases, and aiding in their early quarantine. In a history of one hundred years one would expect that many customs should become obsolete. Among these cus- toms certain may be mentioned, if only to show how the times have changed. For example in the early days considerable quantities of wine were issued. A circular, not dated, but presumably written early in the century, states, "That the strictest economy is recommended in the distribution of medicines and wine. One quart only of the latter shall be ordered at one time ; and that to be Lisbon or Sherry, or some other not exceeding their value. Port may sometimes be ordered if thought to be peculiarly beneficial ; giving preference to the cheapest that will suit the case," In 1806 another circular was sent to the physicians directing that only sherry would be issued and that two quarts would be the maximum approved in any given illness. In 1818 the question came up as to the necessity of issuing any wines. At this time the annual cost of wines ranged between 1^450.00 and 1^500.00. Apart from the question of expense the opinion was gaining ground that wines were a 22 BOSTON DISPENSARY. needless luxury in dispensary practice, and it was voted to discontinue their issue. A letter from Dr. John Ware, who was a Dispensary physician in this year, is of interest in this connection. In it he states, "I find that I have issued in the whole one hundred and and thirty orders for a quart of wine each. Of this quantity, more than one-half was allowed to consumptive patients, and to the very old, merely as a cordial, a luxury, not with the expectation of answering any beneficial effect as to the cure of the disease. Of the remaining quantity the greater part was administered to patients with other diseases, nearly in the same way ; and I may fairly say, of the whole quantity consumed, not one-quarter was necessary to the recovery of the patients. Indeed, when looking over the list of patients who have had wine, I cannot find more than one or two in which it appears to have essentially contributed to the favorable issue of the case." There is a tradition that a mixture of cod-liver oil and whiskey, prescribed to consumptives, was discontinued because certain patients were in the habit of setting the mixture aside until the whiskey had separated, when they drank it through a straw and left the oil behind. Few changes in medicine are more noteworthy than that relating to the practice of "blood-letting," a practice once so common that a hospital was not considered well equipped if lacking a cup at the head of each bed for use in bleeding. While probably most physicians would agree that under certain conditions venesection would be a desirable measure and might even be the means of saving life, these conditions have apparently been so rare, that few physicians have performed or seen the operation. The scarifier and the leech glass are instruments of unknown use to our younger physicians, indeed though leeches were in general use till this last decade it would be difificult to find one now. ! CENTENNIAL REPORT. 2$ fj i; i: In this connection the following, from a letter of the *• managers to the physicians is not without interest: "I write, therefore, to request, that, in all cases where venesection or scarification will do as well as leeching, you will adopt the former mode of practice." It seems that as many as thirty leeches had been ordered at a time by one of the physicians, and another "had often ordered leeches, when scarification would have been better for the patient, because the person would not have it applied^ Among the customs of management long since fallen into disuse, was that of the annual celebration. In the early days of the century this was made a great event. For instance, in October, 1812, the day after the annual meeting of the sub- scribers, all interested marched in procession to the church in Federal street and listened to a discourse by the Rev. William E. Channing. The Governor and Council had been ofificially invited, and after the discourse the sum of three hundred and fifty-eight dollars was collected. While it may not be desirable to return to the pomp and ceremonial of those early days, there can be no doubt that meetings of those with like aims and interests are most valuable as sources of inspiration and mutual help. The institution or the individual which omits such measures will surely stagnate, if it does not die of inanition. That the ; recognition of this important truth by the early physicians of the Dispensary resulted beneficially was evident from seasons of especial productiveness. For instance in 1833 meetings of the physicians were held once a month. Among the immediate results of these meetings were the adoption of a uniform nomenclature in the classification of diseases, which hitherto had been so incongruous as to be valueless for purposes of comparative study. An inquiry into the sociological conditions of the patients was undertaken by the Staff, which must have 24 BOSTON DISPENSARY. been productive of a better understanding of their needs and conditions of life. Much was accomplished, too, in the direction of improving the routine medical work, through better ways of distributing tickets and through better facilities for attend- ing walking patients. In this connection a letter^ from Oliver Wendell Holmes to the managers will be of interest. Even those of us who were privileged to listen to his lectures on anatomy find it difficult to think of him as a physician. By the '' Autocrat " and by his poems he carved a path in letters peculiarly his own. It is with no little wonder and professional pride that one familiar with this path reads the masterly essays on "The Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever," " Intermittent Fever in New England," etc. The letter on the needs of the Dispensary shows the same forethought and sound common sense that characterize his medical essays. These were written at, or soon after, the time when meetings of the Dispensary staff were of frequent occurrence. It is noteworthy also that most of the recommendations of that letter have been adopted, much to the advantage of the Dispensary. Not till 1856, however, did we have a building especially suited to our purposes. At that time two buildings on the site of our present home were refitted for this purpose, and " October i6th, 1837. * " To the Managers of the Boston Dispensary : — " In compliance with one of tlie rules prescribed to the Physicians of this Institution, it is my duty to lay before the Managers the following suggestions : — " I. That each Physician should be amply provided with tickets. Under the present arrangement, he is obliged either to send the patients to one of the Subscribers, or to supply them with tickets which he has been compelled to solicit from his friends or others. The advantages of the first plan, as I have seen and felt them in the Broad-street district, are as follows : — " I. 'Yhs. Physician has the task of directing the patient to the Subscriber's residence, — a matter of some difficulty in general, and frequently, especially with newly arrived for- eigners, impossible ; so that neither ticket nor medicine is obtained. " 2. The Patient has the task of hunting out the Subscriber, which is often a source of delay and vexation, if not of fatigue and suffering, as in the case where those who are really ill are obliged to do their own errands. CENTENNIAL REPORT. 2$ continued in active use until the erection of our present build- ing, in 1883. In 1856 the principal features of the work of the Dispen- sary, as now carried out, were begun. These were made pos- sible chiefly through the munificence of Mr. Dearborn, to which reference has been made. When the present building was completed these plans were extended, and have since been continued with very little change. The changes that have arisen are chiefly those incident to increased numbers of patients and to improved methods of treatment, so that an account of the present conditions will practically represent those for several years past. The medical work of the Dispensary today is two-fold in character, consisting of the district work and that of the con- sulting rooms at the Dispensary building. The district work has gone on quietly, unostentatiously, without a break for one "3. The Subscriber has the unnecessary trouble of giving out the tickets in detail, and of being interrupted at all hours of the day with claims which must be immediately listened to. " But, on the other hand, it is too much to ask of the Physician to go round begging for tickets, perhaps among those with whom he is unacquainted. I have myself succeeded in obtaining a very insufficient supply from some of my friends ; but I have also had the mortification of having my request refused, — a circumstance very common with those who are obliged to ask favors. " To the best of my recollection, no patient whom I have ever sent to a subscriber has at any time been refused a ticket. The subscriber, therefore, trusts entirely to my judg- ment respecting the claims of the patient ; in other words, I am the real distributor in my own ward. Why then, all this superfluous machinery for wearing out the patience of all concerned ? " 1 would suggest, that while each subscriber retains such a number of tickets as he sup- poses he may lequire for his own distribution, the remaining ones, or a certain part of them, be left with the Secretary by the general consent of the subscribers, and by him freely dispensed to the Physicians. "II. I would suggest that one or more places be provided, to which such patients as can safely and conveniently leave their own residences shall be expected to resort for ad- vice. Such has been the method pursued in the Dispensaries of London and New York- It seems to me that two advantages would result from this arrangement : — " I. A large class of patients, with diseases of comparatively trifling importance, — as, for instance, many affections of the eye and the ear, cutaneous diseases, and other chronic complaints not requiring confinement, — could be treated as effectually as if visited at their houses, at a far less expense of time and labor to the Physician. " 2. He would be freed in some measure from the importunities and exactions of those among his patients who, while they are too negligent to profit by his advice, would be too 26 BOSTON DISPENSARY. hundred and one years. Such a history is unique, and is evi- dence that the Dispensary is a potent factor in the good of the community. The doctors are chosen from a hst of applicants, chiefly graduates from our best hospitals and medical schools. These usually serve an apprenticeship for a few months, then, if their services prove satisfactory, they are appointed to one of the districts, of which there are now twelve. Their services generally last from one to two years, and are limited to three years. The number of patients treated annually in the districts is from 14,000 to 15,000. A few cases may perhaps be of persons able to pay for medical services. But such are rare, and are not treated when discovered. The majority are among the squalid poor. There are always some, however, whom force of circumstances has driven into temporary poverty. The daily round of the District physician some- indolent to seek it at the cost of a little trouble on their part ; and would thus be enabled to give more attention to those who really require and deserve it. "3. A consulting-room well attended is one of the most valuable schools for students as well as practitioners of medicine, since many cases of disease may be seen within a very limited time ; and, being thus collected, may be compared with and illustrate each other. This is one of the legitimate ends of all medical charities. " III. I will venture to ask of the Managers, whether the great and truly republican principle of the concotirs, or public competition of candidates for vacant offices, may not with advantage be introduced into the medical province of this Institution. The ground of election to the office of Physician seems at present to consist mainly in priority of claim. But is this any test of the competency or incompetency of the applicants ? If there is one which is better and practicable, then it is due to those whose life and health are at stake that it should be adopted. The judges should be Physicians selected by the Managers ; the capacity, the knowledge, the practical skill, of the candidates should be thoroughly tested; and to these should be sacrificed the blind rule of priority, and the occasional bias of favoritism. It is probable that the mention of such a plan would at once excite a spirit of industry and honorable competition among those to whom its offers should be addressed ; such has been its universal effect wherever tested. The experience of every day in the Old World shows it to be of easy practical application. That this principle, so consonant with our institutions, will sooner or later be generally adopted, I cannot doubt. I believe this is a favorable opportunity for its introduction. To the young physician it offers a motive and a reward of industry ; to the patient it gives assurance of obtaining a faithful, intelligent, and enlightened adviser. " I offer these suggestions to the managers , because it is expressly declared to be my duty. Should either of them be thought worthy of attention, it would be easy to add such developments as are omitted in this hasty outline. ■■ Very respectfully, " Oliver W. Holmes, M. D." CENTENNIAL REPORT, 27 times brings him to scenes of especial sadness, as to homes ruined by intemperance or other vice. The relation of intemperance to poverty was forcibly brought out in the statistical letters of the District physicians in 1833. Though the conditions are relatively somewhat better now than then, yet every District physician can duplicate the sad scenes therein recorded. Perhaps it may be in the sufferings of some poor wife, bedridden with pain, yet fearing to go to the hospital lest her erring husband dispose of her limited belongings in her absence and she have no roof to which to return. Wounds from brawls are not infrequent, but perhaps the hardest trials for the doctor are with the babies and little children. These " poor men's blessings " literally swarm in some localities, and when illness overtakes them it is sad in- deed. In hot, stuffy rooms, redolent with the odors of wash- ing and cooking, the poor babies fret under greasy bedding are annoyed by flies and vermin, and are often made ill by improper food from uncleansed nursing bottles. Much has been done to lessen these evils, and the physician of today must, in addition to his professional relations to the diagnosis and treatment of disease, serve as a well-informed agent of various charities in order to do his full duty in ameli- orating the sufferings of the sick poor. He may provide places for the critically ill in the proper hospital. A note descriptive of the case and a request for the ambulance, if necessary, usually serve this purpose. Then, too, he must be familiar with municipal ordinances relative to contagious diseases, such as the necessity of reporting them, the periods to elapse before children from the houses where contagion exists are allowed to go to school, and the prohibition of the use of public conveyances for contagious cases. In epidemics of Scarlet Fever, Diphtheria, and the like, the position of District physician is by no means a sinecure. He 28 BOSTON DISPENSARY. may at such times be called upon to attend hundreds of such cases during a few weeks service. This work in its relation to the recently established system of school inspection alone will give some idea of the debt the community owes to the District physician. He must be posted in other lines as well if he would prop- erly fulfill his duties. For the sick babies or their mothers he may ensure restful hours on the Floating Hospital, the harbor boats, or in cars or carriages, for each of which he is supplied with tickets and instructions as to times and places. In a similar way he may provide restful vacation weeks for tired- out young women. These are among his most pleasant privi- leges, for it is sad indeed to attend these poor women, and know that instead of medicine, they need rather a respite from hard conditions of under-paid labor. It is a wonder that any one can live on the food furnished in cheap boarding-houses and restaurants. These girls try to do so, then pass restless nights in stuffy ''side-rooms," with nobody to wait upon them save other equally hard-worked and under-paid young women. Perhaps more such cases come to the physicians in the central office suffering from Anemia, Dyspepsia, etc., than are seen in the districts ; but there are many such in each service. Another charity with which the physician must be familiar is that of free foods. The Diet Kitchen was started in 1874, and furnishes at the request of the Dispensary physicians milk, eggs, broths, and bread, in sufficient quantities and of good quality, for limited periods. When the physician finds patients who can pay a little, but who are so situated as to be unable to prepare satisfactory food, he may direct them to the " New England Kitchen," established in 1890 by certain phil- anthropic and scientific representatives of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for the supply of well-prepared and nutritious food at minimum prices. Then various milk funds CENTENNIAL REPORT. 29 have made good milk available of recent years throughout the summer season. Through the Overseers of the Poor, the several church societies, and the visitors of the Associated Charities much suffering and want are relieved during the service of the physician by properly connecting with these respective bodies. Coal, wood and provisions may be thus furnished, even rents temporarily paid in appropriate cases. While necessarily more familiar with certain of these charities than with others, the physicians of the Dispensary welcome all who bring help or cheer to the sick poor. To the distributors of the Flower Missions, to the readers at the bedside, as well as to those who provide food, raiment and shelter, he gladly extends a greeting. There is another charity, however, foreshadowed as we have seen, over eighty years ago, which very directly appeals to him. This is the Instructive District Nursing Association, efficiently established in 1886. Of this charity the physician is glad to avail himself as one of his most effective aids. The Associa- tion supplies each district with a nurse, who makes the visit with the physician or not, as he desires, helps him in his dressings or special examinations, then follows up his cases by one or more visits daily as the case requires. The nurses also instruct the young mothers in the proper care of their abodes and families. Improvement in cleanliness, cooking and other household duties follows these ministrations in a most satis- factory degree. For the most part they are well-trained, faithful and self- sacrificing women, and their efforts are appreciated by the patients as well as by the physicians. Though in the daily rounds they are called upon from morning until evening to tramp up rickety stairs and into dark corners, and though they sometimes meet the vicious and depraved, no harm comes to 30 BOSTON DISPENSARY. them, but instead they are greeted with smiles and blessings on every side. The work of the Indoor Department of the Boston Dis- pensary, begun in a small way in the old building, and earlier still foreshadowed by work in the ofhces of the visiting physicians, assumed its present more perfect state in 1883, when our present building was first occupied. The daily routine is modelled in a general way on that commonly adopted in the out-patient departments of our larger hospitals. It differs, however, in several important respects from many of them, and is in the front rank of institutions of its kind. Among its chief features are the facilities for the prompt classification of patients, and sending them to specialists in their respective departments. As a patient enters the main waiting hall, he is received by a clerk, and given a numbered check for the department to which his disease apparently belongs. He then takes a seat in front of the room to which he has been assigned, and enters the consulting room as the physician in attendance rings for him. To patients coming for the first time, the physician gives a card on which he records the room number, the date, and the index number of his case-book. The examinations are carried out in this room, and records are kept of the diagnosis, treatment and important details of the cases. Where medicines are ordered a prescription is written which the patient takes to a cashier in the main hall, paying ten cents for each prescription, unless the physician in charge is satisfied that he is unable to afford that moderate sum, in which case no charge is made. He then takes it to the Apothecary of the Dispensary, who compounds and dispenses the medicines in an adjoining room. Men Women. Children. Total. 3.058 5,020 4.775 12,853 1,466 842 663 2,971 576 627 522 1,725 S29 1,235 207 2,271 943 S63 777 2,583 1,122 354 606 389 1,349 230 254 284 768 2,261 22 2,283 "3 54 I 168 121 no 42 273 167 157 ^75 499 CENTENNIAL REPORT. 3 1 During the past year 28,865 patients have been attended, as follows : — Medical Department Surgical Department .... Department for Disease of the Skin Department for Diseases of the Nervous System Department for Diseases of the Throat and Nose Department for the Diseases of Women Department for Diseases of the Eye Department for Disease of the Ear Department for Diseases of the Genito- urinary System Department for Diseases of the Rectum Orthopedic Department .... Dental Department These figures are of interest as compared with those of earlier days {vide pp. 16, 17). Then, in 1867, there were four- teen physicians, four surgeons, eight district physicians and one superintendent. This Staff attended 14,446 patients in the house and 9,462 on the districts ; giving a total of 23,908 patients attended in that year. The number of physicians, including the superintendent and district physicians now m attendance is 71, and 44,323 patients are attended during the year. Probably the number of patients actually seen is considerably less than this, as the same patient oftentimes is seen in several different services and appears as a new case in each. The several rooms are fairly well equipped for carrying out their respective lines of work. For example, the nervous room has an equipment of electric batteries, facilities for administering massage, etc. Regarding massage, it is of interest that the first scientific use of this valuable remedial measure, in Boston clinics of this character, was undertaken in the Boston Dispensary. In the summer of 1893 it was introduced with the cooperation of ^2 BOSTON DISPENSARY. Miss Jennie M. Colby and the late Baron Nils Posse. Since that time Miss Colby, with several assistants in the women's room, and Mr. Edwin F. Harding in the men's room, has given daily service in massage. The Surgical Department and those for special diseases are also fairly v/ell equipped with their respective appliances. An important department of the Dispensary is that of the Pharmacist. He has two assistants and keeps on hand a stock of medicines, made chiefly in the laboratory of the Dispensary. For convenience, as well as to ensure uniformity in the preparations, the majority of the medicines ordered are from a special formulary in use in the Dispensary. This includes eighty-two combinations of drugs, each of which when ordered may be specified as Sol. or Mix. i, 2, 3, etc. The physicians are by no means confined to this formulary, but are provided with the preparations of the U. S. Pharmacopeia, also with a considerable number of drugs representing the later advances in medicine. Every aid, as far as the funds will allow, is made to give the best that medical skill can provide. A pathologist is -on duty daily to aid in the chemical examination of the patients' various excreta. A specimen is sent to him on one day, and he returns a report of what he finds on the following day. It would be impossible to give details in a report of this character, regarding the work of the different rooms. Suffice it to say that each of the seventy-one physicians in his respec- tive term of service brings to the poor people intrusted to his care the best attention he can give under the circumstances. Nor is it all a labor of benevolence on the part of the physician. However benevolently inclined he may be, he must constantly bear in mind that, beside his duties to the patients, his position demands of him duties to the medical profession and to himself. For the profession he must endeavor to advance CENTENNIAL REPORT. 33 the sum of medical knowledge. His attendance on the cases should be such that it either permits instruction of medical students or a careful study of each case or class of cases in the hope that he may shed light on some problem of medicine. For himself it is his duty to so enlarge his know- ledge that each year of service may increase his skill as a physician. His patients have a right to demand this of him. The day has gone by when a physician may simply sit in a consulting room, listen to a few symptoms and write a prescription. Medicine has advanced with the other sciences. Exact observation and analysis are of the greatest importance in the study of cases. Realizing these lines of progress in medicine the physicians of the Boston Dispensary have taken counsel together to see wherein they can improve upon the past work of the institu- tion. As in 1833 such combined action resulted in what was relatively the strongest and most productive period in the history of the Dispensary, so it is hoped that the present organization will bear rich fruits. It is not necessary to detail here the recommendations or actions of the several com- mittees to bring about improved methods for the study and treatment of cases. It is, however, among the objects of this report to lay before the friends of the Institution some lines in which it seems to us that the Dispensary may develop, if outside aid can be secured. It is hoped that some who read these pages may feel inclined to emulate the illustrious examples of the benefactors of former years, without whose aid the results already attained would have been impossible. What, then, are the present needs of the Dispensary .'' In the first place more room is needed for consulting purposes. As matters stand today each physician must content himself with one small room (13 x 15 ft.), in which to attend to from twenty to fifty patients. If he can content himself with 34 BOSTON piSPENSARY. simply ringing in a patient every few minutes and asking a few questions and then handing out a prescription, one room may answer well enough ; but modern medicine is not satis- fied with this method of attending cases, nor can any consci- entious physician follow it except as a makeshift. Room is needed in which to make necessary examinations and to administer special forms of treatment without undue exposure of individual patients or needless delay in getting patients ready for examinations. Increased facilities are also needed for the chemical and microscopical examina- tion of the sputum, blood, etc. Oftentimes it is of the utmost importance to obtain data in regard to these particu- lars at the time of the first visit. Delays may mean the putting off of the diagnosis, as in consumption, for weeks, owing to the difficulty of making the patients realize the need of early attention to their ailments. Thus the period in which efficient aid may be rendered them is allowed to go by. This could be rectified by having sufficient means to employ assist- ants to the pathologist, who could work in rooms adjoining the medical consulting rooms, and who could be on hand for work at the times when such work is most wanted. With the improved methods of recent pathology such immediate exam- inations are usually possible. They would help also very ma- terially in the work of the surgical and other departments, since, as carried out now, it is largely at the personal expense, inconvenience and loss of time of individual physicians. Another important need is that of beds. At present there are no beds in the Institution. If a patient, ill with Heart- disease, or Epilepsy, or anything else liable to acute attacks, is overcome at the Dispensary, or if a surgical patient happens to faint or to need time to recover from Ether, there is nothing to be done, on account of our limited facilities, except to give up our examining tables to them to the detriment of the clinic, CENTENNIAL REPORT. 35 or else to screen them off on an extemporized bed on the floor. Again, whether it is necessary to have another hospital in Boston or not, there is no question but what it would add very greatly to the desirability of a Dispensary service to have a few beds for the reception of certain classes of cases. No surgeon is long content to have case after case come to him of patients suffering with crooked limbs or morbid growths, which he must send to other operators at some other institu- tion because of no provision for the treatment in his own. So in medical services, a physician is exceedingly loath to send cases of which he is making a special study to hospitals where he cannot attend them himself or easily follow their subse- quent history. The Staff of the Dispensary is of the opinion that there is a real demand for at least one infirmary ward connected with the Institution, and that its establishment, be- sides being of great benefit to the patients, would react favor- ably on the personnel of the Staff, by making appointments much more valuable as a means for professional improvement than is now the case. A Dispensary service should be. so valuable that every physician possessing it might consider it capable of being made second to none of its kind. All of these improvements involve increased expenditures. The present funds of the Institution permit its continuance only as it has been carried on during the past fourteen years. It certainly is desirable that its usefulness should be extended. Already land has been acquired adjoining our present building. Funds are not at hand to make the enlargements necessary to relieve the present congested state of our clinics, much less to initiate such improvements as those above indicated. Before closing this report we would say that no history of the Boston Dispensary would be complete without more than a passing notice of the work accomplished by its Super- intendent, Dr. William H. H. Hastings. He served his 36 BOSTON DISPENSARY. apprenticeship as District physician from 1869 to 1872, when he was appointed to the house as a Physician. This position he held until 1876, when he was appointed Superintendent. In the twenty-one years of daily duty as Superintendent, Dr. Hastings has served the Dispensary continuously, faithfully and well. Familiar with the older methods, to him came the responsibility of administering the new. With the occupancy of the present building in 1883, came added cares. The specialization of services and the respective terms of the seventy physicians attached to them ; the requirements of modern therapeutics and the purchase of supplies and appa- ratus incident thereto ; the judicious handling of the many patients ; also the administration of the financial details of the Institution, all require and have received at his hands skilled attention and executive ability. To his unremitting care and wise forethought the growth of the Dispensary and its present usefulness are largely due. In this century of active life the Dispensary has had an honored history, one in which managers, physicians and friends may well take pride. The amount of suffering alleviated among the needy poor is incalculable. In the entire time since 1796, one million three hundred and seventy-eight thousand eight hundred and forty-five (1,378,845) cases have been attended. Since 1856 the number is one million two hundred and fifty-nine thousand six hundred and eighty-two (1,259,682). Doubtless among them a small percentage could be found of those to whom charity should not have been extended, but the number is certainly trivial compared with the large percentage of those really in need, to whom the charge of even a single small fee would have been a hardship That the purposes of the Dispensary have appealed strongly to the thoughtful citizens of this community is evidenced by the names of persons interested in their CENTENNIAL REPORT. 37 development. Complete lists of benefactors, managers, phy- sicians and others thus interested are given in the Appendix. A list tells its own story of generous contributions when it includes such names as Amory, Bromfield, Brooks, Hemenway, Higginson, Lawrence, Lowell, Parker, Smith, Sprague and Wigglesworth, which appear in that of the life-members and benefactors. It is not surprising that general confidence has been inspired in the work of the Dispensary when the management of its affairs has always been in the hands of gentlemen whose very names are synonymous with good government and of thoughtful interest in whatever relates to the commercial, the physical, the intellectual or the spiritual welfare of the community. Among the Managers who have given especially long and faithful service, have been Wolcott (both father and son), Lawrence, Crocker, Kuhn, Wigglesworth, Rogers, Ellis and Parker. As one reads in the long list of Dispensary Physicians the names of Jackson, and Warren, and Bowditch, and Cabot, and Doe, and Williams among the dead, or later the names of so many of Boston's living leaders of medicine, men to whom rich and poor, patient and physician turn when in need of special counsel, one may well feel not only that this Charity has nobly met its special aims, but also that by the experience acquired in such service the community and the medical pro- fession have been largely the gainers. It is the desire of the present Staff of the Boston Dispensary to continue the high standard of excellence, transmitted to them, and to aid the Dispensary towards a healthful develop- ment of its respective fields of usefulness. APPENDIX. List of Contributors to the Boston Dispensary IN 1796.* Hon. Samuel Adams, Esq. Mr. Seth Adams. Jeremiah Allen, Esq. Mr. Jonathan Amory. Mr. John Amory. Mrs, Elizabeth Amory. Mr. John Amory, jun. Mr. Jonathan Amory, jun. Mr. Francis Amory. Mr. Thomas C. Amory. Mr. Jonathan Amory, tertius. John Andrews, Esq. Mr. John T. Apthorp. Mr. Joseph Callender, jun. Mr. Gardner L. Chandler. Mrs. Mary Cofifin. Mr. Joseph Coolidge. Mr. James Cutler. Mr. George Deblois. Mr. Thomas Dennie. Mr. Ebenezer Dorr. Mr. Samuel Dunn. Mr. Joshua Eaton. Major-General Simon Elliott. Nathaniel Balch, Esq. Capt. Tristram Bernard. Mr. Thomas Bartlett. Mr. Samuel Blagge. Mr. Kirk Boott. Mrs. Elizabeth Bowdoin, $10. Mr. Thomas Brewer. Mr. Peter C. Brooks. Mr. William Brown. Mr. Benjamin Bussey. Mr. Joseph Field. His Honor, Moses Gill, Esq., $10. Mr. Nathaniel Goodwin. Mr. Samuel Gore. Mr. John Gore. Stephen Gorham, Esq. Mr. John Gray. Mr. Richard Green. Mr. Benjamin Greene. * The original list of benefactors was long supposed to be lost and the list given in Dr. Lawrence's "History" was obtained from a copy in the Athenaeum Library. Recently, however, the original manuscript was found in an old garret in Roxbury, and is now f ramed and preserved in the Dispensary. 40 APPENDIX. Mr. Joseph Greene. Mr. David Greene. Mr. John Huskins. Mrs. Elizabeth Huskins. Mr. Moses M. Hays. Stephen Higginson, Esq. Mr. Stephen Higginson, jun. Mr. Oliver Holden. Mrs. Abigail Howard. Mr. Jonathan Hunnewell. Henry Jackson, Esq. Hon. John C. Jones. Mr. Thomas J. Jones. Mrs. Susanna Kneeland. Mr. William Lambert. Hon. John Lowell, Esq. John Lowell, jun., Esq. Thomas McDonough, Esq. Mr. John Marston. Rev. Jedediah Morse, D. D. Mr. William Newman. Rev. Samuel Parker, D. D. Mr. John Parker. Samuel Parkman, Esq. Mr. Gorham Parsons. Mr. William Payne, $30. Miss Sarah Payne. Mr. David Peirce. Mr. Levi Peirce. Mr. Samuel Penhallow. Mr. Thomas H. Perkins, |io. Mr. Joshua Pico. Mr. William Pratt. Mr. Joseph Roby. Mrs. Hannah Rowe. Estate of Hon. Thomas Russell, Esq., $20. Mr. Samuel Salisbury. James Scott, Esq. Mr. William Shattuck. Mr. William Shaw. Mrs. Anne Smith. WiUiam Smith, Esq. Mrs. Elizabeth Sparhawk. Rev. Samuel Stillman, D. D. Mr. Benjamin Morgan Stillman. Hon. James Sullivan, Esq. Mr. Joseph Taylor. Mrs. Elizabeth Temple. Mr. Joshua Thomas. Mr. Samuel Torrey. William Tudor, Esq. Mr. Edward Tuckerman. Charles Vaughn, Esq. Mr. James Vila. Mr. Henry Wainwright. Hon. Oliver Wendell, Esq. Rev. Samuel West. Mr. David West. Mr. Robert Wier, jun. Mr. William Woods. APPENDIX. 41 BENEFACTORS. 1799. John Lucas |;2o 00 1801. Thomas Smith 333 33 1805. Mrs. McLane 50 00 I8II. Mrs. Esther Sprague 1,500 00 I8I2. Public Contribution 358 15 I8I3. Collection at King's Chapel . . . . 161 47 I8I6. Caleb Bingham 25 00 I8I9. Sarah Russell 100 00 1820. Edward H. Robbins 30 00 I82I. Boston Theatre, J. A. Dickson . . . . 500 00 1823. City of Boston 120 00 1823. Bryant P. Tilden 200 00 1830. A Friend 200 00 1830. Anne Smith 5,000 00 1832. Massachusetts Charitable Fire Society . 200 00 1832. Gardiner Greene 25 00 1832. Miss Belknap 1,000 00 1832. Peter C. Brooks 50 00 1833- Irish Charitable Society .... 10 00 1833- Mrs. Sarah Jackson 200 00 1836. Peter C. Brooks 50 00 1837. Mrs. Sarah Green 200 00 1837. Massachusetts Charitable Fire Society . 200 00 1838. Benjamin Dearborn (in reversion) . 90,000 00 I84I. Mrs. Margaret Coffin .... 30 00 1842. Lucretia Hubbard 500 00 1844. Sarah Stocker 50 00 1845. John Parker 2,000 00 1847. Henry Higginson 10,000 00 APPENDIX 1850. John Bromfield . NX^l-A.. $10,000 00 1850. John Redman 1,130 00 1856. A. B 100 00 1856. Augustus Hemenway 100 00 1858. Boston Lying-in-Hospital 716 75 1859. Mrs. Abbott I/awrence, ser 1. 100 00 1859. A Friend , 25 00 i860. Jonathan Phillips 5,000 00 1870. Henry Salstonstall 250 00 I87I. Nabby Joy . 5,000 00 I87I. James Read 500 00 I87I. Abbott Lawrence 1,000 00 1872. Arabella Rice . 5,000 00 1877. Augustus Hemenway . 2,000 00 1877. Quincy Tufts 2,000 00 1878. Eliza Powers 2,000 00 I88I. Thomas D. Quincy . 500 00 1883. Mary Wigglesworth . 5,000 00 I89I. Ann Wigglesworth 5,000 00 1892. T. 0. H. P. Burnham 2,000 00 1896. Samuel E. Sawyer 2,000 00 1896. Henry C. Hutchins . 1,000 00 1897. Thomas Wigglesworth 5,000 00 1897. William Hilton . 17,500 00 APPENDIX, 43 LIFE MEMBERS. Constituted. 1820. Hannah R. Amory. 1829. Ebenzer T. Andrews. 1844. Samuel Appleton. * Samuel T. Armstrong 1844. Amos Binney. 1844. Samuel Blake. 18 19. Edward Blanchard. 183 1. James Bowdoin. Eben L. Boyd. 1856. Samuel Bradlee. 1844. Peter C. Brooks. William Brown. John Brown. 1820. Charles R. Codman. Mrs. C. Codman. 1818. Margaret Coffin. 1824. Samuel Clark. S. P. Davis. Mary D aught. John Dorr. 1820. Mrs. Catherine Eliot. Ebenezer Francis. Nalbo Frazier. 1820. William R. Gray. 1828. Horace Gray. 1844. John C. Gray. Gardiner Greene. 1825. Mary Greene. 1844. J. S. Copley Greene. 1816. John Grew. Henry Homer. 1824. Joseph Head. 1828. Sarah Holland, Constituted. Hannah Joy. 1832. Amos Lawrence. 1832. Abbott Lawrence. 1844. William R. Lawrence. Catherine S. Langdon. Joseph Lee, jun. Charles Lowell, D. D. Samuel May. Mrs. John McLean. William Phillips, William Payne. John Peck. 1828. Jonathan Phillips. 1828. Edward D. Peters. 1828. James Perkins. 1821. Sarah Payne, 182 1. Mary Payne. 1816. Francis Parkman, D. D. Samuel G. Perkins. 1828. Paul D. Richards. Samuel Salisbury. Catherine S. Smith. 1818. David Sears. 1844. George C. Shattuck. Richard D. Tucker. 1818. Edward Tuckerman. 1844. John E. Thayer. 1844. G. Francis Thayer. 1825. Thomas L. Winthrop. 183 [. Samuel H. Walley. Charles Walley. 183 1. Edgar K. Whitaker. Samuel Whitwell. *Date not recorded. 44 APPENDIX. PRESIDENTS. Elected. 1796 Right Rev. Samuel Parker . . 1804 Samuel Stillman, D. D 1807 Rev. Joseph Eckley 181 1 Hon. William Phillips 1827 Edward Tuckerman 1828 Samuel Snelling , 1830 Edward Tuckerman , 1838 Hon. Jonathan PhilHps .... 1840 Gideon F. Thayer , 1846 Nathaniel L. Frothingham, D. D. 1852 James H. Foster , 1857 Samuel May 1865 George K. Kuhn 1875 J. Huntington Wolcott ... 1887 Thomas Wigglesworth .... 1893 Samuel Johnson Resigned. 1804 1807 1811 1827 1828 1830 1838 1852 1857 1865 1875 1887 1893 BOARD OF MANAGERS. Elected. 1796 Stephen Gorham 1796 Right Rev. Dr. Parker . . . 1796 John Parker 1796 John Coffin Jones 1796 William Brown 1796 Samuel Stillman 1796 William Shattuck 1796 Samuel Dunn 1796 John Andrews 1796 John Codman 1796 Jonathan Amory, 3d 1796 Samuel West 1797 Thomas Brewer 1798 Thomas Davis 1799 William Tudor 1799 Nathaniel Smith 1801 Benjamin Bussey 1801 Henry Hill 1802 Samuel Salisbury 1804 Adam Babcock 1806 Samuel Cobb 1806 Samuel Snelling 1806 Henderson Inches 1806 Eben L. Boyd 1807 Joseph Eckley Resigned. 1806 1804 1798 1799 1799 1807 i8oi 181S 1808 1807 1806 1801 1806 1801 1806 1830 1808 APPENDIX. 45 Elected. Resigned. 807 Gideon Snow 1845 808 Samuel H. Walley 1840 808 Joseph Coolidge, jun 1830 808 Henry Holmes 1809 808 John G. Coffin 1815 808 Stephen Higginson, jun 181 1 808 William Mackay 1820 809 William Smith 1815 809 James White 181 1 809 Joseph Tilden 1827 811 Charles Lowell 1820 811 Thomas Baldwin 1825 811 William Phillips 1827 813 Isaac Winslow 1845 815 John Grew 1815 815 • . Edward Tuckerman 1838 815 Edward Philhps 1827 815 Benjamin West 1826 820 Henry Ware 1830 820 Thomas A. Dexter 1822 822 Thomas W. Phillips 1827 825 Francis Wayland 1826 826 Benjamin Gould 1833 826 Gideon F. Thayer 1846 826 Samuel T. Armstong 1834 826 . Jonathan Phillips 1840 826 Samuel May 1865 826 George H. Snelling 1836 830 Otis Everett 1833 830 Nathaniel P. Russell 1836 830 Alonzo Potter 1831 831 Moses Grant 1832 832 Nathaniel L. Frothingham 1864 833 Thomas B. Wales 1836 833 J. Greely Stevenson 1835 834 Pliny Cutler 1854 835 Edmund Munroe 1838 836 James H. Foster 1856 836 William Gray • 1850 838 Uriel Crocker 1887 838 Josiah F. Flagg 1839 839 Edmund Dwight 1843 839 Samuel T. Armstrong 1841 840 Ebenzer Chadwick 1854 840 Nathaniel H. Emmons 1863 46 APPENDIX. Elected. Resigned. 1841 Samuel H. Walley 1842 1842 Charles Amory 1845 1843 Benjamin Howard 1844 1843 Samuel Bradlee 1856 1845 J. Huntington Wolcott 1865 1845 Gideon Snow 1845 1845 Jonathan Chapman 1848 1846 Francis Parkman 1853 1848 George H. Kuhn 1875 1850 William Dehon . • 1857 1852 Thomas P. Gushing 1855 1854 Henry B. Rogers 1887 1854 Samuel E. Guild 1862 1855 William R. Lawrence 1865 1856 Henry A. Whitney 1866 1856 Abbott Lawrence 1875 1857 Henry Plympton 1862 1862 Thomas Wigglesworth 1893 1862 Francis E. Parker 1879 1863 Samuel Johnson, jun 1863 John C. Ropes i868 1864 Rufus EUis 1885 1865 John Tisdale Bradlee 1872 1865 G. Langdon Pratt 1871 1865 James J. Higginson 1868 1866 William R. Lawrence 1879 1868 ....... Arthur Lincoln 1868 J. Huntington Wolcott 1887 1871 Samuel Eliot 1872 1872 Abner Kingman 7881 1872 Edward S. Grew 1875 George H. Kuhn 1879 1875 Francis W. Lawrence 1879 WilHam P. Kuhn 1897 1879 A. Lawrence Mason 1881 C. W. Amory 1885 John P. Spaulding 1885 1886 Charles G. Weld 1887 Roger Wolcott 1892 1887 Arthur B. ElHs 1888 1887 Francis W. Hunnewell 1889 J. Collins Warren 1892 Charles F. Sprague 1892 1893 Lawrence Brooks 1896 1895 E. Pierson Beebe APPENDIX. 47 SECRETARIES. Elected. 1796 Jonathan Amory, 3d . . 1798 John Andrews .... 1808 Samuel H. Walley . . 1809 Joseph Tilden .... 1813 Isaac Winslow .... 1815 John Grew 1815 Benjamin West .... 1819 Joseph Tilden .... 1820 Thomas A. Dexter . . 1822 Thomas W. PhilHps . 1827 George H. Snelling . . 1836 William Gray .... 1850 William Dehon .... 1857 H. Austin Whitney . . 1864 John C. Ropes .... 1868 Arthur Lincoln .... 1887 Edward S. Grew . . . Resigned. 1798 1808 1809 1813 181S 1815 1819 1820 1822 1827 1836 1850 1857 1864 1868 1887 TREASURERS. Elected. 1796 WiUiam Smith 1809 Edward Phillips . . . , 1813 Gideon Snow 1844 George T. Bigelow . . . 1850 Edward Blake 1863 Francis E. Parker . . 1879 Arthur Lincoln Resigned. 1809 1813 1844 1850 1863 1879 SUPERINTENDENTS. Appointed. 1858 John B. Alley 1862 Howard F. Damon . . . . , 1865 .... ... Samuel A. Green 1873 Alfred L. Haskins . . . . . 1876 Wm. H. H. Hastings . . . , Resigned. 1862 1865 1873 1876 CONSULTING PHYSICIANS. Appointed. 1858 Jacob Bigelow P. M. Crane 1867 Henry I. Bowditch 1867 Calvin Ellis Resigned. 1867 1867 1868 1868 48 APPENDIX. Appointed. CONSULTING SURGEONS. 1858 S. D. Townsend . H. W. Williams . George Hayward . 1863 J. Mason Warren . 1867 C. E. Buckingham 1867 R. M. Hodges . . Resigned. 1867 1859 1863 1867 1868 DISTRICT PHYSICIANS. Elected. 796 John Fleet 802 James Jackson 802 Samuel Hunt 804 Isaac Rand, jun 804 John G. Coffin 805 John DixweU 805 Horace Bean 806 John Gorham 806 Thomas I. Parker 807 Cyrus Perkins 809 Samuel R. Trevett 809 William Gamage, jun 809 Asa BuUard 810 Jacob Gates 811 Jacob Bigelow 811 John Revere 814 John B. Brown 814 George Parkman 816 Asa Bucknam 816 Pliny Hayes 817 Samuel Clark 818 John Ware 819 Enoch Hale 819 Gamaliel Bradford 820 Chandler Robbins 820 George B.Doane 821 John P. Spooner 821 John W. Webster 822 David Osgood 823 John D. Wells 823 Warren Abbott 823 George W. Otis 824 Samuel Morrill 825 Winslow Lewis 826 J. Greely Stevenson Retired. 1804 1804 1805 1805 1806 1806 1811 1807 1809 1809 1809 1814 1810 1811 1814 1816 1816 1817 1819 1818 1820 1820 1821 1820 1823 1823 1824 1822 1823 1826 1825 1826 1827 1827 1828 APPENDIX. 49 Appointed. Resigned. 1826 Edward G. Davis 1829 1827 . Charles T. Hildreth 1830 1827 Joseph K. McKean 1830 1827 Horatio Robinson 1828 1828 Jonas H. Lane 1830 1828 Francis J. Higginson 1830 1828 John C. Howard 1831 1828 Daniel T. Coit 1832 1829 Charles Walker 1832 1829 Thomas Gray 1832 1829 John B. Stebbins 1832 1830 Martin Gay 1832 1830 Henry Dyer 1833 1830 William Grigg 183 1 1830 Alexander Thomas 1833 1831 Edward J. Davenport 1834 1831 Augustus A. Gould 1834 1832 Ezra Palmer 1835 1832 Joseph Roby 1835 1832 Paul Simpson 1835 1832 James Wood 1833 1832 Caleb S. Whitman 1835 1832 John B. S. Jackson 1835 1833 Edward Warren 1836 1833 William A. Foster 1836 1833 James B. Gregerson 1835 1834 J.Howard Sargent 1835 1834 Edmund L. Cunningham 1836 1835 William G. Hanaford 1837 1835 Francis Dana 1836 1835 Henry I. Bowditch 1838 1835 William Young 1836 1835 John Odin 1838 1835 WilHam W. Dwight 1836 1835 Francis H. Gray 1837 1836 Henry G. Clark 1838 1836 John H. Dix 1839 1836 Alonzo Chapin 1837 1836 Hermann B. Inches 1838 1836 Abner B. Wheeler 1838 1836 Marcellus Bowen 1838 1837 Oliver W. Holmes 1837 1837 John M. Moriarty 1839 1837 Warren J. Whitney 1839 1838 George A. Bethune 1840 -■ .■j<:t'»jiT:^jL^=-,SiJ^ 50 APPENDIX. Appointed. Resigned. 1838 ........ Henry G. Wiley 1841 1838 John W. Gorham 1840 1838 Stephen Salisbury 1841 1838 Lewis I. Glover 1841 1838 Benjamin Haskell 1839 1838 Thomas M. Brewer .... • 1840 1839 Charles E. Ware 1840 1839 Nathaniel S. Tucker 1840 1839 Benjamin B. Appleton 1842 1839 William Eustis 1840 1840 Samuel Parkman 1842 1840 Ephraim Buck, jun 1842 1840 Frederic A. Eddy 1842 1840 William W. Cutler 1841 1840 Samuel Wigglesworth 1840 1840 Christopher C. Holmes 1841 1841 John F. W. Lane 1843 1841 Robert W. Hooper 1842 1841 John F. Tuckerman 1841 WilHam J. Dale 1843 Samuel Cabot 1841 Charles F. Foster 1844 Henry Orne Stone 1844 William Hawes 1842 1841 1842 . • Ward N. Boylston 1844 1842 Samuel Trull 1843 1842 William T. Parker 1844 1842 Samuel L. Abbott 1844 1842 William P. Dexter 1844 1843 ....... E. D. G. Palmer 1845 1843 George Hayward, jun 1846 1843 George N. Thomson 1845 1844 John Spence 1845 1844 Samuel Cabot 1846 1844 Phineas M. Crane 1847 1844 Charles E. Buckingham 1845 1844 LeBaron Russell 1846 1844 William H. Thayer 1845 1844 Andrew Alexander 1845 1845 Fytche E. Oliver 1848 1845 James M. Phipps 1848 1845 Alfred A. Lane 1848 1845 John S. Carter 1847 1845 . • Samuel Kneeland 1847 1846 Eleazer P. Wells 1846 APPENDIX. 5 1 Appointed. Resigned. 1846 William E. Townsend 1847 1846 George Derby 1849 1846 Nathaniel Downes 1849 1847 H. Osgood Stone 1848 1847 Robert Davis 1847 1847 George H. Gay 1848 1847 George F. Bigelow 1850 1847 John W. Hinckley 1849 1847 James W. Stone 1848 1848 Edmund B. Moore 1853 1848 Luther Parks, jun 1850 1848 Joseph Hagar 1849 1848 Benjamin F. Gilman 1849 1848 Moses W. Weld 1849 1848 Edward A. W. Harlow 185 1 1849 Henry W. Williams 185 1 1849 John C. Dalton 185 1 1849 Robert W. Greer 1852 1849 Francis Minot 185 1 1849 John C. Sharp 1850 1849 Marcus B. Leonard 1854 1850 Edmund T. Eastman 1853 1850 William B. Morris 185 1 1850 James P. Sharkey 1853 1850 John S. H. Fogg 1854 1850 Franklin F. Patch 185 1 185 1 Luther Johnson . . 185 1 185 1 Thomas F. Oakes 1854 1851 J. Everett Herrick 1854 1851 George F. Bigelow 1853 185 1 John R. Lincoln 1855 185 1 John C. Sharp 1853 1852 Daniel D. Slade 1853 1853 John F. Jarvis .... • 1856 1853 Zabdiel B. Adams 1854 1853 William Pitt 1855 1853 Algernon Coolidge 1854 1853 William H. Page 1855 1853 Horace W. Adams 1855 1854 John C. York 1854 1854 Charles W. Moore 1857 1854 Edmund T. Eastman 1854 1854 George H. Gallup 1855 1854 Oliver D. Root 1856 1854 Seth L. Sprague 1857 52 APPENDIX. Appointed. Resigned. 1854 John S. H. Fogg 1858 1855 Calvin G. Page 1858 1855 Samuel B. Flagg 1855 1855 George G. Tucker 1855 1855 Zabdiel B. Adams 1858 1855 Alfred A. Stocker 1857 1856 Marcus B. Leonard 1858 1856 John A. Lamson 1859 1857 Lucius M. Sargent. Jr 1859 1857 Robert Ware 1863 1858 Stephen Mighill 1863 1858 John W. Hinckley 1863 1858 Henry K. Oliver, Jr 1863 1858 Samuel A. Green 1863 1858 Hugh Ferguson 1859 1859 William Osgood 1863 1859 Gustavus Hay 1863 1859 Joseph F. Gould 1863 i860 Henry Lyman Shaw 1866 1861 John Stearns, Jr. 1862 1861 Charles C. Street 1866 1863 William E. Rice 1864 1863 Dewey K. Warren 1866 1863 Charles K. Wheeler 1866 1863 John Hart 1866 1863 Thomas H. Haskins 1866 1864 Elisha W. Aiken 1866 1864 Artemas L Fenn 1867 1864 Joshua B. Treadwell 1864 1866 Charles E. Inches 1868 1866 Washington B. Trull 1868 1866 Joseph W. Gushing 1868 1866 Robert Disbrow 1870 1866 William B. Mackie 1866 1866 Joseph R. Draper 1868 1866 ....'... Charles B.Porter 1866 1866 David D. Gilbert 1866 1866 Joseph W. Gushing 1866 1866 Jacob F. Appell 1869 1866 David F. Lincoln 1870 1867 William F. Monroe 1868 1868 Charles P. Kemp 1868 1868 John B. Fulton 1877 1868 David H. Hayden 1870 1868 Alfred L. Haskins 1871 APPENDIX. 53 Appointed. • Resigned. 1868 Hugh Doherty 1870 1869 Henry Tuck 1871 1869 William H. H. Hastings 1872 1870 Orlando W. Doe 1872 1870 Horace S. Everett 1872 1870 Thomas F. Goddard 187 1 1870 William L. Richardson 1872 187 1 Charles F. Folsom 1872 187 1 Charles P. Putnam 1873 187 1 Reginald H. Fitz 1873 1872 Josiah L. Hale 1873 1872 Bennett F. Davenport 1874 1872 Prince W. Page 1874 1872 Charles B. Belt 1873 1872 William J. Morton 1873 1873 William H. Ruddick 1873 1873 Frederick W\ Vogel 1876 1873 Walter Channing 1875 1873 Joseph P. Oliver 1875 1873 Amos L. Mason 1875 1873 James H. Davenport 1875 1874 William C. Holyoke 1874 1874 Francis A. Harris 1875 1874 Wallace W. Lovejoy 1875 1874 John G. Stanton 1876 1875 Edward J. Moore 1876 1875 James B. Ayer 1877 1875 Elbridge G. Cutler 1876 1875 Frederic C. Shattuck 1877 1875 William C. Holyoke 1876 1876 Thomas M. Rotch 1878 1876 Edward F. Hodges 1879 1876 Edward H. Bradford 1877 1876 Abner Post 1878 1876 William J. G. Fogg 1879 1876 Thomas G. Reed 1879 1877 George W. Copeland 1883 1877 Maurice H. Richardson 1878 1877 Samuel Howe 1879 1877 • Arthur T. Cabot 1879 1878 Claudius M. Jones 1880 1878 Edward C. Booth 1879 1878 William F. Whitney 1880 1879 Henry C. Haven 1880 1879 Charles P. Bancroft i88i 54 APPENDIX. Appointed. 879 Edward L. Parks . . 879 Charles M. Green . . 879 . Francis H. Williams 879 Henry W. Broughton 880 Frank H. Hooper . . 880 William W. Gannett 880 Harold Williams . . 880 James J. Minot . . . 880 John W. Elliott . . . 881 Henry L. Morse . . 881 George H. Tilden . . 881 John W. Farlow . . 881 John B. Swift .... 881 Morton H. Prince . . 881 Flavin W. Kyle . . . 882 Samuel J. Mixter . . 882 Vincent Y. Bowditch 882 Henry P. Jacques 882 William N. Bullard . 882 William C. Emerson 882 Robert B. Dixon . . 882 Walter J. Otis . . . 882 Frederick F. Daggett 883 Willis B. McMichael 883 Herbert L. Burrell . 883 . . . . • . . Frederic H. Lombard 883 George G. Hay ward 883 Rufus A. Kingman . 883 William D. Hodges . 884 Russell Sturgis . . . 884 Edward W. Warren . 884 George H. Monks . 885 Thomas F. Sherman 885 Winifred B. Bancroft 885 James S. Howe . . . 885 Hayward W. Gushing 885 William F. Temple . 886 Herbert B. Whitney 886 Howard M. Buck . . 886 George E. Richards 886 Frederick M. Briggs 886 Edward Reynolds . 887 Henry Jackson . . . 887 John A. Jeffries . . . 887 Robert W. Lovett . . Resigned. APPENDIX. 55 Appointed. Resigned. 887 George Haven 887 Charles W. Townsend 887 George G. Sears 888 Robert W. Greenleaf . • 888 George E. Thompson 888 Fred. W. Stuart 888 Silas H. Ayer 888 Henry C. Baldwin 889 Algernon Coolidge, Jr 889 William S. Boardman 1891 889 George A. Sargent 1892 889 ....... Samuel Breck 1891 890 Edward L. Twombly 1892 890 Joseph R. Draper 1892 890 Fred C. Cobb . . 890 Augustus Thorndike 890 Arthur K. Stone 890 Charles D. Fillebrown 1895 890 William S. Thayer 890 Chauncey R. Burr 890 Paul Thorndike 1891 891 Richard Sprague 1892 891 George H. Washburn 1892 891 Joel E. Goldthwait 1893 891 William H. Prescott 1893 891 George A. Craigin 1893 892 Augustus A. Knight 1893 892 William E. Fay 1892 892 Horace E. Bragdon 1895 892 William P. Derby 892 Augustus H. Wentworth 1893 892 William E. Chenery 1893 892 Frank S. Whittemore 1893 892 Eugene M. Holden 1893 892 . Joseph Hicks 1893 892 . John J. Thomas 1893 893 . William R. Woodbury 1893 893 John L. Morse 1893 893 . , Horace D. Arnold 1893 893 . Charles M. Whitney 1893 893 John C. Ames 1893 893 . Benjamin Tenney 1895 893 Malcolm Storer 1895 893 Edward A. Pease 1894 893 Edwin W. Dwight 56 APPENDIX. Appointed. 1893 Franklin G. Balch 1893 John B. Blake . . 1893 Fred B. Lund . . . 1893 .... 1894 .... 1894 .... 1894 .... 1894 .... 1894 . . ._ . i8q4 .... John Dane Frederick R. Tower Farrah Cobb . . . . John W. Bartol . . . Warren F. Gay . . . ..... Nelson C. Haskell . Howard N. Lothrop . 1895 William L. Edwards 1895 Edmund C. Stowell . 189s George M. Muttart . 1895 John S. Phelps . . . 1895 John W. Dewis . . . 189s Alfred N. Wheeler . 1895 C. Morton Smith . . 1896 John N. Coolidge . . 1896 Charles H. Hare . . 1896 Frank A. Higgins . . 1896 James S. Stone . . . 1897 Arthur L. Chute . . 1897 William P. Coues . . 1897 Sidney A. Lord . . . 1897 George A. Harlow . 1897 Frederick Drew . . 1897 Carl A. Ewald . . . 1897 William Cogswell . . 1897 Richard E. Edes . . 1897 Richard F. Chase . . Resig-ned. 1894 1894 1895 1894 189J 1895 1896 1896 1897 1896 1897 1897 1897 1897 1897 1897 1897 SURGEONS. Appointed. 1856 George H. Lyman . 1856 Henry W. Williams . 1856 Richard M. Hodges . 1856 Daniel D. Slade . . 1858 William W. Morland 1861 Charles D. Homans . 1863 David W. Cheever . 1863 Algernon Coolidge . 1864 John Green 1864 Alexander D. Sinclair 1865 Francis H. Brown . . 1866 Seth L. Sprague . . , Resigned. 1861 1858 1863 1863 1864 1864 1868 . 1866 1866 1865 1872 1870 APPENDIX. 57 Appointed. 866 Calvin G. Page . . . 868 John Romans .... 868 Oliver F. Wadsworth 869 ...... Algernon Coolidge . 869 George G. Tarbell . 869 Arthur N. Nichols . 869 Henry H. A. Beach 869 Francis C. Ropes . . 869 Joshua B. Treadwell 870 Samuel W. Langmaid 871 Clarence J. Blake . . 872 Francis B. Greenough 873 Thomas B. Curtis . . 875 Thomas Waterman . 875 Thomas Dwight . . 876 Charles E. Inches . . 876 George W. Gay . . . 877 Walter Ela 878 Edward H. Bradford 880 John F. Bush 881 Abner Post 882 Francis H. Williams 884 Samuel J. Mixter . . 885 Herbert L. Burrell . 885 George H. Monks . 886 Edward O. Otis . . 887 William M. Conant . 890 Frederick M. Briggs 890 Arthur K. Stone . . 891 Paul Thorndike . . . 892 Augustus Thorndike 893 Rufus E. Darrah . . 896 Edward E. Pease 896 Warren F. Gay . . . Resigned. 1870 1870 1870 1870 1870 1870 1876 1875 1872 1873 1875 1884 1878 1887 1877 1893 1892 PHYSICIANS. Appointed. 8 Eli W. Blake S Charles D. Homans . . 8 J. Nelson Borland . . 858 Francis Minot .... 858 Edw. F. Ohver .... 858 Buckminster Brown . . 858 Calvin G. Page .... 858 Algernon Coolidge . . 858 Calvin Ellis Resigned. 1858 1861 1864 1858 1859 1859 1863 1863 1863 58 APPENDIX. Appointed. Resigned . 1858 Zabdiel B. Adams 1861 1859 Lucius M. Sargent 1861 1859 J. Baxter Upham 1866 1861 Robert Ware 1863 1863 Alexander D. Sinclair 1864 1863 SethD. Sprague 1864 1863 Henr>' K. Oliver, Jr 1867 1863 Stephen W. Bowles 1866 1863 James C. White 1866 1864 Sidney H. Carney 186S 1864 Hall Curtis 1S70 1866 William Osgood 1866 1866 John M. Hayward 1875 1866 Charles F. Crehore 1867 1866 Francis C. Ropes 1869 1866 Calvin G. Page 1866 1866 B. Joy Jeffries 1868 1866 J. Theodore Heard 1866 1866 Patrick A. O'Connell 1871 1866 Joshua B. Treadwell 1S69 1566 Charles W. Swan 1866 1866 Charles B. Porter 1871 1866 Samuel W. Langmaid 1870 1866 Robert Willard 186S 1567 John Homans, Jr 186S 1867 Frederick I. Knight 1S76 1867 Oliver F. Wadsworth 1S6S 1867 Francis B. Greenough 1S72 1865 William F. Munroe 187 1 1868 Charles E. Inches 1876 1868 Samuel G. Webber 1870 1869 Fitch E. Oliver 1S70 1869 Robert Amoiy 1S70 1S69 Theodore W. Fisher 1870 1869 Thomas Waterman 1870 1S69 John C. Warren = . . . . 1870 1S69 I. Franklin Appell 1877 1870 David F. Lincoln 1872 1870 Henr\- H. A. Beach , . 1S73 1870 Robert Disbrow 1 87 1 Thomas Waterman 1875 1871 Henry Tuck 1S71 1871 Alfred C. Haskins 1S73 1872 William H. H. Hastings 1876 1872 William L. Richardson 1875 APPENDIX. 59 Appointed. Resigned. 1872 William F. Munroe 1874 1873 Charles P. Putnam 1876 1873 F. M. Robinson 1874 1873 Theodore W. Fisher 1875 1873 Thomas Dwight 1875 1873 Reginald H. Fitz 1882 1873 Henry Tuck 1876 1873 Josiah L. Hale 1883 1874 ....... William H. Baker 1885 1875 Orlando W. Doe 1877 1875 Joseph P. Oliver 18S8 1875 Amos L. Mason 1877 1875 Allen M. Sumner 1879 1875 George W. Gay 1876 1876 William S. Dennett 1876 1876 Frederick W. Vogel 1887 1876 William C. Holyoke 1880 1876 Elbridge G. Cutler 1877 1876 George B. Shattuck 1880 1876 Robert M. Lawrence 1886 1876 Walter Ela 1877 1876 John Dixwell 1893 1877 James B. Ayer 1880 1877 Frederic C. Shattuck 1878 1877 Edward H. Bradford 1878 1877 John F. Bush 1880 1877 Francis H. Davenport 1881 1878 Abner Post 1881 1878 Thomas M. Rotch 1878 Maurice H. Richardson 1881 1879 Arthur T. Cabot 1881 1879 Albert J. Colgan 1880 1880 Henry C. Haven 1887 1880 Charles M. Green 1885 1880 James N. Reilly 1882 1880 Claudius M. Jones 1892 1880 William F. Whitney 1882 1881 Charles P. Bancroft 1882 1881 Francis H. Williams 1882 1881 Henry W. Broughton 1883 1881 Harold Williams 1881 James J. Minot 1889 1881 George M. Garland 1892 1882 William W. Gannett 1884 1882 Edward M. Buckingham 6o APPENDIX. Appointed. 882 Henry L. Morse . . 882 John B. Swift . . . 883 Samuel J. Mixter . . 883 Vincent Y. Bowditch 883 William C. Emerson . 884 Charles G. Weld . . 884 . , Robert B. Dixon . . 885 Russell Sturgis . . . 885 Frederic H. Lombard . 885 Rufus A. Kingman . , 886 Thomas F. Sherman , 886 William D. Hall . . 886 James S. Howe . . . . 887 Howard M. Buck . . , 887 Frederic M. Briggs . . 887 George H. Tilden . . 888 Winifred B. Bancroft . 888 William F. Temple . , 888 George E. Richards . 889 Henry Jackson . . . . 890 Henry C. Baldwin . . 890 Robert W. Greenleaf . 891 William S. Boardman . 891 ....... Samuel Breck . . . . 892 George A. Sargent . 892 Edward L. Twombly . 892 George H. Washburn . 892 William E. Fay . . . . 892 Chauncey R. Burr . , 893 William H. Prescott 893 Frederic M. TurnbuU , 893 John J. Thomas . . . 893 Augustus S. Knight . . 893 William E. Chenery . 893 John L. Morse . . . . 894 Horace D. Arnold . . 895 Benjamin Tenney . . 89s Charles E. Fillebrown 895 Frederick R. Tower 896 John W. Bartol . . . , 896 Henry F. Hewes . • . 897 Edmund C. Stowell . . 897 Alfred A. Wheeler . . 897 John N. Coolidge . . . Resigned. [892 t893 t895 t893 t893 [890 t893 [892 1893 f893 t893 893 897 895 894 '897 [897 APPENDIX, 6 1 OCULISTS. Appointed. Resigned. 1867 Oliver F. Wadsworth 1874 1876 William S. Dennett 1877 1882 Charles H. Williams 1886 1886 Wm. D. Hall 1893 1889 Edwin E. Jack 1893 1893 Edward L. Parks 1896 1893 Frederick A. Davis 1895 1895 Frank E. Draper 1896 William E. Baxter AURISTS. 870 Clarence J. Blake 1872 882 Franklin H. Hooper 1887 885 George A. Leland 1891 887 Henry L. Morse 1890 888 William S. Bryant 1893 890 Wallace Preble 891 Ernest E. Doble 1896 893 Joseph Hicks 1896 896 Edgar M. Holmes 896 Philip Hammond 897 Charles S. Wright DEPARTMENT FOR DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 1873 .... = .. Samuel G. Webber 1878 1873 David F. Lincoln 1880 1878 Frederick W. Vogel 1884 1880 Charles F. Folsom 1882 1882 Morton H. Prince 1886 1884 William N. Bullard 1893 1886 Philip C. Knapp 1888 1888 John A. Jeffries 1892 1888 Elliott G. Brackett 1892 1892 Chauncey R. Burr 1893 1892 Frederic Coggeshall 1893 William R. Woodbury DEPARTMENT FOR DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 1873 Francis B. Greenough 1882 Abner Post 1896 James S. Howe 62 APPENDIX. DEPARTMENT FOR DISEASES OF THROAT AND NOSE. Appointed. Resigned. i88i Thomas A. DeBlois 1890 1882 John W. Farlow 1886 Edward W. Warren 1890 1887 Frederick M. TurnbuU 1888 1889 J. Payson Clark 1895 1890 Algernon Coolidge, Jr 1893 1890 Frederic C. Cobb 1893 William S. Boardman 1895 William E. Chenery 1897 Benjamin Tenney DEPARTMENT FOR DISEASES OF WOMEN. I William H. Baker 1885 1 Francis H. Davenport 1895 881 Charles M. Green 1885 881 John W. Elliot 1890 885 F. Howard Lombard 1886 885 John B. Swift 886 George G. Hayward 1888 888 Rufus A. Kingman 1897 890 George Haven 895 Malcolm Storer 897 Charles H. Hare DEPARTMENT FOR DISEASES OF THE GENITO- URINARY SYSTEM. 882 George H. Tilden 1893 882 Francis S. Watson 1892 886 Hayward W. Gushing 1894 886 Gardner W. Allen 892 Paul Thorndike 1894 893 Charles M. Whitney 894 John B. Blake 1897 894 Franklin G. Balch 1896 896 Howard A. Lothrop 897 Charles M. Smith DEPARTMENT FOR DISEASES OF THE RECTUM AND ANUS. 1884 Walter J. Otis 1884 Charles P. Strong 1885 1885 William D. Hodges 1893 1893 Joseph C. Stedman 1897 John S. Phelps APPENDIX. 63 OBSTETRIC DEPARTMENT. Appointed. Resigned. 1885 Charles M. Green 1890 Edward Reynolds 1890 Charles W. Townsend ORTHOPEDIC DEPARTMENT. 886 Royal Whitman 1890 886 WiUiam M. Conant 890 Charles L. Scudder 891 Augustus Thorndike 1892 892 Rufus E. Darrah 1893 893 Frank S. Whittemore 893 Horace D. Arnold 894 Edward E. Pease 894 Edwin W. Dwight 1895 895 Edward H. Nichols 896 Calvin G. Page 896 Charles F. Painter PATHOLOGIST. 88q Edward M. Greene DEPARTMENT FOR MENTAL DISEASES. 1897 Walter Channing ASSISTANT. 1897 Arthur C. Jelly DENTISTS. 1873 Charles S. Bartlett 1874 1873 Edwin P. Bradbury 1874 1873 John W. Keyes 1874 1873 Timothy O. Lombard 1874 1873 Frederick M. Bradbury 1874 1874 Forrest G. Eddy 1874 1874 Jesse Robbins 1874 1865 Edwin B. Hitchcock 1876 1875 Thomas Bradley 1876 1877 Henry F. Dunkell 1877 1878 Frederick E. Banfield 1879 1879 Albert J. Colgan 1880 1880 James E. Riley 1882 1888 Frederick E. Banfield 1883 1883 Joseph E. Waitt 1891 1891 Alexander H. Fisher 64 APPENDIX. APOTHECARIES. Appointed. Retired. 1796 Smith and Bartlett 1815 1802 Stephen Thayer 1809 1802 Robert Fenelly 1821 1809 William B. White 182 1 1815 Terence Wakefield 182 1 1819 Daniel Henchman 1821 1821 Samuel Clarke 1832 1832 J. M. Smith and Co 1841 1841 Smith and Fowle 1844 1842 Charles Mead 1857 1844 Seth W. Fowle 1846 1844 James Kidder 1851 1846 Charles K. Whipple 1856 1851 Robert R. Kent 1857 1856 John D. Taylor 1857 1857 Radford and Campbell 1858 1857 John N. M. Hill 1857 1857 Edward A. Lee 1858 1857 Charles G. Underwood 1859 1858 Henry M. BiUings 1858 1858 Nathaniel S. Boyce 1859 1859 Henry M. Billings i860 i86c Solomon Hovey 1861 1867 Archibald K. Carruthers 187 1 1871 Eugene A. Oilman 1873 1873 Frank G. Winn 1874 1874 John J. Kelly 1878 1878 Frank H. Clark 1886 1886 Frederick H. Dudley 1893 1893 Joseph S. Lang 1894 1894 George Lachambre FORM OF BEQUEST. For Personal Property. I give and bequeath to the Boston Dispensary, of Boston, Massachusetts, incorporated in the year 1801, the sum of dollars, to be applied to the uses of the said corporation. For Real Estate. I give and bequeath to the Boston Dispensary, of Boston, Massachusetts, incorporated in the year 1801, the following property, to wit : {here insert description of the property) , together with the appurtenances thereto belonging, to have and to hold the same unto the said corporation, its successors and assigns, forever. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES This book is due on the date indicated below, or at the expiration of a definite period after the date of borrowing, as provided by the library rules or by special arrangement with the Librarian in charge. DATE BORROWED DATE DUE DATE BORROWED DATE DUE C28 ( 164 ) 50M J axil or a =:z PAMPHLET BINDER ^^^ Syracuse, N. Y. ^~~ Stockton, Calif. RA982.E65 G84 1898 Greenleaf An historical report of the Boston Dispensary ... /HP 1 ^ V '^^^c>^^,!u^^*J^m^;*^^'#V'^4^