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AUTHOR: 
 
 WIRGMAN, THOMAS 
 
 TITLE: 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF THE 
 KANTESIAN OR... 
 
 PLA CE: 
 
 LONDON 
 
 DA TE: 
 
 1832 
 
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 PRESERVATION DEPARTMENT 
 
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 ^y^ Wirgnaii, Thonan, 
 
 Principles of the Kantesieai or tn.n:;ron(^entQl 
 philofiopliy, by Thomn Mrgmn. . ..?d, ed, London, 
 Treuttol, lf^?)2. 
 
 14 (i.e. on) p. n cru 
 
 Pa£;ination repeV.ud. 
 
 Addod t.-p. in aernan, text in Crernan and English. 
 
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 eine itarfe beö menfc^(icf)en ©cmutJjeö nad) Äant, 
 
 ^er €)tnn. 
 
 (Sine gieceptit)itdt ober ein teibenbeö SSermogen^ 
 ®er innere Sinn ^ ^ j ^ ®er äußere Sinn 
 
 cmpfänöt eine ' empfdnst eine 
 
 ^JJannigfaltigfeit Sfl a u m. SWannigfaltigfeit 
 
 in ber g^ad)f olgung. i" ^« 2(ugbet)nun3. 
 
 eine (Spontaneität ober ein tljdtigeö SSermogen, n)eld)eö 
 
 gorm ober einl^eit erjeugt, inbem e§ Seit unb Staum 
 
 t)erEnüpt nad) ben 6 a t e g o r i e n ber 
 
 Quantität. Qualität. ^Relation. «mobaUtat. 
 
 Subftans unb ^Cccibens^ 
 
 3fieatitat, S5jj53iid)!eit, 
 
 ^flegation/ Urfadje unb SBivIung/ ^afepn, 
 
 ßimitation. ^«ot^irenbicjfeit. 
 
 ^anblunc3 unb ©eöen^anblunQ 
 
 ©int)eit/ 
 S5iel^eit, 
 2lU^eit. 
 
 ^ie Vernunft 
 
 eine Spontaneität frei von 9iaum unb 3eit, n)eld;e bie 
 Kategorien üerbinbet m bie Sbeen : 
 
 2lbfolute 
 7(Ut)cit, 
 
 ^Tbfolute 
 Limitation. 
 
 7£bfolutc 
 ©ubltanj/ 
 
 2il)[oUite 
 Urfacl)?/ 
 
 JlbHuto 
 (5oncuncn,v 
 
 2(bfolute 
 gjot^tpenbiQteit. 
 
 "?S 
 
 />>,;'■««,!!• Wiripmtm. hntmi. 
 
 fiti'/tit'^t IVr'/Z/ttftiS'-'r \'itif/'.\'if 
 
 hiMtü^**i SrfttT 4 tH2,i fy T.Wfnrmttn nntfiniuim Lvttitr. 
 
^..^F 
 
 
 
 
 ■ ■ »III I*»—— WW ■ 
 
 — X. 
 
 i ! 
 
 m m 
 
 \ 
 
 IPI «I' 
 
 ^*i, 
 
 
 i S\ 1 
 
 V, II . 
 
 PRINCIPLES 
 
 ©runbfö^e 
 
 ter 
 
 OF 
 
 TRANSCENDENTAL PHILOSOPHY, 
 
 Xratt^cenbental = ^§ilcifop§ie. 
 
 i 
 
,; :rs,--A-3;^>-' 
 
 ' i| *:j Mf ■ P t^-' ■**- 
 
 PRINCIPLES 
 
 ® V u n & f Ä (3 e 
 
 ber 
 
 OF THE 
 
 K A N T E S I A N 
 
 OR 
 
 TRANSCENDENTAL PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 By THOMAS WIRGMAN, 
 
 'autI)or of tl)c articles 
 
 KANT, LOGIC, METAPHYSICS, MORAL PHILOSOPHY, AND PHILOSOPHY, 
 IN THE ENCYCLOPyEDIA LONDINENSIS. 
 
 ^ecoiiD C^tition. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 TREUTTEL AND WÜRTZ, TREUTTEL JUN. AND RICffTRR, 
 
 Booksellers to His Royal Highness Prince Leopold of SaxeCohurg, Soho Square; 
 PARIS AWD STRASBURG, TREUTTEL AND WURT/. 
 
 1832. 
 
 i 
 til 
 
 I 
 
 
 Äantif *en 
 
 ober 
 
 ^ran^cenbenta^^^^ilofop^ic 
 
 üon 
 
 enci)clopdbta 2onbcnenfi§. 
 
 Zmtitt ?lufl35t. 
 
 fL n n : 
 
 bei STccuttct unb SSur^, STccuttcl bem jungecn unb 9lid)tcv, 
 
 q)arU unb ettafibutfl» SEteuttel unb SlSutl. 
 
 1832. 
 
t-i>J '■<^'' S'^-Ji -iaV -xk'' jJljB 
 * - •- «^* 
 
 TO 
 
 I 
 
 ?Qb JWoöt CFxcellent iWajc^tg 
 
 GEORGE THE FOURTH, 
 
 THE PATRON OF SCIENCE : 
 
 THKSB 
 
 ELEMENTS 
 
 OP THE TRUE 
 
 PHILOSOPHY OF MIND 
 
 ARE MOST HUMBLY DEDICATED, 
 
 BY 
 
 HIS MAJESTY'S 
 
 MOST DUTIFUL SUBJECT. 
 
 THOMAS WIRGMAN. 
 
 1 
 
 ®t. 
 
 ©eorg ^^nt Vierten 
 
 Äonige t>on ©ropbritannien, 
 
 bem 
 
 i^oi^cn 23efit>ü$er bet ffiiffenfcljaften; 
 
 finb tiefe 
 
 Elemente 
 
 bcr 
 
 » 
 
 at)i:en ^I)tlof opf)ic beß 
 
 m 
 
 ticffier e^rfurd)t ju gupcn gelegt 
 
 oon 
 
 (5r. 2}?aiertdt 
 
 untett{)&m9ftem Äncd;t 
 
 Sljoma^ SBirgman, 
 
 ^ *"]- * ■' 
 
 .1 i»^^ <^ * 
 
«",■ ''y»;.:j'"»;S^^^pss-J;ff*>f^ 
 
 
 ELEMENTS OF TRANSCENDENTAL PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 THE MIND. 
 
 SENSE. 
 
 2 Receptivities. 
 
 -A 
 
 Time. 
 
 Space. 
 
 UNDERSTANDING. 
 
 QUANTITY. 
 
 Unity, 
 
 Multitude, 
 
 Totality. 
 
 12 (categories. 
 
 QUALITY. RELATION. 
 
 Reality, Substance and Accident, 
 
 Negation, Cause and Effect, 
 
 Limitation. Action and Re-action. 
 
 MODALITY 
 
 Possibility, 
 Existence, 
 Necessity. 
 
 REASON. 
 
 6 Ideas. 
 
 Absolute 
 TotiUity. 
 
 Absolute 
 Limitation. 
 
 Absolute 
 
 Substance. 
 
 Absolute 
 
 Cause, 
 
 Absolute 
 
 Concurrence 
 
 Absolute 
 Necessity. 
 
 RESULTS. 
 INTUITION, CONCEPTION, IDEA, 
 
 present in absent in nut of 
 
 TiMF and Sr.\rE. Timi. and Spacp:. Time and Spate. 
 
 S^^Sjb^^T^fjäWBS*®'**'"™ f *^5^'^>'W^!Er' ^*^ «»v-33«äf<m™wTiH— Ji-l ^^^^A^ 
 
 (vicmente bee Xtan^ccnbcntal=q5^ilofopi^ie. 
 
 M «f WÄltft* 
 
 inn. 
 
 • • / p 
 
 r 
 
 3cit. 
 
 2 gieceptit}itatcn. 
 
 ^\ 
 
 Siaum . 
 
 ^erftani). 
 
 Quantität. £lualit&t. 
 (gint)eit, «Realität, 
 a5ielt)eit/ ^ZcQation, 
 Tttl^eit. limitation. 
 
 12 (Sategonen. 
 
 sedation. smobalitdt. 
 
 (Subftans unb Ttcciben^, 5}?6i3Ud)!eit, 
 
 Urfad^c unb ©irfung, ^afc^n/ 
 
 ^anbluns unb ©cöcnl)anblun9. 9totl)ipenbiö!eit 
 
 ?ßernunft. 
 
 6 Sbeen. 
 
 2(b[olute 
 hcUfeeit. 
 
 Ttbjolutc 
 limitation. 
 
 :ifbfolute 
 
 eubjtans, 
 
 arbfolute 
 Urfacl)e/ 
 
 2(b[olute 
 ßoncui'ren§. 
 
 2(b[oUttc 
 9Zütt)«?enbi9!cit. 
 
 7(nfcl)auunv3, 
 
 3 e i t unb 5R a u m. 
 
 O^cfultate. 
 
 23egviff, 
 
 ^ixt unb 9iaum. 
 
 3cit unb .^aum- 
 

 AXIOMS 
 
 OK 
 
 TRANSCENDENTAL PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 ^ jr i ni e 
 
 bn 
 
 Xran^cenbental^'jp^ilofop^ie. 
 
 I. 
 
 Consciousness is the power to distinguish 
 ourselves from surrounding objects, and 
 
 from our own thoughts. 
 
 2. Time is the Form of Internal Sexse. 
 
 3. Space is the Form of External Sense. 
 
 4. Sense makes. .Intuitions. 
 
 5. Understanding. .makes. .Conceptions. 
 G. Reason makes.. Ideas. 
 
 1. SSetDuptfcpn ijl baö SSermogen, ung fetbjl wn 
 
 umgebenben ©ecjenjldnben, unb von unfern 
 eigenen ©ebanfen ju unterfd)eiben. 
 
 2. Sie Seit ill bie %om be§ inneren ©inneö. 
 
 3. 25er Sdaum ijl bie gorm be§ duperen ©inneö. 
 
 4. ®er ©inn bilbet. .2(nfcf)auun9en. 
 
 5. Ser SJ e r jl a n b . . . . bilbet . .begriffe. 
 
 6. Sie 58ernunft bilbet. .Sbeen. 
 
DEFINITIONS 
 
 (S 1* f U r u n d c n 
 
 OF 
 
 bev 
 
 TRANSCENDENTAL PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 1. Intuition — every thing present in Time 
 
 and Space ; that we feel, see, hear, 
 taste, or smell. 
 
 2. Conception — every thing absent in Time 
 
 and Space ; that we think of on/j/, but 
 do not touch. 
 
 3. Idea — every thing out of Time and 
 
 Space ; that we think of o///j/, but 
 which never can come into Time and 
 Space. 
 
 4. Knowledge is Intuition comprehended 
 
 under Conception. 
 
 Ö. Th o u g ht is Conception joined to Conception. 
 
 I r a n i? c e n b e n t a I ^ «^^ ^ i 1 f p ^ i c . 
 
 
 1. Ttnfd^auung — aßeö ©egenn^drtige in Seit 
 
 unb Sftaum; \üa& mir füt)len, fctjen, ^oren^ 
 fd;me(fen, ober ried)en. 
 
 2. SBegrijf— alleö 3Cbn)efenbe in 3eit unb 9iaum ; 
 
 maö wir nur benten, aber nid)t fül)len. 
 
 3. 3bee— alleö auper 3eit unb 9taum ; waS wir 
 nur benEen, mag aber nie in ber Seit unb im 
 JRaume angetroffen werben fann. 
 
 4. (SrEenntnip iji 2(nfd)auun9 unter einen Segrijf 
 
 gefapt. 
 
 5. ©cbanfe ijl 23egrijf mit begriff üerbunbcn. 
 
PRINCIPLES 
 
 OF 
 
 TRANSCENDENTAL PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 THE MIND. 
 
 SENSE. 
 
 L Every Thing in nature has matter and 
 
 form : 
 
 2. The matter of the thing is the parts of 
 
 which it is composed ; 
 
 3. The form of the thing is the arrangement 
 
 of the parts. 
 
 4. As we do not create the matter, it must be 
 
 given. 
 
 §• As the matter is given^ we must have a 
 faculty to receive it: — a Receptivity. 
 
 ©run bfd$e 
 
 ber 
 
 Z X a n 2^ c e n b e n t a I - jp ^ i i f p ^ i c. 
 
 ©inn. 
 
 1. Sebeö 25ing in ber SRatux \)at 5D?atene unb 
 
 Sorm : 
 
 2. S)ie SKaferie be§ ^ingeö ijl ble 3;t)eile^ auS n)elcf)en 
 
 eS jufammengefei^t ijl ; 
 
 3. ®ie gorm beö S^ingeö ijl ^k ?(norbnung ber 
 
 2;t)eile. 
 
 4. ®a n?ir bie SKaterie md)t erfd)affcn, fo mup fi'e 
 
 unö gegeben fepn. 
 
 5. ©a bie SDJatevte gegeben iff, fo muffen mir ein 
 Sßermögen ()aben, fie ju empfangen : — eine 
 9leceptit)itdt. 
 
'^ 
 
 t'' 
 
 N 
 
 8 
 
 6. The GIVEN MATTER is of Iwo kiuJs : 
 
 7. Parts in Extension ; 
 
 8. Parts in Succession. 
 
 9. Parts in Extension are the exact represen- 
 
 tation of Space ; 
 
 10. Parts in Succession are the exact represen- 
 
 tation of Time. 
 
 11. As the given matter is of two kinds, so we 
 
 have Two Kinds of Receptivity : 
 
 12. A Receptivity for parts in Extension; 
 
 13. A Receptivity for parts in Succession. 
 
 14. Now Space is a Receptivity for matter in 
 
 Extension, 
 
 15. And Time is a Receptivity hr matter in 
 
 Succession : 
 
 
 8 
 
 0. Die gegebene 9)?aterie iji t)on jmeierlei %xt : 
 
 7. :£f)ei(e in ber 2(u6t)ef)nung ; 
 
 8. 3;t)eile in ber Siad^fotgung. 
 
 9. Sie Sl;eile in ber 3(uöbef)nung [I'nb bie genaue 
 
 Sarjltedung beö Slaumeö ; 
 
 10. Die Sfjeile in ber 9la(^folgung finb t)k genaue 
 
 Savftellung ber ^dt. 
 
 11. Sa bie gegebene SKaterie wn jmeierlei 5(rt ijlt^ 
 
 fo t)aben wir jweievlei SleceptiDitdten : 
 
 12. 6ine 9lece|)tiüitat fur S(;eile in ber 3(u§bel):: 
 
 nung ; 
 
 13. @ine 9teceptit)itdt für Z\)ciU in ber 9^ad) fob 
 
 gung. 
 
 14. 9lun ift ber Slaum eine 9leceptiüitdt für 
 
 5)iaterie in ber 3(u§bel)nung, 
 
 15. Unb bie 3eit ift eine 9teceptiüitdt für SSJfaterie 
 
 in ber 9Jad)fo(gung : 
 

 
 .■«■:- «.■*«•••■• 
 
 "■»•'■•!»«■«» *«• 
 
 :«i ■■ __jg"TS*f ' MnaMi iic 
 
 9 
 
 10. Therefore, Time and Space are Mental 
 Receptivities, and constitute the Sen- 
 sitive Faculty. 
 
 17. Hence all matter in Time and Space can 
 
 be nothing but Sensation. 
 
 18. Sense, therefore, is a Passive Faculty, 
 
 which has Tivo Receptivities^ Time and 
 Space. 
 
 UNDERSTANDING. 
 
 19. Though we ^ve passive in receiving matter, 
 we still evince an activity ; 
 
 20. But, as this activity ^oe,^ not creö^^e matter, 
 it can only unite its parts — that is, give 
 it a form : 
 
 21. The/or;w of the given matter, therefore, 
 
 is produced by the Mind. 
 
 22. Now the/o/7;^ of every thing in Nature has 
 
 9 
 
 16. Satjei: finb 3eit unt) Slaum ®emütl)öreceptiüi^ 
 
 taten, unb madjen ba§ ©inncnoermogen auö. 
 
 17. Sotglid) ill aUe SKaterie in ^cit mi Staum 
 
 nid)t§ alö empfinbung. 
 
 18. 25er ©inn ip bemnarf) ein teibenbeö SSermogen, 
 
 m\6)c& imi 3leceptit)itdten, Seit unb diaum, 
 
 SSerfianb. 
 
 19. £)b mx gleid) leibenb finb, inbem wir bie 
 
 maUxk empfangen, fo jeigen wir bennod) 
 eine STbdtigfeit ; 
 
 20. 2)a biefe Slfjdtigfeit aber nid)t bie SRaterie 
 
 evfd)afft, fo fann fie nur it)re Z\)eik 
 tjerfnupfen— baö t^eipt, if)r eine gorm geben. 
 
 21. Sie Sorm ber gegebenen 9)taterie wirb balder 
 
 burd) ba§ ©emutf) erjeugt. 
 
 22. ©ie Sovm aber t)on Mem in ber 9tatur i)at 
 
10 
 
 10 
 
 23. 
 
 24. 
 
 25. 
 
 2G. 
 
 the properties of Qüantitv, Qualitv, 
 Relation, and Modalttv. 
 
 With respect to Quantity, the thing must 
 be either Orie^ Many, or All: that is, it 
 must be determinable by Number. 
 
 With respect to Quality, the thing must 
 be a Realitj/ surrounded by Negations ; 
 which produce Limitation : that is, it 
 must be determinable by Degree. 
 
 With respect to Relation, the thing 
 must be a Substance, the Effect of a 
 substance, ^ud Part of a Whole: thus, 
 it must be Permanent in Sj^ace, 
 Successive in Time, and have its 
 place in Space Determined by 
 Other Substances. 
 
 With respect to Modality, the thing 
 may exist in Any Time, in A Certain 
 Time, or in All Time : that is, it is either 
 Possible, Actual, or Necessary. 
 
 i 
 
 9^ 
 
 bic ei3cnfd)aften t»cv Quantität, Sluatitdt, 
 gtctation, iinb gKobalitdt. 
 
 23. Sn 9iüceftcl)t ber lluantitdt mup ba§ Sing cnt= 
 
 Tpeber cincö, »icle§, obcc aUcö : ba§ \)t\^t, eS 
 mup burd) 3at)len befiimmbar feijn. 
 
 24. Sn 9lü(lftd)t ber Qualität mup bag Sing cine 
 
 von SJegationen umgebene 9tealitdf fepn; 
 wield)e bie Simitation erjeugen : ba§ \)d% e§ 
 ntup buvd) ®rabe bejiimmbar: fepn. 
 
 Sn 9{ü(Efid)t ber 9lelatton mup bag Sing eine 
 ©ubllanj, bic SBicfung einer ©ubpanj, unb 
 ein Z^t\\ »on eineö ©ansen fe^n : alfo mup 
 c§ beljavrlid) im Sdaume, nad)folgenb in ber 
 ^t\t, unb feine (Stelle im 9iaume mup burd) 
 anbere ©ubllanäcn beftimmt fepn. 
 
 26. Sn Sflucffid)t ber SKobatitdt fann ta^ Sing in 
 irgenb einer 3eit, in einer gewiffen 3eit, ober 
 in aller Seit, »orljanbcn fepn : 'i>a^ l)eipt, eä 
 iji moglid), roivllici;, ober nott)n)enbig. 
 
11 
 
 27. Thus, the given matter is formed into a 
 
 whole by the Understanding, and 
 becomes an intelligible object. 
 
 28. Understanding is, therefore, an Active 
 
 Faculty or Spontaneity, strictly 
 limited to I'l ME and Space; it consists 
 of twelve species of activity : — the 
 
 VZ CATEGORIES. 
 
 quantity. 
 
 QUALITY. 
 
 RELATION. 
 
 MODALITY 
 
 1 
 
 Unity, 
 
 I 
 
 Reality, 
 
 1 
 Substance and Accident, 
 
 I 
 Possibility, 
 
 2 
 
 Multitude, 
 
 2 
 
 Negation, 
 
 2 
 
 Cause and Effect, 
 
 2 
 Existence, 
 
 3 
 
 Totality. 
 
 3 
 
 Limitation. 
 
 3 
 
 Action and Re-action. 
 
 3 
 
 Necessity. 
 
 29. The form of every Object in Nature, 
 therefore, is produced by the Under- 
 standing : 
 
 30. And Experience is a collection of 
 
 Phenomena in Time and Space, to 
 which the Understanding has given 
 determinate forms : 
 
 31. Hence the Laws of NatU7'e originate in 
 
 the Mind alone. 
 
 11 
 
 27. *2fuf biefe lixt wirb bie gegebene gWaterie burc^ 
 
 ben SSerpanb in ein ©anjeä \)erbunben, unb 
 mxb fo ein t)eri1dnblid)er ©egenjlanb. 
 
 28. ®er 9Ser1bnb ifi baf)er ein ttjdtigeS SJermogen 
 
 ober (Spontaneität, genau auf Seit unb 9laum 
 befc^ranft; er bellet)t au§ jmolferlei Srt)dtigf eit : 
 — ben 
 
 12. (Sategorien. 
 
 nuantitat. Dualität. 
 
 ^Relation. 
 
 ein^cit, SfJcalitat, ©ubftanj unb ^Ccdbcng/ 
 
 2 2 2 
 
 5öJobalit&t. 
 
 ^ - ^ 
 
 2(U^cit. Limitation, ^anblung unb ©eöcnfeanblunQ. 5flott)n)enbi9teit, 
 
 SSiel^eit/ ^^esation; 
 
 3 3 
 
 Urfaci)c unb SBirfunßf 
 
 3 
 
 29. Sie Sorm jebeö ©egenjianbeö in ber 9iatur n?irb 
 atfo inx6) ben SSerjlanb erjeugt ; 
 
 30. Unb bie (grfat)rung ijl eine Sammlung t)on 
 (grfd)einungen in Seit unb Siaum, meldten 
 ber SSerjlanb bejümmte formen gegeben ^at : 
 
 31. <Darum entjleljen bie ®efe|e ber giatur in bem 
 ©emuttje allein. 
 
12 
 
 REASON. 
 
 32. But, besides our Knowledge of Objects 
 
 in Nature, we have also Ideas of 
 Objects Out of Nature : for instance, of 
 the Soul, of a First Cause y of God, of 
 Moral Laws, &c. — The faculty which 
 forms Ideas is Reason. 
 
 33. The Ideas formed by Reason, such as 
 
 the Soul, a First Cause, God, Moral 
 Laws, &c., neither occupy any part of 
 Space, nor fill up any portion of Time; 
 neither can they be ranked under the 
 Categories : for it would be absurd to 
 ^^j that God, or that the Soul, is either 
 an Extended Substance, the Effect of such 
 a substance, or a Part of Nature. 
 
 34. We can no more divest ourselves of the 
 
 Ideas of Reason than of the conscious- 
 ness of our own existence; and it is 
 as impossible to prevent Reason from 
 forming Ideas as to prevent the 
 Sensitive Faculty from receiving 
 impressions. 
 
 12 
 
 aj c r n u n f t. 
 
 32. 2Cbev aupcr m\m erfenntnip bev ©egenftauDcu 
 
 in bev 5Ratuv t)aben xo'xi and) S^een oou 
 ©egeuftdnben auper ber Slatur : jum 95ei[piel, 
 t}on ber ©eete, einer erjitenUrfad)e; t)on®ott,Dün 
 moralifd)en ©efe^en, u. f. w.— 25aö SJcrmo:: 
 gen, n)etd)eö Sbeen bitbet, ijl bie SSernunft. 
 
 33. ®ic burd) bie 58ernunft gebilbeten 3been, wie 
 
 bie t)on ber ©eele, einer erften Urfadje^ ®ott^ 
 Den morali[d)en ©efe^en, u. f. w. nel;men weber 
 irgenb einen Sfjeil beö 9taume§, nod) bev 
 3eit ein ; nod) fonncn fie unter bie ßategorien 
 igeorbnet werben : benn eö wu.be ungereimt 
 fepn, ju be{)aupfen; ba^ ®ott ober bie Seele, 
 entweber eine auggebet)nte ©ubj^ans, ober 
 bie SBivfung einer foli^en ©ubpanj, ober and) 
 ein 2;t)eil ber 9iatur fep. 
 
 34. SSir fonnen una eben fo wenig Don ben Sbeen 
 
 ber aSernunft, al§ t)on bem SJewuptfepn 
 unfere§ eigenen S)afepn§ (ogmadf)en ; benn e§ 
 iji nid)t minber unmoglid), bie SSernunft ju 
 t)inbern, Sbeen ju bilben, do bie (Sinnlid)^ 
 feit, einbrüde ju empfangen. 
 
13 
 
 35. Reason forms the Idea of the Soul, or 
 of a Substance Out of Nature, by con- ^ 
 nectino' Substance and Accident into 
 Infinite or Absolute Substance. 
 
 36. Reason forms the Idea of a First Cause, 
 
 or of a Cause Out of Nature, by 
 connecting Cause and Effect into 
 Infinite or Absolute Cause. 
 
 37. Reason forms the Idea of God, or of 
 
 a Supreme IntelUgence out of Nature, 
 by connecting Action and Reaction 
 into Infinite or Absolute Concur- 
 rence. 
 
 38 The Ideas of the Soul, of a First Cause, 
 and of God, must also be ranked 
 under those of Absolute Totality, 
 Absolute Limitation, and Abso- 
 lute Necessity. 
 
 39. Reason, therefore, is a Spontaneity or 
 Active Faculty, Free from Time and 
 Space ; it unites the Categories, 
 
 13 
 
 35. 2)ie äScrnunft bilbet bie Sbec t)on bcv ©eele, 
 
 ober Don zinti ©ubpanj auper ber SZatur, 
 burd^ Vk SSerbinbung t)on ©ubftanj unb 
 JCccibenj in eine abfotute ober unenblirf)e 
 ©ubjians. 
 
 36. £)ie SSernunft bilbet bie Sbee t)on einer erjlen 
 
 Urfadje, ober einer Urfad)e auper bev 9?atur, 
 burd) bie SSerbinbung t)on Urfad)e unb SBir:: 
 fung in bie abfolute ober unenblid)e Urfad)e. 
 
 37. ®ie SSernunft bilbet bie Sbee Don ®ott, ober 
 
 einem l;6d)fien SBefen ber Siatur, burd) \:)k 
 SSerbinbung t)on ^anblung unb ®egent)anb::: 
 lung in bie abfolute ober unenblid)e Soncur- 
 renj. 
 
 38. Sie Sbeen Don ber (Seele, einer erj!en Urfac^e, 
 
 unb Don ©ott, muffen unter bie ber abfoluten 
 Slotalitdt, abfoluten gimitation, unb abfoluten 
 9^ot^n)enbigfeit georbnet merben. 
 
 39. ®ie Sßernunft ij! baf)er eine ^^iprntamxtat ober 
 ein t()dtige§ SJermogen unabhängig von Z^'xt 
 unb Slaum; fie i>erfnü^>ft bie (Sategorien, 
 
14 
 
 which are themselves Out of Time 
 and Space, into the 
 
 6 IDEAS. 
 
 2 
 
 Absolute 
 Totality. 
 
 Absolute 
 Limitation. 
 
 6 
 Absolute 
 
 Necessity. 
 
 Absolute 
 Substance, 
 
 4 
 Absolute 
 
 Cause, 
 
 5 
 
 Absolute 
 Concurrence. 
 
 40. As the Laws of Nature are founded 
 on the Categories of the Under- 
 standing, so the Laws of Morals are 
 founded on the Ideas of Reason, and 
 constitute the internal basis of Religion. 
 
 4L Reason is divisible into Speculative and 
 Practical : 
 
 42. Speculative Reason strives to give 
 
 unity to our Knowledge ; 
 
 43. Practical Reason strives to give unity 
 
 to our Desires. 
 
 THE END. 
 
 London : Piinfat tnj G. Schutze, LJ, Polarul Street, 
 
 14 
 
 m\^t felbjl auper 3eit unb Slaum finb, in 
 bie 
 
 6 S b c ^ ^• 
 
 Ttbfolute 
 Slotalit&t. 
 
 2Cbfolutc 
 limitation. 
 
 6 
 
 2Cbfolutc 
 3flott)n?enbiötm. 
 
 2Cbfolutc 
 (£ub(tansr 
 
 4 
 
 2tbjolute 
 Urfad)e# 
 
 5 
 
 TCbfolute 
 ^oncurrenj. 
 
 40 ®leid)«>ic bie ©efe^e ber Slatut in ben 
 ßategodcn bc§ §5evftanbc§ gcgrunbct fmb, 
 fo finb bie tnotalifd)en ©efc^e in ben Sbcen 
 fcer fSetnunft gcgvunbct, unb mad)en ben 
 inneren ®vunb bev Sdelicjion auö. 
 
 41. 2)ic 25ernunft wivb in fpecutatit^e unb ^ractifc^e 
 
 sßcrnunft eingct^eilt : 
 
 42. *5ic fpecutatit^e SSernunft ftrebt, «nfeter 
 
 erBenntni^ eint)eit ju geben ; 
 
 43. ©ie practifd)e SJevnunft jirebt; unfern »eQictben 
 
 ein^eit ju 9«l>«n- 
 
 ©nbc. 
 
 Sonbon: ©ebtutft bei ®. Sdjuljc 13, ^olanb Stmt. 
 
;.«-■ 
 
 
 The Author of these Principles is preparing for the Press, 
 
 SJon bem SSevfajTcr bicfcr ^pdncipicn crfd^eint n&d)(lcns : 
 
 A FAITHFUL TRANSLATION, 
 
 JFrom tf)e ©riginal Cüerman, 
 
 OF 
 
 KANFS CELEBRATED WORK, 
 
 ENTITLED 
 
 "THE CRITIC OF PURE REASON," 
 
 (Sine (Engttfd^c Uebftrfe^ung 
 
 eon 
 
 ^ant'ö bci'ü^mtcm Witte 
 
 " t)te €ritif t)er reinen 'Vernunft." 
 
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