MA S TER NEGA TIVE NO. 92-80599-19 MICROFILMED 1992 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES/NEW YORK as part of the "Foundations of Western Civilization Preservation Project" Funded by the NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES Reproductions may not be made without permission from Columbia University Library COPYRIGHT STATEMENT The copyright law of the United States - Title 17, United States Code - concerns the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material... Columbia University Library reserves the right to refuse to accept a copy order if, in its judgement, fulfillment of the order would involve violation of the copyright law. AUTHOR: KNAPP, CHARLES TITLE: TRAVEL IN ANCIENT TIMES AS SEEN IN... 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Travel in Ancient Times as seen in Plautus and Terence By CHARLES KNAPP Reprinted from Classical Philology, Vol. II, Nos. i and 3, January and Julv, 1907 PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, CHICAGO Foreign Agents: LontUn: Dayid Svtt', Leipzig: Otto HAiHAnowtrz «i * Classical Philology Vol. II January, igoy No. I TRAVEL IN ANCIENT TIMES AS SEEN IN PLAUTUS AND TERENCE.^ I By Charles Knapp The purpose of this paper is to gather together all that the plays of Plautus and Terence can teach us concerning travel in ancient times, particularly in the time of Menander, Philemon, and Diphilos, that is, the time of the originals on which the plays of Plautus and Terence were based. It is hoped that the paper will itself be ample justitication of its existence. If, however, further warranty is needed, we may find it in the words of a weighty authority: Was uns gleichfalls uoch iinmer fehlt, ist eine Geschichte des Reisens im Altertum (fiir die Kaiserzeit liegt da freilich die treffliche Behandlung in Friedlauders Darstellungen aus der Sittengeschiehte vor) und im Zusammenhang damit eine ueue Arbeit tiber die Fuhrwerke der Alten: denn seit dem langst autiquierten Buche von Ginzrot(vom Jahre 1817!) ist dieser Gegenstand ausfiihrlich nicht mehr behandelt worden, so sehr sich das bildliche Quellenmaterial daftir seither vermehrt hat.'' I shall begin by discussing Plautine and Terentian geography, its extent, its accuracy or inaccuracy; I shall then consider all references to travel from point to point, assembling them into a few clearly defined groups; lastly, I shall take up a number of » This paper was presented at a meeting of the Classical Association of the Middle West and South, at St. Louis, May 4, 1906. «So H. Blumner in Kroll's Die Altertumswissenschaft im letzten Vierfeljahrhun- dert, p. 370, in his review of the progress made between 1875 and 1900 in our knowledge of the private life of the Greeks and the Romans. [Classical Philology II, January, 1907] 1 2 Charles Knapp related topics, such as the reception accorded to travelers on their return home, their costume, baggage, etc. Much is to be learned by determining the places at which the plays are supposed to be laid. All of Terence's plays are laid at Athens. Athens is the scene in twelve plays of Plautus; the others (I exclude the fragmentary Vidularki) are laid at Thebes, Aetolia (no city is named), Sicyon, Epidaurus, Epidamnus, Ephe- sus, Oalydon, Cyrene. Here we liave illusions to all quarters of the ancient world, Europe, Asia, and Africa. That Athens was thought of as the natural scene of the comedies is clear from the pfologne to' the Menmmkm 7-12*' For certain well-known reasons the fahnlae pallkdm must bear plainly the marks of their Greek origin: what place was more Greek than Athens?^ We nay pass now to details and assemble the evidence by which we ll tie sites of the individual plays. We shall consider irst all plays whose action is 8upix)sed to take place at Athens. For tie Asifmrm we have decisive evidence in 491, 492. In 792, TiS, Diabolus desires thai Kiilaeniiiia nee ulla lingua sciat loqui nisi Attica. Since in the Poenuhis a Carthaginian talks Pmnim at Calydon (930-49. 982, 995, 112), these verses would ttnl pmr If prove that the AMmmrm is laid at Athens, but they must be interpreted III lll« light of 491, 492. For the Aidularia 808-10. In Bacchides 235, 236 Nicobulus says: ibo in null iAmm ecquaen advenerit in portum .... navis. For the C(mina the direct evidence is not strong. Verses 80-83 rf tii# prologue (manifestly post-Plautine) run thus: quam servi summa vi sibi uxorem expetunt, ea invenietur et pudica et libera, ingenua Atheiiiensis. By themselves these verses give little help; in the Miles an ingenua Atheniensis is resident at Ephesus, in the Budens another is at Cyrene. In the Rudens^ again, Daemones and Plesidippus are Athenians, though now resi- dents of Cyrene (35, 42). Still, there is jwint to Cas. 651, 652 only if the play is laid at Athens. Arg. 6, not in itself illuminat- 1 Considerations of space make it impossible to cite all passages in extenso; readers of this paper will of course have a copy of Plautus at hand. For convenience I have followed Lindsay's text (1904, 1905). 2 In Poe. 372 an Attic citizen is to be made of a woman freed at Oalydon (liitt tiie tone is that of burlesque). Tbavel in Ancient Times 3 ing, derives light from Terence's practice.^ For the Epidicus see 306, 307, 501, 502, 602, 26. In 448 some see in Platenius a reference to an Attic deme. For the Mercafor we have sure indications in 836, 837, 944, 945. The fine narrative in 46-91 contains allusions to youthful visits by the Mercator's father (to Athens) to see the peplus at the Panathenaic festival. It contains also the technical Athenian word ephrhns^ Verses 635-38, not clear in themselves, are illuminated by those named above. For the Mostellaria see 66, 67 : ego ire in Piraeum volo, 30, 1072. For the Persa see 151. In 549-54 Sagaristio asks the vtrgo, who is supposed to be newly come from Persia, what she thinks of Athens. Verses 474, 475, 390-96 are now of value for us; in 390 ff. Saturio tells his daughter that he has a fine dos to give her, a librorum plenum soracum, containing sescenti logei atque Attici omnes. For the Psendolus see 201, 202, 270, 339, 415-17, 620, 730, 731 (here Charinus offers to put at Pseudolus' disposal a slave, qui a patre advenit Carysto necdum exit ex aedi- bus quoquam neque Athenas advenit umquam ante hesternum diem ) . For the Siich us see 446-48, 649, 650, 669, 670. For the TrmMm/wMs see 1103, 1104: curre in Piraeum .... videbis iam illic navem qua advecti sumus. For the Trucuhntus see 497: nunc .... Athenas Atticas viso, 91, prologue 1-3, 10, 11. For the Andria qL 906, 907: Andrium ego Critone'm video? .... quid tu Athenas insolens? For the Eunuchus see 107-10, 114, 115 (the girl was stolen ex Attica hinc, e Sunio). At 289,' 290 Parmeno says: video erilem filium minorem hue advenire! miror quid ex Piraeo abierit, nam ibi custos publice est nunc; cf. also 539, 540. In 519 Chremes explains that Thais had asked him whether he had rus .... ecquod 8uni et quam longe a man. Vs. 1093, in itself not conclusive, now becomes pertinent. In 824 Chaerea is called ephehus: vss. 289, 290, cited above, show » Leo, Plautinische Forschungen, pp. 198, 199, notes that the Greek writers took no pains to indicate the site of their plays when that site was Athens. But when the play was laid elsewhere care is taken early in the play to make its location clear. In Plan- tus, however, aside from the prologues, the evidence in general comes rather late in the GrTek ''''^ ^ ^'*^''*'''^ ^^^ ^^^'*'^' P- *' ^- 1> *«' »« '^"gtit be expected, thoroughly w * See below, p. 14. i'i Charles Knapp Ihat we must take this term in its technical Athenian sense.' For the Hecyra see 86 ff. We may consider now plays laid in places other than Athens. For varying sites of plays cf. Men. 72-76: haec urbs Epidamnus est dum haec agitur fabula: quando alia agetur aliud fiet oppidum, etc. The Amphitriio is laid at Thebes: cf. 190, 194, 259, 363, 865, 376, 676-78, 1046, frag, xvi, 97, 101. The Captivi is set in Aetolia (no town is named); at 93 ff., in a prologue-like speech, Ergasilus says: ita nunc belligerant Aetoli cum Aleis: nam Aetolia haec est; cf. 24, 59, 824. The CMellaria is laid at Sicyon; cf. 156 fuere Sicyoni iam diu Dionysia. mercator venit liuc ad ludos Lemnius (spoken by Auxilium, in a prologue-like passage), 125-30, 190, 176, 177. The CurcuUo is laid at Epi- daurus: 561, 562 are clear. In 429 the banker Lyco reads a letter just handed to him by Curculio, which purports to come iiom a soldier in (at^) Caria: miles Lyconi in Epidauro hospiti .... salutem dicit (cf. 341). A fanum Aesculapi is part of the stage-setting (14, 62; cf. also 70, 204, 216, 217, 261, 270, 389, iFor the other Terentian plays there ia no direct evidence. It is clear that to Terence Athens is the only site for a play ; cf. Leo, as cited above, p. H, n. 1. Indirect evidence is supplied by the passages in which a puella is declared to be or is proven to be a civis Attica : And. 221, 780, 850, Kun. 805, Fh. 114. With the same force civis is used alone: Ad. 725, .1*j«/. m\, 875, 892. The Petioehae, though not by Terence him- self, may not be disregarded here ; they show the interpretation of the plays current in the second century a. d. Cf ., then, civis Attica, Eun. Per. 3 ; Atticus civis, ibid. 10, 11 ; relicto Athenis Antiphone filio, Ph. Per. 2 {ibid. 4, 6); civem Atticam, .4(^ Per. 8. Of. Cas. arg. 6. What has been said will throw light on Terence's use of hie, hinc, hue, etc., of the place in which the play is laid or of motion to and from that place. For hie cf . ^d. 279, ^itn. 759, 760: peregrinusest .... minus amicorum hie habens, P/i. 406, 460 (sometimes, however, hie merely =ruri, in the suburbs, as against in urbe : cf. Ad. 403, Heaut. 97, 162, 601, 629, Hec. 216 [contrast run, 215], 230, 597) ; for hue cf. Ad. 649: neque enim diu hue migrarunt, 673, ^nd. 70: ex Andro commigravit hue viciniam (for hue, *to the city,' see Ad. 435, 526) ; for hinc see Ad. 225, :^84, 661, And. 221 (inserted by Dz), 83:^ : illam hinc civem esse aiunt, Eun. 156, 952, Heaut. 165 (Dz), 446, Hec. 86-88 : Corinthum hinc sum profecta .... edepol te desiderium Athenarum arbitror .... cepisse (for hinc of progress from city to country see Ad. 4;«, 4:^5, 561, 841, 843, Hec. 586, 610, 613, 629). Cf. also hac urbe. Ph. 517; e patria. Ad. 275. More illuminating is Eun. 110: ex Attica hinc; cf. Epid. 602: hinc Athenis civis earn emit Atticus, Mer. 945 : de amica se indaudivisse autumat hie Athenis esse. In Cist. 125-30, if with A we omit 126-29, we get aduleseens quidam hie est adprime nobilis Sieyone. We may note now that the Heaut, is laid in the suburbs (of Athens) ; cf. 63-74, 239, 732, etc. The reference to the Dionysia in 161, 162 is not per se decisive : see Cis. 166 : fuere Sicyoni iam diu Dionysia. s See below, p. 6, s. v, Caria. Travel in Ancient Times 8 527-32, 558, 699). The leno, Cappadox, is in the temple to be cured (61, 62, 216-22, 235-38). He has a dream (245-50, 253-59), which he recounts (260-63) for its interpretation (270-73). The Menaechmi is laid at Epidamnus (cf. 230, 258-67 306, 380, 1000, 1004, arg. 6, prol. 33, 49, 51, 57, 70, 72). ThJ Miles is laid at Ephesus (cf. 88, 111-13, 411, 412, 439, 440). Hence 777, 778: isque .... omnis se ultro sectari in Epheso memorat mulieres, in itself not conclusive, becomes pertinent See also arg. i. 1-7, arg. ii. 1-4, arg. ii. 7-12. The Poemdus is set at Calydon in Aetolia (cf. 1179a-81). This passage lights up 1056, 1057, 621, prologue 72-78, 93-95. Lastly, the Rudens 18 laid at Cyrene (615-17, 712-16, 740, 741, 1338, prologue 33, 41).' ^ ^ I pass now to give a complete list of the places mentioned in the plays. I shall group these places by continents. Further, an attempt will be made to divide the places in Europe into two classes, the first comprising those which belong to the Greek rather than to the Roman world, the second including places which seem specifically parts rather of the Roman world. For convenience the arrangement within the individual groups will be alphabetical.^ I. Places in Africa. AEG YPTUS. See Most. 440, 994; Mer. 139: resinam ex melle Aegyp- tiam vorato (as a cure for the spitting of blood); Mer. 414, 415- ancilla Aegyptia; Foe. 1290, 1291: Aegyptini qui cortinam ludis per circum ferunt. AETHIOPIA: Eun. 165: ex Aethiopia ancillulam, 471 ex Aethiopia usque haec. ^ AFRICA. In Poe. 1304 Antamoenides, seeing his amica embraxje her father, of whose identity he is not aware, says: adire certum est hanc amatrieem Africam. Cf. Poe. 1011: mures Africanos praedicat in pom- pam ludis dare se velle aedilibus. 1 In fact the play is laid in the suburbs of Cyrene, near the shore ; cf . the refer ences to the villa, 34, 85, 101, etc. X,., '7^''Tl."'^°*'''°^ relatively few places: Asia, Babylon, Caria, Oilicia, India Miletus, Aethiopia, Andros, Athenae, Attica, Corinthus, Cyprus, (Delphi? cf. And 698: non A^llims magis verum atque hoc responsumst), Imbros, Lemnos, Myconos' Rhamnus, Rhodos, Samos, Sunium. Of these Andros, Imbros, Myconos, Rhamnus' Sumum, Aethiopia are not mentioned in Plautus. Further, all the places belomr t^ the Greek world. "«s w Q Charles Knapp ALEXANDRIA: Paeiid. 147: Alexandrina beluata tonsilia tappetia. ARABIA : Per. 506, 522, 541, Trin, 845, 933-35 (see below, p. 11, n. 1), Tru. 539: ex Arabia tibi attuli tus (cf. Miles 412, frag. 67, Poe. 1179), Cur. 443: Arabes, Ba. frag, xx: Arabus. CARTHAGO: Poe. arg. 1, 66, 79, 900, 987, 989, 996, 1038, 1054, 1056, 1101 (1419, in the exitus alter), Cos, 71. Magara, a part of Carthage, is named in Poe. 86. Carthaginiensis is adjective in Poe. 59, 963, 1124, noun in Poe. 84, 987, 1377. Cf. also Poe. 53: Kapxr/Sovtos vocatur haec comoedia. poenus is adjective in Poe. 991: nullus me est hodiePoenus Poenior, noun in Ca8. 76, Cis. 202, Poe. arg. 7, 101, 113, 120, 991, 1125. Cf. also Aul. 566: lanterna Punica, Poe. 977: Punica (facies), 982 hosce .... appellalx> Punice, 990 vin appellem huuc Punice? 983 Puuice pergam loqui, 985 ecquid commeministi Puuice? 1000 saluta .... Punice verbis meis. CYRENAE: Eu. 33, 41. Cyrenensis is adjective in Ru, 713, 1338, noun in Jiu. 615, 740. In Pseud. 816, Ru. 630 the reference to laser- picium points to Cyrene (see below p. 14). MAGARA: see CARTHAGO above. POENUS, PUNICUS. see CARTHAGO above. II. Places in Asia. ASIA. In the Stich us the brothers went on a trading trip to Asia (see 152, 367). So in Trin. 845 the sycophanta, posing as a messenger from Charmides (see below 8. v. SELEUCIA), says: advenio ex Seleucia, Macedonia, Asia, atque Arabia. In And. 935, 936 we read that a man went in Asiam in part to escape war at Athens, in part to join his brother. In Trin. 598, 599, Heaut. HI, 117, 181 Asia (Minor) is mentioned in con- nection with campaigning. How loosely the name is used appears from Trin. loc. cit.: ibit .... latrocinatum, aut in Asiam aut in Ciliciam. BABYLON: Tru. 84: Babyloniensis miles (cf. 202, 392), 472: militi Babylonio, Stich. 378: Babylouica (peristromata). Ad. 915: ille Babulo C nabob'). CAPPADOCIA: Miles 52 (in the soldier's bragging). CARIA: Eun. 126, Heaut. 608. In the Curculio a parasite goes from Epidaurus to some place called Caria : cf. arg. 1: it Cariam, 206 misi . . . . Cariam, 225 quia non rediit Caria, 339 rogat quid veniam Cariam, 67 in Cariam, 265 missust in Cariam, 329 perveni in Cariam.' iLeo (PI. Forsch., p. 200, n. 2) finds a difficulty because the templum Aesculapi is set by Plautus within the town of Epidaurus; in fact, it lay miles to the west on the road to Argos. He holds, then, that Caria in this play is a town not far from Epidau- rus. He concludes thus: '*Wilamowitz vermuthet, dass der Schauplatz des Originals die Ansiedlung urn das Updv war und dass der Parasit nach Epidaurus geschickt wurde, um das Geld zu holen; dass Plautus dies fdr sein PubUcum verwirrende Verhftltniss umgeAndert und die Stadt Oaria hinzu erfunden hat." I feel sure, however, that to Travel in Ancient Times 7 o. ^^^^^^•* ^'* ^' ^'^' ^^ • '^'^ • • • • latrocinatum .... in Ciliciam, Ph. 66 (Demipho was liured thither by promises of montes auri). EPHESUS in Ba. 171, 231, 236, 249, 309, 336, 354, 388, 389, 561, 776, 1047 IS the destination of a trading trip. In the Miles a soldier carries a meretrix mgenua against her will to Ephesus: arg. i. 1, arg ii 4 arg. 11. 7, 88, 113. See also i/r. 384, 439, 441, 975, 976, 648, 778. Ephesii IS noun in Ba. 309; cf. also Mi. 411: Ephesiae Dianae, Ba. 307: Dianai Ephesiae. INDIA: Mi. 25, Cur. 439, Eun. 413: elephantis quern Indicis (rex) praefecerat (all three passages give a soldier's or a parasite's lies). IONIA: St 769: lonicus aut cinaedust, Ps. 1275 lonica (dances); m Pe. 826, which involves the phrase in Ionia, there is another refer- ence to dancing (see 824, 825). MILETUS: Cap. 2U: Thalem Milesium, Ad. 654, 655 (Mileti .... Miletum), 702 ille ubist Milesius? PERSIA: Pe. 461, 498. For the noun Persa see Cur. 442, Pe 506 513, 676, 707, 718, 740, 783, 796, 828, 829 (the very name of this play is significant), St. 24-25: Persamm montis, qui esse aurei perhibentur. For the portus Persicus see below, p. 14, n. 1, middle paragraph. PHRYGIA: Tru. 536: attuli eccam pallulam ex Phrygia tibi Cf phrygio, * embroiderer,' Aul. 508, Men. 426, 469, 563, 618, 681 Add portae Phrygiae, of Troy, Ba. 955. PONTUS: Tr. 933, 934 (see ARABIA, above, p. 6), Tru. 539, 640: attuli .... Ponto amomum. the Romans of Plautus' time CaHa, unqualified, would have suggested only Asia Minor not an unknown city near Epidaurus. Konig (Quaestiones Plautinae, Patschkau, im\ pp. 6, 7), shows that with names of countries Plautus seldom omits prepositions (Most 440: Aegypto, on which see Quint, i. 5. 38, Cap. 673: Alidem, Cap. 330: Alide (so 94)! Tni. 540: Ponto seem the only exceptions. Konig criticizes Brix on Cap. 573, but an- proves Lorenz on Most. 440) ; hence he holds, p. 8, that Caria here is a town, not a ?c^f ^^' .. ./^'* (y^ominum quibus loca signiJicanturustisPlautinusexponitur, Halle, 1883,pp 40,41) agrees withKdnigconcerningthefactsofPlautine usage, butargues that Plautus treated Aegyptus, Oaria, and Pontus "simili ratione atque nomina singularia urbmm, and so concludes that Caria is the country, not a town. Soltau ( Curculionis Plauh Actus III Interpretation p. 27), takes the same view. HUflfner {De Plauti exem phs Atficis, p. 18), holds that Caria cannot be the country. He gives five reasons, of which the most important is that we read (206, 207, 143) that Curculio started Cariam but four days ago and yet is expected back today ; the distance, he solemnly argues could not be covered in that time. Further, no mention is made of a ship in the play' Yet, masmuch as Plautus makes Philocrates in the Captivi go from Aetolia to Elis,* effect there an exchange of prisoners, find a slave who disappeared twenty years before and return to Aetolia all in one day, we need not distress ourselves because he talks of gomg from Epidaurus to Asia Minor and return in four days. For my own part, then I mchne to take Caria of the country (in PI. the soldier is in Caria ; in the Terentian passages, too, Caria is named in connection with soldiering: venimus in Cariam ex India, Cur. 438, points strongly to Caria in Asia) ; it would not be difficult to emend the passages which show Cariam or Caria without a preposition. / 8 Chables Knapp Tbavbl in Ancient Times 9 SELEUCIA. Charraides, bent on strengthening his fortunes by trade, goes to Seleucia, Tr. 112, 771, 845, 901.^ SINOPE: Cur. 443. SURIA (SYRIA): Tm. 530: ancillas .... ex Suria, 541 hasce .... Suras, Mer. 414, 415: aucillam . . . . Syram, ?>. 542: Surorum, genus quod patientissumumst hominum, Car. 443. For Sarus, Sura as slave names see below, p. 12, n. 4. Ill A. Places in Europe belonging to Greek geography. AETNA: Mi. 1065: tuni argenti montes, non massas (habes), habet Aetina non aeque altos. AETOLIA: Cap. 94. Aetolus is adjective in Foe. 621, 1057, noun in Cap. 24, 59, 93, 824. (Cf. also Pe. 3, where Aetolicus aper is named among the Herculis aerumnae.) AGRIGENTUM: i^ie. 50: Siculus senex, .... Agrigentinus. ALIS (Elis): Cap. 9, 26, 94, 330, 379, 509, 544, 547, 573, 588, 590, 638, 973, 979, 1005, 1014. Aleus is adjective in Cap. arg. 3,27, 31, 169, 875, noun in Cap. 24, 59, 93, 280. Alidensis is adjective Cap. 880. AMBRACIA: St. 491. ANACTORIUM: Foe. 87, 93, 896. ANDROS: And. 70, 222, 923, 931. Andrius is adjective in And. Fer. 2, 906, noun (in fern.) in And. 73, 85. 215, 461, 756. ARCADIA: Arcadian asses are sold in Athens to a merchant from Pella, As. 333. For such asses cf. Persius iii. 9, Ausonius Ixxvi. 3, Varro E. R. ii. 1, 14. ARGIVI: so the Thebans are called in Am. 208 (the play belongs to the heroic age). ATHENAE: As. 492, Aul. 810, Ba. 563, Ep. 26, 502, 602, Men. prol. 8, Mer. 945, Mi. arg. i. 1, arg. i. 5, 99, 100, 104, 114, 122, 126, 127, 132, 239, 384, 439, 451, 489, 938, 1146, 1186, 1193, Mo. 1072, Fe. 151, 549, Fs. 270, 339, 416, 620, 731, Ru. 35, 738, 739, 741, 746, 1105, 1111, St. 448, 649 (salvete, Athenae, quae nutrices Graeciae: cf. Pericles in Thuc. ii. 41. 1), 670, Tru. 3, 10, 91, 497, And. 907, Hec. 88, Fh. (thrice in the Periocha 2, 4, 6). Atheniensis is adjective in Mi. arg. ii. 2, 440, noun, perhaps, in Cas. 82, Ru. 1198. Attica is named in Eun. 110. Atticus is adjective often: (a) Athenae Atticae, Ep. 502, Mi. 100, Fs. 416, Ru. 741, Tru. 497; (6) civis Atticus, Ep. 602, Mer. 635 (in reverse order, Atticus cins, Eun. Per. 10, 11), civis Attica, Foe. 372, And. 221, 780, 859, Ad. Per. 8, Eun. Per. 3, 805, Fh. 114 (cf. Attica civitas Fe. 474); (c) in miscellaneous phrases: As. 793: lingua Attica, Ca«. 652: Attica .... disciplina,£/J.306: agro Atticx), Mer. 837: ab Atticis abhorreo (sc. deis, Penatibus, Lare, urbe, civitate). Mo. 30: iuventute .... Attica, Pe.395: logei .... Attici,P«. iQf. the mention of Seleucua, Mi. 75, 949, 951, 948. 202a.- iuventutem Atticam, Ru. 42: adulescens .... Atticus, 604 Philomela Attica (Leo), Eun. 1093: Atticam elegantiam. Atticus is noun in Mi. arg. ii. 4, And. 923, 927. For references to the Firaeus see Ba. 235, Mo. 66, Tr. 1103, Eun. 290 539. Cf. also RHAMNUS, below. BOEOTIA: Mer.Ul. CALYDON: Foe. 72, 94; 1181 Calydoniam Venerem. CAPUA: Ru. 629-31: si speras tibi hoc anno muitum futurum sirpe et laserpicium eamqiie eventuram exagogam Capaam salvam et sospitem. CHALCIS: Mer. 646, 939. CHIOS: viuum Chium, Cur. 78, Foe. 699. CNIDUS: Mer. 647. CORINTHUS: Mer. 646, Heaut. 96, Hec. 86, Heaut. 600 and 629- Cormthia anus, Aul 559: Corinthiensis fons Pirena. CRETA: Mer. 646, Cur. 443: Arabes, Caras, Cretanos, etc. CYPRUS: Mer. 646, 933, 937, Ad. 224, 230, 278. DELPHI: Fs. 480: quod scibo Delphis tibi responsum dicito* ELATIA (in Phocis): Ba. 591. EPIDAMNUS: Men. arg. 6, 49, 51, 70, 230, 263, 267, 306, 380 (bis). Epidamniensis is adjective Men. 32; Epidamnius is adjective Men 1004 noun in 33, 258. ' ' EPIDAURUS: Cur. 429, 562, Ep. 540 a, 541 a, 636. ERETRIA: Mer. 646, Fe. 259, 322, 323. EUBOEA: ^p. 153: Euboicus (miles). GRAECIA: Ru. 737: ex germana Graecia, Men. 236: Graeciam . . . exoticam (=Magna Graecia); see also Cas. 71, St. 649. For Graecus as adjective see Cur. 288: isti Graeci palliati capite operto qui ambulant, Mer. 525, Ru. 588: vina Graeca, St. 226: unctiones Grae- cas sudatorias veudo, 707,^ As. 199: Graeca fide. Men. 9, Tru. 55. HILURII: Men. 235, Tr. 852: Hilmica facies videtur hominis HISTRI: Men. 235. IMBROS: an Athenian goes thither to settle an estate, Hec. Per. 5, 171. LACONIA: Cap. 471: Lacones .... viros (parasites), Ep. 2^: (canis) Laconicus, Mo. 404: clavis Laconicus. See SPARTA, below LEMNOS: Cis. arg. 6, arg. 7, 161, Tru. 91, 355, Fh. Per. 3, Per 5 66, 567, 680, 873, 943, 1004, 1013; Cis. 100: sua cognata Lemniensis, 157 mercator .... Lemnius. For Lemnius, Lemnia as noun see Cis 173 492, 530. ' ' »Cf. perhaps And. 698 non Apollinis magisverum atque hoc responsumst. Of. too, the slave name Delphium, p. 12, n. 4. ' 2 The passages in which pergraecari occurs are also pertinent here: Ba. 813, Mo. 960, 22, 64, Poe. 603, Tru. 87; so congraecare Ba. 743. Greece occurs ^s. prol 10 Mer. prol. 9, Mi. 86, Cas. prol. 33, Tr. prol. 18, always in accounts of the Greek originals of Plautus' plays. ill 10 Chables Knapp Tbavel in Ancient Times 11 LESBOS: Mer. 647: Lesbiam (terrain), Poe. 699: vinum Lesbium, Mi, 1247. LEUCAS: Poe. 699: viimm Leucadium. MACEDONIA: Tr. 845. Cf. Macedoues, Mi. 44, Macedonius (as adjective), P«. 51, 346, 616, 1090, 1152, 1162, 1210: virum Macedonieusem Pa. 1041. MEGARA: Mer. 646 Megares (ace. pi.), Pe. 137 Megaribus .... commigravit. MOLOSSIA: Cap. 86 Molossici (canes). MYCOXOS: Hec. 433, 801 Myconius hospes, 803 es tu Myconius? NAL PACTUS: Mi. arg. ii. 2, 102, 116. NEMEA: games at, Cas. 759-62. OLYMPIA: games at, Cas. 759-62. PIRAEUS: see ATHENAE. RHAMNUS: And. 930: Rhamnusium se aiebat esse. RHODOS: Cur. 444 Rhodiam (terram), Mer. 11, 93, 257, 390, Eun. 107, 420, 498, 423: Rhodius adulescentulus. SAMOS: Ba. 472, 574, 200: Samiam quidem (Bacchidem), Men. 178: fores Samiae, St. 694: Samiolo poterio, Ba. 202: Samium vas, Cap. 291: Samiis vasis, Eun. 107: Samia mihi mater fiiit. SICILIA: Men. 1096, Ru. 54, 357, 495, Men. arg. 1: mereator Siculus, Pe. 395 (logum) Siculum, Ru. 49, Poe. 897: praedo Siculus, Ru. 451, Men. 1068, Cap. 888 (bis). The verb sicilicissito. Men. 12, is pertinent here: cf also AGRIGENTUM and SYRACUSAE. SICYON: Cis. 130, 156, 190, Cur. 395, Mer. 647. Ps. 995, 998, 1098 1174, Ci8. arg. 1, arg 3. SPARTA: Poe. 663, 666. For the adjective we have Spartanus, Poe. 770, Spartiaticus, Poe. 719, for the noun Spartiatem, Poe. 780. In Pe. 553, 554: ut munitum muro tibi visum oppidumst? si incolae bene sunt morati, id pulchre moeuitum arbitror, there may well be a reference to Sparta. See also LACONIA. STYMPHALIS: the aves Stymphales are named among the aenim- nae Herculis, Pe. 4. SUNIUM: Eun. 115, 519, Ph. 837 (site of a mercatus, *fair'). SUPERUM MARE: Men. 236. SYRACUSAE: Men. 17, 37, 69, 408, 1097 (a merchant goes thence to Tarentum ad mercatuni). For Syracusanus, adjective, cf. Men. 1068, 1109. TARENTUM: Men. 27, 29, 36, 39, 1112. In Tru. 649 there is a refer- ence to the sale of Tarentinae oves, though the play is laid at Athens. Cf ., perhaps, Mer. 525, with Naudet's note. TELOBOAE: Am. arg. i. 2, 101, 205, 211, 217, 251, 414, 418, 734. See Palmer on arg. i. 2. THASOS: Poe. 699: vinum Thasium. THEBAE: Am. 97, 677, 1046, Ep. 53, 206, 252, 416, 636, Ru. 746. *or Ihebanus as adjective, see Am. 101, 190, 194, 259, 363, 376 678 frag. XVI ; as noun, Am. 365. See ARGIVI above. * THESSALIA: Am. 10i3: Thessalum veneficum. In Am. 770 Thes- sala is the name of an ancilla. THRAECIA: Poe. 1168. ZACYNTHUS: Mer. 647, 940, 943, 945. Ill B. Places in Europe belonging to Roman geography. ALATRIUM: Cap. 883: val rhv *AAarptov. APULIA: Ca8. 12 in Apulia. There is a slighting reference to Apulians m Mi. 648: post Ephesi sum natus, non enim in Apulis. Las 11 18, perhaps, likewise disparaging (cf. 67-77). The prologuist declares that in Graecia et Carthagini serviles nuptiae are celebrated more elaborately than the marriages of free-born men and women- he undertakes to prove this before a Poenus index vel Graecus adeo vel mea caussa Apulus. BOII: Cap. 888: nunc Siculus non est, Boius est, boiam terit CAMPANIA: Ps. 146: peristromata Campanica, Tr.Mh: Cam- pans genus multo Surorum iam antidit patientia, Tru. 942 (corrupt)- Campas. ^ '' CORA: Cap. 881: vaX rav Kopav. ETRURIA: Cis. 562: ex Tusco modo. See SUTRIUM, below. FRUSINO: Cap. 883: vol rav ^povaivwva. GALLIA: Aul 495: Gallicis cantheriis, fra^. 176 (?) HISPANI: Men. 235. & v ;• ITALIA: Men. 237: orae Italicae omnes. MONS MASSICUS: Ps. 1303: Massici montis uberrimos quattuor fructus. MASSILIA: Men. 235: Massilienses, Cas. 963: ubi tu es qui colere mores Massiliensis postulas ? FISTORENSES: Cap. 160. PLACENTIA: Cap. 172: opus Placentinis quoque. PRAENESTE: Ba. frag, viii.: Praenestinum opino esse, ita erat gloriosus, Tr. 608, 609: ilico hie ante ostium, 'tam modo,' inquit Praene- stinus, Tru. 691 (cf . 688 ff.): Praenestinis ^ conea ' est ciconea. All three references are slighting. So, when in Cap. 882 Ergasilus swears vol rkv Upaiviarrfv, etc., Hegio asks (884): quid tu per barbaras urbis iuras? ROMA: Romae was read by Schoell in Tru. 966, a corrupt verse. Cf. Poe. 1313, 1314: plenior ali ulpicique quam Romani remiges. Cf too, perhaps, frag. 109, from Festus 45: catulinam camera esitavisse Romanos Plautus in Saturione refert. L i •^. r r gjHI, Chables Knapp Various places in Rome are mentioned. Cfl Cap. 489: omnes de compecto rem agunt, quasi in Velabro olearii,' Cur. 483: in Velabro. Cf. Cur. 269: locus nou prael)eri (sc. periuris) potis est in Capitolio. In Cur, 467-85 the choragas enumerates places in the fonun Roman um, e. g., the Clojiciiiae sacrum, the basilica, the forum piscarium, the lacus, the veteres (tabernae), the aedes Castoris, the vicus Tuscus, the Velabrupi-^ SARDI: Mi.U. SARSINA (in Umbria): Mo. 770: Sarsinatis ecqua est, si Umbram non hal>es? SIGNEA: Cap. 882: vai rav Siyvcav. 8UTR1UM: Cas. 524. UMBRIA: see SARSINA. TURDETANI: Cap. 163.=» From the foregoing pages (5-12) one sees how vast is the array of places to which Plautus and Terence, especially the former, make refer- ence.* Allusion is made to all quarters of the Greek world of Menan- der*s time and to some places of the Roman world of Plautus' days. >The Captii'i i« laid in Aetolial Coruera in grain were common enough in Athens: witnesH Lyeias xxii, /card rQv airoiruXuv. Probably in the original of the Captivi there wan a reference to such corners at Athens ; for this Plautus substituted the more telling reference to similar operations at home. *See below, p. 14, n. 1, last paragrai>h. *At times I'lautus plays with geography, as Swift played with geography. In Cur. 442 tf. the parasite declares that within twenty days the miles, single-handed, conquered Persas .... Rhodiam at»iue Lyeiam, Perediam et Perbibe8iam,Centauro- machiam et Classiam Unomammiam, Libyamque .... omnem Conterebronmiam .... Peredia and I'erbibesia seem anticipations of Dickens' town of Eatanswill. In a similar passage. Mi. l;^-15, 42-45, a parasite refers to the campi Curculionei, and to Scytholatronia. In '/'/•. 928-:^ the sycophanta declares that he left Charmides ad Rhadamantem in Cercopio, and that Charmides had visited Poutus in Arabia, not, says the sycophanta, the Arabia where incense is produced, but the .\rabia where one gets absinthe and cunila gallinacea ! See also 9;i6-44, Foe. 471-73, 663-66 (cf . 718, 790). li8 occur: Ba. 900: in arcem abivit aedem visere. nunc apertast; Hec. 431: in arcem transcurso opus est (see also 801). In Ami 930 an Athenian is described as a Rliamnusian; in Eun. 110, 115 Attica covers Sunium.'^ with '''J'-tmr; he derives them from \oKpliou, AoKpls) ; Lydus, nan.e of paedagogus in Ba.; Messenio, Men.; Mysis, And.; Olympio, Olympiscus, Cos.; Olympicus, Tr. 425; Phrygia ^«/. :m, Heaut. 7H1, etc.. Ad. 978 (Schmidt, p. 201) ; Phoenicium, Tru. passim (Schmidt, p. 201) ; Syra, Mer. 670 flf., etc., Tru. 405, Hec. 71 flf., etc. ; Syrus, Ba. 649, Ps., Ad., Heaut., St. 4;« (Schmidt, p. 210) ; Syriscus, Eun. 772, 775 ; Thessala, Ani. 770 (Schmidt, p. 210). We may add Cappadox. the name of the leno in Cur • Schmidt (p. 181) declares that the name occurs nowhere else. See also Berard Le^ Ph^niciens et VOdyss^e I, pp. 405, 406. 1 For specially incongruous injection of places wholly Italian or Roman see Cap, 16a-&S, 880-85, Cur. 466-85. It is worth while to remember that the authenticity of such passages has been called in question. 2 Some minor points may be noted. Cf. As. 598-^00: e^se negotiosum interdius videlicet Solonem, leges ut conscribat quibus se populus teneat. In AuJ. 1% the Oere- ris vigiliae are the Thesmophoria ; see Wagner's note. In Mer. 61-^ we get a good view of the Dionysia, doubtless at Athens : cf . Cur. 644-47. In Heaut. 162, 170, 183 ff., 211, 7'X^ we have references to the Dionysia, as kept in some country seat near Athens' For one other very important bit of local color in connection with Athens see the dis- cussion below, pp. 16-18, of the meaning of rus. In Aul. 559 Oorinthiensem fontem Pirenam may be noted. Charles Knapp I In And 51 there is a reference to ephebi. That we must inter- pret this in the technical sense familiar to the Athenians is clear from Eun. 824: i iste ephebus f rater Phaedriae, as explained by 290: miror quid ex Piraeo abierit, nam ibi custos publice nunc est (cf. the Periocha 7, 12). Hence in 987: an in astu venit {sc. ex Piraeo)? asked about this ephebus, is absolutely correct. Cf. now 3Ier. 40, 61. Turning now to plays not laid at Athens, we note that in the BficchideSy set at Ephesus, references are made to the temple of Diana there (307-41). In the Miles, also set at Ephesus, we have mention of the ara Ephesiae Dianae (411). The Menaechmi too gives a correct touch ; for the boy lost at Tarentum his brother has been searching through Histros, Hispanos, Massiliensis, Hilu- rios, mare superum omne Graeciamque exoticam orasque Italicas omnis, qua adgreditur mare (235-87). In Poe. 86 reference is made to Magara, part of Carthage ; one thinks of Vergil's maga- lia, Aen. i. 421, iv. 259, Georg. iii. 340 (see Conington's notes). The Riidetis is laid at Cyrene. At 630-33 an elaborate refer- ence is made to laser[)icium or silphium, well known as the special product of Cyrene and as such figured on its coins. Some miscellaneous |K)ints deserve notice. The perfumes of Arabia are mentioned in Mi. 412, Tr. 934, 935, Tru. 539, 540; amomum from Pontus is named in Trn. ibid. In Trti. 53() Phry- gian cloaks are mentioned ; cf . the noun phrygio. In Trn. 649 there is mention of a sale of oves Tarentinae ; we think of Horace Carm. ii. 6. 10-11: dulce pellitis ovibus Galaesi flumen et regnata petam Laconi rura Phalantho. Cf. also Varro E. R. ii. 2. 18, cited by editors on Horace loc. cit. The Stichus involves a trad- ing voyage from Athens to Asia ; the things brought back include Babulonica et peristroma tonsilia et tappetia, 378, sambucae, 381, unguenta, 383. In Men. 409-12 it is possible to pick flaws in the list of Syracusan kings (see Brix), but since it occurs in a comedy, not in a history, it is reasonably accurate. In the Curcn- lio we have already noted (see p. 4) the references to the templum Aesculapi.' 1 Many more detaiUi might be brought together, e. g., the references to wines of vari ous sorts, such as Chian, Lesbian, famous still in later times, and known all over the i"~\ ^ ;i Tbavel in Ancient Times 16 Thus far we have been concerned with the geography of the comedies, its extent and its nature. We must pass now to our main theme, the evidences of movement from point to point.' A general twofold division of the passages suggests itself; one set will deal with land travel, the other, far the larger, with travel beyond seas. Greek world through commerce; the references to Samian ware, to Alexandrian and Campaman tapestries, etc. The reader who examines with care the geographical data given above, pp. 5^12, or reads thoughtfully the accounts of travel given below, will be struck more and more forcibly with the accuracy of the allusions. Of a more general character are the references to luxurious living at Athens, Epidamnus, Sicily, (i. e., Syracuse), all centers of trade, wealth, and its attendant luxury. For Sicily cf ^"' fitinf^^J ^'?' ^P^^«"^°"«' ^««- 258-64, :«9-43; for Athens, Ep. 213^S. In /?«. 49, 50 Oharmides IS described as Siculussenex, Agrigentinus, urbis proditor : we tlunk at once of the disturbed political conditions in Sicily. Lastly, even in the ^mp/i.^ruo a play which contains, perhaps, much relatively independent work (see Palmer s edition, pp. xiv-xviii), the treatment is reasonably accurate. The play is laid at Thebes: Creon is king (194, 351), Tiresias is seer (1128, 1145, 1132). Yet there are weaknesses. In Am. 149, 164 a, 195, 460, 602, 701, 731 If. reference IS made to a portus (of Thebes ! ) ; cf . Palmer on 404. Now the Amphitrxto is unique among Latin comedies, especially in its wonder-working element (in the prolongation of the night and the deus ex machina close) ; what wonder if in a play which lies close to the magic world Thebes develops a harbor? Where Plautus set the Teloboae we do not know (see Palmer's note on arg. i. 2), but he repeatedly makes Amphitruo go to and fro by sea (329, 404, etc.). Hence there must be a portus at the home end of the journey. Plautus' real sin, then, lies in putting this portus within easy walking dis- tance of Thebes. Similarly in the Poenulwt Oalydon has a harbor (114, 115, 649 650) In ^m. 404, 823 Plautus refers to a portus Persicus; from this Amphitruo arrived on the night on which the play opens. Festus (217 M.) suggested that Plautus gave this name to some harbor on the mare Euboicum because once a Persian fleet maneu- vered in these waters, an odd anachronism, surely, and a curious misapplication of a bit of learning, yet modern editors have no better comment to oflfer. Errors of another sort are somewhat marked. Though all the plays are laid on irreek soil, Plautus not infrequently introduces geographical details which are purely Itahan. See above, pp. 11, 12 ; p. 13, n. 1. The CapHvi is laid in Aetolia ; yet in 88-90, there is allusion to the porta trigemina at Rome. In Ps. 331 ff.. Professor Morris sees a reference to the Porta Esquilina at Rome. Another instance of his forgetfulness is his employment of pergraecari, with the sense of ' to lead a riotous, extravagant life •' cf . p. 9, n. 2. Cf . also Cur. 288 : isti Graeci palliati, Trxi. 55 : armariola Graeca. A cap- tious cntic might object to the statement in Men. 7-12 that this play non atticissat, verum siciUcissitat, on the ground that the scene is laid at Epidamnus. Yet since the more important characters all hail from Syracuse and return thither at the close of the play the inaccuracy is a trifle. It is to be noted that after all the allusions to things distinctly Italian or Roman are, for our purposes, of little consequence. Here especially Plautus talks with fullest knowledge and accuracy ; the passages discredit his judgment (or that of the interpolators), not his geographical knowledge. 1 A careful examination of pp. 6-12 will furnish many suggestions of communica- tion between distant points, e. g., in the allusions to objects of commerce, such as wines, tapestries, perfumes, slaves. 1 1> ■: |( if Ohables UiJi^FP TRAVEL BY LAWD Specific references* to journeying by land are confined to the innumerable allusions to movement in the streets of some city, or to travel between a city and its harbor, or to movement between some city, especially Athens, and its suburbs. Of movement in city streets we need take no notice. Nor shall I take time to gather the references to progress between a city and its harbor, though under the conditions which determined the location of cities in ancient Greece such progress often involved distances of moment ; witness the case of Athens and the Piraeus. Yet after all this movement, like that in city streets, is purely local. Journeys between some city and its nta stand, in part at least, on a somewhat different footing. In the Eunuchns (110, 115) the term inis covers Suniuni, which is a goodly distance from Athens for one who must walk or drive thither. References to travel l>etween Athens and its suburbs are very numerous.' In the Coiiind a vilicus is in Athens (see 98-142, 437, 438, etc. ) . In IHl the senex says: ego ruri cenavero (cf. 783-86), a proof that the rus was at no great distance." In Mer. ()1- 1)8 Demipho talks of the trips he made as a boy with his father (to Athens) to see the peplus. Lysimachus, senex, has a villa /•///•/ {Mer. 272-82). His wife is there (2H0 ff., 543, 580, i\Ha, etc.), but on receipt of a message that he is not coming nis (279, 280, (Wyl), she comes to town to join him (f)07-80, (^SO, 807-14). Presently she sends a servant to her father, but the servant finds that the father had gone rus (803, 804). In liof) Eutychus advises Charinus • Land travel is often enough implied, especially in the references to the exploits of the miles: see Cifr. 4:18, 442-48, 4;i8-.39, Mi. l.S-15, 42-44, 52, 5;^, Poe. (m-m. We may suppose that Hnrpax ( Ps. 117»-75) came from Sicyon to Athens by land : such a supposition gives most point to Ballio's comment, strenue mehercle iisti, when he hears that Harpax had left Sicyon but two days before (the distance by land is about 75 miles). We shall see presently that land conveyances are but seldom named, and that they are never mentioned in connection with actual travel. 2 In Cis. 225, 226 Aleesimarchus, now in town (Sicyon) says: pater apud villam dctinuit me hos sex dies ruri continuos. In ^fen. prol. 6:^66 we read that the merca- tor who had carried otf the boy, going out rus from Epidamnus, was drowned while trying to ford a rain-swollen stream. In Poe. 170 a vilicus is in town (Calydon). In Cap. 78 the parasite, who is supposed to be in Aetolia, says : ubi res prolatae sunt, quom homines rus eunt, simul prolatae res sunt nostris dentibus. Cf. 84, 86. 3 In 420, in his desire to hasten the 'marriage,' he had said, scin tu rus hinc esse ad villam louge quo ducat? ft 'I Tbavel in Ancient Times J7 Ts. ufyir'^" '""'" '^"'' ^"* '"' ''^'^"'- ^ «•«« ^«- 899, town' ""^Fof ;^^^ "' '"" '^^' " '°""*'y '^^''' ^^'^i". i« in pj =iic, n n ^' •°7^'''™t« »•"« Bee 928, 1043, 1076, 1077. In Fs. o4.» Call.pho explains that he cannot help Simo: rus ut irem Zi i^ll rt""™' I* "- -hile Callicles was unos sex dies run that Lesbonicus put up his father's house for sale (Tr. 163- 72 . According to Tru. 645, 646 Strabax has gone rus for his father; some one there owed money to his father for oves Taren- tmae. Cf. further 647-50, 669-71, 692-94. One of Phrone- TIIsVITt' ''"/''"'''''"' ^'''''' (246-49, 269, arg. 1-2). in »,82, 683 Truculentus, a servus rusticus, refers to his frequent tnps to the city. At 915 Strabax says: nee ruri nee hie operis quicquam facio. See also 245-54, 277-82 ' TheV""/"'" 'f'r'"' °^ '^'' "'''•* ""^^«» '^^'^ ""'serous, rhe Heauton is laid in the suburbs of Athens, at some distance from the city (239, 63-74, 88-92, etc.); for movement ttZl 230 r .7"t«i r 'J ''' '''-''' '''''' '^^2. 175, 176, 191, 230 flF., 37o 381-408. In the Hecyra Laches lives ruri, his wife IqO H-^ ; ^l^' 215-18, 224-26). He comes to town, 189 190. His wife baffled in her efforts to establish better relations between herself and her daughter-in-law, says to her son (586V 5? ^eio! 629™"° ^'''' "'™ ""^ "' "''" '"'**' "*""'""■ P"*""- ^^'^ In Eim. 187 Phaedria, who has agreed to surrender Thais for two days to the miles, says: rus ibo. Cf. 216. 220, Per 5-6 \ ss. 629-41 tell what happened when he set out rus. In 971-78 Chables Knapp his father says: ex meo propinquo rure hoc capio commodi : neqne agri neque urbis odium me umquam percipit. ubi satietas coepit fieri, commuto locum.' See also 611, 967. Chremes has an estate at Sunium (519-25). From this estate years before his Bister had been carried off by pirates (cf. 519-27 with 107-15).' Of the older brothers in the Adelphoe one, Demea, has spent his life in the country (45, 866, 867). He comes to town sorely distressed by the pranks of one of his sons, Aeschines, whom his brother Micio had adopted (77-81, 92) ; his other son, Ctesipho, is he thinks, safely in the country (94-96). He starts back rus to find Ctesipho (401, 433-36, 517-20). On his way he meets one of his mercennarii, en route for town, who tells him that Ctesipho is not ruri (541, 542). See also 560-62, 842.=* An excellent commentary on these passages is afforded by Thucydides' remarks (ii. 13. 2, ii. 14, ii. 15. 1, 2) on the advice given by Pericles to the Athenians at the beginning of the Pelo- ponnesian War. The Athenians, he said, "must prepare for war and bring their property from the country into the city; they must defend their walls but not go out to battle . . . ." They brought their property into the city, with sorrowing hearts, "for the Athenians had always been accustomed to reside in the country. Such a life had been characteristic of them, more than of any other Hellenic people, from very early times." "Theseus .... united all the inhabitants of Attica in the present city, estab- lishing one council and town hall. They continued to live on their own lands, but he compelled them to resort to Athens as their metropolis, and henceforth they were all inscribed in the roll of her citizens." * iCf. Ad. 523: et illud rue nulla alia causa tarn male odi, nisi quia propest; quod si abeeset longius, prius nox oppressisset illi eum ( = patrem) quam hue revorti posset iterum. Nunc ubi me illic non videbit, iam hue recurret. sThe uncle of Glycerium, shipwrecked on Andros, was a Rhamnusian {And. 923^30). « References to the pistrinum as a means of punishment are probably pertinent here; that the pistrinum was run appears from Mo. lG-19, Ph. 249, 260. Less clear are Ba. 781, Ep. 121, 145, Pe. 420, Poe. 827, Ps. 490, 494, 499, 600, 634, 1060, 1100, And. 600, 199, 200. < The quotations are from Jowett's translation. See Miss Harrison PHmitive Athem (1906), pp. 4, 5. Pollux viii. 116 explains that the Athenians called a special session of the iKkkijirLa a KarditXirroj iKK\7i-36, 352-54, 388, 389, 561, 1047). The money had been in the hands of a hospes. Chrysalus asserts that they have not brought the money ; they had after much trouble secured it but as they were putting out from the harbor of Ephesus homeward bound a pirate ship started after them, whereupon they had put back and had deposited the money publicly with the priest of Diana (278-347). Later the son had secured a portion of the money and had bought this home (316-24). At 325 Chrysalus urges Nicobulus to go to Ephesus for the balance; the old man assents (342 ff., 354 f!., 776).' Chrysalus warns him that he must take with him his son's anulus, as the symbolus by which the money was to be got from the priest (265, 327-30).' In the Cistellaria we read that a mercator came from Lemnos to Sicyon to attend the games (157, 161, 162); there he wronged a woman (158, 159, arg. 1, 2). He had gone back to Lemnos and had married there (161, 162, 173-75, arg. 2). When his wife died he went again to Sicyon and married the woman he had wronged years before (100, 177-79, arg. 6). His first jour- ney , then, was solely for business ; the second also may be said to have been made for business, in a broad sense: at least it was not undertaken animi tantum causa. In the Curculio Phaedromus sends his parasite from Epidaunis to Caria (see p. 6) to get a loan from a sodalis there (67 ff., 143, 144, 252, 253, 275-78, arg. 1, 2). The parasite had been sent nudius quartus (206, 207) and is expected back hodie (143; in 143, 225, 324, 325, it is implied that a letter or messenger had come froin the parasite fixing the time of his return). In Caria he makes the acquaintance of the very soldier who had contracted I V88. •M2S. imply that Nicobulus had been a mercator, i.e., a merchant who engaged in transmarine commerce, in his own ship. «The whole story of the depositum and of the supposed treachery of the hospes reminds one of the story of Glaucus in Herodotus vi. 86. Travel in Ancient Times 21 with the leno for Phaedromus' arnica (337 ff.); the soldier asks him whether he knows the banker Lyco and the leno Cappadox at Epidaurus. The parasite robs the soldier of his ring which was to serve as symbolus to the banker (340-60). The'soldier had been in Epidaurus and had bargained in person for the ^irl- he had paid part of the money and had made arrangements to comp ete the payment and the transfer.' He calls Lyco his hospes rtlo^L \^'^^^^^ "^'^^ (^^^)- ^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^i^es from Caria (5d3 ff. ). In Mer. 1-110 Charinus speaks what amounts to a prologue He had been engaged in an intrigue with a meretrix (40-45) for which his father had sternly reproached him (46-73), pointing out that in bis youth he himself had made much money as a mer cator (73-78). This talk drove Charinus forth to seek his for- T ^i\ !;2 79-97, 357, 358, arg. i. 1, 2, arg. ii. 1, 2). His father had built for him a navis cercurus, had bought merces, had put all on board the ship, and had given him also talentum argenti (86-91). Charinus had gone to Rhodes on a trading trip; he has just returned, after two years (11, 12, 92-97, 256, 257 533-35), successful beyond his expectations (93-96) ' At Rhodes he loved an ancilla of a certain hospes, bought her, and brought her home (97-117) ; about her the play turns.' The Mostellaria is laid at Athens. Theopropides, senex, has been away three years on business (78-81, 440, 971), which took him to Egypt (439, 994). See also 11, 12, 25, 26, 57, 957-62, 971-77, arg. 2, 3. " In the Persa money is needed. At 260-65, 323-26 Sagaristio explains that he can supply this: "my master has sent me to i!-retria to buy some well-broken oxen; he gave me money, telling ' See 341-48, 432-36, 535-53. thl.lrlh 5 ' ^'- ^^^' ■^°*- ^< •*'"»• 109' "*. this sense is probable though there is no direct proof. In Epid. 395 mercator is used, in a playful ™s™~ of one who has been buying something within Athens itself. In Ba^ we Z™ SsTa"^^"," ^'"•• """ ''"L ""'' '"^'^ «"""'• ^^^-^ "y »"« catch ofl^evidu,.^! builds castles in Spain: navibus magnis mercaturam faciam; Tr. 332- DubUeisrTB adfims tat an maritumis negotiis? mercaturan. an venaUs hab^nt ubi^L'perS (of. p. 24, n. 1). Yet, m Jfo. 639, when Theopropides learns that his son has bought a house, he cnes : eugae I Philotaches patriasat : iam homo in mercatura y^tu^!* kJLjifliit ..' l^iIHijil, if. 22 Chables Knapp me that six days hence a fair will be held there. Til use the money for our purposes and T\\ tell him that there were no oxen to be bought." Another scheme is, however, in fact used. A letter is prepared, purporting to be from Toxilus' master, now in Persia (460, 451, 497 ff.) ; it is opened (497) , and read (501-12, 520-27). The master is well and making money ; business will detain him for eight months still in Persia, in connection with the auction of the praeda carried off by the Persians from the town Chrysopolis in Arabia (503-9). In the Siichus two brothers, to repair their fortunes (404, 40o, 628-31 arg ii. 1-3), have been away from Athens for more than two years (29-31, 137, 212-14, 1-6, 99, 100, 131-36, 523) in Asia (152, 366, 367). They return at last, each in his own ship, laden with wealth (404-14, 505 ff., 374-83, 435).^ In the Trt- wumrnMS Charmides goes on business to Seleucia (109 ff., 149, 838, 839, 112, 771, 845, 901) ; he is gone two years. For his return see 820 ff.^ 1 It will be noted that trading trips regularly occupy two years or more. Yet in the Mereator the merchant had gone only to Rhodes. There is little in the plays to explain the length of the trips. In Persa 504, 506, in the fictitious letter, the writer is made to say that the auction will detain him for eight months in Persia. If we may lay any weight on such a passage, we shall infer that ancient business methods were rather leisurely. The prominence given to fairs (see below, p. 2^, n. 2) seems to point in the same direction ; if we suppose that at such fairs and elsewhere business was done in part at least by barter we shall be less surprised at the length of business trips. In Od 3CV 415, 416, 456, 456, we read of Phoenician ships tarrying for a year at Sune, amassing much substance. See Merry and Merriam on Od. viii. 161-64, Whibley Companion to Ore^k Stiulie.s. p. 426. We may recall, too, the fact that in the winter months transmarine travel was suspended. It is possible, however, that the period of two or three years postulated by the plays is merely arbitrary and conventional, meaning no more than * long continued.' In Miles :^50, m we have the strange statement that Palaestrio had been slave of the miles at Ephesus for three years ; this means that it is more than three years since the soldier carried the meretrix off by force from Athens. To take all this literally is difficult ; the young man, to be faithful to the meretrix all this time, must have been a monstrum fidelitatis! In Hec. 85-87 a meretrix declares that she had been with a soldier at Corinth perpetuom biennium, pining the while for Athens (so near at hand ! ). In Hec. 420-23 Parmeno dwells on the horrors of the deep ; for thirty days, he claims, or even more he was in constant expectation of death. Yet he had merely come from Imbros to Athens 1 lOallicles, anxious to provide a dowry for Charmides' daughter, hires a syco- phanta, who is to pretend that Charmides had sent him to Athens with money. The sycophanta, thinking himself unheard, seeks to perfect himself in his lesson : advenio ex Seleucia, Macedonia, Asia atque Arabia (846). This passage sounds the keynote of the nonsense geography that follows (92^-44). See above, p. 12, n. 3. Travel in Ancient Times 23 In And. 796 Crito, an Andrian, arrives in Athens, to claim the property left by Chrysis, his sobrinus (796-801, 807-17). Through him the identity of Glycerium is established (859^ 923-46) . Chremes, her father, was once in Asia. Thither his brother Phania, a Rhamnusian (930), followed him (935), taking the young child with him (936). A subsidiary motive was his desire to escape a war at home (935 : cf . the Glaucus story, Herod, vi. 86). He was shipwrecked at Andros (923, 924, 220-24), and died there, leaving the child to the care of Chrysis' family. Later the child had come to Athens with Chrysis, who hoped to mend her fortunes there (69-72). According to Ph. 65-69, Demipho, though a man of wealth, had been lured from Athens to Cilicia by glittering inducements held out to him by a hospes there. Of the outcome of his trip we hear nothing, naturally, since the play is concerned rather with his brother Chremes. For years Chremes has been journey- mg to Lemnos, to collect the revenues of some estates owned there by his wife (679-81, 787-92). On one of these trips, fifteen years before (1017) , he had an intrigue with a woman in Lemnos and had had a daughter by her. Chremes is even now in Lemnos' to bring this daughter to Athens, that she may be married to Antipho, Demipho's son (65, 66, 567 flF., 728-65, Pe, 3-8)- he had been gone a long time (572-75, 1012). When his wife learns the truth she cries (1012, 1013): haecine erant itiones crebrae et mansiones diutinae Lemni? haecine erat ea quae nostros minuit fructus vilitas?' In the Hecyra Pamphilus goes to Imbros, to look after an inheritance there (171-75, 76, 77, 415-25, 359, 360, 458-65). If vss. 393, 394, which Dziatsko brackets, are retained, his absence lasted five months. In Ad. 224, 225 Syrus declares that he knows that the leno coemisse hinc quae illuc (=Cyprum) veheres multa, navem conductam (cf. 278). In 229-31 the leno admits that he is taking women to a fair;=' he hopes to gain rich profits 1 The Lemnian woman, finding that Chremes was away from Lemnos longer than zi'6::^:TJ^:%\T^^^^ "" ^' "^"^^^^^^ ^^-^ -^-- ^ ^^^- ^ « References to fairs, mercatus, occur elsewhere. In Ph. 837-39 Phormio talks of going to Sunmm, ad mercatum, to buy an ancilla there. In Men. 27 a Syracuaan 24 OSABLES KNlff (231, 232, 226) and to return to Athens. In 647-52 Micio, to tease his son Aeschines, tells a story about the girl whom Aeschines loves and her mother; they have lately moved to Athens, he says, and the girl's nearest kinsman is come from Miletus to marry her, and take her away (653-55, 661, 662, 672-74, 702, 703).' Barnard College, Columbia University [To be co7itinued] merchant goes to Tarentum ad mercatum (cf. 1112). Of. P«. 259, 260: erue meua me Eretriam mieit, domitos bovesuti sibi mercarer, dedit argentum, nam ibi mercatum dixit esse dieseptumei (cf. 313-26); Poe, 339, ;^40: apud aedem Veneris (in Calydon) hodieest mercatus meretricius: eo conveniunt mercatores, ibi ego me ostendi volo. We may assume, then, that there was a fair in connection with the ludi mentioned in Cis. 157 (cf . Jfeii. 27 ff .) ; this will account for the mercator's coming to Sicyon at that time. Add i.-*. 398: asinos vendidit (sc. Demaenetus, a vir Atheniensis) Pellaeo mer- catori mercatu ; the location of this fair is not given. iSome more general references to business involving travel maybe noted here. In^ls. i:t4 ArgyrippuB, addressing the lena and her daughter, cries: mare baud est mare, vos mare acerrumum ; nam in mari repperi, hie elavi bonis. Eu. 631 contains a reference to regular exports (exagoga) from Gyrene to Capua. In Tr. 331, 332, Philto, seeking to learn how Lesbonicus lost his property, asks: qui eam perdidit? publicisne adtinis fuit an maritumis negotiis? mercaturan, an venalis habuit ubi rem perdidit? The passage reminds us of the statement in Gellius iii. 3. 14 that Plautus lost all his money in a trading expedition ; it may involve a personal reminiscence. Plautus' references to the monkey (Mi. I(i2, 179, 261, 284, 285, 505, 989, Poe, 1072-75, Ru. 598-612, Tru. 269) are imimrtant for us, since the monkey was not found in Greece or Asia Minor ( cf . Whibley , p. 23 ) . The names of slaves, which had for us geographical significance above (p. 12, n. 4), have for us now mercantile significance ; such slaves became known to the Athenians only through transmarine commerce. A glance at the list of non-Greek products to which reference is made in the plays will reinforce and supplement the impressions made by pp. 19-24, by suggesting movement across seas from Athens to many points other than those mentioned in these pages. The list includes resina Aegyptia, Mer. 139, nmres Africani, Poe. 1011, Alexandrina beluata tonsilia tapi)etia, Ps. 147, perfume from Arabia (see Arabia, p. 6), lanterna Punica, Aul. 566, the laserpicium of C>Tene, Ku. 629, 6:^0, Babylonica (peristromata), St. 378, cloaks from Phrygia (cf. Phrygia, p. 7), amonmm from Pontus, Tni. 539, 540 (the term inyropola, Cas. 226, 2:i8, Tr. 408 is now seen to be significant; cf. myro- poUum, Am. 1011, Ep. 199), Chian wine, Poe. 699, Lesbian wine, Poe. 699, wine from Leucas, Poe. 699, vina Graeca, Ru. 588, Molossic hounds. Cap. 86, Samian wares (see Samos, p. 10) Thasian wine, Poe. 699, Tarentine sheep, Tni. 649. Cf. also Am. 1-5, and note the references below to removals for business reasons. TRAVEL IN ANCIENT TIMES AS SEEN IN PLAUTUS AND TERENCE. II By Charles Knapp War travel— A good deal of travel was done in connection with warfare. As one notes the allusions in Plautus and Terence to the miles gloriosus or to the young men who go campaigning, he recalls the expeditions described in the Greek historians, and begins to realize the extent to which the citizen soldiery of Athens and the soldier of fortune became acquainted, through wars, with the outside world. According to the Captivi the Aetolians are at war with the Eleans (24, 25, 58 ff., 93-96, 246, 330, etc.). The Aetolians had made a raid into Elis and had taken many prisoners; the Eleans, too, had taken captives. Among the latter is Philopolemus! Hegio's son (24-26, 94-102, 330-36, etc.). Hegio buys Elean captives, hoping to find some one for whom he can exchange his son (27-34, 110-15, 125-27, 508-13, 752, 767). With two of the captives thus purchased the play is concerned (27-34, 98-101 110-15, etc. ) . Presently, by arrangement with Hegio, one of the captives departs for Elis to effect the desired exchange (330-413, 432-38, 449 ff., etc.). He succeeds in his mission, brings back Hegio's captive son, and returns to Aetolia, all in one dav f 872- 94, 922-1029).' ^ ^ In Cur. 438-48 Curculio explains why the miles has not come m person for the meretrix: "It is only three days since the soldier and I arrived in Caria from India; he stayed there to have a statue of himself .... set up to commemorate his exploits because Persas, Paphlagonas, Sinopas, Arabos, Caras, Cretanos,' Syros, Rhodiam, atque Lyciam, Perediam et Perbibesiam, Cen- tauromachiam et Classiam Unomammiam, Libyamque oram om- nem, omnem Conterebromniam, dimidiam partem nationum usque omnium subegit solus intra viginti dies." The parasite talks in » In the Amphitruo constant reference is made to war between Thebes and the Teloboae (188-262, lOCMl, 41^19, etc.). ™ [Classical Philology II, July, 1907] 281 'I .1 :( ill I 'it 'I 282 Charles Knapp the spirit of the miles gloriosus ; Lyco's comment is nugas blatis (452).* In 392-400 the parasite is hailed as unoeuhis; in 505, 543, 546 he is luscus. Cf. his explanation: catapulta hoc ictum est mihi apud Sicyonem (394) ; in 399, 400 he hints that he had suffered thus ob rem imblicam, though Lyco suggests a different explanation in 395, 396. According to Ep. 46, 206, 271, 272, 414-16, 508, 509, Stra- ti[>[Kjcles has been with the Athenian army on a campaign to Thebes; meanwhile he sent letters repeatedly to Athens (see below, under '^Letters''). For his return see 41 ff., 104 ff., 156, 157, 414-16, for his slave's, 1-24. See also 273. The army, too, is back, disbanded (208-12); the streets are full of soldiers, arma and iumenta (209), and captives (210, 211). People are out to greet their sons (211, 212); the meretrices are welcoming the soldiers (213-22, 236-53) . At Thebes, 8tratipiK)cles had bought a captive from the booty of this campaign, for forty minae (43- 46, 51-52 CI, 64 74, 90 a-93, 122, 123, 646, etc.). To pay for her he had borrowed money from a danista at Thebes (53, 54, 71, 251-54). The danista has come with him to Athens to get his money (55) ; he keeps the girl until he receives his money (607, 608, 620-34, 646, 647).' At 526 Philippa enters, looking for her daughter (the captive referred to above).' At 634 ff. Epidicus recognizes the captive instantly as daughter of Periphanes, father of Stratippocles.* » The parasite had, in fact, not been with the miles at all ; yet, behind the exag- geration of his utterance and that underlying similar passages (Afi. 24, 25, 44-46, 52, 63) lies the truth that devotion to warfare caused many a man to journey widely. 2 We have here two motives for travel combined, war and business ; cf . again the letter in Persa 5aV8. Thucydides (vi. 31. 5) reckons as part of the outlay on the original Sicilian expedition the things which ^iri iura^\v t« ^ ffrparnbrjit fj tiiropot lx«i' ^irXet. Cf. his account in vii. 13. 2 of desertions and other misconduct on the part of those who had joined the expedition inrb f/^eydXov fxicrSoO rb xpSnov irapO^vrtt Kid ol6^poi xpVt^ri€iffeaL ^oXXor i) ^x^taBai. Some of them had deserted to SjTacuse, some had run away into Sicily ; elal 5' ot /co(, ovrol ifxroptvbfuvoiy ivSpdwoSa 'TicKopt/cA drr€fi^iPdaai irwkp pi(ns throw more light on travel. Peri- phanes had. years before, been in Epidaurus. There mulierem (PhiUppa) compres- eerat ; of this union a child had been born, our captive, Telestis (see 636, 636, 540-42, 650-61). Telestis sata est Epidauri,Thebi8nata est (636, 636). Prom 554-^7 we nfer ■naeg.: a„. I, - " ■ ■ I , mill Tbavel in Ancient Times 283 The Eunuchus contains more evidence of travel beyond seas than does any other play of Terence, because two familiar motives, the miles and his amours and the kidnaped child (pp. 286-89), are combined. The miles brags (397ff.) about his services to an unnamed rex (cf. 401-8). In 410 ff. he says: invidere omnes mihi, mordere clanculum .... verum unus tamen inpense, elephantis quem Indicis praefecerat. Once at this king's court he had routed in a duel of wits a Rhodian soldier (420-28). At 759 it appears that our miles, though now in Athens, is a i)eregrinus. He had gone from Athens to Caria; on his way back he stopped at Rhodes, in time to buy the girl in whom Thais is interested (125-36).' Somewhat akin to journeys on errands connected with war is travel by legati publice missi. In the Miles a soldier carries off that Epidaurus was the patria of Philippa ; why or when she went to Thebes the play does not indicate. Yet other indications of travel belli causa are seen in this play. At 153-65 we read of a miles Euboicus now in Athens, at 299, 300 of a miles Rhodius also there (cf. 437 ff.). In 449-62 the Rhodian refers to Periphanes as nempe quem in adulescentia memorant apud reges armis, arte duellica divitias magnas indeptum? In 492 he says to him: bellator, vale. In 431-47 Periphanes alludes to his own youthful career as a soldier, quite in the spirit of the miles gloriosus. Indeed, in this talk K. Schmidt {Hermes XXXVII, pp. 202, 203) finds the explanation of the puzzling term Platenius, added to the name Periphanes in 438, 448 (he connects Platenius with TrXdrrw = fingo : " Unser Periphanes gehort also zum Geschlecht der nXd^atwt, der ' Prahlhanse,' wie Theo- doromedes zum genus Polyplusium"). In Ps. 1169-71 Harpax, now in Athens, explains that he had been domi impe- rator summus, but that the soldier by his prowess had captured him in battle. *Less specific references to foreign military servic* are common. Mo. 129-32 seem to imply that going out ad legionem was the normal thing as a boy came to early manhood. At Athens the adulescens served first at home as ephebus. Then came his foreign service. In Ad. 496, 496 Hegio says of himself and the girl's father : una semper militiae et domi fuimus. Young men often go militatum, in militiam, or threaten to do so, or their friends fear they will go off thus. In the Heauton Clinia is driven in militiam, in Asiam, by his father (93-117, etc.) ; he returns, however, after three months (118). In 486-89 Chremes tells Menedemus that under certain circum- stances CUnia will threaten to go off again (cf. 480, 543, 544). See also 754-56, 924-29. Menedenms in his youth had gone soldiering in Asiam, because he was poor (110-12). From Ad. 274, 275 we see that Otesipho has talked of running off e patria. At 384, 386 Demea says: videre videor iam diem ilium, quom hinc egens profugiet (Aeschinea) aliquo militatum. In Tr. 595-99 Stalagmus declares that if his master loses the ager, he will have to turn soldier, for ecfugiet (erus) ex urbe .... latrocinatum, aut in Asiam aut in Ciliciam. Cf. 698-703, 719-26. In Mi. 72-77 the soldier declares that at the request of king Seleucus he had enrolled latrones ; at 947-50 he states that he had sent his parasite with these latrones to Seleucus. Of. also Poe. 663 ff . : nam hie latro in Sparta fuit, ut quidem ipse nobeis dixit, apud regem Attalum. See further Brix on Tr. 699, 3ft. 499. i \\ )\i ^1 'il I' It il i Ml i^ I I 284 Chables Knapp Tbavel in Ancient Times 285 a meretrix from Athens to Ephesus, while the girPs Athenian lover is away at Naupactus as legatu8(102, 103, arg. i. 3, ii. 1-3). In St. 470 ff . Epignomns declines to invite the parasite to dinner, because he is to have as guests oratores populi, summates viri (nine in number: 487,490); Ambracia veniunt hue legati pub- lice (490, 491). In Tru. 91, 92 Diniarchus says: nam ego Lemno advenio Athenas .... legatus quo hinc cum puplico imperio fui.* Travel bij meretrices, f^/c— Voluntary or involuntary journeys by meretrices, usually in the company of a miles, are not infre- quently mentioned. In the Miles a soldier takes a meretrix, a woman ingenua et libera (arg. ii. 1), by force from Athens to Ephesus. Her lover was at Naupactus, as legatus. His slave sets out from Athens to carry to him news concerning the meretrix (114-19), but is captured by pirates, taken to Ephesus, and given to the soldier (118-20, arg. i. 3-4, arg. ii. 4-6). He sends a letter to Athens, to his master, by quidam mercator (129-31, arg. i. 5, arg. ii. 7); the master comes to Ephesus (95-137, arg. i. 0, 7, ii. 4-9). He tarries at the house of a paternus hospes (135, 635, 674-76, etc.). The scheme by which the Athenian sought to recover the meretrix is for us suggestive; it consists in the asser- tion that her twin sister, with her lover and her mother, had also come from Athens (287-347,383-85, 411-14, etc.). The Athenian recovers the meretrix; with the slave the lovers go back to Athens (936-39, 1097 1103, 1145, 1146, 1184-93, 1311 ff.). In the Bacchides Mnesilochus, while on a business trip to Ephesus, stops at Samos (472), and there loves a meretrix, Bacchis. After his departure a soldier, a peregrinus (1009), bargains with her for a year (42-46, 58-61, 104, 222-27, 573-76, 706, 1096-98), and takes her to Athens (574). Mnesilochus hears of this and sends a letter to a friend at Athens, begging him to find Bacchis (389-91, 188-9(>, 200, 367, 390, 391 ) . When the play, as we have it, begins, Bacchis has but just arrived in Athens (94-106, 473), but is eager to return to Samos (43), supposing, no doubt, that Mnesilochus will look for her there. At Athens she had found her sister, of like name and trade with her- 101.365,356,127,184,185. self ; by permission of the soldier she goes to visit that sister and then refuses to leave her. The soldier declares that unless she returns his money he will take her to Elatia, in Phocis (589-91). In 3fer. 644 ff. Charinus, in despair about his love affairs, declares that he will exile himself from Athens: quam capiam civitatem cogito potissimum : Megares, Eretriam, Corinthum, Chal- cidem, Cretam, Cyprum, Sicyonem, Cnidum, Zacynthum, Lesbiam, Boeotiam. In 857-63 he announces that he will find his love or die. In 932 ff. , in a passage which seems to be a parody of some tragedy, he talks as if wholly insane, declaring that he will go in his search first to Cyprus (933), then to Chalcis (939). Indeed, in his delirium he fancies himself at these places in turn; at Chalcis he meets a hospes from Zacynthus, who tells him that the girl is in Athens (940-45). Thither he returns (946, 947). The Pseudolus is laid in Athens. A Macedonian soldier (51, 34(), 1152, 1209, 1210) had been in Athens (51-53, 616-19), had bought a meretrix, paying the purchase price, save five minae, and had then left Athens, with the understanding that the girl should be delivered to his messenger when the latter came with the five minae and a proper symbolus (51-59, 344-46, 616-19, etc.). The soldier seems now to be in Sicyon (995, 996, 1098, 1173-75). Presently his cacula, Harpax, comes to get the girl. Pseudolus outwits him, gets the all-important symbolus, and hires a sycophanta to play the r6le of Harpax (this sycophanta was a slave who only the day before had come for the first time to Athens, from Carystus: 727-30, 737). At 993-96 the Pseudo- Harpax, who is come to get the girl, urges the leno to make haste, because on the next day he must be at Sicyon. At 1173 the real Harpax appears; he explains that he had left Sicyon two days before; at this Ballio exclaims: strenue hercle iisti (1175).* 'Some incidental references to travel in connection with love affaire may be grouped here. In the Truculentus the arrival in Athens of a miles Babyloniensis, lover of the meretrix, is momentarily expected (84, 85, 41:^, 417, 474, 203, 204). A mes- sage from him has come (203, 204). He arrives presently (482), after an absence of nine or ten months (595, 5%). In Cis. 578, 579 Gymnasium's mother, in a lie, declares that the meretrix Melaenis avecta est peregre hinc habitatum. Lampadio replies: quo avecta est, eo sequemur (580). The events of the Rudens spring out of the leno's attempt to move, with all his possessions, including the meretrices, from Cyrene to Sicily (49-63, etc.). Thais' mother, though a Samian, was resident in Rhodes (Eun. I i' ' .» 11, -\ ^Hitsm 286 CIhables Enapp i' Travels of kidnaped children.— We turn now to consider the travels of persons stolen in childhood by runaway slaves or carried off by pirates and kidnapers (praedones) ; such persons sometimes undergo remarkable experiences. Years afterward their kinsmen journey widely in search of them. Of the two captives with whom the Capiivi has primarily to do, one, Tyndarus, was in reality son of Hegio ; twenty years before (980) a runaway slave had carried him off to Elis and had sold him into slavery there. Philocrates, while in Elis seeking to effect an exchange of prisoners, happens on this slave and brings him to Aetolia ; through him the identity of Tyndarus is estab- lished (759-61, 873-76, 880, 4-10, 972-92, 1010-U, 17-23). In the Poenuhis a boy stolen from Carthage when seven years old is brought to Anactorium in Acamania and thence to Calydon in Aetolia (64-67, 72, arg. 1-3). The boy is sold (73, 74) ; the purchaser presently adopts him (76, 77, 1038, 1056-77). In 896 ff. Syncerastus exi^ains how his master, the leno, had bought two sisters and their nurse at Anactorium, de praedone Siculo (897) ;* the man who sold them had explained that they had been 107) ; hence Thais came to Athens with a lover (119, 120). In Ph. 510, 511 the leno de- dares that he has sold Painphila to a miles (5:J2) ; she is to go from Athens (517, 518, 548). IMiaedria declares that he will follow her to the ends of the earth (64f^54). In Hec. 8J>-»7 we learn that a meretrix has been for two years with a soldier at Corinth, pining all the time for Athens (88-9:^). In Cis. 14:i, 144 there is a reference to an amator peregrinus of a Sicyonian meretrix. Of value also to us is such a passage as Kp. 279, 280, where Epidicus urges Peri- phanes, after he buys the girl, to remove her aliquo ex urbe. So at 470 Periphanes, thinking he has sold this girl to a miles, bargains that the miles shall take her ex hoc agro. In Mer. :«V55Charinus fears that if his father shall learn the truth about the ancilla, trans mare hinc veuum asportet. In And. 381, 382 Davus tells Pamphilue that, if he holds out against marriage because of Glycerium, his father inveniet aliquam caustim quam ob rem (earn) eiciat oppido. 1 Certain passages show how common piracy was, though they do not involve ac- tual carrying off of child or adult. In Tr. 1087-89 Charmides, who has just returned from Asia, says: ego misernimeis periclis sum per maria maxuma vectus, capital! periclo per praedones plurumoe me servavi, salvos redii. In Mtnt. 441, 442, after Ero- - tium has induced Menaechmus II to enter her house, Messenio exclaims : periit probe : ducit lembum dierectum navis praedatoria. Of. 344, 345. An excellent commentary on these passages may be found in the Bacchides, in the story told by Chrysalus about the pirate ship (p. 20). To the old man the story so glibly told seemed wholly pos- sible and reasonable ; he raises no objection whatever to it. See also Ps. 895, 1029, Tru. 110, frag. 37, Men. 1015. This passage from the Bacchides seems to show also that pirates were at times in league with presumably honest folk; cf. 282: is (navis) erat communis cum hospite Travel in Ancient Times 287 stolen from Carthage (84-95). The girls were ingenuae (894- 900, 1187-90, 1239 flF., 1391-93). Milphio is delighted at Syn- cerastus' story, for his master too, Agorastocles, he says, had been stolen from Carthage. See also 901-4, 986, 987. Presently enters Hanno, a Carthaginian. He has a hospes at Calydon ; to him or to his son he is bringing a tessera hospitalis (955-58, 1047-52). The account in the prologue (104 flF.) is instructive: sed pater illarum Poenus, posquam eas perdidit, mari te usquequaque quaeritat. ubi quamque in urbem est ingressus, ilico omnis meretrices, ubi quisque habitant, iuvenit; dat aurum, ducit noctem, rogitat postibi unde sit, quoiatis, captane an surrupta sit, quo genere gnata, qui parentes fuerint. ita docte atque astu filias quaerit suas.' At 1082 flF., after Hanno has recognized Agorastocles as his nephew, he asks him to go back to Carthage ; he offers to restore to him all his father's property. In 1419-21, in the exitus alter of the play, Agorastocles talks of going to Carthage, when he shall have auctioned oflF his possessions at Calydon (cf. the close of the Menaechmi) . In the Rudens Daemones, an Athenian, impoverished by his generosity, is resident in Cyrene, in voluntary exile (33-39) ; et praedonibus. In the Miles the praedones who capture the slave give him to the soldier (arg. i. 2-4, 114-20). On the whole subject cf. E. Zarncke Parallelen zur EntfUhrungsgeschichte in Miles Gloriosm (Bonn, 1883). lit will be noted that the stolen children were usually girls; they were regularly, too, in actual life, converted into meretrices. In Cur. 494^98 the parasite says to the leno : egon ab lenone quicquam mancupio accipiam, quibus sui nihil est nisi una lin- gua qui abiurant si quid creditum est? alienos mancupatis, alienos manu emittitis alienisque imperatis, etc. Here the masculine is due to the generalizing form of the statement. Cf. 620. In the Poenulus, after Agorastocles had referred to the fact that he had been kidnaped, Hanno, who overhears, exclaims (988, 989) : pro di immortales! plurumei ad illunc modum periere pueri liberi Carthagini! Yet this passage is not per se especially significant. He has been thinking for years of his own lost daughters ; now he hears of another child stolen from Carthage. He may well say plurumei, etc. We may then set the passage aside, except in so far as the very plot of the play testifies to the frequency of kidnaping. I said above that in life the stolen girls regularly became meretrices. This is not always the case in the plays. In the ivayvdpuris the girl usually proves to be ingenua, in fact, a civis: hence the playwrights take pains to assure us that the girls have remained castae. Of., e. g.. Cur. 43-69, Poe. 98-100, 281, 282, 292, 300-307, 1096, Eun. 109-117. ' « \ w 288 Ghibles Knapp there, too, the youth Plesidippus, likewise an Athenian, is resi- dent (42 fF, 740 fF., 1197, 1198, 1208). Years before the daugh- ter of Daemones, then but three years old (744), had been carried off by praedones (40, 744, 1105, 1111) ; a leno at Cyrene had bought her (39-41, 745, 106, 107, arg. 3-6). The girl tells her own story in 216-19; see also 393, 394, 649, 714, 736-44, 1104, 1105. The leno has with him at this time a hospes Sicu- lus, Agrigentinus, who persuades him to close up his affairs at Cyrene and set sail for Sicily (49-66, 356 ff.). He is ship- wrecked, however, on the first night of his voyage and he and the daughter of Daemones come ashore near Cyrene. This motive of a kidnajK-d girl is strikingly employed in the Fersa. In a letter purporting to come from Persia, from the master of Toxilus, we read (520-23) that the bearer is bringing forma expetenda liberalem virginem, furtivam, abductam ex Arabia [)enitis8uma ; eam te volo curare ut istic veneat.' In Eim. 109-114 we have the story of a girl who was carried off when very young from Sunium by praedones; they gave her to a woman then resident at Rhodes, who began (eam) studiose omnia docere, educere, ita uti si filia esset (116, 117).* When, some dozen years later (318, 526), this woman died, her brother sold tlie girl to a miles, who brought her to Athens as a present to a meretrix there (130-34, 229-87). In most of the cases thus far cited the child was carried off by marauders (praedones). A different case is presented by the Memfechmi. A Syracusan merchant took one of his twin sons with him to Tarentum ad mercatum (24 ff., 17, 1116-20). In the crowds that had come to see certain ludi the boy wandered away (31, 1111, 1112) , was picked up by an Epidamnian merchant (32) , who took him to Epidamnus (33-36), adopted him (57-61), and finally left him all his wealth (62-68). The other brother grows to manhood at Syracuse. For five years (234) he searches for the lost one, and is now on his way to Epidamnus. At 226 he appears; at 233 ff. his slave exclaims: Histros, Hispanos, I Of. 380, 715, 545, 546, 845. •The girl was ingenua; her identity is established through her brother, a ci vis Atticus (202-6, 515-27, 912-16, 961-63). See p. 287, n. 1. J Travel in Ancient Times 289 Massiliensis, Hilurios, mare superum omneGraeciamque exoticam orasque Italicas omnis, qua adgreditur mare, sumus circumvecti. si acum, credo, quaereres, acum invenisses, sei appareret, iam diu. The avayv(opLai^^ though long delayed, is at last consummated and the brothers prepare to return to Sicily (1151-61). In Cur. 487-524 Curculio gets a girl out of the leno's power. At 527-31 the leno, soliloquizing, tells us he had bought the girl when she was very young from a man he had never seen since. In 644-52 the girl herself explains that her mother had taken her spectatum per Dionysia; a wind storm came up, durin^r which some man liad carried her off. Still a different case pre- sents itself in the Miles. There the soldier carried otf from Athens to Ephesus, against her will, a meretrix ingenua (arg. ii. 1. 104-118). He detains her there for three years.* Miscrlhnu'ous references to travel. — 'Some incidental allu- sions to travel, voluntary or involuntary, may now be grouped together. In Pe. r>95, 696 Saturio, posing as a messenger from »See p. 284, and p. 22, n. 1. In all the plays which involve the motive of the kidnaped child the scene is laid away from Athens, for, as Leo notes {PL Forsch., p. 199, n. :i), "geraubte Kinder .... nicht nach Athen gebracht werden sollten." He refers to Haffner De PL com. exemiMs Aft., p. 24. Such children were carried away from Athens, as in the Curculio and the Eunuchus. Kidnai)ing is expressed by various verbs : by rapio, Poe. arg. 4, etc. ; by surripio, Poe. 66, 72, Ru. 1105, etc. Cf., too, the adjective surrupticius; e.g., Poe. 962. The passive of surripio is common, but we may note that pereo serves often as passive of rapio and surripio in this sense, as a sort of terminus technicus : see Poe. 987, 989, Ru. :^9, 744, nil (contrast fuit .... surrupta, 1105), Ean. 522, 524. Those who sold a stolen child refused to sell mancupio, i. e., with a clear title, with a guarantee ; they sold at the purchaser's risk. Cf . Pe. 624, 525, 5:^2, 589, 655, 714- 18. In Mer. 449 Charinus, to deter his father from buying the ancilla, says : non ego illam mancupio accepi. In Cur. 400-f)4 the leno is fatuous enough to give the girl to Curculio mancupio ; Lyco, the banker, is more conservative, for, fearing that some one may prove the girl to be ingenua, he makes the leno promise to repay him his money if such an event occurs (490-92, 668 flf., 709 fif.). It is evident that people, though they knew that children had been stolen, bought them without compunction (or fear of money loss) ; cf. Poe. 1391-9:1 Of the lenones one would expect nothing better. In Eun. 109-114 a niercaU)r buys such a child. In the Captivi the man who purchased a four-year-old boy from a runaway slave was a man of position and sub- stance. In the Menaecfimi a mercator of wealth carries oflF a lost boy ; in Athens it- self ( Cur. 644-52) a man carries oflF a little girl from among the spectators at the Dionysia. By word of mouth men condemned the slave trade (cf. the parasite's words. Cap. 98-101, 129-32), but in practice they were willing to profit by that trade. In a word, the world in general had no more genuine feeling in this connection than the slave Stalagmus had ; when he was asked about the boy whom he had sold he said : argentum accepi, nil curavi ceterum (Cap. 989). ( » I 111 -I '■: 290 Chables Knapp Persia, claims to have heard that his twin brother is in Athens as a slave: he wants to find him and set him free. Toxilus helps the story alon^r ( (597-99): videor vidisse hie forma per- similem tui, eadem statura. In Mo. 497 the c-host says: ego transmariniis hospes sum Diapnitius. See also Mm, 4U. In the Captiri the slave Stalagmus runs away (p. 28(5) be- yond seas. In various passages a slave talks of running away {Cap, 121-24, Gas. 952, 954, 960, Ep. (515, (1(54, Mi. 582-S4, 8(51, Mo. 8(52, 8(58, Ph. 190, Her. 424, 425. Cf. Mm. SO. 87-95). fiujitivos is a term of reproach {('(is. 397, Por. 382, Ps. 8f55) ; cf. similar use of fiujitan', As. 485. In Vnp. 209 the cai>tives scorn the thought that they would imitate ///r////r/ scrri. Removals from one [)lace to another are at times mentioned. In Poe. 93-95 a leno removes from Anactorium to Calydon, sui quaesti causa. Cf. Pe. 137, 138: istic leno non sex menses Megaribus hue est quom commigravit. In the Rmlrn.^ Daemo- nes? im[K)verished, goes into voluntary retirenu^it from Athens to Cyrene (33-38). In the same play the leno undertakes to remove, for business reasons, from Cyrene to Sicily (49-(53). In Cur. 559 Ca|)pa(lc)X fears that the banker will depart exulatum, to rob him of his money. In .1//^/. (59-72 we read that Chrysis removed from Andros to Athens; neglected by her kinsmen at Andros, she hoped to fare l)etter at Athens. In Kiin. 107 Thais declare.^^ tliat her mother was a Samian; she resided, however, at RhcKles. In the Hcnidon (9(5, (529, (530) we hear of an anus paup^rcuhi, e Corintho advena, in Athens. Of signiticance for us is the use of the word hospes, at times, as the equivalent of feVo^, denoting a friend of a different nationality, so that it is suggestive of travel beyond seas. In the Poeimlus the senex at Calydon who buys and adopts the boy stolen from Carthage is hospes of that boy's uncle (75, 119, 120). To that hosiies or to his son, if he is himself no longer living, Hanno, the uncle, brings a tessera hospitalis (955-58, 1042-53). Cf. esjx^cially 1047: tesseram conferre si vis hospitalem, eccam attuli, 1052: haec mi hospitalis tessera cum illo fuit. According to the Baccliidvs Nicobulus, of Athens, had a hospes at Ephesus, Archidemides, with whom he had deposited 1,200 Philippi (230, I Travel in Ancient Times 291 231, 250-94, 355, (58(5, 958). Mnesilochus, son of Nicobulus, had gone to Ephesus to get this money, taking with him a sym- holus (2(53-(58). In the Miles the Athenian lover tarries at Ephesus apud suom paternum hospitem (135, 136 175 506 538 555, 635, 738, 746, 752, 937).' In the J/.^rca/or th J Athenian mercator has a hospes at Rhodes (98, 102, 104). In 940 he says he has a hospes at Chalcis, who hails from Zacynthus. In Cur 429 the soldier, now in Caria, writes thus: miles Lyconi in Epi- dauro hospiti suo. In the Ru^/ens the leno at Cyrene and an Agrigentine are hospites (the Agrigentine had been visiting the Cyrenaean; 49, 50, 72, 451, 491, 500, 571, 883). Demipho, an Athenian, has a hospes in Cilicia {Ph. (56-68) f Pamphilus claims to have a hospes at Myconos (Hee. 432, 801, 804).=* if >//r'/^s^— Significant, also, for our purposes are the references to transmission of letters across the seas, especially to Athens. Cf. As. 761 ff.: aut quod iUa dicat peregre allatam epistulam, ne epistula quidem ulla sit in aedibus nee cerata adeo tabula. In Ba. 388-90 we read of a letter from Ephesus to Athens; cf. 176, 177, 190-99. Palaestrio sends a letter from Ephesus to his master at Athens by quidam mercator {Mi. 130-33, arg. i. 5, ii. 7). Stratippocles, on military duty at Thebes, sent letters daiy to Athens {Ep. 58, 131-38: cf. 251 ff.). Charinus, just back from Rhodes, has or pretends to have commissions (mes- sages) to friends {Mer. 385, 374-77, 463). Cf. Pe. 694. At Ps. »0f ^e.Vos ^arpiiios. II. vi. 215, etc. In Miles 488, 495, 510, 555 Periplectomenes calls Philoconjaemm hin hosinUi. This need n.ean no more than ' my gu^trbut^ she IS so closely associated in his thoughts .ith Pleusicles, the word still conveys the Idea of one who comes from distant (foreign ) parts. conveys the fh«t'ti" 'f ^' ^''""^^''^^ ^^^^^^ '"'^''' '^***^'' '^^'•^"^'er,' with the accessory suggestion iC ;alf d t A^' \ ' '^^'^^^^' who is supposed to have come from Persia IS called, m Athens, hospes. In Poe. 1005, Agorastocles, speaking to his slave of Hanno, of whose arrival they are witnesses, and whose costume is disdnct ve (p 2^7^ says : nolo ego errare hospitem. In Ru. ^ Sceparnio refuses to adi^t the' s^p* m L ifTn^Z^' r'T"^^^^^ Diapontius. Cf. also ^,u.. 8I0" fo:;ig':fpar;:tMsgr^^^^^^^^ '- ^--^^-^^ -^^^ ^^^ -- «--^ ^- ^Peregrinus is not specially suggestive of distance. In the Andria the women o;;Tdo',t^j.^i^,Tr ^^'^''^^'' ^'- ^-- ''' ^^^^^-^ - --^^-- ^ -U^ l! 292 Charles Knapp (M7 Harpax brings a letter from the soldier, now at Sicyon, to Ballio; in the letter is a symbolus (cf. also 669, 670, 70t), 716, 1202, 1208). Pseudolus gets possession of the letter and through it of the meretrix (983-1051). The letter is read in 998-1001, 1009-14. Frequent references have already been made to the letter which in the Persn is supposed to have come from Persia. In ^7. 29 86 the matrondc express surprise that no word has come from their husbands, though they have been gone for more than tw(» years. They are, however, still hoping for a message (148, 149). In 7V. 774-77 Callicles suggests, as a means of getting a dowry for Charmides^ daughter, that two letters be prepared, pur- porting to come from Charmides, now in Seleucia, conveying money. See also 788-95, 815-18, 848 50, 875, 894-902, 949-51, 986, 1002. From Trn. 202, 204 it appears that a letter has come from the soldier concerning his arrival in Athens (cf. 397-400, 412, 413). According to Ph. 67, 68 Demipho was lured from Athens by letters from a hosp'S in Cilicia. In 149 reference is made to a letter from Demipho which is then in the hands of the IK)rtitores (see p. 294) ; (leta goes to claim this letter (150). In ML 13r>2, 13r)3 Palaestrio pretends to be loath to leave the soldier and to di'[)art from Ephesus ; si forte liber fieri occepe- rim, he says, mittam nuntium ad te. The plot of the Memwchmi depends on the assumption that word had been brought to Syra- cuse of the fate at Tarentum of the boy and his father.' In Cur, 143, 225, 324, 325 it is implied that a letter or messenger had come from Curculio, from Caria to Epidaurus, though he had gone but three or four days in all. According to 345-48 it had been arranged that the leno should deliver the girl to anyone who brought him a letter sealed with the soldier's ring. Curculio gets possession of the ring (356-61); a letter is manufactured (365, 369, 370, 411-22, 545-51).' » still, this could easily have been brought by persons on the ship by which the father had gone to Tarentum (24-27). «To letters sent within Athens itself references are made in Pe. 247, 1%, 248, 272 (the distance covered was small). In Fs. 10, 11, 20-69 we have a letter from Phoenicmra to Calidorus. For the sealing of letters cf. Ps. 706, 988, Tr. 788-95, Cur. :^5^8, Ba. 789, 966, Our. 423. For a good description of the writing, fastening, and seahng of a letter see Ba. 716, 728-48. > I Travel in Ancient Times 293 Summarf/.— The foregoing pages amply show that travel across the seas, between points widely separated, was common in Menan- der's time. For the most part, travel was on matters of business ; this remark holds true even of travel undertaken to find stolen children, for such journeying was not undertaken for pleasure. The traveler, then, for the most part goes against his will, to search for long lost kin, or he goes with some definite motive, arising out of war, or business in the narrower sense, or out of the intrigues connected with some love atfair.* We may now consider certain matters connected in various ways with travel. Sedsickncss. — Seasickness is occasionally mentioned. In Am. 329, 330 Sosia cries: lassus sum hercle e navi, ut vectus hue sum: etiam nunc nauseo. Cf. 3f('r. 387-89: usquine valuisti? perpetuo recte, dum quidem illic fui; verum in portum hue ut sum advectus, nescio qui animus mihi dolet. nausea edepol factum credo; verum actutum apscesserit. For this Vss. 368-73 have well prei)ared the way. In En. 510, 511 Labrax, recently shipwrecked, cries: perii! animo male fit. contine quaeso caput. CHAR. pulmoneum edepol nimis velim vomitum vomas.- 1 That people at Athens were willing, however, to travel for the mere pleasure of seeing new sights, i. e., with an attitude of mind somewhat akin to that of the modern tourist can be demonstrated by Thuc. vi. 24. :i Speaking of the motives which made the Athenians so enthusiastic for the Sicilian expedition Thucydides says : Kal ^fxas ip^wcae Tois waose, was paid to the iK>rtitores; it would seem that until such dues were paid nothing could be removed from a ship. Cf. Tv. 1103-8: curre in Piraeum .... iubeto Sangarionem quae imperaverim curare ut ecferantur (ex navi), et tu ito simul. solutumst portitori iam portorium: nihil est morae.* paeeagcs lie eoinewhat cIcmh* to our subject ; in these evidence accuniulatcH that voy- aging? on the deep was not viewed as an unalloyed pleasure. In Ha. 105, 106 the Athenian Bacchis sjiys to her sister: uti navi vecta's, credo, tiniida es. In Men. 226- ^28 Messenio tells how pleasant it is to get to land (but he has been traveling for five years and is sick from surfeiting on too much). For references to buffeting by the waves see Mi. 414, Mo. ^M-^M. St. 419, 420. In Poe. 210 ff. a woman, in a canticum, brings navis et niulier together as things Uable to give one trouble. In Tr 1087-89 there is a general reference to hardships on the sea, with special allusion to praedones (cf. 827, 838). In Hec. 415^-26 Sosia, just back from Imbros, says: non hercle verbis .... dici potest tantum quam re ipsa navigare incommodumst. In 421-23 he continues : dies triginta aut plus eo in navi fui, quom interea semper mortem expectabam miser; ita ustiue advorsa tempestate usi sumus. But tnginia dies can hardly be taken literally. To the slave (as to the meretrix, Hec. 85-93) there was only one phice in the world, Athens. Cf. p. 286, n. 1. i()n the meaning of jKirtitor see Norden on Ae^i. vi. 298, and my paper in the School Review XIII, p. 49:i. «In Fh. 462 Demipho says: percontatum ibo ad portum (i. e., probably, ad porti- tores), quoad se recipiat. Hec. 76, 77 is similar. sTheae bonafide payments light up certain figurative uses of portorium. In As. 168 the lena says to Argyrippus: quam magis te in altum capeaais, tarn aeatus te in Tahernae. — Travelers occasionally put up at taverns. In Men. 435-37 Menaechmus bids Messenio take the pedisequi (and the vasa) to a taberna devorsoria.' At 557 Menaechmus goes off to seek Messenio; after a fruitless quest he exclaims (703): immersit aliquo sese, credo, in ganeum, in his impatience substituting the disreputable ijancum [As. 887) for taberna derorsoria. In Ps. 058, 059 (the real) Harpax says: ego devortor extra portam hue in tabernam tertiam*^ apud anum illam doliarem, claudam, crassam, Chrysidem. Harpax, departing (600), bids Pseudolus send for him when the hno returns. Meanwhile, he says, he will dine at the taberna and then sleep (004); cf. 001: nam ut lassus veni de via, me volo curare. He waits in vain for Pseudolus there (1110-20).* Cost n me. — Hints may be got here and there of the costume of travelers. A marked feature of this was the petasus, the broad- brimmed hat.* In the Amphitruo Jupiter and Amphitruo are garbed exactly alike, except that Jupiter has a torulus aureus sub petaso (144, 145, 121-23, 131-35). Sosia is distinguishable from Mercury only by the pinnulae on his petasus (141-43, 124-30, 205, 441-40, 455-58, 000, 001) . In 443-45 Sosia says of Mercury: itidem habet petasum ac vestitum: tam consimilest atque ego; sura, pes, statura, tonsus, etc. We must suppose that the petasus was hanging down Mercury's back; otherwise the tonsus would not be observable.^ Harpax, a cacula militis, portum refert. ego pol istum portitorem privabo portorio. Cf. also 241, 242: porti- torum (portuum, Lindsay) simillumae sunt ianuae lenoniae: si adfers, tum patent: si non est quod des, aedes non patent. JCf. 986, 987, 1035-37. *We note two things about this taberna. (1) It is tertia extra portam. One who remembers how relatively numerous the tabernae are in Pompeii just within the gates, as in Stabian Street, or just without the gates, as in the Street of the Tombs, will appreciate this passage. (2) The taberna is kept by an anus. We may compare copa Syrisca of the Copa, and cum venali Cyane succincta lagona of Juvenal viii. 162. We may compare also the tavern sign at Pompeii which represents a hostess reckon- ing the dues of a departing guest. St. Augustine (De civ. Dei xviii. 18) refers to hostesses. 8 In Tru. 697 Truculentus, about to enter the house of Phronesium, the meretrix calls it a taberna devorsoria, where he will be sure to get bad treatment. Of. Wroth in Smith Diet, of Antiq.^ s. v. "Caupona," on the character of ancient taverns. *See Smith Diet, of Antiq. II, p. 428, Marquardt Privatl. p. 572. » For this mode of wearing the petasus see Smith loc. cit. 296 Charles Knapp Travel in Ancient Times 297 wears the petasus {Fs, 1186; cf. 735). The sycophanta in the Trinummns wears an extraordinarily wide petasus; Charmides, who is watching him, exclaims (851): pol hie quidem fungino generest; capite se totum tegit.^ The pallium is the ordinary costume of men in the plays: (cf. the term "fabula palliata"). It was sometimes worn, too, on jour- neys. Sosia, sent forward by night by the impatient Amphitruo, wears tunicae consutae {Am. iMM) and pallium (294). In the Riuhms Labrax, the leno, after the shipwreck, is wearing a tuni- cula and a pallium (549, 550). This was his costume at the outset, for of a change of costume there is no hint; the shii)wreck kept him too busy for that.^ The miles (or his messenger) regularly wears a chlamys {Cur. 682, Ep.^m, 48t>, For. 620, (544, Ps. 735, 963, 964, 1101, 1139, 1143, 1184), a petasus {Ps. 735, 1186), and a machaera {Bn. 887, Cur. 567, 632, Ps. 592, 735, 1185, Mrr. 926, Tru. 927, 627).' In Mer. 830-944 Charinus talks of leaving home, not militatum, but to search for his lost love. His costume has its points of resemblance, however, to that of a miles. When ready to depart he wears a chlamys (912). On hearing that his love is close at hand, he changes his mind about going and calls a slave out to take his chlamys and give him a pallium (cf. 912, 913 with 922). Presently he resolves again to go, and again calls for his chlamys (921, 922). He has a zona (925), a machaera (926), and an ampulla (927).* »Mr. Wroth (Smith Diet, of Anfiq. I, p. 388) thinks this was a causea. In Pe. 155 Sagaristio is instructed to wear tunica, zona, chlamys, and causea while he poses as the messenger who had brought the stolen maiden from Persia. In Mi. 1178 the causea is worn by a sailor. * See also Cur. :^55. 8 The machaera marked the wearer at once as a soldier or a peregrinus (cf. Pe. 155-67, Ps. 917. 918). The Athenians were the first of the Greeks to abandon the habit of wearing arms (Thuc. i. 6. 1-^^). Cf . also the story told by Herod, vi. :% of Miltiades : 6p4u>tf roifs Ao\67icoM iropiAiTos iffdijTa ifx®*^*' o''f hx^P^^^ *foi a'XM*« '^poo'- e^tio-oTo Kal ffipi xpoaeXdoviri ^inry7«^^a^o Karayuryiiy xal ^dvia. 4For this ampulla cf. Naudet ad loc.: *'mo8 erat pedes oleo ungere, antequani calceos induerent (he cites Hesychius in support of this statement): itaque peregre abeuntes ampuUam secum portabant, quae oleum in eum usum suppeditaret. Cf. also, perhaps, Pe. 134, with Naudet's note. To the costume of Sagaristio in the Persa reference has already bee^ made (p. 290, n. 1). Cf. also 462, 463, also said of that costume. The ornatus thalassicus is described in Mi. 1177-82: facito titi venias ornatu hue ad nos nauclerico- causeam haln^as ferrugineam, scutulam ob oculos laneam, palholun. habeas ferrugineuiu (nam i.s colos thalassicust) Id conexum m umero laevo, exfafillato bracchio praeciuctus aliqui: adsimulato q.msi gubernator sies- atque apud hunc senem onmia haec sunt, nam is pisc^itores habet. We may assume that this costume was worn by the mercator, whom Plautus so often mentions. That it was readily recog- nizable as a sailor's costume appears from Mi. 1281-83- nescio quis eccum incedit ornatu quidem thalassico. . . . nauclerus hicquidem est.' In As. 69 there is a reference to the nauclericus ornatus, but no description. In the Poennlus Hanno, a Carthaginian, comes to Calydon His costume 1. manifestly distinctive; it is recognised at once as Punic by Milphio and his master Agorastocles (977) and as f^l';;^^^y^^^'^^oenides, the miles (1304). He wears no pallium 1303) so that Milphio, watching him approach, asks (975) • sed quae lUaec avis est quae hue cum tunicis advenit? He is called tunicatus in 1121. In 1008 Milphio asks him why, though he has no sona (zona), he has come to Calydon.^ To Antamoenides the miles, Hanno seems to be garbed like a woman (1303) fJ^I^TZ'-v *™''""^ '°'"""" "" ^'' ^"* °'««g«'- hints. In T? K • 'T' " """^*' °^ Epidaurus, but resident now in Thebes, IS in Athens looking for her daughter. As soon as he sees her Periphanes says (533): quis illaec est mulier timido pectore peregre adveniens . . . . ? Philippa had said nothing ' The ecntula lanea (Ui. 1178, 1430) is not a reeular Dart „t th^ „„* P^udo.naucleru« explains (130^10) : alris cauasar^" ^.^ e«o c:u"rir;„i J'' OnJe„u^neus aee editors here, MerriU and E..U on Oatu..„a?x,r^.tunr ^o 298 Chables Knapp I" to indicate that she was [x^regrina.' According to Pe, 157 Saturio's daughter is to be ornata lepide in iieregrinum modiim, that she may i>ose as a captive from Arabia via Persia. In 464 Toxilus says of her: turn hanc hospitam autem crepidula ut graphice decet ! The Memwch m i presents an interesting phenomenon . Had the Syracusan Mt^naechmiis worn the usual traveling costume, no one in E[)idamnus would have confused him with his brother, or at any rate explanations would soon have been forthcoming and the chain of events out of which the play is built could not have ha[>pened. Plautus therefore (and, we may supi>ose, his original) for this l>lay disregarded the facts of travi'l and ignored the whole matter of costume. Cf. Langen, Planiinisvlw Stmlinu pp. 148, 149. Pi'disniui.-—T\w traveler who comes home from abroad com- monly has with him two p^disequi. These pedisequi are usually mutae m^rsonae.' They are present on the stage in Am. 551-854, Ha. :5H5 525, Men. 22r»-445 (cf. 436, 986), Poe. 930-1173 (see 978-80). i/ect) that such i)edisequi went with the traveler from home and were with him at every stage of his journey, for when Pamphilus says: tu pueris curre, Parmeno, obviam atque eis onera adiuta, Parmeno rejoins: quid? non sciunt ipsi viam domum qua veniant? Cf. 409, 429.' 1 We have evidence elsewhere that foreign costumes are insUmtly recoguizable as mich Cf I) 296, u. 3. In Tr. 852 Channides s^iys of the sycophanta : Hilurica facies videtur hom'inis, eo ornatu advenit. Cf. ako Poe. 656, 675, 801, Fs. 616-22, 964, Kun. 313-18. 2 Sometimes the traveler has but one attendant. In .4.s. :i82 the messenger who comes to pay the money has a puer; in Ba. 573 ff. the soldier's messenffer has a puer. In Tru 482 ff. (see 5;i5) the miles has a puer. Cf. also Cur. 390, Kp. 4,^<. It tne traveler comes straight from ship to stage, he has two attendants (for then his bag- irage must be taken care of) : if he comes from lodgings in town he has but one. We may remember with profit the fact that hoplites (at least) in the Athenian army had servants with them ; see Thue. vi. 102. 2, and Mr. Spratt's note (p. 364, 11. 2, 3) Poe, »78, fr79 may show that Hanno had more than two i>edisequi with him, but he had made an exceptionally long journey. , , u On the other hand in Mer. 852 ff. Charinus, who is resolved to go from home, has no attendant. In 910 ff ., when he wishes to exchange his chlamys for a pallium, he has to call a puer from the house. Finally, beside the pedisequi, a traveler often had with him a favorite or trusted slave. So in the Bacchides Mnesilochus had Chrysalus with him ; in the Mercatar Charinus had with him on his two-year trading-trip his one-time pa«dagogiw (90, 91, 108, 109). Travel in Ancient Times 299 ^av^a^.^_Travelers carried at times a goodly amount of bag. gage. In the Amphitruo reference is made to gifts, includin/a T^Z^:^^?":^ '" Amphitruo by the vanquished Teloboae (137-39, 2M), 20 , 418-20, 760). The patera is supposed to be in a cistula (420), which is sealed (421). At 629 Amphitruo sa^^ to bosia: vide ex navi ecferantur quae imperavi iam omnia Later, Amphitruo has with him a sealed cistellula ( 773-97 V bosia opens it (787 ff.), but finds no patera within. ' A./" ^i'' .^5' ^^ ^^''''' Thesprio asserts tliat his master is back in Athens Epidicus exclaims: ubi is ergost? nisi si in vidulo aut si in melhna attulisti. In Men. 350, 986, 1035 we have reference to baggage vasa. Part of this is a marsuppium cum viatico, in a vidulus U036, 1037, 254, 255, 384-86, 701-3, etc.); *in the vidulus IS a penicul.s (286, 391). In the Miles Philocomasium non ^l^"^ ;*" ''^'^"'' ^""^ ""'^'^ '' ''''''' (^^^1' ^^^2, 1099,' llUU, l.:5Ul-1314, etc.); several bearers are needed to carry her possessions (1191, 1301 if'., 1427). In Poe. 978-81 Hanno has pedisequi, sarcinati omnes; they are so burdened that Milphio calls them servi veteres antiquique (they are bent like old men) In the BiKlens reference is made repeatedly to a vidulus belonging to the leno ( 545, 546, 936 a, 963 flP., 988-93, etc ) The leather covering of the vidulus is colored (997-1000) Vs 1177 shows that the vidulus is heavy. And well it may be, for it con- tains much. First we may name the crepundia, by which Palae- stra IS proven to be the daughter of Daemones; these include ensiculus aureolus litteratus, securicula ancipes, itidem aurea lit- terata, sicilicula argenteola et duae conexae maniculae et sucula n^nu '1^'" (^^^^^-^^)- ^" these are in a cistella of wood 1109 1133, 389-93, 1081-86, etc.). There is money, too, in the vidulus (395, 396), in a marsuppium (1313-15). For a general description of the contents see 1309-20; they include aurum atque argentum magnum, nummi octingenti aurei in mar- siippio, praeterea centum minaria Philippica in pasceolo sorsus, talentum argenti commodum magnum .... in crumina prae- terea sinus, cantharus, epichysis, gaulus, cyathus.^ Charmides, 1 Someone may object that the leno is lying, but (1) the vidulus was now onen before the eyes of Daemones and Gripus, neither of whom comments on orTsputes 300 Charles Knapp h I i the leno's hospes, had had a sacciperium, in which was a marsup- pium, plenum auri (547, 548). In Tr. 1105, 110^> Charmides refers to things which he desires to have brought up from his ship. In Hec. 35U Pamphihis bids Parmeno run to meet the pueri and to helj) them with their bunlens. In the Truculentus the soldier has brought two ancil- lae ex Syria (5B0-3B), a p^rula (535) , a pallula ex Phrygia (53G, 539), tus ex Arabia, amomum ex Ponto (53U, 540), gifts which might be sold for twenty minae (543, 544).' The passages thus far cited all deal with travel over seas. In the Hemiton a meretrix comes from Athens to stay a short time mri (245 tf., 311 ft.); she is bringing with her much baggage (245-48, 252-54, 451, 452, 739-45).' Cf. Hec. Oil f. : et compone quae tecum simul (.sc. rus) ferantur, said by Laches to his wife.* Thdnksijivimi bij returned //vuv/f^rs.— The returned traveler commonly gives thanks to the gods for his safe return. Cf. Ba. 34(>, 347 : ubi nunc est ergo mens .... tilius ? deos atque amicos iit salutatum ad forum. In ^7. 402-5 Epignomus gives thanks to Neptune and the Temi)estates for his safe return, and to Mercury for his success in trading. In r)23 Pamphilippus says: deos salutabo modo, iK)ste ad te continuo transeo (cf. Ph. 311, 312). Sometimes the thanks are not wholly courteous, as in Mo. 431-37. Tr. 820-38 is the most elaborate passage that can be cited in this connection; in 838, 839 its tone approaches that of Mo. 431 if. Sometimes we have a sacrifice of thanksgiving or the formal payment of vows. In Am. 946-48 Amphitruo bids vasa pura adornari mihi, ut quae apud legionem vota vovi si domum rediissem salvos, ea ego exsolvam omnia (cf. 9tU)-r)8). In Cap. 843-51 the parasite takes it for granted that there will be a sacri- fice and a feast, bt^cause Philocrates has returned, bringing with him the slave who had run away years before. The kinsmen of the leno'8 statements, (2) the leno was removing his whole fortune from Cyrene to Sicily (4JK-63,etc.). » I purposely omit such cases as those of the brothers in the Stichus^ who return home after two years, each in a ship of his own, richly laden (374-8iJ) ; such passages have to do rather with general trade. « For a commentary on the things a meretrix might bring with her see Tr. 250-64. ^In Ba. 349 there is a reference to mules as carriers; cf. Mo. 430, 778-82, Ph. 561. Travel in Ancient Times 301 voyagers sometimes give thanks or make a sacrifice in connection mlf r, TT^- J" ^P- ^^^^" ^P^'^^*"^^ -Pl--^^ that his master had bidden him hire a fidicina, to play for him dum rem d vinam faceret, because his son was home again (414-18 499 501)^ In St. 81.6, 397 the wife of Epignom„s%ives ordef^ for ^ sacriface, because she has heard of his safe return ' «W/,,,. to returned travelers.-ln many passages we have words of courteous greeting to a traveler just returned; these include congratulations, inquiries after his health at present and dur.ng his voyage. Salvos sis, Mnesiloche, salvom te advenisse gaudeo (Ba. 4o0 , said by father to son, is typical. Cf. Hec. 400-07. also said by father to son. Typical again is Mo. 448, 44 J: ere sa ve, salvom te advenisse gaudeo. usquin valuisti? usque, ut vules. factum optume. How stereotyped the formula was may be seen fron. Tr. 1073, 1074: o mi ere exoptatissume, salve. salve, Stasime. salvom te . . . . scio et credo tibi. Senear ^7 '^nT '"'■"°"" ^'''' ''' ^"^ ^^^^ «»« (««-- *<> senex) W. oOo . (senex, who is virtually a parasitus, to his sons- t" ',ir; . r^' ^'"'' ^^ ^^"'^ *'' •^"^'^-'^^ «f- «80ff.), Mo. P;.;-. -"^.1 ,'"''"' *° '^"^''^' ^'■- 11^0-82 (son to father), /-/<. 2o4-o , (adulescens to uncle), Ep. 126-29, Ph. 286 (slave to master), Ph. ,;0<.-.>ll (slave to master's brother), Hec. 81-84 So'Iti -«Tlt!' "'"'■ '^'' '"^^ ^''''''''' *° '""^«)' «'• *«5-67, Vl: ;•«-' fJ^.'n ^P"'"'"'' ^"^ ^''^^^' "'''■ 333 (mother to son), ^r, t;' 7 iST '^ "'""^' "''' *^ --q«erading as a miles T ^ i:^^ "''*' *° ''''^^)' -^''«"'- *«'^'' 407 (arnica to lover . in JLun. J7t, Parmeno, in sore distress, catching sight of his older master coming rure, cries: salvom te advenire, ere, gaudeo In 3/*,r. 366 ff. father and son meet after two years; the father is solicitous enough (367, 369, 371, 387-89), but certain special circumstances prevent the utterance of the usual formulas.' 1-^-,l^"^ ^K*"*" ^'^'^^ "« ""y compare many others later, e. g., Horace Carm i S Horace Serm i >> « •« a ,2: '^2' *''" ""* """duct of Aufldius Luacua in the"LS-;;:ie^'v1i, pt21,T ""' ' *'""' "- "^ '"'-^" ■- "' •»•-' •- •Congratulationa are sometimes extended to the family (see Tr. U78). The prac- 302 Chables Knapp Banq^^et to returned traveler.— It was usual to giJre a dinner party to one just returned from foreign travel, on the very day of his return (hodie, Ba. 94, Mer. 949, Mo. 1129, Pe. 710, St 511). Cf. Ba. 18t), 94: ego sorori meae cenam hotlie dare volo viaticam (95-102), 53f., 537 (Pistoclerus to Mnesilochus: salvos quom peregre advenis, cena detur), Cur. 251-53, 384-88, 728 (Phaedromus here invites tlie miles, just back from Caria, to dinner; still, he is to marry the soldier's sister), Mer. 98, 99 (dinner to an Athenian at Rhodes by his hospes there), Mo. 1129-34 Pe. 709, 710, Poe 1151 (dinner by Agorastocles to his newl'y found uncle), Tru. 127. In St. 587-91 the parasite expresses his regret that he is not rich enough to invite Pam- philippus to dinner. In St. 510-13 Antipho recognizes his obli- gation to invite the lirothers, his sons-in-law, who are just back from Asia, to dinner hodie. Since, however, he has been tore- stalletl in this, he invites them for the next day.' Con re,i,n,ce,i.- At the very beginning of this paper I quoted Blamner's statement that we need an account of traveling vehicles in ancient times. On this theme the plays tlirow no light. I have noted no passage in which there is reference to any kind of vehicle as actually used in land travel. This is natural, since, as was said nlK>ve (p. UV). land travel in the plays involves move- tice ..t c-ourteou»ly Kr.eti„„ the returned traveler is in «.„« passages burlesqued (see ""• ^l^':^-:^^ uTptiuS: ^y oe returning not .. departing trav- elers we get few La.np.es „f farewells. Still, in ,U.r. 659 Charinus <>«'»■- «'a^';«- ffoina home to say Bo.Hl-by to father and mother and then go away ; m 8.^0-.^, he bids Inlt^Z n. "well to his house (cf. 866). Cf . also the farewell of the meretr,x when ghelcavesthesoldieriiWi. 1311-43). . . u i, 1 In St. 415 Epignomus himself giyes a cena. at his own house, hodie, to "h'ch he Invites Ms father-in-law. In 515 ff. his brother decUnes Antipho's .nv.tat.on for the r.!^w and lys : " Co.ue rather to my house the day after." But the play n.akes .t Z" thatnorovewas lost between Antipho and the brothers, »»•« »« -- » ""f/ Scable In Heaut. ISi Olitipho has brought Clinin home from the sh.p to d.nner, triws dinner would have taken place independently of CUnia's coming, m connec- """in « 'i^S'^V 683 «., two slavee. on returning with the brothers, have a cena. In £». 7.'8 we have two slaves talking: venire salvom gaudeo uuid ceteru.n quod eo adsofei? (.«. addi. I follow A, against Lindsay) cena Ub. dab.tur. spondeo .... quid? me accepturum. si dabis. ^^^ oir-SO Here too. we have burles-iue at times (see Cur. 660, 6bl, Ba. 184-87, Mer. 94b-50, Jlfo fo^-T, Am. IKWiS, 285. 286, 296, 664. 666). The passages cited just above, J7-t2, 695-,56. Tbavel IN Ancient Times 303 ment only between some city and its portus or its suburbs; such travel was piqued on foot quadrigae are mentioned in aL. 450, As. 279, Aul. OOO, Poe. 369, St. 291, but in figurative or extra- vagant expressions.' In Men. 863, 865 Menaechmus talks of mounting a currus, but he is feigning madness. In Mer. 931 imse« mounhng a currus, and taking the reins in hand, but in nfu^cl- n ? i° ''^''- ^''-^2' ^2«' 430 there is reference to mull chte lam (cf. Ba. 349, P,,. 561), but there is no proof that we must think of them as carrying riders too The term most often used is navis; references need not be given We find navis mercatoria in Ba. 236, navis oneraria in Poe 651 ' rir4?'S<. "' ""^'' "''""™' ^^^'''■- ^*'') ""'J ^''^«"'"« alone (6/..J68,3b..: conspicatussum .... cercurum, quo ego me m«- lorem non vidisse censeo, 413incercuro, in stega) ; celox C«p.874- nlium tuom modo in rvirtn , • i- ■ .. . /'•"•■'• mf^f\' K I' "'°' '' figuratively used; so too celocula, m 1006); lembus, £«. 279, 286 ff., 305 flf., 958, of the pirate todt ^? rf' ' ""'''' ''■°" ^'^°^^^' ^'^-''t'y «« th« traveler todaj, m Mediterranean ports, still puts off in a rowboat to board incoming or outgoing vessels.' In general the traveler in Plautus and Terence goes abroad in his own ship. In Mer. 86 ff. we read that Charinus' father had a navis cercurus specially built for him. Sometimes, however, a ship IS hired or chartered. In the Rude.^ the leno sets out from Cyrene for Sicily in a navis conducta (57, 58). In Ad. 224, 225 Syrus says to the leno: aiunt .... coemisse hinc quae iUu^ (to ' In Am. 422 Amphitruo's seal is cum quadrigis sol exoriens. a«torr(^^;:r^re-tt-ra^--^^^^^ tive exvreZoV VnZJ f "«" «>let hortator remiges hortarier), all in Bgura- Men. 4^n:r SiSx ^e'r-L^i^llTu^LT^ -^.Xg"- ^ «- ^ « '» 304 Charles Knapp Cyprus) veheres multa, navem conductam. One could take passage in a ship owned by another ; the Lemnian consort of Chremes did this (Ph. 571, 572, 57G). One could send a letter thus {Mi. 130, 131).' Routes. — The ships of the Greeks commonly followed the coast-lines. *'The most imjxjrtant route led northward from Aegina, Corinth, and Athens, by way of Euboea, .... Thasos, .... Imbros, Lemnos, .... to the Black Sea.^* Here the leading traders were Miletus, and her sister-cities, with Megara, Athens, and, later, Rhodes.'' With this northern route the plays have little to do; the references to Euboea, Thasos, Imbros, Lemnos, Megara, and Corinth are not numerous. ** Another important route," continues Mr. Edwards, ''crossed the Aegean N. E. by Euboea, Chios (the great slave-mart), and Lesbos, and so reached Clazomenae and Phocaea; another, bearing eastward by the Cyclades to Miletus and Ephesus, was associated with branch lines connecting Athens and the Pelopouuese with Crete, Rhodes, Cyprus, Phoenicia, and Egyi)t." The careful reader of the geographical data collected on pp. 5-12, and of the accounts of travel in pp. 19-24, 281-93, will see that the latter route is the one which the writers of the plays have most frequently in mind, natu- rally, because they wrote in the time of the Diadochi, when men's thoughts had been turned to Asia and to Egypt by the achieve- ments of Alexander and his successors.^ "To the west the most im[)ortant route circumnavigated the Peloponnese to Leucas and Corcyra, and thence struck across to Italy, Sicily, and beyond." For this route, too, the plays supply abundant evidence. Finally, we may note that the Pornulus {X)ints to a regular route from Carthage (and other African [)oint8) to western Greece, as the Rmlrns (629-31) points to movement between Cyrene and Capua.* Barnard College, Columbia University » In Mer. 74, 75 a ship is referred to, metretas quae trecentas tolleret. 2H. .1. Edwards, in Whibley's Companion to Oreek Studies^ p. 428. «Cf . Naudet on Mer. i. 1. 7G. Philippi, Philippei (nummi) in expressions of money, point the same way ; of., e. g., Poe. 166, 166, 415, 558, 781, Tr. 955 966, 1168, etc. * There is very little in the plays that throws light on the rate of travel, and to that little reference has already been made. For Harpax's quick journey from Sicyon to Athens see p. 16, n. 1 ; for the parasite's journey from Epidaurus to Caria see 0. 6, n. 1 (latter part). If Caria is, as I have maintained in that note, the district in Asia, the time given for the round trip between Epidaurus and Caria is entirely too short. But, as I have argued there, we are not to take Plautus here seriously. Index t0 a Paper on TraTol In Ancient Tlxee ai eeea in Pi utuB and Terence^ \y CJy rlrr ^n?^pr« Acc^TJi^acy t>f tlamtiiyi^ ^na ?«renti.i*n geography :sed Gaopraphy AeoTP'^'-'^fif r«ftrftnccs to ^5. Aiap>iltrii.a,f:#ruimE in ,14 1,1 ( e <| pixB -H •ttpullaCfcir iiii) cerriifid dj Ir-weler .isy« i!i,4. 7 Apulia, references te ,il» AsiaitradiAg cripai to,14» At' enae,ref«r«nceo ti>,S»9;to PjLraiiUi5,9;norm£tl site of pic;''©, 3 IJ.1,4 K Ijilxe nf all ler«nee»« i>l«yj4,-i,3-4,4 IT.ljaite of 12 of Plaii- tua* play«,2-aiportrajraji qI ,iii PiautUc iuia f^rcnc^^ oor ectplS- carritd Bm.gg'*iGe awrrt^. oirer 3€sa.ii,29S-i>00;ln or aear A-}iene,300. BanciU^t 'ta ret'La'TiecL traTeier Biirle«i|Me of baaifiiei to rsxiariiecL tratftler Im Jtimiiip mmti ■eiion»B,302/ l.l;of greetiiiga to retiAnicd traveler, 30iy !T.2;of travel rue, 17^ S.2. Bueineee, chief nitlve for travel, 19, 293; travel 0m^1^-24, C8ria,3Ddt eignifieaiicii of ,iii Plautua Gurcuiia,6 ,IT.l. Carthag3,r«fereiiiMe to ,6iregiilAr travel bK4w©eii,anii weateni ilreeoe, 3a4;Cartiiag\niitii oostime distinctive ,297. Cata ' ■' irat eri ^,,103, oeloX|303«u Cerci4nis,3C3, Cliildron,kidaapiMg o/;eee ]iia..aping. ' CblBVjn^xaru hj aoiaier said liia me^beiiger, 296. t Clstella,oi0t9llu«i,CMrribd oy bravel«r8,299. Congratiilatii.jA«i ta fmiiij^ oi reiuiM«i trc^velcr, 501^2 ^2, ConTe3raii«iie,laa4,iMirer menacned ae used ia travel, K>«;fcr travel I^f GRANDCOMMANDERYOFNEWYOR UNITED ORDER OF THE GOLDEN Office of the Grand Commande CROSS NEW YORK. MAY 26. 1906. I " g in Boston, Mass., To ALL MEMBERS, GREETING :— By this time you have probably received a cc py of a circular letter issued by the Supreme Commandery, U. O. G. C, relating to a proposed merger or union of the Order known as the Home Circle and the United Order of the Golden Cross. You will see by this cifcular that this matter is to be settled by a meetirj on Thursday, June 21, 1906. At this meeting each holder of a Benefit Certificate in the U. O. G. C. is entitled to be present and to vote in person. But the fare to Bostoh and back is $10. Therefore few of our members will be able to attend in person. Under these circumstances at a meeting of the Grand Coipmandery of New York, held May 25, 1906, it seemed best to make arrangements whereby a committee of representative members should go to Boston, to represent all the members of the Order in this State, and to take such a stand there as in their best judgment shall seem to be for the real interests of our members. If you will fill out the enclosed proxy blank and sign it, and have some other person sign as witness, and then send the blank to the G. K. R., Mr. J. Bennington Gill, 935 East i68th Street, New York City, this committee of repre- sentative members will be able to take this proxy with them and cast your vote as suggested above. If all the members of the order in New York state will unite in filing the proxies with the G. K. R., AT ONCE, the committee will be in position to make its influence felt. THEREFORE WITHOUT DELAY FILL OUT AND SIGN THE ENCLOSED. AND HAVE ANOTHER PERSON SIGN IT AS WITNESS AND FORWARD TO THE G. K. R. All proxies must be in by June 2. HENCE THERE IS NO TIME TO BE LOST. Fraternally yours in S. S. S., Attest, J. BENNINGTON GILL, G. K. R. 935 East 1 68th, St., New York City. THOMAS DA VIES, G. C i3* 3^j4f- ••a,©Mpi», mm rollow»: n-.TiSi panerel t rm,305;H&T.t» cercuruA ?^^»5!M^® GOiidiict&,303 ;ii&Tii! Tmtrtiataria, 303; cat pxrat aria. 303; €•1 ex, 303; ft ' * tjwreiirtii: , 303 ; lembus, 303 ; rat la , M35f^ CostiBBis ©f trav#lert:se« lravel«r. Coetiiflwia ia JfoiuiaclBiii. iipt «hy in Plautus ,12 IS.Z^kU. F.2;Plauti»«,wiclor than T«renc«'» ,8 H.2,15,16 H.Si. /. Grootia.'TS to rotornifit traroler , 901 , Heautnnt'.a!tu-oun'.enos,iaid In subiirbo of Athens, 4 F.i^ h08P6s,in Plautdo f-ad lorenco ,iBdiuato« trarel irom beyond ooaa 250- oo*i Inacciiraci :.^ iii Plaui / googr^.pnj'iBoo G«ography. ' Italy ,plit:«» i..,ia«ai.j.onea oy i':taut.tts,li-12,i3,i<> i^.l.l* i,.3^^ XlAiaplng,c .jproouiofie for, 269 K.x iiro(iuenc||r of ,287/ S.i;of chlldrwi- GRAND COMMANDERY OF NEVy YORK UNITED ORDER OF THE GOLDEN CROSS Office of the Grand Commander NEW YORK. MAY 26. 1906. To ALL MEMBERS, GREETING :— By this time you have probably received a copy of a circular letter issued by the Supreme Commandery, U. O. G. C, relating to a proposed merger or union of the Order known as the Home Circle and the United Order of the Golden Cross. You will see by this circular that this matter is to be settled by a meeting in Boston, Mass., on Thursday, June 21, 1906. At this meeting each holder of a Benefit Certificate in the U. O. G. C. is entitled to he present and to vote in person. But the fare to Boston and back is $10. Therefore few of our members will be able to attend in person. Under these circumstances, at a meeting of the Grand Commandery of New York, held May 25, 1906, it seemed best to make arrangements whereby a committee of representative members should go to Boston, to represent all the members of the Order in this State, and to take such a stand there as in their best judgment shall seem to be for the real interests of our members. If you will fill out the enclosed proxy blank and sign it, and have some other person sign as witness, and then send the blank to the G. K. R., Mr. J. Bennington Gill, 93 5 East i68th Street, New York City, this committee of repre- sentative members will be able to take this proxy with them and cast your vote as suggested above. If all the members of the order in New Y;ork state will unite in filing the proxies with the G. K. R., AT ONCE, the committee will be in position to make its influence felt. THEREFORE WITHOUT DELAY FILL OUT AND SIGN THE ENCLOSED, AND HAVE ANOTHER PERSON SIGN IT AS WITNESS AND FORWARD TO THE G. K. R. All proxies must be in by June 2. HENCE THERE IS NO TIME TO BE LOST. Fralernally yours in S. S. S., Attest, J. BENNINGTON GILL, G. K. R. 935 East 1 68th, St., New York City. THOMAS DA VIES, G. C. den* without cc ij)unc*ion,2i«'^ lf./?;ucn« 'by ordinary eiti2«n(f ),?.89 (in CurciJ.io);by ■archant^feRPjiJ*** '^y pirates, 283- 288, Xlcj-.ai.en chiluran.playB i^-^'lTlngjlaitl away frwa Atj^»«,289 Tf.% ij Cc>Tri«d awgr from Ath«Pi«,i lid.; regularly g:irl8,287 IT.lrconTertad int« mftr«trio«»,ll)i«l.}tr9T«l» »f, £.86- 289; sold sine aancupio ,289 H.l; fr««2jr "bvoi^t tmd r«o«1- to vriiTSl,>i81. Miiles ar carrli';r«,30i; IT. 3. ^»vi«, general riimie for co?Tr,yc-m;f ,;>C3iiiavi« cercuriJijs^JOSjitaTie cen- light tr.r^.jl Uiui«uai^l9,i9 K-1. 362 14th Street, Brooklyn d86 Bast 168th Street. N. Y. 495 Rugby Road, Brooklyn GRAND COMMANDERY OF NEW YORK UNITED ORDER OF THE GOLDEN CROSS Office of the Grand Commander NEW YORK. MAY 26, 1906. Tp ALL MEMBERS, GREETING:— By this time you have probably received a copy of a circular letter issued bf tlic Supreme Commandery, U. O. G. C, relating to a proposed merger or union of the Order known as the Home Circle and the United Order of the Golden Cross. You will see by this circular that this matter is to be settled by a meeting in Boston, Mass., on Thursday, June 21, 1906. At this meeting each holder of a Benefit Certificate in the U. O. G. C. is entitled to be present and to vote in person. But the ftre to Boston and back is $10. Therefore few of our members will be able to attend in person. Under these circumstances, at a meeting of the Grand Commandery of New York, held. May 25, 1906, it seemed best to make arrangements whereby a committee of representative members should go to Boston, to represent all the members of the Order in this State, and to take such a stand there as in their best judgment shall seem to be for the real interests of our members. If you will fill out the enclosed proxy blank pid sign it, and have some other person sign as witness, and then send the blank to the G. K. R., Mr. J. Bennington Gill, 935 East i68th Street, New York City, this committee of repre- sentative members will be able to take this proxy with them and cast your vote as suggested above. If all the members of the order in New York state will unite in tiling the proxies with the G. K. R., AT ONCE, the committee will be in position to make its influence felt. THEREFORE WITHOUT DELAY FILL OUT AND SIGN THE ENCLOSED, AND HAVE ANOTHER PERSON SIGN IT AS WITNESS AND FORWARD TO THE G. K. R. All proxies must be in by June 2. HENCE THERE IS NO TIME TO BE LOST. Fraternally yours in S. S. S., Attest. J. BENNINGTON GILL, G. K. R. 935 East 1 68th, St., New York City. THOMAS DAVIES, G. C " rxautua and Tereno© throw light on travel, 16 ¥.1, ^'''nat«» thalas8ieu8,297. Pallium, worn Iqr traT»lar8,296. Pedi..^.^,«„,p^ ^ -ner3,298;g.nera ly two.lMci.;so..ti..« oaly •»#, 298 ^,2. PT.grlnu. »ot per .. «gg„tlTe of .0Te:.e„t fro« a di8tanca,291 S.3. |«i.tama of, raoognljj bio at onco, ^a^Tf, (, ^tasu»,w>ni Ijgr traT0ler,296,296. Piracy wamn la M«nad»er*s timo,286J H.l. Plraoua, reforences to, 9, Pirates In loaguo wltk proaumably honest folk, 286. u.i. Placoa nanod In PlautUB nd Terence ei«,TM.+- in Africa, 6-6; in A.ia.6-8-in ^rA«f^^^ **.^*'"*'''^ li»*. 5-12: Phy,8-I0;i„ EiropeVSiJi„jA^%?^°;«'^«l «einc to Greek geogra- 11-12.13,13 S.i,f4'H.£?"fi;«ff*;gJ^S«°g'-aPhy.ll-12;in^It^. Plautua generally iT,dir.n+-. «* hie playa laid a* a+ * !! -* ®' ^" Plays, 2-3. 3 n i 4-15.19 «* -rf2->- rf - ° ^* Athena, 2-3.ei«^rj^r !^_*'-*^»* °il2 of ijder than Terence*. ^St x /i Sd li!!^"*'f:?i«' '^'•^ hy o^. S"/«°eraphy ,14 I^.l incoVuDuTreJ^^nJirh'ti^iT^''' ^^ Home, 13 N.ljnonsenso geography 1^ 19 5 ^ , "»*® ^*^^ ^^ general after all accurate, iSli^irH. 2. 3;goography of ,in '''T;;S1?:",S!s!^°* ^^«^* <»» traT.l,2;laid at Athen.. 2-3;lald Fortitoroa, ships report to. 294: due. n«iii +« *v<^ ' *,«/ q, _ references^o , ' Travel motives for. 19, 293; by land^o»triot«d*to travel between city ?89-^ ;ii^«r5 Portu8,16;b/l nd,16-19;beyoTf7a so 8,19-24,281- ^Q '^? *?* ^^^ regarded as a pleasure, 293 ylT.zfby nirht unusual 19;chiefly for business, 19, 293; for pl4af.iu4 . 292 B 1 bv w^ ' naped children and their kin, 286- 289: by legati publice mlaai 283^y .eretrioes, f84-285;by'mile8,28i-28i;brru^aw Jl^«!L« 290^n connection with war, 281-284;rate of ,16 5.1.304 i. 4- roSc of 30 4;northward,Athens to Bl^ck Sea.seldoa nentijAed ibid*^ ^ SSl!*?l!3^** ' ^*^!"! *• MLlAs ,Ephe8US,304,8outWd'to Crito. SSJJJ' TO4 ' ^* °*'****'^*''°*'^***»'*» cirthago and Western sia;.*29r5!J:?;^JS J? S95^!Sa^^5!^;**J*f*^f^?i*^*"^*»^ 29rar m^ylltiZ oSS^J^ it 29a:of Carthaginian, distinctive, ^7, Of ■ero«tor,297 of miles and his mossonger.296:om«tns tha- la,siottS,297ipalliuBi ,t«>rn by ,296;psts»»-^ti v-'-?^*".™. "i. > 302 Uth Street, Brooklyn 986 East 168th Street. N. Y. 496 Rugby Road, Brooklyn GRAND COMMANDERY OF NEW YORK UNITED ORDER OF THE GOLDEN (5rOSS Office of the Grand Commander NEW YORK, MAY 26, 1906. To ALL MEMBERS, GREETING :- By this time you have probably received a copy of a circular letter issued by the Supreme Commandery, U. O. G. C, relating to a proposed merger or union of the Order known as the Home Circle and the United Order of the Golden Cross. Yon will see by this circular that this matter is to be settled by a meeting in Boston, Mass. on Thursday, June 21, 1906. At this meeting each holder of a Benefit Certificate in the U. O. G. C. is entitled to be present and to vote in person. But the fare to Boston and back is |io. Therefore few of our members will be able to attend in person. Under these circumstances, at a meeting of tic Grand Commandery of New York, held May 25, 1906, it seemed best to make arrangements whereby a committee of representative members should go to Boston, to represent all the members of the Order in this State, and to take such a stand there as in their best judgment shall seem to be for the real interests of our members. If you will fill out the enclosed proxy blank and sign it, and have some other person sign as witness, and then send the blank to the G. K. R., Mr. J. Bennington Gill, 935 East i68th Street, New York City, this committee of repre- sentative mcmbeti wil be able to take this proxy with them and cast your vote as suggested above. If all the members of the order in New York state will unite in filing the proxies with the G. K. R., AT ONCE, the committee will be in position to make its influence felt. THEREFORE WITHOUT DELAY FILL OUT AND SIGN THE ENCLOSED, AND HAVE ANOTHER PERSON SIGN IT AS WITNESS AND FORWARD TO THE G. K. R. All ptmm must be in by June 2. HENCE THERE IS NO TIME TO BE LOST Fraternally yours in S. S. S., Attest, J. BENNINGTON GILL, G. K. R. 935 East i68th, St., New York City. THOMAS DA VIES, G. C. \ i hfYh^^i "^M^ Qt ^aM \^ ^)r^ (k. •lgn,r0oogiiiz M« at ©net, 298 ^.1, Tiiiiioa|tiiBio^iila,woni by tr Tal«rs,296. Vldiilu8,carri#il Ijy trailers, 299. ¥i»wa paid by rat rued tra¥«ler,300. War traTal, 281-284, Wastorn route, to Sicily and Italy , of tan roforrad to, 304. Women, travdiing co«tna© of, 297- 298. 2aiia,w3rn by traTelers, 296, n^'t'^ I A )/**"J/ I GRAND COMMANDERY OF NEW YORK UNITED ORDER OF THE GOLDEN Office of the Grand Commander ^ OSS NEW YORK. MAY 26. 1906. To ALL MEMBERS, GREETING : By this time you have probably received a copy of a circular letter issued by the Supreme Commandery, U. O. G. C, relating to a proposed merger or union of the Order known as the Home Circle and the United Order of the Golden Cross. You will see by this circular that this matter is to be settled by a meeting in Boston, Mass., on Thinidiy, Jeae 21, 1906. At ihis meeting each holder of a Benefit Certificate in the U. O. G. C. is entitled to be present and to vote in person. But the fare to Boston and back is |io. Therefore few of our members will be able to attend in person. Under these circumstances, at a meeting rf the Grand Commandery of New York, held May 25, 1906, it seemed best to make arrangements whereby a committee of representative members should go to Boston, to represent all tb^ members of the Order ii| this State, and to take such a stand there as in their best judgment shall seem to be for tie real interests of our members. If you will fill out the enclosed proxy blank and sign it, and have some other person sign as witness, and then send the blank to the G. K. R., Mr. J. Bennington Gill, 935 East i68th Street, New York City, this committee of repre- sentative members will be able to take this proxy with them and cast your vote as suggested above. If all the members of the order in New York state will unite in filing the proxies with the G. K. R., AT ONCE, the committee will be in position to make its influence felt. THEREFORE WITHOUT DELAY FILL OUT AND SIGN THE ENCLOSED, AND HAVE ANOTHER PERSON SIGN IT AS WITNESS AND FORWARD TO THE G. K. R. All proxies must be in by June 2. HENCE THERE IS NO TIME TO BE LOST. Fraternally yours in S. S. S., Attest, J. BENNINGTON GILL, G. K. R. 935 East 1 68th, St., New York City. THOMAS DA VIES, G. C