Vv\€ 
 
 BULLETINS OF THE PRESIDING 
 BISHOP AND COUNCIL OF THE 
 PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH 
 
 Under Four Flags 
 
 The Work of the Bishop of the Panama 
 Canal Zone 
 
 Isssued by the 
 
 Department of Missions and Church Extension 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLICITY 
 281 FOURTH AVENUE 
 NEW YORK CITY 
 
Bulletin, Series of 1921 
 
 1. Introductory Bulletin. Publicity. 
 
 2. Budget for 1921. Finance. 
 
 3. Diocesan Programme for Religious Education. Religious Education. 
 
 4. The Pearl of the Antilles. Missions. Price 5 cents. 
 
 5. Summer Schools. Religious Education. {Out of print) 
 
 6. Church School Service I.,eague. Religious Education. 
 
 7. In the Track of the Trade Winds. Missions. P 7-ice 5 cents. 
 
 8. Parochial Missions. Nation-Wide Campaign. 
 
 9. Proposed Continuance of Campaign Work. N. W. C. {Out of print) 
 
 10. Under the Southern Cross. Missions. Price 5 cents. 
 
 11. Parish Organization. Nation-Wide Campaign. 
 
 12. Parish Programme Conferences. Nation-Wide Campaign. 
 
 13. Under Four Flags. Missions. Price 5 cents. 
 
 Additional copies of any Bulletin can be 
 secured free of charge, except as indicated, 
 by -writing to the proper Department. 
 
UNDER FOUR FLAGS 
 
 The Work of the Bishop of the Panama Canal Zone 
 
 OU can not always tell by the map what parts of the world 
 are nearest together because railroad and steamship lines can 
 not follow the flight of the crow. It would appear as if the Re- 
 public of Haiti and the Dominican Republic were next door to 
 eacli other and that therefore the same Bishop should have charge 
 of both. But this is one of the tricks that the atlas plays upon 
 those unversed in the routes of commerce^ for as a matter of fact 
 the Panama Canal Zone is at least forty-eight hours, and generally 
 a whole week, closer to Port au Prince than is Santo Domingo 
 City. ^Moreover, he who travels between the Dominican and the 
 Haitian capitals has to put up with hardships and perils, and only 
 the robust can make the journey. To go from Panama to Port au 
 Prince, on the other hand, one can board a comparatively luxurious 
 ship and make the journey with speed, safety and comfort. Because 
 of these things the Haitian Republic is included in the jurisdiction 
 of the Bishop of the Panama Canal Zone. 
 
 Also within his jurisdiction is the Republic of Colombia, that 
 vast territory at the northwestern corner of the continent of 
 South America, made 
 famous in the early days 
 of the last century, by 
 being the homeland of 
 Bolivar the Liberator and 
 in these latter days by 
 the Treaty whereby we 
 have paid them $25,000,- 
 000 for having built the 
 Panama Canal through 
 territory which once be- 
 longed to them. 
 
 The Diocese of Bishop 
 Morris is, therefore, div- 
 ided into three parts, and 
 since his See takes its 
 name from the Canal 
 Zone it would be well to 
 consider it first. 
 
 BisHor J. C. Morris 
 
4 
 
 BULLETIN NO. 13 
 
 1921 
 
 THE CANAL ZONE 
 
 history of the Canal Zone is too well known tO' need 
 repeating. Suffice it to say, that geographically it is forty- 
 eight miles across the Isthmus and that the Zone extends for ten 
 miles on each side of the waterway. 
 
 The first work of the Church there was begun by Americans 
 in 185,^. At that time the beautiful and capacious Christ Church 
 was built at Colon and consecrated by Bishop Alonzo Potter of 
 Pennsylvania. When the French plans for building the Canal 
 collapsed tlie Americans left the Isthmus. Shortly thereafter, a 
 Colombian revolution broke out (for it will be remembered that 
 Panama used to be one of the States forming the Colombian Re- 
 public) and Christ Church entered upon a vicissitudinous career. 
 First it was used as an arsenal, tlien as a fort, then as a powder 
 magazine, and then as a stable. Its present perfect preservation 
 is a tribute to the solidity of its construction. Likewise it is a 
 monument to the fact that it was the American Church that began 
 the work in that part of the world. 
 
 In 1883 the English Church in Jamaica established for the bene- 
 fit of certain Colonials on the nearby ^Mosquito Coast the missionary 
 episcopate of British Honduras, and since members of tlie Churcli 
 of England from the English Caribbean Colonies had emigrated 
 and settled at various points in Honduras and Nicaragua and Costa 
 
 CiiiiiST Ciiuiicii, Zone 
 
 The first cliurch on the Isthmus of Panama, built hv .Americans. 
 
1921 
 
 BULLETIN NO. 13 
 
 5 
 
 Rica, and moreover since the Republic of Panama, and more par- 
 ticularly that part of it known as The Isthmus, was no longer 
 thronged by Americans — the building of the Union Paeific Railroad 
 having provided a better way to reach the California Gold Fields — 
 the Bishop of British Honduras assumed a general responsibility 
 for ministering to members of the Church of England in all parts 
 of Central America, including Panama. When this was done the 
 Americans gladly turned over Christ Church, Colon, to the English, 
 
 The next episode in our story is the return of the Americans to 
 the Isthmus and the building by them of the Panama Canal with 
 the creation of the Canal Zone. Following a long established cus- 
 tom the British Church not only returned Christ Church to the 
 Americans, but conveyed to it also jurisdietion over the Panama 
 Canal Zone, and that part of the Republic of Panama which lies 
 to the south and east of tlie Canal. It was also at this time that 
 there came to us the jurisdiction over Colombia^ — with the excep- 
 tion of the Pacific seaboard of the same, whicli through a curious 
 technicality is at tliis moment under the jurisdiction of the Bishop 
 of the Falkland Islands, 5,000 miles away. 
 
 Inhabitants of the Canal Zone 
 
 Within the Canal Zone one finds many kinds of people. In the 
 first place there are the Americans. These can be divided into: 
 
 1. (A) Civilian employees and their families, about 5,000. (B) 
 
 Officers and men of the 
 army and navy, of 
 whom there will even- 
 tually be about 30,000. 
 
 (C) Merchants, ship- 
 pers, professional men 
 and so forth, of whom 
 the number cannot be 
 approximately given be- 
 cause many live in the 
 Republic where their 
 names are not distin- 
 guislied in the directory 
 from the Panamanians. 
 
 2. In the second 
 place, there are the 
 
 Plans for New St. I^uke’s Church, 
 Ancon 
 
6 
 
 BULLETIN NO. 13 
 
 1931 
 
 West Indians, colored people, who have been driven for economic 
 reasons to the Zone from the English Islands, such as Jamaica, 
 Barbadoes, Antigua and Trinidad. Of these it is estimated there 
 are about 60,000 on or near the Zone, and of them about 40,000 have 
 some connection witli the Church. Seventeen thousand are still em- 
 ployed by the Panama Canal. These West Indians are a church- 
 going people and have been most liappy in their conneetions with the 
 American Church. 
 
 3. In tlie tliird place there are the Payiamanians , a considerable 
 majority of whom liave no offieial eonnection with any form of re- 
 ligion, agnostieism being their emphatically pronounced creed. 
 
 4. In the fourth place there are the Indians, most of them un- 
 evangelized. These naturally live outside of the Zone in the moun- 
 tain districts of Panama. Sucli for example as the well known San 
 Bias tribe who live on the Caribbean seacoast not far from Colon. 
 
 Tile Work of tlie Church 
 
 The present Bishop of the Canal Zone is the Right Reverend 
 James Craik Morris, he having succeeded the Right Reverend Al- 
 bion W. Knight, former Bishop to Cuba, who had charge of the 
 Canal Zone from 1908 to 1920. In his first statistical report 
 Bishop Morris gives us the following figures; 
 
 Communicants: 162 white, 1,273 colored. 
 
 Clergy: 5 white, 2 colored. 
 
 Layreaders: 1 white, 9 colored, 1 woman worker. 
 
 There are 8 Cliureh Sehools of whieh 7 are colored, with 74 
 teachers, .54 of wliich are colored, and 962 Chureli Sehool seholars, 
 of whieh 767 are colored. 
 
 This work is being carried on in eleven organized missions with 
 six ehurcli buildings belonging to us, and one rectory. Thanks to 
 a generous gift we shall soon have a seventh building — at Mt. Hope. 
 As an evidence of the gladness with which the people receive the 
 ministrations of the Church is the fact that from the colored people 
 there was received during 1920, .$4,90,5.78, and from the compara- 
 tively small group of white people who have so far been gathered 
 together .$2,874.04 — which sum is a splendid reeord when one real- 
 izes that the contributors of this are mostly army people who are 
 neither permanent residents nor rich. Towards work other than 
 that for themselves these people have contributed in about equal 
 proportions .$603.04. 
 
1921 
 
 BULLETIN NO. 13 
 
 7 
 
 The church buildings given up to the work of the colored people 
 are: The beautiful Christ Church, to which reference has already 
 been made (though by the removal of the West Indians to Mt. 
 Hope this building may in time be used again by the Americans), 
 the even larger if less beautiful St. Paul’s Church, put up about ten 
 years ago in Panama; St. Peter’s Church, La Boca, which has the 
 honor of being the only church that has a rectory ; St. George’s 
 Church, Gatun; and St. Alban’s, Paraiso; and the new church 
 being built at Mt. Hope. 
 
 At Las Cascadas, to which many West Indians have recently 
 moved, we have rented a building in the hope that eventually we 
 may have a permanent parish there. Speaking of these West In- 
 dian congregations, Bishop Morris says in his last report: 
 
 “The West Indians are a church-going people, and I am glad to 
 record that in all our missions I have found them entirely loyal, 
 happy in their new relationship with the American Church. The 
 late Archbishop Nuttall expressed satisfaction with this condition, 
 and all reports go to show that the contentment of the West In- 
 dian churchman has increased year by year. This is due very 
 largely to the wise and kindly ministrations of the clergy, who have 
 proven themselves tlie friends of their people in innumerable ways.” 
 
 For the great population of Americans engaged in business and 
 the personnel of the army and navy so far. we have only the little 
 St. Luke’s Chapel in Ancon — the section of the Zone where the 
 official class live. Thanks, however, to a splendid offer from the 
 Panama Canal Government it will not be very long before a church 
 of dignified proportions will be erected on the property now oc- 
 cupied by the little St. Luke’s Chapel. When this is done the 
 American Church will be represented as it should be in the heart 
 of tlie great Pan-American metropolis. 
 
 In 1920 the United Offering made it possible for the Board to 
 send out a woman worker to do Social Service Work in Bishop 
 Morris’ jurisdiction. Under her an Orphanage has been founded 
 at Bella Vista, a suburb of Panama, a description of which will be 
 founded in The Spirit of Missions for October, 1920. It has started 
 well with sixteen children of Spanish, Italian-Spanish, American- 
 Spanish, American-Panamanian antecedents. Writing about it re- 
 cently, the Bishop says: 
 
 “The Home has prospered from the beginning, and as far as I 
 know there is no similar institution in the Republic. Its foundation 
 
8 
 
 BULLETIN NO. 13 
 
 1921 
 
 was an act of neigliborliiiess, and many Panamanians appreciate it 
 and give liberally to its support, although all the children are being 
 brought up in the Episcopal Church. Friends have recently given 
 the Home an Altar, Sacred Vessels, a reed organ and a Ford car.” 
 
 The only other Social Service activity as yet developed is the 
 work that is done by Archdeacon Carson in the Leper Colony of 
 Palo Seco. In it regular services have been conducted for years, 
 and many little kindnesses are extended to the sufferers. Recently 
 added joy has been brought into the hearts of these unfortunate 
 people by visitations from Mrs. Royce, the head of the Orphanage. 
 
 THE REPUBLIC OF HAITI 
 
 QOCUPYIXG the western quarter of the historic Island of His- 
 panola, the Republic of Haiti is unique in two respects. It is 
 the only French-speaking nation in the Western Hemisphere, and 
 it is the only country in which the government is of, for and by the 
 black people. The tale of the origin of the Haitian flag gives in 
 parabolic form the history of Haiti. When news of the French 
 Revolution reached the black inhabitants of this the then jewel of 
 the Frencli Empire, tliey followed the example set by the revolu- 
 tionists in France and entered upon a career of bloodshed and 
 murder. Tlie whites wlm liad been their masters were treated just 
 as the nobility were treated of France — massacred. After many 
 painful years, during which the very nearly all but the pure 
 blacks liad been exterminated, a ruler by the name of Christophe 
 decreed that the flag of the new nation should be patterned after 
 the newly created French tricolor — with the white left out! As a 
 result instead of the red, white and blue one sees in Haiti’s emblem 
 only red and blue. And in that little Republic during the last one 
 hundred years in every other phase there has been visible only 
 red and blue. 
 
 Haiti lias an area of approximately 10,000 square miles; its 
 population is said to be two and a half millions, but since mo'st 
 of the people live in what we would call inaccessible mountain wilds, 
 under conditions as primitive as those existing in the days of 
 Christoplier Columbus, it is impossible to speak with exactitude 
 The capital of the Republic is Port au Prince, in which live some 
 30,000 to 40,000 people. On the northern coast there is the port 
 and city of Cape Haitian, second in importance to the capital. Of 
 
193 1 
 
 BULLETIN NO, 13 
 
 9 
 
 the other towns situated along the sea coast the principal ones are: 
 to the west of Cape Haitian, Port de Paix: on the western shore 
 north of Port au Prince, Gonaive, San Marc, and L’Arcahaie: to the 
 south and west of the capital, Leogane; on the southern shore of the 
 peninsula which juts out towards Central America, near the western 
 end, is Aux Cayes. 
 
 Contrary to the general impression, Haiti is an unevangelized 
 country. More than that, since a large majority of the people live 
 in inaccessible districts not only removed from but without knowl- 
 edge of roads, schools, telegraphs, railroads, telephones, plumbing, 
 hospitals, post offices, banks, and so forth, education and sanitation 
 are non-existent. Though a decent proportion of them may have 
 been baptized, as a nation they are without knowledge of the true 
 God. Nowhere in the world can there be found a people more in 
 need of light and truth. 
 
 The work of the Church in Haiti was begun in 1861 by a young 
 negro named James Theodore Holly. These were the days in which 
 men tliought that America’s race problem could be solved by wliole- 
 sale emigration to lands where black men ruled. One of the parties 
 of emigrants which left this country consisted of 101 colored men 
 from Connecticut. Among 
 them was Mr. Holly who, 
 though he was a cobbler 
 by trade, commenced at 
 once, on seeing the desti- 
 tute condition of the land, 
 to preach the Gospel. 
 
 Subsequently he was or- 
 dained and thanks to his 
 indefatigable labors ulti- 
 mately became the first 
 bishop of the Independ- 
 ent Orthodox Opostolic 
 Church in Haiti. 
 
 For thirty-seven years 
 Bishop Holly labored in 
 the black Republic and 
 as a result the Church 
 spread itself over the en- 
 tire southern half of the 
 
 Bishop Holly 
 
10 
 
 BULLETIN NO. 13 
 
 193 1 
 
 Boys’ Sciiooi. of St. Piehre and St. Jaques 
 
 Republic. Two years after his death in 1913, in response to a 
 petition from the Churcli in Haiti, the House of Bishops re- 
 ceived it as a missionary jurisdiction of the American Church. At 
 first it was committed to the care of the Bishop of Porto Rico, but in 
 1919, because of the impossibilities of travel between Bishop Col- 
 more’s home and Haiti, the work was assigned to the Bishop living 
 nearest to Port au Prince, the Rev. James Craik Morris, D.D., 
 Bishop of the Panama Canal Zone. 
 
 In the spring of 19il(l Bishop Morris made his first visitation, 
 and thanks to the courtesy of the Commandant of the American 
 Marines and his assistant they were able to go about the country 
 with the least amount of difficulty. The long trip to Cape Haitian 
 and return — 114 miles — would have been practically impossible had 
 not the Marine Corps provided a machine and an armed escort — 
 the latter being advisable because in traversing the northern moun- 
 tains one has to go through a region infested with bandits. Let 
 it not be imagined that these bandits are malicious evildoers of 
 the kind that one finds in the States, rather they are illiterate 
 mountaineers who really know no better. Calling them patriots 
 as some do, is mere buffoonery. On the other hand, the Marines 
 who took care of our Bishop are worthy only of commendation for 
 
1921 
 
 BULLETIN NO. IS 
 
 11 
 
 they have frequently expressed themselves as desirous to do all 
 they can to help the Church in its educational endeavors. In his 
 report on this visitation the Bishop says : 
 
 “Today, to quote from my diary, I felt like a missionary for 
 the first time in my life. We went to Bigone, which is a small 
 settlement in the mountains beyond LeO'gane. A part of the way 
 we motored, and when the going became impossible we walked. At 
 Bigone we received a welcome which was cordiality itself. An 
 arch had been decorated with flowers, and the men who had horses 
 met us some miles away and escorted us to the church. At Eglise 
 Bonne Nouvelle, which was established in 1865 and visited years 
 ago by Bishop Coxe, the congregation had assembled from all of 
 that region. ... I confirmed twenty-nine persons. After 
 luncheon we walked to L’Acul, ... As we drew near the choir 
 and congregation came out to meet us singing a hymn. 
 
 “Early the next morning (we are merely making excerpts from 
 his diary) we started for Deslandes. After a celebration of the 
 Holy Communion I confirmed seventy-nine persons. In the after- 
 noon we went again to Leogane, where, at Eglise du Redemption 
 I confirmed twenty-seven persons, and visited the parish school.” 
 
 One might go on in this strain and make innumerable quotations, 
 but it is to be hoped that sufficient has already been put down to 
 enable one to see the nature of the work. Summing up the situation 
 in his report. Bishop Morris states : 
 
 (1) That he was much impressed with the missionary spirit of 
 the Haitian clergy, most of whom live in remote places but are 
 evidently happy in their work. 
 
 (2) That at present the work of the Church is confined to the 
 southern part of the Republic and is almost entirely rural, among a 
 people who have no knowledge about the Gospel except as it is 
 brought to them by us. 
 
 (3) That the parochial schools of which there are many are well 
 attended and useful ; that the theological school conducted by his 
 commissary, Mr. Llwyd, has four students, two of which he hopes 
 to ordain to the diaconate shortly; that the boys’ school of St. 
 Jacques et St. Pierre has eighty-five pupils and is finely situated 
 on valuable property in the centre of the town. 
 
 (4) That in the whole northern half of the country we have 
 neither clergyman, church nor school, while in the southern half 
 we have “about thirty congregations, ten clergymen and four 
 
12 
 
 BULLETIN NO. 13 
 
 1921 
 
 schools.” In this connection he is happy to report that he has just 
 appointed Archdeacon Claiborne of Tennessee^ Archdeacon of Cape 
 Haitian^ whom lie expects soon to go to the field and build up the 
 work in that unevangelized region. 
 
 ‘‘It is an interesting fact,” the Bishop writes, ‘‘that there have 
 been virtually no disorders in the south and the cacos (bandits) 
 are not welcome there. As far as I eould learn our people are 
 gentle, liospitable and law-abiding, and although most of them are 
 terribly poor, tlieir religion is bearing its fruit in their character. 
 That tlie same may be true in the north I have no doubt at all.” 
 
 THE REPUBLIC OF COLOMBIA 
 
 work that is to be done in the Republic of Colombia has 
 not yet been determined upon, for it will be remembered that 
 no Bisliop was appointed for this district until 1920. 
 
 The Bishop and the Archdeacon made their preliminary tour of 
 exploration in April, 1920, and there is no doubt that before long 
 the Church will be ministering to the large number of West Indians 
 working on the fruit plantations of Cartegena and Santa Marta, 
 and a little later to tlie Americans and Indians in the interior. 
 
 Bisliop Morris in returning from liis preliminary voyage of dis- 
 coxery to liis new field writes enthusiastically: “At Cartagena, 
 whicli is the most picturesque place I have seen in America, there 
 is a small American colony, most of them living in a suburban vil- 
 
 The House ix C.artagex.x, Coi.omiiia, ix Which Lived Simox Bolivar, 
 THE Geohoe Washixctox of South Aaiertca. 
 
192 1 
 
 BULLETIN NO. 13 
 
 i; 
 
 lage. Probably there are thirty altogether. We presented all our 
 letters of introduction from various friends in New York and some 
 from persons here. Everyone was most cordial and said that if 
 one of us would come from time to time, the people would highly 
 appreciate the opportunity to have services. The manager of the 
 All American Cable Company is a member of Holy Trinity, Harlem, 
 and he and his wife have undertaken to arrange for the visit in 
 May, when the club at Cabrero (the American and English colony) 
 is to be used. It was at Cartagena that we met an engineer from 
 Elmira, New York. He was in charge of a gang of men on their 
 way up the river, and told me that there would shortly be several 
 liundreds of men at Barranca Bermeja, where the properties of 
 the Tropical Oil Company are situated. He said that they had no 
 clergyman at all and would be delighted to take care of any one 
 I might send them. I found out afterwards from the assistant 
 manager of the company at Barranquilla that he was right in 
 regard to the numbers. 
 
 “We found no English-speaking West Indians at Cartagena. 
 
 “At Barranquilla we spent a part of two days and made some 
 friends. There are a few American and English families here, as 
 in Cartagena, and more West Indians. One of the latter I talked 
 to, and we are begged to return as soon as possible and organize a 
 congregation. A Roman Catholic physician (a former Zonite 
 whom Mr. Carson knew) has offered the use of his house for West 
 Indian services. 
 
 “At Santa Marta we had three services, and were to have had a 
 fourth, especially for the white people, but the ship left several 
 hours before she was scheduled, and tliis has been postponed. Here 
 are some twenty West Indian communicants and a good many 
 Fruit Company people, all I met being awfully nice fellows. 
 
 “An Englishman, a devoted Churchman, the manager of the rail- 
 road that carries all the fruit, was kindness itself, and I may say 
 that we are sure to find him a treasure. He entertained us at tea, 
 and went out of his way at a busy time to see that we met every- 
 body. Here will probably be our largest regular congregation. 
 This same Englishman has offered the use of his large quarters 
 and sa3's that we must also stay there when we return. It is he 
 who has encouraged the negroes in their services. It was an in- 
 teresting and solemn service we had that first night, in a miserable 
 
14 
 
 B ULLETIN NO. 13 
 
 192 1 
 
 building lighted by kerosene and with rickety furniture and piles 
 of unused books all about. There were nineteen present^ all of 
 whom returned the next evening. On the morning of Maundy 
 Thursday I celebrated the Holy Commimion at six o’clock. 
 
 “We have promised that for the present one of us will take the 
 trip every three or four months. 
 
 “Our judgment is that if the right man can be found the best 
 plan of campaign will be to station him at Barranca Bermeja, 
 which is several hundred miles up the river, let him minister 
 amongst the men there, and let him be responsible also f(fr the few 
 people on the coast, with sucli help as I can give from time to time.’’ 
 
 Copies of this leaflet may be obtained from the Literature 
 Office, Church Mission House, 281 Fourth Avenue, New York, 
 N. Y., by askiny for No. 577. Price 5 cents. 
 
HAITI 
 
 (The Haitian clergy are all native except the Bishop’s Commissary) 
 
 Clergy 12 
 
 Priests, 11; Deacons, 1. 
 
 Lay Readers 35 
 
 Confirmations 224 
 
 Communicants 1,143 
 
 Church Schools 27 
 
 Officers 46 
 
 Scholars 1,220 
 
 Da}^ Schools 9 
 
 Teachers 14 
 
 Scholars 385 
 
 Churches 5 
 
 Chapels 17 
 
 Women Workers 3 
 
 Theological School 1 
 
 Students 4 
 
 Receipts $4,618.45 
 
 Expenses $4,372.43 
 
 PANAMA CANAL ZONE 
 
 White Negro 
 
 Work Work 
 
 Communicants 162 1,273 
 
 Baptisms, Infants 20 719 
 
 Adults 10 5 
 
 Confirmations 19 126 
 
 Marriages 19 lOl 
 
 Burials 12 ISO 
 
 Clergy: Priests* 5 2 
 
 Lay-readers 1 7 
 
 Women Workers 1 
 
 Sunday Schools 1 7 
 
 S. S. Teachers 20 54 
 
 S. S. Pupils 195 767 
 
 Organized Missions 2 9 
 
 Churches 1 5 
 
 Rectories _ , 2 
 
 Contributions: Parochial $2,874.04 $4,905.78 
 
 Diocesan 45.25 55.19 
 
 General 295.50 207.10 
 
 *Note: Of the five clergy for white work above reported, two 
 are canonically resident. 
 
 1 Eel. 9-21. lOM. Sys.