Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from Open Knowledge Commons http://www.archive.org/details/collegeofphysici01shra W/Z/'f^ gaz^€; THE College of Plivsicians ajm Surgeons NEW YORK AND ITS Founders, Officers, Instructors, Benefactors and Alumni A HISTORY EDITED BY JOHN SHRADY, A. M.. M. D. MEMBER OF THE NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY, THE AMERICAN AND NEW YORK STATE MEDICAL ASSOCIATIONS, EX-PRESIDENT NEW YORK MEDICAL UNION, HARLEM, YORKVILLE, NEW YORK COUNTY MEDICAL ASSOCIATIONS AND NEW YORK MEDICO-HISTORIC SOCIETY, ETC., ETC. ILLUSTRATED NEW YORK— CHICAGO THE LEWIS PUBLISHING COMPANY fin ^17 . HL>i9 V.I INTRODUCTION In presenting the History of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, now virtually the JMedical Department of the Columbia University of Xew York, it is hoped that the concession will be made that it is at least an undertaking of labor and patience. Shortcomings in all missions to the public are inevitable. History may be claimed to be a Ledger, with vouchers duly filed and a wide column for remarks and challenges for the discomfiture of the accountant. Biography, on the other hand, is expected to aid with its affidavits and possibly bring to ruin the offender against the proprieties. Hence in an undertaking of this kind the time and work expended cannot be expected to show on the surface, since, according to the ancients, the province of "art is to conceal art." Chronology is also to be regarded with a deference due to long usage and as a valuable aid in the dating of epochs. The dearth of material should defend the compilers of the present work against the accusation of partiality for any personage or institution, for how can the expectation be realized that any list of living names can be entirely satisfac- tory, or that any balancing of achievements can be effective beyond the cavil of a doubt? Little can the indifferent reader know of the regretful conning over of memoirs, pamphlets, addresses and controversies beside the Gothic grandeur of a towering reputation. What have been the beginnings of this institution under consideration? What else but a recounting of its development stages beneath leaky roofs, with a pupilage hunting the nooks and corners of its environments for an humble education ? What beyond can disheartened undergraduates, learn- ing from their own discomfiture, hope to gain from lessons of amiable chari- ties as they loom up in the halo of a borrowed book? As may be readily divined, many are the temptations to extol mere leaderships as well as to reverently name great discoverers who have improved their opportunities. But alas for the ambitious, equitable distribution and parallelisms with the past compel an adaptation to the Spirit of the Age, to which the greatest dissemblers must yield. But even to that rare blend of justice with loyalty is given the privilege to every alumnus to praise his own Alma Mater without suspicion of a warped judgment. Still further, without iv INTRODUCTION. vanity and without an allegation for perfection in any given instance, any institution may accept on merit alone a certain rank among its peers. As histor}^ is made up of annals, so the contributors to this enterprise do verily trust that certain vacant places may be filled bv those destined to rise above their surroundings. Let them be consoled by the reflection that the higher the ascent the more lonely the grandeur. The medical history of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, once merely classed as a school, with its thirty-three graduates from 1769 to 1810, is based upon its own minutes, notices in the newspapers of the times and other meager references, made essential by property transfers in a trading station which from the start began growing into a metropolis. Not much attention was given to affairs other than political or financial. The few names of the prominent in the professions were truly representative, since they were equipped with degrees from abroad as evidences of a systematic education. The population, sparse, motley and transient, depended on do- mestic remedies and the voluntary services of those nearest at hand. The demands of the last quarter of the past century had not yet pressed them- selves to the front. In the builder's phrase, the work was not then done by contract, but by the piece. Skill was at a premium and beyond the reach of bribery, and the people were content that the situation was no worse. Even though the obstacles were many and various, none have as yet appeared to charge that opportunities were not embraced, but rather that the competition was by methods rather than by results. The lesson of evolution was that the past of a surety had made the present possible. In the fight for recognition, without even a suggestion of self-conceit as such, the College has held its own amid many discouragements. It has been fortunate in the command of earnest teachers, differently estimated as regards their attainments by different individuals. Their qualifications as a whole have commanded respect and their fame has grown apace, radiant with quaint anecdotes and characteristic reminders. Their logic sometimes seemed a little odd, but their witticisms were scarcely ever lost in tangents. Full class- rooms were never exceptional and there was never a lecturer without a modicum of popularity. In fact the relations between teacher and scholar were happy in the extreme. The phases of crises in the college and of stages in careers may be sur- mised if not stated in the running narratives which follow in the work that may surprise such doubters as may be without ideas of agreeable endeavor. Occasionally slight smirches of reputation may reason of indolence or remissness, but they do not appear to have been abiding. Contrariwise there was an earnestness of aim and an energy of spirit which uniformly captured. INTRODUCTION. v Without the reminiscences of the universities of the Eastern Hemisphere, there was more of a jocund daring and a more direct apphcation of force — the surgery was bolder, instruments were adapted to more dehcate operations, the self-registering thermometer came into vogue and the laws of light and sound revealed startling conditions, general pathology gi'ew more Teutonic, and medication more aseptic as well as more philosophical. In the whirl of mechanical forces the age had become one of velocity, failures were ex- plained more adroitly, and as a rule the operator divulged with minute detail his intentions before the anaesthetic sleep had ceased. As ancestor-worship keeps alive the glories of the past, as Egypt stil! teaches by symbolism, as Greece and Rome by the laws of symmetry, as the earthquakes vield us metals and gems while the spectroscope reads the surfaces of the sun. so may it not be too much for any or e\-ery alumnus of Columbia to hope tliat it may have abundant years to fulfil its mission in the compan- ionship of yet worthier groups. However, according to the culprit"? usage, the plea is to be interjected that notwithstanding the endeavors of a well equipped working force there remains the fact that possibly through modesty many of the alumni ha\-e baffled all attempts to gain direct personal information. The quest indeed has been paramount and as a rule has met with an endorsement of those directlv concerned. May their reputations linger to cheer the unwary! In the preparation of this work it was not to be expected that the labors of the editor should extend beyond the history proper and such biographical mention as is necessarily a part thereof. Other memorabilia were of neces- sity committed to other hands. That history necessarily aims to complete records and begins with the death of the subject cannot be gainsaid. On those grounds all historians are exonerated from wanton h}-perboles and protected from the controversies of the living. Remembering that editors and publishers occupy a middle ground between the statements of bare facts and the mere caterings to exquisite literary tastes, it is hoped that all con- cerned mav temper justice with mercy. Let all remember that the progress of the past century was not the work of the superior few. Even they do not claim more than a moiety of glory, but are willing to divide with the lowliest in their retinue. CONTENTS. Chapter I. — Early History of Medicine in New York — The First Medical College I Chapter II. — Founding of the College of Physicians and Surgeons. — The Early History and First Graduates 28 Chapter HI. — The Second Period of the History of the College. — Resig- nation of the Faculty 51 Chapter I\'. — Reorganization of the College. — Removal to Crosby Street. .. 80 Chapter \'. — The College under President Stevens 93 Chapter VL — Removal of the College and its Union with Columbia College. 105 Chapter VH. — The College Under President Alonzo Clark 121 Chapter VHI. — Administration of President John C. Dalton 137 Chapter IX.- — The New College — The Vanderbilt Clinic — The Sloane Maternity Hospital 1 58 Chapter X. — Dr. James W. McLane Called to the Presidency of the Col- lege. — Union with Columbia University 222 Chapter XL- — Progress of the College Since its Union with Columbia Uni- versity 238 Chapter XII. — Instruction and Examinations — Present Requirements 289 Chapter XIII. — Prizes and Scholarships — Gifts to the College 304 Chapter XI\'. — The Alumni Associations — Of The College of Physicians and Surgeons, and of Sloan Maternity Hospital. . . .319 Chapter XV. — Officers of the College .' . 338 Appendix. — Charter of Kings College — The "Doctors' Mob." — Ordinance for Conferring the Medical Degree — State of Learning in Columbia College in 1795 — Charter and Supplementary Char- ter of College of Physicians and Surgeons — Disruption of the College — Protest of the Professors 346 Charter Compilation of 1886 — Agreements of Union Between College of Physicians and Surgeons and Columbia College — Laws Per- taining to the Same — Certificate of Incorporation of the Asso- ciation of the Alumni of the College of Physicians and Sur- sreons 402 vu HISTORICAL INDEX. Act to Promote Medical Science lOO Agnew, Cornelius R 142 Alnmni Associations : College of Physicians and Surgeons. .319 Sloane Maternity Hospital 335 Alumni Association Civil List 331 Alumni Fellowships 325 Alumni Association Prize 320 Anderson, Alexander 27 Bard, John 10 Bard, Samuel 51, 67 Bayley, Richard 25 Beck, John Brodhead 84 Beck, Theodore Romeyn ■i^ Botanic Garden 57 Brockway, Frederick J 275 Cartwright Lecture and Prize 322 Catalogue of College, 1880 136 Chandler, Charles F 257 Charlton, John 11 Charters : Of Kings College 346 Charter of 1784 356 Charter of 1787 357 Regents' Charter 365 Supplementary Charter, 1811 369 Charter Compilations 400 Clark, Alonzo 121 Death of 127 Clossy, Samuel 12 Cock, Thomas 105 Colden, Cadwallader 9 College Buildings : In 1813 56 On Twenty-third Street 106 Corner Stone of New Building Laid.. 167 Address by Hon. Chauncey M. Depew.167 Historical Address, Dr. John C. Dal- ton 172 Description of 204 Columbia College Medical School 24 Commencement, First 21 Course of Study 293 Da Costa Laboratory .317 Dalton, John C, President 137 History ot College by 139 Death of 148 Dana, James F 82 Delafield, Edward 105 Death of 118 Delafield Prize ■ • 320 Doctor of Medicine, Degree Established. .360 Draper, William H 262 Examinations 289 Fellowships 315 First Commencement 36 First Faculty 30 First Graduates 37 Francis, John W 71 Gifts and Bequests 315 Gilman, Chandler R 112 Harsen Prizes 306 Hosack, David 42 Quoted 21 Hospital, the First, in 1771 22 Instruction and Exaininations 289 Jacobi, Abraham, Ward for Children 317 Jones, John 14 Kierstede, Dr. Hans 3 King's College Medical School 15 Kissam, Samuel 20 La Montague, Dr. Johannes S Lovi', President, Address by 231 McClelland Bequest 315 McLane, James W 160 President of College 222 Macneven, William J 48 Markoe, Thomas M 276 Medical Degrees, Priority of 19 Medical Graduates, First 19 Medical School, First 12 Medical and Surgical Clinics 98 HISTORICAL INDEX. Medicine, Under Dutch Regime 3 jNIetcalfe, John T 275 Middleton, Peter 14 Mitchell, Samuel L 40 Mitchell, S. Weir, Quoted 154 Mobs, The Doctors' 359 Mott, Valentine 73 Officiary of College 338 Otis, Fessenden Nott 270 Parker, Willard go Pathological Society 103 Physicians and Surgeons, College of 28 Post, Wright 70 Prizes 304 Protest of Professors 394 Proudfit Fellowship 315 Regents, Report of 370 Reorganization of College 80 Romayne, Dr. Nicholas t,"/ Roosevelt Hospital 219 Rutgers Medical College 64 Sands. Henry B 250 Seaman. Dr. Valentine 11 Ship's Surgeons 3 Sloane Maternity Hospital 189 Description of 217 Smith. John Augustine 87 Smith, Joseph Mather 114 Smith Prize 313 Stevens, Alexander H 93 Stevens Prize 313 St. John, Samuel 124 Swift Physiological Cabinet 316 Torrey. John 82 University Connection 226 Plans of Union 229 Legislative Authority 230 Act of Union 404 Statutes 235 Vanderbilt Clinic 193 Inaugural Address, Dr. T. Gaillard Thomas 195 Description of 210 Vanderbilt, William H 158 Death of 166 Watts. John 80 Watts, Robert. Life of 115 INDEX Abbe, Robert 458 Allen, Thomas H 582 Bailey, Frederick R 599 Bailey, Pearce 436 Ball, Alonzo B ,.425 Bang. Richard T 526 Bartlett, Homer L 633 Bickham, Warren S 575 Bishop, Louis F 568 Blake, Joseph A 418 Bleything, George D 564 Boag, Edward T 446 Bolton, Percival R 531 Born, Rudolph 476 Bovaird, David, Jr 479 Boyer, Arthur A 562 Bozeman, Nathan G 493 Bradley, Cornelius C 587 Brewer, George E 436 Briddon, Charles K 420 Bronson, Edward B 536 Brown, Hezekiah B 580 Buck, Albert H 444 Buckmaster, Clarence W 489 Bull, Charles S 459 Bull, William T 441 Burt, Stephen S 590 Cabot, John 619 Campbell, Archibald M 491 Carter, De Lancy 570 Chadbourne, Edwin R 605 Chapman, Charles F 635 Claiborne, John H 617 Clark, William B 621 Cleveland, Clement 571 Coe, Henry C 566 Coley, William B 460 Collins, Howard D 447 Cragin, Edwin B 435 Cunningham, Richard H 462 Curtis, Edward i 410 Curtis, John G 416 Cutler, Colman W 586 Cutler, Condict W 532 Davis. Asa B 560 Davis, Fellowes, Jr 615 Dawbarn. Robert H. M 556 Delafield, Francis 469 Dowd. Charles N 466 Eddy, Herbert M 640 Ehrmann, Herman A 531 Eliot, Ellsworth 427 Elsberg, Charles A 475 Ely, Albert H 612 Eve, Paul F 597 Ferrer, Jose i\I 485 Ferris, Albert W 625 Forbes, Henry H 555 Ford, Edward 1 627 Fox. George H 464 Freeman, Rowland G 422 Frei. Emil 626 Gallaudet, Bern B 421 Gardner, Alfred W 622 Gibney. Virgil P 451 Gies, William J 465 Gimilan, William W 610 Gillette, Walter R 4S0 Gilley, William C 623 Grant, Gabriel 537 Hadden, Alexander 424 Hall, Dupree M S4i Hallock, William 561 Hamilton, Allan M 585 Hancock, James C 632 Hart, James A 601 Hartley, Frank 450 Hathaway, Henry S 490 Hawkes, Forbes 618 Hayden. James R 488 Hayes, William V. V 572 Heiman, Henry 636 Hollis. Austin W 578 Hosack, Alexander E 463 Hotchkiss, Lucius W 481 Hussey, Augustus A 640 INDEX. Jackson, George T 569 Jacobi, Abraham 423 James, Walter B 426 Janvrin, Joseph E 638 Johnson, Alexander B 549 Judson, Walter 597 Kemp, Robert C 516 Kinniciitt, Francis P 445 Knapp, Jacob H 457 Knapp, John B 623 Knight. Charles H 577 Koplik, Henry 574 La Fetra, Linnaeus E 449 Lambert, Edward W 530 Leaming, Edward 413 Lee, Frederic S 440 Lefiferts, George M 438 Lewis, Daniel 592 Lewis, Robert. Jr 484 Lloyd, Samuel 554 Lordly, James E. M 481 Markoe, Francis H 443 Markoe, James W 492 May, Charles H 478 McBurney, Charles 428 McCosh, Andrew J 446 McKernon, James F 545 McNaught, Francis H 580 Miller. Frank E 538 Miller, Lewis H 630 Moore, William 533 Morrill, Jesse L 611 Morris, Robert T 588 Murray, Francis W 566 Murray, Peter 520 Myers, Thaddeus H 473 Newcomb, James E 51S Painter, Henry McM 590 Partridge, Edward L 558 Peabody, George L 425 Peck, Charles H 470 Peck, Morton R 486 Pedersen, James 616 Peterson, Frederick 469 Polk, William M 521 Pollitzer, Sigmund : 563 Poore, Charles T 486 Prudden, Theophil M 417 Purdy, Harry L 624 Quackenbos, John D 542 Root, Joseph E .606 Satterthwaite. Thomas E 550 Schoonover, Warren 584 Scott. .Kenophon C 613 Scribner, James W 514 Seabrook, Harry H 544 Segur, Gideon C 600 Sherman. William H 490 Shrady. George F 468 Simmons. Charles E 631 Simpson, William K 482 Smith, Stephen 496 Starr. M. Allen .437 Sternberger. Edwin 540 Stillwell. John E 471 Stillwell, William E .472 Stimson. Daniel M 519 Stone. William S 474 Strong, Oliver S 558 Strouse, Alfred N 579 Swan, Benjamin R 513 Swift, George M 419 Tansley, John 581 Taylor, Henry L 526 Taylor, Robert W 462 Thomas, Allen M 495 Thompson. William G 594 To wnsend, Charles W 596 Townsend, Wisner R 602 Tuttle, George M 414 LTpson, Henry S 5S3 Vanderpoel, Waldron B 476 Vedder, Harmon A 570 Vedder, Maus R .517 Voorhees, James D 487 Wackerhagen. George 628 Walser, William C • 594 Ward. Edwin F 573 Warner, Levi F 604 Watts, Robert 448 Watts, Robert, Jr 449 Weir, Robert F 430 Wells, Brooks H 576 Weston, William H 577 White, John B 546 Whitehouse, Henry H 609 Williamson, Edward L .604 Wippern, Adolphus G 637 Wood, John W 598 Woodward, Julius H 470 Wynkoop, Daniel W 535 Young, John Van D 620 A History of The College of Physicians and Surgeons CHAPTER I. EARLY HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN NEW YORK THE FIRST MEDICAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL. Before entering upon our theme proper, the History of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, it will not be unprofitable to briefly review the conditions existing in New Amsterdam in the time of the Dutch regime. The annals of the earlier }-ears following the coming of Peter Minuit as governor afford but little material for history as regards the exact status during that time. A mere trading post which, in 1628, four years after the nominal establishment of the Dutch authority, numbered only two hun- dred and seventy souls. \\'alloons and slaves included, was, of necessity, not rich in transactions and events. The old world was reaching out with its pioneers and hardy men of all classes seeking a foothold. With nothing to attract from their far-distant homes any save those who were intent upon trade, and whose ambition it was lo reap a fortune and assume title to im- movable property, a shore and a liaven were found amid copper-hued clans with more symmetry than brawn of muscle. Revenue, immediate and pros- pective, was the consideration with the colonists of that day, and religion, education and science must needs wait for a more convenient time. The picket lines of diverse great civilizations were nearing each other, trading commodities, but on the alert for war. The Teuton with his equipments was halting the Goth with his extravagant freedom, while the Celt was making more tolerable his existence as an adjuster of surroundings. The first meetings under truce f^ags were shocks, and the last arl^itraments and wars were closed by the destruction of evidence. The past was nursing reminiscences and the future was dissolving in hopes. Power was nearing its focus of general adaptability, while the multitude was contributing its quota of means. Trade growing into commerce was diminishing the fric- tion of civilization, for newer adaptations were coming into vogue, and there was less of the peace of desolation. Society may have been coarse, but it had the tone of fair dealing, and was especially efficient when duty and inclination ran in the same line. As on shipboard, there was much whirling movement, but not a deal of velocity or force, since the West India Company, although endowed with ample powers, had no prerogatives for protecting their own interests or those of their subordinates. The colonies which were 2 COLLEGE OF PHYSICLiNS AND SURGEONS. planted were feeble, and their tents were virtually clusters of hermitages with self-depending inmates. There were leaders, but without an adequate following — a resourceless community without coherence, impoverished b)^ the feuds of Europe and thoroughly won by the logic that strategy was better than force. These conditions were gradually changing. The pioneers of the future city with its snug harbor had become home-builders rescuing its shores from the water, and primitive architects from above downwards, and too loth to spoil trade by empty quarrels. They exercised a broad hospitality in their interior life, and even allowed their native tongue to be corrupted into a jargon for the sake of peace in a heterogeneous population. In the haze of their hearthstones, larders, scoured floors and downy beds, the}' could afford to abide the coming of any stormy doom. Rugs, silks and jewels from the orient could well tone down the anxious watching for arrivals of their most seaworthy ships. Rescued marshes, gravelled pathways and min- iature lawns had contributed to their prosperity and health. What need, then, for explanations of patriotism? In 1652, when the population of New Amsterdam was presumably about 1,000, it would appear that the people not altogether depended upon the shipping in the harbor, but that some surgeons took up their residence upon the island, for, in February of that year, "on the petition of the Cliirur- geons of New Amsterdam, none but they be allowed to shave, the Director- General and Council understanding that shaving' doth not appertain ex- clusively to Chirurgery, but is an appendix thereunto: that no man can be prevented operating on himself, nor to do another this friendly act, provided it be through courtesy and not for gain, which is hereby forbidden." It was furthermore ordered that "Ship Barbers shall not be allowed to dress any wounds nor administer any potions on shore without the previous knowl- edge and special consent of the Petitioners, or at least of Dr. Johannes La Montagne." The foregoing somewhat of a license with an amusing shading is taken from a compilation made some years ago by E. B. O'Callaghan, LL. D.. en- titled "Register of New Netherlands, 1626-74." This curious fragment saved from an unimportant oblivion affords no information, save by infer- ence, regarding the mere professional attainments, but does show the Chirur- geon in one of his evolutionary Stages — that of a hand-worker with edged tools. Of greater interest, however, is the fact that in the petition of the practitioners of New Amsterdam is to be found the germ of the mutually protective medical association of the present day, and in the order of the Director-General and the Council, issued in conformit\" with the praver of EARLY HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN NEW YORK. 3 this embryotic body, we have the first legal provision affecting the practice of medicine in what is now the City and State of New York, and, probably, the first in America. The old war between supply and demand as exempli- fied between wares and fees, or, as the journalist might express it, as the skirmishes between the storekeeper and the push cart vendor was a conten- tion begun. The "Register" to which reference has been made indicates that prior to 1638 Tryn Jansen, according to the Holland usage, was licensed as a mid- wife. This woman was the mother of Annetje Jans, who became the wife of the Rev. Everardus Bogardus. The marriage in question .for about a century and a half occasioned much disquietude among numerous descend- ants through the female line regarding the Trinity Church lands and other realty. The only result has been the direct revenue of legal fees and the authoritative statement that the case has been thrown out of the courts forever, the consolation being undisputed possession and a very precise gen- ealogy-. Midwives were duly licensed in succeeding years, and in 1716, ac- cording to Cowan's "Western Memorabilia," a law was passed for their reg- ulation. They were sworn "to be faithful in their service, to commit no frauds in changing children, nor to be accessory to pretended deliveries, nor to assist in any frauds or concealments of births, and above all never to speak of the secrets of their office." This is presumably the first legislation in New York upon the subject, or, in brief, the genesis of an ethical code, succinct but comprehensive. Among the ship's surgeons or chirurgeons who came in the time of Governor Minuit were Harman Myndertz Van den Bogart and William Deeping, both of whom presumaljly made professional shore visits. Dr. Bo- gart was surgeon of the Dutch ship "Eendraght," which arrived May 24, 1630, and he remained with her until 1633. In 1638 he sailed for the West Indies, and the last report of him was to the effect that about 1647 h^ ^^^^ burned by the Indians in the Mohawk Valley. In 1658, ten years after Peter Stuyvesant arrived as Director-General of a cluster of wooden houses fenced in by a stockade, the only "surgeons" in New Amsterdam were Hans Kierstede, Jacob Hendricksen Verrevanger and Jacob L'Oragne, and these were, it is to be inferred, the parties upon whose petition the Directors and Council made their order against "ship barbers." The most conspicuous of these resident practitioners was this Dr. Hans Kierstede, a native of Saxony, born in Magdeburg, who came to New Am- sterdam in 1638 with Governor William Kieft, otherwise "William the Testy," that "brisk, waspish little old gentleman," dried and withered, of 4 COLLEGE OF PHYSICL4NS AND SURGEONS. whom Washington Irving drew a vivid picture of kaleidoscopic force. Hu- mor, however, is not always history, and the proper dignity of his office may not have been respected. In 1647 Governor Kieft was superseded by Gov- ernor Peter Stuyvesant, but, before going into retirement, he made to his friend and protege, Dr. Kierstede. a grant of land on what was then known as "The Strand," the present Pearl street, and in 1653 ^"d 1656 Dr. Kier- stede became possessed of additional lands under grants made by the suc- cessor of his patron. In 1642, four years after his coming to New Amster- dam, Dr. Kierstede married Sara Roelofs, a daughter of Anneke Jans. Her father had been of great service to the Dutch authorities in the capacity of interpreter between them and the Indians in their land bartering and other transactions, and, out of this consideration, she was granted a tract of land on what is now the west side of Broadway, between Reade and Duane streets, so that the couple began their married life as extensive land owners. Dr. Kierstede died in 1666. He was the father of ten children, from whom de- scended a numerous progeny, among them many who entered the medical profession. General Henry T. Kierstede, a great-great-grandson of Dr. Hans Kierstede, became a druggist on Broadway, in New York City, and was famous for his ''Kierstede Ointment," prepared from a recipe handed down by his remote ancestor, and the secret of which has been jealously pre- served in the family to the present day. Christopher Kierstede, an alumnus of Albany Medical College, 1846, also a descendant of Dr. Hans Kierstede, died at his home in Jersey City, N. J., January 23, 1903, aged 81 years, after having been in practice in New York and vicinity for over half a cen- tury. Thus the family name was a household word m medicine for over three hundred years. Contemporary with Dr. Hans Kierstede, and coming the same year, were the two "surgeons," Gerritt Schutt and Pieter Van der Linde. The latter named was a native of Flanders, and brought with him his wife, Elsje. Van der Linde gave advice to applicants, as appears from a claim for sur- geon's fees which is preserved in the State archives in Albany. But, like the all-around men of his day, medicine was but one, and perhaps the least, of his accomplishments, for, in 1648, he was temporarily teacher of the first school in New Amsterdam, which was opened in 1633, and of which the School of the Collegiate Reformed Church in New York City, at West Seventy-seventh street, is the descendant and successor. He was also clerk of the church, and at one time he was tobacco inspector. Jacob Hendricksen Varrevanger, second on the list of resident physi- cians in New Amsterdam, according to O'Callaghan's "Register," came in 1646, in the service of the Dutch West India Company, with which he re- EARLY HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN NEW YORK. 5 mained for sixteen years. After he had been employed for eight years, he complained that he had imported from Holland all his "medicaments" and asked for compensation, whereupon he was at once credited with a certain amount and his salary increased. Dr. Varrevanger is besides justly deserving of fame as the projector of the first hospital established within the territory of what is now the United States. It had been the custom of the Dutch authorities to billet sick "soul- diers," and even sick negroes, upon the inhabitants. To remedy this rapidly growing encroachment upon domestic rights, and, at the same time, to af- ford more suitable treatment to the suffering. Dr. Verrevanger asked that suitable buildings be bought or hired for hospital purposes. Regarding the character of the buildings there is an absolute dearth of information, but it is of record that in 1680 "the Old Hospital of the Five Houses" was bought for two hundred pounds, in order that more ample and serviceable accommo- dations might be provided. It is also deserving of notice that, in the first year of the hospital, Hilletje Wilburch was appointed to the position of matron. As a by-path in local history it may be mentioned that Dutch surgeons also were to be found at various trading posts outside Manhattan. In 1638 Jan Petersen, surgeon (barbier), was at South River, with a monthly stipend of ten florins. Abraham Staats was a surgeon who came to Rensselaerwyck in 1642, but medicine was evidently a secondary pursuit \vith liim, for he was carrying on a large fur trade with New Amsterdam and sailed a sloop betwen Fort Orange (Albany) and that point. By his marriage with Katarina Jochemsen he was the father of numerous children, among whom were Jacob and Samuel, who in time became well-known physicians. In Connecticut, also, appears evidence of one, at least, who practiced the heal- ing art, for in 1663 a supply of drugs was sent from Holland for a clerg>'- man "versed in the art of Physick and willing to serve in the capacity of Physician." This is taken to refer to the Rev. William Leverich, who figured conspicuously in the colonization of Connecticut and Long Island. As we have seen, Dr. La Montague was invested with a more ample authority than any board of health or corps of medical examiners of the present day. Of an ancient and noble French family, he was a Huguenot refugee of more than the usual attainments. He was a graduate of the famed University of Leyden and came to New Amsterdam in 1636, and at once rose to a position of leadership among his fellows, and more especially in the executive councils of the government. Thus, in 1643, when, through his utter want of tact if not real turpitude. Governor Kieft became involved in war with the Indians, he gladly committed to La Montague the command of 6 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. his little army of defense — estimated to be some 300 men — of whom only fifty were soldiers, while the remainder were the haphazard volunteer resi- dents of the town. It is presumable that the statement that Montagne "was the only doctor in Manhattan in whom the settlers had any confidence," was in a personal rather than in a professional sense, since his immersion in pub- lic matters allowed but little attention even to the plainest sanitary require- ments. Otherwise there was no great necessity, for even at that early period complaints were rife of surplusage in the supply of medical attendants and the population had not as yet reached fifteen hundred. That La Montague held such intimate relations to the Governor, who was of a different nationality, and, withal, exceedingly self-willed, conceited and arrogant, is abundant proof of ability, sagacity and integrity. His po- sition certainly afforded him a large influence, but his indispensability was as largely due to his personality as to the power of which he was, in a de- gree, more than the representative. It would appear, too, that he enjoyed alike the confidence of his oflicial superior and the loyal obedience of his fellow townsmen. Thus it is to be conceded that La Montague served as a buffer between the irascible Governor and the hysterical people. He might even have been a varied type of the missionary exchanging moral theories as commodities among half-civilized tribes. Still further it may have been the fortune of the colony that tlie hour may have met the man. In 1664 William Xichols established the English supremacy, and with his coming was inaugurated a new system, and it was at the dawn of a new era in speculative science as well as in both colonization and commer- cialism. Medicine was then attempting its divorcement from charlatanry and necromancy, for general laws were drifting towards the study of prob- abilities. But a few years before, if the lifetime of an edition be counted, Robert Burton had published his "Anatomy of Melancholy," a quaint pro- duction, dated 162 1, which epitomized much of the knowledge of the day, and which has been described as a heterogeneous melange susceptible of many interpretations. This contained much occult lore applicable to many emer- gencies, a rare mixture of rambling reflections and odd quotations. Scholar as Burton was, he was among the credulous who could suspect a symbolism in every form or sequence. The frontispiece of his work was a display of the zodiacal signs, along with a self-made calculation of his own nativity. In this he drew a word picture of the healer of the day : "About him pots and glasses lies. Newly bought from Apothecary, Borage and Hellebor fill two scenes — Sovereign plants to purge the veins ■ EARLY HISTORY OF MEDICIXE IX XEIV YORK. 7 Of melancholy, and cheer the heart Of those black fumes which make it smart ; To clear the brain of mist}" fogs Which dull our senses and soul clogs — The best medicine that e'er God made For this malady, if well essay'd." According to the delightful old pedant, the impulsive cause of miseries in man was the sin of Adam, the first parent, and the instrumental causes of human infirmities were the stars, the heavens and the elements. With curious disregard of logical reasoning, bodily sickness was due to the vices of ancestry "and our own intemperance.'' and yet was meant for the soul's health. "Pharmaceutice. the physic which apothecaries make, mingle and sell in the shops, many cavil at. and hold it unnecessary, because those coun- tries which use it least live longest. ]Many are overthrown by preposterous use of it, and some think physics kill as many as they save, and who can tell?" Some ailments Burton pronounced incurable, such as apoplexy, epi- lepsy, stone, stranguary, gout and agues. Yet he declares medicine "a di- vine science," and says that to its purposes it brings eight hundred simples, or herbs, among them tobacco, "divine, rare, superexcellent, which goes far beyond all the panaceas, a sovereign remedy to all diseases — a good vomit, a virtuous herb, if opportunely taken and medicinally used, but, as taken by most men, a plague, or michief, hellish and damned, the ruin and overthrow of body and soul." Having thus paved the way for the Thompsonian prac- titioner of a far later day, this same old author gives license for the use of gold, and commends mercury, while he recognizes "bleod letting, cupping glasses, horse-leeches, cauterization by means of a hot poker and blistering plasters." For the sake of a fuller appreciation of the surroundings it may be re- lated that Penelope A'an Princis, who became the wife of Richard Stout, a merchant of Xew Amsterdam, came from her home in Holland about 1620, when she was eighteen years of age. At the foot of the Xavesinks of New Jersey — the "highlands between the waters'" — her vessel was thrown help- less upon the coast. A few survivors who reached land were attacked by In- dians, who perhaps bitterly remembered Hudson's visit but a few years be- fore. All the shipwrecked people were killed save Penelope, who, wounded and mutilated, crept into a hollow tree, where she lived for several days, eat- ing the fungi which grew about its trunk. She was found by a party of Indian huntfirs. An old Indian prevented them from killing her, and, car- rying her to his wigAvam, he healed her dangerous wounds. She was kindly treated and finally taken to Xew Amsterdam and restored to her country- men as an "Indian present.'' 8 COLLEGE OF PHYSICL4XS AND SURGEONS. The Indian medicine man who healed the wound? of Penelope Stout was as skillful in his materia medica as the generality of his contemporaries of London and Paris, and he was not more superstitions, and far less dan- gerous. The London physician juggled with words — Latin and Greek — and his audience in their ignorance were awed; the Lidian, by magical tricks and terror, maintained his power over his followers. Both depended really upon herbs, and both added to them hideous, nauseating, filthy, useless things. The London physician used crab's eyes, frog's spawn, filings from the human skull, powder from dog's lice, earthworms, viper's flesh, etc., etc. To stop a nose-bleed, fumes from burnt feathers, hair, old hats, liorns, hoofs, leather, old woolen clothes, were used, or human blood or liver, dried toads or vipers, etc., "from all of which the blood precipitately flies, as from its greatest enemy," The foregoing, and much more of like nature, is taken from "The Practice of Physick ; or Dr. Sydenham's Processus Integri, Translated out of the Latin into English, with large Annotations, Animadversions and Practical Observations on the same," by William Salmon. M. D. Charms were prescribed, such as eagle's stones ( a variety of oxide of iron found in small ovoid masses), worn upon the arm, for inflammation of the eves. Such were some of the hideous things that were recommended as palliatives and specifics by some who deemed themselves the scientific physicians of the old world in the seventeenth centurv to our forefathers. \\'hen George Fox visited Shrewsbury, Xew Jersey, in 1670, he was accompanied by "John Jay, a friend, of Barbadoes, who came with us from Rhode Island." who was thrown from a runaway horse and his neck sup- posed to have been broken. Fox, by "pulling his friend's hair found the neck very limber." Then, he says, "I put one hand under his chin and the other behind his head and raised his head two or three times with all my strength and brought it in. I soon perceived his neck began to grow stiff again, and then he began to rattle in his throat and quietly after to breathe. The people were amazed, but I bade them to have a good heart, be of good faith and carry him into the house." In a few days he recovered and trav- eled many hundred miles with Fox. To all present this seemed a miracle, for none understood the real traumatic or pathological conditions of the case. The majority of those calling themselves surgeons would have known little more at that time. Macaulay unjustly despised George Fox for pretend- ing to perform miracles, and painted him a ruder and more ignorant man than he really was. But there were those who had caught a gleam of the great light which science was soon to shed over the earth. They had pursued their studies in chemistry and physiology, and their investigations were leading them into EARLY HISTORY OF MEDICIXE IX XEW YORK. g proper paths. In these forward movements America was destined to bear an honorable and useful part, for to her shores came men of ability and laudable ambition. Prominent among them was Cadwallader Colden, a na- tive of Scotland, who was one of the earliest authors upon certain contagious diseases and sanitation, and who would have undoubtedly risen to high emi- nence in the medical profession had he devoted himself altogether to it. He was the son of an eminent Scotch clergj^man, the Rev. Alexander Colden, and was educated in the University of Edinburgh. He came to America in 1708. when twenty years of age, and located in Philadelphia, where he built up a large practice. In 1718 he removed to New York City, which became the scene of his most active and useful effort. In 1735 he wrote a treatise on "The Sore Throat Distemper." and. in later years, papers on "The Virtues of the Great \\'ater Dock" and "Observations on the Yellow Fever of New- York. 1741-42." In that last mentioned he anticipated much of what has been written in comparatively recent years in ascribing epidemic diseases, in large measure, to unsanitary conditions. His worth as an investigator in scientific channels is evidenced by his correspondence with Benjamin Frank- lin, the Swedish naturalist Linnaeus, and the German philologist and anti- quarian, Gronovius. He was the first in America to give methodical atten- tion to native botany, and he collected nearly four hundred plant specimens, which were catalogued by Linnaeus in his "Acta Upsaliensia." What with science and politics. Dr. Colden had little time to devote to medical prac- tice. He was the first surveyor-general of New York, and from 1761 to 1775 he was Lieutenant-Governor of the province. ^lany of his political and philosophical papers are preserved by the New York Historical Society, and much use was made of them by the historian, Bancroft. Dr. John NicoU was a practitioner in New York for about fifty years, and was also an apothecary. He also was addicted to public affairs, and suffered the displeasure of Governor Leisler. by whom he was imprisoned. But time brought him his revenge, for he became the presiding judge at the trial of Leisler. who was brought to death. Dr. Nicoll died about 1744. and his estate was administered upon by a fellow-practitioner. Dr. Isaac Dubois, a graduate of the Le}"den University, and who succeeded to his apothecary business on Hanover Square. Dr. Dubois, however, died less than two years afterward, November 9, 1745. About 1740 came together three physicians — James Magrath. Thomas Rodman and John Brett — none of whom left any particular impression save him first named, who was the father of American hydropathists. and who, for more than forty years, with peculiar originality and forceful- ness, advocated the use of cold water for the treatment of all manner of diseases. 10 COLLEGE OF PHYSICL4NS AND SURGEONS. Dr. John Bard (1716-1799) was a practitioner whose service was pecuHarly useful. He was of Huguenot ancestry, born in BurHngton, New Jersey, in 1716. When a lad he became an apprentice student to Dr. Kear- seley, of Philadelphia, with whom he remained for three years. He entered upon practice in Philadelphia in 1737, having just attained his majority. In 1747 he removed to New York and established the first quarantine station there, having effected the purchase of Bedloe's Island for that purpose. He magnified his office and was somewhat vain, affecting a dress and equipage which attracted marked attention ; a red coat and a cocked hat, and he carried a gold-headed cane and drove about in a stylish phaeton. But he displayed rare skillfulness in his profession, and was deeply con- scientious in the discharge of his duties. In 1795, when the majority of the physicians fled the city on account of the ravages of yellow fever, he labored assiduously to relieve the disease-stricken people. He busied himself in his profession until he was upward of eighty years of age. He was something of a litterateur, and an industrious writer, but was rather averse to publication. In 1749 he read an essay before a society in New York on the nature of the malignant pleiu'isy then prevailing on Long Island. He reported a case of extra-uterine foetation treated by section in 1759, which was the first recorded case in this country, and which appeared in the London Medical Observations and Inqniries. He likewise contributed sev- eral papers on yellow fever in the Medical and Philosophical Register, and in 1788 he became the first president of the Medical Society of New York. The British occupation of the city of New York wrought an almost instan- taneous change in conditions. Feeling had been gradually intensifying, and there was no ground for the neutralist. One must be either rovalist or rebel, and the rebel must needs go elsewhere to escape constant persecution. The condition of the physician was peculiarly awkward. If inclined to the' patriot cause, he suft'ered an ostracism which practically closed his vocation to him. On the other hand, except in a very few favored cases, the civilian physician, no matter how pronounced in his loyalty to the crown, was viewed with con- tempt by the British army and navy surgeons, and, in some instances, he was driven over to the side which he, at heart, despised. Yet there were excep- tions, and a few physicians remained in practice in the city, and were profited by their contact with those professional brethren who were in military service. Of such, however, there is little narrated. There were practitioners of the Revolutionary period, or immediately afterward, who were well worth regarding on account of services of peculiar usefulness, it being premised that omission is here made of such as are to be hereinafter considered in connection with the College of Physicians and Surgeons. EARLY HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN NEW YORK. ii Among the early physicians was Dr. John Van Beuren, a graduate of the University of Leyden, who was appointed to the surgeonship of a Dutch fleet whiich sailed to Africa and thence to America. Locating in New York, he was appointed physician of the almshouse, in which position he was succeeded by his son, Dr. Beekman Van Beuren. The junior Van Beuren served until the British occupation at the beginning of the war, and he was reappointed when peace was restored, but resigned in the following year. He has been credited with the introduction of inoculation in the public institutions. A striking figure of his day was Dr. John Charlton, an Englishman, who had seen service in the British navy. He practiced medicine in the city in 1762, and during the Revolutionary war resided on Long Island. He returned to New York in 1781 and acquired a remunerative practice in fashionable circles. Li association with Dr. Nicholas Romayne, he was instrumental in the establishment of the incorporated medical societies in the State, and he was president of the local society in 1795, his official colleagues being Thomas Jones. Samuel Bard and Richard Bayley. Dr. Charlton married Mary De Peyster, a daughter of Abraham and Margaret (Cortlandt) De Peyster. He is described as a man of less than ordinary stature, florid complexion and self-important manner. He is particularly noticeable as having introduced to the profession one who rose to distinction in the person of Dr. Richard Bayley. Contemporary with those last named was Dr. Valentine Seaman (1770- 1817), a man of great industry, whose labors were vastly advantageous to his profession. He was a nati'iie of Long Island, a son of Willet Seaman, a New York merchant, born in Queens County, of Quaker parentage, and a pupil of Dr. Benjamin Rush, of Philadelphia. He remained steadfast in the faith in which he had been reared, and he was the dependence of the Friends then residing in the city. Peace lever that he was, he refused to engage in any of the professional differences of the day. He was the first surgeon (in 1801) to institute clinical lectures in the New Yoi"k Hospital. He was the first to make a chemical analysis of the Saratoga and Ballston spring waters, and the author of an elaborate treatise upon their qualities and uses. He it was who introduced in New York the discovery of Jenner, and pathetic interest attaches to the fact that he lost his first child by a smallpox inoculation, and had a pardonable pride in the fact that the first white child vaccinated in New York was his own son. Despite bitter opposition by the community, practitioners and laity alike, Dr. Seaman was an early advocate of smallpox prevention, and even visited Jenner in Europe, the result being that there was a further strengthening of his belief and the 1.2 ■ COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. establishment of a life-long friendship between both of these widely known celebrities. Dr. Seaman was leader in another and scarcely less notable field. He was the first to form a school of midwifery at the almshouse, became an instruc- tor of women volunteers, and prepared a book for reference in the conduct of their emergent cases. He published a report of his observations during the yellow fever epidemic of 1791-1800. In 1810-11 he was associated with others in the formation of a medical society in connection with Queen's College, at New Brunswick, New Jersey. His engraved portrait, after a painting by Rembrandt Peale, in 1816, is found in many a medical society room, and graces as well as appearing as an inherited memento in some collections in offices throughout the country. A philanthropist and humani- tarian, Dr. Seaman was also an active and zealous member of the Manu- mission Society, whose purpose was the liberation of slaves and pro\'ision for their future. The first medical school in the city of New York was that formed in connection with King's College. The college was chartered by the Gov- ernor and Council on October 31, 1754. In 1763 James Jay, "Doctor of Physick," and agent for the Governors of the College of the Province of New York, visited England, where he was instrumental in procuring sub- scriptions for the infant institution. In the same year he proposed to the Governors the establishment of a medical school in connection therewith. To his overtures it was replied that his "medical scheme would be produc- tive of many advantages," and that it would be put in execution as soon as their funds would permit. Nothing, however, came of his proposition until four years later, when a school of medicine was actually established through the efforts of the following doctors : Samuel Clossy, Peter Middleton, John Jones, James Smith, John V. B. Tennent and Samuel Bard. ■ These individuals represent very nearly, if not quite, the best talent of the new world in their varied lines, and are comparable in their attainments to their compeers in the Anglo-Saxon world. This, at least, seems to represent their traditional reputations on the cis-Atlantic seaboard. The hope is that it is not based on an extravagant prejudice. Dr. Bard was, however, the acknowledged leader and inspirer. Inasmuch as his subsequent connection with the later medical school out of which grew the College of Physicians and Surgeons forms so important a part of the history of that institution, further reference to his name is deferred. Samuel Clossy was an Irishman, and he possessed some of the most marked traits of his race. Of strong character, intense enthusiasm, quick- witted and somewhat addicted to conviviality, he wa? a type which the EARLY HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN NEW YORK. 13 king's college, 1770. 14 COLLEGE OE FHVSICL4NS AND SURGEONS. novelist Lever would take delight in portra}'ing. He was a man of excel- lent attainments, a graduate of Trinity College, Dublin, and was known as a capable and progressive physician and surgeon. In 1763 he published in London his treatise, "Observations on Some of the Diseases of the Human Body, Chiefly Taken from Dissection of Morbid Bodies." He came to America, and in the same year was called to the chair of Natural Philosophy in King's College. On November 25, 1763, he began the delivery of lec- tures on anatomy before the collegians, with the approval of the authorities of the institution, and three years later he aided in the establishment of the Medical School, and was the first named of its professors in the earliest printed records. As the Revolutionary spirit developed he grew into sym- pathy with that element of the community which antagonized the British authority, and became one of its principal expounders, it may be, out of pure contrariety. His sharp tongue provoked the ire of those who were the targets of his stinging sarcasm and ridicule, and his oddities were unsparingly mimicked and exaggerated by performers at the old John Street Theatre, to the great pleasure of His Majesty's soldiers and loyal subjects. However, he did not remain to cast his fortunes with the people whose cause he appeared to favor, for when hostilities became imminent he returned to his native heath and there passed his remaining days. Dr. Peter Middleton was a native of Scotland. With Dr. Bard, he dissected the body of a criminal before a class of medical students, and in 1769 he wrote and published a treatise on "The Ancient and Present State of Medicine."" An ardent Tory, when the Revolutionary war broke out he removed his family to Long Island and sought refuge for himself in the British island of Bermuda, leaving his house and personal effects in the custody of two of his pupils — Charles Mitchell and John Varick, Jr. Dr. Middleton subsequently returned to New York, where he died in 1781. Dr. John Jones (i 729-1 791), one of the most accomplished surgeons of his day, was born at Jamaica, Long Island, in 1729. He began his medical reading under Dr. Thomas Cadwallader, of Philadelphia, and fur- ther pursued his studies under Dr. William Hunter and Dr. Percival Pott, of London, England, and Petit, Le Cat and Le Drau','^in Paris, France. In 1755 he served as a surgeon during the operations against the French. He was a successful lithotomist, and it was claimed for him ("American Med- ical Register," volume III) that he was the first to perform a lithontriptic operation, in 1769. But this is evidently claiming too much, inasmuch as an operation was performed by Dr. Sylvester Gardner, of Boston, before the Medical Society, in 1741. In 1775 Dr. Jones published his treatise, "Plain, Precise, Practical Remarks on the Treatment of Wounds and Fractures," EARLY HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN NEW YORK. 15 and this is noted as the first native surgical work produced in the American colonies, although a medical critic styles it a compilation with but one origi- nal case, that of a hernia cerebri after trephining. He espoused the patriot cause, and under the authority of the Provincial Congress established hos- pitals in the American camps. Under the stimulus afforded by Dr. Clossy and his colleagues, who proffered their services as lecturers, it was the distinction of the Governors of King's College to make it the first in America to establish a medical school in connection with an institution of general learning. True, Dr. Shippen, in Philadelphia, had (in 1762) antedated by two years Dr. Clossy in the delivery of lectures, but the College of Philadelphia did not afford recognition to the medical school established in connection with it until the year after the formal opening of the King's College Medical School. At this point the writer would deplore the utter absence of information concerning the personal element in the incipiency of the school enterprise. It would be of great interest to know of the discussions and consultations of its projectors. It is reasonable to infer that they experienced rebuffs and encountered obstacles while advocating what was doubtless regarded as an idle and profitless undertaking. They had no precedent for their action. They could hold out no inducements to the capitalist who desired to make a profitable investment, nor to the humanitarian who would exchange a portion of his wealth for an assured niche in a temple of fame. We are to conclude, in view of the existing conditions, that these old-time school builders had no other incentive than love for their science and a 1 genuine regard for ailing humanity in the immediate present and in futurity. But, in absence of knowledge under this head, the official records are clear as to the organization of the institution which was the work of their hands. Mr. John B. Pine, clerk of the Board of Trustees of Columbia Uni- versity, has transcribed from the ancient records the following extract from the minutes of a meeting of the Governors of the College of the Province of New York, in the City of New York, in America, held on Friday, the 14th day of August, in the year of our Lord 1767: "Two letters being presented to this board, the one dated the 4th instant, from Dr. Samuel Clossey, Dr. Peter Middleton, Dr. John Jones, Dr. James Smith and Dr. Samuel Bard ; the other dated the 5th instant, from Dr. John V. B. Tennent, were read, their purport being a proposal as well for the honor and interest of this seminary as Ihe common good of mankind, to institute a medical school within this college, for instructing pupils in the most useful and necessary branches of medicine, and also an offer generously to give a course of lectures in the winter season in each of the following branches of that science, viz. : Anatomv. bv Dr. Samuel Clos- i6 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. sey ; physiology and pathology, by Dr. Peter Middleton ; the theory and practice of physic, by Dr. Samuel Bard ; the theory of chirurgery, with a course of operations upon the human body, by Dr. John Jones; chemistry, by Dr. Samuel Smith, with the materia medica and midwifery, by Dr. John V. Tennent. "The board, having taken the said letters into consideration, are of opin- ion that the establishment thereby proposed will not only (by promoting the true knowledge of medicine) tend to the honor and reputation of this college in particular, but be also a public benefit to society, do, therefore, unani- mously resolve that the said medical school be. and the same is hereby erected in the said college, and the board, having the highest confidence in the merit, learning and abilities of the above mentioned gentlemen, and being impressed with a due sense of their generous and disinterested pro- posals above mentioned, do unanimously elect and chuse the said Dr. Samuel Clossey Professor of Anatomy, the said Dr. Peter Middleton Pro- fessor of Physiology and Pathology, the said Dr. John Jones, Professor of Surgery, the said Dr. James Smith Professor of Chemistry' and the Materia Medica, the said Dr. Samuel Bard Professor of the Theory and Practice of Physic, and the said Dr. John V. B. Tennent Professor of Midwifery in this College. "And it is further ordered that Mr. Attorney General, the Rev. Mr. Auchmuty and the Rev. Mr. Cooper be a committee to acquaint them with the determination of this Board, and also to regulate (with the advice of the said professors) the said Medical School." Announcement of the opening of this school was made in Weyman's Ne^u York Gazette in its issue of Monday, September 21, 1767, as follows: "King's College, New York, September 17, 1767. "As the Establishment of a School for the regular instruction of Gen- tlemen in the different Branches of Medicine must not only promote the Honour and Utility of that most important and necessary Science, but like- wise conduce to the general Advancement of LEARNING: — The Gov- ernors of this COLLEGE, in Consequence of the Powers vested in them by their Charter, and being desirous of rendering the Institution over which they preside as publickly useful and extensive as possible, have appointed the following Professors: "Samuel Clossey. M. D., Professor of Anatomy; Peter Middleton, M. D., Professor of the Theory of Physic; John Jones, M. D., Professor of Surgery; James Smith. M. D., Professor of Chymistry and Mat. Med.; John V. B. Tennent. M. D.. Professor of Midwifery; Samuel Bard, M. D., Professor of the Practice of Physic. "The above gentlemen will begin their Lectures the first Monday in November next, and continue them regularly till the Completion of the sev- eral Courses, which it is supposed will be some Time m May; and Degrees in Physic will be conferred upon the following Terms : "i. Each Student shall be matriculated as in the Universities of Eng- land. EARLY HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN NEW YORK. 17 "2. Such students as have not taken a Degree in Arts, shall satisfy the Examiners, before their Admission to a Degree in Physic, that they have a compleat knowledge of, at least, the Latin Language and of the necessary Branches of Natural Philosophy. "3. No Student shall be admitted to his Examination for a Bachelors Degree, in less than three years after his matriculation, and having attended at least one compleat Course of Lectures under each PROFESSOR; unless he can produce proper Certificates of his having served an Apprenticeship of Three Years, to some reputable Practitioner, in which Case he may be ad- mitted to his Examination in Tiva Years from his Matriculation. "4. In one Year after having obtained a Bachelor's Degree, a student may be admitted to his Examination for the Degree of Doctor, provided he shall have previously attended two Courses of Lectures under each Pro- fessor, be of Twenty-two Years of Age, and have Published, and publickly defended, a Treatise upon some Medical Subject. "5. The Mode of Examination, both publick and private, shall be con- formable to the Practice of the most Celebrated Universities of Europe. "6. Students from any reputable University may be admitted ad eiiii- detn, producing" proper Certificates : and Graduates will be entitled to the same Priviledge, on producing the like Certificates, and satisfying the Pro- fessors of their Medical Abilities." In the New York Mercury of November 2, following the publication of the foregoing, appeared the following announcement of Dr. Clossy's lec- tures, and it may be here remarked that the prelections referred to in the concluding paragraph contain recognition of the prior lectures delivered by the same teacher : "King's College, October 26, 1767. "On Monday, November the second, at Four o'Clock in the Evening; The FIRST Part of Dr. CLOSSY'S Anatomical Lectures wiU begin with the Usefulness of Anatomy; and will proceed to the Description of the Dry Bones, and likewise the Fresh Bones, with their Cartilages, Ligaments and Membranes: Internal Structure, Uses, Motions and Affections; and will be continued on every Friday and Monday evening. "After the FIRST P'art, the System of Muscles will be shown in the Adult Subject. "Part the THIRD, will exhibit the Arteries, Veins and Trunks of the Nerves, in a Subject prepared with Injections: And the whole will be con- cluded with "The FOURTH Part, containing the Encephalon, with the Viscera of the two inferior Cavities, together with their Uses, Motions and Diseases, in an Adult Subject. "Attendance for each Course to the Students in Physick, Five Pounds; and free after two Courses. "For seeing Dissections and Preparations, Ten Pounds, and free after Two Courses. i8 COLLEGE OF PHYSICL-iXS AXD SURGEOXS. "To Gentlemen who will chuse to attend for the Improvement of their Minds, Three Pounds Four Shillings. "X. B. As these Prelections are revived under the Countenance of the President and Governors of the College, all possible care will be taken to render it useful, not only to those whose indispensable Business and Duty it is to be acquainted with the Human Structure and Economy : But to Gentlemen of other Professions, who ma}- be inclined to acquire some knowl- edge of these Subjects, as a Part of Philosophy." The opening of the school, of which the foregoing was the announce- ment, was reported in the journal last quoted, and the adjectivial ornaments with which the report was bedecked would indicate that the function was regarded as of great importance and as having passed off in a manner entirely pleasing to the actors therein : "At the Opening of the Medical School in King's College in this City: "On the Manday Forenoon last Week, the Governors, President, Tutors and Professors of the College, assembled at the J'estry Room in this City, from whence, being honoured with the Company of his Excellency the Gov- ernor, the Judges of the Supreme Court in their Robes, and the Gentlemen of the Law in their Gowns, they walked in Procession to the College Hall, where they were entertained with a very elegant and learned Discourse, by Doctor ^Middleton, Professor of the Theory of Physic, on the Antiquity, Progress and Usefulness of that Science. The Satisfaction of the learned and splendid Audience on this Occasion was universal, and more especially so, when they considered the Performance as the Beginning of an Institu- tion, so replete with Advantages to ^^lankind in General, and to the Inhab- itants of this Province in particular. "In the Evening of the same Day. was delivered by Dr. Clossy. Pro- fessor of Anatomy, an introductory Lecture to that Important Science, which for genuine Learning and Precision, was justly applauded. "The Day following. Dr. Smith. Professor of Chymisfry. gave an in- troductory Lecture on that Branch, which for Elegance and Sublimity, met with universal Approbation. "On AA'ednesday. Dr. Bard. Junior. Professor of the Practi-ce of Physic, delivered his introductory Discourse, which for ^Masterly Composition and genteel Delivery, was highly pleasing to the respectable Audience. And "On this bay. at five o'Qock in the Afternoon, the Introductory Lec- ture on Surgery will be given by Dr. Jones. Professor of that Science. "The general Approbation which this Institution hath hitherto met with, on Account of its great Utility to ^Mankind, we hope will sufficiently recommend it to the Attention of such as intend the Practice of Physic, especially in this City and Colony. By a constant Application to Study under the Direction of the above Gentlemen Professors (if regularly prepared to attend them — voung gentlemen may in a few Years be entitled to and obtain the Honours of the ^Medical Profession, and thereby be qualified to enter legallv upon the Practice of Physic : with singular Advantage to the respec- tive Communities to which they belong." EARLY HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN NEW YORK. 19 At a meeting of the Governors of King's College, held on November 25th, 1767, it was "Ordered, That Mr. Attorney General, the Rev. Mr. Auchmuty and the Rev. Mr. Cooper be a committee to communicate to the several Medical Professors, the high opinion this corporation entertains of the learning and abilities, whereby they have respectively distinguished themselves, particu- larly in their introductory lectures. To thank them for their zeal they have expressed for the honor of this Seminary, and the pains they have taken to promote its interest, and to signify their hopes, that the said professors, by a continuance of their services will render the science of Physic, much more respectable than it hath hitherto been in this country to their own honor, the reputation of the College, and the great emolument of the Public." Tlie original matriculation book of King's College contains the follow- ing entry: "This year, viz., 1767, ye following gentlemen (August ve 14th) were elected and chosen Professors in Medicine," and then follows the names as set forth in the minutes of the Governors cf August 14, 1767, In tlie same book the list of admissions "Anno 1767" includes the names of Robert Tucker, S. M. ; Samuel Smith, S. M., and Samuel Kissam, S. M., the initials being intended to designate the individuals named as students of medicine, as distinguished from the students in arts, whose names appear in the same list. The matriculation book, under the heading of "Graduations, Anno 1769," contains the following entry: "The Commencement was in Trinity Church, May 16, and the following gentlemen were graduated:" Then follows the names of those receiving degrees, including "Robert Tucker, Med. Bac. ; Samuel Kissam, Med. Bac." This event occurred May 15, 1770, and was duly reported in the Nezi.' York Gazette, which noted that "immediately before the Time of conferring the Degrees the President left his seat and -was succeeded by Samuel Bard, M. D., who delivered a most animated speech, containing Advice to the Gentlemen who were to be graduated in Medicine." In the records of King's College, under the entry of "Graduations, Anno 1770, May 15," appears the name of "Robert Tucker, M. D.," and under a like entry for 1771 (May 21) appears the name of "Samuel Kis- sam, M. D." For many years the priority of medical degrees has been a vexed ques- tion between the representatives of the University of Pennsylvania and those of Columbia University, and the discussion has been revived in very recent days. It is claimed for the College of Medicine in Philadelphia, which was the source of the present medical school of the University of Pennsylvania, that it antedated King's College in conferring the medical degree; that in 20 COLLEGE OF PHYSICL-JNS AND SURGEONS. June, 1771. the degree of Bachelor of Physic was conferred upon Benjamin Allison, Jonathan Easton, John Kulin, Frederick Kuhn, Bodo Otto, Robert Pottinger and William M. Smith, and that on the same day four graduates (Jonathan Potts, James Tilton, Nicholas \'Vay and Jonathan Elmer), who had received the primary degree in 1768, received the degree of Doctor of Medicine. Each of the four graduates named presented a thesis, and that of Potts is preserved in a pamphlet now in the library of the New York Academy of Medicine, and bearing the imprint, "Philadelphije: Typis Jo- hannis Dunlap, MDCCLNXI." It has also been asserted by advocates of the University of Pennsylvania claim that there was no degree of Doctor of Medicine given "in course"' by King's College prior to the Revolutionary period. It is possible that these claimants have based their assertions upon the inferences drawn from the general catalogue of King's College, which shows that Tucker and Kissam were "Graduates in Medicine" in 1769, without indicating the degree, and without showing that they subsec^uently received the full degree of Doctor of Medicine. That the catalogue is de- fective in these particulars is amply shown by the transcriptions from the records of King's College by Mr. Pine, and which it is believed have never before appeared in print. The matriculation book, which is a book of origi- nal entry for graduations as well as for admissions, shows beyond all doubt that Tucker and Kissam took their doctorate degrees "in course," and not as honorary degrees, and it is not to be questioned that they had fully com- plied with the published requirements of the course of study. The records show affirmatively that both Tucker and Kissam received the degree of "B. M." in course at the end of two years, and that the degrees of "M. D." were also conferred upon them in course, upon the former at the end of one year (May 15, 1770) and upon the latter at the end of two years (May 21, 1771). The records also indicate that these degrees were given in course, for in other cases honorary degrees are indicated by the words "ad eiindem" or "Hon. causa," and while the case is also proven negatively by the absence of the names of Tucker and Kissam from all the lists of recip- ients of honorary degrees. With this view of the case it is evident that, assuming the accuracy of the dates claimed by the University of Pennsylvania, medical degrees were conferred by the Philadelphia Medical College nearly a year (eleven months) before medical degrees were conferred by King's College. In each case, however, the degree was that of Bachelor of Medicine, and King's College claims priority as to the doctorate, which it conferred upon Tucker a little more than a year (thirteen months) before the same degree was con- ferred by the college in Philadelphia. These facts would seem to have EARLY HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN NEW YORK. 21 been apparent to Dr. James Thacher, who, in referring to Tucker and Kis- sam, in his "American Biographies and History of Medical Science in the United States," says these were "the first instances of m.edical degrees being conferred in America, being a short time before tliose which were given in Philadelphia," his meaning evidentl}' being in recognition of the full degree of Doctor of Medicine as regularl)- conferred by a medical school. The facts attending the first commencement of the Medical School of King's College were recited at length by Dr. David Hosack, in his inaugural address delivered at the opening of the Rutgers Medical College, in the city of New York, on Monday, June 6th, 1826, and printed in pamphlet form in the same year by J. Seymour, on John street. New York. Dr. Hosack was the literar\- authorit}- of the college in his day, and was regarded as a man of exact statements. The events of which he wrote were fresh in his mind, and it is entirely probable that he possessed record evidence saved from the great fire of 1776, From the address of Dr. Hosack we take the following : "The first attempt for the purpose of imparting medical instruction in this country by the dissection of the human body was made in the city of New York as early as the year 1750 by two eminent medical men. Dr. John Bard and Dr. Peter Middleton. In 1756 the first course of lectures, pro- fessedly so, on anatomy and surger}- was delivered at Rhode Island by Dr. William Hunter, a Scotch physician, who had been educated at the Uni- versity of Edinburgh, and the father of the distinguished Senator in Con- gress from that State. "In 1768 a medical school was organized under the direction and gov- ernment of the college of the province of New York, then called King's College, and a board of professors appointed to teach the several branches of medical science. * * * Lectures were regularly given, and the de- grees of Bachelor and Doctor of Medicine were conferred by the college. The Rev. Dr. Miller, in his valuable 'Retrospect of the Eighteenth Century,' remarks that no degrees in medicine were conferred by this college previous to the Revolutionary war, but in this instance an error is committed by that eminent and usually accurate writer, for in 1769 the degree of Bachelor in Medicine was conferred upon Samuel Kissam and Robert Tucker. In 1770 the degree of Doctor of Medicine was conferred upon the last mentioned physician, and in May of the succeeding year the same degree was con- ferred upon the former. "Dr. Sewall, in his excellent introductory lecture, delivered at the open- ing of the Medical School of Columbia College, District of Columbia, is also in error in his statement relative to the first medical degree conferred in the colonies, now the United States. In the discourse referred to he dates the first medical degrees as conferred at the commencement held in Philadelphia in June, 1 77 1, whereas the doctorate had been previously conferred in the month of Ma}' of the preceding year in the city of New York." 22 COLLEGE OF PHYSICL4NS AND SURGEONS. From the foregoing it would appear that in order to antedate King's College in seeking for authority in any practitioner to hear the title of Doc- tor of Medicine, the "College of ]\'Iedicine in Philadelphia" must needs be eliminated from the contest, and recourse must be had to a yet earlier day. Thus, in 1663 the General Court of Rhode Island licensed Captain John Cranston to "administer physick and practice chirurgerie, and is by this court styled doctor of physick and chirurgery by the authority of this the General Assembly of this Colony." Again, in 1720, Yale College conferred upon Daniel Tucker the degree of Doctor of Medicine, but this was simply an honorary degree. Tucker had been a liberal donor to the college, and the title which he received from it was facetiously interpreted "Multiim donavit." An interesting relic of Kissam, the second full medical graduate of King's College, is contained in a copy of his graduating thesis, preserved in the library of the Xew York Academy of [Medicine. With this is a reproduc- tion of the title page : While not strictly belonging to the theme, perhaps a sidelight might be thrown upon the screen for the sake of illustrating and justifying the repu- tations of these self-same fathers of the school. At the first commencement, hereinbefore referred to, Dr. Bard, at the conclusion of his address to the graduating students, "took occasion to urge, with great Pathos and Strength of Argument, the necessity of establishing a regular Hospital for the Re- ception of the poor Sick; and set the Advantages resulting from such an Institution in the most striking Point of Light." After the commencement exercises were ended an entertainment was given in the College Hall, and an incident of the event was a recurrence to the subject which had been previously broached by Dr. Bard — the erection of a public hospital. The Governor, Sir Henry Moore, expressed his particular desire that the plan should be entered upon, and he and others present subscribed an- amount of nearly one thousand pounds. The corporation of the city of New York and the Provincial Legislature made necessary grants and a royal charter was granted by George III. June 13, 1771. Tlie ground set ofif for hospital purposes was a five-acre tract, a portion of the old Rutgers farm, and is better identified at the present time as the site on Broadway between Duane and Worth streets. This ground was occupied until J 870, when the hos- pital was closed to await the completion of a larger establishment on Six- teenth street, whence it was removed in 1895 to the triangular plot lying within Jay, Hudson and Duane streets. The corner stone of the building was laid by Governor Dunmore, July 27, 1 77 1. When the edifice was nearing completion it was burned down, February 28, 1775. This disaster was variously ascribed to accident and EARLY HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN NEW YORK. 23 A N INAUGURAL ESSAY ON T H I ANTHELMINTIC Q^U A L I T Y OF THE Phafeolus Zuratcnfis Siliqua hirfutaj O R C O W - 1 T C H. Submitted to the EXAMINATION of the Rev. MYLES COOPER, L. L. D. President, The GOVERNORS, And MEDICAL PROFESSORS O F KING'S COLLEGE, in NEW-YORK, For the DionEt of DOCTOR in PHYSIC, at the ANKUAL COMME NCEMENT, May 21, 1771, Br SAMUEL K I S S A M, M. B, Phtrlt fanis, titvus ingriditur tut TimfIa Stterdti, N E W-y O R K: Printtd by S. I N S L E E, and A. C A R, at the NfiWV PrIKTINC-OfPICI, on BElKMAN't-Slir. M.DCCLXXlT • ■ - *" ----'i---^:;^^*'CTfaj^' 24 COLLEGE OF PHYSICL4NS AND SURGEONS. to the vandalism of Hessian soldiers. New buildings were erected in 1783. During the earl)^ years there seems to have been no systematic conduct of the institution, but in 1798 the governors effected a reorganization, and announced that the classes of patients for whom treatment was provided were, in order, those requiring medical attention, those recjuiring the services of a surgeon, the insane and women in confinement. At the same time the sum of £200 was provided for the beginning of a library, which was the nucleus of the present excellent book collection. In 1 77 1 the graduates of the Medical School of King's College were Benjamin Onderdonk and Michael Sebring. In 1772 the graduates were John Augustus Graham, Uzal Johnson. James Muirson, Richard Udall and William Winterton. In 1773 there was but one graduate, Jabez Doty. In the following year, 1774. there were two — Edward Stevens and Samuel Nicoll. In 1775 the college graduated se\-en students, but no medical de- grees were conferred, nor was a public commencement held, owing to the absence of President Cooper. The following year (1776) signalized the opening of the revolutionary struggle. In April the Committee of Safety took possession of the college property for military purposes, the library and apparatus were removed to the city hall and the students dispersed. In 1784 the college was reopened under the name of Columbia College, and the medical school was revived, with the following faculty : Dr. Charles McKnight, Anatomj' and Surgery ; Dr. Nicholas Romayne, Practice and Physic; Dr. Benjamin Kissam, Institutes of Medicine; Dr. Samuel Bard, Chemistry, and Dr. Ebenezer Crosby, Midwifery. The re-establishment of the Medical School, howe\er, was little more than nominal, as may be in- ferred from the fact that the medical professors received no salary. In ^1787" the faculty had been reduced, by resignation, to three members — Dr. Mc- Knight, Dr. Crosby and Dr. Kissam — and the school, for all practical pur- poses, ceased to exist. In 1 79 1 the Medical School was revived, after a fashion, through the instrumentality of a committee appointed by the trustees of Columbia Col- lege. On May 2d, within a month after its formation, the committee reported that it Avould be proper to have lectures in Chemistry, Anatomy and the Practice of Physic read in Columbia College, and recommended Dr. Nicholas Romayne, then nearing the heyday of his reputation as an office preceptor and attractive elocutionist. He whose name was destined to be so inseparably connected with the institution was accordinglv appointed, on May 5th. This lectureship, however, did not fulfill the requirements of a medical EARLY HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN NEW YORK. 25 school, and, in January, 1792, the Medical Society of the State of New York memorialized the trustees of Columbia College with reference to the estab- listment of a complete medical department. By act of the Legislature, March 24, 1 79 1, the regents of the college were empowered to create a "college of physicians and surgeons." The regents, however, concluded not to exercise this authority, provided the trustees would appoint such a medical faculty as would be satisfactory, and asked that nominations to the various pro- fessorships should be made. The faculty proposed (pi'esumably on the motion of the Medical Society) was as follows : Dr. Samuel Bard. Dean ; Dr. Richard Bayley, Anatomy; Dr. Samuel Nicoll, Chemistry; Dr. John R. B. Rogers, Midwifery; Dr. William P. Smith. Materia Medica; Dr. Wright Post, Surgery ; Dr. William Hammersley, Institutes of Medicine ; Dr. Rich- ard S. Kissam^ Botany ; Dr. Nicholas Romayne, Practice of Physic. The facult)' as thus organized was approved b}- the Governors of the College, and the legislative act authorizing the establishment of a medical college was suffered to lapse. The members of the faculty, with the exception of Dr. Romayne, who does not appear to have been in sympathy with the enterprise, and who resigned, presented to the Governors an address in which they signified their acceptance of these "honorable appointments," and pledged their "most faithful and strenuous exertions to render the important branch of educa- tion committed to their care as complete and extensive as possible," each one conceiving it "his indispensable duty assiduously to cultivate that part to which he has been appointed, hoping by their united endeavors so to conduct the whole as that this institution shall prove the happy means of rescuing a liberal science from the hands of ignorance and imposture, of furnishing useful and learned men in one of the most important of all pro- fessions, that which has the care of the health and lives of the people, and of increasing the fame and extending the usefulness of the college." Several of the faculty members are to be written of later in this nar- rative, and only one need be particularized here. Dr. Richard Ba3dey (1745-1S01), the Professor of Anatomy, began his medical studies under the preceptorship of Dr. Charlton, whose partner he became in 1772, and whose sister he married. In J775 Dr. Bayley vis- ited England, and was a dissecting room student under the celebrated Hun- ter. In 1776 he took service as surgeon in the British army under Lord Howe, but he resigned in the following year and resumed practice in New York City. In 1781 he published an able letter to Dr. Hunter on "Croup." In 1787 he delivered lectures on surgery. Owing to tlie careless exposure of portions of bodies from the dissecting room, his office was made the 26 COLLEGE OF PHYSICL4NS AND SURGEONS. object of attack by a mob (April 13. 1788), which destroyed his vahiable anatomical cabinet. For three or four days infuriated people infested the streets, and few physicians' offices escaped injury. In 1792 Dr. Bayley was appointed to the chair of anatom\' in Columbia College, and in the follow- ing year he was called to that of surgery. He was an accomplished operator. In 1795 he became health officer of the port of New York. He made careful study of the yellow fever epidemic of that time, and incorporated his observations and conclusions in his unique " Essay on Yellow Fever," in which he contended that it was of local origin and non-con- tagious. He was the author of the Quar- antine Act of 1799. He was deeply conscientious in the discharge of duty, and came to his death through his de\-o- tion. Boarding an Irish immigrant ship, fever infected, he became ill, and died seven days afterward. The graduates of the Medical School of Columbia College may here be named : 1793 — Samuel Burrowe, John Bowne Hicks, AA'illett Taylor, Jr.. Jo- seph Youle. 1794 — David G. Aljeel, Peter Irving. Henry Mead. 1795 — William ]Morey Ross, Timothy Fletcher Wetmore. 1796 — Alexander Anderson, AA'inthrop Saltonstall. 1797 — William Bay. 1802 — Joseph Bailey, Richard L. Walker. 1803 — Isaac Foster, Samuel Schofield. 1804 — William Barrow, Ezekiel Ostrander, Daniel D. Walters. 1805 — Thomas Cock, Benjamin Kissam. 1806 — Valentine Mott. 1807 — Alire R. Delisle. The school had been conducted in the face of considerable discourage- ment, and, as a matter of fact, had little more than maintained an existence. An anniversary orator stated that when he studied, in 1800, his anatom- ical class consisted of twenty-five students, and that there were no lectures on "theory and practice" until two years afterward. Such was the dilapi- RICH.4RD BAYLEV, M. D. EARLY HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN NEW YORK. 27 dated condition of the college edifice that both chemical and surgical appa- ratus suffered from the rain, that came freely through the decayed roof. The anatomical museum likewise suffered from a like cause, etc. There were no graduates during the five years between 1797 and 1802, nor were there any from 1807 until 1810, when one candidate (Robert ]\Iorrell) re- ceived his diploma. Yet it had sent out a number of students who became skillful in their profession, and of these some will be recognized in proper sequence. Of its graduates, however, was one who did not long remain a practitioner, but whose name is honored in the annals of his day and is treasured by the profession which he abandoned for distinction in an illu- minating field, less the decorative art. He was Alexander Anderson, the father of wood engraving in the United States, known to fame as "the American Bewick." He was born in New York City April 21, 1775. He read medicine under the preceptorship of Dr. Joseph Young, and was graduated in 1796. In his diary, still one of the Curios of the Columbia College Library, he notes that he was offered, by Dr. ^^'illiam Pitt Smith, the year before his graduation, the charge of the hospital at "Bell-vue." He rendered some service there while pursuing his medical studies, and says that he found six patients, sufferers from yellow fever, whom he bled. But medicine was not to his liking, or, rather, he had a predisposition for a different pursuit. When only twelve years old he had begun to make engravings upon copper coins, which he rolled out smooth, and which he worked with gravers of his own making, and he afterward made cuts upon type metal. He soon abandoned metal for box- wood, and copied Thomas Bewick's "Quadrupeds." and, at a later day, made the plates for Sir Charles Bell's "Anatomy" and other scientific works. For fifteen vears he was the only engraver on wood in the United States, and maintained that distinction until 1850, his work being characterized as spirited and gracefully correct. His love for his work was so ardent that he prosecuted it until he was eighty-seven years old. In 1789 there were twenty-seven physicians in the city directory of New York, and twenty-eight were recorded as members of the IMedical Society. In that year Brissot de ^Varville noted that the healthfulness of the city aft'orded little encouragement to medical practitioners, and some of the most capable phvsicians gave a portion of their time to other than professional pursuits. The principal ailments were bilious fever and severe colds. CHAPTER II. FOUNDING OF THE COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS ITS EARLY HIS- TORY AND FIRST GRADUATES. The dawn of the new centur^' fovmcl medicine in America weh pro- gressed. American practitioners were keeping well abreast with their breth- ren in Europe, and, with the alertness of a new people with a less restricted environment, were actually leading their competitors in certain fields. There was a contention both for general scope and particular detail. Many of the pet theories of practice had been abandoned by the more progressive thinkers, although there were some worshipers of the old belief that where there was life there was yet hope. Sanitation had come to receive atten- tion, the causes of epidemics were better understood, blood-letting and blis- tering, to say the least, were less fashionable, and newer truths were begin- ning revolutions of methods. Anatomy as a stable science had long had its acceptable teachers in America, and surgery had come to be regarded as a mechanical science capable of critical definition and clinical exemplification. The over-caution, slowly disappearing, yielded to the prowess of the inves- tigator, who, by his logic, scored many victories. In brief, the day of the pretender and the charlatan was waning apace, and the educated practitioner was entering into the glory of his mission. As has been seen, beginnings had already been made in establishing schools wherein the most capable might afford instruction to the crowd pressing onward to the front. Begin- nings only were they, but they had stimulated interest, and the time was ripe for a substantial progress in an enterprise dear both to the patriot and to the philanthropist. On July I, 1806, was held, as appears from the printed proceedings, "a meetings of the physicians and surgeons of the city and county of New York," and the event is worthy of commemoration, in view of the fact that the designation of this ancient organization was preserved in the title of the college which grew out of its effort. In the following year (1807) the Medical Society of the County of New York formulated plans for what had been the purpose of many of its members from the beginning. The membership then numbered one hun- dred and thirty-nine, comprising practically all the legally qualified practi- tioners of medicine in the city and in its vicinage. FOUNDING OF THE COLLEGE. 29 At a meeting of the society held on Thursday, February 19, 1807, was read a memorial addressed to the Legislature of the State and to the Re- gents of the University, praying for incorporation as a College of Medicine. In the paper addressed to the former named body was recited the organiza- tion and authority of the society, followed by the prayer of the petitioners, as follows : "That considering New York City, from its population, wealth and commerce, and the facility of communication with other parts of the United States and of foreign countries, possessed great advantages for the cultiva- tion of all the different branches of medicine and of all the dqjartments ot science which are related to the practice of physic and surgery, they have appointed different committees to attend to the various branches of medi- cine and of the sciences connected therewith ; but the society are humbly of opinion their usefulness would be extended in promoting the public good and the improvement of their profession were they incorporated under the direction, inspection and patronage of the Regents of the State as a College of Physicians and Surgeons. "The JNle'dical Society of the County of New York therefore pray that, retaining their present rights and privileges under the act for their incorpo- ration and their connection with the State Society and their medical breth- ren of the County Societies, they may be incorporated as a College of Phy- sicians and Surgeons, under the direction, inspection and patronage of the Regents of the University of the State, as the wisdom of the Honorable Legislature may think proper for the public good and the promotion and improvement of the medical profession and sciences connected therewith." The subscribers to this paper at the same time addressed to the Regents of the University a memorial advising them of their efforts for the creation of the proposed college, and urgently asking that the desires of the society which they represented should be approved and aided, and further added that they "would be more successful in their purpose if the regents would afford them their approval and patronage."' The response of the Regents of the University was prompt, as well as favorable, and within a month (March 12, 1807) a charter was granted to the College of Physicians and Surgeons in the City of New York. By the terms of the instrument (which is given at length in the appendix to this volume) the members of the Medical Society of the County of New York became members of the college. As was observed by President John C. Dalton, writing in a much later day (1888), this granted privilege constitutes one of the most honorable claims to distinction enjoyed by the college. Its founding and organization "represented the best endeavors of the profession for the diffusion of medical knowledge and a better medical education. It embodied their hopes for the immediate needs of the time, and laid the foundation for further improvement in the future." 30 COLLEGE OF PHYSICL-INS AND SURGEONS. Under the charter of the cohege, its members were empowered to annually elect its officers, viz., a President, a Vice-President, a Registrar, a Treasurer and Censors, and to frame by-laws and regulations relative to its management, property and funds. These officers were responsible only to the Regents of the University, and in the Regents alone lay the power to appoint professors and to confer degrees. On May 5th, following the granting of the charter, the incorpo- rators met to complete the college organization. For some reason (or various reasons, as is most likely) there was a marked falling off in attend- ance, for of the one hundred and thirty-nine who were named in the charter less than one-half (sixty-three) were now present. These, however, exer- cised all the powers with which they were clothed by enacting a code of by-laws and electing officers, as follows : THE FACULTY IN 1807. Nicholas Romayne, M. D., President and Lecturer on Anatomy. Samuel Latham Mitchell, M. D., Vice President and Professor of Chemistry. Edward Miller, M. D., Professor of the Practice of Physic and Clin- ical Medicine. David Hosack. M. D., Professor of Materia Medica and Botany and Lecturer on Surgery and Midwifery. Archibald Bruce, M. D., Registrar and Professor of ^Mineralogy. Benjamin De Witt, M. D., Professor of the Institutes of Medicine and Lecturer on Chemistry. John Augustine Smith, Adjunct Lecturer on Anatomy. "A veritable roll of honor is that just given," said an anniversary orator many years after. All were residents of the city of New York and members of the Medical Society of New York County, with the single exception of Dr. Smith, who came from Virginia to accept his appointment in the college. All were men of great ability and experience in organization. They were honest, zealous and had the best wishes of a most friendly host of educators. The introductory address, deli^'ered by Dr. Romayne at the commence- ment of the lectures, and published by order of the college, was in greater part a scholarly disc]uisition concerning the history of education in Europe, Asia and America. Coming down to the institution over which he was to preside. Dr. Romayne said that its objects of instruction will be extensive; that its patrons will be unremitting in their endeavors to make it equal in usefulness to the most distinguished universities of Europe, and the pro- FOUNDING OF THE COLLEGE. 31 fessors and lecturers "will give such directions as may be most interesting to students to aid them in the prosecution of their various studies." Dr. Romayne also declared that "the trustees have not thought proper to make any laws for the government of its students; they hope none will ever be necessary; but that every gentleman attached to the college will always be directed in his conduct and behaviour by the principles of honour and good manners." While a teaching faculty, whose members were presumably busied in caring for a personal practice upon which their chief income depended, these men bore almost the entire burden of the infant institution. Three members of the faculty — Romayne, Mitchell and Bruce — were also officers, with their burdens of anxiety and fears relieved somewhat by the hopes which cheered, but scarcely stimulated. The future to these builders was as a dream without a prophet. In June of the first year the college membership or incorporators con- stituted the President, Professors and Lecturers a Scnatus Acadcuiicus, or standing committee, which was charged with the duty of promoting the usefulness of the college by ascertainment of "what Ijranches of medical science usually taught in the most respectable universities were as yet un- provided, of nominating capable instructors to such vacancies as miglit exist, to make regulations for the proper conduct of the instructional departments and (doubtless to stimulate an interest in the college) to correspond with the various medical societies throughout the State. The last named, and, for the emergency, the most important purpose, was fully elucidated in a circular addressed to the officers of the various county medical societies throughout the State. In this appeared no lack of self-confidence, for it was declared that "under the direction and patron- age of the Regents of the College of Physicians and Surgeons have insti- tuted a School of Physic, which it will be their unremitting endeavor to render equal in extent, comprehensiveness and accuracy of instruction, to the most distinguished universities of Europe." Its principal object is declared to be "to assist in the progress of medical science in every part of the State of New York," and its managers consider "the cultivation of correspondence and intimate connection with the Medical Society of the State and the Medical Societies of the several counties as one of the most important du- ties." The circular concludes with the announcement that a commodious building has been provided wherein apartments would be fitted up for the use of the teachers and students, and that the first course of lectures was to begin on Tuesday, November 10, 1807. It is of great interest to note here that coincident with the founding 32 COLLEGE OF PHYSICLiXS AND SURGEONS. of the college, and before it was opened to students, measures were taken to provide for hospital instruction. The committee before named was au- thorized to confer with the Governors of the New York Hospital "relative to the promotion of medical education," and about the time the college was opened announcement was made that "the Governors of that institution had, with great liberality," made arrangements for affording to students the opportunity of attending the clinics of Dr. Miller at said hospital. Meantime the officers and friends of the embryo college were casting about for means wherewith to obtain a home and equipment, and doubtless they were greatly perplexed before they achieved success. A small begin- ning was made by the college faculty and certain members of the county so- ciety, who contributed sums of money, amounting in all to $230. Dr. Romayne. however, came to the rescue with his promissory note for $5,000, at that time rated as a munificent sum. This served as a basis upon which to negotiate a loan from the ^Manhattan Bank. Dr. Miller and Dr. Bruce, by fortifying Dr. Romayne's venture, brought up the aggregate responsi- bility of the college to the sum of more than $8,000. In 1810, the year in which the liabilities reached the latter figure, these truly self-sacrificing benefactors received merely the first installment of what was their due, while the obligation was not finally canceled until three years later, to wit, in December, 18 13. It is of interest to note that prior to this the State Legislature made the college a beneficiary in the "literature fund lotteries," which had their beginning in legislation enacted for the benefit of Union College, in Schenectady. The share of the College of Physicians and Surgeons was fixed at $20,000, to be paid in installments of $5,000 each, and it was out of the first of these that Dr. Romayne and his fellow-con- tributors received the first payment upon their loan. The expenses of conducting the college for the first year were $2,650, of which amount $800 was for rent, $730 was for furnishing the building and $1,120 was for anatomical material, chemical apparatus, fuel, printing and the like. The first building occupied for college purposes was then known as No. 18, on the south side of Robinson street, a short street extending west from Broadway to what were then the Columbia College grounds, and forming a portion of what is now Park place, as it has been designated since 1813. According to the first college announcement, its building was located "in a central part of the city," and what that meant is well discerned in a c[uotation from Dr. Dalton's historical contribution : "At that time the population of New York was but little more than eighty thousand. i\Iost of the city was below Chambers street. The wealth- FOUNDING OF THE COLLEGE. 33 ier residences were at the lower end of Broadway, about the Battery and Bowling Green, with the shops in the uppper part of the same street. Broadway was paved only to the neighborhood of Canal street, beyond which it continued as a road. Canal street itself existed only on paper, and was represented by a swamp and a sluggish stream, crossed by a bridge at the intersection of Broadway. The New York Hospital was in an open space on the west side of liroadway, between the present Duane and Worth streets. Its approach from Broadway was bordered with elms, and it had on one side a kitchen garden, to supply it with vegetables. It was three stories in height, and the cupola on its roof commanded an extensive view, embracing 'the entire city,' as well as 'the harbour and country beyond, to a great distance.' The park, in the upper portion of the city, occupied the triangular space between Broadway and Park Row, now cov- ered in great measure by the postoffice building and the adjoining thorough- fare. It was 'planted with elms, willows and catalpas.' The space was enclosed with a wooden paling, and the surrounding footwalk 'encompassed by rows oif poplars.' The water supply of the city was from wells and pumps, usually situated in the middle of the street, the water being distrib- uted thence in casks by wagons to the house doors. There was a stage route from V\3.\\ street to Greenwich village, about two miles distant, the present vicinity of Christopher street. The ferries to Brooklyn and the Jersey shore were served by rowboats and small sailing craft. There were neither Croton waterworks nor gas companies, and none of the streets were occupied by telegraph lines or elevated railroads. "But notwithstanding this contrast with the appearance of the city at present, it would be a mistake to suppose that there was anything that could be called primitive in its people or their mode of life. They occupied a smaller area and lived at the beginning of the century ; but, except for the difference of space and time, they were as busy, enterprising, luxurious and progressive then as now. The population of the city had increased over thirty per cent since 1800: and in certain localities the land was said to have tripled in value within twenty years. ]\Ir. John Lambert, an English writer, who visited this country in 1807, found every indication of prosperity. In the business part of the town 'all was life, bustle and activity.' The houses in Broadway were 'lofty and well built.' the shops 'large and commo- dious, well stocked with European and India goods, and exhibiting as splen- did and varied a show in their windows as could be met in London.' The manner of living, among the wealthy and professional classes, seemed 'little inferior to that of Europeans,' their houses being 'furnished with every- thing agreeable or ornamental,' and 'fitted up in the tasteful magnificence of modern stvle.' There were seven or eight daily newspapers, and a med- ical quarterly edited by two of the most prominent members of the profes- sion." The first course of lectures, beginning November 10, 1807, was at- tended by fifty-three students, and what of information has come to us from that dav would lead to the belief that the managers were amply encouraged. 34 COLLEGE OF PHYSICL4NS AND SURGEONS. The regents of the university commended their work, and, in a report made to the Legislature, eulogized the college as answering "all the expecta- tions entertained in its establishment," and as "an institution important to the welfare of the people of the State." At the same time the college authorities had gained important knowl- edge from their hriei experience, and thej- applied to the regents for certain changes in the charter which they deemed important to the stability and use- fulness of the institution. The regents fully approved of their designs, and, accordingly, an amended charter was passed March 3, 1S08. The amend- ments were of vital importance. By the terms of the original instrument the executive officers of the college were to be selected annually by the col- lege membership. The weakness of this plan lay in the liability to make sweeping changes of officers in positions where continuousness of service was all-important. This disadvantage was remedied by a charter amendment which committed the power of appointment of officers to the regents, who, it was reasonable to believe, would exercise greater care in selection, and would be less liable to influences of an ephemeral and immaterial nature. The second amendment was intended to assure the permanent sympathy and assistance of those of the college membership who were heartil}' devoted to the institution and its purposes, by the provision that all members or trus- tees who desired to participate in its conduct and support should give writ- ten acceptance of the trust reposed in them, with a pledge that they would "to the best of their abilities, endeavor to promote the usefulness of the said college and faithfully execute the several duties required of them." Under the provisions of the amended charter, the college opened for the second year under a reorganized and permanent faculty. Dr. Hosack here leaves his place on the list for a time at least and a new professor appears in the person of Dr. William J. Macneven. Otherwise the faculty personnel remained unchanged, although the duties of the various professors were differently defined. THE FACULTY IN 1808. Nicholas Romayne, M. D., President, and Professor of the Institutes of Medicine. Samuel L. Mitchell, M. D., Vice-President, and Professor of Natural History and Botany. Edward Miller, M. D., Professor of the Practice of Physic and Clinical Medicine. Archibald Bruce, M. D., Professor of Mineralogy and Materia Medica. FOUNDING OF THE COLLEGE. 35 Benjamin De Witt, M. D., Professor of Chemistry. John Augustine Smith, Professor of Anatomy and Surgery. William James Macneven, M. D., Professor of Obstetrics and the Dis- eases of Women and Children. The session of 1808 opened with a class of seventy-six students, an increase of twenty-three over the first year. The first week was given to dissertations upon preliminary medical topics, President Romayne deliver- ing an address at noon on the opening day, and the professors, in turn, each day afterward and at the same hour, introducing the topic of his special line of teaching. After this opening week, a regular order of instruction was conveniently established. Five lectures were given each day during a term of four months, some of the professors lecturing four times a week, and others every day. Their topics have been already sufficiently indicated, and it is only necessar\^ to add that the department of Institutes of Medicine, committed to President Romayne. comprised physiology and hygiene, the general doctrine of causes and symptoms of disease, and general therapeutics. From twelve to one o'clock the students attended the hospital for clinical instruction, under arrangements previously referred to, and they also at- tended Dr. Macneven at the almshouse, which was then on Chambers street, on ground now (1903) occupied by the court house. In 1809, the third year, the college opened with eighty-two students, an increase of six over the previous j'^ear. In November, for the first time, it occupied a home of its own. and for this it was indebted to Dr. Romayne, who purchased the property and held it in trust until the college was able to arrange for its purchase and receive title, at a subsequent time. The property was situated on JMagazine street, which extended eastward from Broadway, opposite the hospital, and which afterward became an extension of Pearl street. The present number 553 on the latter named street is be- lieved to indicate the precise locality. The lot of ground was twenty-five feet in frontage by one hundred feet in depth, and the building was a dwelling house of two or two and a half stories. At the beginning its appurtenances were a few benches and a table for the professors, and dissection work was performed in the attic. The close of the fourth year was a red letter day in the history of the College of Physicians and Surgeons. On Wednesday, May 15, 181 1, was held the first public commencement, when the first class was graduated. The candidates had previously been examined in the presence of the faculty, who, on being satisfied as to their proficiency, duly vouched for them by certificate to the regents of the university, the sole authority for the legality of the delivered diploma. Each candidate also submitted to the faculty his 36 COLLEGE OF PHYSICL4NS AND SURGEON'S. graduating thesis, which he was privileged to write in Enghsh, French or Latin, and wliich it was presumingly obhgatory upon him to defend at a pubhc examination in proof of authorship. This first commencement was held in what was then the historic old Brick Presbyterian Church, standing in the triangular space between the east side of the City Hall Park and Nassau and Beekman streets, and which was built in 1767 and stood until 1857, the date of its demolition for busi- ness purposes. The exercises were arranged by a committee previously ap- pointed, and were carried out with punctilious ceremony, if not with some- thing savoring of pomposity. The City Hall was the assembling point, and from thence marched, at half past ten o'clock in the morning, a procession which, as stated by annalists of the day, consisted of "the students of medi- cine, candidates for graduation, members of the college, and professors, pres- ident and vice-president, the trustees of Columbia College, the chancellor and regents of the university, the reverend clergy of different denomina- tions, physicians, gentlemen of the bar and strangers of distinction." This dignified array was led by the college janitor to the church, the doors of which were entered "in inverted order," bringing in front the "strangers of distinction," and, lastly, the candidates for graduation and other students of the college. The president of the college occupied the pulpit, while the regents of the university and the members of the college faculty were seated, respectively, on his right and left, upon stages erected for their use. The candidates for graduation and the other students of the college occu- pied the central front pews. A prayer was offered, "of prescribed form and considerable length," continues the annalist, after which the candidates for graduation then passed to the front and stood, while the president presented them by name and asked the assent of the faculty of the college and the regents of the university to their graduation, and, this being granted,' he ad- ministered to them in a bod}', with great solemnity, the time-honored and solemn Hippocratic oath. Each graduate was then, in turn, brought to the stage to inscribe his name in the college album, after which his hands were "embraced by those of the president," who meanwhile repeated in Latin the formula making him a doctor of medicine, and then presented him with his diploma. These ceremonies ended, the vice-president delivered to the grad- uates a charge in which he impressed upon them the sacred nature of the profession to which they had been called, and a clergyman pronounced a prayer and benediction. Following after this, the first commencement, the regents, in their annual report to the legislature, of date May 27, 1812, observed that "the organiza- tion of the College of Physicians and Surgeons has been improved, and it FOUNDING OF THE COLLEGE. 37 now presents a fair prospect of speedily rising to a state of usefulness and celebrity, such as may be justly expected from the importance of the com- munity in which it is situated, and the government under whose auspices it has been erected," and, in September following, the trustees of the college, in a circular address, tendered to their professional brethren their congratu- lations upon the successful establishment of the institution and upon the salutary effects \vliicli had resulted from its re-organization. The first class graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, as above referred to, numbered eight members. Among them was Dr. John Wakefield Francis, practitioner, teacher and litterateur, of whom more fully further on. Another, famous both as teacher and author, was Theodore Romeyn Beck. His diploma, one of the first issued by the College, is reproduced in connection with this narrative. He was born in Schenectady, New York, April II, 1791, and he died in Albany, New York, November 19, 1S53, aged sixty-four years. He engaged In practice in the city last named, and became identified with its Medical College as Professor of Medical Juris- prudence, after he had served as a meml^er of the short-lived Rutgers Med- ical College. He was at one time Professor of Medical Jurisprudence and President of the now extinct College of Physicians and Surgeons of Western New York, at Geneva, and was also President of the New York State Med- ical Society. He was an industrious writer, and his principal work. Beck's "Elements of Medical Jurisprudence,'' first printed in 1823, and reprinted in London in 1842, has been quoted more frecjuently in American courts of law than has any other work on the subject. For several years he edited "The American Journal of Insanity." His "Statistics on Deaf-Mutes" strongly influenced legislation favorable to these unfortunates. He received the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from Union College in 1842, and from Mercersburg (Pennsyh-ania) College In 1849. The other members of the initial graduating class were Gerardus A. Cooper, who practiced in New York, and died August 8, 1832, aged forty- four ; Casper Wistar Eddy, who practiced in Bloomingdale, New York, where he died, July 12, 1828, aged thirty-eight, and Samuel Armstrong Walsh, Thomas Edward Steele, William E. Burrell and Henry Ravenal, Jr., of whom little of import is recorded. The first faculty of the college may be here referred to with some par- ticularity. Dr. Nicholas Romayne was admittedly the foremost one of all in effecting the organization of the college. He was a man of much force of character, great determination, restless enterprise and a financier of no mean ability. 38 COLLEGE OF PHYSICLiNS AND SURGEONS. / Ji, i'Ci-0 n — -r "> ii 1 uh'in . _ ':^ ( 0'.-..^ /: \ ■/ 1 /;/,■»/ 71/ 7 r.\ /ifiri nrii.K .\f> vi J'.no/e.K r. Cl tiitciJIcirtiU'^ 19rofrss(>riliU3 >,.>../,..■,„ uTolli-qui Jllffticiirum ct 'NLhiruri)cinim^w»/^./ />/ .i>///ii/i. ■ v, ///,, „ ■',„/ /i ,„, /, . /.;;.ij)i'y ■,, ■,,/,, ii{K'mil.ll./-:M.>r/i.i. ,',/'/>/' ■/.:, . ' /„"" ;4yf^/y/// ' /f/ '/^/.- //r//'i//'y/.r ///////>/////////,/, ////v/ ///// //- . n/// /. u/f^^//'- u// /v not TfJll.lt r ^ '.yUfY//i //.,//■ ,y /f/>./, v'//'/ ^ .//y/ //\- /////' v/-yw y'/r-/ //// ' XoNSiyllloCnnillirilll llliu 1 i; tails /^V//.-z c//////-/^,//.//'//.? -,-;///..'///////.■■ Jilb.l 11 1//,v .V -. .' riy/V:'-:- -'» ^ ^. v--/:?^;^ ;-^--.. .-y./r^.-.'^;. . iv^J ■■,■...,. y f ^ ■ DIPLOMA OF DR. THEODORE RO.MEVN- BECK. FOUNDING OF THE COLLEGE. 39 He was born of the old Dutch stock in Hackensack, New Jersey, in 1756. He studied medicine under the preceptorship of Dr. Peter Wilson, and completed his medical education in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1780, and then spent two years in Paris and a brief period in Leyden, in quest of fur- ther professional knowledge. After returning home, not long after the British evacuation, he became Professor of Medicine and Forensic Medi- cine in Queen's (now Rutgers) College, at New Brunswick, New Jersey. He subsequently entered upon practice in New York City, and became pro- fessor of the Practice of Physic, Anatomy and Chemistry in Columbia Col- lege, when it was reorganized in 1784, and he also gave private lectures in anatomy. He was among the founders of the Medical Society of the County of New York in 1806, of which he was the first president, and was president of the State Medical Society from 1806 to 18 10. He was highly instru- mental in dignifying his profession by formulating and procuring the enact- ment of various state and local laws for the aid and encouragement of in- structional and charitable institutions, and of such repressive measures as would protect the public against charlatans and pretenders. He was about fifty years old when he aided in the founding of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, secured its charter, and, upon his personal credit, procured funds for providing the first college building and its equipments. He was the first president of the institution, and for three years he added to his ex- ecutive duties those of lecturer on the Institutes of Medicine, and at various times he gave instruction in nearly all other departments. After retiring from the college he gave little attention to his profession. Dr. Romayne died of apoplexy, July 20, 18 17, in New York City. Dr. Samuel L. Mitchell, in the "Medical Repository" (Volume i. No. I, anno 1818) said of Dr. Romayne: "He was a perfect scholar in literature, and of a general scientific eru- dition, a man of a strong mind, of sober and industrious habits ; raised by experience and superior judgment to the first and undisputed rank of profes- sional eminence in this city. Dr. Romayne could once and alone teach a respectable number of students of medicine, and daily deliver lectures on all the branches of that science. A succeeding generation of our brethren have witnessed and gratefully remember his zeal, exertions and influence, in as- serting the importance and privileges of the faculty, by more statute laws in the state than it has yet obtained in any other in the Union. "If, in the providential order of things, much is expected from those who are blessed with natural talents, rare gifts of the mind and fortunate opportunities, it must be granted, on the other hand, that the dangers of errors, passions and foibles are proportionately increased. Yet we may say, as a small tribute of respect to the memory of Nicholas Romayne, that few 40 COLLEGE OF PHYSICL-iNS AND SURGEONS. men have passed through all the stages of rank, honor and wealth and adver- sity, with fewer blemishes of a philanthrooic and decorous life." An interesting relic of Dr. Romayne is preserved by Dr. Ellsworth Eliot, to whose hands it came with the professional effects of his uncle. Dr. Harvey Eliot, under circumstances related elsewhere in this work. It is a pamphlet of forty-eight pages, printed in Edinburgh, in 1780, under the title. "Dissertatio Inauguralis, de Puris Generatione." The text is Latin in its entirety, and the copy in question contains upon the reverse, in smooth- flowing Latin and the beautiful penmanship under the hand of the author, the following inscription. i ^y^^ t/^^^-i^, ^^-Z-ii/T^ <;^z o •« n o r w o w o o c z o > z D cs d r O z o 1 i [P d r > CP 174 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. For,, the next ten years the College of Physicians and Surgeons was be- set with difficulties. It had experienced a revolution which restored its in- ternal harmony, but at dangerous cost of time and means. Its resources were at a low ebb. Its building was in bad condition. It had but a scanty supply of apparatus and material; and it was subject to pecuniary claims, ur- gently pressed by suits at law, which threatened the compulsory sale of its land and building. But the new professors were equal to the emergency. They made every effort to restore the efficiency of the College. They hu.sbanded its resources by a judicious economy; and they demonstrated their ability as teachers by persevering attention to the duties of their chairs. By this means the in- stitution was gradually relieved of its embarrassments and freed from the annoyance of professional opposition. Its vitality was tested and strength- ened by the trials it endured, and it gained at last the permanent respect of its opponents as well as its friends. The next event of importance was in 1837, when the College removed to Crosby street, about one mile farther up town. The new building was on the east side of the street, and was known as Number 67. It was considered greatly superior to the former structure, as, besides being more spacious, it was lighted with gas and supplied with Croton water, neither of which con- veniences existed in the Barclay street building. It was occupied for nearly twenty years. The time during which the College remained in Crosby street was one of substantial progress in reputation and prosperity. As compared with the previous ten years, its average attendance of students increased nearly fifty per cent. The tracks of antagonism in various quarters, the legacy of its earlier turmoils and dissensions, disappeared before the growing popularity of its teachers and the united support of its officers and trustees. This opened for the College a new prospect, and placed it in a different position. Hitherto its energies had been consumed in an unavoidable conflict with difficulties. Now they were employed to enlarge its resources and increase its usefulness. This period was marked by two important improvements m the meth- ods of teaching. The first was the adoption and use of material illustration. The announcement for 1837 lays especial stress on the facilities for practical anatomy, and on the means of illustration in all departments by specimens, drawings, models, wax preparations and plaster casts. The collection in the anatomical museum was largely increased and was m.ade the property of the College; and Professor John B. Beck contributed his cabinet of materia medica, containing nearly six hundred specimens. On all sides a desire was manifested to enlarge the means of instruction beyond those of a strictly didactic course. The circular for 1850 announces the purpose of the Faculty to make the instruction "as demonstrative and practical as possible," and de- clares that in this object they are "warmly sustained by the Trustees of the College." The second feature of improvement was the college clinic, established in 1841 by the sagacity and enterprise of Dr. Willard Parker. Dr. Parker was THE NEW COLLEGE. 175 then recently appointed professor of surgery. He had taken some of his private pupils to the Northern Dispensary, to witness there the methods of diagnosis and treatment. This kind of instruction was found so useful that he determined to transfer it to the College, where all might share in its bene- fits. Outdoor patients were accordingly brought, from the Dispensary and elsewhere, to the college building, to be examined and treated in the presence of this class. This was the beginning of the entire system of college clinics, which have since grown into such magnitude. At first they were held once a week, afterward more frequently. A medical clinic and a clinic for wo- men were added to the list. The number of patients multiplied, and in 1850, according to the circular for that year, the clinic had "assumed a de- gree of importance that could hardly have been anticipated at its origin." There were, after that, three clinics each week throughout the session. The next move of the College was in 1856, when it occupied the build- ing so familiar to all of us, at Twenty-third street and Fourth avenue. There it remained for a little over thirty years, and it was during this time that it exhibited, in several respects, the most remarkable signs of expansion and de- velopment. Those who can look back to the beginning of that period, and can compare the responsibilities and requirements of the College then and now, will be at no loss to understand why the accommodations and equipment, which were ample thirty years ago. became at last so dwarfed and insuffi- cient. The first of these changes, which took place in Twenty-third street, was a great increase in the college clinics, from the growing importance of med- ical specialties. Besides an additional surgical clinic, there were successively established a venereal clinic, a clinic for the eye and ear, one for the skin, one for children, one for the nervous system, and one for diseases of the throat; until the regular weekly list included ten separate clinics in the college build- ing. Each of these needed room for the reception and examination of pa- tients, and for the illustrations and apparatus of the clinical professor. The space available for such purposes became occupied to its utmost, and not- withstanding everv effort to provide for their necessities, the college clinics grew like a family of children, and filled to distention the hospitable mansion of their birth. Another set of requirements came with the increased use of material ilhtstrafion. \Miat had already been done in that way showed the immense superiority of demonstration and experiment, as a means of instruction, over that by mere verbal statements. It demands from the teacher increased ex- penditure of time, labor and material ; but when once tried it can never be abandoned, because it conveys information in the most intelligible form, and fixes it at once upon the understanding and the memory. In the scientific departments it is like the clinic in practical medicine. It will be safe to say that in chemistry, in anatomy and in physiolog}-, the necessities for experi- mental and demonstrative illustration have become five fold what they were in 1856. Thev involve not only more time and care on the part of the teacher; thev call for greater space, multiplied apparatus and numerous fa- cilities, which were neither needed nor anticipated a quarter of a century aso. 1/6 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. Thirdly, the college course was extended over a longer time and em- braced additional topics. Originally, the lecture term was four months long. In 1841 it was supplemented by Spring and Fall courses, of several weeks each, devoted to special subjects. A few years later it was announced that in the opinion of the faculty the session of four months, required by law, was "too short even for the regular course, and much too short to allow them to enter into specialties." Lectures were accordingly given in the Fall course by all the professors, and the regular term was extended to lour months and a half. After the removal to Twenty-third street it was again lengthened to five months, and in 1880 it absorbed the 'whole of the subsidiary courses and was extended to seven months. Moreover, the graduating examinations were deferred until after the close of the lectures, bringing the date of Com- mencement a fortnight later. Thus the time spent in the necessary work of an annual college course was finally not less than seven and a half months, or nearly double its former length. These are among the important changes which occurred while the Col- lege was in its Twenty-third street habitation. They developed so rapidly and to such an extent as to overshadow the more modest growth of earlier years. But they were, nevertheless, its legitimate offshoots; and in every instance thus far mentioned it is plain that they sprang from innovations and improvements originated in the Crosby street building. But in one respect a change was accomplished which may fairly be con- sidered a recent growth, that is, the establishment of laboratories of instruc- tion under the auspices of the Alumni Association. This scheme embodies the most distinctive feature of modern medical teaching. It is a logical se- quence of the admitted superiority of the method by demonstration. If it be better to show a student how a thing is done than to tell him about it, surely it must be better still to make him do it himself. The man who, un- der proper direction, has separated and examined the constituents of the blood, or prepared for the microscope the wonderful spectacle of the capil- lary circulation, or tested the electric reaction of nerve and muscle, has ad- vanced beyond the condition of simple pupilage. He can then appreciate the value of his instruction, and he has gained the capacity for future progress by himself. These are the objects, and others like them, aimed at by the Physiologi- cal and Pathological Laboratory of the Alumni Association. Nine years ago the Association appropriated a fund for the equipment and partial sup- port of a laboratory of instruction, on a plan proposed by the present pro- fessor of Pathology and Practical Medicine. He gave to the enterprise his personal care and his financial aid ; and in his three- fold capacity, as director and patron of the laboratory, member of the faculty, and member of the Alumni Association, he was unremitting in his endeavors for its success. During the last few years the laboratory has been carried on at an annual ex- penditure of rather more than five thousand dollars, and the number of students resorting to it has increased from thirty or forty to over a hundred. In 1885 the director announced that its resources in the way of space were exhausted, more students being in attendance than could fairly be accommo- THE NEW COLLEGE. 177 dated. In the following year additional courses were established for May and June; and it appeared that the number of students attending them was "limited only by the seating capacity of the laboratory." The Laboratory Department, like the college clinics, outgrew its accommodations, and felt the restraint of its narrow quarters in the Twenty-third street building. This was the condition of the College and its resources, when it re- ceived the generous aid of a large-minded benefactor. Mr. William H. Van- derbilt had long been known as a man of business capacity, conservative ideas and liberal disposition. His inherited wealth he had increased by his own energy and judgment in affairs. With no taste for publicity or osten- tation, he found recreation and enjoyment in the best jn'oducts of the farm, the training stable, and the studio. He had felt the sustaining care of the healing art, as beneficial in the alleviation of disease as in its cure, and he had the far-seeing desire to assist in its development. He knew that better facilities for medical education must hereafter add to the comfort and di- minish the suffering of rich and poor alike. He appreciated the aims and methods of the College of Physicians and Surgeons; and he believed in the value of its traditions and e.xperience, the priceless accumulation of more than three-cjuarters of a century. He therefore entrusted to this institution the means of further enlargement, to make it a more effective instrument for the final benefit of all. On the seventeenth of October, 1884, he conveyed to the College a deed of gift for this land, and a fund for the erection upon it of suitable buildings. It had long been evident that the College could not carry out the needed improvements in its old location. It recjuired, above all, more space for its various departments. Furthermore, experience had shown that it would not be enough to provide for the immediate wants of the present. The future will surely bring with it additional demands, which cannot even be guessed at now, and it would be onlv ordinary prudence to leave room for the un- known requirements of the years to come. For that reason the present lo- cality was selected for the college grounds, embracing rather more than an acre and a half; and the building in which we are assembled contains offices, lecture rooms, study and recitation rooms, museums and laboratories, far more complete and ample than the College has ever heretofore possessed. But the friendly donor of this new edifice was not destined to witness its completion. On the eighth of December, 1885, little more than a year from the date of his benefaction, while in the apparent enjoyment of health and vigor, he was stricken down by an overwhelming cerebral attack, and in a few moments was no longer among the living. For the family and friends of the deceased, so sudden a demise must always be premature. But for the man himself, it may be considered as the happy and painless termination of a prosperous and useful career. It puts an end tO' all unfounded misconcep- tions, and obliterates forever the antagonisms of business rivalry. In this instance it made a remarkable impression. It left in strong relief the many- sided character of the man, who could control with success the largest finan- cial interests, and could feel for the misfortunes of our honored and departed 178 COLLEGE OF PHYSICL4NS AND SURGEONS. General ; whose wide sympathies embraced the most varied objects of private enterprise or pubHc utiUty ; and who was equally ready to transport from Egypt the sculptured monument of an antique civilization, or to endow at home a modern school of scientific and practical medicine. The spirit of his work lived after him. The members of his family saw the far-reaching benevolence of his plan, and extended it in additional direc- tions. In January, 1886, his son-in-law and his daughter. ]\Ir. and Mrs. Sloane, made proposals for the erection and endowment, on the college grounds, of a lying-in asylum, to be known as the "Slcane Maternity Hos- pital of the College of Physicians and Surgeons ;" and in April of the same year, the four sons of Mr. Vanderbilt created a fund for the erection and maintenance, also on the college grounds, of a great dispensary, as a spe- cial memorial to their father, under the name of the "Vanderbilt Clinic of the College of Physicians and Surgeons." Both these establishments are nearlv completed, and will soon be in operation. They provide relief for the needy and suffering, and clinical instruction for students of medicine — one of them in the whole field of general and special diseases and injuries, the other in a department which appeals to the most sensitive element of human nature, and which requires in the practitioner the most intelligent and self- relying skill. It is impossilile to overestimate the value of these institutions, either for the immediate relief of suffering humanity, or for the instruction of future medical practitioners. Everything which conduces to the completeness of their education will inevitably have its effect in the more intelligent and suc- cessful treatment of their patients ; and the practical benefits of the Sloane Maternity and the Vanderbilt Clinic will thus be extended in the future to many who never visited them, and who perhaps will never know to whom their indebtedness belongs. The present position of the College of Physicians and Surgeons is one of honor and responsibility. Its eightieth Iiirthday finds it more vigorous and flourishing than ever. Since 1807 it has survived five other medical col- leges in the city and State of New York ; and throughout the countr}' it has witnessed, during that time, the birth, maturity and decease of forty-one similar institutions. It has passed successfully through the perils of infancy, the ailments of childhood, and the struggles and contentions of its youth. It may now be considered as fairly equipped with the strength and capacity of early manhood. Perhaps its experience and endeavors thus far have been only a preparation for its real work in the time to come. At all events, the opportunities which it now enjoys are in the nature of a trust, and impose upon it obligations proportionate to themselves. May it use its enlarged resources with the same judgment and fidelity that it has shown heretofore, and be ready still to merit and achieve success. Considering what the Col- lege has already done, we may surely say that if its future history be worthy of the past, its friends will have no cause to complain of the result. The following inaugural address was then delivered by Dr. William H. Draper, the then Professor of Clinical Medicine in the Faculty of the College: THE NEW COLLEGE. 179 Mr. President, Trustees. Faculty ami Alumni of the College of Physicians and Surgeons: This new building with its complete equipment can suggest nothing to the Alumni, and to those who have been the olSciating priests in the ancient tabernacles of this College, so much as a resurrection, and it seems proper at this time to set forth what the spirit is that animated the coils that have Deen shuffled ofif, and what it may be expected to accomplish for the profes- sion and the good of mankind through this new and glorious body with which it has been endowed. It is a melancholy but indubitable fact, that the standard of medical ed- ucation in this country is far below that of England and the continent of Europe. The great wave of enthusiasm for popular instruction seems to have blinded the public sense to the necessity of higher education, so that in all the learned professions, and especially in that of medicine, which above all others should combine general culture with technical knowledge, there has been, and is, in the country at large, a degree of mediocrity and a shallowness of spirit which it is impossible to deny or conceal. In England, and on the European continent, rich endowments and gov- eriunent subsidies have always secured a class of highly educated men who have led the van, who have received universal recognition as leaders, and who have so leavened the mass of the profession by lifting those below them to a higher plane, that the general average of scientific attainment, in the medi- cal profession especially, is constantly and inevitably advancing. The same thing of course is occurring in this country in the larger cities, but more slowly, and mainly because of the absence of the conditions to which I have alluded. Our government takes no hand in the education of doctors, though good reasons might be assigned why it should do so: "Sahis populi suprcma lex" is a sound maxim, and ought to justify the protection of the community against incompetent doctors by helping to supply good ones, as much as it justifies compulsory vaccination. It is true that Congress has founded and maintains with liberal support a medical museum and library, and, if it may do this, why should it not establish laboratories for the encouragement of the highest cultivation of physiology and pathology : and if it is right for the state governments to lavish money in large sums to give free collegiate edu- cation to young men and women, why, we might ask, should not public money be spent in contributing to the public weal by the establishment and support of technical schools? Happily, however, for the cause of education in this country, the signs of an awakening of the public intelligence to its present defects are beginning to show themselves. The golden stream of private bounty has long flowed into every channel of relief for the mitigation of human misery, now it is more often turned towards the enlargement and perfection of human knowl- edge. Whereas, formerly, sympathy for the sufferings of mankind has never failed to yield a quick response to the needs of hospitals and asylums, now a broader and deeper comprehension of the sources of disease has begun to turn the current of accumulated wealth toward the encouragement and dis- semination of learning that increases the sum of health and controls the con- sequences of inevitable ills. i8o COLLEGE OF PHYSICL4NS AND SURGEONS. The truth of this statement in its appHcation to medical education, is illustrated by the fact that in several of the larger cities the medical schools are no longer solelj' dependent for their maintenance, as they were formerly, upon the scanty fees of their pupils ; the student of medicine of today, whether he be animated by a thirst for knowledge, or by a desire to ac- quire the art of healing as a means of livelihood, has no longer tO' content himself with the meager facilities which are afforded by the private enter- prises of self-constituted professors. The public ear, so long deaf to any other appeals of doctors than those which related to hospitals and dispensa- ries, seems now to be opening to the earnest entreaties of the doctors them- selves for more light to guide them in thier work of mercy. This is not the time nor the occasion to discuss the cjuestion whether the problem of elevating the standard of medical education in this country is likely to be best and most quickly solved by government patronage, or by the bounty of private wealth, but there is one conspicuous benefit which I think experience already shows to be the result of dependence on pri\'ate benefactions, and it is this : it undoubtedly stimulates in the profession itself an unselfish devotion to- its work, an earnest and insatiable desire to advance its standards, and an aspiration towards higher achievements. It is, moreover, safe to say, that, in this country at least, there is scarcely anything which a government undertakes, outside of its essential duties, as the conservator of law and order, that has not been proved to be more effi- ciently accomplished by private enterprise, and it remains to be seen, through the experiments which are being made in higher education in this country, whether in the next fifty years the results of individual contributions to the encouragement of science and art will not equal those of countries in which all the people pay tribute to their maintenance. In the present state of pub- lic intelligence in these United States in matters relating to higher education it would certainly seem safer, for the present, to rely upon the support of in- telligent private beneficence, than to run the risk of squandering public money upon the innumerable schemes that would surely be devised for se- curing government bounty. I have been led into this train of thought because the histor}' of this in- stitution shows clearly what may be regarded as the legitimate and inevit- able result of that spirit of devotion to a high purpose which sinks the selfish in the common weal, and which the love of knowledge especially inspires. The spirit is sure to secure the only reward it asks for, encouragement and support. It certainly was not for the gifts of fortune that the men who have been teachers in this school for the last eighty years have spent their ener- gies. Many of them labored simply for the love of teaching, and the major- ity of them for meager remuneration, when compared with the time and training devoted to their work. They lived and died, laying up few treas- irres beyond the blessings of their fellow men, and no investments save those which add to the sum of human knowledge and experience. As each genera- tion of teachers handed over its work to younger and stronger men it in- fused an enthusiasm which stimulated its successors to better achievements, and so this college has grown in professional esteem and public confidence THE NEW COLLEGE. i8i until now, without any pecuniary aid, other than that furnished by its own professors and its Ahmini. But during all these years it has never faltered in its goods work, and never lost faith in its destiny. Inadequate as its re- sources have been, it has never, to its honor be it spoken, imperilled its fair fame by seeking to increase its revenue through depreciating the value of its diploma. Its policy has always been to narrow the gate by which its gradu- ates have passed from its halls, and lately, as you have heard, it has deter- mined to narrow considerably its portal of entrance. And nov^r what is the reward of this abiding determination on the part of the Faculty, Trustees and Alumni to make this College of Physicians and Surgeons keep abreast with the advancing demands of medical science, and more and more worthy of the confidence of the profession and the public? Is its reward Mr. Vanderbilt's money, which has founded these spacious halls and well equipped laboratories? It is more than this — it is that the work which has been done all over the world in the service of humanity by scientific medicine enlightened the mind and moved the spirit of a masterful citizen of this metropolis to set an example in the disposition of private wealth so conspicuous as to command universal attention. Had Mr. Van- derbilt built a church to perpetuate his memory or propitiate the Deity, had he endowed a hospital to commemorate his name, and secure for it, for all time, the blessings of the sick and suffering, he would simply have done what thousands have done before him. Such dispositions of wealth as these spring from) the emotional side of man's nature. They are creditable to our humanity, but they are not the product of the highest development of our in- telligence. They will always be needful to antagonize the ills and misfor- tunes to which flesh is heir, but they are powerless to dry up the springs from which many of them flow. That Mr. Vanderbilt in choosing an object for his bounty touched the true pole of human benevolence, is evident from a pregnant sentence in his letter to the President of the College announcing his intention. He said : "The health, comfort and lives of the whole community are so dependent upon skilled physicians that no profession re- quires more care in the preparation of its practitioners." This betrays the essential merit of our benefactor's gift. His eyes were opened, partly, in all probability by the personal benefit of scientific guidance in the care of his own health, and partly by an intelligent observa- tion and reflection upon the amelioration of human sufifering, through the arts of medicine. This is the reward which not alone this College but all schools of medicine throughout the world have reaped from his bounty. It is for this that this College and all mankind should be grateful, not so much for what has been given, as for the spirit which dictated the gift. Measured by the needs of the general object Mr. Vanderbilt sought to benefit, his benefaction is but a drop in the bucket ; estimated b}^ the force of its example, it is the tapping of a spring of human benevolence that will help to refresh for all time many waste places of ignorance and superstition. In taking this broader view of the significance of Mr. Vanderbilt's gift to this College, as being the one which does highest honor to his memory, and which is being alreadv verified, since his death, bv the generous contribu- i82 COLLEGE OE PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. tions of his family towards the enlargement and completion of his purpose, I am not unmindful of our special obligations to him for making this Col- lege the object of his wise intention, and we who have lived to see this day of jubilee in the history of the College, may well be excused for the exuber- ance of our joy at this sudden and unexpected fruition of our fondest hopes. To those of us who remember the shabby tenement in Crosby street, the removal to what seemed, by contrast, the palatial building in Twenty- third street, was the occasion of great rejoicing. But what shall we say of the change we make today? It is not so much a removal as a translation, and the setting up of a new kingdom. To say that we rejoice is but a feeble expression of the emotion that must fill the souls of those who have lived to know and suffer the 7-es angustce of our former habitations. Would that I could summon to these halls the spirits of that goodly company of distinguished professors whose labors conspired to bring forth this offspring of their heart's desire. Would that the shades of Hosack, Mitchell, Romayne, Beck. Torrey, Smith, Bartlett, Watts, Oilman, Parker, Clark and all the honored line of illustrious teachers, v/hose names deserve to be echoed in these halls today, hovered about us at this moment, and shared the exultation of this hour. Would that they could go with us as we leave this hall and view, as they might in this building, the workshop of scientific medicine. Would that they could realize how rapidly the old methods of line upon line, and precept upon precept, are being laid aside for the teaching by observation and experiment. How in the department of an- atomy the very bones have become eloquent, and the student no longer pur- sues his dissections in a charnel house, stifled by foul odors and horrified by unseemly sights, btit finds himself cheered in his work by pure air and the blaze of day. How art and ingenuity in demonstration have taken the place of text books, and the fabric of the human bofly in its minutest and most delicate structures has been unfolded to the eye. How in the teaching of physiology, description of the functions of living bodies are no longer preached like sermons from texts, to dull and sleepy congregations, but are made to manifest themselves to the understanding by the aid of ingenious mechanism and merciful vivisections: how in the department of chemistry the student no longer listens to what he can read in books, or witnesses experiments which only interest without instructing him, but works himself in a well furnished laboratory and grasps where before he only groped. We would then love to show the spirits of these revered teachers of former days, how in the practical branches the substitution of demonstrative for didactic instruction has revolutionized the methods of their time. How through an allied current of the same intelligent good will which erected this building, a Maternity Hospital has been provided on these grounds where nature manifests her perfect work and where every student may learn for himself, before he receives the diploma of this College, what experience only can teach. And finally we would lead this ghostly procession into the laboratory of pathology; here we can imagine their speechless surprise as they behold the strange and elaborate devices for teaching the science of disease. We can fancy them endorsing with hearty admiration all they have seen before. But THE NEW COLLEGE. 183 how would the jargon of bacteriology sound in their ears ? How many of them would shake their heads over the germ theory and reproach us for abandoning the humors and phlogistics of their day? We should pardon them if they failed to dilate with the correct emotion when they came to the department of pathology, but we should none the less point to it with pride, as the crowning glory of this new College, for here shines the light that is to illumine the mysterious recesses of disease and by its revelations lay the foundation of rational medicine. The art of today struggles mainly, as it always has, and with more or less success, with the effects of causes, of the nature of which we are still ignorant; the art of the future, the dawning of which is even now visible will contend more and more with the influences that determine disease. As we part with the spirits of those whom we would have share the happiness of this hour we turn to greet their successors, the living exponents of the lofty mission to which this building is today consecrated. That they are fit to assume and worthy to bear the responsibilities, which these larger and better facilities for their work now devolve upon them, no one can doubt. It is fair to say that had it not been for their conspicuous fitness to re- ceive it, this noble gift would never have been conferred upon them. May they administer their trust wisely and with the unselfish and reverent spirit which becomes the ministers of truth ; so shall they worthily honor the mem- ory of their benefactor and merit the benediction of generations to come. Upon this occasion, several gifts of great historic value were made to the College. These included the fine bronze portrait bust of Mr. William H. Vanderbilt, previously mentioned, the gift of the members of the Board of Trustees; a portrait bust of Dr. David Hosack, presented by his daughter. Miss Eliza B. Hosack ; a similar portrait of Dr. Samuel L. Mitchell, pre- sented by Dr.' John C. Dalton ; and a portrait of Dr. John C. Dalton, painted by Eastman Johnson, and presented to the College by a personal friend of the subject. A peculiar interest attaches to the historical tablets placed upon the front and hall walls of the College building, and our narrative would be in- complete without reference to the spirit which prompted them, and the earn- est discussions which were engaged in before their placing. On March 28, 1887, was held a special meting of the Board of Trustees, called at the instance of the Eaculty. At that session was read a lengthy communication from the Eaculty, and bearing the signature of Dr. John G. Curtis as secretary of that body. In the paper mentioned, it was recited that the building committee had directed that there be placed upon the front of the new College building a tablet bearing the following inscription : i84 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. The College of Physicians and Surgeons, Chartered 1S07, Constituted the Medical Department of Columbia College, 1880, Occupied this Land and Building, the Gift of William Henry Vanderbilt, 1887. The letter of the Faculty then reads as follows : This action having been promptly reported to the Faculty by its repre- sentatives upon the committee, the Faculty, at a meeting held on March 10, 1887, by the unanimous vote of the members present, and for reasons which shall presently appear, respectively requested the building committee to omit from the inscription the reference to Columbia College. This request the majority of the committee has voted to decline, the two representatives of the Faculty forming the minority. At a meeting of the Faculty held on March 21, 1887, and at which every member was present, this action was reported and discussed. From the vote which followed the discussion. Professor Chandler was excused, as being a member of the Faculty of Columbia College as well as of this College, and it was then voted unanimously (Professor Chandler not voting) that the matter in question is, in the eyes of the Faculty, of such importance that the Board of Trustees is respectfully requested to decide an appeal from the decision of the building committee in regard thereto. This decision of the Faculty has not been reached without a full recog- nition of the invaluable services rendered to the College by the labor and wisdom of those members of the committee from whose iudgment in the matter now in question the Faculty is reluctantly obliged to differ. It is, therefore, hereby respectfully requested of the Board of Trustees, by all the members of the Faculty save one, excused from voting as afore- said, that the building committee be instructed to omit from the bronze tablet the designed reference to the connection between this College and Columbia College, and this for the following reasons, viz. : 1. During the whole period for which the said connection has existed, it has not been judged necessary to inscribe a reference thereto upon the College building now in use. Upon that building the simple title "College of Physicians and Surgeons" stands today as it has stood upon all the build- ings occupied by the College during its history. It seem^s most appropriate that the new seat of our corporation should bear the same simple title still. 2. The alliance between this College and Columbia College continues in virtue of a vote passed by the Trustees of this College upon June 6, i860, and which reads as follows : "Resolved, That this connection shall be continued during the pleasure of the respective Boards of Trustees of the two Colleges, and may be termin- n o r r o PI o M O z i86 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. ated by a vote of either Board, and notice thereof given to the other Board of Trustees." On two occasions, at least, viz. : On June 4, 1877. and on November 4, 1878, the question of dissolving the alliance with this College has been raised in the Board of Trustees of Columbia College, on the latter date a series of resolutions for this puroose actually having been formulated. It is proposed that the alliance which is shown by the above facts to be necessar- ily so frail, be recorded upon the front of the new building, in the midst of other matter, and in costly and unalterable bronze. Should either Board of Trustees see reason hereafter to terminate the connection, this College must surely be much embarrassed by an inscription which any common observer will think to imply the continuance of the alliance. 3. It is designed that the bronze tablet in question shall commemorate the name and the public spirit of William Henry Vanderbilt, and it is most proper that this should be so, and that bronze should be selected as the ma- terial for this purpose. Yet, if the inscription contain the reference to Columbia College, the necessary sequence of date and position of words will imply to any ordinary observer that a corporation already great and rich had been selected by the late Mr. Vanderbilt to administer his gift ; a cor- poration, moreover, which cannot lawfully devote any portion of its funds to the support of this College. That i\Ir. Vanderbilt never would have made any gift to this College if the latter had been a sharer in the financial prosperity of Columbia College, is a fact proven by express words spoken bv him to a member of this Faculty. Our benefactor is, unhappily, no longer living to tell us what he thinks may or may not seem to be implied in the proposed inscription. His sons, however, have expressed the wish that the inscription should be the simple one, "College of Physicians and Surgeons," as being that upon the old building, the seat of the institution to which their father referred in his let- ter of October 17, 1884, in which he said: "I have therefore selected the College of Physicians and Surgeons because it is the oldest medical school in the State, and of the equal rank with any in the United States." It is hardly to be believed that the authorities of Columbia College can see anything in the above votes and reasonings of the Faculty which can reflect upon the eminent institution over which they preside: but, that no op- portunity for misconception may be left, it is hereby declared explicitly that no vote or reasoning of the Faculty alluded to in this paper is so to be con- strued as to call in question the honor or value to this College of its position as the Aledical Department of Columbia College. By order and in behalf of the Faculty. This matter was finally disposed of by adoption of an amended resolu- tion offered by Dr. Cornelius R. Agnew by which the building committee was instructed to inscribe upon the tablet on the front wall of the new Col- lege building proper the inscription which it now bears : THE NEW COLLEGE. 1S7 The College of Physicians and Surgeons, Chartered 1807, Occupied this Land and Building, the Gift of William Henry Vanderbilt, 1877. At the same meeting Dr. Agnew offered a resolution, which was adopted in a slightly amended form, authorizing and instructing the building com- mittee to prepare a draft for a tablet or tablets to be placed in the vestibule or entrance hall of the College, setting forth with brevity the dates of the remarkable epochs in the history of the College, and that the date of the passage of the resolution of alliance with Columbia College be included in such inscriptions, and to report at a further meeting. By another resolu- tion also offered by Dr. Agnew and unanimously adopted, the Board author- ized the Treasurer of the College to pay for these tablets out of the general fund, upon the order of the building committee. At a subsequent meeting of the Board of Trustees, the designs and in- scriptions of the last mentioned tablets were approved, and they were ordered to be executed in marble, as they now appear. The principal tablet is placed upon the wall on the west side of the College vestibule, just within the main entrance. It bears the following inscription : locations of the college since its foundation. No. 18 Robinson Street 1807-1809 No. 12 Magazine Street 1809-1813 No. 3 Barclay Street 1813-1837 No. 67 Crosby Street 1837- 1856 No. loi East Twenty-third Street 1856-1887 No. 437 West Fifty-ninth Street 1887 On the east side of the vestibule is another tablet inscribed as follows: This College was Chartered by the Regents of the University of the State of New York, March 12th, 1807, and was Co-instituted the Medical Department of Columbia College, June 6th, i860. The building fund contributed by Mr. Vanderbilt was ample for the i88 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. purposes contemplated, and it was expended so judiciously that the cost of construction was kept well within the means provided. The gift of $300,000 had earned interest, which on June 2, 1885, had increased the total sum to $301,868. On November i the interest upon unexpended balances was $9,056.41, making the total amount of the building fund $310,924.41. The original building contracts called for the sum of $299,491.47, including the commission paid to the architect. During the progress of the work addi- tional expenses were incurred, making the total cost of building $310,150.54. This left an unexpended balance of ^//S-S'/, which was placed at the disposal of the President and Executive Manager, to provide for such necessities connected with the work of building as might arise. During the construc- tion of the building, considerable additional sums were contributed by Mr. Cornelius Vanderbilt for defraying the expenses of furnishing the rooms and lecture rooms, for installing an electric light system, for sidewalk exten- -sion, and for a carriage house, these several items amounting to $37,500. Mr. George W. Vanderbilt also contributed the sum of $4,908 for the building of the third story of the laboratory wing and for its furnishing, for the laboratory annex, enlargement of the fence walls and other con- veniences. These valuable contributions to the completeness and efficiency of the College building were made through the instrumentality of Dr. James W. McLane, who personally supervised the work of construction. The building committee, on November i, 1887, made report of the facts above stated, remarking that as the additional facilities had been pro- vided for outside the original building contracts, it could not take cognizance of them in an official way, but deemed it proper that the statement should be made, and that the committee should express its entire approval of the manner in which the project had been carried out, and its high appreciation of the interest and generosity shown by the donors of the additional funds. The committee further asked that the Trustees assume charge of the build- ing and discharge it from further service, the mission for which it had been created having been completed. This request was granted, with an expres- sion of satisfaction and gratitude by formal vote. In connection with the report and action thereon, Dr. William H. Draper presented the following resolutions, which were adopted by a unanimous vote : * Resolved. That this Board of Trustees hereby conveys to Mr. Cornelius Vanderbilt and Mr. George W. Vanderbilt the assurance of its grateful recog- nition of their loyal desire and determination to be the executors of their iather's intentions in his gift to the College of Physicians and Surgeons. THE NEW COLLEGE. 189 Resolved, That their generous contributions toward the equipment of the several departments have served to make the present College of Physi- cians and Surgeons the most complete, convenient and well appointed insti- tion in the country for teaching the science of medicine. Resolved, That these resolutions be inscribed upon the records of this meeting, and that a copy of them be sent to Mr. Cornelius Vanderbilt and Mr. George W. Vanderbilt. On motion of Dr. Draper, the President was authorized to appoint a committee of two to draft an appropriate letter to the architect of the new College building, Mr. W. Wheeler Smith, expressing the satisfaction felt by the Board with the work as completed, and their appreciation of his skill and taste, as well as his interest and zeal in providing a building complete in every part and admirably adapted for the purposes for which it was intended. The committee appointed were Dr. William H. Draper and Dr. George G. Wheelock, the Registrar. SLOANE MATERNITY HOSPITAL. Soon after the new College building had been projected, the children of Mr. Vanderbilt took measures to supplement the gift made by their father with two beneficent creations — the Sloane Maternity Hospital and the Van- derbilt Clinic — both to be forever associated with and be parts of the College of Physicians and Surgeons. In January, 1886, less than a month after the death of Mr. Vanderbilt, his son-in-law and his daughter, Mr. and Mrs. William D. Sloane, proposed the erection and endowment of a lying-in-hospital on the College grounds, to be known as the Sloane Maternity Hospital of the College of Physicians and Surgeons. In this gift, welcomed of all, not alone out of sentiments of humanitv, but as a most valuable addition to a department which had been extremely limited in means of practical instruction in a most necessary field, both donors shared. Mr. Sloane defrayed the cost of the building, at an out- lay of $526,300, and Mrs. Sloane provided an endowment fund of $377,300. The purpose of Mr. and Mrs. Sloane was communicated to the Trustees of the College at a special meeting held on January 18, 1886, by Dr. James W. McLane. Dr. McLane stated that he had for many years experienced steadily increasing difficulty in providing opportunities for the advanced students to gain a practical experience in midwifery, for want of an institu- tion available for that purpose, and, as a consequence, a large number of the students graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons were without practical knowledge of that branch of study. He was happy to be enabled to say that he now had an offer which, if the Trustees of the College ap- proved, would forever remedy that difficulty. He then read the following igo COLLEGE OF PHYSICLiNS AND SURGEONS. proposition made to the Trustees b}- Mr. William D. Sloane in behalf of him-, self and his wife: New York, January i6, i^ To the Board of Trustees of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the City of New York : Gentlemen : The undersigned. \\'illiam D. Sloane, of the city of New York, and Emily Thorn Sloane, his wife, hereby make to you the following proposition for your consideration and for acceptance by you if you shall assent to its terms as hereinafter expressed. 1st. They propose to erect and complete at their own expense a build- ing for the purpose of a Lying-in Hospital on land owned by your College, situated on Tenth avenue between Fifty-ninth and Sixtieth streets in this city, and near to the new College building about to be erected. Such Hospital building to conform, in general, to the architectural style of the College build- ing. It is thought that a space equal in extent to three lots (75x100 feet) will be required for the purpose, and as the lots on the corner of Tenth avenue and Fifty-ninth street are preferred by the undersigned, they propose that these lots be appropriated therefor. 2d. They propose that the Hospital building, when completed, shall be known and designated as the "Sloane Maternity." 3d. They propose to bear and pay, in addition to the entire cost of con- structing and completing the Hospital building, the cost of furnishing and equipping the same for the purposes to which it is to be devoted, and to make and execute all proper instruments to vest in the College of Physicians and Surgeons the title to the building and its furniture and equipment. 4th. They propose to provide, upon the completion of the building, an endowment fund, the principal of which shall be placed in the hands of the Board of Managers, to be constituted as hereinafter specified, and who shall be the Trustees of such fund, the income of which shall be received and applied by such trustees to the cost of the maintenance of the said Hospital. 5th. They propose that the management of said hospital shall be under the direction and control of a Board of Managers to consist of the following named persons and their successors in office, to wit : William D. Sloane, rep- resenting the donors ; the President, for the time being, of the College of Ph3'sicians and Surgeons, who shall be ex-officio a member of said Board of Managers ; Cornelius Vanderbilt, representing the Board of Trustees of the College of Physicians and Surgeons ; James W. McLane, M. D., and Francis Delafield, M. D., representing the Faculty of said College. The Managers shall hold office for life, and any vacancy in the Board caused by death, resignation or disability, shall be filled by the Board of Managers as follows : In the case of the death, resignation or disabilitv of William D. Sloane, they shall elect to fill the vacancy such person as the said William D. Sloane may nominate by his last will and testament, or, in default of such nomination, such person as shall be designated in writing bv the personal representatives of said William D. Sloane. In the case of the death, resignation or disability of Cornelius Vander- THE NEW COLLEGE. 191 SLOANE MATERNITY HOSPITAL. 192 COLLEGE OF PHYSICL4NS AND SURGEONS. bilt, the Board of Managers shall elect to fill the vacancy a member for the time being of the Board of Trustees of the College of Physicians and Sur- geons. In the case of the death, resignation or disability of James W. McLane, M. D., or of Francis Delafield, M. D.. respectively, the Board of Managers shall elect to fill the vacancy a member of the Faculty of the said College of Physicians and Surgeons. The foregoing provisions in respect to constitution of the Board of Managers and the election of Managers, and the due performance thereof, shall be conditions precedent to the creation of the endowment fund, and to the application of the income thereof to the purposes of the Hospital. 6th. They propose that the Board of Managers shall have the entire control of the management of the Hospital, with exclusive power to make all necessary rules and regulations for conducting its affairs and for provid- ing such medical attendance as shall in their judgment be required, but they shall have no power to do any act affecting the title to or disposition of the Hospital or of any of the property in the Hospital, which is at all times to remain vested in the College of Physicians and Surgeons. The above proposition is made with the view of furnishing to the Col- lege the advantages to be derived from having a Hospital of the description above indicated, in close connection with it, and these advantages are so manifest that it is to be hoped the Trustees will acquiesce in the arrange- ments which the undersigned propose, and will appropriate the land requisite for the Hospital, in order that its erection may proceed without delay. All of the details of the above proposition which require legal formalities shall be embodied in proper instruments of writing. Respectfully submitted by Wm. D. Sloane For himself and wife. Dr. Cornelius R. Agnew then presented the fcllowing resolutions, which were unanimously adopted : Resolved, That the generous proposition of Mr. and Mrs. William D. Sloane, conveyed to this Board by Dr. McLane, be and hereby is accepted. Resolved, That the President and Registrar be and hereby are instructed to thank the donors, and that it be and hereby is committed to the building committee to carry into practical effect the intention of the donors. By a further motion, the thanks of the Board were tendered to Dr. Mc- Lane "for his highly successful effort to advance medical education." Following quickly after the noble gift of Mr. and Mrs. Sloane, came that of the sons of Mr. William H. Vanderbilt, and, again. Dr. McLane sur- prised as the herald of a splendid benefaction. At a special meeting of the Board of Trustees of the College of Phy- sicians and Surgeons, held April 15, 1886, Dr. McLane addressed the meet- ing, explaining that it had been found, in the course of preparing plans for THE NEW COLLEGE. 193 the College building, that it was difficult to provide proper accommodations for clinical instruction without encroaching upon the room required for lecture rooms and for the separate departments of the various professors. It had occurred to him that if means could be devised to erect a building devoted exclusively to this purpose upon ground already owned by the Col- lege, and in its immediate vicinity, it would be a great gain to the institution. He had first laid his project before the Faculty, and, finding it met with their entire approval, he had sought to raise money for the purpose. As a result of his efforts, he would present the following proposition : To The Trustees of the College of Physicians and Surgeons : The undersigned, Cornelius Vanderbilt, William Iv. Vanderbilt, Fred- erick W. Vanderbilt and George W. Vanderbilt, of the city of New York, do hereby make to you the following proposition for your consideration, and acceptance by you, if you shall assent to its terms as hereinafter ex- pressed. First. They propose to contribute each the sum of sixty-two thousand five hundred dollars, making a total of two hundred and fifty thousand, to be used for the purposes hereinafter expressed. Second. They propose out of this sum to erect a building for the clin- ical teaching of the College, on the land now owned by the College, at the corner of Tenth avenue and Sixtieth street ; the building to occupy a space of one hundred feet on Tenth avenue by seventy-five feet on Sixtieth street, and to conform in general to the architectural style of the new College building now in process of erection. Third. They propose that this building shall be a memorial to their father, the late William H. Vanderbilt, and that it be known and designated as "The Vanderbilt Clinic" of the College of Physicians and Surgeons. Fourth. They propose, out of said sum, to pay the cost of furnishing and equipping the building for the purposes to which it is to be devoted, and to make and execute all proper instruments to vest in the College of Physicians and Surgeons the title to the building and its furniture and equipments. Fifth. They propose, upon the completion of the building, to provide an endowment fund, out of said sum, the principal of which shall be placed in the hands of the Board of Managers to be constituted as hereinafter specified, and who shall be the trustees of this fund, the income of which shall be received and applied by them as trustees to the expenses and main- tenance of said building. Sixth. They propose that the management of said building shall be under the direction and control of a Board of Managers to consist of the following named persons, and their successors in office, to wit : Frederick W. Vanderbilt, as representing the donors ; the President for the time being of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, who shall be ex- ofificio a member of the said Board of Managers ; William H. Draper, M. 194 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. D., as representing the Board of Trustees of the College; Henry B. Sands, M. D., and James W. McLane, M. D., as representing the Faculty of the College. The Managers shall hold office for life, and any \-acancy in the Board, caused by death, resignation or disability, shall be filled by the Board of Managers as follows : In the case of the death, resignation or disability of Frederick W. Van- derbilt, they shall elect such person as the said Frederick W. Vanderbilt may nominate by his last will and testament; or, in default of such nomina- tion, such person as shall be designated in writing by the personal repre- sentative of said Frederick W. Vanderbilt. In the case of the death, resignation or disability of William H. Draper, the Board of Managers shall elect to fill the vacancy a member for the time being of the Board of Trustees of the College of Physicians and Surgeons. In the case of the death, resignation or disability of Henry B. Sands or James W. McLane, respectively, the Board of Managers shall elect to fill the vacancv a member of the Faculty of said College of Physicians and Surgeons. The foregoing provisions in respect to the constitution of the Board of Managers, and the election of Managers, and the due performance thereof, shall be conditions precedent to the erection of the building, the creation of the endowment fund, and to the application of the income thereof to the purposes of the building. Seventh. They propose that the Board of Managers shall act for the donors as a building committee, and that, after the completion and equip- ment of the building, they shall, from the income of the endowment fund, provide for its supplies, service, repairs and all other necessary and proper current expenses, so that it shall be in no way a burden upon the general finances of the College ; but thev shall have no power to divert its use from the purposes of clinical teaching, nor to do any act affecting the title to a disposition of the building or of any of the property in it, which is at all times to remain vested in the College of Physicians and Surgeons. The above proposition is made with the view of furnishing the College the great advantages to be derived from having such a building as above indi- cated in close connection with it. These advantages are so manifest that it is hoped the Trustees will acquiesce in the arrangements which the under- signed propose, and will appropriate the land requisite for the building, in order that its erection may proceed without delaj', and that it may be fin- ished and ready for use by the time the College is completed. Should the proposal meet with the approval and assent of the Trustees of the College, the donors will at once execute the necessary legal papers for carrying it into effect. C. Vanderbilt, By Chauncey M. Depew, His Attorney. W. K. Vanderbilt, F. W. Vanderbilt, , George W. Vanderbilt. THE NEW COLLEGE. 195 Subsequently (in 1889), at the request of the donors, the provisions governing the fiUing of certain vacancies in the Board of Managers were so changed as to provide that, in case of the death, resignation or disabiUty of Frederick W. Vanderbilt, the managers shall elect such persons as the surviving donors may nominate; upon the death of all the donors, in case of vacancy, the manager shall elect a male descendant of William H. Van- derbilt, the father of the donors ; in case there are no such descendants, they shall elect a person of their own nomination. The munificent offer of the Messrs. Vanderbilt evoked hearty praise, and a resolution was at once adopted signifying its grateful acceptance. At the same time it was voted that thanks should be returned to the donors in an appropriate letter, to be signed by the President and Registrar, and that the official seal should be appended thereto. The letter prepared in accordance with the tenor of the resolution was as follows : To Messrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt, William K. Vanderbilt, Frederick W. Vanderbilt and George Vanderbilt : Gentlemen : At a meeting of the Trustees of the College, held April 15, 1886, a proposition was received from you, through Professor James W. McLane, to build and endow upon the college grounds a free dispen- sary in memory of your father, the late William H. Vanderbilt, to be known as the "Vanderbilt Clinic" of the College of Physicians and Surgeons. In accepting this generous offer, under the terms proposed in your communication, the trustees desire to convey to you their grateful thanks, and their appreciation of your wise and reverent motive in the creation of so appropriate a memorial. The name of your honored father will be for- ever associated in this country with unexampled liberality in the encour- agement of the most useful department of human knowledge; and the cause of medical education everywhere is to be congratulated on the disposition shown by his descendants to further strengthen its foundations and enlarge its benefits. By order of the Board of Trustees. J. C. Dalton, M. D., President. Geo. G. Wheelock, M. D.. Registrar. Excavations for both buildings, the Sloane Maternity Hospital and the Vanderbilt Clinic, were made in 1886, and in the following year they were ready for occupancy. Their inauguration took place on December 29, when Dr. T. Gaillard Thomas, the Professor of Clinical iGynecology, deliv- ered an address in the lecture room of the college building, which was as follows : "Vita brevis; ars longa." Man's life is but a span; the life of Art is long and endures forever! Generation after generation is cut down and 196 COLLEGE OF PHYSICL4NS AND SURGEONS. disappears like the herb of the field; but Art with grand and measured tread marches onward through the ages ! As we meet here to-day to foster the interests of the noblest of the arts, so met the men and women of ancient Greece and Rome. Since then they and thousands who have succeeded them have vanished like a tale that is told, but the art which they fostered lives now, as it lived then, coming down to us in lusty strength, in youthful vigor, in enduring glory! What is life for us to-day more than it was for those a thousand years preceding us ? Have we found an antidote for its cares, a safeguard against its sorrows, a preventive of its brevity, its hollowness, or its weird and sad termination? What is art to-day contrasted with art as long ago? From an atom it has grown into a mountain. The story of its growth oversteps the limits even of imagination! He who a century ago would have given credence to the fairy tale of the princess whose lover was aided in his search for her by three mysterious men, the first capable of traveling five hundred leagues in a day, the second of seeing thousands of miles, and the third of whispering through that distance into the ear of the person seen, would have been regarded as a madman. And yet to-day every one of these appa- rently vain imaginings has been verified ! Within a few seconds the news from far-off lands is written or whispered to us ; within a day hundreds of miles are traversed with ease and certainty; and the patient student, from hour to hour, watches the heaping up upon the face of the moon of piles of scoriae by volcanic action, and measures the depths of the valleys which they create ! A century ago steam and electricity were imknown ; now they are man's willing slaves, destined to do his bidding, as the ancients foreshadowed when they represented the thunderbolt in the hand of Jupiter ! What imagination so vivid as to foreshadow the discoveries of the next century ! What prophet so gifted or so bold, as to foretell the triumphs of art as yet undreamed of, and lying dormant in the womb of time! Among the arts none has more essentially changed with time than has that whose votaries are assembled in this beautiful hall to-day; none is more rapidly changing now ; and in the advance and perfection of none is society more deeply interested ; for truly has it been said : " A good physician skilled our wounds to heal Is more than armies to the public weal ! " Medicine as an art has existed since the days of Hippocrates, who lived 400 years before Christ. During the 2,200 years which have since elapsed little was done for its material and decided advancement until the beginning of the 17th century. For these more than 2,000 years the art lived; but lived in intimate communion with superstition and the most un- qualified charlatanism ; lived in the musty tomes of priests and shavelings ; lived in the brains of dreamers and theorists ; lived in the hands of the herbalist and the barber! But still it lived, and in the early part of the 17th century it was stirred into renewed vigor by three influences which proved potent for good. Since that time amends have been made for prolonged torpor by a rapidity of progress which must meet the demands of the most exacting critic ; and during the last half century it may with justice and THE NEW COLLEGE. 197 without boastfulness be claimed that no other science or art has left it behind in the race for advancement. I just now pointed out the influence which those two gigantic factors, steam and electricity, had exerted upon the arts in general. Early in the 17th century medicine felt a propulsive influence no less decided, from the establishment of inductive philosophy by Francis Bacon ; of the perfection and utilization of the microscope ; and of the discovery of the circulation of the blood by the great Englishman, William Harvey. Archimedes once declared that if he were only given a standpoint for his lever he could move the world. These three contributions furnished a tripod for the support of a lever which at once moved medicine upwards and onwards. And here, before I proceed further, let me meet the criticism which I feel sure that some of my non-professional hearers will launch at me — that the claim which I venture to make for medicine savors of boastfulness. I here boldly and without hesitation declare the belief that vaccination and the discovery of anaesthesia surpass in the beneficence of their results even steam and electricity. And as this is true as to these major factors, so do I claim that it is so as to many minor ones. Let me in all sincerity and truth ask you to-da}^ these questions : Which would you prefer to give up, steam with all its manifold advantages, all its blessings, all its influences upon civilization, or to return to the times when that loathsomie disease, smallpox, would strike a community and pass over it like a simoon, killing hundreds by a terrible death and deforming thousands for life; to the time when a household would be stricken down, demoralized and desolated; and when beauty was transformed into hideousness within a few days? Would you rather give up the charming results of that magical power, electricity, with its grand achievements and its luxurious outcome, or return to the dark days when your loved ones, exposed of necessity to the surgeon's knife, would have to suffer mortal agony for hour piled on hour; when she who is dearer to you than life itself had to bear the agonies of the primal curse in the same degree as our mother Eve ; and when you yourself, when dying a slow death of suffering, would be deprived of the sweet boon of euthanasia ? I do not pause for a reply ! I know that every one of you, every man in all his selfishness, every woman in all her disinterestedness of love, will say with me, " Perish steam, perish electricity, rather than that we should go back to those dark and gloomy days of human woe and human helpless- ness! " If a dividing line can anywhere be drawn between modern and ancient medicine, between medicine as a pure art, and medicine as an art guided by the beneficent light of science it would fall about the middle or latter part of the 1 6th century, and there can be no doubt as to the influence of the three great discoveries which I have mentioned in bringing about the grand result. From this time rapidly appeared upon the stage of medical labor those great students of the past who left upon its literature an impress as profound as that which was left upon general literature by Chaucer, Shakes- peare, and Milton; I allude to Vesalius, Pare, and Sydenham; and later to Boerhaave, Von Haller, Morgagni, Jenner, and the Hunters. These 198 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. men labored at much greater advantage than did their predecessors, for their minds were prepared for proper methods of study by the estabhshment of inductive philosophy ; their scope was greatly increased by the under- standing of the circulation of the blood; and their eyes were given miracu- lous powers by the perfection of the microscope. Nevertheless, during the 17th and i8th centuries the art and science of medicine stumbled painfully and slowly onwards, hampered by man's vain tendency to theorizing, con- structing formulas, and establishing artificial systems. Every great man felt that he must prove his right to being so considered by propounding and sustaining some dogma. What an investigator thought out in his closet, that he saw at the bedside, and that he strove to maintain, not by demonstra- tion to the senses, but by words, by sonorous phrases, by eloquent sentences, and by astute and long drawn argument. Read to-day the writings of one of the most charming of medical writers, the Thomas Watson of the olden time, Sydenham. You will find them teeming with seductive argument, eloquent appeal, and powerful rhetoric; but equally will you be struck by want of evidence, absence of appeal to the senses, and failure of physical demonstration. Abundant and pithy calls upon the intellect you will findj but none upon the sight, the touch, the hearing, and the smell ! Does he advance the theory that carbuncle is a low grade of inflammation excited by the introduction into the blood of some external malign influence? If so it is merely his own opinion; nothing more. He does not show you with the microscope the anthrax bacillus. Does he claim an altered renal action in general dropsy? If so he fails to coagulate albumen in the test tube, or show you tube casts and epithelium. Does he maintain that tlie air vesicles of the lungs are filled with plastic material during the first stage of pneu- monia? If he does so, he lacks the power of making you hear the crepitant rale as a conclusive proof of his correctness. As the pestilence which they sought to circumvent was said to. walk "by darkness," so walked their finely drawn and carefully woven theories; and, alas ! too often walked they hand in hand with the evil against which they were launched ! During that period of mysticism, of doubt, and of theory our calling should in all honesty have pleaded guilty to the scathing definition of a physician as " a man who poured drugs of which he knew little into bodies of which he knew less." And so things went on with medicine, not from bad to worse, for it would have been hard to find the latter, but from bad to a very little better, and thus they continued to go until the propitious dawn of the 19th century, {vhich was heralded by the discovery of vaccination by the immortal Jenner. As the centur}' advanced into its latter half, our art had done enough to warrant it in laying claim to the title of " Demonstrative Medicine " in con- tradistinction to that of the olden time, which might have been called " Theoretical Medicine." Men educated by the influences which I have cited and by others of a similar nature now began to make all supposition, all belief, all theory subordinate to physical proof, to demonstration to the senses. They began to study, not isolated in their closets, but banded to- gether in hospitals, in laboratories, and in clinical rooms. There no man THE NEW COLLEGE. 199 ventured to advance a view the truth of which he could not maintain by evi- dence. Diseases of the kings and heart were Hstened to, not talked about; those of the deep structures of the eye were looked at with the opthalmo- scope; the darkness of the larynx was dissipated by the laryngoscope; all canals were tunneled for the admission of light by specula; and medical chemistry or the microscope would pronounce dogmatically as to the nature of fluids and solids removed from any part of the system. All the nations of the earth soon began to vie with each other in the advancement of medicine, freed from mysticism and theory, and capable of proof and of demonstration. In Germany, in France, in England, in Russia, and in Italy, laboratories, hospitals, and cliniques soon teemed with students eager to learn what the new era could teach, and with devoted in- vestigators eciually eager to make discoveries and to impart them. And what is so far the outcome? It is so immense, so grand, so vast that the time allotted to this address is insuf^cient for even a rapid presentation of it ! Let me cite a few facts only. The discovery of that blood poisoning called septicaemia, and of the methods of avoiding it by Lister of Scotland, have robbed hospital operations of nine-tenths of their terrors, have already saved thousands of lives and are destined in the future to give to man incalcu- lable results. Should the noble efforts of the great Pasteur succeed in accomplishing the prevention of hydrophobia, that success would be entirely due to it; should they fail, what of it? He has " struck a lead," as miners express it in mining, which, whether he live or die, whether he survive or perish, whether he succeed or fail, will be followed up by others to grand results! A few years, a very few years ago, the lying-in or maternity hospitals of the world were transformed into charnel houses by that terror of all lands, puerperal fever. Now, in the most insalubrious parts of Paris, of Vienna, and St. Petersburg, there is scarcely a mortality of 3 in 100 from this cause, where proper precautions are observed. To the non-professional members of my audience all this, so wonderful is it, may appear as the tale of a romancer, or the exaggeration of an en- thusiast. But it is neither. I have merely touched upon the theme; by no means have I done it justice. And it requires no prophet's power to declare that scientific medicine is in our day in its early, puling infancy. What has been done is as nothing to what will be done! VVhat we know falls into insignificance when com- pared with what we shall, what we must know, within the next century. And what has accomplished all that has thus far been effected in the way of advancement? The great, the leading factor has been a change in our methods of study; an improvement in our plans of investigation; a more philosophical style of collating our facts, and drawing our deductions. The laboratory work, clinical study, and the use of instruments of precision 10 which special reference has been made have all been merely means for developing the experimental and demonstrative methods of study which have resulted in the new era which is now fully dawning upon us in all its abundance of results ! 200 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. If in this great work the monarchical countries of Europe have out- stripped our own land, it is because of the endowment of institutions of learning, the aid given to struggling science, the fostering hand stretched out to art by such forms of government, on the one hand, and the well- known neglect of these things by republics, on the other. Ever since the foundation of our country our medical colleges have struggled onwards as private enterprises, dependent for existence upon the fees of those to whom their diplomas were granted ; unaided b)- government ; unthought of by society; unendowed by men of wealth, whose millions at their death went to the support of some distant enterprise, the erection of some monument or statue, or some similar work, of great, though far less, importance. All honor to the house of Vanderbilt, which has created a new era, set an example which is even now being nobly followed, and engraved its memory upon the heart of every true physician of our country ! We are engaged to-day in inaugurating a clinic and a lying-in hos- pital, both put at the disposal of our art by Vanderbilt's immediate connec- tions, desirous to emulate his glorious example, and eager to lay Medicine under a greater debt than the great one which it already owed to its head. "The Vanderbilt Clinic!" Did the origin of the word "clinic" ever strike you? It is derived from the Greek "klinc," a "couch.'' and its full significance is this : " In these halls the art of medicine is to be studied at the bedside. The mind of the student is not to be filled with the thoughts, the dicta, the suppositions, and the deductions of other men, but here he is to study disease in its ghastly truth for himself, by the aid of sight, touch, hearing, and smell, and to draw conclusions for himself. Here he is to seek the truth and to learn from his teachers how to find it ; not to accept as truth what those teachers believe to be such ; not to strive to learn from their experience, but to collate facts and acquire experience for himself." This is to be one great outcome of this clinic. But equally important results remain to be told, even without alluding to the self-evident one of the great blessing which will accrue to the poor of New York, who will profit by the immediate effect of the medical service now placed at their disposal. And now I come to tell you of a singular coincidence in this exhibition of generosity and charity, which is not generally known, and of which I would make history did the power lie within me. Before the thought of the great gift made by Vanderbilt had entered into his charitable mind, one of the members of the Faculty of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, under the authority of a son-in-law of Mr. Vanderbilt. was searching for a location for a maternity hospital to be erected and equipped entirely at his personal expense. To-day the Sloane Maternity Hospital is in full working order, and with the Vanderbilt Clinic is put at the disposal of the college so richly endowed by the head of the house. Even this is not all. The wife of this generous man. a true daughter of her house, apparently unwilling to be outdone in good works, even bv her own husband, has assumed the entire expenditure attendant upon the work- ing of this magnificent charity. THE NEW COLLEGE. 201 What grand rivalry! What princely extravagance! What God-given inspiration ! Yet great as is this munificent offering to humanity and to science, greater, far greater, is the reward which even in their lifetime must be meted out to these generous donors. This house of refuge and of mercy, built with all the cunning of the architecture of our day, will stand for cen- turies! What monarch's wealth could purchase a sweeter thought, a more sublime reflection, than that throughout that time the prayers of thousands of weary, sad-faced women, of thousands of grimy sons of toil, will con- stantly ascend for their benefactors, in gentle murmurs, to the judgment seat of God? " The prayer of the righteous man availeth much," but rather give to me the supplications in my behalf of the suffering, the friendless, and the poor, to whom it has been vouchsafed me to have offered aid and comfort. A favorite dictum of the theologians of the olden time was this : " The blood of the martyrs is the seed of the church." So deeds, such as those of which I have just made grateful mention, are the seed of science. From the seed thus sown will spring up results throughout our broad land, from Maine to Texas, which will multiply an hundred fold the generous acts- which we here acknowledge. He is short-sighted, indeed, who sees in the gifts which we receive to-diay a benefit to one institution or to one city. A noble example has been set, a fruitful hint been given which will redound to the advantage of science and humanity throughout our wide borders from the Atlantic to the Pacific shores. Trustees and Faculty of the College of Physicians and Surgeons who are to-day made custodians of these princely gifts, a weighty responsibility rests upon us so to administer them as to develop to its fullest extent the intentions of the givers. It is clear that their desire has been to elevate the standard of medical education in our country, to advance the science of Medicine, and thus to benefit science and humanity. Let no narrow policy, no views bounded by local interests, no ambitions less lofty than those to which allusion has just been made, enter our minds. But with a high and firm resolve, let us strive in the general cause of science and humanity so to acquit ourselves of our stewardship that those who sit in judgment upon us after our mortal frames shall have become dust, may pronounce upon our memories that verdict, so much to be desired', " Well done; good and faith- ful servants." The thought which entered the minds of the creators of these noble charities, that in endowing the quiet, unobtrusive and unobserved science of medicine they could benefit humanity, elevate art, rear to their names an unostentatious yet pleasant memorial in these halls, ''' where charity and science so nobly meet," was an original, a happy, a noble one. Whence came it? Not from a desire for fame. Half the gift elsewhere bestowed would have brought them more. Not from a wish to advance worldly inter- ests. What worldling craves the affectionate adtniration of a guild like ours ? It had its birth in some nobler, loftier, purer sphere. History gives abundant evidence of man's desire to live in the memory 202 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. of those whom he leaves in this Hfe after he has crossed the dark and silent river ; of his aversion to the chilling thought of being completely obliterated and fading from the minds of men like the baseless fabric of a vision, leaving not a rack behind. And history has taught us that it is not the column of brass or the statue of stone which best preserves the name entrusted to it. To live after death our monument must be erected in the grateful hearts of those who succeed us. When the arch of Severus shall have made dust for the streets of Rome, the simple prayer of the g(3cd Chrysostom, con- tained in ten short lines, will cause his memory to live for ages in the minds of men. Lorenzo de Medicis left his memory to the keeping of art; of art honored, elevated, and purified by him ; his name shines more brightly to-day than it did even in his own time. Ars longa! Vita bievis! In whatsoever garb it may appear there is a charm, a beauty about the God-like virtue charity which commands for it admiration, sympathy, and respect. How various are its manifestations ! Here we behold the miser indulging in it as a posthumous duty, because he cannot carry his riches with him into the hereafter, bequeathing his cherished millions to the poor, because " there is no pocket to a shroud " ; here the ambitious demagogue hoarding wealth during a lifetime to endow an institution or erect a statue to preserve his name from oblivion; and here the truly pious and virtuous leaving their goods for the advancement of religion and the spread of the Gospel. In all these forms charity is ever the most God-like and radiant of the virtues. But how much more noble and more admirable does it appear when coming as a gift during the lifetime of the donor, who then shares his possessions, with his needy brother, and watches with tender solicitude the resulting benefit ! To give with posthumous generosity to the heathen of distant lands, and beyond far off seas, is noble indeed ; but more noble, more, beautiful, is it far. to see wealth shared during a lifetime with the beggar at one's doorstep. How beautifully is this idea illustrated in the charming poem of the " Vision of Sir Launfal," a knight of old, who. leaving untended the poor at his gate, sought to recover, for the love of God and at the point of his lance, the Holy Grail from far distant Palestine. Returning disappointed and dejected, the Christian soldier sees at his castle gate a leper, miserable, wretched, outcast. Suddenly he feels " that one touch of nature which makes all mankind kin." and he is inspired with the impulse to pity, and to aid him as he pleads for alms : "And Sir Launfal said — T behold in thee An image of Him who died on the tree : Thou also hast had thy crown of thorns, — Thou also hast had the world's buffets and scorns. — ■ And to thy life were not denied The wounds in the hands, and feet and side : Mild Mary's son acknowledge me : Behold through Him I give to thee !" THE NEW COLLEGE. 203 "As Sir Laiinfal mused with a downcast face, A light shone round about the place ; The leper no longer crouched at his side, But stood before him glorified. Shining and tall and fair and straight As the pillar that stood by the Beautiful Gate. "His words were shed softer than leaves from the pine And they fell on Sir Launfal like snows on the brine, Which mingle their softness and quiet in one With the shaggy unrest they float down upon. And the voice that was calmer than silence said Lo ! it is I. be not afraid ! In many climes without avail Thou hast spent thy life for the Holy Grail ; Behold it is here. — this cup which thou Didst fill at the streamlet for me but now ; This crust is my body broken for thee. This water his blood that died on the tree ; The Holy Supper is kept indeed. In whatso we share with another's need ; Not what we give, but what we share. — For the gift without the giver is bare; Who gives himself with his alms feeds three. Himself, his hungering neighbor and ^Nle." ^ "^ "^ ^ ^ '^ Generous donors of these most noble charities, sons and daughters of one whose name will never fade from the annals of American Medicine, commissioned by my colleagues, I come to you the bearer of three-fold thanks ! In the name of Science, for which you have shown so much solici- tude; in the name of Medicine, for which you have so nobly pled'ged your appreciation; in the name of Humanity, which for cjcle upon cycle will profit by your liberality, from the deepest depths of our hearts, we thank j-ou! " Tout lasse, tout casse, tout passe."' says a quaint old French proverb. The only exception to the truth embodied in its simple alliteration is to be found, in this world, in the enduring pleasure which is born of good deeds done to our fellow men. God grant that that enduring pleasure may be yours and- that it may abide with you to the end of life's pilgrimage! May the wisdom, the resources, and the skill which centuries of labor have bestowed upon Medicine be ever in their best and brightest estate when called for by you in the hour of your sorest need! May the bread which you have so lavishly cast upon the waters be returned to you in prosperity in this world and in life in that which is to come! The college building was described as follows by Dr. John C. Dalton in his " History of the College," published in 1888 : 204 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. "The college edifice consists of three connected structures, namely, a main building, fronting on Fifty-ninth street, containing offices, museums, study and recitation rooms, professors" rooms, and the department of prac- tical anatomy ; a middle building, occupying the central part of the grounds, in which are the main stairway hall, the lecture room, the amphitheater and the rear stairway; and a north building, or laboratory wing, facing Sixtieth street, consisting of the janitor's quarters, the chemical laboratories, and the laboratories of the Alumni Association. Outside, and adjacent to the middle building on the east, are the boiler-house and a one-story laboratory annex; and near by a carriage-house, with rooms on the second floor for accommo- dation of employes. All three buildings are of brick and terra cotta, fur- nished in various parts with granite sill-courses, lintels, quoins, and copings. "The Fifty-ninth street building is one hundred and forty feet long and forty-three feet deep, of four stories above the basement, and sixty-six feet in height from the curb to the roof cornice. On the first floor the main entrance leads into a central hall, sixteen feet wide and fourteen feet high, with transverse corridors extending east and west. Opening on the west corridor are the students' reception room, fifteeen feet by twenty-eight, a. study room, twenty-eight feet by thirty-six, and a cabinet of osteology, from which students are supplied with parts of the skeleton or with separate bones for examination. On the east corridor are the offices of the clerk and secre- tary, and an apartment for the meetings of the trustees and faculty. The door of the coat-room opens on the main hall, a little beyond the crossing of the corridors, and immediately adjacent is the stairway leading to the students' toilet room in the basement. "On the second floor is the College Museum, a room thirty feet by forty-three, in the center of the building. The lateral corridors lead to the private rooms of the professors of anatomy, surgery, medicine, obstetrics, and gynecology. The third floor is occupied, in the center by the Swift Physiological Cabinet, on the west side by the working rooms of the Depart- ment of Physiology, and on the east by rooms for recitation, demonstration, and examination. On the fourth floor is the main dissecting room, thirty- six feet by one hundred and five, lighted by three skylights, of which the central one is thirty feet by forty in size, and the two lateral ones each twenty-five feet by thirty. At each end of this floor are additional rooms, with separate skylights, for the demonstrators of anatomy, the prosector of surgery, for private dissecting, and for instruction in operative surgery. At the head of the stairway are rooms for the prosector of anatomy. "The middle building is fifty-five feet in width by ninety-six in length. The first floor contains the main lecture room, forty-eight feet by fifty-five, entered by two doorways from the front hall. It is eighteen feet in height, with a descent of seven feet from the entrance to the front of the lecturer's platform, and is lighted by five windows on each side. Its seating capacity is a little over four hundred. The air supply is introduced by narrow hori- zontal slits beneath the seats, and in the risers of the platforms, and the escape of air is provided for by eight ventilating registers in the north and south walls, four of them being placed near the floor and four near the THE NEW COLLEGE. 205 M n 5 o o o n o r f w o PI 2o6 COLLEGE OF PHYSICL4NS AND SURGEONS. ceiling. In the rear of the lecture room is an apparatus for chemistry and physics. In the front hall, at the foot of the main stairway, on the west side, is the entrance to a covered way leading to the Vanderbilt Clinic. "The amphitheater, situated above the lecture room, is of the same length and width, but has a height of twenty-eight feet from floor to ceiling, with a descent of eighteen feet from the uppermost platform to the lecturer's area. It has a seating capacity of four hundred and fifty. Above the lec- turer's area is a skylight, sixteen feet by twenty, and there are six windows in the east wall, behind the upper seats. The air supply, like that of the lecture room, is by slits in the risers of the platforms, and the air escapes by openings around the base of the skylight into the space between the ceil- ing and the roof, whence it is conducted to the outer ventilating shaft. The professors' entrance to the amphitheater is by a corridor on the second floor, leading to the area ; the students' entrance is by two doors leading from the front and rear stairways to the upper platform. Behind the amphithea- ter and communicating with the rear stairway are two half-story rooms for the cabinet of materia medica and the private working room of the professor of that department. "The north or Sixtieth Street building is ninety-six feet long by forty- three feet deep, and is three stories in height. On its first floor are the apartments of the janitor, the laboratory of the chemical professor, and a laboratory of instruction in practical chemistry for students. The middle portion of the second floor is occupied by the general pathological laboratory. This is a square room, thirty-six feet by thirty-six, surrounded by shelving for jars of preserved pathological specimens to be used by the teachers of the laboratory and by advanced workers for examination and demonstration. Adjoining it on the western end are the director's room, a photograph chamber, and a chemical and operating room. On the eastern end is a room, twenty-seven feet by thirty-six, for experiments and researches in bacteriol- ogy. In the northwest corner of this room is an apartment ten feet square, shut off from the rest by glazed partitions, and serving for the experimental culture of various bacterial forms under uniform temperatures. The third floor is divided into two rooms, each thirty-six feet by forty-four, for class instruction in histology and pathology. All the rooms are provided with ap- propriate tables, hoods, sinks, instruments and apparatus. "Adjacent to the main stairway hall is a hydraulic elevator, running from the cellar to the fourth floor, for the transportation of subjects, speci- mens, illustrations and apparatus. In the rear hall is a dumb waiter of smaller dimensions for the accommodation of the laboratorj^ wing. "The warming and ventilation of the building are provided for by steam boilers, each fifty-four inches in diameter by sixteen feet in length. From these boilers steam is supplied to the heating coils in four air chambers sit- uated in the basement of the middle building. Four fans and fan-engines drive the air past the heating coils, through as many systems of distributing air ducts, to the rooms above. The first of these systems supplies air to the first, second and third floors of the front building ; the second, to the dissect- ing room floor; the third, to the lecture room and amphitheater in the mid- THE NEW COLLEGE. 207 o o r r PI w o ►d > z > Z t3 G o O z H H ta P) w H O z H 2o8 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. die building, and the foiu-th, to the laboratory wing. The air chamber of the third system is provided with valves by which it may be made to com- municate, at will, with either the lecture room or the amphitheater, or with both. Under a moderate speed of the fan engine, either of these rooms may be supplied with 750,000 cubic feet of air per hour. "The ventilating flues for the escape of air from all rooms of the front building terminate in two main ducts, v^-hich open in the interior of a brick shaft surrounding the iron smokestack of the boiler furnace. One-half the space of this shaft is appropriated to the duct from the dissecting room floor; the other half, to that from the rest of the front building. The ducts from the lecture room and amphitheater discharge by a common ventilator above the roof of the middle building; and those from the laboratory wing by brick shafts above the roof of the rear building. "The front and middle buildings are lighted by electric lamps of sixteen candle power each, run by a dynamo-electric machine and machine engine in the basement. The machine also supplies electricity to an automatic arc light in the lecture room, for magic lantern demonstrations. Illuminating gas and gas burners are distributed in all three buildings." By way of an interpolatory note it may be here stated that a small but very necessary piece of property was acquired in 1889. This was a lot (25 by 100 feet) bounding the eastern limit of the College property on Fifty- ninth street. The owner had begun the work of excavation preparatory to the building of a lofty apartment house which could not but prove to be an annoyance to the College. Dr. McLane, as Executive Manager, after con- sultation with several of the Trustees, effected the purchase of the lot in ques- tion, for which was exacted the large sum of $20,000. This outlay was at once met through the generosity of Messrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt, William K. Vanderbilt, Frederick W. Vanderbilt and George Vanderbilt, each of whom contributed one-fourth of the amount. In 1895, out of a liberal benefaction made by the sons of Mr. William H. Vanderbilt, an important addition Avas made to the College building proper in order to provide additional facilities for anatomical teaching and for practical work in Pathology and Bacteriology. This addition comprised a southern extension on Fifty-ninth street, fifty-five feet in length, with a depth of eighty feet, and four stories in height. The Vanderbilt Clinic was built with a frontage of sixty feet on Tenth avenue, and a depth of one hundred feet. It was of three stories, with wiadows in front and on both sides, and was similar in appearance to the other College buildings. Having been found inadequate for its purposes by the great numbers of students seeking it soon after its opening, in 1895 the THE NEW COLLEGE. 209 sons of Mr. Vanderbilt united in an additional gift of $350,000, enabling the size of the building to be doubled. The equipment of these admirable buildings includes all modern appli- ances for the treatment of every class of injury and disease, enabling the student to explore the entire range of medical and surgical science. The Anatomical Building contains basement apartments set apart as casting and modeling rooms, the corrosion room and the reference osteolog- VANDERBILT CLINIC. ical collection. The first and second stories are occupied by the Museum of Human and Comparative Morphology, the first floor being provided with a gallery, greatly increasing the available floor space. The laboratory for ad- vanced morphological research occupies the third story. This is provided with admirable facilities, and considerable progress has been made in the preparation of a Museum of Human and Comparative Anatomy, the ulti- 210 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. mate design of which is to present, in as complete a manner as possible, a view of the evolution of the forms of animal life, and of their natural rela- tions, both in series of natural groups, and in the comparative and relative position of organs and systems. The fourth floor forms an extension to the original dissecting room, and now accommodates more than four hundred students. The north end of the floor is occupied by a small auditorium for anatomical demonstrations. It has overhead light and an arrangement of seats carefully planned so as to bring each member of the sections close to the object of the demonstration. The plant for the production of artificial cold by the anhydrous ammonia process has enabled the Department, through the means offered for the indefinite preservation of fresh subjects by the cold storage system, greatly to increase the amount of material available for laboratory work, and has also rendered it possible so to regulate the temperature of the general lab- oratory that the work can be carried on without difficulty during the warmer months at the beginning and close of the academic year. The two upper floors of the new building over the Vanderbilt Clinic ex- tension are made continuous with the space formerly occupied by the Depart- ment of Patholog}', and the whole is devoted to the work of this department in Pathology, Bacteriology and Hygiene, Clinical Pathology, Normal His- tology, and Photography, and to such an extension of these as the plans of the four years" course recjuire. There is on the fifth floor, in addition to the large class laboratories, a series of larger and smaller rooms for advanced students and research work in Bacteriology. On the fourth floor there is a large laboratory for special advanced students in Pathology and for research, a series of private rooms for the Instructors, and a Departmental Library. VANDERBILT CLINIC. The Vanderbilt Clinic supplies a fully ecjuipped dispensary service for the sick poor, and this has proven of incalculable value to suffering human- ity. In 1 90 1 an army of 47,156 patients were treated, and their visits num- bered 153,446. The Clinic also affords ample opportunity for extended instruction in the various departments of medicine and surgery, the Professors of the College, with their clinical assistants, having entire charge of its practice. Necessary space is provided not only for the reception of the constantly in- creasing number of patients, but also for the instruction of the students in small classes in each of the eleven different departments. Two large dark THE NEW COLLEGE. 211 rooms with twenty stalls are provided for instruction in the use of the ophthalmoscope and laryngoscope. Each department has a room for the practical instruction of small groups of students, in addition to the rooms devoted to the treatment of patients. There is a large theater for the clin- ical lectures, accommodating about four hundred students, and a smaller lec- ture hall where one hundred can be seated. All modern appliances for the treatment of diseases have been introduced, enabling students to learn thor- oughly the use of all methods in each department, and thus acc|uire a^ prac- tical knowledge of all the specialties in medicine and surgery. The Department of Laryngology is particularly well ecjuipped. It com- prises two large clinic rooms for the separate registration, examination and treatment of the sexes; -an operating room for cases requiring anesthesia; a hall divided into stalls with instruments and conveniences for instruction in the practical use of the laryngoscope and rhinoscope; a demonstration room for pathological cases; and the amphitheater of the clinic. The equipment includes a complete collection of the modern electric illuminating apparatus for the examination of patients ; the electric laryngo- scope ; apparatus for the transillumination of the accessory cavities of the face ; dilators, canuls, and other instruments used in the treatment of laryn- geal stenosis; operative instruments by Pfau of Berlin arranged in cases and catalogued; laryngoscopic "phantoms" by Bock of Leipsic, for exercising the students in the use of the various instruments preliminary to the examination of the living subject; one hundred anatomical models of the healthy and diseased larynx by Steiger of Leipsie and Tobold of Berlin; models of the normal larynx by Bock of Leipsic and by Auzoux of Paris ; physiological models to illustrate the normal movements and the various paralyses of the vocal cords ; a diagrammatic model, to illustrate the mechanical interference of laryngeal neoplasms with the act of phonation ; photographs of the living larynx, in health and disease; four hundred wall plates, in color, by Wright of New York, of the pathological conditions of the larynx, pharynx, naso- pharynx, and nasal passages. These drawings are of large size, 42x36, to illustrate the clinical lectures. A collection of large drawings, illustrating the anatomy of the accessory sinuses of the nose. Also illustrated by a series of sections of the skull, made by \'Vard of Rochester, and by a series of models of frozen sections of the human head, prepared by Odo Betz and Elkins. Frankel's photogravures of the same subjects. Drawings and in- struments to illustrate the operation of intubation. Reproductions of all the earlier tubes for laryngeal catheterization and intubation. This last collection is historically interesting as illustrating the evolution of the in- tubation tube. A special manikin, upon which the procedure of intubation 212 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. may be practically demonstrated to a large number of students at one time. Wet preparations of the larynges of children, demonstrating in situ the proper-sized intubation tube, and its exact position in the larynx at different ages (1-15), and a series of models, by Elkins, of laryngeal diphtheria. A collection of skulls, demonstrating the various lesions of the nasal septum, abnormalities of the nasal chambers, etc., and a manikin, upon which the operation of plugging the anterior and posterior nasal passages, with the naso-pharyngeal space, for hemorrhage, can be practically illustrated before the class. The pathological and anatomical museum of the Department contains at present one hundred and fifty carefully prepared and mounted wet prepara- tions of the larynx and its diseases. This collection is especially rich in the rare specimens, such as benign neoplasms of the larynx, intrinsic and ex- trinsic laryngeal cancer, and others. The Vanderbilt Clinic was opened for the reception of patients and the instruction of the college students under the following corps of Professors, Chiefs of Clinics and Clinical Assistants : STAFF OF THE VANDERBILT CLINIC. MEDICINE. Francis Delafield, M. D., Professor. Frank W. Jackson, M. D., Chief of Clinic. Charles D. Scudder, M. D., Clinical Assistant. George R. Lockwood, M. D., Clinical Assistant. Walter B. James, M. D., Clinical Assistant. SURGERY. William T. Bull, M. D., Professor Adjunct. Richard J. Hall, M. D., Professor Adjunct. Robert F. Weir, M. D., Clinical Professor. George S. Huntington, M. D., Chief of Clinic. A. J. Magnin, M. D., Clinical Assistant. B. B. Gallaudet, M. D., Clinical Assistant. James R. Hayden, M. D.. Clinical Assistant. DISEASES OF WOMEN. T. Gaillard Thomas, M. D., Professor of Clinical Gynecology. George M. Tuttle, M. D., Professor of Gynecology. Charles Ware, M. D., Chief of Clinic. James B. Hunter, M. D., Clinical Assistant. DISEASES OF CHILDREN. Abraham Jacobi, M. D., Clinical Professor. Francis Huber, M. D., Chief of Clinic. THE NEW COLLEGE. 21- Abram Brothers, M. D., Clinical Assistant. Albert F. Brugman, M. D., Clinical Assistant. Alexander B. Pope, M. D., Clinical Assistant. Willis W. French, M. D., Clinical Assistant. D. Brown, M. D., Clinical Assistant. H. N. Vineberg, M. D., Clinical Assistant. GENITO-URINARY DISEASES. Fessenden N. Otis, M. D., Clinical Professor. L. Bolton Bangs, M. D., Chief of Clinic. William K. Otis, M. D., Clinical Assistant. George E. Brewer, M. D., Clinical Assistant. DISEASES OF THE EYE. Herman Knapp, M. D., Professor. David Webster, M. D., Chief of Clinic. Frank W. Ring, M. D., Clinical Assistant. Walter B. Johnson, M. D., Clinical Assistant. William O. Moore, M. D., Clinical Assistant. John H. Claiborne, M. D., Clinical Assistant. N. J. Hepburn. M. D., Clinical Assistant. Thomas T. Janeway, M. D., Clinical Assistant. Charles H. May, M'. D., Clinical Assistant. DISEASES OF THE EAR. Albert H. Buck, M. D., Clinical Professor. Huntington Richards, M. D., Chief of Clinic. Gorham Bacon, M. D., Clinical Assistant. DISEASES OF THE THROAT. George M. Lefferts, M. D., Clinical Professor. D. Bryson Delavan, M. D., Chief of Clinic. Urban G. Hitchcock, M. D., Clinical Assistant. Charles H. Knight, M. D., Clinical Assistant. S. O. Vander Poel, M. D., Clinical Assistant. William J. Swift, M. D., Clinical Assistant. William K. Simpson, M. D., Clinical Assistant. Francis J. Ouinlan, M. D., Clinical Assistant. Frank E. Miller, M. D., Clinical Assistant. DISEASES OF THE SKIN. George H. Fox, M. D., Chnical Professor. George T. Jackson, M. D., Chief of Clinic. Charles A. Kinch, Clinical Assistant. Frank B. Carpenter. M. D., Clinical Assistant. 214 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. M. Allen Starr, M. D., Clinical Professor. Henry W. Berg, M. D., Clinical Assistant. Barney Sachs, M. D., Clinical Assistant. Tames A. Booth, M. D., Clinical Assistant. "G. a. Dixon, M. D., Clinical Assistant. In 1 89 1, the first year under the University organization, the clinical instruction was given by the following named staff: CHIEFS OF CLINIC. B. Farquhar Curtis, M. D. D. Bryson Delavan, M. D. James R. Hayden, M. D. Francis Huber, M. D. Frank W. Jackson, M. D. George T. Jackson, M. D. Hersey G. Locke, M. D. Charles H. May, M. D. Frederick Peterson, M. D. Huntington Richards, M. D. CLINICAL ASSISTANTS. Charles L. Allen, M. D. Joseph D. Aspinwall. M. D. Joseph A. Blake, M. D. John W. Brannan, M. D. John Cabot, M. D. William H. Caswell, M. D. John H. Claiborne, Jr., M. D. Christopher J. Colles, M. D. Roswell P. Collin, M. D. William Cowen, M. D. Walter B. James. M. D. George W. Jarman, M. D. Charles A. Kinch, M. D. Samuel W. Lambert, M. D. Walter E. Lambert, L.R.C.P., S.E. Robert Lewis, M. D. Albert H. Leyton, M. D. George R. Lockwood, Jr., M. D. George B. McAulifYe, M. D. James McEvoy, M. D. Ferdinand S. MacHale, M. D. Wilbur F. Martin, M. D. Frank E. Miller, M. D. Jackson M. Mills, M. D. Louis R. Morris, M. D. D. William L. Culbert, M. D. Charles N. Dowd, M. D. Ellsworth Eliot, Jr., M. D. William C. Gihey, M. D. Robert H. Greene, M. D. Calvin L. Harrison, M. D. •Edmund Y. Hill, M. D. Urban G. Hitchcock, M. Ward A. Holden, M. D. Joseph Huber, M. D. George R. Newby, M. D. William H. Park, M. D. Charles C. Ransom, M. D. George A. Richards, M. D. John F. Ridlon, M. D. Nathan S. Roberts, M. D. Edward V. Silver, M. D. William K. Simpson, M. D. William J. Swift, M. D. Francis Torek, M. D. Samuel G. Tracy, M. D. Henrv H. Tyson, Jr., M Walter Vought, M. D. Walter C. Wood, M. D. D. In 1893 the Clinical Corps was more completely organized with Dr. Frank W. Jackson as Chief of Clinic, and instructor in the departments of Medicine, Surgery, Neurology, Gynecolog}', Ophthalmology, Laryngology,. THE NEW COLLEGE. 215 Otology, Dermatology, and Genito-Urinary and Venereal Diseases. In 1894 the Department of Diseases of Children was added, and in 1895 that of Orthopedic Surgery was created. In the year 1903 the Clinical Instructors and Clinical Assistants were as follows : DEPARTMENT OF MEDICINE. Albert E. Sumner. M. D., Chief of Clinic and Instructor of Physical Diagnosis. Instructors in Physical Diagnosis: Van Home Norrie, M. D., Arthur M. Shrady, M. D. Clinical Assistants : Arthur R. Braunlich. M. D., Edmund L. Dow. M. D., Chas. M. Williams. M. D., T. Stuart Hart. M. D., Henry S. Patter- son, M. D.. Hughes Dayton. M. D. DEPARTMENT OF SURGERY. Edward M. Foote. M. D., Chief of Clinic and Instructor in Minor Sur- gery. Clinical Assistants: D. S. D. Jessup. M. D., F. R. Cook. M. D., J. C. Ayer, M. D., H. E. Meeker, M. D.. A. S. Taylor, M. D., W. P. Herrick. M. D., J. B. Clark. M. D., H. H. Pelton, M. D., Rowland Cox, M. D., Ar- thur H. Gardner, M. D. DEPARTMENT OF ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY. Royal Whitman, M. D., Chief of Clinic and Instructor in Orthopedic Surgery. Clinical Assistants : Louis R. Welzmiller, M. D., Russell Pemberton, M. D., Charlton Wallace, M. D., Charles H^ Jaeger, M. D., Shirley E. Sprague, M. D. DEPARTMENT OF NEUROLOGY. Frederick Peterson, M. D.. Chief of Clinic, Clinical Lecturer on Psy- chiatry, and Instructor in Neurolog}'. Pearce Bailey. M. D., Instructor in Neurology. Clinical Assistants: Charles E. Atwood. M. D.. R. H. Cunningham. M. D., B. E. Krystall, M. D., S. E. Jelliffe, M. D., S. P. Goodhardt, M. D., L. M. Gibson, M. D.,' Walter Timme, M. D., G. E. Neuhaus, M. D., T. Stuart Hart, M. D., E. L. Hunt. M. D, J. E. Clark. M. D., Arthur B. Wright, M. D. DEPARTMENT OF GYNECOLOGY. Geo. W. Jarman, M. D.. Chief of Clinic and Instructor in Gynecology. William S. Stone. M. D.. Instructor in Gynecology. Edward L'H. McGinnis, M. D., Electro-Therapeutist. Clinical Assistants: Chas. I. Proben, M. D., John M. Kennedy, M. D., Geo. E. Mallet. M. D.. Benj. W. Stiefel, M. D.. E. Pierre Mallet. M. D., J. J. Higgins, M. D., William L. Bradley, M. D., Frank R. Oastler, M. D., J. Ives Edgerton, M. D. 2i6 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. DEPARTMENT OF OPHTHALMOLOGY. Charles H. May, M. D., Chief of Clinic and Instructor in Ophthalmol- ogy- John H. Claiborne, M. D., Instructor in Ophthalmology. Clinical Assistants: Henry H. Tyson, M. D., Ward A. Holden, M. D., Jackson M. Mills, M. D., EdwaVd B. Coburn, M. D. DEPARTMENT OF LARYNGOLOGY. (Including Diseases of the Larynx, Pharynx, and Nasal Passages.) William K. Simpson, M. D., Chief of Clinic and Instructor in Laryn- gology. Richard Frothingham, M. D., Instructor in Laryngology. Clinical Assistants: Arthur P. Coll, M. D., Lee M. Hurd, M. D., Jo- seph E. Fuld, M. D., Jonathan Dwight, Jr., M. D.. John J. McCoy, M. D., John Leshure, M. D., Samuel W. Thurber, M. D., Paul F. Sondern, M. D., Daniel W. Layman, M. D., F. Conger Smith, M. D. DEPARTMENT OF OTOLOGY. William Cowen, M. D., Chief of Clinic and Instructor in Otology. Robert Lewis, Jr., M. D., Instructor in Otology. Clinical Assistants: Allan G. Terrell, M. D., Mathew L. Carr, M. D., Alfred Michaelis, M. D. DEPARTMENT OF DERMATOLOGY. George T. Jackson, M. D., Chief of Clinic and Instructor in Dermatol- ogy. Clinical Assistants: [ohn Cabot, M. D., John H. P. Hodgson, M. D., John Aldrich, M. D., Charles T. Dade, M. D.. S. Dana Hubbard, M, D. DEPARTMENT OF DISEASES OF CHILDREN. Francis Ruber, M. D., Chief of Clinic and Instructor in Diseases of Children. Clinical Assistants: Joseph Huber, M. D., Ferdinand S. McHale, M. D., Louis M. Silver, M. D., Albert F. Brugman, M. D., Bernard Sour, M. D. DEPARTMENT OF GENITO-URINARY DISEASES. James R. Hayden, M. D., Chief of Clinic and Instructor in Genito-Urin- ary Diseases. Clinical Assistants: William C. Gillev, M. D., John B. Stein, M. D., Edmund Y. Hill, M. D., Walter B. Brouner, M. D., Walter D. Trenwith, M. D., W. S. Reynolds, M. D., S. W. Fowler, M. D., Fellowes Davis, Jr., M. D., James R. Whiting M. D., Edward L. Kellogg, M. D., Harold Barclay, M. D. OFFICERS OF ADMINISTRATION. James D. Voorhees, M. D., Secretary of the Faculty of Medicine. Edward T. Boag, Assistant Register of the University. W. H. G. Peters, Assistant Bursar of the University. THE NEW COLLEGE. 217 UNIVERSITY OFFICERS OF ADMINISTRATION. James H. Canfield, A. M., LL. D., Librarian of the University. F. P. Keppel, A. B., Secretar}' of the Universit)'. The Sloane Maternity Hospital was built sixty-five feet on Fifty-ninth street by seventy-five feet in Tenth avenue, and is of three stories and an attic. It harmonizes well with the College building", the brick surfaces being relieved with facings and mouldings of granite and terra cotta. Internally, the construction is fireproof throughout. The flooring of the halls and the wainscoting of the stairways are of white marble. In the wards the floor- ing is of vitrified tiles, with a marble base for the side walls. The surfaces of the walls and partitions are in hard finish. The basement contained the laundry, the kitchen, the servants' dining room, the coil chamber and fan for warming and ventilation, and a bath room for newly admitted patients, with lockers tor the deposit and safe-keeping of their personal clothing and effects while inmates of the hospital. On the first floor were the janitor's room, an examination room for patients applying for admission, rooms for the Board of Managers, the House Physician, the x\ssistant House Physician and the Matron ; also a dining room and a general reception room. The sec- ond floor had three wards, one of six beds and two of four beds each ; a de- livery room, where the patients were confined and from which they were transferred to the wards after delivery ; sleeping rooms for ward nurses, and the drug room of the establishment. The third floor liad three wards, sim- ilar to those of the second. It also contained the apartment of the head nurse; sleeping rooms for ward nurses, and two isolating wards, of one bed each. The attic was occupied by servants' sleeping rooms. The first year in the history of the Sloane Maternity Hospital afforded bright promise of the vast importance which the institution soon was to at- tain. During the first twelve months there were four hundred cases of de- livery. The number rapidly increased, however, and had more than doubled when Mr. and Mrs. Sloane entered upon their self-appointed task of adding to the capacity of the Hospital. The new and more ample advan- tages for the treatment of patients and the accommodation of students favored a yet larger growth, and in each of the two years just past nearly fifteen hundred confinements had taken place within the hospital walls, af- fording numerous examples of all the operations peculiar to obstetrics which modern skill had devised for the relief of women in labor. The statistics of the results obtained were also unsurpassed, so that today the Hospital, splen- didly equipped and with work in its wards a prescribed portion of the curricu- lum of the College, stands easily first among similar maternity hospitals in this countrv and in the world. 2i8 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. As the years have passed, the composition of the resident staff has been materially modified. In 1890 it was found necessary to increase the staff and to provide, in addition to the permanent resident obstetrician, a junior interne, a day senior and a night senior, a new man coming on duty the first of every month and serving for a month in each of the three divisions of the service. The position of resident obstetrician has been tilled by men especially qualitied for the work. Up to the present time the list includes Dr. James W. Markoe (1887-1889), Dr. N. E. Norfleet (1889), Dr. G. W. Bratenahl (1889), Dr. C. W. Hayt (1890), Dr. A. Abrams (1890), Dr. Ervin A. Tucker (1890-1895), Dr. George L. Brodhead (1895-1897), Dr. James D. Voorhees (1897-1900), and Dr. Eranklin A. Dorman, whose service began in 1900 and who left in 1902, and was succeeded by Dr. Ralph W. Loben- stine. The standard set for internes has, from the first, been an extremely high one, as but few vacancies exist and there are many applicants from whom to choose. With few exceptions, all of the men have been college graduates, in many cases with a Master's degree. Of necessity they must have grad- uated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons. After they have re- ceived their medical degree, each applicant must have served a full term of service in some general hospital, and then only are they eligible for an ap- pointment on the Sloane staff. It will be seen, therefore, that in practically all cases, each applicant has had at least ten years of college and hospital in- struction before he can be appointed. Of the men tluis qualified, six are chosen semi-annually by the hospital council, consisting of the Professor of Obstetrics and the Assistant Attending and the Resident Obstetricians of the Hospital. As a result of this unusual care, it is probable that in no alumni society in the country is the general average in the way of medical proficiency so high, a statement borne out by the result of the recent examina- tion for the position of Police Surgeon of New York City, in which, with over four hundred applicants, five of the first six men — Frank R. Oastler, Charles A. Elsberg, Henry P. de Forest, Walter B. Brouner and Walter M. Brickner — are alumni of the Sloane Hospital. The Matron of the Hospital performs the duties of housekeeper ; provid- ing for the supplies and other daily requirements of the institution, the hir- ing and management of servants, and the care and preservation of the furni- ture. The ward nurses are supplied from the Training School of the New York Hospital, being selected from those who have already received general instruction for one year or more. Each nurse remains in the Maternity Hospital for thre months, learning the duties and performing the service THE NEW COLLEGE. 219 of obstetrical nursing under the instruction of the head nurse, who is per- manentl}- attached to the institution and is known as the Principal of the Training School. The administjation of the Hospital is committed to a Board of Man- agers, five in number, to consist of the President of the College, Mr. Sloane or some one named by him, a member of the Board of Trustees of the Col- lege and two members of the Faculty. The conduct of the Hospital is under the exclusive direction of the Professor of Obstetrics in the College, an Instructor in Obstetrics being the Resident Physician. The wards cf the Hospital furnish one hundred and sixteen beds. The operating room is equipped with all modern surgical and obstetrical conveniences and has seating accommodations for tifty-one students. The number of deliveries averages over fourteen hundred a year. These, with the obstetric operations and the subsequent treatment of women and infants, afford invaluable practical experience, such as is offered at no other medical school in the country. As a principal object of the Hospital is to afford instruction in the prac- tice of obstetrics, each of the members of the College graduating class is re- quired to attend at the Hospital a certain number of cases of labor, and to ob- serve the after treatment of the patients, the puerperal condition, and the caring for infants. For this purpose the students of the fourth year are divided, at the beginning of the academic year, into sections of six, each sec- tion remaining on duty for two weeks, the first week being spent in day duty, the second week in night duty. During the week of night duty they are furnished with lodgings, free of charge, in the Hospital, in order that they may be summoned quickly to cases of emergency. Daily bedside instruction is given by the Instructor, and an examination on the work of the week is held there by him every Saturday. A daily clinical lecture is also given. In 1897, through the further munificence of Mr. Sloane, the Hospital accommodations were materially enlarged by the erection of an addition ex- tended eastward from the original building, along Fifty-ninth street. It is six stories in height, and conforms to the original design of the edifice to which it was attached. The new portion affords room for seventy-two addi- tional beds for patients, and contains an operating room accommodating fifty students. Mrs. Sloane, who provided for the maintenance of the original Sloane Hospital, after her death as well as during her lifetim.e, made similar ar- rangements with reference to the enlarged establishment. The Roosevelt Hospital has long been the seat of thorough clinical work, and has become of special importance in this respect from its position 220 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. immediately opposite the buildings of the College of Physicians and Sur- geons, but is not governmentally connected with the institution. Its grounds comprise the entire block from Ninth avenue to Tenth avenue and from Fifty-eighth street to Fifty-ninth street. The building and endowment fund was a bequest by James H. Roosevelt, who died in November, 1863. The property, amounting in value to nearly one million dollars, was placed under the management of nine trustees, among whom was to be the President of the College of Physicians and Surgeons ex oMcio. These were to found and maintain a hospital for the reception and relief of sick and diseased ROOSEVELT HOSPITAL. persons. In February. 1864, the institution was incorporated under the name of the Roosevelt Hospital; the corner stone of the building was laid October 29, 1869, and the building was opened for the reception of patients November 2, 1871. The hospital consists of a central administrative building fronting on Fifty-ninth street, with an extension in the rear, flanked by three parallel pavilions, two on the eastern and one on the western side. The central building, four stories in height, contains offices, reception and examination rooms, the apothecary's laboratory and dispensing room, the superintend- ent's apartments, rooms for the meetings of the Trustees and the Medical Board, an operating theater, and two surgical wards for women and chil- dren. The rear building is occupied by steam boilers and the warming and THE NEW COLLEGE. 221 ventilating machinery, the laundry, bakery, kitchen and servants' sleeping rooms. The pavilion next the administration building on the east is four stories, containing medical wards for male and female patients, nurses' rooms, and apartments for the house staff; that still farther to the east, near Ninth avenue, is a one-story building for surgical patients, and that on the west, also one-story, is for the treatment of outdoor cases. Some years ago the hospital received a bequest of several hundred thousand dollars for the erection and endowment of the Syms Operating Theater, which offers unrivalled facilities for instruction in operative sur- gery. The McLane Operating Theater is one of the most thoroughly equipped buildings in this country for instruction in the surgery of gynecol- ogy. The cases upon which operations are demonstrated are taken from the gynecological wards of Roosevelt Hospital, which are under the exclusive direction of the Professor of Gynecology, of the College, and the cases in which are all available for the instruction given by him. The institution is a general hospital having two hundred beds for ward patients, besides a separate pavilion in which there are thirty-eight rooms for private patients ; it also possesses an extensive and well-cared-for Out- Patient Department. CHAPTER X. DR. JAMES W. MCLAXE CALLED TO THE PRESIDENCY OF THE COLLEGE. UNION WITH COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY. The vacancy in the Presidency of the College, occasioned by the death of the lamented Dr. John C. Dalton, was filled in a manner which was the ."highest possible tribute that could be paid to the eminent teacher and prac- titioner who was called to be his successor. At the same meeting of the Board of Trustees at which action was taken with reference to the death of President Dalton, as previously narrated, the following letter was received : ^'College of Physicians and Surgeons in the City of New York, Medical Department of Columbia College. "February 21, 1889. "'To the Registrar: "Sir: I have the honor to communicate through vou, to the Board of Trustees, that, at a meeting of the Faculty held this day, it was unanimously voted that it be earnestly recommended to the Trustees that James Woods McLane, M. D., Professor of Obstetrics, be elected President of the College, vice John Call Dalton, M. D., deceased. "At the above meeting of the Faculty, every member was present except- ing Dr. McLane and one other, which latter sent a letter strongly expressing what proved to be the wish of the Faculty. "It is respectfully submitted to the Trustees that the appointment afore- said would subserve the highest interests of the College by the advancement of one who has served the College and the profession as a teacher with eminent distinction for twenty-two consecutive years; who has long shown extraordinary skill and zeal in important and wearisome tasks of organiza- tion and administration; and to whose sound judgment and unsparing work it is largely due that the College has been able to give such full effect to the wishes of its recent benefactors. "Should the above recommendation commend itself to the judgment of the Trustees, the Faculty cannot but feel that qualities which have proved so valuable in the past will prove still more valuable at the head of the College for many years to come. "Respectfully submitted, by order and in behalf of the Facult}-. "John G. Curtis, M. D.. Secretary." Following the reading of the communication, a resolution was adopted directing the Registrar to notify all members of the Board of Trustees that PRESIDENT MCLANE AND UNION WITH COLUMBIA. 223 at the next quarterly meeting a motion would be made for the suspension of the by-laws in order to permit the nomination and election of a President at that meeting, and that, if such motion prevailed, an election would then be held. At the quarterly meeting of the Board of Trustees, held on May 7th, following, a motion for the suspension of so much of the by-laws as pre- scribed the time of election was adopted. Mr. Remsen then nominated Dr. James Woods McLane for President, and a ballot resulted in his election by a unanimous vote. Dr. McLane was born in the city of New York, August 19, 1839. His parents were James Woods and Ann Huntington (Richards) McLane; the father was of an old North Carolina family, and the mother was a native of Connecticut. He received his early education through private tuition, and prepared for college in the Phillips Academy at Andover, Massachusetts ; was graduated from Yale College with the class of 1S61. He studied for his profession in the College of Physicians and Surgeons and was grad- iiated therefrom in 1864, with more than the average reputation for dili- gence. He at once entered upon the active practice of his profession in New York City. Three years later (in 1867) he was appointed Lecturer of Ma- teria Medica in the College of Physicians and Surgeons. In the following year he was made Professor of Materia Medica. Li 1872 he was promoted to the Professorship of Obstetrics and the Diseases of Children. In 1882 the Department of Gynecology was attached lo this department, and then de- tached from it in 1885, while tlie department of Diseases of Children- was de- tached from it in 1891. In 1898 he became Emeritus Professor of Ob- stetrics, a position which he has adorned to the present time. During his professional career he has occupied many responsible professional positions. He was appointed Attending Physician to St. Luke's LTospital in 1872 ; At- tending Physician to the Nursery and Child's Hospital, New York City, in 1871; Attending Physician to the New York Hospital in 1867; Consulting Physician at the Emigrant Hospital and Ward's Island, New York Harbor, in 1882; Consulting Physician to the New York Hospital in 1885; z^ttending Physician to the Sloane Maternity Hospital in 1888. He is President of the Vanderbilt Clinic of the Sloane Hospital, a Trustee of the Roosevelt Hos- pital, a member of the Union League Club, the Medical and Surgical Society, the Physicians' Mutual Aid Society, and the New York Academy of Medicine. While yet serving as one of the Professors, Dr. McLane rendered to the College services of a peculiarly far-reaching nature, since as the physician of Mr. William H. Vanderbilt their associations with each other were 224 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. intimate and confiding. It was to Dr. McLane that the greathearted phil- anthropist turned for counsel when he conceived the plan of providing a new College edifice. As a result of their consultations, it became apparent that Mr. Vanderbilt's original purpose of erecting a new building upon the Twenty-third street site was injudicious, and, accordingly, the location at Fifty-ninth street was determined upon, although involving a far larger outlay than at first intended. The narrative relating to this important under- taking is presented in other chapters of this work. The eighty-second Annual Commencement of the College was held in the lecture hall on the evening of Thursday, June 13, 1889. Dr. Thomas M. Markoe, Vice President, conducted the exercises, and delivered the ad- dress to a graduating class comprising one hundred and forty-six members. In their report for the fiscal year ending September i, 1889, made to the Regents of the University of the State of New York, the Trustees of the College of Physicians and Surgeons reported the attendance of seven hundred and one students, of whom two hundred and ninety-eight were from states other than New York, and twenty-five were from foreign countries. The total number of medical graduates was one hundred and sixty-six. The in- come of the College had increased to the sum of $91,011.62, and the ex- penses of instruction had increased to $58,307.62. The value of the College property, the Sloane Maternity Hospital included, had increased to $1,- 147,202.71. In May, 1889, Dr. Thomas Markoe, Dr. William T. Bull and Dr. Charles McBurney were appointed Professors of Surgery, and Dr. Edward L. Partridge was appointed Adjunct Professor of Obstetrics. In June fol- lowing. Dr. Richard J. Hall resigned his position as Adjunct Professor of Anatomy, and Dr. George S. Huntington was appointed Demonstrator of Anatomy for two years and also Lecturer on Anatomy for one year. In October following. Dr. T. Gaillard Thomas resigned the chair of Clinical Gynecology, and he was appointed Emeritus Professor of Ob- stetrics and Gynecology. At the same time was created a chair of Mental and Nervous Diseases, and it was stipulated that the permanent incumbent thereof should be styled Professor, that he should deliver didactic lectures, and that he be given a seat with the Faculty and be empowered to take part in the examination of candidates for the degree of Doctor of Medicine. Dr. Moses A. Starr, Clinical Professor of the Diseases of the Mind and Ner- vous System, was appointed Didactic Lecturer upon the same subjects for the remainder of the year, ending September 15, 1890. Various Faculty changes were made in the following year of 1890. The title of the Clinical Chair of Genito-Urinarv and Venereal Diseases was PRESIDENT MCLANE AND UNION WITH COLUMBIA. 225 changed to that of Venereal Diseases. Dr. F. N. Otis, who had resigned this chair, was appointed Emeritus Professor of Genito-Urinary and Venereal Diseases, and Dr. Robert W. Taylor, of the class of 1868, was appointed Clinical Lecturer upon Venereal Diseases for one year. Dr. Moses A. Starr was appointed Professor of Diseases of the Mind and Nervous System, and Dr. George S. Huntington was appointed Professor of Anatomy. An important change was made in the creation of the office of Demon- strator of Chemistry and Physics, to which position Charles Ernest Pellew, E. M., was appointed. It was provided that the Demonstrator should be next in rank, in his department, to the Professor, or the Adjunct Professor, and that he should hold the same general relation to his chief as was then held to the Professor of Anatomy by the Demonstrator in that Department. On May 5, 1890, Dr. Thomas M. Markoe tendered his resignation of the position of Professor of Surgery. In taking this step, he assured the Trustees that his withdrawal would not in any way affect the deep interest he had always felt for the institution which he had served during so many years, and gave as his sole reason the fact that -his advancing years would not permit him to participate in the work of the future then opening so brightly. The resignation was accepted, and Dr. Markoe was at the same time appointed Emeritus Professor of Surgery. In the same year (1890) the enrollment list of students numbered six hundred and nineteen, of which number three hundred and fifty-five were from New York, one hundred and sixty-six were from the North Atlantic States, twenty-two were from the South Atlantic States, thirteen were from the South Central States, thirty-two were from the North Central States, five were from the Mountain States (Kansas, Montana and Colo- rado), and five were from the Pacific States. Included in the aggregate number were also twenty-two from foreign countries — nine from British America, eight from Central America, one from the West Indies, two from Europe and one from Asia. The total number of degrees conferred from the beginning of the College, was given at 4,846. The financial condition of the College was most gratifying. The total value of College property was estimated at $1,352,818.13; of this amount $961,000 was the value of the grounds, buildings and equipment owned and used by the College, and $391,818.13 was in investment property income- producing. There was no existing indebtedness. The receipts arriounted to $83,938.09, and the expenditures were $79,783.02, of which amount $51,- 224.20 was for instruction. The report to the Regents, from which the foregoing statement is made, also contained the following estimate of the average expenses for each 226 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. student during the collegiate year; annual tuition fees, $200; table board, thirty-five weeks, $125 to $140; lodgings for same period, $105: text books, society fees, etc., $15; total average annual expenses, not including clothing, travel and purely personal expenses, $445 to $460. It is believed that this estimate is equally accurate for the present time. Almost from the moment when the College of Physicians and Surgeons was removed to its present location, was set in motion that chain of circum- stances which found a fitting culmination in the reorganization of Columbia College upon broad and comprehensive university plans, with the medical school as one of its most important component parts. It is to be said, in order that this consummation may be properly comprehended and appre- ciated, that the assimilation of the Medical School with the University grew out of the necessity on the part of the former named institution. The Medi- cal School was complete in itself, and was in excellent financial circum- stances. In 1889, Hon. Seth Low, an alumnus of Columbia College, in the class of 1870, was chosen to the presidency of his alma mater, and his installa- tion took place on February 3rd, in the Metropolitan Opera House. An annalist of that day pronounced the ceremonial to be dignified and impressive. "The vast and sympathetic audience and the distinguished assembly of guests, which was probably as notable a gathering of men most eminent in institutions of learning as has been seen in the country, except, perhaps, at the two hun- dred and fiftieth anniversary of the foundation of Harvard, listened with unflagging sj-mpathy to a series of admirable addresses, in which not only the highest proprieties of the occasion were observed, but in the more im- portant of which the tone was significant and unmistakable." Among the most significant utterances upon this occasion were those contained in the address of President Low, who expressed his entire sym- pathy with the desire to see the College continue its development into a com- plete University adapted to the largest possible service to American needs. He soon applied himself, with energy and ability, to give to the College the attributes of a University. In May (1890) the Trustees declared that "our graduate work shall hereafter be called university work," various faculties were formed and a University Council was established, the latter body comprising, among oth- ers, the Dean and one elected member from each of the Faculties of Philos- ophy, Political Science, Mines and Law. Under this body the various teaching bodies coalesced, and. as was remarked by President Low in his first annual address, "at one stroke, Columbia ceased to be divided into fragments, and took upon herself the aspect of a LTniversity, wherein each department was related to every other, and every one strengthened all." PRESIDENT MCLANE AND UNION WITH COLUMBIA. 227 The Universit}' was, however, incomplete. It is true that for nearly one-third of a century, beginning in i860, the College of Physicians and Sur- geons had been known as the Medical Department of Columbia College. Harmonious as was the relationship, it was so anomalous as to be little more than nominal. With the development of the University idea, measures were taken for the perfect union of the medical school with the greater institution which had grown out of Columbia College, and in their furtherance was entire community of interest on the part of both bodies. The Eighty-third Annual Commencement of the College of Physicians and Surgeons was held on the evening of June 11, 1890, in the Metropolitan Opera House. The change of scene from the hall of the College building was in consonance with the arrangement previously made with the Trustees of Columbia College, and was of significance in view of the intimate asso- ciation of the Trustees of the two institutions and the informal conferences by some of their number who sought to effect a close union between them. The Trustees of the College of Physicians and Surgeons had, by a unani- mous vote, adopted the recommendation of their Faculty that a proposition be made to the Trustees of Columbia College looking to the future holding of the Commencement exercises of the College of Physicians and Surgeons conjointly with those of the Departments of Arts, of Mines, etc., of Columbia College. This action was communicated by Dr. J. W. McLane, President of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, to the Trustees of Columbia Col- lege, who 'replied with a resolution setting forth that the College of Physi- cians and Surgeons, as the Medical Department of Columbia College, would be most welcome as a participant in the exercises of Commencement Day upon the condition that the exercises of that occasion should be presided over by the President of the Columbia College (Hon. Seth Low), who should present the diplomas to the graduates in Medicine as well as to the graduates of the other schools. The details were communicated to the Presidents of the two institutions, who met and made ail necessary arrange- ments in the most cordial and self-abnegatory spirit. The Commencement exercises were conducted under the direction of President Low, of Columbia College, who presented diplomas to a class of one hundred and sixty graduates, announced and distributed the prizes, and delivered an address to the graduating classes of the various departments. That portion of President Low's remarks which was particularly addressed to the graduates of the College of Physicians and Surgeons was as follows : "Columbia speaks to you tonight with a new voice, but her ancient spirit animates her still. Founded in 1754, the College established in 1767 the first medical school in the State of New York. Two years before this, 228 COLLEGE OF PHYSICL4NS AND SURGEONS. in 1765, the University of Pennsylvania had estabhshed the first medical school in the country. Thus from these twin sisters, the University of Penn- sylvania and King's College, so closely and singularly allied in their early history, came the first systematic attempts in this country to educate physi- cians in the science of their profession. At the College Commencement held May 16, 1769, when the first degree in medicine was conferred, Dr. Samuel Bard, of the Medical Faculty, took occasion to point out the great need ol a hospital in the City of New York. So forcibly did he portray the need, that a public movement was at once begun to supply it. The New York Hospital was the outgrowth of that movement. Truly Columbia should be dear to New York for her early care to minister to the bodily ills which flesh is heir to. "In 1807 the College of Ph}"sicians and Surgeons was established, and in 181 3 the staff of the Columbia Aledical Faculty were allowed to resign in order to become Professors in the College of Physicians and Surgeons. From that date, for nearly fifty years, the two institutions remained distinct, but in i860 the College of Physicians and Surgeons itself became by joint resolution the Medical Department of Columbia College. This year, for the first time in their histor}-, their Commencement is held together, the happy augur}', as I trust, of a union that shall be closer still. For what is it that has brought them together now ? Is it not the impalpable but in- evitable power of the determination in New York that there shall be a Uni- versity complete and worthy in all its parts of America's greatest city? * * * She is an alina mater worth}' of your highest regard, who holds in her hands the keys of so many doors into the realms of knowledge. Through each open door is caught a fascinating vista, far-reaching, and bright with the achievements of humanity from the beginning until now. Out beyond the utmost bonds of human knowledge, in every direction, stretches the vast unknown. Now and again, as we look, we see a light planted a little farther out than the outermost light before, and behold, something has been added to what is known by men. Some physician has discovered a way of coping successfully with an hitherto unmanageable dis- ease; some historian has thrown upon the path a light which explains what hitherto has been without meaning ; some scientist has wrested another secret from nature; some philosopher has contributed to the thought of his time reflections which have made the world wiser than before. "Through these open doors, gentlemen, Columbia sees you pass to- night. She hopes you have caught at least that portion of her spirit which will keep you teachable through all the years. As she herself is not content today with the learning which she illustrated in the days gone by, so she expects of you that the acquirements which satisfy you tonight shall not satisfy you a year from now. If in that spirit you will tread the pathway which lies before your feet, some day it shall be Columbia's happiness to see one and another of you carrying the light which you liave lit at her shrine, in this direction or that, out beyond the furthest light yet planted by the hand of man. And where there was darkness, because of vou there shall be fight." PRESIDENT MCLANE AND UNION WITH COLUMBIA. 229 President McLane, of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, admin- istered the Hippocratic Oath to the medical graduates. The religious ser- vices were conducted by the Right Rev. Henry C. Potter, chaplain of the College of Physicians and Surgeons. This was the last Commencement to witness the instant bestowal of diplomas upon the graduates. On October 17, 1890. the Trustees' adopted a recommendation made by the Faculty to the effect that '"hereafter no diplomas be distributed at the Commencements of the College, but that they shall be distributed as soon as convenient thereafter, under the authority and direction of the President." The way being" now well prepared, the first formal o\ertures looking to the establishment of a more intimate relationship between the College of Physicians and Surgeons and Columbia College came from Hon. Seth Low, President of the latter named institution. That he was heartily in sympathy with the movement is evidenced from the spirit of gratification which he manifested in his report for the year 1890 to the Regents of the University of the State of New York. Referring to the auspicious event previously narrated in these pages, he wrote: "One of the most interesting incidents of the year just closed was the fact that for the first time the commencement exercises included the College of Physicians and Surgeons as the Medical Department of Columbia, as well as the other departments of the University. This incident of the joint commencement, resulting as it did from approaches on the part of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, may well suggest an inquiry as to whether the time has not come for a more vital connection between the two institutions." President Low, on October 20th, 1890, addressed to Dr. James W. Mc- Lane, President of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, a letter in which he conveyed the information that, at a meeting of the Trustees of Columbia College, a committee consisting of the chairman of the Board, Hon. Hamilton Fish; the chairman of the Finance Committee, Mr. William C. Schermerhorn. and himself (President Low), had been appointed to take into consideration the question of a closer union betv/een the College of Physicians and Surgeons and Columbia College, with power to ask for a conference. At the request of his associates. President Low was author- ized to act as chairman of the committee, and in that capacity he addressed President McLane, expressing a belief that a basis could be found for such a true union between the two institutions as would result in substantial advantage to both. President Low continued : "Encouraged by an in- formal conversation to believe that you share this opinion, I have the pleas- ure to ask that you will lay the matter before your Trustees, in the hope 230 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. that they will take such action as will enable us to consider together the de- tails of an agreement to be submitted to the Trustees of the two institutions for their approval." The communication was received with favor, and a committee of consultation was appointed, of which President McLane was made chairman, with authorization to select the two other members, where- upon he named Hon. Joseph H. Choate and Dr. George G. Wheelock, the Registrar. After various conferences between the representatives of the two bodies — Columbia College and the College of Physicians and Surgeons — the fol- lowing provisional agreement looking to union was entered into, and was certified by George G. Wheelock, M. D., Registrar of the College of Phy- sicians and Surgeons, and by John B. Pine, Esq., Clerk of the Trustees of Columbia College, on February 4, 189 1 : By the terms of this instrument the College of Physicians and Surgeons agreed to convey to Columbia College all its property, real and personal, and Columbia College was to maintain the property for the uses and purposes connected with medical education. There were explicit stipulations for safeguarding the medical school in its integrity, and its instructors in all their necessary rights and privileges. Legislative action being indispensable to the consummation of these plans for union, application was made to the Legislature of the State of New York, which, on March 24, 1891, enacted a brief but comprehensive law authorizing the union of the College of Physicians and Surgeons with the trustees of Columbia College. Under the authority of this law, which became operative on May i of the same year, the two colleges ratified their previous provisional agreement, with an additional stipulation providing "that the persons who under the said agreement and under the statutes of Columbia College shall be the Medical Faculty of Columbia College, shall be the Managing Board, of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and as such shall have power and au- thority to elect from their number a President, who shall be President of the Managing Board of the College of Physicians and Surgeons. But such Managing Board and the President thereof shall only have such duties, powers and authority as shall be expressly conferred by the Trustees of Co- lumbia College; provided, however, that such President and his successors shall and may fill all the offices and execute all the trusts and duties which may heretofore have been conferred upon the President of the College of Physicians and Surgeons or of its Managing Board, by virtue of his office as such President." The instrument above mentioned was executed on June 5, 1891, and PRESIDENT MCLANE AND UNION WITH COLUMBIA. 231 >> was attested by the signatures of the same officers of the respective institu- tions who had subscribed their names to the pro\isional agreement upon which it was based. This happy consummation of long cherished plans was referred to as follows by Hon. Seth Low, President of Columbia College, in his report to the Trustees, made October 5, 1891 : The most notable achievement of the year is the fortunate consolida- tion with Columbia College of the College of Physicians and Surgeons. Since i860 the College of Physicians and Surgeons has been, by joint reso- lution of the two boards of trustees, the Medical Department of Columbia College, but the relation has been purely nominal. The College of Physi- cians and Surgeons had its own board of trustees and has relied upon its own resources. The trustees of Columbia have not had, nor has the Presi- dent of Columbia had, saving the obligation of signing the medical diplomas, either duty or authority as towards the College of Physicians and Surgeons. That College has been a proprietary medical school, in effect conducted by its Faculty and sustained by the fees received from its students. It is greatly to the credit of the Faculty that they have constantly raised the requirements of the school until the school stands to-day certainly among the best in the country, although every advance in the requirements has involved a lessened return in money to the members of the Faculty. By an agreement unanimously entered into by the two boards of trus- tees in February of the present year, legislative authority was sought for an actual union of the two institutions. The act authorizing this union became a law by the governor's signature on March 24, 1891, and is known as Chap- ter loi of the Laws of 1891. For the first time, therefore, since 1814, Co- lumbia has a medical faculty in fact as well as in name. Historically this is as interesting as in result it is important. The first medical faculty in the State of New York, and the second in the United States, was established by Columbia, then King's College, in 1767. In 1807 the College of Physicians and Stu'geons was founded as an independent medical school. The last de- gree in medicine granted by Columbia, in course, through its own Faculty, was granted to Robert Morrell, in 18 10. In 18 14 the medical faculty of Columbia was allowed to resign in order to become the Faculty of the Col- lege of Physicians and Surgeons. The union thus begun through division in 18 14 has become permanent through consolidation in 1891. By the terms of agreement the separate charter of the College of Physicians and Surgeons is surrendered, and the College itself, retaining its honorable and valued name, becomes an integral part of the university system of Columbia Col- lege, coming under the control of the trustees of Columbia College, and be- coming, in consequence, a sharer in the endowments of Columbia. The right of nomination is guaranteed to the medical faculty, and the right to refuse instruction to women unless the Faculty consent. There are no other limitations upon the trustees of Columbia College. By this union the estate of Columbia College has been increased as follows : 232 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 4 Thirty lots of land, free and clear, value $450,000 College buildings, laboratories and furniture 384,000 Vanderbilt Clinic 200,000 Sloane Maternity Hospital 225,000 Sloane Maternity Hospital Endowment 250,000 Harsen Fund, in round figures 29,000 Swift Museum Fund 10,000 Stevens Fund '. 850 McClelland Fund, in round figures 19,000 General Fund, in round figures 85,000 $1,652,850 The buildings of the Vanderbilt Clinic and of the Sloane Maternity Hospital are on the land thus made over to Columbia. The Clinic also has a special endowment fund of $100,000, which is in the hands of special trustees, which bodies include, in each case, representatives of their donors and of the College of Physicians and Surgeons. By this arrangement the Univer- sity has the full use of these institutions for purposes of instruction, without either the care or the expense of conducting them. The buildings of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, of the Van- derbilt Clinic and of the Sloane Maternity Hospital were all of them the gift of different members of the Vanderbilt family. The late William H. Vanderbilt gave the land and the greater part of the cost of the College buildings. Two of his sons, William K. and Fred W. Vanderbilt, united with their brothers to give the Clinic and its endowment. His son-in-law, Mr. William D. Sloane, gave the Maternity, and Mrs. Sloane endowed all the beds in perpetuity. It is apparent, therefore, that, without the consent of the surviving donors and of the representatives of the late William H. Van- derbilt, the union of the College of Physicians and Surgeons with Columbia College, so happily consummated, could not have been carried out. Under these circumstances the consent so given amounts in reality to a gift on their part to Columbia College, assuring Columbia of their good will, and pointing out to the community the way to the development in New York of a University which shall be worthy of the great city. The development of such a University calls for a wise concentration of efforts and for the co- operation of all who can aid towards it. Columbia, already ranking, by its age and honorable history and by its endowments, among the great Univer- sities of the country, may certainly be made to take the pre-eminence char- acteristic of the city, if the community as a whole will take a pride in con- tributing to its growth. I take this opportunity of expressing my high ap- preciation of this generous consent on the part of the benefactors of the Col- lege of Physicians and Surgeons which has added so much to the strength of Columbia, and I felicitate those who have given it that their hitherto lib- eral giving is made instantly more effective by its association with the his- toric foundation of Columbia College. Already the medical school has been importantly strengthened in those directions which make for more thorough PRESIDENT MCLANE AND UNION WITH COLUMBIA. 233 teaching, and in the laboratories which are to conduct original research, while the multiplied opportunities of a great Universitjr are thrown open at once to the students of medicine. The Alumni Association of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, in view of this union, have determined to provide annually for three fellowships in the medical department, which the trustees of Columbia College, at their request, have established from and after July I, 1892. These fellowships are open to graduates of the College of Physi- cians and Surgeons who have shown special aptitude for scientific research in the departments of anatomy, physiology and pathology. They are to be held for two years, and have an annual value of $500 each. The appoint- ments to these fellowships are to be made by the executive committee of the Alumni Association of the College of Physicians and Surgeons from candi- dates who may be presented to them by the Professor of Anatomy, the Pro- fessor of Physiology and the Director of the Pathological Laboratory. In this general connection, as illustrating anew the advantages to the medical students of the union of the College of Physicians and Surgeons with Columbia, and also as illustrating the great return to be secured, in pro- portion to the gift, by gifts that add to Columbia's resources, it is proper to call attention to the use which has been made of the DaCosta bequest of $100,000, paid into the treasury in May last. By the unanimous vote of the trustees the generous legacy of the late Charles M. DaCosta has been used to lay the foundations of an entirely new department in the University, a department of biology. Besides the opportunities for advanced University work which this department will offer, it forms the connecting link between the work of the medical school and the other work of the University. To accomplish this object, the sum of $20,000 has been set aside from the Da- Costa bequest for the erection of a laboratory to be known as the DaCosta Laboratory of Biology, leaving $80,000 for the endowment of the chair of the head of the department, who will be known as the DaCosta Professor of Biology. This laboratory is to be built on the ground coming to Columbia through the union with the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and the building to be erected is to be made to cover still other uses, even more di- rectly serviceable to the medical department, by the addition to the building fund of the McClelland bequest to the College of Physicians and Surgeons, amounting to something more than $ig,ooo. The trustees of Columbia, out of their general endowment, provide the remaining equipment of the de- partment of biology, which, in its personnel, is to consist, in the first in- stance, of a professor and an instructor on the side of vertebrate Zoology, and of an adjunct professor and a tutor on the invertebrate side. Dr. Prud- den, in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Dr. Julien, in the School of Mines, are already doing much and are likely to do more in the study of bacteriology, and Dr. Britton. with the unique herbarium of the late Dr. Torrey at his command, is rapidly developing the department of botany. Dr. Newberry's researches in paleontology, especially in fossil fishes, have long been the pride of the University. It will be seen from the foregoing outline that, when the new depart- ment of biology goes into operation, in October, 1892, Columbia will be at 234 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. work in the whole wide field of biological research. For such work as is contemplated in the new department of biology, there is at the present time no opportunity open in the City of New York. For such study, when taken in connection with related subjects on either hand, there will be no better opportunity available in the country. In the meanwhile, this is clear : Mr. DaCosta's bequest of $100,000 has enabled Columbia to accomplish, in con- nection with her other resources, a notable result, which, without this be- quest, she could not have been likely to undertake at the present time. It is pleasant to be able to state that Mr. DaCosta's brother. Dr. J. M. DaCosta, of Philadelphia, has shown his interest in the department of biology, and his sympathy with the use to which his brother's bequest has been put, by giving to the department a number of valuable books, and some slides pre- pared by the celebrated Professor Hyrtl, of Vienna. The final official act was, however, to be somewhat longer deferred, notwithstanding the actual union of the two time-honored institutions had been already accomplished. The Board of Trustees of the College of Phy sicians and Surgeons held its final meeting on November 3d, 1891. At this time was received from Mr. John B. Pine, clerk of the Board of Trustees of Columbia College, a notification of the confirmation by that body of the agreements for union, accompanied by the document referred to, fully exe- cuted, and attested by the signature of the clerk and bearing the corporate seal of the Columbia College. The Trustees of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, on their part, authorized the Registrar, Dr. George G. W'heel- ock, to complete the transaction by the execution and delivery of the agree- ment of union, attested by his signature and by the seal of the College. Subsequently, it became apparent that legislative sanction was neces- sary to give legal effect to certain provisions contained in the supplemental agreement made between the united institutions, as quoted in a previous par- agraph of this chapter. Application was accordinglv made to the State Legislature, which (in 1894) provided the necessary safeguard by passing "An Act to ratify the union," and "to define certain rights, duties and powers of the Dean of the Medical Faculty of Columbia College." Under the provisions of the agreement between the College of Physi- cians and Surgeons and Columbia College, the former named institution had surrendered its charter, and had become an integral part of the Univer- sity organization. The venerable old medical school maintained a perfect autonomy and retained its original designation as given it by its original charter granted in 1807, and which it had borne through all the years of its little more than nominal connection with Columbia College. It transferred to the Trustees of the University its various properties amounting in value to $1,652,580. It also afforded to the University a certain increased pres- PRESIDENT MCLANE AND UNION WITH COLUMBIA. •^ii tige through its own ancient and honorable history and its finely organized Faculty, and found immediate recognition as a highly important part of the University organization. On the other hand, the Medical College also gained in importance through its association with the University body, while its students gained the larger instructional advantages afforded by various schools under the University management in sciences allied to that of med- icine. To this point Columbia had been variously mentioned as a College and a University. As a matter of fact, the original official designation of Co- lumbia College has remained unchanged to the present time. In 1890, as may be seen, a University Council was established as an advisory body. It was not, however, until in February, 1896, that the title of University was adopted by a resolution of the Board of Trustees reciting that "in all offi- cial publications hereafter issued by or under the authority of the trustees, all the departments of instruction and research maintained and managed by this corporation may, for convenience, be designated collectively as Colum- bia University in the City of New York, or the University." In 1892, the year following the union of the College of Physicians and Surgeons with Columbia University, the Trustees of the latter named insti- tution adopted a series of statutes which need only be here mentioned in so far as they relate to the medical school. To the President of the University was given power, when the statu- tory requirements were satisfactorily fulfilled, to confer medical as well as all other degrees. The various schools included in the University establishment, the Col- lege of Physicians and Surgeons among them, were to be represented in the University Council by the Dean of each Faculty and by a representative to be chosen by and from each such Faculty. Such Council was charged, among other things, with the duty of securing the correlation of courses offered by the several University Faculties, with a view to increasing the efficiency and enlarging the range of University work; to make such recom- mendations to the trustees and to the several faculties concerning the educa- tional administration of the University as may seem to it proper, and to pre- scribe the form for commencement exercises. To each Faculty was preserved the following powers : To fix the re- quirements of admission, the course of study, and the conditions of gradua- tion; to establish rules for ascertaining the proficiency of students, and for the assignment of honors; to establish the rules of conduct to be observed bv the students ; to fix the times of examinations other than the entrance and final examinations ; to prepare and publish from time to time a statement of 236 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. the course of study, specifying the studies to be pursued in each year, and in each of the departments of instruction, and to make all such regulations of their own proceedings, and for the better government of the College and their respective Schools, as shall not contravene the Charter of the corpora- tion, the Statutes, or any resolution of the Trustees or Council. By specific enactment, the Faculty of the College of Physicians and Surgeons was made to consist of the President and of the occupants of the eight chairs of Anatomy, Physiology, Chemistry, Pathology, Materia JMed- ica and Therapeutics, Practice of Medicine, Surgery, and Obstetrics, and these officers of instruction were to be appointed by the Trustees of the Uni- versity after nomination by the Faculty. The Faculty was to elect from among its own members a Dean, who should hold office for a term of five years, and who should be eligible for re- election, but should receive no additional compensation for his services in such office. The Dean is the executive officer of the Faculty, and it is his duty to report to the President annually, and as occasion shall require, the conditions and needs of the departments included in such Faculty. It is also his duty to enforce its rules and regulations and those of the Trustees and Council so far as they relate to the Faculty represented by him. The Dean is also a delegate to the University Council, ex officio. Under the plan of college union, the office of President of the College of Physicians and Sur- geons was abrogated. Dr. James W. McLane, who was then serving, was at once elected Dean, and has occupied that position to the present time. Under the provisions of one of the University Statutes, the graduating exercises were to be held by all the assembled schools, under the direction of the University Council, on such day as that body may appoint. Commence- ment week begins on the Sunday preceding Commencement day, with re- ligious services in which the officers and students of all the various schools are desired to participate, but their attendance is not compulsory. Such services are to consist of the reading of the morning or evening service, as set forth in the Book of Common Prayer of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and the delivery of a baccalaureate sermon by a clergyman to be selected by the Trustees of the University. The students are privileged to wear the following described academic costume, upon all appropriate occasions, as indicating the several degrees and the Faculties to which they pertain : Gowns. — i. Pattern. — Those commonly worn, with pointed sleeves for the Bachelor's degree, with long closed sleeves for the Master's degree, and with round open sleeves for the Doctor's Degree. 2. Material. — Worsted stuff for the Bachelor's degree: silk for the Master's PRESIDENT MCLANE AND UNION WITH COLUMBIA. 237 and Doctor's degrees. 3. Color. — Black. 4. Trimmings. — For the Bach- elor's and Master's degrees the gowns are to be untrimmed. For the Doctor's degree the gown is to be faced down the front with black velvet, with bars of the same across the sleeves ; or the facings and crossbars may be of velvet of the same color as the binding or edges of the hood, being distinctive of the Faculty to which the degree pertains. Hoods. — i. Pattern. — The pattern usually followed by colleges and universities save as modified below. 2. Material. — The same as that of the gown. 3. Color. — Black. 4. Length. — The length and form of the hood will indicate the degree, as follows : For the Bachelor's degree, the length shall be three-fourths that of the Master's degree. The Master's degree shall be of the customary length, not exceeding four feet; and the Doctor's degree shall be of the same length but have panels at the sides. 5. Linings. — The hoods shall be lined with the official colors of the University ; light blue and white. 6. Trimmings. — The binding or edging, 'not more than six inches in width, to be of silk, satin or velvet, the color to be distinctive of the Faculty to which the degree pertains, thus : Faculty of Arts and Let- ters, white. Faculty of Theology, scarlet. Faculty of Law, purple. Fac- ulty of Medicine, green. Faculty of Philosophy, dark blue. Faculty of Sci- ence, yellow. Faculty of Fine Arts, brown. Faculty of Music, pink. Caps. — The caps shall be of the material and form generally called mortar-board caps. The color shall be black. The Doctor's cap may be of velvet. Each cap shall be ornamented with a long tassel attached to the middle point at the top. The tassel of the Doctor's cap may be, in whole or in part, of gold thread. Members of the governing body are entitled, during their terms of office, to wear the gown of highest dignity — that of the Doctor's degree — together with the hood appropriate to the degree which they may have sev- erally received. Members of the Faculties, and any persons officially con- nected with the University who have been recipients of academic honors from other universities or colleges in good standing, may assume the aca- demic costume corresponding to their degree, as described in the foregoing section, provided, that such right shall terminate if such persons shall cease to be connected with the LTniversity. The President and Deans of Faculties may adopt distinctive badges, not inconsistent with the costume hereinbe- fore described. CHAPTER XI. PROGRESS OF THE COLLEGE SINCE THE UNION WITH COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY. Having followed the various steps which led up to the real union of the College of Physicians and Surgeons with Columbia Universit}-, return is now made to the narrative proper of the institution with which is the principal concern of its alumni. In 189 1 the Anatomical and Philosophical Departments were given a larger importance through provisions made for more ample instructional ad- vantages. The Faculty of the College had presented to the Board of Trustees a Memorial, in which were made the following recommendations : That after July ist, 1891, there be created the office of Demonstrator of Physiology in the Medical Department, and that the duties of said Dem- onstrator, until otherwise ordered by the Trustees, be as follows : 1. Under the direction of the Professor of Physiology to prepare and assist in performing the experiments shown at the lectures upon that subject. 2. To prepare and perform such other experiments as the Professor shall direct for the instruction of the students. 3. To give such assistance as the Professor shall direct in the practi- cal work of the Physiological Laboratory. 4. To carry on such original researches as the Professor shall approve. 5. To devote his entire working time to the stud}^ teaching and ad- vancing of Physiology at Columbia College. That after July ist, 1891, there be created the office of Demonstrator in Chemistry in the Medical Department. That after July ist, 1891, there be created the offices of Demonstrator of Anatomy, and of six Assistant Demonstrators of Anatomy in the Medi- cal Department. These recommendations were adopted by the Board of Trustees, and that body at once elected the candidates presented by the Faculty. These were as folloAvs : Frederic Schiller Lee, Ph. D., Demonstrator of Physiology, for the term of three years ; Joseph Albert Deghuee, Demonstrator of Chem- istry, for the term of one year; and the following Assistant Demonstrators of Anatomy, each for the term of one year: Dr. Ellsworth Eliot, Jr., class of 1887; Dr. Lucius W. Hotchkiss, class of 1884; Dr. Franklin Dexter, class of 1887; Dr. Frederick J. Brockway, class of 1887; Dr. Joseph A. Blake, class of 1888; and Dr. Robert A. Sands, class of 1888. PROGRESS OF THE COLLEGE. 239 With the changes hereinbefore noted, the Medical Facuhy for the year 1891-92 was as foHows : James VV. McLane, M. D., Dean of the Facnity, Professor of Ob- stetrics. Thomas M. Alarkoe, M. D., Emeritus Professor of Surgery. William Detmold, M. D., Emeritus Professor of Clinical and Military Surgery. T. Gaillard Thomas, M. D., Emeritus Professor of Obstetrics and Gyn- ecology. John T. Metcalfe, M. D., Emeritus Professor of Clinical Medicine. Charles F. Chandler, Ph. D., Professor of Chemistry and Medical Juris- prudence. Edward Curtis, M. D., Emeritus Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics. Francis Delafield, M. D., Professor of Pathology and Practical Med- icine. John G. Curtis, M. D., Professor of Physiology. George M. Tuttle, M. D., Professor of Gynecology, Secretary of the Faculty. George L. Peabody, M. D., Professor of Materia Medica and Thera- peutics. William T. Bull, M. D., Professor of Surgery. Charles McBurney, M. D., Professor of Surgery. Edward L. Partridge, M. D., Adjunct Professor of Obstetrics. M. Allen Starr, M. D., Professor of Diseases of the Mind and Nervous System. George S. Huntington, M. D.. Professor of Anatomy. Other officers : William H. Draper, M. D., Professor of Clinical Medicine. Abraham Jacobi, M. D., Clinical Professor of the Diseases of Children. Fessenden N. Otis, M. D., Emeritus Professor of Genito-Urinary Dis- eases. George M. Lefferts, M. D., Clinical Professor of Laryngoscopy and Diseases of the Throat. George H. Fox, M. D., Clinical Professor of the Diseases of the Skin. T. Mitchell Prudden, M. D., Director of the Laboratories of Histology, Pathology and Bacteriology'. Robert F. Weir, M. D., Clinical Professor of Surgery. Albert H. Buck, M. D., Clinical Professor of the Diseases of the Ear. Herman Knapp, M. D., Professor of Ophthalmology. Robert W. Taylor, M. D., Clinical Professor of Venereal Diseases. Frank Hartley, M. D., Instructor in Operative Surgery and Clinical Lecturer upon Surgery. J. West Roosevelt, M. D., Clinical Lecturer upon Medicine. Francis H. Markoe, M. D., Clinical Lecturer upon Surgery. Charles E. Pellew, E. M., Demonstrator of Chemistry and Physics. 240 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. Bern B. Gallaudet M. D., Demonstrator of Anatomy and Clinical Lec- turer upon Surgery. George C. Freeborn, M. D., Instructor in Normal Histology. Ira T. Van Gieson, M. D., First Assistant in Normal Histology. Eugene Hodenpyl, M. D., Assistant in Pathology. Timothy M. Cheesman, M. D., Assistant in Bacteriology. John S. Ely, M. D., Assistant in Pathology, and Assistant Curator of the Museum. Walter B. James, M. D., Clinical Lecturer upon Medicine. John B. Lynch, M. D., Second Assistant in Normal Histology. Ervin A. Tucker, M. D., Instructor in Practical Obstetrics. Ellsworth Eliot, Jr., M. D., Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy. Lucius W. Hotchkiss, M. D., Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy. Frederic S. Lee, Ph. D., Demonstrator of Physiology. Franklin Dexter, M. D., Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy. Frederick J. Brockway, M. D., Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy. Joseph A. Blake, M. D., Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy. Robert A. Sands, M. D., Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy. Joseph A. Deghuee, Ph. B., Assistant Demonstrator of Chemistry and Physics. The eighty-fourth Commencement of the College of Physicians and Surgeons was the last held under its charter, and prior to its union with Co- lumbia University — in every sense a union which had been accomplished save with respect to the necessary legal formalities. The Commencement exercises were held in Carnegie Music Hall, in conjunction with the various departments of Columbia College, on the even- ing of June loth, 189 1. Hon. Seth Low, President of Columbia College, presided and delivered an address to the various graduating classes, and conferred the medical degree upon a class of one hundred and nineteen can- didates. The Hippocratic Oath was administered by Dr. James W. McLane, who on this occasion made his last appearance in the capacity of President of the College of Physicians and Surgeons. A number of important Faculty changes were made in 1892. Dr. Charles McBurney resigned the Professorship of Surgery and was at once appointed Professor of Clinical Surgery. This change was made necessary through the exactions of his personal practice, and the great pressure of his new duties as director of the Syms Operating Theatre of the Roosevelt Hos- pital, then just completed. Dr. Robert F. Weir was transferred from the position of Clinical Professor to the chair of Surgery, and Dr. Herman Knapp was, at his own request, relieved from his didactic lectures on Oph- thalmology in the College, and was permitted to give clinical instruction in the Vanderbilt Clinic. At the same time, the designation of the chair of PROGRESS OF THE COLLEGE. 241 Pathology and Practical Medicine was changed to that of Practice of Med- icine. There was also created the new chair of Pathology, to which was appointed Dr. T. Mitchell Prudden, Director of the Laboratories of Histol- ogy, Pathology and Bacteriology, with the title of Professor of Pathology, with the stipulation that his duties were to be unchanged in consequence of his change of title. The scope of the curriculum was enlarged and the exac- tions were to match. During the year ending June 30, 1892, there were five hundred and seventy students enrolled in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, an in- crease of thirty-six over the previous year. The high grade of preliminary scholarship is evidenced by the fact that of this number two hundred and thirty-nine, or more than one-half, came bearing college degrees, viz. : Bachelor of Arts, 131; Bachelor of Science, 36; Doctor of Medicine, 20; Bachelor of Philosophy, 20; Master of Arts, 6; Master of Arts and Doctor of Medicine, 3 ; Bachelor of Philosophy and Doctor of Medicine, 2 ; Mining Engineer, 2 ; Bachelor of Science and Master of Arts, i ; Civil Engineer and Mining Engineer, i ; Bachelor of Laws, i ; Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Philosophy, 4; Graduate in Pharmacy, 11, and Bachelor of Dentistry, I. The graduating class numbered one hundred and sixteen members. Dr. James W. McLane, Dean of the College of Physicians and Sur- geons, made an exhaustive report covering every department of the in- structional and clinical work. The instruction in Anatomy was given by lectures, of which three were delivered each week by the Professor, or by blackboard demonstrations and section teaching as well as by systematic work in the dissecting room, rendered possible by well preserved cadavers. The entire course was made to extend over two years and to cover the ground not included in the anatomical demonstrations to sections. The demonstration and teaching introduced by Professor Huntington in 1889 continued to be an attractive feature and was more than popular with the eager crowd upon the benches. Even at this early date other provisions for the future were discussed in the face of the growing demand for still more available facilities. The work of the class in Practical Anatomy was characterized as re- markably thorough, due in large degree to the increase in the number of demonstrators, and for this result Dr. McLane ascribed the credit to the union with Columbia College. Before that time the practical instruction in Anatomy was given by the Demonstrator and two assistants, but under this the new regime the number of assistants had been increased to six. The dissecting room, antiseptically clean, was kept open the entire day and even- ing, while the arrangements for procuring anatomical and embryological 242 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. material never disappointed. The students worked in unison and in groups. In the Department of Physiology the enlargement of the instructional staff was productive of the best results, making possible the enrichment of lecture room teaching by means of new demonstrations. In work of re- search, valuable fields were opened for the study of physiological methods or problems connected with clinical medicine. Instruction in Practical Normal Histology was given by Dr. George C. Freeborn, with Dr. Ira Thompson Van Gieson and Dr. John B. Lynch as assistants, to one hundred and eighty-eight students four times each week, in two hour sessions, the class working in two sections, each occupying about one-half of the school year. In Bacteriology, instruction was given by Dr. Timothy AI. Cheesman, who had immediate charge of the laboratory, while Dr. Alexander Lambert, the incumbent of the Alumni Association Fellowship in Pathology, taught in a new department concerning the chemical products of bacterial life. Practical instruction in Pathology was given b}' Dr. T. Mitchell Prud- den, the Director of the Department, assisted by Dr. Eugene Hodenpyl and Dr. John S. Ely. Their classes numbered one hundred and thirt3'-nine gradu- ates and other students, and, in all, three hundred and thirty-seven students re- ceived instruction in the entire department of Pathology. During the scholastic year, a large amount of special research work was accomplished by the in- structors and advanced students, and the results \vere placed in preservable form in papers on the following subjects : "The Etiology of Typhus Fever," by Dr. Timothy ]\I. Cheesman and Dr. John Winters Brannan; "New Material for Histological Models," Dr. George C. Freeborn; "Traumatic Myelitis; Lesions Induced by -Strong Electrical Currents; A study of Artefacts of the Nervous System," Dr. Ira T. Van Gieson; "The Effects of Certain Mechan- ical Influences on Bacteria," Dr. S. J. Aleltzer; "Diphtheria and Other Pseu- do-Membraneous Inflammations," (Alumni Prize Essay), Dr. William H. Park; "Experimental Pneumonitis: The Element of Contagion in Tubercu- losis; Ice and Its Structure," Dr. Timothy M. Prudden. In the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the didactic lectures in the College were effectively supplemented by clinical instruction in the Sloane Maternity Hospital and the Roosevelt Hospital. A summer course in Practical Obstetrics, for physicians and advanced students, was also in- augurated. The courses of lectures on Chemistry, Materia Medica, Surgery and the Practice of Medicine were continued without interruption throughout the year, and the work of the students, who were also daily improving in the art of precisely dividing their time, although satisfactory to their teach- PROGRESS OF THE COLLEGE. 243 ers, barely approached their own ideals. However, all seemed jocund in their atmosphere of enthusiasm, and the only dread of their preceptors was that the sources of knowledge might tempt away from art to science or perhaps from the practical to the transcendental. In 1893 the number of students enrolled was six hundred and sixty- one, an increase of ninety-one over the year preceding. Of this number two hundred and fifty-nine held degrees, and twenty-five held diplomas as Doctors of Medicine. The graduating class numbered one hundred and four. The year was one of great industry and large results. The Dean of the Medical Faculty, Dr. James W. McLane, said in his report: "The growth of the school since its union with Columbia has been steady and healthy. Not only have our classes increased in number, but thev have im- proved in qualit}-. There has been marked progress in even,- department, and as the long desired goal of a four years" course is now distinctly in view, the future of the College of Physicians and Surgeons seems brighter and more full of promise than ever before in its histor}^" The ^Medical Faculty now numbered eleven Professors and forty-two other instructors of various grades. Large as was this force, the teachers found their abilities taxed to the utmost. Particularly was this true in the Department of Practical Anatomy, the large number of students making it difficult to afford them adequate opportunity- for dissection. This want was, however, soon remedied, for in the same year an appropriation of $7,500 was made for a new refrigerating plant, which was installed the next sea- son, to supplement the advantages of the Laboratory for Anatomical Re- search and a new plant for Osteological preparations had been recently erected but was not quite ready for use. The industry of the teachers may be adequately appreciated in some degree as set forth in the report of the Dean, Dr. George S. Huntington, Professor of Anatomy, since they express the results of his research work in a number of papers which were read before the American Academy of Sciences, viz. : "The Ileocolic Junction of Procyon Lotor and Allied Forms" ; "^Muscular \'^ariations. with Special Reference to the Reversions of the Pec- toral Group": "The Anatomy of the Kidney of Elephas Indicus: Studies in Visceral Embryolog}- : Development of the Caecum and Appendix A'ermi- formis." Unusual success was attained in obtaining embr\-onic and compar- ative material for research in dealing with the central and peripheral nervous sj'stems. Dr. Frederick J. Brockway. the incumbent of the Alumni Associa- tion Fellowship, made special researches in Comparative !Myolog}' and the shoulder-joint, and Dr. J. L. j\Iason performed special work in Anthropoid Myolog}-. The well-equipped ^luseum of Human and Comparative Anat- 244 COLLEGE OF PHYSICL4NS AND SURGEONS. omy, with its large contents of foreign models and preparations, nearly four thousand in number, afforded particular advantages to students. In the Department of Physiology the instruction was by the Professor, through the customary lectures and exhibitions, to which was added the work of the Demonstrator before sectional portions of the class. In the Physiological Laboratory research was carried on upon the following subjects: The Sig- nificance of Certain Features of the Pulse Curve ; The Sense of Equilibrium ; The Cerebro-Spinal Fluid: The Action of Phloridzine: The Circulation in the Kidney, and Intestinal Anastomosis. The Demonstrator, Dr. Frederick S. Lee, gave through the press two strong papers, "Study of the Sense of Equilibrium in Fishes" and "L^eber den Gleichgewichtssinn," the latter of which was published in the C entralblatt fiir Physiologie. Practical Laboratory instruction was given to one hundred and twenty- five students in Pathology and Bacteriology', and to two hundred and twenty- three students in Normal Histology. Nine others, post-graduates and prac- ticing physicians, made the Department a field for special study and re- search, and as many more of this class were denied admission for want of accommodations. Special detailed examinations and reports were made on more than four hundred pathological specimens sent to the laboratory, the greater number coming from the hospitals wherein the instructors were serving as pathologists. Under the charge of Dr. Edward Leaming notable photographic work was performed in the Pathological Department. Various instructors and workers made careful report of their labors, and the follow- ing monographs were issued from the press : "Diphtheria and Other Pseudo-iSIembranous Inflammations; A Clin- ical and Bacteriological Study" (second paper), Dr. William H. Park. "Observations on a Case of Recurrent Amoebic Dysentery," Dr. John W, Brannan. "A Contribution to the Pathology of Traumatic Epilepsy," Dr. Ira T. Van Gieson. "Report of a Recent Sanitary Inspection of One of the Sources of the Croton Water Supply," Dr. Timothy M. Cheesman. "The Public Health — the Duty of the Nation in Preserving It, and a Bacterial Study of Exudative Pleuritis," Dr. Timothy M, Prudden, "Sterilization of Milk at a Low Temperature," Dr. Rowland G. Free- man. Professor Charles F. Chandler was in charge of the Department of Chemistry. Medical and Physiological Chemistry was taught by C. E. Pel- lew, E. M., Demonstrator of Chemistry and Physics, assisted by Joseph A. Deghuee, Assistant Demonstrator of Chemistry and Physics. The labora- tory work was greatly advanced through use of a special volume on "Med- PROGRESS OF THE COLLEGE. 245 ical and Physiological Chemistr}-," by Mr. Charles E. Pellew, a work that has received the compliment of adoption as a text-book by a number of other medical colleges. In the Departments of Materia Medica, Surgery and Practice of Medi- cine, the usual didactic lectures were given by Professors Peabody, Bull, Weir, Delafield and Starr, in the College building. Clinical instruction was given to the medical students in Roosevelt Hospital and the New York Hos- pital by Professors Delafield and Peabody, Bull and Weir. Medical clinics were held by Professor Jacobi, Dr. Roosevelt and Dr. James, in Bellevue Hospital, and surgical clinics by Dr. Markoe and Dr. Gallaudet. Excep- tional advantages were afforded students under the clinical instruction in Operative Surgery by Professor Charles j\IcBurney, in the Syms Operating Theatre of the Roosevelt Hospital. Didactic lectures on Obstetrics and Gynecology were given by Professors McLane, Tuttle and Partridge, and the students were privileged to attend systematic bedside examinations in the Sloane Maternity Hospital. During the year there were seven hun- dred and forty-seven confinements in the institution, and it is worthy of re- mark that of this great number but two patients died, and both of these we're ambulance cases. An interesting incident of this year was a visit paid to the College, in October, by Professor Dr. von Helmholz. who gave before the Professors and students, in the College building, an account of his discovery of the ophthalmoscope, and he subsequently gave, at Forty-ninth street, an inter- esting address upon the development of modern science, and particularly along the lines of his Own personal investigation. The privilege of listening to so distinguished a scientist was highly appreciated by all his hearers, and served as a stimulus to greater effort in various fields of research. The notes used by Professor Helmholz in the delivery of his address are pre- served in the library of Columbia College, as a cherished memento of his brief visit to this Continent. The following year (1894) was one of great prosperity, the students numbering seven hundred and sixty-six, a gain of one hundred and twelve as compared with the previous year, and the graduating class numbering one hundred and fifty-three members, an increase of fifty-one over the previous year, and the largest number graduated from the College in any one year up to that time. Dr. James ^^^ JNIcLane. in his annual report, vouched for the work of the students as having been faithfully and satisfactorily per- formed. Said he: "Our numbers increase, as our advantages, through the generous support of Columbia, multiply, taxing the accommodations in some of our departments to the utmost." 246 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. Instruction was carried on during the academic year, in the Depart- ment of Anatomy, by Professor Huntington. His course dealt with the de- scriptive and topographical anatomy of the body-cavities, and he supple- mented his lectures with lantern demonstrations. The second year students were instructed by Dr. Bern Budd Gallaudet, and the first year students by Dr. Henry B. Sands. The uncommonly large first year and second year classes made the work of instruction in Practical Anatomy a matter of some difficulty, yet excellent results were obtained. The wisdom of the enlarge- ment of the space of the dissecting room by the addition of the six tables, and the establishment of the cold-storage svstem, were m.ore than vindicated. In the latter case it is to be particularly noted that the new advantages en- abled the work of the class in practical anatomy to be continued until May 26th, while in former years, on account of the antagonizing temperature of the room, anatomical studies could not be continued much beyond the mid- dle of April. The gain in time was much prized by the students from a distance, who claimed to be the model economists of time. The Department of Research was represented by several exhibits in the First Annual Exhibition of the New York Academy of Sciences, held in the Library of Columbia in March. The accessions to the Museum of Human and Comparative Morphology were numerous and important, six hundred and nineteen preparations having been added during the year. Among these was the liberal gift of President Low — a portion of the German Educational Exhibit at the Columbia Exposition in Chicago, in 1893, which included the giant microtom of Schultze, the cast of the Virchow-Waldeyer "Muskel- mann," and the fish-hatching apparatus of Valette, all of which he purchased and bestowed upon the College. President Low also brought into close con- nection the American Museum of Natural History and the College, and the latter was, as a result, placed in possession of much valuable material. . The mechanical equipment of the Physiological Laboratory was in- creased by the purchase of a larger lathe than that in use, and by the installa- tion of largely increased steam power. In the Department of Pathology one hundred and seventy-seven stu- dents pursued studies in Pathology and Bacteriology, and two hundred and seventy in Normal Histology. Five post-graduate students received instruc- tion in advanced Pathology, and four in Bacteriology. Three students, of whom two were Alumni Fellows, studied along special lines of research, and two candidates for higher degrees in the School of Pure Science were afforded opportunity for special studies in Bacteriology. " In the Departments of Materia IMedica and Practical Medicine the usual didactic lectures were given by Professors Peabody, Delafiekl and Starr, in PROGRESS OF THE COLLEGE. 247 the College. In addition, clinical instruction in medicine was gi\'en in the New York Hospital by Dr. Delaiield. In Surgery, didactic instruction was given by Professors Bull and Weir, in the College, and practical instruction was given in the Ampitheatre of the Vanderbilt Clinic. Professor Mc- Burney performed numerous surgical operations in tlie Syms Operating Theatre of the Roosevelt Hospital. The clinical field v.'as further enlarged during the year by the appointment of Dr. Andrew J. McCosh as Clinical Lecturer on Surgery in the Presbyterian Hospital, and the surgical instruc- tion given by Dr. Markoe and Dr. Gallaudet in Bellevue Hospital. In the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, didactic lectures were given by Professor McLane and Professor Tuttle, and this instruction was supplemented by gynecological operations, performed in presence of the class, in the McLane Operating Room of Roosevelt Hospital, by Professor Tuttle, and systematic bedside instruction and carefully conducted examina- tions made by Dr. Ervin Alden Tucker. Instructor in Obstetrics, at the Sloane Maternity Hospital. Various important contributions to medical literatm-e were made dur- ing the year, among which were the following : "Morphology of the Biceps Flexor Cubiti, and the Significance of Some of Its Variations," George S. Huntington, M. D., Annals New York Acad- emy of Sciences. "The Tibio-Femoral Articulation of Elephas Indicus," F. J. Brockway, M. D. Presented to the Alumni Association of the College of Physicians and Surgeons. "A Study of the Sense of Equilibrium in Fishes," "Scope of Modern Physiology," Frederick S. Lee, M. D. "Studies Upon Phloridzin Glycosuria," P. A. Lavene. "The Cardio-Pleurogram, and the Nature of the Cardio-Pneumatic Movements," "Eine Luftdichte Pleuralcanule," S. J. MeUzer, M. D. "The Importance of Vibration to Cell Life," S. J. Meltzer, M. D. "A Study of the Leucocytosis of Lobar Pneumonia," James Ewing, M. D. "The Etiology of Appendicitis," Eugene Hodenpyl, M. D. "A Consideration of Artesian Well and Surface Waters from the Standpoint of Bacteriology and Public Health," Timothy M. Cheesman, M. D. "Tuberculosis and Its Prevention, and the Need of a National Health Bureau in the United States," Timothy M. Prudden. M. D. In the same year (1894) an important upward step was taken in the establishment of a Department of Orthopedics, in connection with the Chair of Surgery, and to which was appointed Dr. Ernest Carson Gibney as Lec- turer, and Dr. Royal Whitman as Instructor. Other appointments were as 248 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. follows : Dr. Edwin Matthews Kitchel, of Newark, New Jersey, Second As- sistant in Normal Histology; Dr. Pearce Bailey, Third Assistant in Pathol- ogy; Dr. Andrew J. McCosh, Clinical Lecturer Upon Surgery, and Dr. John W. Brannan, Clinical Lecturer Upon Contagious Diseases. The year 1895 was one of great accomplishments. To the College of Physicians and Surgeons were added two important enlargements — the one, the addition to the Vanderbilt Clinic, the other that to the Sloane Maternity Hospital. These, the benefactions of large-hearted people, amounting in value to $600,000, are referred to elsewhere in this work. In the same year, in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, were en- rolled eight hundred and three students, an increase of twenty-one over the previous year. Of this number two hundred and ninety-one were holders of collegiate degrees, and among them were one hundred and seventy-three Bachelors of Art, forty Bachelors of Science and eighteen Doctors of Medi- cine. The graduating class numbered two hundred and four, an increase of fifty-one over the previous year. The results were hailed with pleasure by the friends of the time-honored institution. President Low said in his annual report : "It is a cause for rejoicing to be able to note that Columbia is becom- ing every year, more and more, a national force in the educational world. This is shown by the increasing number of our graduates who are called to professional chairs in different parts of the countr}' ; and this, in turn, is the result of the important development of the last few years in the graduate or university work of the College. In the last century, while New York was a small place, no American college contributed more or more famous men to the National life of the Colonies and the young states. The College, throughout its long history, has never been without its graduates of national reputation. But as the city closed about the College, it almost seemed for a generation or two as though the College were destined to exert, for the most part, only a local influence in the metropolis of the countrj^. The char- acteristic of a metropolis is to draw to itself, not to give out; and so the stu- dents of Columbia for a long period not only came from the locality, but, for the most part, they remained in the locality. It is true that during this in- terval the professional schools of Columbia drew many students from a dis- tance who afterwards returned to their homes to practice their profession. But then the professional schools of Columbia were so largelv things apart, so slightly in touch with the present College, that the professional students acquired hardly more than a sentimental knowledge of Columbia's name. Now, however, all this is changed. The professional schools are 'bone of our bone and flesh of our flesh.' No one can attend any of them without a consciousness of the constant influence upon him of the university of which his school is an integral part. * * * Thus it is that at the end of the nineteenth century Columbia is becoming a national force, by turning to its PROGRESS OF THE COLLEGE. 249 own use the very city whose effect upon it during the early decades of the century was to make it local, even if metropolitan, in character, rather than national. * * * Some consciousness of this destiny seems to have been in the mind of the College from the beginning. The first announcement, issued in 1754, catalogues among the subjects that it is expected to teach 'mines and mining,' and -almost every other subject now included in our curriculum, together with some, like agriculture, to which we have not yet attained. Before King's College was fifteen years old it had established a medical faculty. "The large entering class in the medical school made it apparent early in the year that a great enlargement was necessary in all the laboratories and in the provisions for section teaching in the Vanderbilt Clinic, if the en- gagements entered into with the incoming class were to be successfully met. Under these circumstances the situation was called to the attention of the Messrs. Vanderbilt, who, with their father, the late William H. Vanderbilt, had been the donors of the buildings now in use. As a result of their gen- erosity, two new buildings are now being erected on the grounds of the Col- lege of Physicians and Surgeons — one to be known as an extension of the Vanderljilt Clinic, and the other of the Medical School. By these splendid additions the teaching facilities of the Vanderbilt Clinic and the laboratories of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, including the dissecting room, are doubled. The College of Physicians and Surgeons is thus in position to give better and more thorough instruction than ever before. '■' '■'' * Mr. and Mrs. William D. Sloane have likewise responded to the growing needs of the College of Physicians and Surgeons with equal liberality. The Sloane Maternity, hitherto built and endowed by Mr. and Mrs. Sloane, is now being enlarged by them upon the same basis." Dr. James W. McLane, Dean of the College of Physicians and Sur- geons, pronounced the results of the first year of the newly adopted four years' course as most gratifying, while the existing accommodations had been taxed to the utmost capacity, especially in the laboratories. He ex- pressed the conviction that in no department in the University was progress made more rapidly than in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, which looked forward to even better results when the completion of the new build- ings then in course of construction would afford enlarged facilities. In the academic year of 1894-95, Dr. Robert A. Sands resigned. Ap- pointments were made as follows; Dr. Frederick S. Lee, Adjunct Pro- fessor and Demonstrator of Physiology ; Dr. Virgil P. Gibney, Professor of Orthopedic Surgery; Dr. George H. Brodhead, Instructor in .Practical Ob- stetrics; Dr. Ervin A. Tucker, Tutor in Obstetrics and Gynecology; Dr. Douglas Ewell, Dr. John Rodgers, Jr., and Dr. Howard D. Collins, Assist- ant Demonstrators of x\natomy; Dr. Richard H. Cunningham, Assistant Demonstrator of Physiology; Dr. Frederick R. Bailey, z\ssistant in Normal Histology, and Dr. Van Home Norrie, Assistant in Pathology. 250 COLLEGE OF PHYSICL4NS AND SURGEONS. Dr. Henry Berton Sands, deceased, was one of the most distinguished surgeons of his day, an incomparable instructor in his department of his pro- fession, a dexterous operator and most judicious prognostician. He was a native of New York City, born September 27, 1830. He was educated in the pubhc schools, but his attendance throughout a very excellent high school course was indeed ec^uivalent to a liberal academical curriculum. He studied for his profession in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, and in 1854 was graduated. He at once entered upon a general practice, specializing surgery, and immediately made a beginning with the institutions to which he devoted so much of his attention during many years. In 1854-55 he was. in turn. House Physician and House Sur- geon to Bellevue Hospital. He then visited Europe, in order to observe hospital work there, and witnessed operations by some of the most accom- plished specialists of the times. From i860 to 1870 he practiced in associa- tion with Dr. Willard Parker, between whom and himself existed a warm personal friendship, as well as professional interests and tastes. In 1856 Dr. Sands became Demonstrator of Anatomy in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and served as such until his appointment as Professor of Anatomy, in which chair he sat from 1867 to 1879. In the latter year he was made Professor of the Practice of Surgery, and his occupancy of the place was only terminated by his death. From 1862 to 1877 he was Visiting Surgeon to Bellevue Hospital, and he served in the same capacity to Char- ity Hospital from 1865 to 1866, and later to Mt. Sinai Hospital. He was also Visiting Surgeon to St. Luke's Hospital from 1862 to 1870, and Con- sulting Surgeon from 1870 to 1884; Visiting Surgeon to the New York Hospital from 1864 to 1881, and Consulting Surgeon from 1881 to 1884; Visiting Surgeon to the Strangers' Hospital from 1871 to 1872, and simi- larly to the Roosevelt Hospital from 1872 to 1888. Many of the original papers given by Dr. Sands to the professional press, or which appeared in the printed proceedings of medical associations, were in the form of reports upon operations performed by himself. Among his contributions were the following : "Case of Cancer of the Larynx Success- fully Treated by Laryngotomy," in N'ezu- York Medical Journal, May, 1861; "Aneurism of the Sub-Clavian, Treated by Galvano-Puncture,"' "Notes on Perityphlitis," in Annals of Anatomical and Surgical Society of Brooklyn, 18S0; "The Question of Trephining in Injuries of the Head, in Mediial Neii's of Philadelphia, April 28, 1883 ; "On the Use and Abuse of Passive Motion," in Nezi' York Medical Journal, January, 1887. Dr. Sands was a member of the leading local, state and national professional bodies. In 1883 Yale College conferred upon him the degree of ^Master of x\rts, causa honoris. HEHRY B. SAHDS. PROGRESS OF THE COLLEGE. 251 Dr. Sands was married in 1859 to ^liss Sarah ^I. Curtis. After her death, in 1875. he married ^liss J- Reamey. Dr. Sands died in New York City. November 17, 1888. In the Department of Anatomy more subjects were dissected during the session than in any previous college year. This was due to the increased advantages, to-wit, the increase of available tables to the number of seventy- six and the cold-storage facilities. The Museum of Human and Compara- tive Morphology was more than doubled, and now contained one thousand two hundred and seventy-five specimens, as compared with six hundred and nineteen in the previous year. The value of this equipment, for purposes of under-graduate instruction and for scientific research work was now incal- culable. The accessories of material during the year had been abundant and extremely valuable. Among the more notable exhibits were a considerable number of individuals of various species of Cynomorphous monkeys, repre- senting a fairly complete series ; several rare forms of Cebus, Mycetes, Ateles and Lagothrix ; a valuable consignment of mammals in alcohol from the Smithsonian Institution, and various specimens of Caribou and Moose. In the Departments of Casts and Reproductions were life models of Orang, Macacus Nemestrimus, Cynocephalous Hamadryas, Porcarius and Mormon, and of the great chimpanzee, "Chicco"; casts of the American Manatee and Tapir, and of the hand and foot of Orang and Macacus, and various brain and muscle casts. A case of some of these reproductions was sent to Pro- fessor Virchow, of the University of Berlin, for exchange. The work of the Museum had a place in the second annual exhibition of the New York Academy of Sciences by virtue of a series dealing with the evolution and morphology of the Cecum and the Vermiform Appendix, representing in the main more than two hundred preparations. These last won much at- tention. In the Department of Physiology, studies were made with great reg- ularity and the results were most satisfactory. The investigator's room in the ]\Iarine Biological Laboratory at Wood's Hall, Massachusetts, sub- scribed for by Columbia College for the use of the Department of Physiology, was occupied during the months of July, August and September by Freder- ick S. Lee. Ph. D., with Mr. Joseph Cheesman Thompson, of Clifton, Long Island, a member of the medical class, as assistant. In the Department of Physics and Chemistiy, a lecture course was given by Professor Chandler. The Experimental Physics were conducted by Professor Ogden N. Rood, Professor William Hallock and Messrs. Hol- brook Cushman, Reginald Cordon and Otty B. Barker. Mr. Charles E. Pellew gave instruction in laboratory work in Medical Chemistry, assisted 252 COLLEGE OF PHYSICL4NS AND SURGEONS. by Dr. Deghnee and Mr. Johnson, and Mr. Pellew, assisted by Dr. Deghuee and Mr. Johnson, gave a course in Experimental Toxicology. The Depart- ment of Patholog}', including Bacteriology and Normal Histology, were fully maintained, and the results of several lines of research were given to the press. Great advancement was made in Ophthalmology. In the Depart- ment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, didactic lectures -were regularly given by Professor McLane and Professor Tuttle, and the various clinical and hos- pital advantages were utilized to the utmost. During the year, many notable contributions were made to the litera- ture of the profession. The titles were as follows : "The Convolutions of the Hemisphere of Elephas Indicus," Dr. George S. Huntington, in Proceedings of the American Association of Anatomy, December, 1894. "The Significance of Muscular Variations, as Illustrated by Reversions in the Antibrachial Flexor Group," Dr. George S. Huntington, in Transac- tions New York Academy of Sciences, February, 1895. "The Cervical Plexus of the Cynomorphous Monkey." Dr. George S. Huntington, in Transactions New York Academy of Sciences, May, 1895. "The Preparation of Aseptic Catgut by Means of Formalin," Dr. Rich- ard H. Cunningham, in Nezv York Medical Journal, April 20, 1895. "A Study of the Sense of Equilibrium in Fishes," Dr. Frederick S. Lee, in Journal of Physiology, October, 1894. "Carl Ludwig," Dr. Frederick S. Lee, in Science, June 7, 1895. "Studies in Phloridzin Glycosuria." P. A. Levene, in Journal of Physiology, October 15, 1894. "Die Zuckerbildeude Function des Nervus Vagus," P. A. Levene, in Journal of Pliysiology, October 15, 1894. "Die Zuckerbildeude Function des Nervus Vagus," P. A. Le\'ene, in Centralblatt fiir Physiologie, August 11, 1894. "Fine Luftdichte Pleura-Kanule," Dr. S. J. ]\Ieltzer, in Zcitschrift fiir Instrnnientenkunde , December, 1894. "A Case of Pyaemia Following the Incision of an Urethral Stricture, with a Note of Certain Biological Peculiarities in the Staphylococcus Pyo- genes Aureas," Dr. T. Mitchell Prudden. "Van Gieson's Picro-Acid Fuchsin as a Selective Stain for Connective Tissue," Dr. George C. Freeborn. "On the New Relations of Pathology and Practical Medicine as Bear- ing Upon the Pathological Departments of Our Hospital," Dr. John S. Ely. "Some Considerations on Different Types of Exudative Inflammation," Dr. Charles N. Dowd. "Pasteurized Milk as Supplied to the P(X)r by the Strauss IMilk Depot of New York." Dr. Rowland G. Freeman. "Acute Pneumonia in Childhood," Dr. Thomas S. Southworth. "Toxic Hypoleucocytosis," Dr. James Ewing. PROGRESS OF THE COLLEGE. 253 "Three Cases of Brown-Sequard Paralysis, with Remarks on the Sen- sory Tract in Human Spinal Cord," Dr. Pearce Bailey. "Notes on the Preparation of Diphtheria Antitoxine," Dr. Charles B. Fitzpatrick. In 1896 there was somewhat of a falling off in att-endance, the number of students enrolled being seven hundred and nine, as compared with eight hundred and three in the preceding year. This decrease was regarded as but temporary, and as mainl)' incident to the process of installing the four- year curriculum in place of the three-year course. Again, the comparison is less disturbing when it is taken into mind that for two years previous the school was swollen by an influx of students who sought to avoid the exac- tions of the lengthened course. The graduating class numbered two hun- dren and twenty-one, an increase of seventeen over the previous year. The Faculty changes during the year were unusually numerous. One death occurred — that of Dr. James West Roosevelt, class of 1880, Clinical Lecturer upon Medicine, at the age of thirty-seven years, when in the prime of his activity and at the outset of a most promising career. The following named instructors resigned; Dr. Ellsworth Eliot, Jr., and Dr. John Rogers, Jr. Dr. Theodore C. Janeway letired on account of expiration of term for which he was appointed. Dr. Walton Martin was appointed Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy, and the following" promotions were made : Professor Samuel A. Tucker, Assistant Demonstrator of Toxicology ; Dr. Van Home Norrie, Instructor in Physical Diagnosis; Dr. John S. Thacher, Demonstrator of Pathology; Dr. William H. Rockwell, Jr., Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy; Dr. George W. Jarman, Instructor in Gynecology; Dr. William S. Stone, In- structor in Gynecology; Dr. George R. Lockwood, Instructor in Physical Diagnosis ; Dr. William K. Draper, Instructor in Physical Diagnosis ; Dr. Alexander B. Johnson, Instructor in Minor Surgery in Roosevelt Hospital ; Dr. Royal Whitman, Instructor in Orthopedic Surgery ; Dr. James R. Hayden, Instructor in Venereal and Genito-Urinary Diseases ; Dr. Robert Lewis, Jr., Instructor in Otology; Dr. William Cowen, Instructor in Otol- ogy; Dr. Charles H. May, Instructor in Ophthalmology; Dr. John H. Clai- borne, Instructor in Ophthalmology; Professor Reid Hunt, Tutor in Phys- iology; Dr. John H. Larkin, Assistant in Patholog}-; Dr. Philip H. Hiss, As- sistant in Bacteriology ; Professor Arthur P. Van Gelder, Assistant in Chem- istry; Dr. Vanderpoel Adriance, Assistant in Normal Histology; Dr. Ed- ward, H. L. McGinnis, Electro-Therapeutist to Department of Diseases of Women. The instructional work was most admirably conducted. Dr. James W. 254 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. McLane, Dean of the Faculty, particularly commended the Department of Anatomy as presenting results of unusual importance, and the new system of anatomical instruction under the four years' course. The average stand- ing of the second-year class, as determined by the final examination, was un- usually high, and only one student was conditioned. This result, gratify- ing beyond all expectation, was ascribed to the changes effected by the new curriculum, which made a complete separation of first and second-year stu- dents for purposes of anatomical instruction, and largely increased the fa- cilities for demonstrative teaching to small sections of the class. The sec- tion teaching of the first-year class was by Dr. Frederick J. Brockway, Dr. Joseph A. Blake and Dr. George E. Brewer. The work of the class in Practical Anatomy in the Dissecting Room was also of increased usefulness. The Department of Physiology was greatly advantaged by the assign- ment of an additional room for laboratorj- purposes, and an admirable physiological apparatus, much of which was designed and constructed hy the mechanic connected with the department. This department, provided to meet an increasing demand for practical work in Physiology by candi- dates for advanced degrees, fully demonstrated its necessity m this its first year, and was thronged by students in excess of its ncrmal capacity. In- struction in the Department of Physiology was given by Professor John G. Curtis, Professor Frederick S. Lee and Dr. Richard Hoop Cunningham. In the Department of Physics and Chemistry, an illustrated lecture course was given b}' Professor Charles F. Chandler; Experimental Physics was taught by Professor Roland G. Rood, Professor William Hallock. Ph. D., Mr. Reginald Gordon and Mr. Herschel C. Parker, Ph. B., and Mr. Charles E. Pellew, E. M., gave instruction in laboratory work in Medical Chemistry, assisted by Dr. Joseph Deghuee and Mr. Samuel A. Tucker, Ph. B. Subsequently Dr. Deghuee resigiied his position as Assistant Dem- onstrator to enter the Health Department, and was succeeded in the labora- tory by Mr. Winfield Johnson. The instruction in Toxicology, which had been optional, was now placed as a portion of the regular second-year course. Instruction in this department was conducted by Mr. Charles E. Pellew, E. M., assisted by Dr. Deghuee and Mr. Winfield Johnson. Dr. Deghuee was succeeded l^y Mr. Winfield Johnson, and Mr. Samuel A. Tucker, Ph. B., was promoted to be Assistant in Toxicology. In the Department of Pathology greatly increased instructional facili- ties were provided in the fourth and fifth stories of the new extension to the Vanderbilt Clinic, and here were conveniently provided such apparatus as was necessary for the under-graduate class in Bacteriology and Clinical Microscopy, and for post-graduate students in Pathology, Histologj' and Bacteriology. Eager students ampl}' justified the wisdom of the provision. PROGRESS OF THE COLLEGE. 255 In the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecolog}', didactic lectures were given by Professor James W. McLane and Professor George M. Tuttle, who also held examinations upon these subjects at the close of the respective terms. For the first time in the new four years' curriculum, instruction in both these branches was given in the form of recitations and demonstrations to second-year students. These classes were in charge of Dr. Ervin A. Tucker, who was more than conscientious in devotion to his work. The bililiography of the year was voluminous, and covered a wide range of subjects. The papers were as follows : "The Myology of the Anterior Extremity of the Lemur Bruneus," Pro- fessor George S. Huntington, read before the Association of American Anatomists, Philadelphia. "The Fossa Capitis of the Femur," Dr. Brockway, read before same body as above. "Myology of the Pectoral Girdle of Lagothsis Hum.boldtii," Mr. H. M. Lee, read before the Biological Section of the New York z^cademy of Sciences. "The administration of Thymus in Exophthalmic Goitre," Dr. H. Cun- ningham, in Nezv York Medical Record, June 15, 1895. "Photo Medical Notes on Formalin," Dr. H. Cunningham, in British Journal of Photography, June 28, 1895. "An Experimental Study of Direct and Lidirect Faradization of the Digestive Canal in Dogs, Cats and Rabbits," Dr. Samuel J. Meltzer, in Nezv York Medical Journal, June 15, 1895. "Volumetric Copper Determination in Application to Sugar Analysis," by P. A. Levene. "The Leucocytosis of Diphtheria Under the Influence of Serum Ther- ap3'," Dr. James Ewing. "On Certain Bacteria from the Air of New York City," Dr. Harrison G. Dyar. "A Machine for Tubing Bacterial Media," Dr. Harrison G. Dyar. "Observations on an Uncommon Form of Cutaneous Tuberculosis," Dr. Charles C. Ranson and Dr. Ira Van Gieson. "Papilloma and Papillomatous Cysts of the Ovary," Dr. George C. Freeborn. "Notes on the Fixation of Nerve Fibres by Formalin," Dr. Edwin M. Kitchel. "Malignant Adenoma of the Uterus," Dr. William S. Stone. "Gonococcus (Niesser), A Clinical and Bacteriological Study of the Gonococcus as Found in the Male Urethra and in the Vulvo-Vaginal Tract of Children," Dr. Henry Heiman. "Milk as an Agency in the Conveyance of Disease," Dr. Rowland G. Freeman. 256 COLLEGE OF PHYSICL4NS AND SURGEONS. "Report Upon Two Cases of Tumor of the Spinal Cord," etc., Dr. Pearce Bailey. Professor Edward Curtis and Professor Frederick S. Lee were in the same year engaged upon the completion of their contributions to the Ameri- can Text-Book of Physiology, the former named writing on "The iNIechanics of the Circulation," and the latter upon "Reproduction." This work was published under the joint authorship of ten representative American Phys- iologists. Professor Lee. in Augaist of the same year, delivered two lectures upon "The Physiology of the Ear," before the students at the Marine Biolog- ical Laboratory at Woods Hall, Massachusetts. During the academic year ending Jime 30, 1897. th.e number of students enrolled was 639. The decrease of seventy as compared with the previous year was undoubtedly attributable to the inauguration of the four vears' course, and the added rigor which attended the entrance examinations. The graduating class consisted of the phenomenally small number of twent^'-nine. But nevertheless, instruction in all departments was carried on with a self- sustaining enthusiasm, and the results were especially satisfactory. At the beginning of the session the Department of Anatomy was put into running order in the new building prepared for it. and the facilities for laboratory work and for the instruction by demonstration to small sections of the class were triumphantly tested. The Museum of Human and Comparative Anat- omy was enriched by a series of casts of the adult thoracic cavity with con- tents, prepared by Dr. Joseph A. Blake, and by various completed prepara- tions accurate in minute details. These casts of Dr. Blake's at the fourth annual exhibition of the New York Academy of Sciences attracted deserved attention. Invaluable service was also rendered by Dr. Edward Learning, by his lantern-slide views of many of the preparations, for the utilization of the material before large classes. Again, while all these industrial departments were maintained without loss by friction, much research work was performed, and lectures given which were not included in the curriculum of the College. Dr. Joseph A. Blake, Alumni Association Fellow in Anatomy, began morphological studies of the Endyma, with particular reference to the Metapore. He also com- pleted his investigation of the topographical relations of the adult mediasti- num and the upper thoracic aperture, and his interesting conclusions were published in the Procedings of the Association of American Anatomists. Dr. Richard H. Cunningham, Alumni Association Fellow in Physiology, carried on a diligent investigation of acromygalia, the restoration of co-ordinated vokuitary movement after nerve-crossing, the cortical centers of the brain PROGRESS OF THE COLLEGE. 257 of the oppossum. and the effect produced by the division of some of the asso- ciation tracts of the brain. Mr. Charles E. Pellew debvered four public lec- tures in the Columbia University Course, in co-operation with the American Museum of Natural History, on the general subject of Alcohol, treating upon its history, its uses and its abuses, and the preparation and properties of va- rious alcoholic be\'erages. [Mr. Pellew"s lectures were, to say the least, pro- fusely illustrated, and besides being reported were complimented by both the newspaper and the magazine press, in addition to afterwards appearing in the Popular Science Journal. In the same year, [Mr. Samuel A. Tucker, Ph. B., and Mr. Arthur Pine Van Gelder, under the direction of IMr. Pellew, conducted an interesting" series of experiments on late developments in Electro-Chemistry. They also exhibited before the Xew York Academy of Sciences a large number of rare compounds, such as the carbides of various metals; crystallized silica, lime and magnesia, and artificial rubies. Mr. Ben- jamin ]M. Jacc^uish. B. S., and [Mr. George [Muller. Ph. B., also under the direction of Mr. Pellew, before the [Microscopical Society, made an interest- ing exhibit of tea, coft'ee and cocoa, along with their various alkaloids and derivative products. All these specimens were guaranteed as the unaided work of the College and the steps in the processes were explained with a painstaking care. In the same academic year occurred the deaths of two valued members of the medical teaching staff — Dr. Douglas Ewell, class of 1891, Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy, and [Mr. W'infield Johnson, Ph. D., Assistant Demonstrator in Chemistry and Physics. During the larger part of the session Dr. George L. Peabody, Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeu- tics, was obliged to relinquish his duties on account of a serious illness. In order that instruction in this department should be uninterrupted. Dr. [Henry A. Griffin, class of 1889, was appointed Lecturer in the branches included in Dr. Peabody's professorship, and rendered highly useful service. The resignations during the same year were : Dr. Charles F. Chandler, Professor of Chemistry and Medical Jurisprudence; Dr. George L. Brod- he.id. Instructor in Obstetrics; Dr. John S. Ely, Assistant in Pathology; and Mr. Harrison G. Dyar, Assistant in Bacteriology. Dr. Chandler had been connected with the Faculty of the College of Physicians and Surgeons for more than a quarter of a century. A native of Massachusetts, born in 1836, he had pursued studies in the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard College. He afterwards studied in the LTni- versities of Berlin and Gottingen, from the latter named of which he re- ceived the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in 1856. In 1857 he became As- sistant in Chemistrv at Union College, and he was made Professor the next 258 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. year. In 1864, with Professors Egleston and Vinton, he estabUshed the Columbia School of Mines in New York City, and he became Dean of the Faculty. In 1866 he was appointed Chemist of the New York City Board of Health, became President in 1873, ^"^ ^^'^^ reappointed to the same posi- tion in 1877. Among his services of distinguished usefulness were a rigid system of inspection of milk in the metropolis; the procurement of legisla- tion against food and kerosene adulterations, and providing for light and ventilation in tenement houses ; and most of all, the investigations regarding the water supply of New York City. Brooklyn and Albany. In 1873 he re- ceived from Union College the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws, and from the New York University the honorar}- degree of Doctor of Medicine. He was President of the Congress of Chemists which assembled in England, in 1864, to celebrate Joseph Priestlj-'s discovery of oxygen. He was made a member of various scientific societies in America and in Europe, and he was a frequent contributor to scientific journals and a much sought for lecturer upon water, photography and kindred topics. Dr. Chandler was appointed to the chair of Chemistry and Medical Jurisprudence in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, in 1876. and to the Professorship of Chemistry in Columbia College in 1877. His depart- ment in the College of Physicians and Surgeons was known as that of Cheni- istr}'. Physiological Chemistry and Physics, while laboi'atory instruction in Physics had been latterly given by the Department of Physics at Forty-ninth street. Believing that General Chemistry and Physics did not properly be- long to the medical curriculum, and desiring to give greater prominence to Physiological Chemistry, the College of Physicians and Surgeons changed the title of Professor Chandler's department to that of Physiological Chemis- try, and arranged to more fully develop the subject pertaining to it, in the interest of not only the medical students, but of the students of the entire University. In the meantime provision was made for giving instruction in General Chemistry and in Physics to medical students in the Department of Chemistry and that of Physics, while laboratory work in General Chemistry was to be conducted at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, in order to utilize its excellent laboratory equipment. That he might enter upon the enlarged duties of Professor of Chemistry in the University, Dr. Chandler therefore retired from the Faculty of the College of Physicians and Surgeons. In his new position he was an im- portant factor in expanding the single course in Chemistry into the three courses of Analytical Chemistry, Industrial Chemistry and Organic Chemis- try, and in utilizing the splendid opportunities afforded by the spacious and amplv equipped laboratories of Havemeyer Hall for instruction in the broad- PROGRESS OF THE COLLEGE. 259 est fields of its department of science, and in the proper training of chemists. Many of his colleagues referred to him as the embodiment of unflagging zeal and energ}". The 3'ear of 1896-97 witnessed an unusual number of Facult}- changes, involving the following names : Dr. \'anderpoel Adriance, Assistant in Nor- mal Histolog)% retired; Dr. Henry A. Griffin, Lecturer in ^Materia ^ledica and Therapeutics, retired; Mr. George Miiller, Ph. B., Lecturer on Chemis- try, resigned: and ]\Ir. Alexander R. Cushman, Ph. B..' Assistant in Chemis- try, retired by reason of expired term of appointment. Promotions to date from July i, 1897. were as follows: Charles E. Pellew. E. !^L, former Demonstrator of Chemistry and Physics, to Adjunct Professor of Chemistry : Dr. Alexander Bryan Johnson, from Instructor in Minor Surgery to Lecturer on ]Minor Sui"gery in Roosevelt Hospital : Her- mann Theodore Vulte, Ph. D., from Tutor to Instructor in General Chemis- tr}', and Dr. James Ewing, from Tutor in Normal Histolog}' to Instructor in Clinical Microscopy. Appointments were as follows : Dr. George W. ]\IcCrary. Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy; Dr. A. Braj-ton Hall, Professor of Clinical ■Med- icine; Dr. Erank ^^^ Jackson. Instructor in General Diagnosis; Dr. James D. A'^oorhees, Instructor in Obstetrics and Gynecology; Dr. D. Bryson Dele- van, Instructor in Laryngology ; Dr. George T. Jackson, Instructor in Der- matolog}-; Dr. Erancis Huber, Instructor in Diseases of Children; Dr. Fred- erick Peterson, Instructor in Neurology; Dr. John B. \A'alker, Assistant In- structor in Operative Surgery : Dr. Charles Norris, Tutor in Pathology : Dr. William R. \\'illiams. Assistant in Normal Histology, and Dr. Erancis C. Wood, Assistant in Clinical Microscopy. The changes of title included the following : Dr. Erancis H. ]\Iarkoe from Clinical Lecturer on Surger}^ to Instructor in Surger)- at Bellevue Hos- pital ; Dr. A\'alter B. James from Clinical Lecturer upon Medicine to In- structor in General Diagnosis ; Dr. John S. Thacher from Demonstrator in Pathologv- to Demonstrator in Pathological Anatomy: Dr. Bern R. Gallau- det from Demonstrator of Anatomy to Demonstrator of Anatomy and In- structor in Surgery; Dr. Lucius W. Hotchkiss from Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy to Instructor in Surgery in Bellevue Hospital; Dr. Richard H. Cunningham from Assistant Demonstrator to Demonstrator in Physiologv; Dr. lohn W. Brannan from Clinical Lecturer upon Contagious Diseases to Instructor in General Diagnosis; Oliver S. Strong, Ph. D.. from Tutor in Comparative Neurologv- to Tutor in Comparative NeurologA" and Assistant in Normal Histology of the Nervous System; and Dr. Henr^- Larkin from Assistant in Pathology to Assistant in Pathology- and Curator of the ]\Iuseum. 26o COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. The titles of papers written during the College work of the year were as, follows : "Cerebral Fissures and Gyres of Two Brains from Natives of New Guinea," Dr. G. S. Huntington. "Corrosion Anatomy, Technique and I\Iass," Dr. G. S. Huntington. "Ventral Version of Secondary Fore-Brain," Dr. G. S. Huntington. "Topography of the [Mediastinum and Superior Thoracic Aperture," Dr. J. A. Blake. "On Some Points in the Formati(jn and Distribution of the Cervical Plexus in Cynomorphous ]\Ionkeys," Dr. G. S. Huntington. Transactions New York Academy of Sciences, Volume XVL March 3. 1897. "Contribution to the Myology of Lemur Bruneus," Dr. G. S. Hunting- ton, Anatomical Anccigcr, 1897. "Topographical Anatomy of the Lungs and ^lediastinum in the Foetus at Term and in the New Born Child." Dr. G. S. Huntington, Report New York Lying-in-Hospital, 1897. "The ]vlechanics of the Circulation," Dr. J. G. Curtis, in "An American Text-Book of Physiology," Philadelphia, AA'. B. Saunders. "Physiology: The Vital Processes in Health," F. S. Lee, Ph. D., in "In Sickness and in Health," New York, D, Appleton & Co. "Reproduction."" F. S. Lee. Ph. D., in "An American Text Book of Phj^siology," Philadelphia. "Review of 'A Manual of Physiology," by G. N. Stewart." F. S. Lee, Ph. D., in Nezv York Medical Journal, Volume 63. "Review of 'The Physiology and Pathology of the Cerebral Circulation,' by L. Hill,'" F. S. Lee, Ph. D.. in Ncn" York Medical Joiirnal. Volume 64. "Review of 'Physiology' for Beginners,' by M. Foster and L. E. Shores." F. S. Lee, Ph. D., in Nen' York Medical Joiirnal, Volume 65. "Experiments on the Relation of the Inhibitory to the Accelerator Nerves of the Heart," R. Hunt, M. D., Ph. D. Journal of Experimental Medicine, Volume II. "On Absorption of Strychnine and Hydrocyanic Acid from the Mu- cous Membrane of the Stomach," Dr. S. J. ^leltzer. Journal of Experi- mental Medicine, Volume I, the same in the Transactions of the Association of American Physicians, Volume NI. "Ueber die L^nfiihigkeit des Schleimhaut des Kaninchenmagen Strych- nin zu resorbiren," Dr. S. J. [Nleltzer. Ccnfralblatt fiir Pliysiologie, August 8, 1896. "Experiments on the Faradization of the Stomach of Animals." Dr. S. J. Meltzer. New York Medical Journal. April 24. 1897. "I'eber Reizversuche mit Inductionsstrome am Thiermagen," Dr. S. J. Meltzer. Archiv fiir Verdauungskrankheiten, [May, 1897. "The Influence of Phloridzin in the Blood and Lymph," Dr. P. A. Levene. Journal of Experimental Medicine, Volume II. "Restoration of Co-ordinated Volitional Movement After Nerve-Cross- ing," Dr. R. H. Cunningham. PROGRESS OF THE COLLEGE. 261 "Acromegaly in a Dog," Dr. R. H. Cunningham. "The Cortical Centers of the Oppossmii" ( Didelphys Virginiana), Dr. R. H. Cunningham. "The Physiology of the Cardiac Nerves of the Opossum" (Didelphys Virginiana), R. Hunt, M. D., Ph. D., and Dr. D. W. Harrington. "Notes on the Physiology of the Cardiac Nerves of the Calf," R. Hunt, M. D., Ph. D., and Dr. D. W. Harrington. "Einige allgemeine Eigeinschaften des Herzmuskels vom Amerikan- ischen Hummer," R. Hunt, M. D., Ph. D., A. Bookman, A. B., and M. J. Tierney, A. B. "On the Physiology of the Cardiac Nerves of the Guinea Pig," Dr. D. W. Harrington. "Low Temperature Pasteurization of Milk," Dr. Rowland G. Freeman. "A Contribution to the Study of Acute Ascending (Landry's) Paraly- sis," Pearce Bailey, A. M.. M. D., and James Ewing, A. M., M. D. "A Further Study of the Biology of the Gonococcus (Niesser)," Dr. Henry Heiman. "Bacterial and Allied Tests as .\pplied to the Clinical Diagnosis of Ty- phoid Fever," Dr. John S. Ely. "Dangers of the Domestic Use. Other than Drinking, of Contaminated Water, with Sjiecial Reference to ]^.lilk and Oysters as Carriers of Bacteria," Dr. Rowland G. Freeman. "Common Causes of the Contamination of Drinking Water," Dr. Tim- othy M. Cheesman. "Notes on Polychromatic Photo-Micrography," Dr. Edward Learning. "The Toxic Basis of Neural Diseases," Dr. Ira Van Gieson. The College of Ph}'sicians and Surgeons entered upon the academic year beginning June 30th, 1898, under the most favorable auspices. The falling off in number of students had not only been arrested, but there had been a substantial gain, the enrollment amounting to 766 as against 639 in the pre\-ious year. There was further reason for gratulation so far as the entering students were concerned in the matter of general education. This augured much for a keener sense of the responsibilities as applicable to their future careers. It had been feared that the lengthening of the medical course would tend to decrease the percentage of students who had taken a college course before entering upon a course of medical study. On the contrary, there was a marked improvement, inasmuch as the matriculating class had not only the largest number, but the largest percentage of well prepared stu- dents since the adoption of the four-year plan. Reduced to iigures, the per- centage in the class of those students who had taken degrees signifying a liberal education was thirty-nine, as against twent3'-nine in 1894-95, and twenty-eight each in the academic years of 1895-96 and 1896-97. The graduating class of this year (1897-98), the first under the new 262 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. four-year curriculum, numbered 136 as against twenty-nine in the preceding year. It receiA'ed the uncjuahfied commendation of the Faculty. Only five members of the class failed to pass the examination necessary for gradua- tion at the Commencement, and fifty-four of the graduates, after competitive examinations, received hospital appointments where only fifty-eight such positions were to be filled. There were numerous changes in the Faculty during the year. Dr. Edwin Matthews Kitchel, an Assistant in Normal Histology, died on Aug- ust 26th. 1897. as the result of an accident. He was a graduate of the Col- lege, class of 1893, and his professional career, brief as it was. had given promise of high success in his chosen field. In March, 1898, Dr. James W. McLane tendered his resignation as Professor of Obstetrics, to take effect at the expiration of the academic year. It was felt that Dr. McLane was justly to be relieved from the obligations of constant teaching, in view of his long service and his many accumulating duties. For thirty years he had served as a teacher, yet was willing to con- tinue as Dean of the Medical Faculty, as well as the representative of the Col- lege on the Board of Trustees of the Vanderbilt Clinic, ihe Sloane Maternity Hospital and the Roosevelt Hospital. His resignation was regretfully ac- cepted, with the provision that he add to his honors that of Emeritus Pro- fessor of Obstetrics, the same to date from the day of his retirement from the Chair of Obstetrics. His colleagues of the ^sledical Faculty Portly af- terwards presented to Columbia University a fine portrait of Dr. McLane, by Mr. Daniel Huntington, and this fine work of art graces the large lec- ture room of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, in the goodly company of others who had served the institution with the same unselfish zeal. In accordance with a delicate usage in such cases provided, the chair so long occupied by Dr. McLane was not immediately filled. Dr. Edwin B. Cragin was chosen Lecturer in Obstetrics for the ensuing academic year, with a view to his appointment to the Professorship at the end of that pe- riod. Dr. Cragin was a graduate of the College, class of 1886, and what told most in his favor, he had been for several years the Secretary of the Medical Faculty. Therefore, he was intimately acquainted with the school in all its conditions, and had manifested his aptitude for the department to which he had been assigned. In June of the same year (1898) Dr. William Henry Draper tendered his resignation as Professor of Clinical Medicine, to take effect at the end of the academic year. AYhile never a member of the Faculty as such. Dr. Draper had taught in the College for forty years, and was, without gainsa}^- ino-, the peer of his colleagues, one of whom. Professor Alonzo Clark, accorded PROGRESS OF THE COLLEGE. 263 him tlie rank of the literary laureate of the profession. In accepting his res- ignation the Trustees gave him the title of Professor Emeritus of his Depart- ment. Dr. Draper was born in Brattleboro, Vermont, October 14, 1830; was graduated from Columbia College in 185 1, and pursued his studies in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, from which he was graduated four years later with the accompanying degree of A. M. from his alma mater. After taking advanced medical courses in London and Paris, he returned to New York City and engaged in family practice without any leanings to a specialty, so far as claimed by himself. In 1867 he was appointed Lecturer on Diseases of the Kidneys in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and he was subsequently appointed Professor of Diseases of the Skin, which position he held until 1879. In the following year he was appointed to the chair of Clinical Medicine. In 1889 he was chosen a member of the Board of Trustees, and that position he occupied during the remainder of his life. From 1859 to 1868 he was visiting physician to St. Luke's Hospital, and its consulting physician until his death. In 1862 he became Visiting Physician to the New York Hospital, and in 1889 he was made Consulting Physician, and was also for several years Consulting Physician to the Presbyterian Hospital. He was Attending" Physician to Roosevelt Hospital from its foundation until shortly before his death, and he was similarly connected with Trinity Infirmary, the Northwestern Dispensary and the House of Mercy. He was for several years President of the Alumni Association of the College of Physicians and Surgeons. He was a member of. various pro- fessional societies, and was the author of numerous papers upon protessional topics which were published in the leading medical journals. His death occurred on April 26, 1901. As an instructor no person could well have been more accurate or sch(ilarly. Other resignations from the corps of teachers were as follows, and all by reason of expiration of term ; Dr. Richard H. Cunningham, Demon- strator in Physiology; Dr. Reid Hunt, Tutor in Physiology; Dr. Frederick S. Ward and Dr. Frederick H. Floy, Assistants in Normal Histology. Dr. Alexander B. Johnson, Clinical Lecturer at Roosevelt Hospital, was desig- nated as Clinical Lecturer in Minor Surgery in the same institution. The following appointments were made : Dr. Arthur S. Vosburgh, Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy ; Dr. George P. Biggs, Demonstrator of Pathology; Dr. Frederick H, Floy, Assistant in Normal Histology; Dr. William F. Neumann. Assistant in Bacteriology; Dr. Charles T. Poore, Clinical Lecturer in Surgery, St. Mary's Free Hospital for Children ; Dr. Robert Abbe, Clinical Lecturer in Surgery ; Dr. William J. Gies, Instructor 264 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. in Physiological Chemistry; Dr. William K. Simpson, Instructor in Laryn- gology; Dr. Charles N. Dowd, Instructor in Surgery, St. Mary's Free Hos- pital for Children; Dr. George M. Swift. Instructor in Medicine, St. Mary's Free Hospital for Children; Colin C. Stewart, Ph. D.. Tutor in Physiology; Alfred N. Richards, A. B., and Henry E. McDermott, A. B., Assistants in Physiological Chemistr\-; Dr. Clarence A. McWilliams and Dr. D. Stuart D. Jessnp, Assistants in Normal Histology; Russell H. Chittenden, Ph. D., Director of Department of Physiological Chemistry and Lecturer. Educational work in all departments was prosecuted with thoroughness and excellence of result. The spirit which characterized the students was manifest in the two-fold increased attendance upon the University courses afforded in the School of Pure Sciences. In the Museum of Human and Comparative Anatomy nearly one thousand new preparations were added to the collection, and a departmental library was established in connection with the research laborator}-. In the Department of Pathology nearly one thousand five hundred specimens were received from hospitals, dispensaries and practitioners during the year. A new practical course in Clinical Microscopy, was organized for fourth year students. During the year many valuable contributions were made to the literature of the profession. The list of papers is as follows : "The Eparterial Bronchial System of the Mammalia," Dr. G. S. Hunt- ington, Annals New York Academy of Sciences, XI, 1898. "Comparative Anatomy and Embryology as Aids in Teaching Human Anatomy in the Medical Course," Dr. G. S. Huntington, American Jon, Baltimore or New Haven, might be requested by the Regents to associate as a member of such a board of visitors. It will be observed that these suggestions are intended to assimilate with the regulations adopted for the examination of cadets at the West Point academy. These princi- ples have proved in practice most auspicious to the harmony and reputation of that distinguished seminary. An examination and recommendation of candidates by such a board of examiners would carry forward its own credit. It would raise the qualifications of a degree. Above suspicion for its intelligence and impar- tiality, it would redound to the honour of the studaits, stimulate professors to exertions, and greatly add to the celebrity of the College. From the ob- servations which your committee were enabled to make, of the proficiency and acquirements in science of the professors and trustees of this Col- lege, they confidently believe it can come with its class of candidates, from the scrutiny of such a board of examiners, and stand holding its place with renewed lustre in the ranks of science. It is therefore recommended that an ordinance be adopted by the Regents, carrying into effect these provisions, in regard to the examination of students. Should the Regents approve of these recommendations, and any doubts be entertained as to the power of the Regents to amend the charter of the College, so as to carry the suggestions into full effect, the committee believe the evident utility and necessity of new regulations on this subject, would induce the professors and trustees, upon application from the Regents, to give their coroporate assent to the alterations. Legislative interposition may otherwise become necessary. Rut the provisions recommended m regard to the filling of vacancies in the board of Trustees from persons not concerned in medicine, till they constitute the one-half of the number, will, however, carry intO' effect and accomplish the principal means desired to secure har- mony in the institution. From the preceding remarks, it will be apparent that the opinion of this committee is decidedly against granting the prayer of the trustees in their memorial of the 6th of Januar)^, 1825, in which the Trustees ask the Regents "to vest them with the power of regulating all the affairs of the College, and to delegate to the trustees the pov^^er of making their own by-laws and regu- lations." In the opinion of this committee, a surrender of these important powers and authority by the Regents would be inconsistent with the high duties which they OAve to the people of this state, and v.'ould, under existing circumstances, be altogether inexpedient for the inteixst of the College. Before closing this report, the committee take the liberty to suggest for the consideration of the Regents, one other subject, which has occurred to them in the course of their inquiries. They are aware that this subject is not directly included in the visitational powers confided to them. But its importance induces them to present it for consideration. 392 COLLEGE OF PHYSICL4NS AND SURGEONS. It is proposed to extend and apply the medical schools, and perhaps the College, to the teaching of Agriculture, Mechanics and the Useful Arts, as collateral l^ranches, and to separate classes. Notwithstanding the liberal endowments made by this ;tate. in the support of its various literary institutions, yet great deficiencies exist, in supplying the requirements of society, and in the adaptation of the sciences to the actual practice in the pursuits of common life. The rapid growth of this state: its multiplied resources; and the industry and enterprise of its citizens, make large demands upon the scientists, to aid and co-operate in advancing the general prosperity. It is not sufficient that the sciences con- nected with agriculture and the mechanic arts are diligently studied and correctly understood by a few votaries in our literary institutions. It seems very necessaiw that these sciences essential to the prosperity of Tnanufactur- ing industry, should be especially promoted, and adapted to the comprehen- sion of a meritorious class of citizens, whose situation and circumstances, while they deny them the opportunities of an academic life, de\-ote them more sedulously to mechanic pursuits, and perhaps as certainly prepare them to advance the public good. If this class of sciences was exhibited to tlie manufacturer and practical mechanic in a course of lectures, it w-ould not fail to produce improvements, and confer lasting benefits on the country. Courses of popular lectures for a few weeks in every year, upon Agriculture, Chemistr}^ and Mechanics, with illustrations, and the exhibition of experi- ments, models and specimens, would secure an advantageous unicn. in the efforts of theoretical and practical men; would awaken the mental energies of the agriculturist and the artisan and soon produce a new era in the me- chanic arts. The advantages which may be anticipated from the proposed more in- timate union of the efforts of scientific and of practical men, will be sufti- ciently illustrated by reference to a recent and ' familiar case. The hats hitherto in use, have been manufactured and stiffened with glues, whicii were dissoluble in water. Within the last five or six years, "water proof" hats, warranted to be impervious to water, have come into general use. The art of making them has been blazoned forth as a new invention, and has been even the subject of "patent rights." The important discovery consists in the use of "Shell Lac" as the stift'ening glue. It is a giun imported and found in all druggist stores. It is often used in medicine, and a peculiar property of which has long been known to the chemist, to consist in its be- ing indissoluble in water, while it readily dissolves in alcohol, and becomes a convenient glue, impervious to water. The discovery and recent inven- tion, therefore, consist in the working mechanic having acquired and adopted into his daily business, the information on this one point, which has been possessed and useu for the last century by every chemist, druggist, and compounder of medicines. Perhaps, within another century, or, if as'^isted, within another year, the worker in leather may acquire a like secret, and by saturating his mate- rial with some such ingredient, effectually protect our feet from moisture. Water proof cloth has long been also a disideratum for mankind. It is APPENDIX. 393 said it has been recently manufactured in Great Britain with the use of the common "India Rubber."' The manufacturer has hitherto been unable to make a solution of this substance, while the chemist has long known its solu- bility, by the application of bituminous oils, like the "Seneca Oil," of which this country affords an abundance. The indigent mechanic must rely upon his daily labour for his subsist- ence. He can not waste his time, or incur expense, to go in pursuit of the sciences, even as applied to his own occupation. Any separate establish- ment, recjuiring him to leave his employment to the apprentice to forego his labor, would thereby be inacessiW*^ to them. To be of utility, it must be fitted to their opportunities and their means. It must be applied to their condition. The school should be organized with a view to convenience and econ- omy, in time and expense, and with the expectation that the manufacturer, the mechanic, the journeyman, apprentice and labourer, will become the pupils, and there learn the principles upon which successful practice in their several occupations depends, and acquire additional skill in their respective employments. Some public provision, by which these advantages may be extended to this portion of our community, seems to be required, as a measure of policy, and as an act of ecjual justice. It is believed it may easily be accomplished, under the patronage of the Regents, and by an au- thority to hold such a course of lectures. Scientific gentlemen would un- dertake the duties ; or the Professors of Chemistry and of Natural Philosophy in the institutions already established, might derive fame and profit, and find employment for their leisure time, in this fiirther duty. It would be consonant with their present pursuits. The institutions now provided for medical or literary purposes, might thus be made more extensively focal points, from which to radiate the public mind. They would better accord vvith the situation and condition of our country. The plan of education ni our Col- leges was deri\'ed from Europe, where it was established by the Romish priesthood, and it has been adopted here, and since continued with too great a subserviency to precedent. Perhaps at some future time it may be deemed expedient to re-examine the system of education now in practice, and to adopt such improvements as may more immediatel)^ conform it to the pur- suits of our citizens, and the spirit of our government, at least, to provide a plan of education in some of the Colleges, a part of which shall be more suited for our intercourse with other nations, and more adapted to the ener- gies and the enterprise of our people. To encourage the arts, as applied to manufacturing industry, by a more direct application of the sciences upon the plan now proposed, will be an extension, and a new application, of the benevolent and important system of common schools. It may be presumed that the judicious master would not only permit, but encourage "his appren- tices to frequent lectures within their reach, sure that the little time so lost to his trade, would be amply repaid, by the increased diligence, sobriety and knowledge, thereby purchased." The moral effect justly to be anticipated upon the youth and middle classes of society, should also induce to the proposed object. It will diffuse 394 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. intelligence amongst a portion of society whose condition has heen hitherto almost inaccessihle to improvement, and remove that state of ignorance and depression usually incident to, and often urged against, mechanic pursuits and manufacturing establishments. The laboratory apparatus, models, and specimens now used by Pro- fessors, might, without prejudice, be allotted to this further purpose. If an augmentation of the cabinet of models and specimens should be required, the importance of the object would justify the hope of further bounty from the Legislature. The able Professor of Moral Philosophy in Columbia College (Mr. McVickar), with great benefit to the institution, and increased reputation to himself, has recently made "Political Economy" the subject of a course of lectures. The Professor of Natural Philosophy in the same College (Mr. Renwick) ; the Professor of Chemistry (Dr. Macneven)), in the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York ; and the Professor of Chemistry (Mr. J. Nott) in Union College, upon suggestions from your committee, have assented to undertake, with the permission of the institutions to which they belong, courses of lectures for the instruction of mechanics, under the authority and sanction of the Regents. The Colleges at New York, Schenectad)^ Fairfield, Hamilton and Geneva ; and perhaps the academies at Albany, and the principal villages, furnish convenient opportunities to make the experiment of teaching such branches of education, as collateral to the professorships, and the original objects of those institutions. The utility of the scheme would soon be ascertained, and the expedi- ency determined, of hereafter conferring degrees for proficiency in agricul-. ture and the useful arts. PROTEST OF THE PROFESSORS. To the Honorable the Legislature of the State of New York in Senate and Assembly convened: A memorial or remonstrance having been lately presented to your hon- orable body, coming as from the Trustees of the College of Physicians and Surgeons in the City of New York, and the undersigned being also Trustees of the said College, but differing altogether from the statements of the said memorial, and pronouncing many of them to be absolutely false and suited to mislead, we beg leave, in vindication of truth, as well as the interests of the valuable public institution to which we are attached, to request your at- tention to this our counter memorial. Fortunately we can offer testimony which you may not doubt. It is not the unsupported assertion of obscure or needy adventures ; it is not biased by rivalry or malice; but it is the record of a court of justice. It is that report which was laid upon your table by the judges in the cause; the Lieutenant Governor, Gen. Talmadge, the flonorable Stephen Van Rensselaer, and Mr. jNIarcy, the comptroller. When these distin- guished gentlemen held a visitation in the College last June, on behalf of the Regents, it was to hear the cause between the Professors and Trustees. Then APPENDIX. 395 our opponents for years back, were loud, unmeasured and incessant in their charges. They were called upon to prove them ; but they did not even at- tempt that; they then abandoned them. We desire only to refer to what is developed in such lucid order, in such convincing plainness, and withal, after a manner so forbearing in that able report, even towards those Trustees whom the court pronounces to have been actuated by rivalry and self-inter- est. The Trustees then turn round, in desperation, upon the Regents them- selves. It is true they very much disappointed those gentlemen, for they did not remove the Professors as was fondly desired; nor did tjiey sur- render their own powers to that presumptuous cabal. As a dernier ressort, it approaches the Legislature, and feeling themselves no longer tied down to the facts, as when before the court, they conclude their calumnies by solicit- ing that the Trustees shall be invested with the right of regulating the con- cerns of the College — of filling their own vacancies — appoiniing their ozvn Professors, and making their own by-laws and regulations. Now the cloven foot uncovers itself, and all the clamour about abuses, which made its an- nual pilgrimage to Albany, and vented itself more lately before the Legisla- ture, closes with soliciting the power of turning everybody else out, and letting themselves in. This is the grand panacea of those doctors for rem- edying the present evils of the College. Evils that no doubt afflict them, and for greater vexation, are likely to continue. As some apology for going with their irrelevant memorial before the Legislature, they say "they conceive it to be a duty which they owe to them- selves, which they owe to the Medical Profession which they represent," etc. As to what they owe to themselves, we presume the Legislature takes no account of that matter; and as to their representing the Medical Profes- sion, we deny the fact. We belong to the Medical Profession, and we knoiv they do not represent it. If they have any such appointment, or any authority from the Medical Profession for presenting their memorial, let them produce that authority; or in default of doing so, let them submit to the just imputation of being guilty of deception toward your honorable body. They are also fearful, they allege, of being deprived of an important right, if the suggestion of the Regents should take effect, to prevent ihem, in future, from intermeddling with the recommendation of candidates for degrees. But they would be puzzled to specify the importance to them of such right of interference, unless it consist in the opportunity of annoyance; and then whether it be important or not, depends on the disposition to use it. They know best what solace that opportunity would yield them. We know that it set the students in a ferment last spring; that it was then a great source of trouble and vexation to the Regents, and that now, for the sake of its being retained in very unfit hands, they and the Professors are maligned to the Legislature. "Believing," say the Trustees in another paragraph, "that neither boys, nor persons uninstructed in the Medical Profession, are competent to take charge of the health and lives of their fellow-creatures, your honorable body has wisely enacted that no person shall be licensed to practice physic 396 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. until he shall ha\-e reached the age of twenty-one years and shall have gone through a term of study prescribed by law." And then they add "that in March. 1825, eleven persons received the Doctor's Degree from the hands of the Regelits, who were not legally qualified." We would ask those can- did and consciaitious complainants if a person aged twenty years and eleven months is a boy: and if a person, having studied two years, three hundred and thirty-five days, and attended two courses of lectures, the law requir- ing three years, is to be deemed uninstructed? Their insinuation would imply the affirmative, and when they maintain such nonsense we do not aivy them their intellects. One gentleman on whom the Regents conferred a degree lacked one month of being twenty-one. He went immediately after to Europe to improve his knowledge, and but for the liberal discretion of the heads of the University, must have staid a year longer at home. Every medical man knows that it is most advantageous for a young physician to travel when he has graduated. A second lacked one month of pupilage, and a third three weeks of being of age. One of them was from the West Indies, and must else have gone away without his degree, or remained here eleven months to put in three weeks. The other was of a different state from our own. Every supreme power has sound discretion. The Regents have such a power in regard to conferring- degrees, and nobody of unbiased views re- grets that it is lodged with gentlemen so perfectly disinterested. The remaining eight graduates were from other states, and some of them as distant as Georgia. Alabama, and Maine. They all made solemn declaration, which they signed with their names, that they were of full age, had completed three years' study, and they exhibited their tickets of the lectures. Now there is no law of the state, nor ordinance of the Regents to prescribe how age and pupilage are to be exclusively proved. It is there- fore competent of the Regents to accept of such proof as they shall deem sufficient. We go further to communicate to those Trustees, for their more ample and necessary instruction, that there is no law to restrain the Regents from conferring degrees according as they shall see fit in their sound and liberal discretion. Indeed, in the second section of the act passed 13th April. 1819. it is further enacted, that iw college of physicians and surgeons in this state shall confer a diploma for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine, upon any student until such student shall have complied with the recjuisitions contained in the first section of the act, etc., passed 20th April. 1818. By the said first section, no person shall be admitted to an examination as a candidate for the practice of physic and surgery in this state, unless, etc. It is. therefore, not true, that in any one of the specified instances, the Regents conferred degrees upon disciualified persons. Those accusing Trustees, in the accuracy of their reasoning, apply to the Regents what is enacted concerning a college of physicians and surgeons. The eleven persons who received the Doctor's Degree from the hands of the Regents, and who were not legally c|ualified, as the Trustees pretend, were persons, nevertheless, who had been examined and found fit, and who were then recommended to the Regents under the seal of the College in official form, by a vote of the Trustees, of whom the complainants were APPENDIX. 197 part, and the Professors a minority. Effrontery like this, with which the Regents are now assailed for degrees so conferred, is happily not common, and we regret the necessity of proving it upon men whose profession is hon- ourable, whatever be its members. Pending the chicanery with the candi- dates, one of them, Mr. J., of New Jersey, being asked how old he was, re- plied that he did not know, but that his eldest son was more than seventeen years. It was therefore presumed that he was himself twenty-one, and he passed without a certificate of nativity. Another, a Mr. H., from the state of Maine, answered to a demand for his certificate to his term of studies that he had none to offer, for that his preceptor was twenty years dead, but that he is himself an old practitioner in medicine, and that for many years he had been in the employment of the United States. Between 1811 and 1820, when the Professors chiefly had charge of the College, "its pecuniary embarrassments arose." But during that period the College was built, and altered, and repaired, and after that another build- ing was added as large as the first, and all this cost money. But that one penny of the cost went to the Professors, is as false as the imputation or in- sinuation is uncandid. The gentlemen Trustees made the most of inculpa- tion before the visiting court last June, and their present spleen is all tbat remains of their fruitless efforts. When they came within the lists with the Professors and had to fight with specific charges and proofs, their blus- tering was at an end; they were constrained to confess that they had no com- plaints to prefer. (Report of the committee of the Regaits, p. 13.) "During the same period," say the Trustees, "the general laxity of dis- cipline in relation to examinations, and qualifications for graduation, excited such universal disgust, that the Trustees almost unanimously arose and preferred charges against the Profesors to the Regents." Mere assertion — the drivel of witnesses already discredited. The profession that moved them is the same that moves now — just fourteen in number. Their names are on the College minutes ; they were then the agitators of the County Medical Society — they are now the agitators of the Trustees. They pre- ferred charges freely enough, but it is untrue that they proved them. Their charges were refuted by the Professors and their selfish objects were frustrated by the Regents. Why, if there was any truth in the delinquency of the Professors, did not these vituperating Trustees bring it forward before the court of visitors last June, when they had so fair an opportunity? They did not want the will. Why, if universal disgust ex- isted against the Professors among the members of the profession, did no one individual, out of that large and respectable body, appear to arraign them and support these Trustees? The whole aspersion is devoid even of probability, and shows how fortunately painful it is for folly and malevolence to preserve consistency. The proof offered by these Trustees that the Regents were satisfied with the truth of their charges, is, that the vacancies in the board were filled up with medical men. In this there is certainly no connexion between the al- leged offenses of the Professors and the ostensible punishment; although as an organization of the College, the thing is deeply to be lamented. But 398 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. the true reason lies behind : pohtical considerations mingled, at last, with the controversy, and party opened a door to some persons which science would have shut in their face. It is for all these merits that the memorialists contend, "that the Pro- fessors should be subordinate to the Trustees, whose business it is to regulate the concerns of the institution." In this sentence an argument is attempted to be built upon a misrepresentation. Who made it their business to regu- late the concerns of the College? The charter grants them no such power, and the Regents give them none. Is not all their turmoil owing to a vain struggle for that ver\^ thing, which, because they have it not, they are en- deavoring to get? The Regents alone are by law the governors of the Col- lege. They make all the appointments in it ; all the ordinances concerning it; they confer its degrees, and the law provides that they alone shall do these things. What, then, in reality, are the Trustees? They are an anom- alous, useless, contentious, meddling body, that has done so much harm and no good; which, under the ambiguity of a name, seeks for authority that the law has vested in better hands, and strives to assimilate to the common summaries of learning, an institution of the highest order in science; and which, of all things, requires to be governed by persons zi, the Yale Club, and the Laurentian Club of Canada. His favorite pastimes are hunting and fishing. On December 17, 1890, Dr. Blake married, in Saugatuck, Con- necticut, Miss Catherine Ketchum, daughter of Landon Ketchum and grand- daughter of Morris Ketchum. Their children are Joseph A., Jr., and Francis H. Blake. GEORGE MONTAGUE SWIFT, M. D.— 1879. Dr. George M. Swift, instructor in medicine at the College of Physi- cians and Surgeons of New York city, was born in Brooklyn, New York, September 2, 1856, the son of Dr. William and Martha E. (Phelps) Swift. Dr. William Swift was born in 1779, graduated from Harvard University in 1809, was a surgeon in the United States navy, and participated in the war of i8t2. His wife was a descendant of an old and honored New Eng- land family. The family history traced back to Thomas Swift, a native of Yorkshire, England, who settled in Milton, Massachusetts, in 1630. Dr. Swift prepared for college at a private school in Riverdale, New York, and received instruction from private tutors for two years before en- tering Amherst College, from which he graduated with the degree of Bach- elor of Arts in 1876, taking the degree of Master of Arts in the same institu- tion three years later. He matriculated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city, and was graduated in the class of 1879. Dur- ing the ensuing two years he served as interne at Bellevue Hospital, after which he went abroacl and for eight months pursued his medical studies in Vienna and Prague. In 1882 he was appointed resident physician to the Foundling Asylum, which position he filled for one year. Since 1883 ^e has practiced his profession in association with Dr. Henry F. Walker; since 1886 he has been the visiting physician at St. Mary's Free Hospital for Children, and since 1898 has acted in the capacity of instructor in medicine at the College of Physicians and Surgeons. Dr. Swift's numerous contributions to medical literature have been mainly upon the diseases of children. He is a member of the Clinical So- 420 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. ciety, New York Academy of Medicine, County Medical Society, Medical Association of Greater New York, Association of Alumni of Bellevaie Hos- pital, and the Century Association. He is also a member of the Brick Pres- byterian church of New York city. On June i, 1887, Dr. Swift married Miss Bessie P. Ely. Their children are : Elizabeth, Marian, Nathalie and Walker Ely Swift. They reside at 20 West Fifty-fifth street, New York. CHARLES K. BRIDDON, M. D.— 1857. Charles K. Briddon, New York city, son of Samuel and Ann (Harrison) Briddon, of Manchester, England, was born March 4, 1827, at Manchester, England. He pursued his medical studies at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in the cit\' of New York, and took his degree of M. D. in 1857. He was surgeon to the Park Barracks Hospital during the war, in 1862, and be- longed to the corps of volunteer surgeons who were present at the second field of Manassas, and on the James river. Late member of the New York Der- matological Society ; Medico-Legal Society of New York ; Medical Society of the County of New York ; Society for the Relief of Widows and Orphans of Medical Men; New York Statistical Society; Medical Journal Association. He was president of the New York Pathological Society in 1876 and late president of the New York Surgical Society. He was lecturer in the "sum- mer" course of the College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1857; late surgeon to the Hospital Department of the Colored Home ; surgeon to the New York Dispensary, 1857-65 ; and has been surgeon to the Presbyterian Hospital in the city of New York since 1876. Dr. Briddon's contributions to medical literature consist, among others, of reports on "Ligature of Primiti\-e Carotid," Nezv York Medical Press, January, 1859; "Congenital Hernia of the Funis," Medical and Surgical Re- porter, October, 1859: "Ligature of Femoral Artery," American Medical Monthly, 1859; "Excision of Hip," Medical Record, May 18 and November, 1876; "Operation for Neuroma Musculo-Spiral in Axilla," ibid., November, 1875; "Excision Elbow Joint," ibid., April, 1873, and October, 1876: "Exci- sion of Wrist Joint," ibid., June, 1876; "Extirpation of Rectum," ibid., Jan- uary, 1877; "Case of Jejunostomy for Lioperable Cancer of the Stomach," Annals of Surgery, Vol. XVH., p. 310: "Cholelithotomy," ibid., p. 206; "Diagnosis of Abdominal Tumors," ibid., p. 339 ; "Group of Cases of Ap- pendicitis," ibid., p, 197; "Ileus from Twist of Bowel, Caused by Axial Rota- tion of Mesenteric Tumor," ibid., p. 63 ; "Litestinal Obstruction," ibid., p. 341; "Nephrectomy for Pyo-Nephrosis," ibid., p. 313; "Thyroidectomy," ibid., p. 207; "Trephining for Relief of Jacksonian Epilepsy, following De- pressed Fracture," ibid., p. 239 ; "Severe Pharyngeal Syphilitic Stenosis Re- lieved by Operation after Tracheotomy," ibid., p. 105. He reported the first laparotomy done for "Tubal Gestation" in the city of New York, November 13, 1883, Proceedings of the New York Surgical Society, November 13, 1883, and Medical Nezus, December 15, 1883. He also published a paper on "Lithotomy in Children," American Medical Times, January, 1862; "Opera- tions on the Air Tube," ibid., November, 1863; "Contributions to the Sur- W? K. Ix)f\- OFFICERS AND ALUMNL 421 gery of the Male Urethra," Medical Record, July, 1872; "Extirpation of Lower End of Rectum, and Entire Prostate Gland, for Scirrhous Carcinoma," Proceedings Surgical Society, and JMedical Record, 188 1 ; "Intestinal Obstruc- tion from Internal Hernia Laparotomy," Medical Record, 533 ; "Hysterec- tomy for Large Myoma," ibid., 1881 ; "Ligature of Right and Left Femoral Arteries in same subject," ibid., 1879; "Excision of Upper Jaw," ibid., 1881 ; "Cases of Intestinal Obstruction," Proceedings New York Siu^gical Society, Ma)', 1882, and Medical Record: "Excision of Tongue, Floor of Mouth, Liga- ture of both Lingual Arteries," Proceedings New York Surgical Society, Med- ical N^ez(.'s, 1883; "Cases in Abdominal Surgery, with Considerations as to the Causes of Death," Medical Record. October 13, 1883; "Surgical Observations in the Treatment of the Diseases and Accidents of the Liver," Proceedings New York Surgical Society, January 13, 1885, Medical N'ctvs, January 31, 1885 ; "Penetrating Wound of Rectum and Bladder, Recto-Ves. Fistula, com- plicated with Stone," operation, cure. Proceedings New York Surgical Soci- ety, December 22, 1885, Medical Nezvs, Januarv 16, 1886; "Case Nephrec- tomy," Nezu York Medical Journal. January 30, 1886: "Laparotomy for Gun- Shot Wounds," Proceedings Surgical Society, Medical A'Civs, January 8, 1887; "Extra-Peritoneal Rupture of the Urinary Bladder," read before New York Surgical Society, April 13, 1887, AVtc York Medical Journal, April 30, 1887; "Multiple Vesical Calculi, weighing 1,260 grains, sup. Pubic Section, accord- ing to Petersen's method," Nezv York Medical Journal, January 21, 1888; "Removal of Very Large Nevus by Excision," ibid.. May 10. 1890 : "Two Cases of Enterectomy," Proceedings Surgical Society, January 23, 1889, Nezu York Medical Journal, March 9, 1890: "Operation for Removal of Ovarian Tumor weighing one hundred and forty-nine pounds," A'czc York Medical Journal. February 8, 1890: "Laparo-Colotomy for Stricture of the Rectum," Proceedings Surgical Society, ]\Iay 14, 1890, 7\''ra' York Medical Journal, September 28, 1890: "The Treatment of the Graver Forms of Pelvic Suppura- tion by the Intra-Peritoneal Iodoform Tampon," Proceedings New York Sur- gical Society, October 28, 1891, A^'^c York Medical Journal, May 21, 1891 ; paper on "Rupture of the Kidney," New York Surgical Society. February 28, 1894; and others in the Annal'; of Surgery. On the completion of his twenty-fourth year as attending surgeon at the Presbyterian Hospital, a loving cup and illustrated memoriaxn were presented to him at a complimentary dinner given by the Alumni Societ}' of the Llospi- tal at the University Club, June 14, 1901. In 1902 he provided a fund for a gold medal. "To be awarded once in two years to that member of the Alumni Society of the Presbyterian Hospital who shall present the best original essay on a medical, surgical or pathological sub- ject, based upon the results of original research in a laboratory." He married ■Martha, daughter of the late Francis Reynolds, Esq., of New York city. BERN BUDD GALLAUDET. M. D.— 1884. Bern Budd Gallaudet, M. D.. demonstrator of anatomy at Columbia, is the son of the Rev. Thomas Gallaudet. D. D.. and the grandson of the Rev. Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet. who first introduced into the United States 422 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. the sign language, and laid the foundation of the higher education of the deaf mutes in this country. Dr. Thomas Gallaudet married Elizabeth Rey- nolds Budd, daughter of Dr. Bern Budd, a well known practicing physician of Xew York city. The subject of this sketch was born in New York cit}', Februar}^ ii, i860, and received his early education at the Anthon grammar school there. He prepared for college at Everson's Collegiate School, and entered Trinity College at Hartford, taking his degree in 1880. This was followed by a post-graduate course in chemistry at Trinity, 1880- 1881, after which he came to New York and entered the College of Physi- cians and Surgeons of Columbia, taking his degree in 1884. During the next two years he was interne of the New York Hospital. In 1886 he went abroad to study medicine at the universities of Vienna and Berlin. On his return to America he was made assistant demonstrator of anatomy in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and this was followed in 1891 by his promotion to the post of demonstrator. During 1889-1890 Dr. Gallaudet was chief of the Vanderbilt Clinic. Since 1890 he has been visiting surgeon and clinical lecturer on surgery at Bellevue Hospital. Be- sides his various professional positions, he attends to a private practice as surgeon. He married. June 4, 1894. Elise Gurley Elderkin. He is a mem- ber of the Calumet Club, the University Club, the New York Surgical Society, the New York Physicians' Mutual Aid Association, and the Society of Alumni of New York Hospital. ROWLAND GODFREY FREEMAN, M. D.— 1886. Dr. Rowland Godfrey Freeman was born June 11. 1859, in New York city, and is the son of Alfred and Amelia (Taylor) Freeman, both natives of England. His great-grandfather on the paternal side belonged to a Gloucestershire family, and was a clergyman, while both his paternal and ma- ternal grandfathers were physicians, the former in Minster, Isle of Thanet, and the latter in Canterbury. Dr. Freeman w-as prepared for college at the Lawrenceville (New Jer- sey) Academy, and in 1883 graduated from Columbia University with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He then entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, receiving from that institution, in 1886, the degree of Doctor of Medicine. After serving for one year as interne in Bellevue Hospital, and studying for eighteen months in Berlin, Vienna, London and Paris, he returned, in 1888, to New York, where he has since been engaged in the practice of his profession, with residence at 205 ^^'est Fifty-seventh street. He is visiting physician to the Foundling Hospital, the Nursery and Child's Hospital and the Seaside Hospital of St. John's Guild, and holds the position of lecturer on pediatrics in the University and Bellevue Hospital Medical School. He is chairman of the section on pediatrics in the New York Academy of Medicine. Dr. Freeman is the author of the following articles: "Sterilization of Milk at Low Temperature," New York Medical Record, July 2, 1892; "Sterilization of Milk at 75° cent, and Its Efficiency in Destroying Patho- OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 423 genie Organisms," New York Medical Record, June 10, 1893 '• "dangers of the Domestic Use Other than Drinking of Contaminated Water," Albany Medical Annals, March and April, 1897; "The Straus Mili< Charity of New York City," Archives of Pediatrics, November, 1897; "The Dairy," South- ampton, New York, 1898; "Bottle of Improved Form for Pasteurizing Milk," Archives of Pediatrics, 1897; "Should All Milk Used for Infant Feeding be Heated, etc," Archives of Pediatrics, July, 1898: "Preliminary Com- munication on the Separation of Bacteria from Milk by Natural Process," Archives of Pediatrics, June, 1899; "A Study of the Lesions of the Liver in Young Children," Archives of Pediatrics, 1900'; "Acute Nephritis Fol- lowing Influenza," Archives of Pediatrics. October, 1900; "An Account of a Mild Epidemic of Uncertain Nature in Children," Archiz'cs of Pediatrics, February, 1902 ; an article on vaccination published in the "Cyclopedia of Diseases of Children"; "A Simple Method for Determining Percentages of Milk in Home Modification," American Medicine, May 3, 1902. Dr. Freeman is the inventor of a pasteurizer for milk, which has com- mended itself to general use, being the only apparatus that will heat milk to definite temperature below boiling point without a thermometer. Dr. Freeman is a member of the American Pediatric Society, the Society of American Bacteriologists, the New York Academy of Medicine, the County Medical Society, the Pathological Society, the Physicians' Mutual Aid As- sociation, the American Public Health Association and the Century Club. Dr. Freeman married, March 26, 1887, Henrietta E. Taylor, of New York. They have two children, Elizabeth Gwinnett and Rowland Godfrey, Jr. ABRAHAM JACOBI, M. D. Abraham Jacobi, M. D., emeritus professor of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, was born in Hartum, Westphalia, May 6, 1830. He was a student at the universities of Greifswald, Goettingen and Bonn, obtaining his medical degree at the latter institution in 185 1. and like many other young and progressive Germans of that period, his advanced political ideas drew him into a revolutionary movement, resulting in his imprisonment for two years. Upon being released in 1853 he came to the United States by the way of England, and entered into practice in New York city. He was called into public practice as early as 1857 by an appointment as attending physician to the German Dispensary, and was later connected in the same capacity with the German, Mount Sinai, Bellevue, Roosevelt and other hospitals. His interest in the diseases of children caused his selection for the professorship of that department at the New York Medical College in i860, and from 1865 to 1870 he occupied that chair in the medical school connected with the University of the City of New York. In 1870 he joined the medical faculty of Columbia as clinical professor of diseases of children at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and his earnest efforts during a long series of years to send forth students properly prepaied for profes- sional work, can best be appreciated by those who have profited by his instructions and witnessed his sincere endeavors to display to the best ad- vantage his professional skill in the presence of the student. 424 COLLEGE OF PHYSICL4NS AND SURGEONS. Dr. Jacobi has abl}- filled the presidential chairs of the New York Pathological and Obstetrical societies, the County and State Medical so- cieties and the New York Academy of Medicine. He was at one time asso- ciate editor of the American Journal of Obstetrics and the Diseases of Women and Children. He is author of "Dentition and Its Derangements," "Raising and Education of Abandoned Children in Europe," "Infant Diet," "A Treatise on Diphtheria," "Intestinal Diseases of Infancy and Childhood," "Therapeut- ics of Infancy and Childhood;" contributed chapters on the care and nutri- tion of children, diphtheria, rachitis and laryngitis to "Pepper's System of Practical Medicine," published with Dr. E. Noeggerath; contributions to "Midwifery and Diseases of Women and Children" in 1859; and his lec- tures, reports, etc., have frequently appeared in the standard medical jour- nals during the past forty years. ALEXANDER HADDEN. A. M., LL. D., M. D.— 1859. Dr. Hadden was jjorn in the town of Montgomery, Orange county. New York, July 24, 1833, the son of William Hadden, a well-to-do farmer and land owner. His mother's maiden name was Isabella Wilson. Both were of North Irish Presbyterian antecedents. He prepared for college at the Montgomery Academy, entered Union College, Schenectady, and was grad- uated with the class of 1856, receiving the degree of Bachelor of Arts. I^e pursued the study of medicine in the city of New York, a pupil of the dis- tinguished ophthalmologist. Dr. Cornelius R. Agnew ; matriculated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, and was graduated from it with the class of 1859. Soon afterward he became a member of the house staff of Bellevue Hospital, on competitive examination, and served a full term, which expired October i, i860. He then commenced the practice of his profession in the section of New York city where lie still resides. In January. 1861, he was appointed house physician of the Nursery and Child's Hospital, a position which he filled until June, 1865. when he re- signed. In February, 1862, in connection with a few associates, he or- ganized the Northeastern Dispensary, of the city of New York, at present a large and properous medical charity, an institution in which he has served as medical adviser continually in some capacity ever since it opened its doors, and trustee for nearly the same period of time, and is now the president of the board of trustees. When the Presbyterian Hospital of New York city was opened for work he was appointed one of the attending physicians ; this position he occupied for thirteen years and was vice president of the medical iDoard when he resigned. Dr. Hadden is a member of the New York Academy of Medicine; the New York County and State Medical Society; American Public Health As- sociation; American Academy of Medicine; and the alumni associations of the colleges from which he took his degrees. In 1890 he received the hon- orary degree of Master of Arts from Union College, and in the same year from Bellevue College, now the University of Omaha, the honorary title of LL. D. ■ He has not been a frequent contributor to medical literature, but is the fi^ *N|^^T ^*^. OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 4-'5 author of a number of valuable papers which have advanced the science and practice of medicine and surgery, having written on the following subjects: "Treatment of Opium Poisoning," Neiu York Medical Journal. iS6o; "Ad- vantages of the Knee Chest Position in Parturient Women in Reducing Shoulder and Arm Presentation to Normal." Nezv York Medical Record, 1865; "Treatment of Subacute and Chronic Gout," Medical Record, 1880; "Rheumatoid-Osteorathrites." State Medical Transactions, 1886. "Di- lation of Urethral Strictures by Water Pressure," Medical Record, July, 1877; "Tracheotomy in Membranous Croup," Medical Record, April, 1880; "The Dog in Human Society, His Great Faults and the Remedy," read be- fore the agricultural department of the American Institute in May, 1878, and republished in 1893 in pamphlet form by request. In 1882 Dr. Hadden was one of the incorporators of the Forest Lake Association of Pennsylvania, a large and influential family and sporting club of which he has served in the capacity of president since its organization. He was one of the organizers and is president of the Citizens' East Side Im- provement Company of New York city, which has for its object the better- ment of the section of the city in which he has so long resided. The com- pany has been instrumental in inducing the New York Central Railroad to depress its tracks and to open the street thoroughfares which have been closed for thirty years. On October 8. 1862. Dr. Hadden was united in marriage to Miss Phoebe W. King, of Orient, Long Island. Their only child, a son. died at the age of six years and eight months. ALONZO BRAYTON BALL, M. D.— 1S63. Alonzo Brayton Ball, M. D., professor of clinical medicine at the Col- lege of Physicians and Surgeons, medical department of Columbia, was boni in the city of New York, February 10, 1840. His parents, the late Alonzo Spofford Ball and Eliza Watson Morton, both came of old Massachusetts families. He fitted for college at Phillips Academy at Andover, Massachu- setts, and entered Yale in 1856, graduating in i860. He graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York city, now the medical department of Columbia, in 1863. Three years later he married Helen Sprainger Stone, March 15, 1866. They have had three children, Mary Louisa, Frank Pennington and Harry Ball. Dr. Ball served for three months in 1862 on the sanitary commission during liie war of the Rebellion, and as acting medical cadet for five months in the General Hospital at Frederick, Marjdand, in 1862-1863. In 1897 he was mude professor of clinical medicine in the College of Physicians and Surgeons. He is a member of the University and Century clubs of New York city. GEORGE LIVINGSTON PEABODY, M. D.— 1873. George Livingston Peabody, M. D., professor of materia medica and therapeutics at the College of Physicians and Surgeons. New York, was born in New York city, August 27, 1850. His father, Charles A. Peabody, was a member of the well known New England family of that name, and 426 COLLEGE OF PHYSICL4NS AND SURGEONS. his mother, Juha Livingston, belonged to an equally well known family of New York. The early education of the subject of this sketch was re- ceived at the Columbia grammar school in New York city. He entered Columbia College in 1866, taking his degree in 1S70. Deciding to follow the medical profession, he took up the study of medicine at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in the city of New York, graduating in 1873. After a service of one year and a half (1873-1874) on the house staff of Roosevelt Hospital, he went abroad, and spent the three years, from 1874 to 1877, in advanced study there, chiefly in the Universities of Vienna and Strassburg. Returning to America in 1878. he commenced practice in New York city, and shortly after, in March, 1878, was appointed assistant pathologist to the New York Hospital, filling this position so acceptably that he was made pathologist in the same year. Since 1884 he has been attending physi- sian in the same institution. He was appointed attending physician to Bellevue Hospital in 1882, a post which he held until 1895, when increasing pressure of professional work caused him to resign it, and was also attend- ing physician at St. Luke's Hospital for several years. From 1884 to 1890 he was a trustee of Columbia. For three years, from 1884 to 1887, he held the post of lecturer at the College of Physicians and Surgeons. In the latter year he was made professor of materia medica and therapeutics there. Since 1895 he has also been attending physician at Roosevelt Hospital. Dr. Peabody married, April 18. 1883, Miss Jane de Peyster Huggins, of New York city. He is a member of the Academy of Medicine of New York, the Association of American Physicians, the Practitioners' Society of New York, the Mutual Aid Society of New York, the New York Society fot the Relief of Widows and Orphans of Medical Men, the Century, University, the City, and New York Yacht Clubs. He takes no active part in political questions. WALTER BELKNAP JAMES, M. D.— 1883. Dr. Walter Belknap James was born May 11, 1858, in Baltimore, Mary- land, and is the son of Henry and Amelia B. (Cate) James. The former, a native of northern New York, was president of the Citizens' Bank of Balti- more, and a successful merchant of that city. He died in 1897. The family was founded in this country by an ancestor who emigrated from Wales in the seventeenth century, and who is represented by his descendants both in New England and in New York state. The boyhood of Dr. James was passed in his native city and the vicin- it}^ He was fitted for college at a boarding" school at Catonsville, and at the Hopkins grammar school, graduating from Yale LTniversity in 1879 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. For one year he studied biology under Newell Martin, at Johns Hopkins University, and then entered the College of Phy- sicians and Surgeons of New York, from which he received, in 1883, the degree of Doctor of Medicine. After graduation he served for eighteen months as interne in the Roosevelt Hospital, and then spent two years in Europe studying general medicine in Berlin under Leyden, Gerhardt, Ewald, J /is" Liwis Puh'ushino Co J ^ OUa^^JLj^ OFFICERS AXD ALUMNI. 427 Virchow and Koch, subsequently passing some time in jSIunich and Vienna, where he received the instructions of Nothnagel. On his return to this coun- try he became chnical assistant under Dr. Delafield, in the medical clinic of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and afterward assistant pathologist at the New York Hospital. Subsequently he was appointed pathologist to St. Mary"s Hospital for Children, and instructor in physical diagnosis at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, becoming afterward lecturer on the practice of medicine to that institution. Later he was made visiting physi- cian to Bellevue Hospital, having first served as assistant, and was also ap- pointed visiting physician to the Presbyterian Hospital. In 1901 he suc- ceeded to the chair of professor of the practice of medicine in the College of Physicians and Surgeons. He is visiting physician to Presbyterian Hospital and to Roosevelt Hospital, and consulting physician to the Hospital for the Ruptured and Crippled, and also to Bellevue Hospital. Dr. James is a member of the Practitioners' Society, the Academy of Medicine, the County ^ledical Society, the Medical Association of Greater New York, and the Association of American Physicians. He belongs to the University, Century, Riding, Yale and [Maryland Clubs and Yale Grad- uate Club and the Ristigouche Salmon Club. \Miile at college he \\as a member of the Society of the Skull and Bones. His favorite recreations are found in the enjoyment derived from literature and music, and in the pleas- ure resulting from outdoor sports, such as shooting, fishing and riding. Dr. James married. February 20. 1895, Helen G. Jennings, of New York. They have three children, Oliver B.. Helen and Eunice. Dr. James" resi- dence is at 17 West Fifty-fourth street. ELLSWORTH ELIOT. M. D.— 1S52. Dr. Ellsworth Eliot was born in Guilfcvd. Connecticut, September 15, 1827. He is a descendant of John Eliot, the apostle to the Indians. His paternal uncle, Dr. Harvey Eliot, was graduated from Yale College in 1805. and studied medicine under the preceptorship of regular practitioners. In 1808 he located in Harlem, Xew York, where he died in 1824. He had meantime established a reputation as the leading practitioner on the southern end of the island, and in 1817 received his medical degree from the College of Physicians and Surgeons. He provided in his will that his fine librar}' and excellent equipment of instruments should be conveyed to that nephew who should be the first to embrace the profession of medicine, stipulating that such nephew should have first graduated in arts. It was destined that this beqviest should come into the possession of Dr. Ellsworth Eliot, who was not born until three years after the will of his uncle was made. Ellsworth Eliot completed his literary education at Yale College, from which he was graduated in 1849. He studied medicine under practitioners in New York city and New Haven. Connecticut, and then entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons, from which he received his diploma in 1852; he then received the bequest of his uncle, before mentioned. He served in the following year as house physician in Bellevue Hospital, from which institution he received a diploma. :i rare honor in that day. In 428 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 1853 he entered upon a personal practice in New York city. From 1854 to 1858 he was an attending physician in the Northern Dispensar)', New York city. In 1867 he became a trustee of the College of Physicians and Sur- geons, and in 1867 was elected its registrar, in which capacity he served until 1885. He was president of the ^Medical Society of the County of New York in 1872 and 1873, and vice-president of the ]\Iedical Society of the State of New York in 1875 ^"d 1876. In 1892 and again in 1893 he was president of the New York Society for the Relief of the Widows and Orphans of Medical Men. He was an early member of the New York His- torical Society and of the New York Genealogical and Biographical Society, and was for several years vice-president of that last named. He has deliv- ered addresses before various societies, and contributed numerous biograph- ical articles to the American Register. Dr. Eliot was married to Miss Anna Stone, of New York city, May 7, 1856. Five children were born of this marriage, of whom two survive, Laura and Ellsworth, who reside with their father. The son. Dr. Ellsworth Eliot, Jr., was graduated from Yale College in 1884. and from the College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1887. He is engaged in practice in New York city, and is clinical lecturer in surgery and demonstrator of surgery in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and assistant surgeon in the Presby- terian Hospital. CHARLES McBURNEY, :M. D.— 1870. Dr. Charles McBurney was born February 17, 1845, "'' Roxbury (now in Boston), Massachusetts. His father, Charles, of Scotch-Irish lineage, came to this country while a lad and was engaged in commercial and manu- facturing enterprises. He died while still comparatively young. His mother, Rosine Huton, was of New England ancestry, descending from the oldest Massachusetts and Maine families. Dr. McBurney received his preparatory education in the Roxbury Latin School and in a private school in Boston; in 1862 he was admitted to Har- vard University and was graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1866 and Master of Arts in 1869. In 1870 he received the degree of Doctor of Medicine from the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York, and immediately thereafter secured bv competitive examination a position as surgical interne in Bellevue Hospital, at that time the most important hospital service in the city. After having served eighteen months in Belle\-ue he spent two years in Europe, pursuing his studies in surgical specialties in Vienna, Berlin, Paris and London. In the autumn of 1873 he returned to New York and established himself in practice, becoming associated the following year with Dr. George A. Peters, a connection which lasted until the latter retired from practice about ten years later. His college connection has been exclusively with his alma luatcr. In 1873 he became assistant demonstrator of anatomy under Dr. Henry B. Sands, and subsequently demonstrator of anatomy for several years. From 1878 to 1880 he lectured upoii the anatomy of nerves, in 1882 was appointed lecturer upon operative surgery, and in 1889 professor of surgery. The in- Th5 1.6v.is t-'iisiisranc .^ ^^. ^/>>-«. '^pZ-^ - OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 429 creasing demands of his private and hospital practice compehed his resigna- tion of the last named position in 1894, but he continued his connection as professor of clinical surgery, teaching in Roosevelt Hospital. He has been connected as attending or consulting surgeon with several of the most prominent hospitals in New York. He was made attending surgeon to St. Luke's Hospital in 1875 ^^'^ to Bellevue Hospital about 1880, and consulting surgeon to the Presbyterian Hospital in 1886. In 1888, as the successor of Dr. Sands, he was placed in charge of the entire surgical service of Roosevelt Hospital. This selection, inspired as it was by his predecessor, who had himself established the service as the only con- tinuous one in the city and had made it pre-eminent, was a remarkable tribute to Dr. McBurney's character and professional attainments. Long before he resigned from it, in 1900, it had become the most notable surgical service in the country. Speaking of his resignation, the Medical Record said edi- torially: "It is a duty, as well as a pleasure, to testify to the fidelity, the devotion, and the skill he brought to the service, and to the brilliant results he has obtained. The service has become most notable. No other hospital in the city can show for the same period so important a list of operative cases and successes, and such noteworthy additions to surgical therapeutics and methods. The fame of the hospital has spread, and its rep- utation has brought patients to it in constantly increasing numbers." On his resignation he was appointed consulting surgeon, but soon resigned the position. He is now consulting surgeon to the New York Hospital, St. Luke's Hospital, the Presbyterian Hospital, the Orthopedic Hospital, St. Mark's Hospital and the Hospital for Ruptured and Crippled. Dr. McBurney is a corresponding member of the Societe de Chirurgie of Paris, member of the New York Academy of Medicine, the County Med- ical Society, the Medical and Surgical Society, the Practitioners' Society and the Roman Medical Society, and is a councillor of the Association of the Alumni of the College of Physicians and Surgeons. His contributions to surgical literature have been numerous and important. The most notable have been in connection with the subject of appendicitis. Of these the one entitled "Experience With Early Operative Interference in Cases of Disease of the Vermiform Appendix," published in the Nezv York Medical Journal, December 21, 1889, may fairly be said to have created general recognition of the disease, to have established the means of diagnosis and the character of the treatment, and to have given to America its admitted priority and pre- eminence in the matter. The presentation was so clear, the demonstration so complete that the general acceptance of his views was not even checked by the opposition and objections raised by a few of his colleagues. The prom- inence which he gave to the localized tenderness, to what has since been uni- versally known as "McBurney's Point," brought a ready means of diagnosis within the reach of all and has undoubtedly led to the saving of thousands of lives. His other contributions upon the same subject were: "Appendicitis; the Indications for Early Laparotomy," read before the Medical Society of the State of New York in February, 1891 ; "The Incision Made in the Ab- 430 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. dominal Wall in Cases of Appendicitis, with a Description of a New Method of Operating," Annals of Surgery, July, 1894; "The Treatment of the Dif- fuse Form of Septic Peritonitis Occurring as a Result of Appendicitis," in Medical Record, March 30, 1895. The chapters on "Surgical Treatment of Appendicitis," in "System of Surgery," and a "Surgery of the Vermiform Appendix," in "International Text-book of Surgery." In "The Radical Cure of Inguinal Hernia," Medical Record, March, 1889, he introduced the first really efficient opei-ation for relief from the tyranny of the truss, and although it was superseded by Bassini's method, which appeared shorth- afterwards, it deserves to be remembered as a suc- cessful attempt to accomplish what at that time was unattainable except in the slighter grades of the affection. His paper on "Dislocation of the Humerus, Complicated by Fracture at or near the Surgical Neck, with a New Method of Reduction." Annals of Siirgcry, April, 1894, and reprinted May. 1896, reported the successful use of a method for the relief of a condition which previously had been practi- cally relegated to palliative measures. And in "Removal of Biliary Calculi by the Duodenal Route." Annals of Surgery, 1898. he again gave to surgery an entirely new and effective operation. His interest in thorough, careful work is shown in the articles "The Use of Rubber Gloves in Operative Sur- gery," Anmals of Surgery, July, 1898: "Remarks Concerning the Practice of Aseptic Surgery." Nezv York Medical Journal. ■March 22, 1902, and the chapter on "The Technique of Aseptic Surger)-," in International Textbook of Surgery. Dr. McBurney's professional work has been characterized throughout by thoroughness of preparation, soberness of judgment, minute care, atten- tion to detail, manual skill in execution, and fidelity to the interests of his patients. These traits have won for him the confidence of his patients and the respect of the profession to so high a degree that he is to-day more widely and favorably known thi'oughout the land than any other surgeon. A striking instance of this universal regard was shown in the immediate and general favor with which the news was received that he had been called in consultation to the bedside of President McKinley. In addition, his sin- cerity, his kindliness, and his loyalty have surrounded him with a host of devoted friends. Dr. McBurney's New York home is at 28 West Thirty- seventh street. ROBERT FULTON WEIR, M. D.— 1859. Dr. Robert F. Weir, professor of surgery at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city, was born February 16, 1838, in New York city, the son of James and Mary Anne (Shapter) Weir, the former named being a prominent pharmacist of New York city, and a descendant of a Scotch ancestry, while the latter traces her origin to an old and honored English family. Robert Walter Weir, grandfather of Dr. Weir, came to this country from Scotland before the Revolutionary war, and was for many years a well known and prominent merchant of New York citj^. Dr. Weir attended in youth the public schools of New York city, later l^ihk^-Z ^/fur OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 431 the College of the City of New York, then the Free Academy, taking the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1854, and that of Master of Arts in 1857; subsequently he matriculated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, from which institution he was graduated in 1859. During the following two years he was house surgeon and physician at the New York Hospital, and at the outbreak of the Civil war in 1861 entered the regular service of the United States army in the capacity of assistant surgeon and served until the close of the war in 1865 ; from 1862 to 1865 he had charge of the United States of America General Hospital at Frederick, Maryland, one of the largest of the Government Hospitals. For his services there lie was publicly thanked in the general orders of the Surgeon General's office. Upon his return to New York city he engaged in general practice and was also ap- pointed surgeon to St. Luke's Hospital and physician to the Nursery and Childs' Hospital, which positions he held for ten years; in 1870 he was ap- pointed lecturer of surgery at the College of Physicians and Surgeons : from 1870 to 1875 he was the professor of surg-ery at the Women's Medical Col- lege; from 1873 to 1883 was the attending surgeon of Roosevelt Hospital, and was reappointed in 1898 to the same position, which he still holds; from 1880 to 1883 surgeon to Bellevue Hospital; from 1876 to 189S surgeon to the New York Hospital; in 1883 appointed clinical professor of surgery in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and in 1892 professor of surgery in the same institution, which position he still retains. Dr. Weir has contrib- uted largely to medical literature, the first among these contributions being a prize essay entitled "Hernia Cerebri,'' presented at the graduating exercises of the College of Physicians and Surgeons. March 10, 1859, and published by recjuest of the faculty. A list of his medical articles is as follows : "On Esmarch's Bloodless Oper- ations with Remarks," Medical Record, February 2, 1874; "Two Cases of Congenital Curvature of the Penis," Nezv York Medical Journal, March, 1874; "Elephantiasis of the Penis from Stricture of the Urethra, Amputa- tion," Archives of Dermatology, Vol. i, No. i, 1874; "Paralysis of the Hand and Forearm Caused by Esmarch's Bloodless Method," Medical Rec- ord, May 15, 1874; "Ichthyosis of the Tongue and Vulva," Neiu York Med- ical Journal, March, 1875 '• "O^^ the Dangers of Intra-Rectal Examination," Medical Record, March 20, 1875 ; "On Hypertrophy of the Prostate," Amer- ican Clinical Lectures, Vol. 11, No. 8, 1876; "The Normal Urethra and Its Constrictions in Relation to Strictures of Large Calibre," Medical Journal, April, 1876; "Dislocation Forwards of the Lower End of the Ulna," Arch- ives of Clinical Surgery, April 15, 1877; "Carbolized Jute as a Wound Dressing," American Journal of Medical Sciences, April, 1877; "On the Antiseptic Treatment of Wounds and Its Results," Nczt' York Medical Journal, January, 1878; "The Rational Treatment of Stricture of the Male Urethra," Medical Record, June 15, 1878; "The Demerits of Ranke's Thy- mol Dressing for Wounds." Ohio Medical and Surgical Journal, June, 1878; "On Grittis' Supra-Condyloid Amputation of the Thigh," Medical Record, April 10, 1879; "On the LTse of Catheters in the Treatment of the Hyper- trophied Prostate," Medical Record, April 12, 1879; "Trigeminal Neuralgia 432 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. of Long Standing Cured b}' the Administration of Large Doses of Aconitiva," Archives of Medicine, Vol. ii, 1879; "The Elastic Bandage in the Treat- ment of Aneurism," American Journal of Medical Sciences, January, 1879; "Two Cases of Intratympanic Vascular Tumor with Pulsating Intact Drum Membrane," American Joiirnal of Otology, Vol. i, April, 1879: "Lecture on the Use of Catheters in the Treatment of Hypertrophic Prostate," The Hospital Gazette, October 4, 1879; "On Letholapaxy," American Journal of Medical Science, January, 1880: "A Clinical Lecture on L^rinary Infiltra- tion and Abscess," Medical Record, November 15, 1879: "Renal Calculi; their Causation, Character, Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention," N^ew York Medical Journal, August, 1880; "Remarks on Antiseptic Dressings," New York Medical Journal, January, 1880; '"On the Treatment of Gonor- rhoea," Medical and Surgical Reporter, April 24, 1880; "On the Relief of the Deformity of a Broken Nose by Some New iNlethods,'" Medical Record, March 13, 1880; "Some New Methods of Treating Hydrocele," Medical Record. July 15, 1882; "Remarks on Carbolic Acid, Iodoform and Corros- ive-Sublimate Dressings for AYounds," N'ezv York Medical Journal, January 6, 1883; a clinical lecture on "Fixation of a ^lovable Kidney," N'ew York Medi- cal Journal, February 17. 1883: "The Weak Points in a Lister Dressing — Ad- vantages of Corrosive Sublimate as an Antiseptic," Nezu York Medical Niezvs, May 5. 1883 ; Clinical Remarks on "Catheter Fever," Nezc York Medical Jour- nal, January 5, 1884; "Antiseptic Drainage as Used at the New York Hospi- tal," Nezn: York Medical Journal, January 19. 1884; remarks on "Rupture of the Bladder — Successfully Treated by Perineal Urethotomy and Pelvic Drain- age," Nez^ York Medical Record, March 29, 1884; "Traumatic Aneurism of the Vertebral Artery Cured by Digital Compression," Archives of Medicine, April, 1884; "On the Danger of Inducing Anaesthesia by the Rectum," New York Medical Record, May 3. 1884; clinical remarks "How Fractures of the Thighs are Treated," Medical Journal, May 3, 1884; remarks on "Extirpa- tion of the Kidney," Nez^.' York Medical Journal, December 2y, 1884; remarks on "Haemostatic Forceps," Nezu York Medical Record, February 14. 1885 : "On Antiseptic Irrigation of the Knee Joint for Chronic Serous Synovitis," Medical Journal, February 20, 1886; "Resection of the Large In- testine for Carcinoma," Nezu York Medical Journal, February 13, 1886; "On the Treatment of Varicocele." Medical Record, March 20, 1886; "On Fatty and Sarcomatous Tumors of the Knee Joint," Medical Record, June 26, 1886; "On the Cure of Reducible and Irreducible Hernia by Heaton's Injection Method and by Radical Operation," Medical Record, ^larch 5. 1887; "Hos- pital Experience," Nezv York Medical Journal, March 12, 1887: "On the Surgical Treatment of Brain Suppuration Following Ear Diseases," Nezi' York Medical Record, April 9, 1887: "Brain Surgery — Removal of a Large Sarcoma of the Occipital Lobe, Causing Hemianopsis," Medical Nezi's, April 16, 1887; "A Plea for Earlier Operations in Perityphlitis Abscess with a Case of Laparotomy for Perforation of the Appendix Vermiformis," Medi- cal Recoi'd, June II, 1887; "A Large Fibroma of the Abdominal Wall Simu- lating an Ovarian Tumor," Medical Record, December, 1887: "Antiseptics — How Used and How Made at the New York Hospital, Medical Nezvs, De- OFFICERS J.\D ALUMNI. 433 cember 17, 1887; "H(3\v Should tlie Sac be Treated in a Herniotomy," A''t'Tc; York Alcdical Journal. January 21, 1888; "On the Technique of the Opera- tions for the Removal of Intestinal Obstructions," Medical Record, February II, 1888; "Fractures of the Head of the Fibula from Muscular Contraction," New York Medical Journal, May 26, 1888: remarks on "Wliitehead's Opera- tion for Hemorrhoids" and "On the Scraping Out or Erasion of Carbuncle," New York Alcdical Journal, June 11, 1888; "Laparotomy for Perforation of the Appendix Vermiformis Fifteen Hours After the Onset of the Acute Symptoms — Recovery," New York Medical Journal, April 27, 1889: "On the Treatment of the So-Called Perityphlitic Abscesses," Medical A^ezvs, April 27, 1889; "Contribution to the Diagnosis and Surgical Treatment of Tumors of the Cerebrum," American Journal of Medical Sciences, July, August, Sep- tember, 1888: Hospital Notes — "The Treatment of Simple Pyloric Stenosis by Gastro-Enterotomy (by Abbe's Rings) Rather than Loreta's Stretching Operation," Medical Nezcs, December 14. 1889; "Doe's Ether Anaesthesia Injuriously Affect the Kidneys," Nc-a' York Medical Journal, March i, 1890; "Gastro-Enterotomy Rather than Resection for Cancer of the Pylorus with a Case of Gastro-Enterotomy." Nezv York Medical Record. June 10, 1891 ; "Remarks on the Reimplantation of Bone in Trephining with an Illustrative Case of Operation for Traumatic Epilepsy," Nezv York Medical Journal, May 16, 1891 ; "On the Resection of the Appendix Vermiformis During the Quiescent Stage of Chronic Relapsing Appendicitis," Annals of Srtrgcry, May, 1891 : "Suprapubic Cystotomy for Calculus," Nezv York Medical Jour- nal. !\Iay 30, 1891 ; "A Case of Gastrostomy (Hackers ^Method) for Impass- able Stricture of the Cardiac End of the Esophagus," Nezu York Medical Rec- ord, July 25, 1891 ; "On the Adhesion of the Ureter to the Peritoneum," Medical Record, January 9, 1892: "Laparotomy for Perforating Round Ul- cer of the Stomach," Jnternational Medical Magazine, February, 1892; "Re- marks in Sub-Diaphragmatic and Rectal Abscesses of Appendical Origin," Medical Record, February 13, 1892; "Intestinal Anastomoses (without rings) Between the Ileum and the Sigmoid Flexure for Intestinal Obstruction (Neo- plasm) in the Transverse Colon," Medical Record, April 9. 1892; "Aneurism of the Ascending Aorta, Treated by Macewen's Needling !vIethod for Induc- ing a White Thromleus," Nezv York Medical Journal, May 2, 1892 ; "Gas- trorrhaphy — for Diminishing the Size of the Dilated Stomach," Medical Jour- nal, July 9, 1892; "A Unique Derangement of the Knee Joint Demanding Surgical Interference," Nezv York Medical Record, July 16, 1892; "On Re- storing Sunken Noses A\'ithout Scarring the Face," Nezv York Medical Jour- nal, October 22, 1892 : "How Amputation of the Breast for Carcinoma Should be Performed," Medical Record, December 31, 1892; "Cholesystenterostomy by Murphy's Button," Nezv York Medical Journal, December 23, 1893 ; "Cases in Genito-Urinary Surgery," Nezv York Medical Record, August 11, 1894: "The Surgical Treatment of Surgical Kidney," Medical Record, Sep- tember 15, 1894; "On the Influence of Ether Upon the Kidneys," Nezv York Medical Journal, November 16, 1895; "The Surgical Treatment of Round Ulcer of the Stomach and its Sequela:, with an Account of a Case Success- fully Treated by Laparotomy," Medical A^ezvs. April 25 and May 2, 1896; 434 COLLEGE OF PHYSICL4NS AND SURGEONS. "On the Treatment of Rupture of the Urethra by Immediate Suture and Bladder Drainage," Medical Record. May 9, 1896: "Tumor (Glioma) of the Left Temporal Lobe of the Brain — Attempted Removal," Medical A^ezus, August 7, 1897: "On the Replacement of a Depressed Fracture of the Malar Bone," Medical Record, March 6, 1897: "The Operative Treatment of Hal- • lux Valgus,'" Annals of Surgery, April, 1897: "The Extraction of Too Long Retained Silk and Silkworm Gut Ligatures and Sutures," Medical Neivs, April 3, 1S97: "On the Disinfection of the Hands," Medical Record, April 3, 1S97: "On the Use of Antistreptococcic Serum of Marmoreck," Neiv York Medical Journal, June 12, 1897; "On Gastro-Enterostomy Conjoined with Entero-Enterostomy," Medical Record, Vol. i, p. 541, 1897; "A Per- sonal Experience in Renal Surgery," Medical Nezvs, Vol. ^2, p. 76-108-143- T72-208; "On Gastro-Enterostomy," Medical Nezvs, Vol. 74, p. 680, 1899; "On Re-establishing Surgically the Literrupted Portal Circulation in Cir- rhosis of the Liver." Medical Record. June 24, 1899, p. 149: "On the Forma- tion of an Artificial Anus." Medical Record. April 21, 1900: ".'^.n Improved Operation for Acute Appendicitis or for Quiescent Cases with Complica- tions," Medical Nexvs, February 17, 1900: "On Sliding Hernia of the Csecum and Sigmoid Flexure," Medical Record. Vol. i, p. 309, igoo; "On Duodenal Ulcers," Transactions of the American Surgical Association, 1900, and Med- ical Record, Vol. i, 1900; "An Improved Method of Treating High Seated Cancers of the Rectum," Medical Nervs, July 27, 1901 ; "A New Use for the Useless Appendix in the Treatment of Obstinate Colitis," Medical Record, August 9, 1902 ; valedictory address "On the Surgical Presidents of the New York Academy of Medicine," N'ezu York Medical Journal, January 17, 1903. Dr. Wen is a member of the New York Academy of Medicine, of which he was president from 1901 to 1903: Practitioners' Society, of which he was president in 1883; New York Surgical Society; American Surgical As- sociation, of which he was president in 1899 and 1900; New York State Medical Association ; New York County Medical Association ; New York State Medical Society; New York County Medical Society: Greater New York Medical Society, of which he was president during the years 1900 and 1901 ; Corresponding Society of Surgery of Paris; honorary member of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia; and in 1901 elected to honorary mem- bership in the Royal College of Surgeons of England. He is also connected with the University Club, Century Association, St. Nicholas Society and the Rockaway Hunt Club. Dr. Weir has been t\Aice married ; to Maria ^^'ashington McPherson, October 8, 1863, who was a lineal descendant of Samuel Washington, eldest brother of George Washington ; they had one child, Alice Washington Weir, now the wife of E. La Montague, Jr., of New York city. Mrs. Weir died in 1890, and on November 7, 1895, Dr. Weir was united in marriage to Mary Badgley Alden. Dr. Weir has traveled extensively, his journeys embracing all the continents of the world with the exception of South America. He re- sides at 1 1 East Fifty-fourth street. New York city. LA^^Oue/A^LX^ OFFICERS AND ALUMNL 435 EDWIN BRADFORD CRAGIN, A. B., M. D.— 1886. • Dr. Edwin B. Cragin, Professor of Obstetrics at the College of Physi- cians and Surgeons of New York city, was born at Colchester, Connecticut, October 23, 1839, the son of Edwin Timothy and Ardelia Ellis (Sparrow) Cragin. On the maternal side Dr. Cragin is a descendant of William Brad- ford, born in 1588 and died in 1657, who was one of the leaders of the band of Puritans who sailed in the Mayflower to Plymouth Rock, and later be- came first governor of Plymouth colony. Dr. Cragin's early education was acquired at Bacon Academy in Col- chester, where he was prepared to enter Yale in 1879, taking his degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1882. Deciding to study the profession in which he has since gained fame, he matriculated in the College of Physicians and Sur- geons of New Yoi'k city in 1883. and three years later was graduated with the degree of Doctor of Medicine, also receiving the first Harsen prize of five hundred dollars for proficiency in examination. From June, 1886, to December, 1887, he served on the house staff of the Roosevelt Hospital, after which he began the private practice of his profession in New York city. He has been called upon to fill various important professional posi- tions, among them being that of assistsant gynecologist to the out-patient department of Roosevelt Hospital, to which he was appointed in July, 1888; attending gynecologist to the same department on November 27, 1888, and assistant gynecologist to the hospital proper June 25, 1889. On June 27, 1889, he was appointed assistant surgeon to the New York Cancer Hospital, but on account of pressure of work was forced to resign this position No- vember 21, 1893. On November 14, 1895, Dr. Cragin received the ap- pointment of consulting gynecologist to the New Yoi'k Infirmary for Women and Children, and on January 22, 1896, consulting obstetric surgeon to the Maternity Hospital on Blackwell's Island. December 18, 1893, he was ap- pointed assistant secretary of the faculty of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and July i, 1895, '^^"'^^ appointed secretary; in April, 1898, he was elected to the chair of obstetrics in the college with the title of lecturer in obstetrics, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Dr. James W. McLane; in May, 1899, l""^ ^^as elected professor of obstetrics in the college, at which time he resigned his position at the Roosevelt Hospital and also as secretary of the faculty of the College of Physicians and Surgeons. At about the same time he received the appointment of attending physician to the Sloane Maternity Hospital. In addition to the numerous medical articles which Dr. Cragin has contributed to the medical journals, he is the author of a small work en- titled "The Essentials of Gynecology," and he was one of the authors of "The American Text Book of Gynecology." At the present time (1903) he is engaged in the preparation of a text book on obstetrics. Dr. Cragin is a member of the American Gynecological Society, New York County Med- ical Society, New York Obstetrical Society, Medical Association of Greater New York, and the New York Academy of Medicine. He is also a member of the Yale Club and a member of the session of the Central Presbyterian 436 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. church of Xew York city. On May 23, 1889, Dr. Cragin married Mary Randle Willard, of Colchester, Connecticut. Their children are : Miriam W., Alice G. and Edwin Bradford Cragin, Jr. Dr. Cragin lives at 10 W'est Fiftieth street, New York. PEARCE BAILEY, M. D.— 1889. Dr. Pearce Bailey was born July 12, 1865, in New York city, and is the son of William E. and Harriet B. (Pearce) Bailey, both natives of Rhode Island, their ancestors having beai among the earliest settlers of Newport. On the maternal side Dr. Bailey is descended from Dr. Jaccjues Jerauld, a Huguenot who settled in Boston in 1700,, and later practiced medicine in Medfield, Massachusetts. His son removed to Rhode Island, where the fam- ily have since remained. Dr. Bailey attended the private schools until he entered Princeton in 1882. Graduating from there as Bachelor of Arts in 1886, he studied med- icine at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, taking his degree in 1889, ^""^^ shortly after received the degree of Master of Arts from Princeton. After some service as interne in St. Luke's Hospital, he went abroad, and spent two years in perfecting himself in his chosen profession in French, German and Austrian universities. On his return to this country he began practice in New York city, devoting himself to special work in diseases of the mind and nervous system. In 1893 he became assistant in the department of nervous diseases in the Vanderbilt Clinic, Columbia Uni- versity, from which position he was made instructor in neurology to the University, which he still holds. From 1895 to 1897 he was also assistant in pathology to the University. In 1894 he was appointed neurologist to the almshouse. In 1897 he was appointed consulting nein-ologist to St. Luke's Hospital, and in 1903 to the same position at the Roosevelt Hospital. He is also connected with the New York Orthopedic Hospital, the Babies' Hospital, St. John's Hospital of Yonkers, New York, and the Memorial Hospital of Morristown, New Jersey. Dr. Bailey is a member of the Academy of ^Medicine, the New York Neurological Society, of which he is at present the president, the Society of Medical Jurisprudence, the American Neiu'ological Association, etc. He also belongs to the University Club, the Hugxienot Society and several other or- ganizations. His book on "Accident and Injury in the Relations to Diseases of the Nervous System" (D. Appleton & Company, i8g8) has proved an im- portant medico-legal contribution and is about to appear in a second en- larged edition. Dr. Bailev's residence is at ^2 West Fiftv-third street. New York. GEORGE EMERSON BREWER, M. D.— 1885. Dr. George E. Brewer, instructor in surgery at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city, was born in Westfield, New York, July 28, 1861, the son of Francis B. and Susan (Rood) Brewer. His father was a son of Ebenezer Brewer, a prominent philanthropist of Pittsburgh, Pennsyl- vania, and his mother was a daughter of the Rev. Heman Rood, D. D., for .==^^— OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 437 many 3'ears president of the Theological Seminary at Gilmanton, New Hampshire. Dr. Brewer entered Hamilton College in 1878; three years later gradu- ated with the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and in 1885 received the degree of Master of Arts from the same institution. He began the study of med- icine at the University of Buffalo, but later entered the medical school of Harvard, from which he was graduated in 1885 ; shortly afterward was ap- pointed on the house staff of the Boston City Hospital, and later served as interne at the Columbia Hospital for Women at Washington. He then went to Baltimore, Maryland, and pursued a course of study in pathology at the pathological laboratory of Johns Hopkins, and during his stay in the city he was connected with the Bay View Asylum. In 1886 Dr. Brewer came to New York city and devoted himself to general practice at first, but subsequently confined his practice to surgery. He was appointed assist- ant surgeon in the out-patient department of Roosevelt Hospital in 1886, and after serving three years was appointed clinical assistant in genito- urinary surgery at the College of Physicians and Surgeons; in 1891 he was made assistant demonstrator of anatomy at the same college. In 1892 he was appointed attending surgeon at the City Hospital; in 1898, adjunct surgeon at the Mount Sinai Hospital, a position which he held for one year only, resigning to accept the position of junior surgeon to the Roose- velt Hospital. Dr. Brewer is a member of the New York Academy of Medicine, fellow of the American Surgical Association, fellow of the American Association of Genito-Urinarj? Surgeons and member of the Society of American Anat- omists, and of the University, Century and Harvard Clubs. On June 29, 1892, Dr. Brewer married Effie Leighton Brown, of Chester, Pennsylvania. They have two children, Leighton Brewer, born December 2j. 1895, and George E. Brewer, Jr., born November 16, 1899. M. ALLEN STARR. A. B., A. M., PH. D., LL. D., M. D.— 1880. Dr. M. Allen Starr, professor of neurology at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, also a specialist in nervous diseases in New York city, was born in Brooklyn, New York, May 16, 1854. He is a descendant of Dr. Comfort Starr, a native of Ashford, county Kent, England, who came to this country in 1632 and settled in Warren, Connecticut. Judge Peter Starr, the paternal grandfather of Dr. M. Allen Starr, was an eminent jurist and lawyer of Middlebury, Vermont ; he was also one of the founders of Mid- dlebury College. Egbert Starr, father of Dr. M. Allen Starr, founded the College library in Middlebury, Vermont, which Dr. Starr now supports. Mr. Starr was a prominent merchant in New York city, and was identified for forty years with the dry-goods firm of Stone, Starr & Company. He was united in marriage to Miss Charlotte Augusta Allen, daughter of Moses Allen, who was a prominent banker of New York city from 1810 to 1840. Mr. Starr died October 13, 1897, at the age of eighty-four years. M. Allen Starr prepared for college in a private school in Orange. New Jersey, under the competent supervision of the Rev. Dr. Frederick 438 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. Adams, entered Princeton in 1872, taking the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1876; he was the second honor man ah through the course in a class of one hundred and fifty, and was awarded the prizes in French and English in 1876. From Octoljer, 1876, to June, 1877, he was in Germany studying physics in Helmholtz's Laboratory, Berlin, Germany. He then decided to become a member of the medical profession, and matriculated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, from which he was graduated in 1880, receiv- ing his degree of Doctor of Medicine. The following two years were spent on the house staf¥ of Bellevue Hospital, New York city, and in April, 1882, he went abroad and for a year studied medicine in Heidelberg under Pro- fessors Erb and Schultze, in Vienna under Professor Nothnagle, and in Paris under Professor Charcot; he devoted his time and attention to nervous diseases entirely. He received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from Princeton in 1884, and began practice as a specialist in nervous diseases in New York city in 1884. In the following year he was appointed professor of nervous diseases at the New York Polyclinic. He retained this position for three years, when he resigned to accept the clinical professorship of diseases of the mind and nervous system in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and one year later was appointed professor. He is also consulting physician to the Presbyterian, Orthopedic, St. Vincent's and St. ^Mary's Hospitals and to the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary. Among Dr. Starr's numerous contributions to medical literature are articles on "Spinal Cord Diseases," in the Loomis ThompvSon System of Medicine, published by Lea Brothers in Philadelphia ; and in the Clifford- Allbutt System of Medicine, published in Lond(3n. He is the author of "Familiar Forms of Nervous Disease," 1890; "Brain Surgery," 1893, which has been translated into several languages, and an "Atlas of J'-Ierve Cells," 1896, and "Organic Nervous Diseases," 1903 ; and in addition to this he has published many articles and monographs in the medical journals of the country. He is associate editor of the Psychological Rci'ieiv and of the Journal of Mental and Nervous Diseases. In June, 1899. the degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred upon Dr. Starr by Princeton LTniversity, Dr. Starr is a member of a number of scientific and professional societies, among them the New York Academy of Sciences, the New York Academy of Medicine, of which he was corresponding secretary from 1890 to 1900, and is now vice-president ; the New York Neurological Society, the Amer- ican Neurological Society, of which he was president during the years 1897-1898, and the Association of American Physicians, whose member- ship is limited to one hundred and fifty. He is also a prominent member of the Century, the University and the Princeton Clubs, and the Ecwanock Golf Club. On June 8. 1898, Dr. Starr married Miss Alice Dunning, of New York. They have one son. GEORGE MOREWOOD LEFFERTS, A. M., M. Sc.,, M. D.— 1870. Dr. George M. Lefferts, emeritus professor of laryngology and rhin- ology in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, was born February 24, 1846, on Long Island (Brooklyn), where his ancestors have lived for two OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 439 hundred and fifty years, and wliere some branches of this old Dutch family still reside at Flatbush and Bedford. In 1660 Pieter Janse Hoogwout, an- cestor of the American families of Lefferts and Haughwout, emigrated from Holland to New Amsterdam, with his wife, Femmetie Hermanse. and two sons, Leffert Pieterse and Pieter Pieterse, and settled in Flatbush. It is from the former and elder son, Leffert, that Professor Lefferts is directly descended. His father was Marshall Lefferts, a well known citizen of New York, a noted electrical engineer and inventor of improvements in telegraphy, and during the war (1861-3) colonel of the celebrated Seventh Regiment of that city. He died in 1876. Dr. Lefferts" mother was Mary Allen, daughter of Gilbert Allen, an old-time merchant of New York. Dr. Lefferts was educated in the public schools and at the College of the City of New York, class of 1867; he received the degree of M. D. from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, in 1870, and after serving eighteen months as junior and resident surgeon and physician of St. Luke's Hospital, New York, went abroad, and for the following two years studied in the hospitals of Vienna, Berlin, Paris and London. In Vienna (1872-3) he was chief of clinic to Professor Karl Stoerk, the late celebrated laryngologist of the Imperial Lhiiversity. Upon returning to New York in 1873 Dr. Lefferts commenced the practice of the specialty of diseases of the throat. To such special practice he has confined himself since that date. He was extra mural teacher of laryngology to the College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1873-4; appointed instructor in laryngology, March 5, 1875; clinical lecturer, November 9, 1875: and in May, 1876, clinical professor of laryngology and rhinology, at his alma mater. Columbia University con- ferred upon him, upon the occasion of the twenty-fifth anniversary of his professorship, the honorary degree of Master of Sciences. This professor- ,ship he resigned in May, 1903, after an active service of thirty years in the College, in response to the ever-increasing and laborious demands of a gen- eral practice of his specialty. Dr. Lefferts received in 1869 from Dickinson College, Pennsylvania, the degree of Master of Arts, honoris causa. At different times he has oc- cupied such public positions as that of surgeon to the DeMilt Dispensary, throat class, 1873-79; ^^ the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, throat de- partment, 1874-1891 ; to New York Skin and Cancer Hospital, 1882- 1891 ; and to Bellevue Hospital, outdoor-poor department, 1886. He is an honorary fellow of the Laryngological Societies of Berlin (1901), and that of London (1894) ; a fellow of the Academy of Medicine, New York, and member of many scientific bodies ; he has been president of the American Laryngological Society (1882), and the New York Laryngological Society (1876), as well as of the Alumni Association of the College of Physicians and Surgeons ( i 89 i ) . Dr. Lefferts has contributed largely to the medical literature of the day, among his contrilautions being one "On a New Instrument for the In- sufflation of Powders in the Larynx," 1873; "Treatment of Two Cases of 440 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. Fibroid Growths Upon the Vocal Chords l)y Excision and Evulsion," "Re- moval of a Brass Ring, which had Lodged in the Larynx, by Sub-Hyoidean Laryngotomy," 1874: "Litra-Laryngeal Growth Treated by Excision." 1875; "Prolapse of Both Ventricles of Larynx, their Removal by Thyrot- omy." 1876; "Modern Methods of Examining Air Passages." Seguin's American Clinical Lectures. He has also translated "Frankel on the Gen- eral Diagnosis of Diseases of the Nose, Pharynx and Larynx," in Ziems- sen's Cyclopedia of the Practice of Medicine. Besides the above he has conducted the quarterly reports on laryngology in the New York Medical Journal and the semi-annual reports on syphilis of the mouth, throat and larynx, in the Archives of Dermatology. He is the American editor of the Intcrnatioiralcs Cciifralblaft fiir Laryngologic, Rhinologie iiiid Vcn^'andte Wisseuschaftcn. and author of works on Chronic Nasal Catarrh, its diag- nosis and treatment ; a pharmacopoeia of diseases of the throat and nose : an essav. in Ashhurst's International Encyclopaedia of Surgery, on "Dis- eases and Injuries of the Nose and its accessory sinuses." and articles in Pepper's System of Practical ^Medicine, by American authors: was formerly editor of the Archives of Laryngologv. New York, and co-editor of the Archives de Laryngologie. Paris, and collaliDrator in other professional pub- lications. Dr. Lefferts is a member of the L'ni\-ersity. New York, and other clubs. He was married in June. 1891. to Annie Cuyler Van Vechten, of Albany, New York, and they now reside at 212 Madison a\'enue, New York. FREDERIC SCHILLER LEE, Ph. D.— 1885. Professor Frederic S. Lee. adjunct professor of ph\'siology in the Col- lege of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city, was born in Canton. New York. June 16, 1859. the son of John Stebljins and Elmina (Bennett) Lee, the former named being a connection of John Leigh, who came from London to Ipswich. Massachusetts, in 1634. and the latter named being a member of the old and honored Bennett and Wheeler families of New Hampshire. The family is distinctly academic, as John Stebbins Lee was for several years pres- ident of St. Lawrence LTniversity and a college professor for more than forty years, and the two brothers of Frederick S. Lee have also held college profes- sorships. Professor Lee obtained his preliminary education in the district school of Canton and the village graded school; in 1874 he entered the St. Lawrence University at Canton, taking the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1878. and three years later that of Master of Arts. He accepted a position as teacher of natural science in the Clinton Liberal Institute of Fort Plain. New York, wdiere he remained from 1879 to 1881. He then remo\-ed to Baltimore and took up graduate study in biology at Johns Hopkins LTniversity. He was made graduate scholar in 1883. fellow in biology a year later and received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in 1885. After this he went abroad and for a year was engaged in research work in physiology under Professors Carl Ludwig and Max von Frey at the University of Leipzig. .y". /y^z^c^^L.^-^ OFFICERS AXD ALUMNI. 441 After his return to America Professor Lee became instructor in biology at St. La\vrence University, resigning from this position in 1887 to become instructor in physiology and histology at Bryn Mawr College, where in 18SS he was promoted to an associateship in physiology and histology. In 1891 he was appointed demonstrator in physiology at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and in 1895 was made adjunct professor. He has contributed numerous scientific articles to pltysiological periodicals of America, England and Germany, and has collaborated in the authorship of_ various books on sub- jects connected with his profession. He is one of the board of editors of the American Journal of Physiology, and for several years served in the capac- ity of secretary of the American Physiological Society. He is also a mem- ber of the American Societj^ of Naturalists, a fellov." of the American Associa- tion for the Advancement of Science, a fellow of the American Ethnological Society, a fellow of the N'ew York Academy of Sciences, and a member of the Centurv Club of New York. \villia:m tillinghast bull. m. d.— 1S72. William Tillinghast Bull, ]\I. D., born in Newport, Rhode Island. ]\Iay 18, 1849, ^1''^ second son of Henry and Henrietta (Melville) Bull, has a distinguished ancestry. His first American ancestor was Henry Bull, born in Wales in 1609, one of the nine founders of Aquidneck (Newport), Rhode Island, and twice made g"overnor of the colony. The charter or covenant adopted by these intrepid men and dated March 7. 1637, was char- acteristic and read as follows : "We. whose names are underwritten, do swear solemnly in the presence of the Great Jehovah to incorporate our- selves into a body politic; and He shall help us. We will .submit our per- sons, lives and estates unto the Lord Jesus Chri.st, the King of Kings, and Lord of Lords : and to all these perfect laws of His in His most holy word of truth to be guided and judgecl thereby." The tract of land allotted to the original Henry Bull is still in the posses- sion of the family in the direct line. Dr. BulFs grandfather, an eminent an- tiquarian and author of "Memoirs of Rhode Island," was the seventh of that name in the direct line and occupied the family homestead until his death. Henry [Melville, also of Newport, was the maternal grandfather and the transmitter of many traditions relating to the daring and hardships of the Rhode Island pioneers. Amid these environments the scion of a most reputable house grew apace and at length in 1869 received his Bachelor's degree from Harvard. With much pride and no little class distinction A\'illiam T. Bull was gradu- ated in 1872 from the College of Physicians and Surgeons. New York. His thesis on "Perityphlitis" was awarded the faculty prize, and was doubtless inspired by the work of his preceptor. Dr. Henry Berton Sands, whose later efforts contributed materially to the surgical treatment of ap- pendicitis. After the completion of his service upon the surgical staff of Bellevue Hospital. New York, Dr. Bull went to Europe in 1873 and became 442 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. a hospital student of exceptional industry. On his return in 1875 ^^^ began private practice with New York city as his permanent residence. He first turned his attention to dispensary and hospital work, being appointed house physician to the New York Dispensary, attending surgeon to the Cliambers Street Hospital. Later he became assistant demonstrator of anatomy (1879 to 1880) and in succession demonstrator, from 1880 to 1883, adjunct pro- fessor of surgery and full professor in 1888. To this record may also be added his service for eleven years as attending surgeon of the House of Re- lief, New York Hospital, attending surgeon to St. Luke's Hospital (1880- 84: 1888-89). and to the New York Hospital (1883-1900). In 1900 he was appointed surgeon to Roosevelt Hospital. Li the institutions named he had many triumphs to which unwearied zeal and natural aptitude had much contributed. An improved method of laparotomv in the treatment of gunshot wounds in the abdominal region yet remains unchallenged in its superiority. His innovations have certainly de- creased the mortality in a marked degree from eighty-seven per cent down- w-ard. A woman with two gunshot wounds of the abdomen was brought to the hospital and died soon afterward. The autopsy convinced the young surgeon that by incision the intestines might have been removed, repaired and replaced with a life saved. Shortly afterward a man with a similar wound became the subject of a successful operation, and Dr. Bull's method of procedure has been generally copied, especially in emergent cases. Li 1888 Dr. Bull retired from the Chambers Street Hospital on ac- count of the pressure of other duties and the demands of a growing private practice. To his honors were added that of consulting surgeon of the Man- hattan Hospital, the AVoman's Hospital, New York Hospital, the Orthopedic Hospital and Dispensary, New York Cancer, now the General ]\Iemorial Hospital, surgeon in charge of the hernia department. Hospital for the Rup- tured and Crippled, and consulting surgeon to the Newport, Rhode Island, Hospital. Dr. Bull is social and therefore gives a moiety of his time to many clubs, such as the Harvard, the LTniversity, the Century, and other New York clubs ; an enthusiast regarding the future of his profession, he is easy of ap- proach to his colleagues and the medical student. As an operator Dr. Bull is logical and therefore bold : he does not believe in the delays of an impend- ing crisis and therefore makes a quick use of the expedients at hand. The past century has sketched a new career for surgery which may negative much of its past historv, and Dr. Bull has at least won a name on its rolls of honor. In more senses than one he was an innovator, but particularly fortunate in the number of his imitators and in the wide adoption of his recommendations. He was married. May 30, 1893. to Mary Nevins, daughter-in-law of ex-Secretary of State James G. Blaine. The bride's father was Colonel Richard Nevins, editor of the Ohio Statesman. She herself was an accom- plished pianist as well as vocalist and also excelled in private theatricals. Dr. and Airs. Bull reside at 35 AA'est Thirty-fifth street. New York. -n.c2'G\'ea. cy L-OJirp ell ^rathsrs. J-^^iv-1-S-i'.^ ^l^Cc.C^^V ^L^ yt^r^ OFFICERS AXD ALUM XI. 443 FRAXXIS HARTMAX MARKOE. :M. D.— 1879. Dr. Francis H. ]^larkoe is the elder of the surviving sons of the late Dr. Thomas [Masters [Nlarkoe. the distinguished surgeon, and Charlotte A.t- well (How) Markoe. a descendant of an old English ancestry- who came from the counties of Devon. Hertford and Essex, England, and settled in Maine and Massachusetts during the great emigration, or prior thereto. Dr. ]Markoe was bom in New York cit}-. iNIarch 20. 1856, and his early- education was acquired in the private school of JNIrs. Leverett and continued at Lyon's Collegiate Institute. Xew York cit^^ From 1870 to 1872 he at- tended Holbrook's Militan,- Academy at Sing Sing. Xew York, where he completed his preparation for college. He was graduated at Princeton in the class of 1876, and immediately after began his medical studies in the College of Phvsicians and Surgeons, where he took his degree in 1879. as one of the honor men. After his graduation he served as surgical interne at the X^'ew York Hospital, and then for about a year continued his studies abroad in the celebrated surgical clinics at Heidelberg. Berlin. Munich. Vienna. Paris and London. Soon after his return he engaged m the general practice of his profession in X'ew York cit}-, where he gained a reputation for abilit}- and skill in the department of surgen.-. He also became connected with the sur- gical staff of the out-patient department of the X'ew York Hospital. In 1880 Dr. ]\Iarkoe was appointed assistant demonstrator of anatomy at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and has been associated with its teaching staff ever since. He was demonstrator of anatomy from 1884 to 1887. when he became clinical lecturer on surgen.-, a position he occupied until 1900. when he was assigned to the position of professor of clinical surgen,-. From 1881 to 1887 he was attending physician at the Xurser}- and Child's Hospital, and during the same period was connected with the out- patient department of Roosevelt Hospital. During the years 18S2-S3 he sen-ed as assistant sanitary- inspector of the Xew York board of health. With this varied experience in his early practice, he became, in 18S7. attend- ing surgeon at Bellevue Hospital, and two years later acted in the same ca- pacity- at St. Luke's Hospital. The former connection he retained until 1900 and the latter he still holds: he has also been attending surgeon at the Xew York Hospital since 1899, and consulting surgeon at the Orthopedic Hospi- tal since 1894, What has particularly distinguished Dr. ]Markoe, apart from his zealous interest in surgical instruction at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, is liis skill and success as an operating surgeon. He received the honoran^ degree of jNIaster of Arts from Princeton Lmiversit}- in 1901. His writings have been confined to lectures and clinical reports. Dr. ^larkoe. like his father, has been prominently connected with the medical societies of Xew York, He is a member of the Academy of Medi- cine, the New York State. Coimts- and Cit\- [Medical Societies, the Surgical Societ}- of Xew York, the iledical and Surgical Societ\-, the Pathological Societ}-, the Clinical Society- and the .American Surgical Association. He has shown his interest in the philanthropic side of his profession by mem- bership in the Physicians' [Mutual Aid Association and the Societ}- for the Relief of Widows and Orphans of [Medical [Men. His sympathies have not 444 COLLEGE OF PHYSICL4NS AND SURGEONS. been confined to the medical profession, as is evinced by his being a member of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the State Charities Aid Association and the Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor. Notwithstand- ing this multiplicity of connections associated more or less closely with his professional life. Dr. Markoe has shown the breadth of his interest and sympathy with all that pertains to social progress and improvement by sup- porting as a life member the American Geographical Society, New York Historical Society, the American Museum of Natural History, the New York Botanical Garden, the Zoological Society, and the Association for Preservation of the Adirondacks. He is also a member of the Municipal Art Society and the American Bible Society. He takes special pleasure in outdoor sports, when he can spare the time for recreation, and is a prom- inent member of the New York Yacht Club, the Meadow Club at South- ampton, Long Island, the Narrows Island (North Carolina) Shooting Club, and St. Andrews Golf Club. Socially he is a member of the Princeton, Uni- versity, Century, Union and Metropolitan Clubs. Fraternally he is a mem- ber of the American Whig Society and the Zeta Psi Society. He finds diver- sion and relaxation in literature, art snd music, for which he has an inherited fondness. On March 9, 1882, in New York city. Dr. Markoe married Madeline Shelton, whose ancestors were among the early settlers of Connecticut and Massachusetts. Their children were, Madeline S., born February 19, 1883, died in infancy, and Francis Hartman, Jr., born June 11, 1S84. Dr. ]Mar- koe and his wife are members of the Presbyterian church and reside at 15 East Forty-ninth street. ALBERT HENRY BUCK, M. D.— 1867. Dr. Albert Henry Buck was born in New York city, October 20, 1842, his parents being Gurdon and Henrietta E. Buck, nee Wolff, and his grandparents Gurdon and Susannah Buck, first cousins of one of Connecti- cut's most celebrated governors, Hon. Gurdon Saltonstall. Dr. Buck was educated primarily in the city's public and private schools, and was from the very start a conscientious student. Having fitted himself for college under reputable tutors, he chose Yale as the medium for the fulfillment of his aspirations. He was graduated in 186-,-. With a predilection for the study of medicine fostered by the absorbing" ardor of his father, deservedly honored at the College of Physicians and Surgeons. New York city, he won his diploma as a member of the class of 1867. Born too late to profit by the sanitary and surgical lessons of the Civil war. Dr. Buck, after the usual competitive examination, became installed in the New York Hospital on the medical side. Of this institution, with its George III memories, spacious grounds and stately trees, our optimistic student rapturously speaks. Having during his studies made an especial investigation of ear dis- eases, Dr. Buck was invited, in 1870, to become one of the aural surgeons of the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary. He resigned thirteen years afterward and accepted the position of consulting surgeon. In addition. o4^.^ir ^ . /'^cieA . OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 44S Dr. Buck is clinical professor of diseases of the ear at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, and also consulting aural surgeon to the Presbyterian Hospital, to which former position he was appointed in 1887 and to the latter in 1893. As a disseminator of valuable knowledge relating to diseases of the ear and kindred subjects Dr. Buck has obtained world-wide fame. Among his books perhaps the most important are his "Treatise on Diseases of the Ear," published in 1883 '^"d which has reached the third edition of its publication (1898). In addition he is the author of articles in the same field, all of which are deemed authoritative. He is also editor of the Amer- ican edition of "Ziemssen's Cyclopedia of Medicine" (20 volumes), as well as of the "Reference Hand Book of the Medical Sciences," in 9 volumes, published in 1884-1891. and a new edition of the same work has now reached its sixth volume, and of the American edition of "Ziegler's General Pathology." Dr. Buck was married in i87i' to Miss Laura S. Abbott, a daughter of Rev. John S. C. Abbott, the well known historian. They are the parents of two children, a son and a daughter. FRANCIS PARKER KINNICUTT, M. D.— 1871. Dr. Francis Parker Kinnicutt was born in 1846, in \Vorcester, Massa- chusetts, and is the son of Francis Harrison and Elizabeth Waldo (Parker^ Kinnicutt. His ancestors on both sides were of old New England stock, his father being the eighth in direct descent from Roger Kinnicutt, who settled at Warren, Rhode Island, in 1666. The old homestead is still in the posses- sion of Dr. Kinnicutt. The mother of Dr. Kinnicutt, Elizabeth Parker, was the daughter of Leonard Parker, for many years speaker of the Massachu- setts house of representatives, and a direct descendant of Captain John Parker, the first jsroprietor of Groton, Massachusetts, in 1660. She was the grancklaughter of I,evi Lincoln, Sr., Governor of Massachuetts, and attor- ney general in the cabinets of both President Madison and President Jeflfer- son. Two grandfathers of Dr. Kinnicutt were in the battle of Lexington, and direct ancestors fought in all the colonial wars. Dr. Kinnicutt received his early education through the instruction of private tutors, and entered Harvard in 1864, taking the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1868 and the degree of Master of Arts in 1869. He then entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, from which he graduated in 1871 as Doctor of Medicine. After serving for eighteen months as a member of the resident staff of Bellevue Hospital he went abroad and continued his studies at the hospitals of Vienna and London and the University of Heidelberg. On his return to the United States he entered upon the private practice of his profession. He is physician to the Presby- terian and the Cancer Hospitals, consulting physician to St. Luke's Hospital, to the Hospital for the Ruptured and Crippled, the Woman's Hospital, the Babies' Hospital, the Minturn Hospital for Contagious Diseases, and to the Memorial Hospital of Morristown, New Jersey. Dr. Kinnicutt is a member of the advisory board of the New York board of health, a member of the advisory board of the health officer of the port of New York, and chairman 446 COLLEGE OF PHYSICL4NS AND SURGEONS. of the medical advisory board of the Sailors" Snug Harbor of New York. Since 1893 he has been professor of clinical medicine at the College of Phy- sicians and Surgeons of Columbia University. From 1890 to 1892 Dr. Kinnicutt was president of the Alumni Associa- tion of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and in 1891 was a trustee of the college. He belongs to the Century. University, Harvard and City Clubs. Politically he is a Republican. In 1875 Dr. Kinnicutt married Eleo- nora Kissel of New York city. They have two children. The elder son, Francis Harrison, has received the degrees of A. B. and LL. B. from Har- vard ; the younger, Gustav Hermann, the degrees of A. B. and A. M. The elder was graduated in the class of 1897. the younger in the class of 1898. Dr. Kinnicutt makes his home at 39 East 35th street, New York. EDWARD THOMAS BOAG. Edward T. Boag, assistant registrar in medicine at the College of Phy- sicians and Surgeons of New York city, was born in the little town of Abbeville. South Carolina, May 17, 1842. He is the son of Samuel William and Floride Judith Boag, the former named being a son of one of the distinguished surgeons of the British navy, and the latter a daughter of Judge Theodore Gaillard. of Charleston, South Carolina, who was descended from one of the first Huguenot settlers of the colony. Edward T. Boag attended the famous Bishop's School of Charleston, but when quite young came to New York and spent one year in public school, after which he entered the College of the City of New York, where he completed his literary education. He obtained a position as clerk in a dry-goods store, where he remained until the outbreak of the Civil war, when he enlisted in the First South Carolina Infantry. He served through the war in various civil positions, rendering distinguished service; he was chosen color-sergeant of his regiment, and served with it until severely wounded in the battle of Fredericksburg in 1862. At the close of the war he returned to New York and obtained a position as entry clerk in the large dry-goods establishment of A. T. Stewart, where he remained for one year. In November, 1868, he was appointed clerk, and shortly afterward registrar of the New York city College of Physicians and Surgeons, in which capacit}' he has served for many years. He is a member of the Society of Confederate Veterans of New York city. On July i, 1868. l\Ir. Boag married Mary Amelia Dewees of Virginia. Their children are : William L., Jane Gaillard. and Gaillard Thomas Boag. ANDREW JAMES McCOSH. M. D.— 1880. Dr. Andrew James McCosh was bom in 1858 in Belfast, Ireland, and is the son of James and Isabella (Guthrie) McCosh. The former was the eminent Scottish theologian, v.-ho for twenty years occupied the presidential chair of Princeton University, and the latter, who was born in Brechin. Scot- land, was the daughter of Alexander Guthrie, a famous surgeon, and niece of the great preacher, the Rev. Thomas Guthrie. The Guthrie family has been for manv centuries one of the most disting-viished in Scotland. OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 447 The boyhood of Dr. McCosh was passed in Belfast, until he reached the age of ten 3'ears, when his father was called to the presidency of Prince- ton University. In 1877 he graduated from that institution as Bachelor of Arts, and in 1880 as Master of Arts. In the latter year he graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, being one of the ten honor men. After serving for eighteen months as interne in the Chambers Street Hospital (New York Hospital), he went abroad, and for a year pur- sued his medical studies in Vienna. On his return to this country he en- tered, in 1882, upon a career of private practice, in association with Dr. T. G. Thomas, with whom he remained for eleven years, since which time he has practiced alone. In 1888 he was appointed visiting surgeon to the Pres- byterian Hospital, and occupied for two years the chair of professor of sur- gery in the New York Polyclinic. He now holds the position of clinical lec- turer on surgery in the College of Physicians and Surgeons. He devotes himself specially to general surgery, and has published a number of articles on that subject in the medical journals. Dr. McCosh is a member of the IMedical and Surgical Society, the Clinical Society, the New York Surgical Society, in which, for two years, he filled the office of president, the New York Academy of Medicine, the American Medical Association, the American Surgical Association, and the University Club. His home in New York city is located at 16 East Fifty- fourth street. HOWARD DENNIS COLLINS, M. D.— 1893. Dr. Howard D. Collins, assistant demonstrator of anatomy at the Col- lege of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city, is a descendant of an ancestry that rendered distinguished service during the Revolutionary war. He was born in New York city, July 9, 1868, the son of George and Anna Maria (Taft) Collins, both members of old and honored New York fami- lies. The early educational advantages enjo^^ed by Dr. Collins were obtained in the private schools of Europe, and in 1881, his parents having returned +0 this country, he enrolled as a student in the Peekskill Military Academy at Peekskill, New York, from which institution he was graduated in the class of 1884. He then entered Rogers high school, Newport, Rhode Isl- and, where he pursued a two years' course, after which he matriculated at Yale, taking the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1890. Subsequently he be- gan the study of medicine at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city, received his degree in 1893, and began the active practice of medicine and surgery in New York. For two years he served as interne on the surgical staff of Roosevelt Hospital, New York city, and in 1895 recei\-ed the appointment of assistant surgeon at the Vanderbilt Clinic, in which capacity he served for two years. Since May, 1895, he has served as assistant demonstrator in anatomy at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and in May, 1897, was appointed as- sistant surgeon in the out-patient department of Roosevelt Hospital, and as- sistant to the attending surgeon of the same institution. In April, 1900, he 448 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. severed his connection v.-ith the Roosevelt Hospital, and since October, 1900, has been the assistant visiting surgeon to the City Hospital. Dr. Collins is a fellow of the Academy of 3.1edicine of New York city, the Roosevelt Alumni Association, the Psi Upsilon fraternity, the University Club of New York city, the Yale University Club of New Haven, and the Sons of the Revolution. On June 20. 1895, Dr. Collins married Helen Gawtry, of New York city. They have a son, Harrison G. Collins, and a daughter, Dorothy Collins. ROBERT AVATTS. ^l. D.— 1861. Dr. Robert Watts was born in Woodstock. \'ermont, ]\Iay 6, 1837. the son of Dr. Robert and Charlotte (Deas) Watts. The father,' who was for many years the professor of anatomy in the College of Physicians and Sur- geons of New York, is written of at length in connection with the history of the institution. Dr. Watts, son of the parents named, acquired his preliminary educa- tion in the schools of New York city, and entered Columbia College in the class of 1859, but at the end of his sophomore year took up the study of medicine in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and received his degree of Doctor of ]\Iedicine in 1861. He received the appointment of surgeon of the One Hundred and Thirty-third New York Volunteers in June. 1862, served for two years in the department of the Gulf, and then for one year in the Army of the Shenandoah, under the command of General Sheridan, but for the greater part of his service he was on duty as surgeon in chief of the division to which his regiment was attached. He was mustered out of the United States service in June, 1865, with his regiment. He commenced the private practice of his profession at 42 East Twelfth street, New York city, and in 1867 removed to 45 West Thirty-sixth street, where he has since continued to attend to the needs of a large patronage. In the fall of i860 he received the appointment of assistant house physician and surgeon to St. Luke's Hospital, and the following year was appointed house physician and surgeon of the same institution, resigning in June, 1862, in order to enter the army. In 1866 he was appointed clinical' assist- ant to the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary; two years later he received the appointment of visiting physician to the Charity Hospital, resigning after ten years' service; and in 1870 he became visiting physician to St. Mary's Free Hospital for Children, also filling a similar position in Roose- velt Hospital. At the present time (1903) he acts in the capacity of con- sulting physician to both institutions. He is a member of the New York County jNIedical Society, the Greater New York ]\Iedical Association, the Physicians' ^lutual Aid Association and the Society for the Relief of Wid- ows and Orphans of Medical Men. He is also connected with the Century Club, the Army and Navy Club, the Military Order of the Loyal Legion, and George Washington Post No. 103, G. A. R. On March 3, 1864, at Maiden, New York, Dr. AVatts married Frances Adeline Kellogg, a daughter of Stephen Kellogg, formerly a resident of OFFICERS AND ALUMNL 449 Troy, New York. Their children are: Charlotte, born December 14, 1864: Robert, born February 11, 1867: Stephen Kellogg, born June 17, 1869; De Lancey, born December 18, 1870; and Fanny Kellogg, born Jan- uary 29, 1873. ROBERT WATTS, Jr.. A. B., M. D.— 1893. Dr. Robert Watts, Jr., was born in New York city, February 11, 1867, the son of Dr. Robert and Frances Adeline (Kellogg) Watts. He prepared for college in the private schools of New York city, graduated from Columbia College in 1889 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and the degree of Doctor of Medicine was conferred upon him by the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city upon the completion of his studies in 1893. Immediately after his graduation he was appointed in- terne at Bellevue Hospital, which position he held for two years. In 1895 he established an office at 45 West Thirty-sixth street. New York, for the private practice of his profession, but removed in 1902 to 1 1 1 East Thirty- fifth street. In 1896 Dr. \\'atts received the appointment of assistant at- tending physician to St. ]Mary"s Free Hospital for Children, and in 1901 he was appointed to fill a similar position in the Lying-in Hospital of New York city. He is a member of the New York County [Medical Society, Greater New York ]\Iedical Association and the Physicians" ^Mutual Aid Association. He also holds hereditary membership in the Military Order of the Loyal Legion. At New Brunswick, New Jersey, October 3, 1902, Dr. Watts married Helen AVoodbridge, daughter of Dr. J. Warren Rice. lixn.f:us edford la fetra, ai. d.— 1894. Dr. Linnaeus E. La Fetra, instructor in diseases of children at the Col- lege of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city, traces his ancestr^^ on the paternal side to the French colonists that settled in New Jersey in 1647, and to Annetje Jans of New Amsterdam. On the maternal side he is of English origin, his grandmother being JNIary Custis, a descendant of the historical V-irginia family of that name. Dr. La Fetra was born in Wash- ington, October 12. 1868, the son of George H. and Sarah (Doan) La Fetra. Dr. La Fetra obtained his preliminary education in the public and high schools of Washington and in the Columbian University ; later he entered the Wesleyan University, from which he was graduated in 1891 with the degree of Bachelor of x\rts. He was the first Seney scholar for the college course, taking prizes aggregating seven hundred dollars, with special honors in biology. He received his medical training at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city, graduating in 1894 with high honors for the course and securing the first Harsen prize of five hundred dollars for pro- ficiency in all the branches of medical teaching. He served as house sur- geon at the New York Hospital during 1895-96, at the Sloane IMaternity Hospital in 1896, and at the Nursery and Child's Hospital during 1897, be- ginning the private practice of his profession in October of that year. He filled the position of adjunct lecturer on diseases of children in the New York 450 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. Polyclinic from 1897 to 1901 ; was assistant physician to the Infants' Hospi- tal on Randall's Island from 1898 to 1902. and was appointed lecturer on physiological pedagogics in the New York University School of Pedagogy^ in 1899. Ii'^ 1902 he was made instructor in diseases of children in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and chief of that department in the Vanderbilt clinic. Dr. La Fetra is a member of the Xew York County Medical Society, Society of the Alumni of the New York Hospital, Society of the Alumni of the Sloane Maternity Hospital, the Hospital Graduates' Club, and a fellow '^f the New York Academy of Medicine. While a student at AVesleyan University he was a member of Psi Upsilon and Phi Beta Kappa, and at the present time is a member of the New York Athletic and of the Psi Upsi- "lon Club of New York. On June 8, 1899, Dr. La Fetra married Annie Edith Parsons, daughter of Charles Parsons, of Toronto. Canada. FRANK HARTLEY, ^I. D.— 1880. Dr. Frank Hartley was born in Washington, D. C, in 1856. His father, the late Hon. John Fairfield Hartley, LL. D., was from 1838 to 1875 connected with the L-nited States treasury department, the last ten years of the time holding the office of assistant secretary. The old Hartley home- stead, which has been in possession of the family for more than a century, is located at Saco, Maine, of which state the immediate paternal ancestors of Dr, Hartley were natives. Both branches of his family are of old colonial New England origin. After attending public school m Washington Dr. Hartley entered the Emerson Institute, where he was prepared for Princeton, from which in- stitution he was graduated in 1877. Having decided to make the study and practice of medicine his life work, he became a student in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York : pursued his studies with the vigor of an enthusiast and was graduated in 1880. After a brief period spent in Bellevue Hospital he became a student of great industry at European clin- ics, pursuing his post-graduate course in Berlin, Heidelberg, and Vienna. Thus endowed with more than ordinary advantages, he began practice in New York and soon accjuired a high reputation as a surgeon. In 1885 he was appointed assistant demonstrator of anatomy in the College of Phy- sicians and Surgeons, New York, and in 1889 was advanced to the post of demonstrator. He was appointed lecturer on operative surgery at the same institution. He also achieved no small measure of success as a quiz master. Dr. Hartley was chosen assistant surgeon at the Roose\'elt Hospital in 1885 ; was attending surgeon at Bellevue Hospital from 1888 to 1892: has been similarly connected with the New York Hospital since 1892, and has been a consulting physician to the French and New York Cancer Hospital. He is closely identified with the leading medical bodies of New York, including the New York Surgical Society, of which he was elected president some 3'ears since : the Clinical, the Dermatological, the Genito-Urinary. the Aled- ico-Chirurgical, and Pathological and Southern societies. He also belongs to the University-, Athletic and Princeton Clubs of New York. .<^"- - ^■:* W^^~ OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 451 V Dr. Hartley is the author of valuable papers, especially upon the sub- jects of the extirpation of the spleen and the thyroid gland. He originated the new method of incision upon the neck, involving operating in the natural cleavage of the skin, exposing the anterior and the posterior triangles of the neck so that diseased processes may be removed in an anatomical manner, and leave the slightest observable scar. He also originated the method of removing the gasserian ganglion for inveterate trigeminal neuralgia, an op- eration which becomes necessary in critical cases where operations upon the terminal nerves, as well as all medications, have failed to relieve persistent pain. In 1901 he was appointed clinical professor of surgery at the Col- lege of Physicians and Surgeons. VIRGIL PENDLETON GIBNEY, LL. D., M. D.— 1871. Dr. Virgil P. Gibney, who has held the chair of orthopedic surgery at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city since the office was endowed, was born at Providence, near Lexington, Kentucky, Septem- ber 29, 1847, the son of Dr. Robert Alexander and Amanda (VVeagley) Gibney. Dr. Gibney, Sr., was a descendant of a north of Ireland ancestry, graduated from the Transylvania LIni\-ersity, medical department, and for many years successfully practiced his profession in the state of Kentucky; his death occurred in Lexington, Kentucky. His wife was descended from an old and honored Maryland family. Dr. Gibney prepared for college in country schools and in an academy in Nicholasville, Jessamine county, Kentucky; pursued his studies in George- town College for one year; then entered the College of Arts, Kentucky Uni- versity, from which he received the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1869 ; attended one course of lectures at the University of Louisville and secured the degree of Doctor of Medicine from Bellevue Hospital Medical College in 1871 ; obtained the degree of Master of Arts from Kentucky University in 1872, and in 1898 the degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred upon him by the same institution. He did not have sufficient money to take a quiz and grind, but taking advantage of his opportunities in the Hospital for the Ruptured and Crippled, he kept track of cases, wrote them up and secured final results. By dint of hard work in this hospital as interne, for thirteen years he kept a complete history of cases, made a systematic study of ortho- pedic science, and is perhaps more familiar with the natural history of the diseases of joints and deformities than any other physician in the country. In 1884 he engaged in private practice, which steadily increased as the years went by, and at the present time ( 1903) the territory from which his patients come extends from Maine to the northwest states, and from Nova Scotia to Florida. In 1887 he was appointed surgeon in chief to the Hos- pital for the Ruptured and Crippled, which position he has filled to the present time: received the appointment of consulting orthopedic surgeon to the Nursery and Child's General Hospital ; fills a similar position in the Montefiori Home; in 1882 was one of the organizers of the New York Polyclinic, holding the position of professor of orthopedic surgery for thir- teen years, and now occupies the chair of orthopedic surgery in the College 452 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city. Dr. Gibney is a member of the American Medical Association, the American Orthopedic Association, being its first president; the New York State Medical Society, the New York State Medical Association, the Congress of American Physicians, the County Medical Society, the County Medical Association, the New York Academy of Medicine, the Pathological Society, the Society of Widows and Orphans of Medical Men, the Physicians' Mutual Aid Association, and the Practitioners' Society, of which he is a charter member. He is also a member of the University Club, the Century Association, the Richmond Hill Golf Club, and president of the Brooklawn Country Club. Dr. Gibney has contributed many valuable medical articles which have been presented before the societies and published in the journals and periodi- cals of the day : "The Strumous Element in the Etiology of Joint-disease, from an Analysis of Eight Hundred and Sixty Cases," Nezu York Medical Journal, July and August, 1877. "Caries of the Ankle in Children," American Journal of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children, Vol. 12, No. 2, April, 1880. "Peri-nephritis," Chicago Medical Journal and Examiner, June, iSSo. "The Hip and Its Diseases," Bermingham & Company, 1884. "The Management of Abscesses in Connection with the Bone Diseases of Childhood," Archives of Pediatrics, Philadelphia, 1887, Vol. 4, 641- 655- "Simple and yet Very Efficient Treatment for Diseases of the Knee and Elbow," Nezu York Medical Journal, 1888, Vol. 47, 284-286. "The Treatment of Lateral Curvature by Posture and Exercise," Nezo York Medical Journal. 1888, Vol. 48, 288-291. "Chronic Joint Diseases and Constitutional Treatment," Nezv York Medical Record, 1S88, Vol. 34, 472. "Immobilization in Articular Diseases," Nezv York Medical Journal, 1888, Vol. 48, 457-459. "Haematoma of Hip," Medical Nezvs, 1888. "Treatment of Tuberculous xA^ffections of the Joints," Transactions of New York Medical Society, Syracuse, 1888, 488-491. "Injury to the Head, Folowed by Spinal Hemiplegia, Without Cerebral Disturbance," Nezv York Medical Monthly, 1886-87, Vol. i, 11 5-1 17. "Clinical Lectures on Lateral Curvature of Spine," Philadelphia Medi- cal Times, 1886-87, Vol. 17, 205-210. "Remarks on the Management of Club-foot," Transactions of Medical Society of New York, Syracuse, 1886, 363-367. "The Treatment and Management of Tuberculous Spondylitis," Medi- cal Press West Nezv York, Buffalo, 1887, Vol. 2, 53-61. "Acute Epiphysitis of the Hip," Nezv York Medical Record, 1887, Vol. 31, 264; disc. 277. "A Case of Dissecting Aneurism About the Hip Dependent Upon Rup- ture of the Internal Pubic Artery," Nezv York Medical Record, 1887, Vol. 32, 241-243. OFFICERS AND ALUMNL 453 "TulDerculous Osteitis of the Knee Joint," Ncn' York Iiifcriiational Sur- gical Journal, 1889, Vol. 2, 134-136. "The Orthopedic Treatment of Tuberculous Disease of the Knee in Children," Archives of Pediatrics, Philadelphia, 1889, Vol. 6, 384-390. "Report on the Treatment of Club-foot by Means of the Thomas Wrench," Transactions of the American Orthopedic Association; 1887-B8; Boston, 1889; Vol. I, 74-84. "The Orthopedic Treatment of Tuberculosis Disease of the Knee in Children," Transactions of the Medical Society of New York, Philadelphia, 1889, 267-276. "The 'Boat-belly' of Tuberculous Meningitis," a Clinical Report, Archives of Pediatrics, Philadelphia, 18S9. Vol. 6, 548-550: i pi. "Remarks on the Management of Hip Disease," CiDiada Practitioner, Toronto, 1889, Vol. 14. 365-368. "The Immediate Correction of Deformities Resulting from Disease of the Hip," Nciu York Medical Journal, 1889, Vol. 49, 1 16-120. "Report on the Treatment of Club-foot by Means of the Thomas Wrench," American Surgical Journal, St. Louis, 1889. Vol. 9, 101-106; also Atlanta M-edical and Surgical Journal, 1888-89, N. S., Vol. 5, 749-754. "Muscular Deformities of Nervous Origin and their Treatment," Nczv York Medical Journal, 1889, Vol. 49, 4.68-471. "Reproduction of the Entire Patella After Necrosis and Remo\'al by Operation ; Functions of the Joint Fully Restored," New York Medical Rec- ord, 1889, Vol. 35, 417. "Spondvlolisthesis of Traumatic Origin," Nezv York Medical Record, 1889, Vol. 35, 347. "Immobilization in Articular Diseases," Transactions of the American Orthopedic Association, 1887-88; Boston, 1889, Vol. i, 227-241. "The Typhoid Spine," New York Medical Journal, 1889, Vol. i, 596- 598. "The Treatment of Drop-wrist and Allied Paralysis, with Presentation of a Case," Nezv York Medical Record, 1889, Vol. 36, 482. "A Contribution to the Study of Flat-foot," American Surgery, St. Louis, 1890, Vol. II, 41-43. "The Operative Treatment of Talipes Calcaneus Paralyticus," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 1890, Vol. 122, 205-208. "The Operative Treatment of Talipes Calcaneus Paralyticus," New York Medical Journal. 1890, Vol. 122, 246-249. "A Case of Osteitis Deformans, or Paget's Disease," Neiu York Medi- cal Record, 1890, Vol. 37, 452. "Artificial Feet in a Case of Arrested Development," Nezv York Medi- cal Record, 1890, "Report of Two Cases of Death in Young Children During the Ad- ministration of Chloroform" (with H. M. Sherman), Nezi' York Medical Journal, 1890, Vol. 37, 289. "The Typhoid Spine," Transactions of the American Orthopedic Asso- ciation, Philadelphia, 1889, Vol. 2, 19-30. 454 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. "A Contribution to the Study of Flat-foot," Transactions of the Ameri- can Orthopedic Association, 1889, Vol. 2, 287-289. "Cases of Cuneiform Osteotomy for Relief of Double Congenital- equino-varus," American Surgery, St. Louis. 1890, Vol. 11, 334-337. "A Contributiiin to the Therapeutics of Spastic Paralysis," Nezt' York Journal of Ncyjous and Mental Diseases, 1890. Vol. 17, 520-523. "Operative Procedures in the Bone Diseases of Childhood," Neiv York Medical Journal, 1890, Vol. 52. 181-183. "The Prognosis of Lateral Curvature in Young Girls," Nezu York Medical Record, 1890, Vol. 37, 204-206. "Talipes, or Club-foot," Revue D'Orthopedie, July i, 1890, Paris. "Rupture of the Short Head of the Biceps," Nezv York Medical Jour- nal, 1890, Vol. 52, 665. "A Further Contribution to Typhoid Spine," American Medical Maga- zine, Philadelphia, 1898-1902, Vol. 4, 32. "Supplemental Treatment of the Paralysis of Acute Anterior Poliomy- elitis," Medical Nezcs, Philadelphia, 1891, Vol. 59, 422-425. "An Early Diagnosis the Best Treatment in Pott's Disease of the Spine," Nezv York Medical Record. 1891, Vol. 40, 474. "Orthopedic Surgery ; Its Definition and Scope," Nezv York Medical Journal. 1S91, Vol. 54, 507-509. "Muscular Deformities of Nervous Origin and Their Treatment," Toledo, November, 1891. "Tuberculous Meningitis Following Opei'ation for Osteitis of Shoul- der," Proceedings of the New York Pathological Society, 1890-91, 120. "The Diagnosis and Treatment of Hip-Joint Disease," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 1891, Vol. 125, 613-616. "Pott's Disease of the Spine," International Clinical Journal, Philadel- phia, 1891, Vol. 3, 146-152. "The Treatment of Tumor Albus," Proceedings of the Tenth Lnterna- tional Medical Congress, 1890. Berlin, Vol. 3, 24-29. "The Complications and Sequelae of Tuberculous Lesions Involving the Joints, with a Discussion on the Most Eflicient Management," N^ezv York Medical Record, 1892, Vol. 41, 344-347. "A Further Contribution to Typhoid Spine," Transactions of the Amercan Orthopedic Association, Philadelphia, 1891, 280-282. "Orthopedic Surgery, Its Definition and Scope," Transactions of the American Orthopedic Association, Philadelphia, 1891, Vol. 4, 326-338. "Talipes Calcaneus Paralyticus; Extreme: Shortening of Tendo-Achil- lis by V-shaped Incision After Willets," Archives of Pediatrics, Philadel- phia, 1892, Vol. 9, 284. "Some of the Indications for Operative Procedures in Orthopedic Sur- gery," Denver Medical Times, 1892-93, Vol, 12, 11-18. "Ankle-joint Disease in Children," International Medical Magazine, Philadelphia, 1892, Vol. i, 715-719. "The Surgical Treatment of Acute Arthritis of the Hip in Infants," Nezjj York Medical Record, 1892, Vol. 42, 505. OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 4S5 "Lorenz Operation for Congenital Dislocation of Hip," Archives of Pediatrics, New York, 1892, Vol. 9, 911-913. "Excision of the Hip for Extensive Disease," Archives of Pediatrics, New York, 1893, Vol. 10, 39-41. "Sub-Cutaneous Osteotomy of Femur for Correction of Deformity at Hip," Archives of Pediatrics, New York, 1893, Vol. 10, 41. "The Modern Treatment of Sprained Ankle," New York Polyclinic, 1893, Vol. I, 3-6. "Tuberculous Osteitis of Hip," International Clinic, Philadelphia, 1892, 2, S., Vol. 3, 223-230. "The Treatment of the Suppurative Stage of Osteitis of Hip," Supple- mented by Analysis of ninety Cases in Hospital Practice, American Lancet, Detroit, 1893, N. S., Vol. 17, 121-124. "Discussion on the Management of Suppuration Complicating Tuber- culous Disease of the Bones and Joints," Transactions of the Medical So- ciety of New York, Philadelphia, 1893, 230-238. "Final Results in Tuberculous Osteitis of the Knee in Children Com- monly known as White Swelling, "^-^//WT/Vau Journal Medical Society, Phil- adelphia, 1893, N. S., Vol. 106, 403-413. "The Treatment of Deformities After Paralysis," International Medi- cal Magazine, Philadelphia, 1893, Vol. 2, 932-935. "Will He Outgrow It?"' Mother's Nursery Guide, April, 1893. "The Ischiatic Crutch ; Its Place in the Treatment of Hip Disease," American Medical and Surgical Bulletin, November 15, 1894. "Multiple Congenital Deformities with Arrest of Development, more especially a Description of the Hand Resembling a Walrus Fin," A^eic York Medical Record, 1893, Vol. 44, 835-838. "A Case of Myositis Ossificans with Multiple Exostosis," New York Polyclinic, 1893, Vol. 3, 161. "The Non-operative Treatment of Metatarsalgia," Nezv York Journal of Nervous and Mlental Diseases, 1894, Vol. 21, 589-596. "The Correction of Deformity of Hip Disease ; Its Value During the Progress of the Disease: Its Importance on the Subsidence of all Diseases; One Hundred Cases Analyzed," International Medical Magazine, Philadel- phia, 1894-95, Vol. 3, 710-719, 2 pi. "Congenital Dislocation of the Hip," International Clinic, Philadelphia, 1894, 4, S., Vol. 3, 201-204. "Operative Procedures in Congenital and Acquired Dislocation of the Hip in Children," American Surgeon, Philadelphia, 1894, Vol. 20, 621-641. "Chronic and Sub-acute Rheumatoid Arthritis of Knee, Usually Mon- articular," Dcnz'cr Medical Times. 1894-95, Vol. 14, 245-252. "Sprained Ankle; A Treatment that Involves no Loss of Time, Re- quires no Crutches, and is not Attended with an Ultimate Impairment of Function," Neiv York Medical Journal, 1895, Vol. 61, 193-197. "Orthopedic Surgery," System Surgery (Dennis), Philaclelphia, 1895, Vol. 2, 265-365. 456 COLLEGE OF PHYSICL4NS AND SURGEOXS. "The Management of Irritable Spine," N'czi' York Medical Record, i8g6, A^ol. 49, 654-656: discussion, 662-664. "The Treatment b_v Super-heated Dry Air of Stifi: and Painful Joints, Including Rheumatism and Tuberculosis, at Hospital for the Ruptured and Crippled," iYcic York Medical Record, 1897. Vol. 51, 109-111. "Orthopedic Operations at the Hospital for the Ruptured and Crippled from October i, 1895, to October i, 1896," Annals of Surgery, Philadel- phia, 1897. A'ol. II, 315-331. "Hernia," Tzcentieth Centurx Practitioner. Xew York, 1897, Vol. 9, 275-351, and (J. B. Walker). "Compression Paraplegia in Pott's Disease of the Spine: Based upon an Analysis of Seventy-four Cases," Nezi' York Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases. 1897, ^'^ol. 24, 195-209. "Excision of the Head of the Astragalus in Inveterate Club-foot," Denver Medical Times. 1897-98, Vol. 17, 37-39. "Osteotomv for In\-ersion in Club-foot," New York Polvclinic, 1S97, Vol 5, 116. "Operative Procedures in Orthopedic Surgery," Transactions of the American Orthopedic Association, Philadelphia, 1897, ^^ol. 10, 210-215. "The Correction of Spinal Deformitj' by Manual Force, under an An- aesthetic," N'ezi.' York Medical Journal, 1898, Vol. 67, 427. "Nitrous Oxide and Ether for Anesthesia," A'ac York Medical Journal, 1898, Vol. 53. 457-459-. "The Treatment of Convalescent Club-f(jot." Canada Journal of Medi- cine and Surgery, Toronto, 1898, Vol. 4, 131-136. "Clinical Experience in the Management of Tuberculosis Sinuses and Abscesses and Eoci," Virginia Magazine. Semi-monthly, Richmond, 1898- 1899, Vol. 3, 375-379- "A Contribution to the Study of Hip Disease: On the Ultimate Re- sults of the ^lechanical and Operative Treatment, with an Analysis of One Hundred and Fifty Cases Observed in the Ruptured and Crippled," (\Y. ]. H. Waterman and \\*. G. Reynolds), Annals of Surgery, Philadelphia, 1898, Vol 28, 435-454- "Supra-malleolar Osteotomy for Obstinate Club-foot," American Sur- geon, Philadelphia, 1898, Vol. 28, 517. "The Correction of Spinal Deformity by Stages under Anaesthetia," Transactions of the Orthopechc Association, Philadelphia, 1898, Vol. 11, 89-108. "^letatarsalgia. Its Treatment by Specially Constructed Boots," Nezu York Medical Record, 1899, Vol. 15, 151-154. "Three Cases Illustrating the Diagnosis of Coxa \^ara," A'czv York Medical Record, 1899, Vol. 15, 438. "A Simple and Efficient Treatment of Talipes Calcaneus Paralyticus in Young Children," Nezi' York Medical N'ezvs, 1900, Vol. yy, 399-402. "Mechanical and Surgical Problems in the Paralysis of Children," read before the Hartford Medical Society, April 2, 1900; St. Louis Courier of Medicine, i\Iay, 1900. OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 457 "Certain Aspects of Bone and Joint Disease of Interest to tlie General Practitioner,'' Medical Ncivs. October 28. 1899. "The Treatment of Rheumatic and AHied Diseases CompHcated by Deformity," February i, 1901. "American Year Book of Medicine and Surgery,"' George M. Gould- Saunders, Philadelphia, (W. H. W. G.) 1896-97-98; (W. J. H. W.) 1899- 1900- 1 90 1. "Diagnosis and Management of Some of the More Common Lesions of the Adult Knee," PJiUadclphia Medical Journal, May 10, 1902. "Excision of the Knee for Vicious Deformity and Tuberculous Disease in the Adult," 1902. At Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1883, Dr. Gibne}^ married Charlotte L. Chapin. and one child was born to them, Robert Gibney; Mrs. Gibney died in 1888. At Bridgeport, Connecticut, in 1893, he married Julia A. Trubee, a descendant of honored New England ancestry. Their children are: Marion Purdell and Susan Trubee Gibney. The family reside at 16 Park avenue. New York. JACOB HERMAN KNAPP, M. D.— 1854. Dr. J. Herman Knapp, professor of ophthalmology in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city, was born at Dauborn,. Prussia, March 17, 1832, the son of a prominent agriculturist and member of the Prussian house of representatives and the German Reichsrath. Dr. Knapp accpiired his literary education in the Gymnasium at Weil- burg, Hesse-Nassau, and this was supplemented by a five years" course of study in medicine and allied branches at the universities of Munich, Wiirz- burg, Berlin. Leipsic, Zurich and Vienna, graduating in 1854 at Giessen, and the following year passing the state examination at Wiesbaden. Desiring to pursue a university career, he spent four more years in study at Paris, Lon- don, Berlin. Heidelberg and Utrecht. He was admitted as Lecturer at Heidel- berg in 1859, and in 1864 he was appointed professor of ophthalmology in the same university. In i860 he founded an ophthalmic clinic, which, in 1866, was made one of the university institutions, and is now one of the most cele- brated ophthalmic clinics in Europe, being under the direct supervision of Prof. Theodore Leber, Dr. Knapp"s first assistant and later his successor. Dr. Knapp resigned his professorship at Heidelberg in 1868, located in New York city, and gave the impulse to the founding of the New York Oph- thalmic and Aural Institute, a dispensary, hospital, and school for the treat- ment, stud}' and teaching of eye and ear diseases. Since its organization he has acted in the capacity of executive surgeon to this institution. He was appointed professor of ophthalmology in the University of the City of New York in 1882 and held this position imtil 1888, when he resigned, having been elected to be the successor of the late Dr. Cornelius Rea Agnew as pro- fessor of ophthalmology in the New York College of Physicians and Sur- geons. In 1869 he founded the Archives of Ophthalmology and Otology, a scientific and practical quarterly, published in English and German, the pio- 4S8 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. neer journal of its kind in this country, and liis literary contributions to ophthalmology and otology have been very numerous. This periodical, as well as the New York Ophthalmic and Aural Institute, were successful from the beginning, and are so to-day. The periodical split after its seventh an- nual volume into two bi-monthlies, continuing- to publish only original arti- cles and original systematic cjuarterly reports on the progress of ophthal- mology and otology. In 1902, at the age of se\'enty years. Dr. Knapp re- signed his professorship at the College of Physicians and Surgeons. Colum- bia University, whereupon he was appointed emeritus professor of the same college. Being in good health, he takes pleasure in continuing his literary and professional work both in private and hospital practice. His ambition, shared bv the trustees of the New York Ophthalmic and Aural Institute, is to perpetuate this institution by the erection of a new, spacious and well ecjuipped building near the College of Physicians and Surgeons, affiliated with Columbia University. A fine site for the new building has been ac- quired at the northwest corner of Sixty-fourth street and Central Park, West. ROBERT ABBE. A. B.. :\I. D.— 1874. Dr. Robert Abbe, lecturer in surgery at the College of Physicians and Sur- geons of New York city, is a descendant of an old and honored New England familv. who trace their ancestry back to the year 1630. His father, George Waldo Abbe, who was born in Windham. Connecticut, came to New York in boyhood, and later became a prominent factor in the commercial interests of New York. He married Miss Charlotte Colgate, whose ancestors had been forced to flee from Kent. England, in 1795. for giving too free expression to their republican sentiments. Dr. Robert Abbe was born in the city of New York. April 13. 185 1. and his earlv educational advantages were obtained in the public schools, after which he entered the College of the City of New York, from which he was graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1870. The following two years he was engaged in that institution as instructor in English, drawing, algebra and geometry; after resigning from this position he matriculated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city, from which he was graduated in 1874 with the degree of Doctor of ^Medicine. He then served three years as resident surgeon in St. Luke's Hospital, New York. Dr. Abbe was the curator and assistant attending surgeon of the Roosevelt Hospital, New York, from 1876 to 1880. For some years he was clinical assistant in surgery and the department of diseases of the skin in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and professor of surgery in the Post-Graduate Medical School : from 1877 to 1884 he was attending surgeon in the out-patient department of the New York Hospital. His appointment as attending surgeon for St. Luke's Hospital dates since 188.^, and for the New York Cancer Hospital since 1893, and for five years, from 1892 to 1897, he was attending surgeon in the New York Babies' Hospital. He also occupied the position of professor of didactic surgery in the Woman's Medical College for two years. In 1889 Dr. Abbe was called to the chair of surgery in the New York Post-Graduate Medical ^Hj^-^^c/^ OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 459 School, and faithfully discharged the duties of that office until 1897. The following year he was offered the position of lecturer in surgery at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, which he accepted and is serving in that capacity at the present time (1902). Dr. Abbe is a prominent member of the Century Association, the University Club and numerous other societies. Dr. Abbe married Catherine Amory Palmer, widow of Courtlandt Palmer of New York, and they now reside at 13 \\'est Fiftieth street. New York. CHARLES STEDMAN BULL, ]\L D.— 1868. Dr. Charles Stedman Bull was born in New York city, April 21, 1846, son of Henry King and Eliza (Ludlow) Bull. He is a descendant of the famous Captain Thomas Bull of the British army, who came to tins coun- try in 1632, landing in Boston, and was one of the original settlers of Hart- ford, Connecticut. Captain Caleb Bull, great-great-grandfather of Dr. Bull, served as an officer in the Revolutionary war, and was an original member of the Society of Cincinnati : Frederick Bull, a son of Captain Caleb Bull, served in the capacity of major during the same war. On the maternal side Dr. Bull is descended from William Ludlow of Hill Deverill, Wiltshire, England, who settled there about the middle of the fourteenth century. His lineal descendant was Jeremiah Ludlow, who came to America in 1693, land- ing in New York city, and who later took up his residence in Essex county. New Jersey. His son, Obadiah Ludlow, the maternal great-grandfather of Dr. Bull, was an officer of New Jersey troops during the war of the Revo- lution. The parliamentary general. Sir Edmund Ludlow, and the former Earl Ludlow were also descended from the same AA'illiam Ludlow of Eng- land. Dr. Bull also traces his origin to the ]\Iarquis de Seguin de Tal- lerange, a French Huguenot, who fled to Holland after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes and his son, Jean Jacjues, came to this country and in 1690 settled at what is now known as Segaiine Point, Staten Island. Dr. Bull prepared for college at the French school of Professor Elie Charlier, and was graduated at Columbia College in 1864 with the degree of A. B., and taking the A. j\L in 1867. He received his i\[. D. at the Col- lege of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city in 1868. He spent an interneship of eighteen months in Bellevue Hospital as house physician and surgeon, and the following two years were spent abroad, in Vienna, Heidel- berg, Berlin, Utrecht. Paris and London, where he pursued his medical studies under the guidance of Professor von Arlt, Professor von Graefe and Professor Donders. On his return in 1871, he became assistant surgeon to the Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital and clinical assistant at the New York Eye and Ear Lifirmary; in 1872 he was assistant surgeon to the New York Eye and Ear Lifirmary, and was visiting surgeon to Charity Hospital from 1875 to 1880. In 1876 he was appointed surgeon to the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, and the same year received the appointment of con- sulting ophthalmic surgeon to the Nursery and Child's Hospital, and was called to fill a similar position in St. Mary's Hospital for Children: he retained the former named position up to the year 1888. Dr. Bull & 460 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. was adjunct professor of ophthalmology at Bellevue Hospital ^Medical Col- lege from 1880 to 1888, and in the latter 3-ear was appointed professor of ophthalmology in the medical department of the University of New Yoi-k and consulting ophthalmic surgeon to St. Luke's Hospital. At the pres- ent time (1903) he is serving as professor of ophthalmologA' in the Cornell University ^ledical College and consulting ophthalmic surgeon to the P''es- byterian Hospital, St. Luke's Hospital, and St. ^Mary's Hospital for Chii dren. Dr. Bull is the author of many valuable medical articles, the more prominent ones being : "Choroiditis Following Cerebro-Spinal [Menin- gitis, " 1873; "Strychnia in Amaurosis and Amblyopia," 1873: "Retinal Hemorrhage in Disease of the Brain, Heart and Kidneys," 1874: "Lesions of the Optic Xerve and Pupil in Diseases of the Spinal Cord," 1875; "P?-th- olog}" and Therapeutics of Contused Wounds of the Eyeball," 1876; "Rare Syphilitic Neuroses of the Eye," 1877; "Influence of the Fifth Nerve in Iritis and Choroiditis," 1876; "Symptomatology- and Patholog}" of Intra- cranial Tumors," 1875: "Translation of Stelhvag's Treatise on Diseases of the Eye." He has written numerous original papers on diseases of the eye, in American and foreign medical journals: is assistant collaborator of Fos- ter's Encyclopedic ^Medical Dictionary, for which he wrote all relating to diseases of the eye and ear, and of the system of Diseases of the Eye by Norris and Oliver. He is also editor of the third and fourth American edi- tions of J. Soelberg Well's Treatise on Diseases of the Eye. Dr. Bull is a member of the American jNIedical Association. American Ophthalmological Society, of which he is president. New York Academy of Medicine, New York Ophthalmological Society, New York Pathological So- ciety, Practitioners' Society, New York County Medical Society, New York State [Medical Association, and of the Huguenot Society of America, Society of Colonial Wars, Society of the Sons of the Revolution, the Century and University Clubs. In 1882 Dr. Bull was married to Mary E. Kingsbury, daughter of Hon. Frederick J. Kingsbvu"y, of \\'aterbury. Connecticut. Dr. Bull's address is 47 West Thirty-sixth street. New York. ^^TLLIA^I BRADLEY COLEY. ^I. D.— 1888. Dr. William B. Coley, clinical lecturer in surgery at the College of Phy- sicians and Surgeons of New York city, was born in Westport, Connecticut. January 12, 1862. the son of Horace Bradley and Clarine Bradley (^^'ake- man) Coley. On the paternal side he is a descendant in the ninth genera- tion from Samuel Coley, who in 1639 became one of the pioneer settlers of Milford, Connecticut. On the maternal side he is descended from the Rev. John Wakeman, the second Congregational minister to settle in the town of Fairfield. Connecticut, and son of Samuel \\'akeman, a prominent citizen of Hartford, Connecticut, who served as treasurer of the New Haven colony in 1656. His maternal grandfather, Nathan ^^"heeler. was a descendant of OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 461 Thomas Wlieeler, wlio settled in Poquonock, Connecticut, prior to the vear 1636. Dr. Coley was a student in a private school conducted by the Re\-. James E. Coley at Westport, Connecticut, later attended the Easton Academy, Con- necticut, and graduated from Yale College in 1884, with the degree of Bach- elor of Arts. From 1884 to 1886 he served as senior master in the Bishop Scott government school at Portland, Oregon, after which he matriculated in the medical school at Harvard, from which institution he was graduated in 1888. The following two years he served as interne at the New York Hospital under the direction of Dr. Robert F. Weir and Dr. William T. Bull, and in this capacity acquired a wide and varied experience. From 1891 to 1897 he acted as instructor in surgery at the New York Post-Graduate Med- ical School ; has served as clinical lecturer in surgery at the College of Phy- sicians and Surgeons of New York city from 1897 to the present time (1903) : is the attending surgeon to the General Memorial Hospital, and asso- ciate surgeon to the Hospital for the Ruptured and Crippled. Dr. Coley is the author of numerous monographs on malignant tumors and abdominal surgery, which have been published in the leading medical journals: in 1893 he published his first paper upon the radical cure of hernia in children, with a report of fifty-one cases, and the criticism was made by some surgeons that hernia in children should not be operated upon, inas- much as it could always be cured by mechanical means. As a reply to this criticism Dr. Coley made an analysis of upward of fifteen thousand cases of hernia in adults observed at the Hospital for Ruptured and Crippled in New York city, with a view of ascertaining, as nearly as possible, how rnany gave a history of hernia in infancy and childhood. A careful study of these cases warranted the conclusion that at least one-third of all infants and chil- dren under foiu'teen years with inguinal hernia are not cured by mechanical treatment, and hence the employment of operative methods in hernia oc- curring in children is entirely justified, provided those methods are free from risk. Since the publication of this paper Dr. Coley has written a mono- graph on "The Radical Cure of Inguinal and Femoral Hernia," with a re- port of one thousand cases operated upon between the years 1891 and 1902, which was published in the Annals of Snrgery, June, 1903, and in the Trans- actions of the American Surgical Association in 1903. He is also the au- thor, conjointly with Dr. \\'illiam T. Bull, of the section on hernia in "Den- nis System of Surgery," and also in "International Text Book of Surgery." Dr. Coley is a fellow of the American Surgical Association, fellow of the Southern Surgical and Gynecological Association, member of the New York Academy of Medicine, State Medical Association, American Medical Asso- ciation, and the Harvard Medical Society of New York, of which he was president in 1902. Socially he is a member of the University, Yale and Harvard Clubs, and politically is an adherent of the principles of the Repub- lican party. Dr. Coley married Miss Alice Lancaster, of Newton, Massa- chusetts. Their children were : Bradley Lancaster, born January 23, 1892; and Malcolm .Coley, born November 28, 1896, died September 23, 1901. Dr. Coley's address is 5 Park avenue. New York. 462 COLLEGE OF PHySICL4NS AND SURGEONS. RICHARD HOOPE CUNNINGHAM, M. D.— 1888. Dr. Richard H. Cunningham, instructor in electro-physiology at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city. \\as born in the city of Richmond, Virginia. At an early age he entered Hanover Academy, Virginia, and after pursuing a five years' course in that institution became a student in the University of Virginia. Here he spent two years and was awarded diplomas in modern langages. chemistry, physics, botany, biology, zoology and anatomy. Later he matriculated in the Medical College of Virginia, graduated as Doctor of Medicine in 1886. obtaining the obstetrical prize, and subsec|uently entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city, from which he received his medical degree in the class of 1888. The following two years he served as a member of the house staff of Mt. Sinai Hospital, New York city, after which he went abroad and spent the following four years in medical research under the competent su- pervision of Drs. Erb, Arnold, Charcot, Mendel. Horsley, Dejerine, Gowers and other eminent physicians, devoting special attention to neurology and experimental medicine. In 1894 Dr. Cunningham returned from Europe and entered upon the oractice of neurology in Richmond, being also appointed lecturer on ner- vous and mental diseases in the Medical College of Virginia. The follow- ing year he located in New York city, and in addition to his large private practice accepted the position of demonstrator of physiology at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, which was tendered to him in 1897, and he is now connected with the University in the capacity of instructor in electro- physiology. He is a specialist of high authority on neurotic and mental dis- eases. Dr. Cunningham is a member of the New York Neurological Soci- ety, the American Physiological Society, the ^ledical Society of Virginia, the Medical Society of the County of iN'ew York, and the Alumni Associa- tion of Mt. Sinai Hospital. He was united in marriage to Gertrude Agnes Stillman October 5, 1891. ROBERT WILLIAM TAYLOR. M. D.— 1868. Dr. Robert William Taylor, of 40 West Twenty-first street, New York city, was born in London. England. August 11. 1842. He received his pre- liminary education at Grace Church School in Newark. New Jersey, and this was supplemented by a course of instruction under the preceptorship of private tutors in classics and foreign languages. Desiring to become a mem- htv of the medical profession, he matriculated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city and studied under the competent direction of Professor Willard Parker, one of the most celebrated physicians of New York. Dr. Taylor was graduated from the latter named institution in 1868 with the degree of Doctor of Medicine: he is a man that possesses great zeal, marked ability, close application to duty, and a thorough knowledge of the science of medicine, and through the exercise of these qualities he has ob- tained a position in the medical fraternity that might well be envie^l by many a practitioner. Ever since his graduation he has made a specialty of skin OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 463 diseases and genito-iirinary diseases ; for six years he acted as surg'eon m venereal diseases in the New York Dispensary, and he was also the pro- fessor of skin diseases in the medical department of the University of Ver- mont. Dr. Taylor now acts in the capacity of surgeon to Bellevue and the City Hospital, consulting surgeon to the French and Columbus Hospital, and clinical professor of venereal diseases in Columbia College since 1891. He is one of the incorporated members, and acts as treasurer of the Dermatological Society of New York, a member of the County Medical Society of New York, the Neurological Society, the Medical Journal Association, the Amer- ican Dermatological Association, the New York Academy of Medicine, and the Association of Genito-Urinary Surgeons. Dr. Taylor is the author of a practical treatise on genito-urinary and venereal diseases, also syphilis, -.idiich was published in 1900 by Lee Brothers & Company, Philadelphia. Pennsylvania. ALEXANDEI-i EDDY HOSACK, M. D.— 1824. Dr. Alexander Eddy Hosack, son of Dr. Da\'id and Elizabeth (\V'arner) Hosack, was born in New York city, April 6. 1805. He was trained by private tutory, a college course being forbidden him on account of his frail physical condition. From his early youth he had taken an interest in medi- cine, and he gained considerable knowledge of the science through his intimate association with his father, who liacl cherished a desire that his son should succeed him in the profession. He subsequently entered the Medical De- partment of the University of Pennsyh'ania, from which he was graduated at the age of nineteen years. For three years he studied in Paris under two of the most distinguished French practitioners. Dupuytren and Amus- sat, and also served as interne in one of the principal hospitals. Establish- ing himself in New York city, he soon enjoyed an extensi\-e personal prac- tice, and also busied himself in various institutions, principallv those on Ward's Island, which he was instrumental in establishing, and the Marine Hospital, with which he was connected for many years in the capacity of attending physician. He was known as a most accomplished diagnostician and an industrious and original originator. He was noted as first in New York to make use of sulphurous ether as an anaesthetic, which he repeatedly administered when performing operations in cases of amputation and cal- culus, and in the latter of which he was specially successful, treating a vast number of patients. In one notable instance he removed so manv as seven- teen calculi from one patient, who completely recovered and was restored to a condition of such vigor that he sur\-ived all the nine physicians who witnessed the operation upon him. Dr. Hosack introduced to the profession an invention for performing staphyloraphy, and his device was subsequently brought to such a degree of perfection as to be accepted as of permanent value. Through a long con- tinued series of experiments he arrived at the conclusion that death by hang- ing is painless, the first pressure of the cord upon the neck producing an ini- 464 COLLEGE OF PHYSICL4NS AND SURGEONS.. mediate cessation of sensation, and he pnshed his theory so far as to assert that, in some cases, the effect was actually pleasing. He contributed various valuable essays to medical journals and addresses to medical societies, m which he gave to the profession the results of his investigations. Among them were tb.e following: "Description of an Instrument for the Tying of Deep-Seated Arteries," "Use and Advantages of the Actual Cautery," "Me- moir on Staphyloraphy," "Popliteal Aneurism Cured by Compression with a New Instrument," "Anaesthesia," "Pustule Maligne and Its Treatment," and "History of the Case of the Late Dr. John Kearney Rodgers." Dr. Hosack died in Newport. Rhode Island, March 2, 1871, and his character and attainments are commemorated in a memorial founded upon a becjuest of $70,000 made by his widow. This memorial is known as Hosack Hall, a spacious lecture hall in t!ie New York Academy of Medicine. Upon the wall is a tablet bearing the following inscription : HOSACK HALL. As a Memonal of her Husband, ALEXANDER EDDY HOSACK, M. D., This Hall Is Erected bv CELINE B. HOSACK, MDCCCLXXXIX. GEORGE HENRY EOX, A. M., M. D.— 1869. Dr. George Henry Fox was born at Ballston Spa, Saratoga county, New York, October 8, 1846, a son of the Rev. Norman and Jane (Freeman) Fox and grandson of the Rev. Jehiel Fox, a pioneer Baptist minister, who organized most of the churches of the Lake George Association. He pre- pared for college in the Rochester Collegiate Institute, and in 1863 entered the University of Rochester. The following year he enlisted in the Seventy- seventh New York Volunteers, and after serving eight months returned to college, where he was graduated with his class in 1867. He received his medical degree from the LTniversity of Pennsylvania in 1869, and the same year was appointed an interne in the Philadelphia Hospital. In 1870 he went abroad and for three years prosecuted his medical studies in the uni- versities of Berlin, Vienna, Paris and London. He returned to X^ew York in 1874 and the following year received the appointment of surgeon to the New York Dispensary. In 1877 he became clinical professor of diseases of the skin in the Woman's Medical College of the Ncav York Infirmary, and two years later became clinical professor of dermatology at Starling Medical College, Columbus, Ohio. In 1880 he was appointed clinical professor of skin diseases in the New York College of Physicians and Surgeons, which position he retains at the present time (1903). In 1885 he was appointed professor in the Post-Graduate A-Iedical School and Hospital, and for sev- eral years was vice president. OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 465 Dr. Fox is the author of "Photographic Ilkistrations of Skin Diseases," pubhshed in 1880, second edition in 1886: "Photographic lUustrations of Cutaneous Syphilis," 1881 ; "Ilkistrated Medicine and Surgery," 1882-83; "Electrolysis in the Removal of Superfluous Hair," 1886: "Skin Diseases of Children," 1897; "Photographic Atlas of Skin Diseases," 1900; "Smallpox," illustrated, 1902. He is a member of the New York Academy of Medicine, and has served as president of the Medical Society of the County of New York and of the State Medical Society. He is also a member of the Univer- sity Club, the Psi Upsilon Cluli and the New York Camera Club, and as a photographer has made good use of his skill in illustrating his scientific pub- lications. Dr. Fox finds recreation and di\'ersion from his professional duties in the study of entomology and ornithology. On August 30, 1872, Dr. Fox married Harriet Gibbs, daughter of Francis Henry Gibbs, of Nunda, New York. He has four children. The oldest, Dr. George Howard Fox, is a graduate of the College of Physicians and Surgeons (1898). WILLIAM JOHN GIFS. IL S., Ph. D.— 1897. Dr. William J. Gies, adjunct professor of physiological chemistry at the College of Physicians and Sin"geons of New York city, is of German descent, his father, John Gies, having come from Germany to this country in his boyhood, and having subsecjuently taken up his residence in Reisterstown, Maryland, where William John Gies was born February 21, 1872. His mother was the daughter of John M. Ensminger, founder and editor of the Manhcim Sentinel (1846-1899). Dr. Gies was a pupil in the public schools of Reisterstown, Maryland, and of Manheim, Pennsylvania; in 1888 he graduated from the Manheim high school at the head of his class ; the following year he entered Pennsyl- vania College, Gettysburg, from which institution he obtained the degree of Bachelor of Science on the completion of his course in 1893 and graduated with second honor. He then became a student at Yale, and after a year's study at the Sheffield Scientific School received the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy. His name was on the honor list and he received honorable mention for the Belknap prize in zoology and geology. The following three years were devoted to graduate studies in biology at Yale, which conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in 1897, and the previous year Gettysburg made him Master of Science. In 1895 -^r. Gies received the appointment of laboratory assistant in zoology at Yale under Professor Verrill, which was held to the end of the year. Later he was appointed as- sistant in physiological chemistry under Professor Chittenden, which position was held until 1898. He also filled the position of tutor in physiology at the Sheffield Scientific School from January to June, during 1896, 1897 and 1898. During his course at Gettysburg he held various elective positions, among them the captaincy of the baseball team for two years, editorship of Tlie Spcetruui and of the College Monthly. He was the founder of "Pen and Sword "' In 1898 he established at Gettysburg what are now known as the "Gies Literarv Prizes." 466 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. In 189S Dr. Gies was appointed instructor of physiological chemistry at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and has had charge of the prac- tical work of departmental organization and laboratory instruction, and the direction of research, ever since. He is now adjunct professor of physiologi- cal chemistry and since June 30, 1903, has been the acting head of the de- partment. He spent the summer of 1899 at the University of Bern, Switzerland, engaged in physiological researches with Professors Hugo Kronecher and Leon Asher. The summers of 1901 and 1902 were spent at the ^Marine Biological Laboratory at Wood's Hall, Massachusetts, in biochemical inves- tigations with Professor Jacques Loeb and Dr. Rodney H. True. The results of all these investigations have been published. Since 1902 Dr. Gies has been the consulting chemist at the New York Botanical Garden, where he has aided in organizing the chemical laboratory, gives instruction in chemical botany and directs chemico-botanical research. He is an active member of various national and foreign scientific socie- ties, is a charter member of the Columbia Chapter of Sigma Xi and is secretarv of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. He has published the results of numerous biochemical researches since 1896 and has lately issued the first volume of reprints of experimental studies from his department. Since 1900 he has been a trustee of Irving College, Mechanics- burg, Pennsylvania. He was married in 1899 to Miss Mabel L. Lark, a graduate of Irving College and for two years a graduate student at Bryn Mawr. He has one child, a boy. CHARLES N. DOWD, ]M. D.— 1886. Dr. Charles North Dowd, of 135 West Seventy-third street. New York city, was born in New Britain, Connecticut. His parents, Charles F. and Harriet Miriam (North) Dowd, were descended from ancestors who were among the very early settlers of Connecticut. His father was a prominent educator, was president of the North Granville Ladies' Seminary and after- wards of the Temple Grove Ladies' Seminary at Saratoga Springs, and was the originator of the system of standard time throughout the United States which has been in use since 1883. Charles N. Dowd was prepared for college in Saratoga Springs, and entered Williams College, from which he was graduated in 1879. For th.ree years afterward he was engaged in teaching, and for a year studied in Europe. He then entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city, and was graduated with the class of 1886, taking a Harsen prize for pro- ficiency at examination. He served an interneship in Roosevelt Hospital for two years after his graduation, and on December i, 1888, began privafe practice at 260 West Fifty-seventh street. New York city. On May i. 1889, he removed to 135 West Seventy-third street, where he has since been lo- cated. For many years he has worked regularly in general surgery in the General Memorial Hospital and St. Mary's Free Hospital for Children. Dr. Dowd has been and is an industrious teacher in the line of his pro- OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 467 fession. He was assistant gynecologist and then assistant surgeon in the Vanderbilt Chnic from 1886 to 1895; i^^ 1887 he was assistant instructor in histology in the College of Physicians and Surgeons; and since 1898 he has occupied the position of instructor in surgery in the same institution. He nas been assistant surgeon and then attending surgeon in the General Memor- ial Hospital from 1890 to the present time, and in St. Mary's Free Hospital for Children from 1894 to the present time. He has published in professional journals many articles on surgical sub- jects, and among them the following: "Fibrous Mammary Tumors," Nezu York Medical Record, April 16, 1892. "An Apparatus for the Steriliza- tion of Catgut," Ibid., December, 1892. "Wound Treatment," an article in Flandbook of Medical Sciences (supplement), 1893. "Different Types of Exudative Inflammation," Kczi' York Medical Record, September, 1894. "Cleft Hand : Report of a Case Successfully Treated by the Use of Periostal Flaps," Annals of Surgery, August. 1896. "A Plastic Operation for Restor- ing the Lower Lip," Nezv York Medical Record, February 20, 1897. "Is Pain a Valuable Sign in the Diagnosis of Cancer of the Breast?" N^ezv York Medical Record. August 7, 1897. "The Submaxillary Part of the Opera- tion for Epithelioma of the Lip," Nezc York Medical Record, December 23, 1899. "Epithelioma of the Tongue," International Journal of Surgery, Oc- tober, 1900. "Strangulated Hernia in Infants, with Rqjorts of Cases," arti- cles in Archives of Pediatrics, May, 1897. and April, 1898, and Nezv York Medical Record, October, 1901. "Facial Angiomata Successfully Treated by Electrolysis," Archives of Pediatrics, January, 1898. "Tubercular Cer- vical Lvmph Nodes," a study based on thirty-six cases submitted to opera- tion, Annals of Surgery, jMay, 1899. "The Etiology of Mesenteric Cysts," Annals of Surgery, October, 1900. "Gangrenous Intussusception in a Child Four Years Old, Intestinal Resection, Recovery," Annals of Surgery, July, 1902. "Surgical Treatment of Empyema," a report based on seventy-five cases observed chiefly in St. Mary's Hospital for Children, Nez^' York Medi- cal Ncii's. September, 1902. "Intussusception," article in Reference Hand- book of the ■Medical Sciences, 1902. "Tubercular Femoral, Inguinal and Iliac Lymph Nodes Secondary to Foot Wounds," Annals of Surgery, May, 1903, To the above might be added numerous reports of surgical cases printed in the transactions of the New York Surgical Society, in the Annals of Surgery. Dr, Dowd is a member of the leading professional associations, the New York Academy of Medicine, in which he was formerly chairman of the surgical section; the Surgical Society, the New York County Medical Society, of which he is the present president ; the Roosevelt Hospital Alumni Asso- ciation and the West End Medical Society, of each of which he was formerly president: the Hospital Graduate Club and the Harlem Medical Association, He is a member of the Century Club of the Williams College Alumni Asso- ciation, and of Williams College Chapter, Alpha Delta Psi, He was married June 16, 1891, to Miss Eleanor R. Bliss, daughter of Hon. Archi- bald Bliss, of Brooklyn. She died November 23, 1898, leaving one child, Constance. 468 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. GEORGE FREDERICK SHRADY, M. D.— 1858. Dr. George Frederick Shrady was born January 14, 1837, in New York city, and is a son of John and Margaret Shrady. He is descended from an oki New York family. Both his grandfathers were soldiers in the Revolu- tionary army, and his father served in the war of 1812. He was educated in the public schools and the College of the City of New York. In 1858 he graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, with the degree of Doctor of Medicine. The same year he was awarded, at Bellevue Hospital, the Wood inter-col- legiate prize for proficiency in anatomy. In 1857 and 1858 he was resident surgeon in the New York Hospital, and is now consulting surgeon to St. Francis' Hospital, to the Columbus Hospital, New York ; the Home for In- curables, Fordham, New York; the General Memorial Hospital, the Red Cross Hospital, New York; and the Vassar Hospital, Poughkeepsie, New York. He is consulting physician in chief to the hospitals of the New York health department, and was for ten years one of the managers of the Hud- son River State Hospital for the Insane. During the Civil war he served as acting assistant surgeon, United States army, on duty at the Central Park Hospital, New York. Later he was detailed to field duty on the operating corps. Dr. Shradv attended General Grant in his last illness, and by his ability greatly alleviated the sufferer's last hours. In the celebrated case of the late Emperor Frederick of Germany, Sir Morell Mackenzie was in almost con- stant cable communication with Dr. Shrady, consulting with him on all the important changes of symptoms. As surgical pathologist he assisted Dr. Bliss in the care of President Garfield, and on behalf of the stafT made a re- port to the profession and the public on the results of the autopsy. He was present at the autopsy of Guiteau, the assassin of President Garfield, and as- sisted in determining some points connected with the supposed existence of insanity in that criminal. In 1890 he was appointed oue of the medical experts to attend the execution of Kemmler, the first to suffer electrocution, and at that time condemned the method in unqualified terms. Dr. Shrady is considered a high authority on subjects connected with general surgery and has a large private practice. He is a well known writer, and has an established reputation as an editor. He has contributed extensively to medical journals, and was for several years one of the editors of the American Medical Times. When the Medical Record was founded, in 1866, he was chosen its editor in chief, and has served as such for thirty-seven years. In addition to various original articles on surgery, he contributed to its columns, in 1879, the widely quoted "Pine Ridge Papers," satirical and witty treatises on charlatan medical prac- titioners. Dr. Shrady has been president of the New York Pathological Society, the American Medical Editors' Association, and the Practitioners' Society of New York. He is a member of the American and New York Academies of Medicine, the New York State Medical Society, and other scientific and professional associations, in addition to being a member of the Metropolitan OFFICERS AXD ALUMNL 469 and Ardsley Clubs. Dr. Shrady married, in i860. ]\Iary Lewis, of New York city, who died in 1883. and in 1888 he married Hester Ellen Cantine, of Ulster county. New York. He has three sons and one daughter. Dr. Shrady's New York address is 8 East Sixty-sixth street. FRANCIS DELAFIELD, \L D.— 1863. Francis Delafield was born in the city of New York, August 3, 1841, son of the late Dr. Edward Delafield and Julia Floyd. His father was one of the founders of the Association of the Alumni of the College of Physi- cians and Surgeons, and one of its most active and liberal supporters. Francis Delafield was educated at Yale, graduating in i860, after which he matriculated at the College of Physicians and Surgeons and graduated in 1863. He continued his medical studies in Europe. The degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred by Yale College in 1890. During his long and active professional life, in connection with his practice. Dr. Delafield has filled the following offices: Curator to Bellevue Hospital. t866: visiting surgeon, 1875-1886, and consulting physician since 1886: surgeon and con- sulting physician to New York Eye and Ear Infirmary ; consulting physician to St. ]\Ia'ry's Hospital: adjunct professor, 1876, and later, 1882, professor of pathology and practice of medicine in New York College of Physicians and Surgeons, and is now emeritus professor of the practice of medicine. As a pathologist, as well as a practicing and consulting physician, Dr. Delafield enjoys an enviable reputation both in this country and abroad. His "Studies in Pathological Anatomy" is regarded by his professional brethren as a standard work of reference. His earlier work is "Handbook of Post-mortem Examinations and Alorbid Anatomy," which, with the as- sistance of Dr. T. Ivlitchell Prudden, he made the basis of his notable "Handbook of Pathological Anatomy and Histology." He has also written a "Manual of Physical Diagnosis," and several other valuable contributions to medical literature, including especially important papers on "Renal Dis- eases," "Inflammation of the Colon," etc. Dr. Delafield is a member of the Century, City, Metropolitan, Riding and Yale clubs, the Yale Alumni Association, the Association of the Alumni of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, the New York Academy of Medicine, the New Pathological Society, the State Medical Society, the Medical Society of the County of New York, the Society for the Relief of Widows and Orphans of Medical Men, and of the Physicians' Alutual Aid Association. FREDERICK PETERSON, M. D.— 1879. Dr. Frederick Peterson was born March i, 1859. in Faribault, Minne- sota, and is the son of John Frederick and Hilma (Lindholm) Peterson. He was educated at high school and by private tutors in Buft'alo and in Ger- many. In 1879 he graduated from the medical school of the University of Buft'alo, and was professor of patholog}- in this school after his return from Germanv for several years. He received the degree of Doctor of Philos- ophy from the LTniversity of Niagara. 470 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. He is chief of clinic and instructor in nervous and mental diseases in the New York College of Physicians and Surgeons, and ex-professor of insan- ity in the Woman's Medical College of the New York Infirmary. He is ex-president of the New York Neurological Society, of the board of man- agers of the Craig Colony for Epileptics, and president of the New York State Commission in Lunacy. Dr. Peterson married, April 3. 1895, An- toinette Rotan. His address is 4 West Fiftieth street, New York city. CHARLES HOWARD PECK, M. D.— 1892. Dr. Charles H. Peck was born in Newtown, Connecticut, June 18, 1870. the son of Captain A. W. Peck, who commanded a company of the Seventeenth Connecticut Volunteers throughout the Civil war. and whose family have resided in Newtown for upward of five generations ; and I^ouisa W. (Booth) Peck, also of old New England ancestry, formerly residing in Bridgeport, Connecticut. Dr. Peck's boyhood was passed upon the farm, his education being re- ceived at the Newtown Academy. He matriculated at the College of Physi- cians and Surgeons of New York, from wdiich lie was graduated in the class of 1892. being the winner of the first Harsen prize of five hundred dol- lars for proficiency in his studies. In July. 1892. he was appointed interne in the medical division of the New York Hospital, serving as such for eigh- teen months, and after a second competitive examination served on the first surgical division of the same institution from fanuarv, 1894, to Julv, ^895- He commenced the private practice of his profession in New York city, devoting most of his time and attention to general surgery, and from July, 1895, to January, 1898, served as one of the surgeons of the out-patient de- partment of the Hudson Street Hospital. Since March, 1897, he has been attending surgeon to the French Hospital, and since July i, 1900, has been assistant instructor of operative surgery in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York. He is a member of the New York Hospital Alumni Association, the New York Academy of Medicine, the New York Surgical Society, the County Medical Society, the County Aledical Association- and the Greater New York Medical Association. On September 2, 1896, Dr. Peck married Miss Betsy F. Chaffee, daughter of the late A. B. Chaffee, of Montreal, Canada. Their children are Charles Howard, Jr., and Nelson C. Peck. They reside at 37 West Forty-eighth street, New York. JULIUS HAYDEN WOODWARD. B. S.. M. D.— 1882. Dr. Julius H. Woodward was born in Castleton, Vermont, May 31, 1858, the son of Adrian T. and Lois C. (June) Woodward, the former named being a successful physician of Brandon, Vermont, and the latter a descendant of one of the first settlers of the toAvn of Brandon, Vermont. Theodore^ Woodward, grandfather of Dr. Woodward, was a prominent physician and one of the founders of the Vermont Academy of Medicine,, then the principal medical school of New England. (^^^L^ i¥"^2c^ OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 471 Dr. Woodward prepared for college in the Brandon graded schools and in Norwich University, later entered Cornell University, from which he was graduated in 1879, with the degree of Bachelor of Science. Three years later he was graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, winning the third Harsen prize for proficiency, and in the same year he received his medical degree from the medical department of the University of Vermont. After serving an interneship of twenty months in Bellevue Hospital Dr. Woodward returned to Vermont, and commenced the active practice of his profession at Brandon. Vermont, under the direc- tion of his father. In 1886 he studied diseases of the eye under Professor J. Hirschberg in Berlin and upon his return to this country was appointed to the chair of materia medica in the University of Vermont ; he was pro- fessor of materia medica and therapeutics from 1887 to 1893 inclusive, professor of diseases of the eye and ear from 1889 to 1898. also professor of diseases of the nose and throat for a portion of this period. In January, 1887, Dr. Woodward removed to Burlington. Vermont, where his prac- tice was confined especially to the eye. ear. nose and throat : he was ophthal- mic surgeon of the JNIary Fletcher Hospital of Burlington and also oph- thalmic surgeon of the Fannie Allen Hospital. In November. 1897, he removed to New York city, established an ofifice at 58 West Fortieth street, and in addition to his large private practice acted in the capacity of surgeon to the Metropolitan Throat Hospital, and the New York Nose and Throat Hospital for a short period of time. Dr. Woodward has contributed many papers and brochures upon the eye, ear. nose and throat, the principal ones being : "The Medico Legal Relations of Vision and Audition and of Injuries to the Eve and Ear." constituting eight chapters of the third volume of Whitthaus & Becker's "Medical Jurisprudence, Forensic jMedicine and Toxicolog}-."' He has also delivered many lectures before the various medical societies with which he is connected. He is a member of the Nr.w York Academy of Medicine, the Alumni Society of Bellevue Hospital, the Societe Francaise d'Ophthal- mologie, the American Medical Association, the New York Medical Union, and the Rutland County. Vermont. Medical and Surgical Society. He takes particular interest in athletics, fencing, hunting and fishing during his hours of rest and recreation. On May 25, 1883, in New York city. Dr. Woodward was united in marriage to Miss Laura F. Nelson. JOHN EDWIN STILLWELL, M. D.— 1836. John Edwin Stillwell, A. M., M. D., son of William Stillwell. M. D., by his wife Hannah Seabrook, was born in New York city, July 25, 1813, where he died November 26, 1873. He was seventh in descent from Lieutenant Nicholas Stillwell. the founder of the family in America, who settled in New Amsterdam about 1638, and became famous in the early history of this region. Dr. Stillwell. through his paternal and maternal lines, descended from ten of the first settlers of this country, and from twentv who held official positions of trust and responsibiliy during the colonial and revolu- 4/2 COLLEGE OF PHYSICL4XS AND SURGEONS. tionary periods. His father, Dr. ^^"illiam Stillwell, born in 1768, was one of New York's most successful practitioners : his great-grandfather. Dr. Stephen TaUman, born in 1702, was equally well known in Monmouth county, New Jersey, and his great-great-grandfather. Dr. James Tallman, born about 1670, was one of the earliest medical men of Rhode Island. John E. Stillwell was graduated from Columbia College in 1832. and from the College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1836. His student life was passed in the office of Dr. Joseph M. Smith, and upon his gradua- tion he became an interne of the old New York Hospital. He began prac- tice in ^Market street, subsequently moved to Pitt street, later to East Broad- way, when it was the heart of the city, and finally to East Twelfth street, all in New York. In the course of years he amassed a business of enor- mous proportions, not infrequently ministering to seventy-five persons a day, then possible because of the restricted size of the city and the concen- tration of work to limited areas. This is all the more remarkable, as he was best known as an accoucheur, the most time-consuming of all the departments of medicine. To save time it was his custom, as his calls lay near each other, to have his carriage follow his footsteps rather than to drive, and it was only used for distant work. For many years he was one of the visiting physicians to the Eastern Dispensary, when it was deemed one of the city hospitals. He was also one of the founders of the East River Medical Association, a member of the New York County Medical Society, a fellow of the Academy of Medi- cine, a member of the Society for the Relief of Widows and Orphans, etc., etc. Dr. Stillwell, without excqjtion, was a man of the fewest words who ever practiced medicine. His power of condensation, his lucidity and direct- ness of expression, made it impossible for him to lengthen a conversation. His brevity, however, caused him to be misunderstood, and he was accused of a hauteur entirely foreign to him. As a matter of fact his goodness of heart and thoughtfulness never permitted him to utter a hasty or unkind word, and he ever stood as an apologist for many of mankind. He finally succumbed to the strain of medical practice, and died after a year or .more of enforced retirement. On the 17th of ]\Iarch, 1844, he married Elizabeth Gillies, b}- whom he had three daughters, and one son, the present Dr. lohn E. Stilhvell, of New York. WTLLIAM EDGAR STILLWELL, ^I. D.— 1830. William Edgar Stillwell, M. D., also a son of William Stillwell, :\I. D., by his wife Hannah Seabrook, was born in the cit}- of New York, j\Iarch 14, 1807, where he died February 6, 1867. He was a student in the office of Dr. Joseph ]\I. Smith, and a graduate of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York city, in 1830. He became the assistant of his father. Dr. William Stillwell, and later his successor. He was successfully estab- lished in Roosevelt street, Oliver street. Tenth street, and finally at 315 Second avenue, his removals being necessitated by the constantly changing OFFICERS AXD ALUMNI. 473 residential parts of the city. In 1832 he became a member of the New York Count}'- Medical Society. Dr. Stillwell was a man of great self-reliance and an able practitioner. His manner was dignitied and suave, and he built up a large and lucrative practice. In 1843 he married Lydia A. Ostrander, by whom he had two daughters and one son. THADDEUS HALSTED MYERS. M. D.— 1885. Dr. Thaddeus Halsted Myers, of New York city, is a representative on the paternal side of a German family, the founder of the American branch having come to America in 17 10 with the second Palatinate emigration, settling first in New Jersey and subsequently in Middletown, New York. Various members of the Myers family served in the continental army during the Revolutionary war. On the maternal side Dr. Myers is of English descent, the emigrant ancestor, Timothy Halsted, having settled in Hempstead, Long Island, in 1657. John Kirtland Myers, father of Dr. Myers, was prominent in the mercantile and financial world of New York, having been at one time connected with the firm of Halsted, Haines & Com- pany, and later president of the Pacific Mutual Insurance Company. He married Sarah Louise Halsted. Thaddeus Halsted Myers, son of John Kirtland and Sarah Louise (Halsted) Myers, was born August 31. 1859, in Yonkers. New York, where he attended the public schools of the town, afterward becoming a student at the Williston Seminary at Easthampton, Massachusetts. In 1877 he entered the academic department of Yale University, graduating in the class of 1881, with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. Deciding to devote himself to the practice of medicine, he pursued his preparatory studies under the direction of Dr. Henry B. Sands and Dr. William S. Halsted, and later entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, from which institution he graduated in the class of 1885. After serving for eighteen months on the surgical staff of St. Luke's Hospital, and as house surgeon at the New York Foundling Hospital for one year. Dr. jNIyers entered upon the private practice of his profession in New York city. About the time of beginning private practice Dr. Myers took charge of the surgical class in the Presbyterian Dispensary, and also of a class in general medicine at the Roosevelt Dispensary, becoming at the same time assistant surgeon to the New York Orthopedic Dispensary and Hospital. In 1890 Dr. flyers was elected attending orthopedic surgeon to St. Luke's Hospital, which position he still holds. The following year he was made consulting orthopedic surgeon to the New York Ljang-in Hospital, in 1892 consulting orthopedic surgeon to the House of Annunciation, receiving in 1894 the same appointment to St. John's Riverside Hospital in Yonkers, and in 1896 to All Souls' Hospital in Morristown. He was elected in 1895 orthopedic surgeon to the New York Foundling Hospital. His con- nection with the New York Orthopedic Hospital and Dispensar}^ began in 1893. when he was elected attending surgeon, becoming, in 1898, assistant to the surgeon in chief, and receiving, on his resignation from active service, in 1899, the appointment of consulting surgeon. 474 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. Dr. Meyers' specialty is orthopedic surgery, on the various brandies of which science he has written a numl^er of vahiable papers, the titles of which are given, with references to the works in which they are included : Articles in the Transactions of the American Orthopedic Association, Vol. 2; "Prognosis of Pressure Paralysis," ibid.. Vol. 3; "Potts Disease and Pregnancy." ibid.. Vol. 4; "Lateral Dislocation of the Knee-joint due to Tubercular Disease, or Paralysis with Especial Reference to Mechanical Treatment," ibid., Vol. 5; "A New Fixation Splint," ibid.. Vol. 5; "Forcible Correction of Club-foot by Double Lever Stretching Apparatus," ibid.. Vol. 6; "Some Clinical Aspects of Rickets," American Lancet, June. 1892; "Treatment of Congenital Dislocation of the Hip," Transactions of the American Orthopechc Association, Vol. 7; "Spasmodic Wry Neck with Es- pecial Reference to Conium and Atropine in its Treatment," ibid.. Vol. 8; "Congenital Dislocation of the Femur, with presentation of a case cured," Transactions of the New York State Medical Society, 1896; "Excavation of the Astragalus for Inveterate Club-foot," American Medico-Surgical Bul- letin, June 15, 1894; "Mechanical Therapeutics as Applied to Certain Forms of Infantile Paralysis Affecting the Lower Extremities.'' Medico-Surgical Bulletin, March. 1892 ; "A New Automatic Traction Hip Splint," Trans- actions of the Orthopedic Section of the New York .\cademy of ^ledicine. March 2. 1891 ; and the following articles, all of which are to be found in the Annual of Universal Medical Sciences for 1888: "Bronchitis," "Emphysema." "Atalectasis." "Broncho-Pneumonia in Children" and "Pleurisy." In the Medical News of May 27. 1899, were published two articles entitled : "The Treatment of Fracture of the Neck of the Femur" and "Acute Joint Diseases of Infancy;" also one on "Non-Tubercular In- flammation of the Spine." Dr. Myers assisted Dr. William P. Northrup in editing the first and second American editions of Ashley and Wright's "Diseases of Children." having charge of the surgical department. Dr. Myers is a member of the New York Academy of Medicine, the New York State Medical Society, the New York County Medical Society, the New York Pathological Society, the Hospital Graduates' Society, the Lenox Medical Society, the Medical Society of Greater New York, in all of. which he is an active participant. He is also a member of the Century. University, Yale Clubs, and Richmond Hill Golf Club. His fondness for fishing and other outdoor sports is one of his prominent characteristics. In politics Dr. Meyers is a Republican, and belongs to St. Thomas' Protestant Epis- copal church. Dr. Myers married. October 6. 1897, Miss Sarah Hawley, of New York and Rodgerville. Connecticut, and is the father of one son, Halsted Hawley Myers. WILLIAM STEPHEN STONE, M. D.— 1891. Dr. William Stephen Stone was born May 3, 1867. in New Britain, Connecticut, and is the son of Jay S. and Ann Eliza (W'arner) Stone. The former is a graduate of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University. Dr. Stone received his preparatory education in the public OFFICERS AND ALUMNL 475 schools of liis native place, and in 18S8 graduated from Yale University with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He studied medicine at the College of Phy- sicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, from which he received, in 1891, the degree of Doctor of Medicine. After graduation he served as interne for eighteen months in the Chambers Street Hospital, for one year in the Roosevelt Hospital, and for three months in the Sloane Maternity Hospital. Since January i, 1894, he has been engaged in private practice, devoting himself chiefly to gynecology and obstetrics. In 1895 ^^ filled the position of alumni fellow in pathology in the College of Physicians and Sur- geons, and was also assistant in the department of the diseases of women of the Vanderbilt Clinic. In 1896 he was appointed instructor in gynecology in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, a position which he still holds. He is assistant attending gynecologist to the General Memorial Hospital, and assistant surgeon to the Society of the New York Lying-in Hospital. Dr. Stone is the author of a number of articles on gynecology, which have ap])eared in the Ncz^' York Medical Journal, and in the American Jour- nal of Obstetrics ami Diseases of Women. He is a member of the County Medical Society, the Academy of Medicine, the Pathological Society, the Obstetrical Societ}', the Physicians' Mutual Aid Association, the alumni as- sociations of the New York, the Roosevelt, and the Sloane Maternity hos- pitals. He belongs to the Yale and the Externe Clubs. Dr. Stone married, June 12, 1896, in New York city, Hermine de Siron, of Brussels, Belgium ; they have no children. Mrs. Stone is a grad- uate of St. Luke's Hospital Training School for Nurses, and a member of St. Luke's A-lumna; Association. She was one of those who tendered their services to the government during the Spanish-American war, and served for ten weeks as a nurse in the Sternberg Hospital at Chickamauga. The residence of Dr. Stone is at 1730 Broadway. CHARLES ALBERT ELSBERG, A. B., M. D.— 1893. Dr. Charles Albert Elsberg, of New York city, was born August 24, 1 87 1, in New York, a son of Albert and Rebecca (Moses) Elsberg, the former being a prominent merchant of the city of New York, where his death occurred in 1891. Dr. Louis Elsberg was a celebrated laryngologist. and at the time of his death in 1885, was president of the Laryngological Society and professor of laryngology at the New York Uiiiversity and Polyclinic. Charles Albert Elsberg acc^uired his preliminary education in public school No. 70, located on Seventy-fifth street, New York. He then entered the College of the City of New York, from which he was graduated in 1890 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and subsequently matriculated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, from which he was graduated with the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1893. He was awarded the Harsen general prize of five hundred dollars, he being the first in his class; he also obtained the Harsen clinical prize of one hundred and fifty dollars. Im- mediately after his graduation he served an interneship of two years in 476 COLLEGE OF PHYSICL4NS AND SURGEONS. Mt. Sinai Hospital, New York, after which he studied abroad for one year. Upon liis return he estabhshed an office in New York city, where he has since been engaged in the practice of surgery. In addition to his pri- vate practice he was actively connected with the Sloane Maternity Hospital for three months, was assistant pathologist at Mt. Sinai Hospital for two years, attending surgeon to the out-patient department for one year, and since then adjunct attending surgeon to the same institution. He also acts in the same capacity at the Montefiore Hospital. Dr. Elsberg has writen several articles on surgical subjects, among them being "Experimental Investigation of the Treatment of Wounds of the Heart by Means of Suture of the Heart Muscle," which was pub- lished in the Journal of Experimental Medicine in 1898, and translated into various foreign languages. Dr. Elsberg is a fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine, a member of the County Medical Society, County Medical Association, the American Medical Association, the Pathological Society, the Alumni Society of Sloane Maternity Hospital, the Alumni of Mt. Sinai Hospital, the Phi Beta Kappa, etc. RUDOLPH OTTO BORN, M. D.— 1877. Dr. Rudolph O. Born, professor of ophthalmology at the New York Polyclinic, was born in Burg, by Magdeburg, Germany, July 31, 1853. His early education was acquired in the gymnasium of his native town, and from 1872 to 1875 he was a student in the Berlin Medical College and the Uni- versity of Berlin. He then came to the United States and during the winter of 1875 ^"d 1876 acted in the capacity of assistant in St. Francis' Hospital, after which he pursued a course of study for one winter in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city, from which institution he re- ceived his degree of Doctor of Medicine in the class of 1877. Eor three years after his graduation Dr. Born was connected with the Ophthalmic and Aural Institute as interne, and since that time he has filled the position of assistant surgeon and surgeon of the same institution, his time being devoted entirely to ophthalmology. He is also the professor of ophthal- mology in the New York Polyclinic Medical School and Hospital. Dr. Born is a member of the New York County Medical Society, New York Academy of Medicine, German Medical Society, and the Greater New York Medical Society. On March 12, 1901, Dr. Born was united in marriage to Miss Josephine Houghtaling, of New York city. His address is 23 West Thirty-fifth street. New York. WALDRON BURRITT VANDERPOEL, M. D.— 1879. Dr. Waldron Burritt Vanderpoel, of New York city, is a representative, on the paternal side, of an old Knickerbocker family, the first ancestor hav- ing emigrated early in the seventeenth century from the old city of Amster- dam, in Holland, to the little city of New Amsterdam, which formed the capital of the province of New Netherland. The Vanderpoel family may OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. A77 still be found in the ancient city across the sea, and on this side of the ocean the American branch has remained in its first home, through all the changes of three centuries, and was represented in the earlj' decades of the nineteenth century by Jacob Vanderpoel, grandfather of Dr. Vanderpoel. On the maternal side Dr. Vanderpoel is descended from Caledonian ancestry, his mother's father having been Benjamin Waldron, a native of Scotland. Jacob Vanderpoel, son of the former bearer of that name, was in business in New York city until 1857, when he retired, and during the remainder of his life devoted his attention to his extensive real estate inter- ests. Mr. Vanderpoel, while all his life interested in public affairs, and at one time urged to accept the nomination as mayor of this city on a citi- zens' ticket, yet steadfastly refused to hold office of any kind. The latter part of his life he reluctantly accepted the office of commissioner of edu- cation from Mayor \A'ickham, and later that of dock commissioner from Mayor Ely. He married Catharine Ann Waldron, daughter of Benjamin Waldron, mentioned above. Waldron Burritt Vanderpoel, son of Jacob and Catharine Ann (Wal- dron) Vanderpoel, was born August 16, 1854, in New York citj', and was prepared for college at Phillips Academy, in Andover, Massachusetts, where he graduated in 1872; he entered Yale University, but almost immediately left, owing to a change in his plans which caused him to spend what would have been the Freshman year in European travel. On his return, in the fall of 1873, he entered the sophomore class in Dartmouth College, gradu- ating in June, 1876, with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He matriculated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York in the autumn of 1876, with Dr. Willard Parker as preceptor, and the following year con- tinued his studies under the instruction of Dr. Francis Deerfield, thus enjoy- ing, during his career as a student, exceptional advantages in the pre- ceptors whose instruction he was privileged to receive. Dr. Vanderpoel graduated February 28, 1879, ^"d on the ist of the following April en- tered Bellevue Hospital, where he finished his service as house surgeon. April I, 188 1. In November, 1879, Dr. Vanderpoel commenced private practice at his present address, 106 East Twenty-fourth street, since which he has advanced step by step to the leading position which he now oc- cupies. From June, 1881, to 1893, Dr. Vanderpoel acted as attending physician at the DeMilt Dispensary, and in June, 1882, received the appointment of visiting neurologist at Randall's Island Hospital, becoming, ir March, 1884. visiting physician to the same institution, which position he held until No- vember, 1895. Dr. Vanderpoel's contributions to the literature of his pro- fession, while varied, have been mostly fragmentary, and largely reports of cases of interest. He has embodied some original ideas on the subjects of renal and dietetic diseases grouped into papers on albuminuria and glycosuria, read before New York Academy of Medicine, the State Medical Society and Society of the Alumni of Bellevue Hospital. Notwithstanding the absorbing nature of his duties as a physician. Dr. Vanderpoel has found time to pursue the study of the law, receiving 478 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. from the New York Law School, in June, 1901, the degree of Bachelor of Laws, and in July of the same year being admitted to the New York bar. Dr. Vanderpoel is a fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine, a member of the New York County Medical Society, the State Medical So- ciety, the Medical Society of Greater New York, and the Society of the Alumni of Bellevue Hospital. By virtue of his Knickerbocker ancestry and social standing Dr. Vanderpoel is a member of the Holland Society, and the scope and ^•ersatility of his individual tastes and studies is shown by the fact that he belongs to the American Geographical Society. He is a parishioner and reg^ilar attendant of the church of St. IMary the Virgin, an Episcopal church in Forty-sixth street. CHARLES HEXRY MAY, M. D.— 1883. Dr. Charles Henrj^ May, a specialist in diseases of the eye and ear, was born August 7, 1861, in Baltimore, Maryland, and is the son of Hairy and Henrietta May. The preparatory education of Dr. ]\Iay was recei\-ed in the private and public schools of New York, and he afterward became a student in the College of the City of New York. He studied chemistry, and in 1877 entered the New York College of Pharmacy, from which he grad- uated in 1879. at the head of his class, receiving the gold medal for general proficiency. The same year he matriculated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, graduating in 1863, with the degree of Doctor of Medicine. On this occasion he was again at the head of his class, and was awarded the first Harsen prize of five hundred dollars for proficiency at examination, as well as the first Harsen prize of one hundred and fifty dollars for clinical reports. For nine months he served as substitute interne at Roosevelt Hospital, after which he spent eighteen months as interne at Mount Sinai Hospital. He then engaged in general practice for two years and at the expiration of that time spent a year abroad, devoting himself to the study of the eye and ear at Halle, Berlin and Viaina. Since 1887 he has applied himself exclusively to the treatment of diseases of the eye and ear, his private practice being extremely large. He was formerly .visiting- ophthalmic and aural surgeon to the City Hospital on Randall's Island, lec- turer on ophthalmology at the New York Polyclinic, clinical assistant at the Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital, and assistant surgeon at the New York Ophthalmic and Aural Institute. Since 1892 he has held the positions of chief of clinic in the eye department of the Vanderbilt Clinic, and instructor in ophthalmology in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York. In 1893 he was appointed adjunct ophthalmic and aural surgeon to IMount Sinai Hospital, which position he still holds. Dr. May is one of the editors of Annals of OphtliaUnoIogy. and is a contributor to the New International Enclyclopedia, published by Dodd, Mead & Company. He is the author of "A Manual of Diseases of the Eye," which has been adopted as a text book at the College of Physicians and Surgeons and many of the other large medical colleges of the United States. The first edition appeared in 1900, the second in 1901, and a third is now OFFICERS AND ALUMNL - 479 passing through the jiress. This work has been received Avith no less favor in Europe than in the United States. A German translation ( Hirschwald, Berlin) is in press, and a French edition is in course of preparation. Dr. May is also the author of the following miscellaneous articles : "Scarlatinous Otitis," American Journal of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children. April, 1889; "A Resume of Experience at the Atn"al Clinic of Professor Schartze in Halle, Germany." A^'rrc' York Medical Jour- nal, May 25, 1889; "The Constitutional Factor in Diseases and Errors of the Eye," Virginia Medical Monthly. March, 1891 ; "The Early Eye Symptoms in Chronic Alcoholism," American Journal of Inebriety, April, i8gi : "The Prevention and Treatment of Ophthalmia Neonatorem," Medical Record, February 16, 1895; "Mixed Forms of Trachoma and Spring Catarrh," An- nals of Ophthalnwlogy, January, 1896; "Treatment of Contusions of the Lids," Medical Record, April 10, 1897; "Restoration of the Conjunctival Cul-de-Sac by A'leans of Thiersch Skin Grafts," x-lrchives of Ophtlialniology, March, 1899; "Acute Inflammation of the Middle Ear Complicating Scar- let Fever and Measles," Archives of Pediatrics, July. 1899; "A Case of Cerebral Abscess; Operation," Arcliives of Otology, February, igoo; "A Series of Mastoid Operations," Medical Record, August 14, igoo; "Trans- plantation of a Large Wolff Graft Forming a New Lining of the Orbit," Archives of Ophtlialniology, September, igoi. Dr. May is the inventor of an ophthalmoscope, whicli apjjeared in igco, and is known as the "May Ophthalmoscope." Se\-eral minor instruments are likewise the product of his ingenuity. Dr. May is a member of the New York Academ}^ of Medicine, the American Academy of Medicine, the County Medical Society of New York, the Medical Association of Greater New York, the Metropolitan Medical So- ciety, the Manhattan Medical and Surgical Society, the American Otological Society, the Physicians' Mutual Aid Association, and the New York Otolog'- ical Society. He spends part of every summer in foreign travel in order to obtain needed rest, and also for the purpose of visiting the European eye and ear clinics and hospitals. In these brief journeys, and also in literary work, he finds his chief recreation. Dr. May married, in i8g3, in New York, Rosalie Allen, a resident of that city. They reside at 698 Madison avenue. DAVID BOVAIRD, JR., A. B., M. D.— 1892. Dr. David Bovaird, physician and surgeon of New York city, was born in Coultersville, Pennsylvania, September 28, 1867, a son of David and Mary A. (McLenahan) Bovaird. Shortly after his birth his parents removed to Titusville, later to Bradford, where Br. Bovaird is engaged in the successful manufacture of oil-well machinery. Both parents were born abroad and are descended from a Scotch-Irish ancestry. David Bovaird acquired his preliminary education in the public schools of Titusville and Bradford, Pennsylvania : he then attended the normal school at Genesee, New York : later he pursued a course of study at Prince- ton University, from which he was graduated in 1889 with the degree of 480 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. Bachelor of Arts, and subsequently he became a student at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city, from which institution he was graduated in 1892 with the degree of Doctor of Medicine. He was awarded the Harsen prize for his diligence and profjciency, and he also secured a Harsen medal for clinical reports. He spent an interneship of two years in the medical department of the Presbyterian Hospital, and one year in the New York Foundling Hospital. In 1895 Dr. Bovaird entered upon the practice of his profession. He opened an ofhce in New York city and from the beginning his efforts were attended with a high degree of success; he conducts a general practice, but has devoted a large portion of his time to special work in pediatrics. He is the attending physician to the Randall's Island Hospitals, acts in the same capacity to the Seaside Hospital of St. John's Guild, is pathologist to the New York Foundling Hospital, and tutor of general medicine in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York. Dr. Bovaird has contributed many articles to medical literature, such as "An Essay on Primary Splenomegaly," "Endothelial H}-perlapsia of the Spleen," "Two Cases in Children — Autopsy and ^lorphological Examina- tion in One." which in 1900 was awarded the Ahmini Association prize of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, and was published in the Auicrican Journal of Medical Sciences 'n October, 1900: ""Three Steps in the Tuberculosis Process in Children." published in the A^£~:c' York Med- ical Journal July i, 1899: "Empyema in Infants." published in the Medical News, December 27,, 1899; "Primary Intestinal Tuberculosis in Children, Its Frequency and the Evidence of the Relation to Bovine Tuberculosis," the Archives of Pediatrics, December, 1901. Dr. Bovaird is a member of the Princeton Club, the Academy of jNIed- icine, the Medical Society of the County of New York, the Alumni Society of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, the Alumni Society of the Presbyterian Hospital, the Externe Club, and the Society of Internal i\Ied- icine. On December 27, 1898, he was united in marriage at Alontreal, Canada, to Miss Louise Larken, of AVoodbridge, England. Their children are : Cecily Jean and George Crary Bovaird. WALTER ROBARTS GILLETTE, A. B.. A. ^L. ^L D.— 1863. Dr. Walter R. Gillette, general manager of the ;Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York city, is the son of Dr. Abram D. and Hannah (Jenkins) Gillette. He is a graduate of Madison University, where, in 1861, he received the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and three years later the degree of Master of Arts was conferred uj)on him by the same institution. From the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York he received his medical degree in 1863. Dr. Gillette received the appointment of acting assistant surgeon of the United States army during the progress of the Civil war, in which position he served for two years. In 1865 he established an office in New York city, where he engaged in active practice. During several years he was medical director of the OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 481 Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York, and in 1890 was appointed general manager of this company, in which capacity he is serving at the present time. He was formerly connected with the medical department of the New York University as adjunct professor of obstetrics. He was also visiting physician to the Charity, Bellevue, St. Francis' and Maternity Hospitals, also the New York Lying-in-Asylum, and now acts in the capacity of consulting physician to these various institutions with the exception of Charity, now City, Hospital. Dr. Gillette is the author of several valuable professional articles which have been published in the medical journals. His New York address is 24 West Fortieth street. New York city. JAMES EDWARD MOREN LORDLY, ^L D.— 1868. Dr. James Edward Moren Lordly was born April 27. 1845, i" Chester, Nova Scotia, and is the son of Charles and Margaret (McCurdy) Lordly. The family is of English origin, and during the Revolutionary war was represented in New York; but being Royalists, on the evacuation of that city by the English, they removed to Shelburne. Nova Scotia. It is from these ancestors that Dr. Lordly traces his descent. The boyhood of Dr. Lordly was passed in Nova Scotia, his early education being acquired in the public schools and at Dalhousie College. After his graduation he became assistant to a druggist in Halifax, and in 1865 went to New York, where he entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons, from which he graduated in 1868 with the degree of Doctor of Medicine. Since his graduation he has been actively engaged in general practice, and from 1869 to 1872 was assistant sanitary inspector to the health department of New York city, holding, in 1872 and 1873, the office of surgeon to the police department. In 1874 he became clinical assistant in the throat and lung department of the Northwestern Dispensary, holding this position for about six years. For several years Dr. Lordly served as school trustee for the Twentieth ward, and was formerly active in Republican politics in the fifteenth assembly district. He was at one time a member of the New York Academy of Medicine, and the New York County Medical Societ}', but has recently sev- ered his connection with these organizations. Dr. Lordly married, in 1872, Nellie F. Crabtree, of New York. They had two children : Rupert L., and Grace G., now Mrs. Ansel Higgins, of New York. Mrs. Lordly died in July, 1902. Dr. Lordly's address is 121 West Forty-eighth street. LUCIUS AVALES HOTCHKISS. M. D.~i884. Dr. Lucius AA'ales Hotchkiss was born December 31, 1859, in New Haven, Connecticut, and is the son of Wales and Frances Augusta (Collins) Hotchkiss. He traces his descent from old New England ancestry. He received his preparatory education in the public schools of Brooklyn, New York, and private schools elsewhere, after which he entered Columbia Uni- versity, from which he received, in 1881, the degree of Bachelor of Arts. 482 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. He then matriculated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, graduating from that institution in 1884 with the degree of Doctor of Medicine. After serving" for eighteen months as interne on the second surgical division of Bellevue Hospital, he entered general practice, but now devotes himself to general surgery. From 1886 to 1895 he served as assist- ant surgeon to the out-patient department of Roosevelt Hospital, 1886-87 assistant surgeon to New York Orthopedic Hospital, 1888-90 assistant surgeon to New Y'ork Skin and Cancer Hospital, and from 1892 to 1895 as assistant to the attending surgeon of Roosevelt Hospital. From 1890 to 1895 he filled the position of attending surgeon to the Colored (now the Lincoln) Hospital, since 1889 has been assistant surgeon to Bellevue Hospital, and since 1895 attending surgeon to the J. Hood Wright Memorial Hos- pital. From 1890 to 1897 he was assistant demonstrator of anatomy at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, where he has been, since the latter year, instructor in surgery. From 1889 to 1899 he occupied the chair of anatomy at the Woman's Medical College of the New Y'ork Infirmary. He has contributed, from time to tinie, to the medical journals a number of articles on surgical subjects. Dr. Hotchkiss is a member of the New York County ^Medical Societv, the County Medical Association, the State Medical Association, the Society of Alumni of Bellevue Hospital, the American Medical Association, and the New York Surgical Society; he was president of the last named in 1902-03. He belongs to the University Club, the Sons of the Revolution, and the Columbia College Alumni Association. Dr. Hotchkiss married, in June, 1891, in Saco, Maine, Alice Hartley Greene. They have four children, one son and three daughters. The New York address of Dr. Hotchkiss is T^y West Forty-eighth street. AVILLlAAl KELLY SHIPSON. :\I. D.— 1880. Dr. William Kelly Simpson was born in Hudson, Columbia county. New York, April 10, 1855, a son of George N. and Caroline (McCann) Simpson. His paternal ancestors came to the LTnited States in the. early colonial days, settled in the state of Virginia and were prominently identified with its history. Dr. Simpson acquired his preliminary education in Hud- son and at the Episcopal Academy of Connecticut, at Cheshire: later he en- tered Cornell University, from which he was graduated in 1S76. He then matriculated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city, from which he received his degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1880. He spent an interneship of two years in the Presbyterian Hospital, and then entered upon private practice. His practice is confined to laryngology, rhinology and otolog}'. Among the professional positions he has held are attending phvsician to the outdoor department of the New York Foundling Asvlum, to the throat and nose department of the Northern Dispensary, attending surgeon to the Metropolitan Throat Hospital, and attending surgeon of the throat department in the outdoor department of the Presbyterian Hospital. Dr. OFFICERS AND ALUMNL 483 Simpson was also formerly instructor of laryngology in the New York Post- Graduate Medical School and Hospital. Up to the present time (1903) he is attending surgeon in the nose and throat department of the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, consulting laryngologist to the Seton Hospital, Spuyten Duyvil, the St. John's Hospital of Yonkers, and consulting laryngologist to the New York Eoundling Hospital. He is also chief of clinic and instructor in laryngology in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia Uni- versity, of New York. Dr. Simpson is the inventor of the Intra-Nasal Tampons for Epistaxis, which are in general use: the invention being the application of the Bernays sponge to the principle of intra-nasal pressure. He is the author of num- erous papers and monographs bearing on the subject of diseases of the nose and throat, which have been read before various medical societies and pub- lished in the various medical journals, among them being: "A Case of Acute Rheumatic Laryngitis of Gonorrhoeal Origin," "A Case of Naso- pharyngeal Polypus," "A Case of Sarcoma of the Soft Palate, Illustrating the Degeneration of a Benign Into a Malignant Growth," "A Consideration of Some of the More Important Principles of Intra-Nasal Stn"gery," "Intu- bation in Diphtheria," "Specialism in Medicine," "The Treatment of Non- membraneous Stenosis of the Larynx in the Adult, by O'Dwyer's Method of Intubation, with Report of Five Cases," "The Use of Bernay's Aseptic Sponge in the Nose and Naso-Pharynx with Special Reference to Its IJse as a Pressure Haemostatic," "A Study of the Proper Application of Intuba- tion in Chronic Stenosis of the Larynx." He is also contributor of the ar- ticles on stenosis and tumors of the larynx in Keating's "Cyclopedia of Chil- dren," and the articles on diphtheria of nose and throat, intubation, syphilis, tuberculosis, leprosy and lupus of the nose and throat, chronic laryngeal stenosis, foreign bodies in nose and throat, and rhinoliths in Posey and Wright's "Diseases of the Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat," 1903. Dr. Simpson is a member of the New York County Medical Society, the Greater New York Medical and Surgical Association, fellow of New York Academy of Medicine, ex-chairman of Section of Laryngology, ex- president of the Lenox Medical and Surgical Society, ex-president of the Hospital Graduates' Club, ex-president of Manhattan Medical and Surgical Society, New York, ex-president of the Alumni Society of the Presbyterian Hospital, member of the New York Physicians' Mutual Aid Association, fellow of the American Laryngological Association, and secretary of the executive committee of the Congress of American Physicians and Surgeons. He is also a member of the Cornell Club, ex-president of the Musurgia Glee Club, and member of the Zeta Psi fraternity and St. Andrew's Golf Club. Dr. .Simpson married. October 25, 1882, Miss Anna Farrand, of Hud- son, New York. Three children have been born to them, namely : Sarah H. T-, Kenneth Farrand, and a child who died in infancy. The family are members of St. James Protestant church, situated at Seventy-first street and Madison avenue. New York city, and they reside at 952 Lexington avenue. In his hours of leisure Dr. Simpson takes much pleasure in art, music and golf. 484 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. ROBERT LEWIS. Jr.. M. D.— 1885. Dr. Robert Lewis, Jr., instructor of otolog}' in the College of Ph}-*!- cians and Surgeons of New York city, was born March 8, 1862, in the city of New York, the son of Robert and Catherine LeAvis. Dr. Lewis obtained his preliminar}' education in the private and public schools of New York city, then entered the College of the City of New York, and subsequently began the study of medicine in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, from which institution he was graduated in the class of 1885. Shortly after receiving his medical diploma he was appointed an interne of the Randall's Island and Infants' Hospitals. He served on the staff of these hospitals for eighteen months. In January, 1887, he received the appoint- ment of first house surgeon in the Harlem branch of Bellevue Hospital, re- maining until December, 1887, when he established an office in New York city and engaged in the general practice of medicine and surger}'. In 1888 he was appointed a clinical assistant in the ophthalmic department of the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, later advanced to assistant surgeon, which position he held until his resignation in 1892. He also received the appointment, in 1888, of clinical assistant in the ear department of the Vanderbilt Clinic: in 1896 was appointed instructor of otology in the Col- lege of Physicians and Surgeons ; in 1898 he returned to the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, and was appointed first a clinical assistant and six months later an assistant surgeon, and in May, 1901, to full surgeon in the aural department. He was visiting aurist to Randall's Island Hospital, but resigned after a few years' service. In 1891 Dr. Lewis began the special practice of otologv^ and rhinolog\% and the following year was admitted into partnership with Dr. Albert H. Buck. This partnership, which Dr. Lewis speaks of as being "an ideal one," still exists. His contributions to medical literature have been liberal, the more prom- inent ones being: "A Remarkable Angioneurosis of the Tongue," N'ezu York Medical Journal, October 9, 1897; "Two Cases of Mastoiditis with Complications," American Otological Society, 1898: "A Brief History of Five Cases of Mastoiditis," Medical Record, October 28, 1899: "A Case of Otitic Brain x\bscess and the Lessons which It Obviously Teaches," Aledical Record, March 15, 1902: "Complications of Chronic Suppuration of the Middle Ear." The Medical Neil's, January 17, 1903. He also wrote the chapter on the "Pathological Conditions of the A'ault of the Pharynx and Nasal Cavities," for the third edition of Dr. Albert H. Buck's book on "Dis- eases of the Ear," and articles on "The Mastoid Operations," published in Vol. v., pages 701-713, in "The Reference Hand Book of the Medical Sci- ences"; "x\ffections of the Auricle," Vol. III., pages 606-612, and "The Anat- omy and Physiology of the Auricle," Vol. II., pages 636-640, in "The Ref- erence Hand Book of the Medical Sciences." Dr. Lewis is a member of the American Otological Society, the New- York Otological Society, the American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Societies, the New York Academy of Medicine, the x\merican Med- ical Association, the New York State and County ]\Iedical Associations, the New York State Medical Society, and the New York County Medical So- OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 485 ciet}-, from which he was delegate to the State Society in 1900 and 1901, censor in 1901 and second vice-president in 1902. He is a member of the Chi Graduate Chapter of Phi Gamma Delta. Dr. Lewis has always taken a deep interest in the various sociological questions of the day, and holds advanced views upon many of the disputed problems. He is also much interested in the country and in country life, and in architecture as it pertains to the country home. In Xew York city. August 29, 1892, Dr. Lewis married Lillie B. Graham of New York city. Thev have one son, Robert Graham Lewis. Their home is at 48 West For- tieth street. JOSE MAMA FERRER, A. B., A. M.. M. D.— 1879. Dr. Jose ]\L Ferrer is a direct descendant of a family whose origin in the north of Spain (Asturias and Catalund) is traced to the twelfth century. St. Vincent Ferrer was among his ancestors as well as many noble and dis- tinguished men and women. Buenaventura Pascual Ferrer, grandfather of Dr. Ferrer, was a grandee, and was much esteemed by Charles HI; he received the appointment of royal treasurer of Cartagena de Indias in South America, and while residing there his son, Jose ]Maria Ferrer, father of Dr. Ferrer, was born. Jose ]\I. Ferrer, Sr., a well known lawyer of his day in Habana, Cuba, was appointed to fill various important official positions under the Spanish crown, and traveled much in Europe and other countries. He was united in marriage to Catherine Deacon O'Brien, a highly cultured and pious lady, born in !NIatanzas, Cuba. Dr. Ferrer obtained his primary education in the schools of Cardenas, Cuba, graduated from Manhattan College, New York city, in 1876, with the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and three years later received the degree of Master of Arts from the same institution. In the meantime he matriculated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city, from which institution he was graduated in the class of 1879. He also pursued a course of study in Vienna at the Algemeines Krankenhaiis. and for a year devoted his attention to study in Paris and London, returning to New York in October, 1882. He received the appointment of interne to the Charity, now City, Hospital in 1879, was appointed assistant to the out-patient depart- ment of Bellevue Hospital in 1883, assistant to the Hudson Street Hospital Dispensary in 1884, was appointed visiting physician to St. Elizabeth's Hos- pital in 1886, but did not qualify, and for eight years conducted a class in the out-patient department of Roosevelt Hospital. At the present time (1903) Dr. Ferrer acts in the capacity of visiting ph3''sician to St. Vincent's Hospital, attending physician to the French Hospital and attending physician to the Alanhattan College. In 1880 he began the private practice of his pro- fession at 214 East Fiftieth street, and resumed his practice upon his return from Europe in October, 1882; subsequently he visited Cuba and upon his return in May, 1883, opened an office at 43 East Thirtieth street, the follow- ing year removed to 35 East Thirty-first street, where he remained ten years, and finally located at his present address, 441 Park avenue. 486 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. Dr. Ferrer is a fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine, a member of the Alumni Society of Manhattan College, of which he is president; Alumni Society of City Hospital, Northwestern Medical Society, New York Covmty Medical Society, and the Physicians' Mutual Aid Association. He is also connected with the University Ckib, New York Athletic Club, Catholic Club, and formerly was a member of the Circulo Colon Cervantes of New York, and the seventh district committee of the Charity Organization Society. His favorite pursuits during his hours of recreation are music, travel and riding. MORTON ROBERTS PECK, M. D.— 1889. Dr. Morton Roberts Peck was born September 21, 1863, in Hartford, Connecticut, and is the son of William H. Peck and Georgia C. Roberts. On the paternal side he traces his descent from Deacon William Peck, one of the founders of New Haven. Dr. Peck received his preparatory education at Cornwall Heights School, at Cornwall-on-the-Hudson, after which he took a two-years' course at Harvard University. He then entered the Col- lege of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, from which he was gradu- ated in 1889, with the degree of Doctor of Aledicine, and the following year entered upon a career of private practice. He served for eighteen months as interne in Bellevue Hospital, and has been connected, for nine years, with the department of neurology in the Vanderbilt Clinic. Dr. Peck is a member of the Harlem Medical Association, the Bellevue Alumni Association and the New York State Medical Association. He served for four years as assistant surgeon of the Twelfth Regiment, with the rank of captain. He belongs to the New York Athletic Club, and the Seawanhaka-Corinthian Yacht Club, his fa\'orite modes of recreation being- hunting, fishing and yachting. Dr. Peck married, in 1893, at Cornwall-on- the-Hudson, Adele Matthiessen, a resident of that place. They have two children — Kenneth and Dorothy. Dr. Peck's address is 126 AVest Eighty- first street. New York. CHARLES TALBOT POORE, M. D.— 1866. Charles Talbot Poore, a leading specialist in -the surgical diseases of children, was born in New York city, October 14, 1839, the son of David Poore and Ann Taylor Talbot. His grandfather, Dr. Joshua Poore, was a leading medical practitioner of Stratford, Connecticut. The founder of the paternal line settled in Newbury, Massachusetts, in the first half of the seventeenth century, and a number of his descendants became prominent in Boston and Newburyport. Dr. Poore's mother was the daughter of George W. Talbot, a well known New York merchant, engaged in the china trade, and the latter's father was the famous Commodore Silas Talbot of the United States navy, during the Revolution. He also superintended the building of the frigate Constitution and commanded the vessel. Charles Talbot Poore was prepared for college at Dr. Dudley's school at Northampton, Massachusetts, and entered Williams College in 1857. at- OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 487 tending until the beginning of his senior year ; he studied medicine with Dr. Henry B. Sands, of New York city, at the same time attending the New York College of Physicians and Surgeons, and in. 1866 was graduated from this institution. In August, 1865, he entered the surgical division of the New York Hospital, where he remained for two years. He has since been engaged in private practice in this city. Since 1872 he has been attending surgeon to St. Mary's Free Hospital for Children, and during the past four years has been consulting surgeon to the Hospital for the Ruptured and Crippled. He has frequently contributed to the medical journals, nutaljly on the subject of diseases of the joints. He has clso published "Osteotomy and Osteoclasis for Deformities of the Lower Extremities" (Appleton, 1S86), and contributed the article on "Osteology" in the Reference Handbook on Medical Sciences (William Wood & Company. 1887), and the aj-ticle on "Diseases of the Major Articulations" in the Encyclopedia of Diseases of Children (Lippincott, 1890). He is a member of the Medical Society of the County of New York, the Union League and Century Clubs, the New Eng- land Society, and the St. Nicholas Society. He married, in 1893, Helen, daughter of the late Charles E. Talbot, of New York city. JAMES DITMARS VOORHEES, M. D.— 1893. Dr. James Ditmars Voorhees, of New Yoi'k city, is a representative of a family which has been, from the earliest colonial period, resident on T-ong Island, the founder of the family in America having emigrated from Holland in 1620. The signature of this first ancestor, Albert Coerte Van Voor Hees, shows the original spelling of this ancient name. James Ditmars Voorhees was born May 21, 1869, in Morristown. New Jersey, and is the son of George E. and Mary G. (Ditmars) Voorhees. He received his preparatory education at the Morristown high school and the Morris Academy, after which he entered Princeton L'uiversity, graduatmg in 1890 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. From the same institution of learning he received, in 1893, the degree of Master of Arts, having in the meantime matriculated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, from which he graduated in the class of 1893; he was awarded the second Harsen prize, as is shown by the College records. The year after his graduation Dr. Voorhees was appointed resident physician at the Presby- terian Hospital in New York city, which position he held for two years ; in 1896 he was appointed to the same office in the New York Foundling Hos- pital, where he remained for one year. In 1897 the appointment of resident physician at the Sloane Maternity Hospital was given him, where he re- mained for three and a half years. At the same time Dr. Voorhees was appointed instructor in obstetrics at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, which position he now holds. On leaving the hospital he was given the position of assistant attending physician and entered upon a career of private practice, in which he has attained a high measure of success. In 1901 Dr. Voorhees was appointed secretary to the faculty of the College of Physicians and .Surgeons. 488 COLLEGE OF PHySICL4NS AND SURGEONS. Dr. Voorhees has pul)lished in the A^ezv York Medical Record several valuable articles on matters pertaining to his profession, entitled respectively : "Two Cases of Morphine Poisoning Treated by Forced Inspiration ;" "Case of Eclampsia Complicated by a Marked Erythema Multiforme;" "Case of Septicaemia Treated by Unguentum Crede and Antistreptococcus Serum :" "Care of Incubator Babies." Pediatrics, May, 1900; "Dilatation of the Cervix by Means of a Modified Champetier de Ribes" Baloon." published in the Medical Record of September 9, 1900, and awarded the Stevens' triennial prize in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, in the same year ; the surgi- cal instrument described in this article was the invention of Dr. Voorhees, and is regarded as a valuable additon to the apparatus of surgical science: and "Craniotomy," American Journal of Obsfcfrics, December, 1902. AVhile at college Dr. Voorhees became a member of the Ivy Club, the Omega Society, and the University Glee Club. He also belongs to the Princeton Club of New York, the University Club, the Count}' Medical So- ciety, the Academy of Medicine, the Alumni Association of the Sloane Maternity Hospital, and the Alumni Association of the Presbyterian Hos- pital. In politics he is a staunch member of the Republican party. He belongs to the Central Presbyterian church. Dr. Voorhees married, April 2, 1902, Miss Louise Brown, daughter of S. 0. Brown, of New York city. JAMES RAYNOR HAYDEN, 11. D.— 1884. Dr. James Raynor Hayden traces his descent from old New England stock, his ancestors on both sides having been among the earliest settlers of the colonies of Massachusetts and Connecticut. Through his father, James Albert Hayden, he is descended from John Hayden of Devonshire, England, who settled in Dorchester, Massachusetts, in 1630; and on his mother's side from the Hon. William Whiting, who was one of the founders of the Hart- ford colony. Dr. Hayden's father, James Albert Hayden, was born in Wa- terbury, Connecticut, March 8, 1825, and engaged in mercantile pursuits. He married, January 26, 1853, Harriet, a daughter of Judge James R. AA'hit- ing, of New York. James Raynor Hayden was born May 20, 1862, in New York city, and was educated at the Columbia grammar school, after which lie entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, from which he received his degree in May, 1884. He served for eighteen months as surgical in- terne in the New York Hospital. He then went abroad for a year, during which time he pursued his professional studies in Vienna, applying himse'f especially to the subject of genito-urinary diseases, under the instruction of Professor Ultzmann. Soon after his return to the United States he was appointed clinical assistant in the Surgical Clinic of the College of Physi- cians and Surgeons. In May, 1891, he resigned this position in consequence of receiving the appointment of chief of clinic and instructor in genito-urin- ary diseases in the same institution. This latter position he still retains. He was appointed, in 1892, professor of genito-urinary diseases in the med- ical department of the University of Vermont, where he lectured until his ^,^^. OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 489 resignation in 1898. In 1893 he was appointed visiting surgeon to the City Hospital on Blackwell's Island, and served in this capicity for five years, at the end of which time he resigned to accept the appointment of assistant at- tending genito-nrinary surgeon to Bellevue Hospital, and in December, 1901, received the appointment of visiting sui'geon to the Private Patients' Pavilion of the Roosevelt Hospital. In December, 1902, he was appointed attending genito-urinary surgeon to Bellevue Hospital. Both of these posi- tions he still holds. Dr. Hayden is the author of a work on "Genito-Urinary Diseases," pub- lished by Lea Brothers & Company, of Philadelphia. This book has been received with great favor in professional circles, having passed through sev- eral editions, and being used as a text book in medical colleges. Dr. Hayden has also been a contributor, from time to time, to various medical journals. He is the originator of several surgical instruments and apparatus. Dr. Hayden is a member of the Alumni Association of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, the Medical Society of the County of New York, and the American Association of Genito-Urinary Surgeons. He is a fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine, the Medical Associa- tion of Greater New York, the Society of the Alumni of the New York Hospital, and the Phj^sicians' Mutual Aid Association. In 1892 he was commissioned ensign and assistant surgeon in the First Naval Battalion, National Guard State of New York. He belongs to the Century Club, the Society of Colonial Wars and the Naval Reserve Association. Dr. Hayden was married, in May, 1889, to Mary Johnson Trumbull, of Worcester, Massachusetts. They have three children, Dorothy Trumbull, Ruth Trum- bull, and Faith Trumbull Hayden. Dr. Hayden resides at 107 West Fifty-fifth street, New York. CLARENCE. WHITFIELD BUCKM ASTER, M. D.— 1894. Dr. Clarence W. Buckmaster was born in Greenport, Long Island, July 8, 1872, the son of the Rev. John Williams and Julia Anna (Conant) Buck- master, the former named being a minister of the gospel in the Protestant Episcopal denomination, and at the present time is acting in the capacity of pastor of St. John's church at Tuckahoe. Dr. Buckmaster attended the Newburgh (New York) Academy, and after pursuing the regular course was graduated in 1891. Then he began the study of medicine in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city, and after a three years' course under the efficient preceptorship of Dr. Thurman was graduated from that institution in the class of 1894. Dr. Buckmaster spent sixteen months at St. John's Hospital, Yonkers, New York, as interne, and since that time has been engaged in the general practice of medicine and surgery. For two years he served as dispensary physician to St. John's Hospital, and on April 17, 1899, was appointed a visiting physi- cian to the same institution; he also fills the position of medical examiner for the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. Dr. Buckmaster is a mem- ber of the Westchester County Medical Society, is delegate to the State 490 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. Medical Societ)', and a member and secretar)' of the Yonkers Practitioners' Club, and is also a member of a number of clubs and societies. On April i6. 1902, Dr. Buckmaster married Edna Emily Knight, a daughter of Arthur T. Knight, of Yonkers, New York. Both Dr. Buckmaster and his wife are members of St. John's Episcopal church of Yonkers. Dr. Buckmaster's address is 80 Ashburton avenue. HENRY SKIXNER HATHAWAY. M. D.— 1890. Dr. Hemy Skinner Hathaway was born ]\Iarch 11, 1862, in New York city, and is the son of Bailey J- and Margaret S. (Skinner) Hathaway. He is descended from an English family which has been represented in New York state about two hundred years. Dr. Hathaway's early education was received in his native city, where he attended a private school, and also at Mr. Hooper's School at Yonkers. In 1884 he graduated from Columbia Uni- versity, with the degrees of Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Philosophy. He was then engaged for three years in teaching in a private school in New York city, spending his evenings in the study of anatomy. In 1887 he entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, from which he received, in 1890, the degree of Doctor of ]\Iedicine. He has been engaged, since graduation, in the work of a general practitioner. Since 1897 he has been attending physician to the Methodist Episcopal Home for Old People. He is a member of the medical board of the ^Metropolitan Hospital. Dr. Hathaway is the author of a number of articles which have appeared from time to time in the medical journals. He is a member of the County, State, and National [Medical Societies. Dr. Hathaway married, in 1894, Lucy S. Hathaway, of Rochester, New York. They have one son — John Henry Hathaway. Dr. Hathaway's address is 146 \\'est Ninety-second street. New York. WILLIAM HAZARD SHERAIAN, M. D.— 1S84. Dr. William Hazard Sherman was born July 14, 1859, in New York city, and is the son of William C. H. and Amelia (Taft) Sherman. The former served in the Civil war with the rank of major, and was at one time a member of the New York assembly. The latter was the daughter of R. Orra}' Taft, of Providence, Rhode Island. Dr. Sherman received his preparatory education at the Sigler School, in Newburgh, New York, and graduated from Yale University in 1880 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He then entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, receiving from that institution, in 1884, the degree of Doctor of Medicine. From November i, 1883, to June i. 1885, he was one of the internes of St. Luke's Hospital, and from the latter date to June I, 1886, served in a similar capacity in both the medical and surgical divisions of the Presbyterian Hospital. Since August i, 1886, he has been chief of staff of St. John's Riverside Hospital, in Yonkers, New York, and OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 491 on Jul_v I, 1898. was appointed consulting surgeon to the White Plains Hos- pital of WHiite Plains, Xew York. Both these positions he still holds. Dr. Sherman is a member of the New York Academy of Medicine, the Westchester County Medical Society, the Psi Upsilon fraternity, the Yacht Club of Yonkers, the University Club of New York, and St. Andrew's Golf Club. He is a member of St. John's Protestant Episcopal church of Yonkers. Dr. Sherman married, June 13, 1893, Bessie, daughter of Henry C. Snow, of Boston, Massachusetts. Their children are, Lavinia Kimball, Ellen Rock- wood, and Emma Taft. who died in infancy. Dr. Sherman's address is 271 Warburton avenue, Yonkers. ARCHIBALD MURRAY CAMPBELL, M. D.— 1873. Dr. Archibald Murray Campbell was born October 2/. 1843, i" Perth- shire, England, and is the son of John and Rachel (Frampton) Campbell. His early childhood was passed in his native country, and at the age of seven he was brought by his parents to the United States, the family becoming, in 1850, residents of New York. In one of the public schools of this city Dr. Campbell received his ele- mentary education, after which he spent a year and a half in a preparatory school, and then entered Kenyon College at Gambier, Ohio, where he re- mained one year. At the end of this time he became a student in Columbia University, from which he graduated in 1865 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts, receiving, in 1868, the degree of Master of Arts from the same institution. In 1869 he entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons, from which he received, in 1873, the degree of Doctor of Medicine. For one year, 1865-66, Dr. Campbell was engaged in teaching at Garri- son, Nev,- York, and in 1866 became assistant superintendent of the Home for Incurables at Fordham, New York. In 1871 he was appointed superin- tendent of this institution, and in 1876 removed to Mount Vernon, where he entered upon a career of private practice. From 1876 to 1886 he was attend- ing phvsician to the Home for Incurables, and since the latter year has been consulting physician to the same institution. From 1878 to 1902 he was attending phvsician to the New York Infant Asylum, and has been consulting physician and surgeon to the Mount Vernon Hospital since its foundation. In this institution he also holds the office of president of the medical board. Dr. Campbell is a member of the Medical Society of the State of New York, and the Medical Society of the County of Westchester, in which he has filled the offices of censor and treasurer, and of which he was president in 1882, and in the centennial year of 1897. He also belongs to the New York Academy of Medicine, and the Society of Medical Jurisprudence. He is a member of the Jenkins Medical Society, of which he has been president, in addition to having filled various other positions in that body. He belongs to the Mount Vernon Medical Society, in which he has held a number of offices, and of which he has been president. He is a trustee of the Eastchester Savings Bank. Dr. Campbell is much interested in educational matters, and held the office of trustee of public schools. He is a member of Trinity Protestant 492 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. Episcopal church, in which, foi' twenty-three years, he has held the offices of vestryman and senior warden. Dr. Campbell married, Sejitember 17, 1873, Mary Louise Cuthell, of West Fai^ms. They had one child, Mar}^, now Mrs. Perci^■al Schmuck, of Mount Vernon. Mrs. Campbell died in 1877, ^^'^'^ o" November 30, 1880, Dr. Campbell was united to Emma A. Cuthell. B)' his second marriage he has become the fatlier of three sons — Murray, Archibald B., and Hamilton Cuthell, who died in childhood. On December 26, 1902, his second wife died. JAMES WRIGHT MARKOE, M. D.— 1885. Dr. James W. Markoe was born in New York city, July 19, 1862, a ' descendant of Peter Markoe, who in 1702 settled on the Island of Santa Cruz, where he remained until 1747, being the owner of an estate there known as Clifton Hall. Francis Markoe, grandfather of Dr. Markoe, was born on the Island of St. Croix, West Indies. June 5, 1774. the son of Francis and Elizabeth ( Hartmann) Markoe, a descendant of French Huguenot ancestors who emigrated from MontJjeliard, Franche Comte, France, to the ^A"est Indies, upon the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. Francis Markoe came to the United States to acquire his education, and was graduated at Princeton in 1795; he then returned to his native town, but a few years later disposed of his interest in the estate to his brother and took up his permanent residence in this country. For several years he was eng'aged in a Philadelphia counting- house, but subsecjuently located in New York city, where he entered into partnership with his brother-in-law, Thomas Masters, in the shipping indus- try, conducting business under the firm name of Masters & Markoe. On November 4, 1797, Mr. Markoe married Sarah Caldwell, a daughter of Sam- uel and Martha (Rownd) Caldwell, of Philadelphia. Ten children were born of this marriage. Mr. Markoe died in New York city, February 16, 1848. Dr. Thomas Masters Markoe, father of Dr. Markoe, was born in Phila- delphia, Pennsylvania, September 13, 1819, and was prepared for college at Dillingham's School in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, and entered Princeton Uni- versity, from which he was graduated in the class of 1836. He began the study of medicine at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, where he obtained his degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1841. In 1839, while still a student in the medical college, Dr. M^arkoe was appointed junior assist- ant of the New York Hospital, and since that time, with the exception of a short absence while filling the chair of anatomy in the Medical College at Castleton, Vermont, was associated with the institution, first as curator of the Pathological Museum, then as lecturer on pathological anatomy, then attend- ing surgeon, and lastly consulting surgeon. On his retirement as attending surgeon, the board of governors procured his portrait in oil to hang in the Governor's room in the hospital. For several years he filled the chair of pathological anatomy in the University of the Cit)^ of New York, and in i860 was chosen to fill a responsible position in the College of Physicians and Surgeons. As adjunct professor of surgery he served ten years and ^ cxyiyt^:^^&-Q.,.^^ OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 493 was then made professor in that branch: from 1879 to 1891 he occupied the chair of professor of the principles of surgery; and upon his retirement in the latter year was made professor emeritus; he was also vice-president of the college for a number of years. During the Civil war Dr. Markoe served in a professional capacity with the medical department of the army at Fortress- Monroe, Yorktown, Fredericksburg and other points, receiving his appoint- ment from the governor of New York and the president of the United States. Dr. Markoe held memljership in the Academy of Medicine, the County Med- ical Society, the Pathological Society, the Surgical Society, the Medical and Surgical Society, and the Society for the Relief of the Widows and Orphans of Medical Men. He has written a numlser of important surgical articles, and is the author of a well known treatise on diseases of the bones. On November 20, 1850, Dr. Markoe married Charlotte Atwell How, and the following named children were born to them : Charlotte, Thomas Caldwell, Francis Hartman, James Wright and Sallie Caldwell Markoe. Dr. James W. Markoe received his early education from private tutors in St. Paul's School, New Hampshire, and in 1881 matriculated in the Col- lege of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city ; after taking a four years' course he graduated in 1885 with the degree of Doctor of Medicine. He was admitted to the New York Hospital, on the surgical side, and re- mained there for eighteen months, after which he was engaged for six months in the Nursery and Child's Hospital. The following year he continued his studies in the Frauen Clinic of Munich, Germany, and after his return to New York city was for one year resident physician of the Sloane Maternity Hospital, this institution being opened by him in December, 1889. In 1890, in association with Drs. Lambert and Painter, Dr. Markoe founded the Mid- wifery Dispensary, which in 1892 was absorbed by the Society of the Lying-in Hospital. He has also acted in the capacity of attending physician at this hospital since 1892, his time and attention being entirely devoted to obstet- rics, and a general oversight of hospital constitutions, appointments and management. The physicians in attendance have absolute control of this hospital. Dr. Markoe is a member of the New York Academy of Medicine, the Physicians' Mutual Aid Association, the Society for Relief of Widows and Orphans, and is also connected with the Century Club, Metropolitan Club, the Racquet Club and the New York Yacht Club. He is a vestryman of St. George'j Protestant Episcopal church of New York city. Dr. Markoe was married, in 1894, to Annette B. Wetmore, a daughter of David Wetmore, of New York city, and a descendant of Cotton Mather. They have one child, Annette Markoe. Their residence is at 12 West Fifty-fifth street. New York. NATHAN GROSS BOZEMAN, Ph. B., M. D.— 1885. Nathan Gross Bozeman was born in Montgomery, Alabama, February 13, 1856, and was named for Professor S. D. Gross, of Philadelphia. He is the son of Dr. Nathan Bozeman and Fannie Lamar, a daughter of Rev. B. B. Lamar, of Huguenot descent, and one of the founders of the city of Macon, 494 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. Georgia, and a cousin of Judge L. O. C. Lamar. His maternal great-grand- father was John Lamar, -who died in Jones county, Georgia, and as a soldier of the Revolution was not only brave to a fault, but his services Avere of long continuance and his sufferings excessive. Very shortly after entering the army he was deputed with others to the performance of a perilous duty, in which he was deserted by his companions and left to execute the order alone, which he did, to the admiration and astonishment of all. For this act ot intrepidity and fidelity the government tendered him a lieutenant's commis- sion in the regular forces, which, however, he modestly declined, on the ground that he was too young and inexperienced to assume the responsibilities of the station, being at this time only :n his seventeenth year. He served under Generals Marion and Pickens, attached generally to the battalion of the latter ; was at the battle of the Eutaw Springs, Cowpens, siege of Augusta, and in several other engagements ; he was once taken prisoner, but made his escape from the camp of Lord Cornwallis, rescuing at the same time one of his cousins; was twice wounded during the war by the British, and once by the Indians after his removal to Georgia. Dr. Bozeman's great-grandfather, Joseph Bozeman, who was of Dutch descent and a citizen of Bladen county, North Carolina, also fought for American independence in the Revolutionary war, after which, in 1806, he emigrated with his family from Georgia to Kaskaskia, Illinois, attempting to reach the Louisiana territory. But on account of the usual spring over- flow of the Mississippi river, which caused much delay, and the unhealthful climate there, they retraced their steps to Georgia, and after a few years settled in Alabama, which was then a territory. An accurate journal was kept on this journey to the greath northwest, and the different stages of it in the wild country through which they passed are therein described. Dr. Bozeman came with his father and sisters when ten years old to reside in New York city, having sustained the loss of his mother by death a few years previously. He received his early education at Manhattan College, New York, Seton Hall College, South Orange, New Jersey, and in schools at Morristown, New Jersey, and Baltimore, Maryland. In 1873 he was sent to Europe and studied in Coburg, Germany, Vevay, Switzerland, and in Paris. On his return to this country in February, 1877, he entered the academic department of the University of Virginia, and was graduated in the school of modern languages the following June. So pleased was Pro- fessor Scheie de Vere, the head of this department, at his achievement of passing successfully the examinations which usually recpire a two years' course, that he was the first to congratulate him in his room early on the following morning. In 1879 he entered the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University, and was one of the ten high-stand men of the freshman class. He was graduated in 1882, taking the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy. The same year he matriculated at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, graduating in 1885. Shortly afterward he passed the competitive examination for a position on the house staff of the Woman's Hospital, and served the regular term, the last year as house surgeon. His father, Dr. Nathan Bozeman, Dr. T. A. OFFICERS AXD ALUM XL 495 Emmet. Dr. T. G. Thomas. Dr. James B. Hunter, and Dr. C. C. Lee were the attending surgeons, from the teachings of whom he tried dihgently to learn the principles of g}-necological treatment and surgery. Naturally he was much interested in his father's work, and from the very beginning watched closely the details of it and endeavored to master them. In 1888 he was rewarded by being appointed assistant attending surgeon to the hos- pital. At the same time he held the position of outdoor visiting physician to the French Hospital and instructor at the Post-Graduate ]\IedicaI School. At present he is visiting gynecologist to St. Francis Hospital. Jersey City, and St. Mary's Hospital, Hoboken; also consulting gynecologist to the Bayonne City Hospital, and Hackensack Hospital. He is a member of the New York State ^Medical Association. New York County ]^Iedical Society. Woman's Hospital 3>Iedical Society, the New York Physicians' ^lutual Aid Association, the Greater New York Aledical Association, and of the Delta Psi fraternitv. He has spent much time developing an original method of applving continuous irrigation for drainage after certain surgical operations, and has made many important contributions to the literature of his pro- fession. Among his papers are the following : "The After Treatment of Kolpo- Uretero-Cystotomy and Other Similar Operations by a New System of Con- tinuous Irrigation and Drainage:" Xcz^' York Medical Journal, June, 1889. "Accidental Uretero-Vaginal Fistula Following Hysterectomy — Cure by Kalpo-Uretero-Cystotomy. Gradual Preparatory' Treatment and Button- Suture:" Medical Journal Gynecology and Obstetrics, May. 1892. "Recto- Abdominal Fistula Following Laparatomy. Treated Satisfactorily by Im- proved Double-Current Irrigation:" Xeic York Medical Record. 1891. "An Air and AA'ater Irrigator and Drain for Prolonged Douching in Deep Cav- ities:'' invention described in A't-ii' York Medical Journal, May 27, 1893. "A New Yaginal Douche with Automatic Outflow :" Nezi' York Medical Journal, September 29, 1894. "A Case of Ovarian Cyst without Attachments in the Pelvis;'" American Gynecological and Obstetrical Journal, June. 1897. "Tubular Drainage Through the A'agina for Chronic Cystitis with Report of Cases;'' American Gynecological ami Obstetrical Journal. July. 1897. "The Palliative Treatment of Cancer of the Cervi-Uteri and Bladder in AA'omen :" American Medical Association Press, 1897. "Two Cases of Tubal Preg- nancv Operation in the Prerupture Stage;" American Gynecological and Ob- stetrical Journal, August, 1898. ALLEN AIASON THOAIAS, Jr., Ph. B.. AI. D.— 1880. Dr. Allen AI. Thomas was born in AMckford, Rhode Island, September 26, i8^6. the son of Allen AI. and Charlotte Proctor (Smith) Thomas. The Thomas familv. for four previous generations, have all been born on the estate in AMckford. which land was granted to them in the time of Roger AMlliams. His maternal ancestors were early settlers of Providence. Rhode Island. Dr. Thomas acquired his preparatory education at the Episcopal Acad- 496 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. emy in Cheshire. Connecticut, graduated from Yale in the class of 1877 with the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy, and subsequently matriculated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city, from which institu- tion he received his medical degree in 1880. After an interneship of sixteen months in Chambers Street Hospital he was appointed to AVard's Island, where he was given charge of the obstetrical pavilion in the emigrant ward, which was under the command of Dr. Tuttle; eight months later Dr. Thomas succeeded Dr. Tuttle as physician in chief of Ward's Island, and subsequently assumed the duties of physician in chief and superintendent of the emigrant department. His term of service on Ward's Island covered a period of eight years. In 1888 Dr. Thomas visited Europe, was a student in the laboratory of the Pasteur Institute at Paris, and the remainder of the time was devoted to hospital work in Paris, Vienna and London. Upon his return, in 1889, he located in New York city and has confined his practice to obstetrics ever since, and in addition to his private practice he acts in the capacity of attend- ing physician at the Nursery and Child's Hospital and also filled a similar position for three years at the Sloane iNIaternity Hospital of the College of Physicians and Surgeons. He is a member of the Obstetrical Society, Clinical Society, New York Academy of Medicine, County Medical Society, Greater New York Medical Association, and the Hospital Graduates' Club. Socially he is connected with the Fortnightly Club, Century Club, University Club, Riding and Driving, Ardsley and St. Anthony Clubs, and "Sons of the Revolution." In his relig- ious views he adheres to the doctrines of the Protestant Episcopal church; his eldest brother. Elisha Smith Thomas, D. D., was at the time of his decease, 1898, Protestant Episcopal bishop of the diocese of Kansas. Dr. Thomas' address is 45 West Fifty-fourth street. New York. STEPHEN SMITH, M. D.— 1851. Stephen Smith, M. D., College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city, 1851 ; A. M., Brown University, 1871 ; LL. D., Rochester Uni- versity, 1891, was born, February 19, 1823, in Spafiford, Onondaga county, New_ York. He is the third, and Dr. J. Lewis Smith was the fourth, son of Hon. Lewis Smith and Chloe Benson. His ancestry is English. His great-grandfather on the paternal side was John Smith, an early settler of Milford, Connecticut, where his name appears among those of the pioneers on a public tablet. His grandfather. Job; Smith, settled at Ridgefield, Con- necticut, where he enlisted in Colonel Philip Burr Bradley's regiment, other- wise the "Fifth Regiment Continental Line" for the war of the Revolution. He was commissioned paymaster with the rank of second lieutenant, January I, 1777,. and was promoted first lieutenant, August 17, 1779. His commis- sion, signed by John Hancock, president of the continental congress, is in possession of the family. He married Elizabeth Keeler, of Norwalk, Connec- ticut, and after several years' residence at Salem, Westchester county. New York, emigrated to Onondaga county. New York, about 1790. On the maternal side Dr. Smith was descended from the Bensons of OFFICERS AND ALUMNL 497 Mendon, Massachusetts. His great-grandfather, Stephen Benson, removed to Owasco, Cayuga count)', New York, in 1795, tor the purpose of locating on a mihtary tract, which was subsequently divided among his sons. Elkanah, the grandfather of Dr. Smith, married Deborah Wheelock. Lewis Smith and Chloe Benson were married in 181 3 and located on a farm in Spafford, Onondaga county. He was a member of the assembly in 1 820- 1 -2-3 and sheriff of the county in 1824-5-6-7. He died in 1829 of typhoid fever. Though Dr. Smith had a hardy, long-lived ancestry, his mother reaching the great age of ninety-seven, he was enfeebled by infantile diseases and grew to manhood quite unfitted to endure the hard labor peculiar to a farmer's life, especially at that period. Despite some physical disqualifications he contin- ued to devote himself to farm work until the age of twenty-three years, when he was compelled to select another occupation. The opportunities for an education were extremely meager in the remote rural districts at that time, when the towns were beginning as hamlets, and modes of communication were precarious. The common school was poorly equipped and unsatisfac- torily managed so that the individual scholar was left to his own devices for the acquisition of the very rudiments of an education. One of the most powerful stimulants to the young people of that district to acquire more than the ordinary public school education was a well chosen village library. Sev- eral young men were thus led to prepare for college at the Cortland Academy in Homer. Before he had determined to study for a profession, young Smith had studied Latin and Greek, partly by himself and partly with the aid of a friend who had an academic education. He now attended two terms of the academy at Homer, when he was declared to be prepared for the sophomore class of college. Instead of com- pleting a college course, ill health induced him to enter upon the study of medicine with Dr. Caleb Green, of Homer, whose accjuaintance he had formed while in attendance upon the academy. Dr. Green was a private pupil of Professor Frank H. Hamilton, then of Rochester, and professor of surgery in the Geneva Medical College; he was an excellent stvident, an enthusiast in his profession, and having recently graduated, he proved to be an admirable instructor, being subsequently appointed professor of materia medica in the Geneva Medical College. By the advice of Dr. Green the determined pupil attended his first course of lectures in the old Geneva Medical College, which, organized in 1836, was merged into the College of Medicine of Syracuse University in 1872. At that time its faculty contained such men as Hamilton, Flint, Lee, Hadley and Coventry, and the courses of lectures were as thorough as in any college in the entire country. An interesting incident occurred while Dr. Smith was in attendance at Geneva Medical College. Miss Emily Blackwell at- tended the course and graduated, this being the first instance of the co-edu- cation of the sexes in a medical school. Notwithstanding the opposition which the scheme has encountered, it is a notable fact that the presence of Miss Blackwell in the class always had a most excellent effect upon the con- duct of a very boisterous, hilarious lot of students. She was not onlv treated 498 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. with the greatest courtesy at all times, but her quiet and attentive manner won the esteem of all, and her graduation with honor was applauded as a tribute to her pluck by students and faculty alike. At the close of the term. Dr. Smith became a private pupil of Professor Hamilton, who had removed from Rochester to Buffalo and had been ap- pointed professor of surgery in the recently established Buffalo Medical Col- lege. He attended his next course of lectures in this college and in the spring of 1849 became the medical interne of the newly established hospital of the Sisters of Charity. During the following summer cholera appeared in epidemic form, and this hospital being the only one in the city, tiie wards set apart for cases of cholera were filled by patients during the entire sum- mer. At the close of the epidemic Dr. Smith himself had a mild attack of the disease. Dr. Austin Flint was the attending physician, and being then at the outset of his career, gave a large share of his time to the clinical study of the diseases met with in this new hospital. This experience to the young student was always referred to by him as being invaluable. Professor Flint himself was then laying the foundations of his future success as a clinician and his exhaustive bedside study of each case with note book in hand, in which he entered daily very copious notes of e\'ery detectible feature of the disease^ was an obiect lesson that could not fail to make a deep and lasting impres- sion on a susceptible and earnest student, as he saw that frequent references and comparisons kept the memory bright and tlie judgment clear. Professor Frank H. Hamilton, the surgeon to the hospital, was already distinguished as a lecturer and writer on surgery. It was the period of the introduction of ether as an anesthetic, and the student had an opportunity to witness operations with and with.out ether, the larger number being with- out anesthesia. At this time Professor Hamilton was in the midst of the preparation of his great work on "Fractures and Dislocations,"' and much of the materials passed under the logical scrutiny of Dr. Smith, who acted as an amanuensis to the author. In the autumn of 1850 Dr. Smith came to Xew York and entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons, from which he graduated in the spring of 185 1. During the term he became acquainted with Dr. Samuel S. Purple, editor of the Nezi' York Journal of Medicine. This event had much to do with his future literary work, for it led him to become contributor, then an assistant editor, and finally sole editor of that periodical. Dr. Smith grad- uated at the close of the session of 185 1, his thesis being an elaborate dis- cussion of fractures. Through the good offices of Professor Hamilton he had been advised that he could have the position of demonstrator in the Buffalo Medical College, and he had virtually decided to make that city his residence, but while preparing to leave New York his attention was attracted by a notice that there was a vacancy in the resident staff at Bellevue Hos- pital which would be filled by competitive examination. He made an appli- cation with eleven others and as a result received the appointment, which at once changed the entire course of his professional life. This opportunity, rare for a recent graduate, was improved to the utmost and added much to the attainments and qualifications for his future career as teacher and author. OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 499 Bellevue Hospital was at that time (1850) undergoing transition from an almshouse hospital to a general hospital with a necessarily new organiza- tion. The recently appointed medical board embraced the names of the lead- ing }-ounger ph}-sicians and surgeons of the city, viz.. James Rushmore Wood, Benjamin \Y. Macready. Alonzo Clark, John O. Stone, John T. Metcalfe, Willard Parker, S. Conant Foster and William H. Van Buren, now all de- ceased. The New York Hospital was the only other general hospital in the city and had the reputation of giving valuable continuous clinical instruc- tion for students without interfering with the lectures. A generous rivalry naturally sprang up between the two hospitals, the object of each being to so organize and systematize clinical instruction as to appeal to the larger num- ber of students attracted to the American metropolis. As Bellevue was much the larger hospital and the visiting staff was composed of amliitious young men. several of whom had learned the art of the desired method of teaching in European hospitals, the members of the resident staff had unusual advan- tages for a post-graduate course. An important feature of the instruction was developed through the efforts of Professor Alonzo Clark, who was an enthusiastic student of pathology. His daily demonstrations, during the progress of autopsies, of the changes caused by disease, were attended by an eager class of students and physicians. Much study in unison, mild con- troversies and man}' doubts regarding the outcome of the final examination for the degree became the vogue. Dr. Smith entered the surgical division, having as visiting surgeons Drs. Parker and Van Buren, and as house surgeon Dr. John Moore, after- wards surgeon general of the United States arm3^ now retired and living in Washington. The surgical practice of that division Avas of the highest order of that time, but to-day it seems to have been at least inefficient, for suppura- tion of wounds followed by general debility and exhaustion was the rule. Hundreds of well devised and skillfully executed operations signally failed ow'ing to the prostrating Hoods of pus which was regarded only as a nat- ural seciuence of the operation. To the student in active hospital service during the pre-antiseptic period, and A\-ho personally witnessed the transi- tion to the antiseptic period, the lessons learned were of incalculable value. Several important events made Dr. Smith's residence in Bellevue Hos- pital memorable. First, and, perhaps, most important, was Professor Clark's introduction of the treatment of acute peritonitis by large doses of opium. He was at that time holding the professorship of practice of medi- cine in the medical college at Pittsfield Massachusetts, and was a recent appointee to the newly created chair of physiology in the College of Phy- sicians and Surgeons. While giving the course at Pittsfield he was several times called in consultation in cases of peritonitis. He was led to advise the use of large doses of opium in these cases in the belief that the subsidence of the inflammation depended chiefly upon perfect rest or quiet of the intes- tines. To secure this condition he relied on opium and presribed it to the extent of causing and maintaining semi-narcotism. At that time Bellevue had a large maternitv service, the number of oh- 500 COLLEGE OF PHYSICL4NS AND SURGEONS. stttrical cases amounting to from fifty to sixty monthly. Under the condi- tions existing at that period outbreaks of puerperal fever were common, es- pecially in the fall or winter months. The disease was very fatal, recoveries being the rare exceptions during many epidemics. Professor Clark came to the city in the autumn of 185 1 and announced his faith in the power of opium to cure peritonitis. He requested the opportunity of treating the first cases of puerperal peritonitis which should occur and thus testing his new theory. The privilege was cordially granted and the first announcement of an out- break of the pestilence was awaited with considerable anxiety. Meantime a convenient ward was set apart for this trial, and one of the older members of the resident staff was selected to carry out the treatment. With its usual promptness the first case was reported and within twenty-four hours a sec- ond case appeared. The patients were removed to the isolation ward, and the treatment began. The physician in charge was timid in his dosage and did not give to exceed one grain of opium hourly. This amount did not induce sleep and both patients died without any mitigation of the symptoms. Professor Clark was greatly chagrined at this failure of his new method and ecjually anno3'ed at the criticisms of his colleagues. He alleged that the treatment had not been carried out according to his directions and main- tained that the result had not impaired his confidence. He therefore im- mediately applied to the warden to furnish him with a member of the staff on whom he could rely to fully carry out his orders. The warden selected Dr. Smith. Professor Clark immediately sought a private interview with him and the first question which he asked was, "Did you ever attend a com- mon school ?" The Doctor replied that he had. "Did the schoolmaster ever threaten that he would whip you within an inch of your life?'' the professor continued. The reply was that he had not only often heard the threat, but had several times experienced its execution. "You are the man I want," the professor said, and added : "Now I shall select you to treat my next patients and I wish you to give them opium to within an inch of their lives; do not be governed by the amount but entirely by the effects; select reliable nurses, but I wish you to see the patients every hour, day and night, and give the opium yourself; keep them so narcotized that they can be aroused only by a decided shaking." The task was undertaken by the junior member of the staff with many misgivings, but with a resolute determination to comply strictly with his instructions, whatever might be the consequences. All higher laws were negatived by the optimism of the superior oificer. Within twenty- four hours five new cases were reported and were immediately placed in the isolation ward. The treatment was begun with one grain of opium every hour for three hours ; as no effect was noticeable the opium was increased to two grains every hour for three hours : no result being apparent the amount was in- creased to three grains every hour and at the expiration of three hours all but one of the patients were sleeping quietly, but they readily awoke when the bedside was approached. Another grain was therefore added, making four grains every hour. The second four-grain dose was given at midnight and Dr. Smith retired to his room quite exhausted with his vigils, but as the OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 501 nurses called him punctuall}-, he lay down on the sofa and slept during the interval of the doses. This time, they failed to call him, and on awakening, he found that it was three o'clock. He hastened to the ward, where he found the nurse sleeping soundly in a rocker, and the patients were apparently all sleeping. One, a very pale-faced young woman, whose features were dimly lighted by a flickering candle, had the ghostly appearance of death. Her eyes were open, the lower jaw had fallen, the pulse could not be felt, and for a moment there was no respiration. Then there was a slight gasp, another, and yet another, and a fourth just within the minute. Evidently no time had been lost in the attempt to save her and after a struggle of four hours she had become conscious and made a satisfactory recovery, not only from profound narcotism but from the puerperal fever, the symptoms of Avhich did not recur. Three of the four remaining patients continued to take four grains of opium every hour for one or two days, when the symptoms of peritonitis subsided and all made good recoveries. Four consecutive cases were thus cured, an experience unknown in Bellevue Hospital. The fifth case proved much more obstinate. Four grains an hour caused only slight somnolence and as the pulse ranged from one hundred twenty to one hundred thirty per minute, with great tenderness of the abdomen, tympanitis and rapid respiration, the dose was gradually increased from four to twelve grains per hour, when narcotism became sufficiently pronounced and the dosage was maintained until she had taken 1,960 grains, by actual weight. During treatment she neither vomited nor had a movement of the bowels. The symptoms began to improve about the fifth day and from that time she rapidly recovered. This was the fifth consecutive case of cure, and, as the symptoms showed that she was suffering from the severest form of puer- peral fever, her recovery was conceded to prove the value of the opium treat- ment. Another incident of interest during Dr. Smith's residence in Bellevue was the occurrence of a severe epidemic of typhus fever in the city. For several months the hospital was crowded with typhus cases to the exclusion of the ordinary diseases. Of the twelve internes eight had the fever and two died. As Dr. Smith, perhaps born an immune, escaped an attack, there were periods when he and two others had the sole care of several hundred cases of the fever. Professor Clark was in charge of the fever wards, and the course of the epidemic came to rely chiefly on the free administration of brandy in the critical stage. So successful was this treatment that he spoke of brandy as nearly a specific in the treatment of typhus at the crisis of its course. He gave a favorable prognosis in those cases which progressed without complication to the stage of semi-tmconsciousness, so great was his confidence in the power of brandy, if given judiciously, to tide them over. On one occasion a professor in a St. Louis medical college came to the hos- pital with Professor Clark to witness the treatment of typhus. He was alto- gether skeptical in regard to the alleged value of brandy, and as a test he was requested to select the cases which in his opinion were hopeless or be3rond the power of any remedy. He selected six cases, two of whom he believed COLLEGE OF PHYSICIAXS AND SURGEOXS. were dying, and left, promising to call on the following day. The cases were immediately isolated and treatment begim. The patients were semi- comatose to the extent of recognizing no one, although they could swallow with difficult}- liquids put into their mouths. Dr. Smith personally super- vised their treatment and gave hot brandy and miUc averaging every thirtv" minutes. The most hopeless case took twenty ounces of brandy. \\'hen the professor visited the hospital all of the patients had so far recovered as to answer questions intelligently and several asked for water and food. All had evidently passed the crisis safely. The St. Louis professor was incredu- lous, and. perhaps mortilied by reason of his prognosis, inquired if these were reallv the patients whom he had selected, intimating that they might have died and others had been substituted. During his first year in Bellevue an occurrence at his countn.- home lur- nished Dr. Smith the theme for a paper on rupture of the urinan,- bladder, which was published in the Xen' York Journal of Medicine for ^lay, 185 1. and was aftenvards translated into French, German and Spanish. The young phvsician in whose practice the case occurred was censured by the older medi- cal men of the vicinity for his diagnosis, the contention being that rupture of the bladder rarely if ever occurred and was not proved in this case either by the svmptoms or the autopsy. The attending physician urged his friend, Dr. Smith, to make a collection of cases preparatory for the trial. The only medical libran,- in the cit\- at that time belonged to the New York Ho.spital, then located on Broadway near Duane street. It was opened daily only from twelve to one o'clock, but in spite of the disadvantages. Dr. Smtih succeeded in collecting seventy-five cases and tabulating them so that they could be used at the trial. The collection completely nullified the testimony of the medical witnesses who had so severely criticised the physician in charge of the case. The collection having been examined by Dr. ^'alentine ^Mott, Sr., he expressed great surprise at the number and strongly advised the young author to publish them with a suitable text. The paper appeared in the Neiv York Journal of Medicine for ^May. 185 1. and was widely copied at home and abroad. Dr. Smith remained in Bellevue two years, owing to the t\"phus epidemic from which the staff suffered so severely. The ordinary' term was eighteen months. He aftenvards spent six months in the quarantine hospital during the epidemic of yellow fever which spread over Bay Ridge. Long Island. He located in Xew York in 1852 and in 1853 became joint editor with Dr. Pur- ple of the Xeiv York Journal of Medicine, to which he had contributed sev- eral articles. He was soon after appointed physician to the Xew York and the Xorthern dispensaries, with which he remained connected for several years, as they afforded large opportunities for practical clinical studies. In 1854, scarcely two years after he left Bellevue as a student, the board of governors unanimously appointed him visiting surgeon to this great hos- pital. This event, taken in connection with his editorship of the Journal of Medicine, may be taken as a point of departure in tracing the various activi- ties of Dr. Smith and of estimating the character of his work. OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. . 503 AS A PRACTICAL SURGEON. At the period when Dr. Smith entered Bellevue as visiting surgeon, sur- geons were classified as operative and conservative. In the pre-antiseptic period operations were often performed to save the patient from the fatal result which would certainly follow the profuse suppuration occurring in all wounds. Conservatism consisted in preventing suppuration, as far as pos- sible, with the means then employed. Dr. Smith was conservative. He em- ployed such preventive measures as very hot water applied immediately to the surface of the wound after the operation : irrigations of wounds with dilute creosote: dusting the surface of wounds with pulverized cinchona: ap- plying balsam Peru. etc. But notwithstanding his conservatism in the field of operative surgery Dr. Smith has made some notable advances. He was accustomed to prepare feeble patients for the shock of operations bv feeding them on hot milk and whiskey for eight to ten hours preceding the opera- tion. The value of the method was threefold, viz : it supplied the patient with ample nourishment: it furnished the heart a mild put persistent stimulant; it rendered the patient so insensible to pain that be recphred much less ether. No shock has e\-er been noticeable when this method has been pursued. Dr. Smith performed many of the important operations of the period and devised several which have been accepted. He performed Syme's ampu- tation at the ankle joint with excellent results, this being the second of the kind in this country. He ligated the common iliac artery in the presence of Dr. Valentine 'Slott. who made the first operation: Dr. Smith's case was the thirty-second. He devised a new method of amputation at the knee joint which has been accepted by authorities at home and abroad as giving the best results. He treated fistula-in-ano by complete excision and immediate union, obtaining perfect results in twelve consecutive cases. In an incised wound of the liver, he applied a suture in the form of an X or cross. He successfully ligated the external carotid near the origin for cancer of the face. Recently he published a new method of amputation at the knee joint for gangrene of foot due to embolism of the popliteal at its bifurcation. He secured excellent results by anchylosis of the knee joint by excisions for in- fantile paralysis of leg, known as "dangle limb." He practiced Lannalogtte's craniectomy for microcephalus. In a fracture with displacement of the elev- enth dorsal vertebra followed by paraplegia, he excised the displaced frag- ment but without permanent relief. Dr. Smith was appointed surgeon to the City Hospital, Blackwell's Is- land, in 1864: to St. Vincent's Hospital in 1885: to Columbus Hospital in 1890. He is now consulting surgeon to these hospitals. At the outbreak of the Civil war he was commissioned as a volunteer surgeon by Governor Morgan, and served in the hospital at Fortress Monroe after the seven days' battles of General ]\IcClellan, and in the hospitals at Fredericksburg during the battles of the \\'ilderness. He was appointed assistant surgeon to the Military Hospital, Central Park, New York, and afterwards surgeon in charge of the City Hospital while it was in charge of the medical depart- ment of the army. Under appointment of the United States sanitary com- 504 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. mission he inspected the mihtary hospitals and made a full report on their condition and management. Subsequently he was selected by the trustees of the Roosevelt Hospital, New York, fund to prepare plans for that hospital. The original hospital was constructed according to those plans, which were published in an elab- orate report made to the managers by Dr. Smith. This hospital attracted much attention, and the plans proved to be the basis for the construction of several hospitals. When the trustees of the Johns Hopkins Hospital fund were preparing to erect a hospital they appointed a commission of six experts on hospital construction to report on plans. Dr. Smith was selected as one of the commission and prepared a report with complete plans for the hos- pital, which was published in the volume issued by the trustees. These plans were accepted by the architect of the board with slight modification, but on his removal from office a new set of plans was made according to which the present Johns Hopkins Hospital Avas constructed. AS A TEACHER. Dr. Smith has had a large experience as a teacher, ^^'hen he began to practice, the medical colleges encouraged private teaching and accordingly it was the custom among recent graduates to have private classes of medical students. Dr. Smith early began to teach and the numbers of his pupils increased so that he had as many as sixty in a single class. On entering upon his new duties in Bellevue he at once began clerical teaching, which added much to the popularity of his classes. It was to this circumstance that Bellevue Hospital Medical College had its origin. Several members of the visiting staff also had private classes which attended the clinics at Bellevue. Frequently upwards of two hundred students would be present at a lecture. These facts suggested to Dr. Smith the propriety of establishing at Belle- vue Hospital a fully organized medical college. He first mentioned the matter to Dr. Sayer, after one of the latter's largely attended clinical lectures, who received the suggestion with his usual enthusiasm. The only other member of the staff who favored an immediate eft'ort to obtain a charter for a medical college was Dr. Isaac E. Taylor. The president of the charities commission at that time was Hon. Simeon Draper, a man of great personal popularity and of dominating political influence. Dr. Taylor was his family physician and intimate personal friend. To determine the attitude of Mr. Draper toward the project Drs. Taylor and Smith waited on him and unfolded the project of a medical school at Bellevue. Mr. Draper received their proposi- tion in much doubt, but promised to confer with his colleagues and be gov- erned by their decision. The conclusion which the commission reached was that if the medical board of the hospital would recommend that a medical school be established in connection with the hospital, the commission would endeavor to secure a charter from the legislature. As the medical board contained members of the faculties of the other colleges it was doubtful about securing its approval. Therefore, when the matter was brought before the board, it was in the form of a suggestion by the commission. The propo- OFFICERS AXD ALUMNL 505 sition was regarded by many members of the board as chimerical, and was adopted with httle discussion. A charter was drafted and it was decided to call the new college the "Bellevue Hospital IMedical College" in order to secure the advantages which the prestige of the hospital would give the new school. The charter was obtained, the faculty organized, and the first course of instruction began in the autumn of 1861 with a class of one hundred and fifty students. Dr. Smith held the professorship of the principles of surgery and clinical surgery until 1865. when he was appointed as lecturer for one year and thereafter as pro- fess of anatomy. He resigned this professorship in 1872, and afterwards accepted the position of professor of clinical surgery in the University Medi- cal College. In teaching anatomy Dr. Smith departed from the stereot}-ped method and piirsued a course peculiarly his own. The underlying principle of his system was that the human organisms should be studied as we would study any other mechanism, that is, according to the laws governing mechan- ical construction. The student was thus placed in the attitude of an inventor or creator, and all his studies were along the line of devising and creating structures adapted to perform functions. His constant effort was to arouse and stimulate to intense activity the inventive faculty of the student. This method of studying the human mechanism proved to be eminently successful. The a^-erage student became at once interested in the study of anatomy and the technicalities were readily learned and not easily forgotten. In teaching clinical surgery Dr. Smith's method was to group series of cases and thus illustrate ever)- progressive phase of the disease. In a large hospital this could often be done with great perfection and thus in one lecture the dift'erent stages of a disease would be presented as an impressive object lesson. This method, with a very accurate analysis of the principal features of the case and a practical illustration and application of the lessons to be learned, made his clincs very attractive and popular. AS A SURGICAL AUTHOR. In the field of surgical literature Dr. Smith's labors have been con- spicuous both for the quantity and quality of his work. Following his mono- graph on "Rupture of the Urinary Bladder," which, as already stated, was written while he was on the resident staff of Bellevue Hospital, are a series of papers in the NeiL- York Journal of Medicine from his pen. Several of these papers are elaborate reports based on cases in the practice of surgeons of Bellevue, especially of Dr. Willard Parker. The most important of these papers were as follows : "Polypus Laryngis," "Rare Forms of Dislocations," "Spontaneous Fractures," "Injuries of the Bladder," "Amputation at the Knee Joint," "Fracture of the Processus Dentatus." For Dr. James R. Wood he prepared a statistical paper on "Ligature of the Common Carotid Artery." In the number of the Journal for ^larch, 1852, he published an elaborate paper "On The Surgical Treatment of Epilepsy,"" with a table of twentv-seven So6 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. cases of trephining the skull for that affection. This was the most important paper on this subject which had appeared at that date. In the same journal for September, 1852, was published a paper on "Statistics of Amputation at the Hip Joint," with tables of statistics of amputation in continental, British and American practice. In the Journal for January, 1853, the subject of "Amputation at the Large Joints" is continued with statistics of ampu- tation at the shoulder and elbow joints. In 1858 Dr. Smith became sole editor of the Journal of Medicine. In i860 he determined to convert the Journal into a weekly periodical, the first number of which appeared on the first of July of that year under the title of American Medical Times. It was a quarto of thirty-two pages and took the form and makeup of the Medical Times and Gazette of London. It pro\"ed at once a great success. The editorials were devoted to the discussion of current medical topics, which were afterwards collected and published in a duodecimo volume of four hundred pages tmder the title "Doctor in Medi- cine," this being the title of the first paper in the volume. As the Civil war began soon after its establishment, many of the early editorials related to the affairs of the medical department of the army. The periodical was continued four years and was suddenly discontinued owing to a crisis occurring in the affairs of the publishers. The most important contribution of Dr. Smith to surgical literature is his work on the "Principles and Practice of Operative Surgery," a handbook which originated in a manifest need of both the regular and the volunteer surgeons at the commencement of the Civil war. The works on surgery at that time were ponderous volumes to be consulted only at leisure and would come to hand too late when the wagon trains were far in the rear. Although Dr. Smith had collected his illustrations very leisurely, the mo\-ement of the army of the Potomac from before Washington to Fortress Monroe in the spring of 1862 impressed the public mind that, according to the prediction, the war would end in "ninety days." For this reason among many others the publisher urged that the book be completed without delay. Accordingly the compiler began to prepare the text on the first day of May and was freed from the printers on the 27th of the same month. The venture was re^varded by a sale amounting to not less than twelve thousand copies before peace was declared. In passing, reference might be made to the significant coinci- dence that within a month there appeared in Richmond, V^irginia, another work with a different text, but the exact illustrations. Encouraged by his venture as described. Dr. Smith in 1879 prepared another edition more specially adapted to civil practice, which received high commendation, particularly from surgeons like Gross, Hamilton, Mott, Paget and Esmarch. Eight thousand copies of this edition were quickly sold. In 1887 the work was again revised, largely rewritten, and published in oc- tavo form, and took rank along with the standard works on the principles and practice of operative surgery. Dr. Smith edited an edition of Hamil- ton's work on "Fractures and Dislocations," which is now out of print, but in its day commanded a ready sale and was quoted as an authority. OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 507 While engaged in editorial duties Dr. Smith collected a valuable library for reference, especially along the line of the serial publications. This library finally contained the current literature of this country. Great Britain and France for the last century in a very complete form. In i8g6, however, he donated the larger part of this growing collection t(j the medical depart- ment of the Syracuse University, where it forms a nucleus and is constantly expanding along the same lines. But before the year just mentioned Dr. Smith had organized the Medical Library and Journal Association of New York city. This body finally dissolved and transferred its collection to the New York Academy of Medicine, practically to merge with the New York Hospital Library and Pathological Museum, which, owing to its inaccessibil- ity, had lost its prestige, particularly with students. IN THE FIELD OF SANIT.XRY REFORM. Dr. Smith long ago acquired a leading position in the field of sanitary reform, not only in this city and state but in connection with the general government. An interesting incident occurred in his early professional career which made such an impression upon his mind tliat he ne\-er lost an opportunity to aid in securing proper sanitary legislation. While attending typhus fever in Bellevue Hospital he traced a succession of cases numbering twenty as coming from a single house in East Twenty-first street, and there found the wreck of a building which was the resort of tramps of most untidy habits. The agent refusing to give the name of the owner obliged the self- constituted inspector to visit the police, inasmuch as there was no health department. The staggering discovery was then made that there was no law or ordinance by which the house could be either cleaned or closed. On examining the tax books at the suggestion of Mr. Acton, president of the police commission, the owner of the building was found to be a resident of Union Square and a member of a church advocating practical morals. This landlord was visited, the condition of his house described, and the fact made apparent that it was unquestionably a "fever-nest," which ought to be closed or renovated. Deaf to all appeals, and claiming that he did not even have the power of dispossession notwithstanding his prompt payment of taxes, he refused to do anything to mend the situation. Dr. Smith, somewhat discomfited, next called on William Cullen Brvant, the editor of the Evening Post, and relating" the circumstances, explained the want of laws or ordinances empowering the police to remedy the evil. After a few minutes' reflection the editor advised that Mr. Acton should arrest the owner on the charge of maintaining a public nuisance and inform him when the gentleman would be brought into court. A reporter of the Post would be present to secure the facts for publication, and they would be the subject of proper editorial comment. When the gentleman appeared in the Jefferson Market police court he was confronted by the reporter, pencil and paper in hand, who briskly inter- rogated him as to his name, residence, location of the tenement house and its habitues, its condition, and such other matters as might be fit for publica- 5o8 COLLEGE OF PHYSICL-INS AND SURGEONS. tion. Alarmed at his position, the owner inquired about his own rights before the bar of justice and as regarded his tormentor's reasons for rigid cross-examination without an attorney's Hcense, and was at once informed that he was fuUy authorized by the editor of the Evening Post, who intended to pubhsh verbatim all the facts as elicited, with full editorial comments. The gentleman became greatly alarmed and l^egged that the matter be dropped, promising that he would at once have the house put in good sanitary condi- tion. The terrorization with court stu'roundings had the not uncommon dramatic result, for the house was at once N-acated and soon was pointed out as a pattern to be copied. Nor was this all, for the lauilding became one of the most attractive tenements in that district, sought out by the ijest class of tenants, who willingly paid the higher rents which the landlord, as they claimed, justly charged. The landlord, too, was highly pleased and without irony thanked Dr. Smith for his public spirit and his own reward of virtue with a better income. This experience made a profound impression on Dr. Smith and led to his subsequent efforts to secure the much required sanitary organization, with ample health laws for the city. For several years, in cooperation with others, he aided in drafting bills and bringing them before the legislature, but all these efforts failed until the Citizens' Association was formed, of which Peter Cooper was president. This body was composed of a large number of citizens of wealth and influ- ence, whose purpose was to promote schemes for improving the city in every department and to defeat improper Isills before the legislature. It had a sanitary and a legal bureau. Dr. Smith became an active member of the former and Mr. Dorman B. Eaton was a prominent member of the latter. In this organization w-ere found the forces necessary to secure the long sought legislation and the judicious enforcements with due regard for the rights of enlightened citizenship. As the cause of failure in securing adecjuate legislation had Ijeen due chiefly to the want of official facts in regard to the sanitary condition of the city, it was decided to organize and carry out a scheme of inspection under the auspices of the association. Of this work Dr. Smith had charge with plenary powers. He divided the city into thirty-one inspection districts and appointed a young physician to each. The plan of inspection required a per- sonal examination of every building of whate\-er name and nature in each district and where accessible every room in each building was inspected, its size, arrangement, condition and uses noted, as also all the facts relating" to the persons occupying them. The inspection was completed in three months and the reports when bound made seventeen volumes of most sug- gestive expedients. Dr. Elisha Harris, an efficient and tireless co-worker, pre- pared the text of the report submitted to the association, which was imme- diately printed. The popular verdict has been repeatedly approved that there was never a voluntary sanitary inspection of a large city comparable to that performed by the Citizens' Association in 1863-64. No work of its class could have been better done with all the temptations for sensational embel- ishments and with such calm, honest statements. It was now proposed by the association to have a bill drafted creating a metropolitan health depart- & OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 509 ment, along the same lines as tlie meh-opolitan police department and closely allied to it. The task of preparing the bill was committed to Dr. Smith and Mr. Eaton. Dr. Smith made the first draft, embodying all of the essential medical and sanitary provisions. Mr. Eaton, who had thoroughly studied the health laws of England along with their many amendments, perfected the measure. The bill was introduced into the legislature of 1865 and Dr. Smith and Mr. Eaton were directed to appear in its behalf before the joint committee on cities of the two houses. Senator Andrew D. White presided. The im- pression made upon the committees by the arguments was so favorable that a prominent member remarked at the close of the hearing that if the two houses were in session the bill would pass at once after such admirable pre- sentations. Dr. Smith's speech, as published in the Nezu York Times, occu- pied more than one side of its daily issue, and the many controversies -which loomed up in the papers showed that it must at least have been pretty general- ly read. The bill was defeated, however, at that session, but the agitation was editorially continued, and so public sentiment became further solidified in its favor by a threatened invasion of cholera and the actual existence of a smallpox epidemic, perhaps primarily due to the disbanded legions of the Civil war returning to their homes. Thus during the early days of the session of 1866 it found its place in the statutes of the Empire state. More than all, it has proved to be the source of all the health legislation in this country, municipal, state and national. In March, 1868. Governor Fenton appointed Dr. Smith one of the com- missioners. In 1870, the legislature amended the law by removing its metro- politan feature and limiting the area of operation to the city of New York. This change legislated the commissioners out of office and a new commission was appointed by the mayor. Dr. Smith was again selected by Mayor A. Oakey Hall. In 1872 the law was again amended and a new board created, and Dr. Smith was re-appointed by Mayor AVilliam F. Havermeyer. In 1875, on the expiration of his term, he retired from the board. As early as 1870 Dr. Smith conceived the idea of organizing a national sanitary association, the object of which should be the mutual co-operation of all the health boards, sanitarians and scientists of the United States inter- ested in the reform movement. In 1870 he had succeeded by an extensive correspondence in exciting sufficient interest in the enterprise to secure a large meeting of delegates from many cities and states at Long Branch, where the organization of the American Public Health Association was effected. Dr. Smith was elected its first president and was subsequently re-elected four times, but he declined the last election. This association has steadily grown until it has become one of the most influential bodies in the countrj^, and it has now extended the scope of its beneficent work by incorporating Canada and Mexico as an integral portion of its organization. Early in the seventies Dr. Smith began the agitations in favor of a national board of health. At his suggestion several prominent sanitarians in different states met in conference at Washington for the purpose of exam- ining the situation and determining the propriety of introducing a bill into 510 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. Congress creating such a board. But the project was decided to lie prema- ture and the time not j^et ripe for the enactment of uniform sanitary laws throughout the Union. In 1878 occurred the great yellow fever epidemic in the Mississippi valley, which created a strong public sentiment in the southern states favorable to the creation of a national health . organization. This was regarded by Dr. Smith and those acting with him as the proper occasion for the introduction of a bill into Congress creating a health organi- zation in the general government. Accordingly Dr. Smith drafted a bill establishing a department of health, which was introduced into the Senate by Senator Lamar, of Mississippi. Much opposition was developed during the session to any health legislation, but the devastations of the pestilence had been so widespread in the south, and the fear of its return in the follow- ing year was so great that it became apparent that the people of the southern states would compel relief from Congress. Several measures were introduced, but each met with opposition and it was only on the last day of the session that a compi'omise measure was introduced and passed. This act merely created a board of health with only power to stud}' the cjuestion of the neces- sity of a permanent board of health. An extra session was called owing to the failure of appropriations, and this gave an opportunity to the people of the south to demand that additional power should be given the new board. Accordingly a supplementary act was passed giving the board full power to take proper measures to meet the wants of the stricken communities and appropriating an adequate amount of money. Dr. Smith was appointed by President Hayes one of the members of the board, a position which he held twelve years. Meantime, Dr. Smith was active in endea\-oring to secure the passage of a law creating a board of health for the state of New York. In 1882 he prepared a bill, and unaided succeeded in securing its passage by the legislature Excepting certain amendments made from time to time, tlie present public health law of New York is virtually the bill as originally drafted by Dr. Smith. In 1894 Dr. Smith was appointed by President Cleveland one of the three delegates to represent the United States government in the Interna- tional Sanitary Conference of Paris, which was called by the government of France. The object of this conference was to make international rules and regulations governing" the visitations of pilgrims to Mecca. It was held by the French sanitary authorities that cholera always reached Europe only by means of these pilgrims : that the pilgrims from the Ganges, the habitat of cholera, brought the infection to Mecca, where they communicated it to the European pilgrims, and thus it found transportation to Europe. The conference was in session three months, during which time it perfected sani- tary rules governing the movements of both Asiatic and European pilgrims, and gave to the world an example of the triumph of necessity over sentiment. IN THE FIELD OF CHARITY. Soon after his settlement in New York Dr. Smith was visiting the in- stitutions of the department of charities on Blackwell's Island, in company OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 511 with a party of ladies. It was a hot August day, and among the buildings visited was one devoted to orphan or abandoned infants. These children were in a most deplorable condition. All were ill with various forms of dis- ease : their attendants were "ten days" women who were sent to the island for drunkenness ; their condition as regards clothes and cleanliness indicated gross neglect. While examining these children, Mr. Simeon Draper, presi- dent of the commission, came into the ward with a disheartened air. Dr. Smith incjuired as to the percentage of deaths of these children, to which Mr. Draper replied : "Ninety-six, and the remaining four per cent hardly seem worth saving." One of the ladies, profoundly impressed with the an- swer, afterward rec|uested Dr. Smith to investigate the methods of treating this class of de])endents elsewhere, to determine if such an .enormous death rate was usual and necessary. Accordingly he entered upon an extensive correspondence and obtained statistical reports from Germany, France and Great Britain. The result of the inquiry showed that in well managed insti- tutions the mortalit}' of this class had been as low as four per cent, while the average varied from nine to fifteen per cent in different year?. The result of this inquiry was the organization of a society for the purpose of establishing an institution for the care of these almshouse waifs. Out of the movement sprang the New York Infant Asylum, of which Dr. Smith was one of the incorporators, and the Foundling Asylum, which he assisted Sifter Irene in organizing. Dr. Smith has been a conspicuous worker in the field of charity. In 1 88 1 he was appointed one of the commissioners of the state board of chari- ties by Governor Cornell. In the following year Governor Cornell appointed him state commissioner in lunacy, a position which he held six years. On his retirement from that office he was appointed by Governor Flower com- missioner of the state board of charities in 1888. On the expiration of his term of office he was reappointed by Governor Black. In September, 1897, he was appointed b}' Mayor Strong a commissioner of the department of charities of the city of New York, of which he was elected president. He retained this position until the close of Mayor Strong's administration, when he was again appointed a commissioner of the state board of charities by Governor Black. He was induced to accept this position in the belief that he could effect many reforms which his long connection with the department made apparent to him, but the conditions prevented any special changes. As commissioner in lunacy he visited the asylums for the insane, public and private, two to four times annually, and during those visits he made exhaustive inspections of each establishment in great detail, saw every in- mate and conversed with each one who desired an interview. There were at that time about fifteen thousand insane in the institutions of the state, large numbers of whom were in the almshouses. At the conclusion of his first visit he was thoroughly convinced that the entire lunacy system of this state should be changed. The contrast between the management of institu- tions under control of the state compared with county institutions was so strikingly in favor of the former that it was apparent that the state should have the control of all asvlums for the insane. There were two methods 512 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. of effecting this reform ; either the state should assume sufficient authority over the management of ahnshouses to control the details of their operations, or the state should assume the entire care of all of the insane in state insti- tutions. As there was strong opposition on the part of the counties to the proposition that they should surrender their insane entirely to the state, Dr. Smith drafted a bill which would enable the state to appoint and support a certain number of attendants for the insane in almshouses, provided the state authorities could make the rules governing the management of the insane under county care. But this policy was abandoned owing to its unpopularity among the county officials. As the most active worker, the persistent sanitarian then drafted a bill which provided for a gradual re- moval of the insane in the poorhouses into the state asylums, and began the agitation which ended in the adoption of the present state care act. At first the proposition of state care of all of the insane was rejected not only by the counties, but by the state board of charities and many prominent citi- zens who were consulted. At length Dr. Smith submitted the matter to the more active members of the state charities aid association and urged them to undertake the passage of the bill. At first they did not favor such action, but subsequently, under the advice of Professor Theodore Dwight, they approved the scheme and volunteered to secure the passage of a bill that would effect this reform, and consented to undertake the task. Meantime, on further study of the situation. Dr. Smith decided that the only remedy was a radical measure which would place all the insane under state care by removing them bodily from the almshouses and transferring them to the state asylums. Accordingly he drafted a new bill, now known as the "state care act," which would effect this object and which, after very many modifica- tions, was finally passed by the legislature and effected a lasting reform in the lunacy system of the state. Before his retirement from the office of state commissioner in lunacy in 1887, Dr. Smith had concluded that the proper oversight of the insane, then numbering about twenty thousand, required a commission made up of well qualified commissioners. Accordingly he drafted a bill creating a lunacy commission, consisting of one physician, one lawyer and a business man. This bill became a law in 1889, ^nd, with subsequent amendments, is the present law governing the lunacy system of the state. When Dr. Smith entered upon duty the question of non-restraint of the insane was a somewhat dominant question. All of the old paraphernalia and restraint devices were still in use throughout the state with but few instances of discontinuance or modification. Still, so earnest were the superintendents in their efforts to maintain the most advanced position in the care of the insane that at the close of his term mechanical restraint had been abandoned. Dr. Smith, rather from choice than otherwise, directed his attention largely to improvements in the details of mangement, a task for which he was well qualified by his long connection with the large hospitals of the city. On his recommendation training schools for nurses were established, the first being in the Buffalo asylum, and their success has amply justified his wisdom. In 1889 Dr. Smith was again appointed a commissioner of the state OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 513 board of charities and has remained a member of that board to the present time by two reappointments. His woriv in the field of state charities has covered every branch of their service. It may be truly said that probably no other one individual has a more intimate knowledge of the charitable in- stitutions of the state. A review of the preceding sketch furnishes another striking illustration of the possiljilities for de\-elopment and advancement which American insti- tutions offer to those born and bred under the most humble circumstances. Handicapped by ill health from childhood, subjected to the hard labor of a farm in boyhood with only the meager facilities for education of a poorly managed public school, compelled to delay the commencement of the study of medicine to a period of life when most men have graduated. Dr. Smith had the opportunity to achieve success, not only in his profession, but in civil affairs. It is interesting to note that, although he did not enter upon the study of medicine until he was in his twenty-third year, he spent six years in preparation, the greater part of the time being in hospitals. During this period he not only served full terms on the medical and surgical divisions in general hospitals, but he seized occasions as they offered to serve in cholera, typhus fever, smallpox and yellow fever hospitals. He also took special courses of clinical studies in diseases of the skin, eye and ear. Dr. Smith attributes whatever success he may have achieved to two facts ; first, thor- ough preparation in his profession, and second, persevering work in every position which opened to him. His progress, although not rapid, was con- tinuous and substantial. Though an entire stranger in the city, he unosten- tatiously secured a remunerative private practice which in later years has aft'orded him an ample income. With a marvelous industry he varied his duties with hospital work in public and private teaching, with editing a medical periodical, in writng elaborate papers and in preparing his work on operative surgery. But these activities could not absorb all of his time, for he held official relations with boards of health and the charities commis- sions of the city and state that required a large amount of time and thought. The public positions which Dr. Smith has held probably exceed that of any other medical man in the country, for to summarize, he has been ap- pointed to office three times by the mayors of Ncav York, seven times by the governors of the state of New York, and twice by the presidents of the United States. BENJAMIN RALPH SWAN, M. D.— 1868. Dr. Benjamin Ralph Swan was born December i, 1837, in Woodstock, Vermont, and is the son of Benjamin and Ann (Isham) Swan, the former a native of Woodstock, Vermont, and the latter of Colchester, Connecticut. Dr. Swan graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York in the class of 1868, and for a year held the position of surgeon to the Pacific Mail Steamship Company. Since 1870 he has practiced his profession in San Francisco, California. During his student days he was a pupil in the office of Dr. Gurdon Buck, of New York, and for a year previous to his graduation served in the Nursery Hospital on Randall's Island. From 1871 514 COLLEGE OF PHYSICL4NS AND SURGEOXS. to 1881 he was visiting physician to the Protestant Orphan Asylum of San Francisco, and from 1883 to 1901 occupied the chair of professor of diseases of children in the medical department of the University of California. From 1874 to 1877 he was coroner of the cit}" and county of San Francisco, and is ex-staff surgeon of the division of the National Guard of California. During the Civil war Dr. Swan was a member of Company A, Twent}"- third Regiment, National Guard State of New York, and in 1863 accompanied the regiment to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Dr. Swan is a member of the American ^ledical Association, the ^ledical Society of the State of Cali- fornia, the San Francisco County ^Medical Society, the California Academy of iledicine, and holds the office of medical referee in the JNIutual Life Insurance Company of Nev." York. He belongs to the California Academy of Sciences, the San Francisco Art Association, and the Bohemian, Pacific Union, and Sierra Clubs. TAMES W. SCRIBNER. ^l. D.— 1847. Dr. James \^^. Scribner, deceased, was born at Tarrjtown, New York, January- 17, 1820. His grandfather, Enoch Scribner. was a resident of Bed- ford, Westchester county, to which place he is supposed to have moved from Connecticut. He was united in marriage to ^lary IMiller. and they were the parents of two sons, Joseph 2\I. and James ^I. Scribner. Joseph il. Scribner, father of Dr. James W. Scribner. was born ]vlay 11, 1793, and, wishing to lead a professional life, began the study of medicine, and in due course of time became a prominent physician. He married Rebecca Ward, daughter of Thomas A\'ard, of Sing Sing, New York. Their children were : Dr. James W., John C Mar\". wife of Robert Jameson, and Philip \'\\ Scrib- ner. The father of these children died December 28, 1847. Dr. James W. Scribner attended the village schools until he was fifteen years of age, when he was transferred to the Collegiate School at Bedford. Haying acquired a good classical education, he commenced the study of med- icine with his father as preceptor, who was then and had been for many years one of the physicians in charge of the Westchester almshouse, and in this institution Dr. Scribner had ample opportunit}' for gaining a wide and" varied experience while 3-et a student. After attending three courses of lectures at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York citA'', he was gradu- ated from that institution in 1847. The following year he began practice in his native town and continued it until the close of his life, being invariably favored with a large, responsible and remunerative practice. He became his father's successor in the medical profession, and was appointed to fill his place at the almshouse. During his entire life Dr. Scribner held a high position among his professional brethren in the county in which he resided ; so acute were his perceptions, so widely read was he in his profession, and so skillful in applying his acquirements to a practical use, that if he had made a specialt}' of any one department of medicine he would have become noted as a leader in it. But instead, he devoted himself to a general practice and was content to gain a local reputation as a skillful physician, surgeon and obstetrician. His '/^^.i:^ ^ OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 515 counsel was frequently sought by physicians at a distance, and in his own neighborhood his services were always in demand where a consultation was necessary. He was devoted to his profession, and could seldom be induced to withdraw himself from his work in order to take needed relaxation. Dur- ing the last year of his life, while suffering from the acute pain of a ma- lignant disease and from the depression naturally arising from such a condi- tion, he attended regularly to business day and night, without murmur or complaint. He was a member of the Westchester County Medical Society, having been elected to the highest office; a member of the New York State Medical Society, the American Medical Association, an honorary member of the Cali- fornia State Medical Society, and was chosen a delegate to the National Med- ical Association in 187 1. He was elected president of the village of Tarry- town for several terms, was chosen president of the Westchester County Ag- ricultural Society, and also served in the capacit}^ of president of the board of education at Tarrytown for many years. By Dr. Scribner's death, which occurred January 28, 1880, the com- munity in which he labored so faithfully for many years suffered an irrepar- able loss : all classes mourned him as a friend, he being a man of the highest character and most sterling integrit}'. These traits were spoken of in un- qualified terms by those most intimately associated with him in professional, social or private life. JAMES EDWARD NEWCOMB, A. B., M. D.— 1883. Dr. James E. Newcomb was born in New London, Connecticut, Au- gust 27, 1857, and is the son of James and Sarah (Weaver) Newcomb, the former named being a descendant of Governor William Bradford, who was born in 1588 and died in 1657, and who was a passenger in the Mayflower and served as the first governor of the Plymouth colony. James Newcomb was prominently identified for many years with the mercantile pursuits of NeAv London, but of late j-ears has retired from the active duties of busi- ness life and i= now enjoying a well earned rest. Mrs. Newcomb is descended from the Brewsters of Plymouth, and her father. Wanton A. Weaver, was one of the old whaling merchants of New London. Dr. Newcomb prepared for college in the Bulkeley School of New Lon- don, received the degree of Bachelor of Arts from Yale University in. 1880, and subsequently matriculated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, from which he obtained his medical diploma in 1883. He was then appointed on the medical division of Roosevelt Hospital, where he served an interneship of eighteen months, and since then has been engaged in private practice in New York city, of late years devoting much time and special at- tention to disease;, of the nose and throat. He is the attending laryngologist of the out-patient department of Roosevelt Hospital and DeMilt Dispensary, and instructor in laryngology in the Cornell Universit}^ Medical College. Dr. Newcomb was the American editor of Gruenwald's "Atlas and Epitome of Diseases of th.e Mouth, Pharynx and Nose," and has published a consider- Si6 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. able number of papers covering the field of medicine in which he is especially interested. Pie has also contributed a chapter on "Diseases of the Pharynx and Tonsils"' to the American Text Book of Diseases of the Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat, nnd has written that portion of Burnett's Text Book published in 1901, devoted to the "Diseases of the Pharynx and Larynx." Dr. Newcomb is a member of the American Laryngological Association, of which he is secretarv ; the American Academy of ■Medicine, the New York Academy of [Medicine, the New York County ^ledical Society, the Hospital Graduates' Cltib, the West End Medical Society, the Society of the Alumni of Roosevelt Hospital, the Physicians' Mutual Aid Association, and a life member of the New London County (Connecticut) Historical Society. He is also a n-ember and trustee of the Calvary Baptist church of New York city. On March 23, 1887, Dr. Newcomb was united in marriage to ]Miss Elizabeth W'ilmot, of New York city, and they reside at 118 West Sixty- ninth street ROBERT COLEMAN KE:MP. M. D.— 1889. Dr. Robert Coleman Kemp was born April 26, 1865, in New York city, and is the son of John H. and Emeline A. (Coleman) Kemp. The former was one of the founders of the firm of Kemp, Day & Company, of 116 Wall street. The Kemp family originated in England and a branch settled in Salem, Massachusetts, and it is from the stock thus created that Dr. Kemp traces his descent. His grandfather, Aaron Kemp, a native of Salem, ]\Iassachusetts, was quartermaster of the Seventh Regiment during the war of the Rebellion, and was also one of the original members of the Twenty-seventh Regiment. The father of Dr. Kemp also served in the Sev- enth Regiment during the Civil war, with the rank of first lieutenant, and now belongs to the Veteran Corps of that regiment. He is a member of Kane Lodge, F. and A. M., and of Lafayette Post, G. A. R. On the maternal side Dr. Kemp descends from the founder of the Angevin family of New Rochelle, who was one of the freeholders of that town in the reign of Queen i\nne. He also numbers among his maternal ancestors Pere- grine AVhite, the first white child born in New England, and is related to the well known Coffin and Bunker families of Nantucket. Dr. Kemp was fitted for college by a private tutor, and entered Co- lumbia University, from which he received in 1885 the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He then matriculated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, graduating from that institution in 1889 with the degree of Doctor of Medicine. After serving for two years as interne in the surgical division of the Roosevelt Hospital, he entered, in July, 1891, upon a career of private practice. Eor about four years he filled the position of attending surgeon to the Episcopal Church Hospital, Infirmary and Dispensarj-. He served as clinical assistant in the surgical division of the medical school and hospital of the New York Polyclinic, and was subsequently appointed instructor in surgerjr to that institution. He is now attending physician to the New York Red Cross Hospital, associate professor of internal medicine irll4yO ^<'^<^^*<<^«'«^//2^^^^i^?^ OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 517 at the New York School of CUnical Medicine, attending physician to the department of gastro-intestinal diseases, St. Bartholomew's Clinic, and con- sulting physician to the Manhattan State Hospital, West, Ward's Island. Dr. Kemp is the author of a work entitled, "Enteroclysis, Hypoder- moclysis and Infusion ; a Manual for Physicians and Students ; Introduction by William H. Thompson, M. D., LL. D." Among the articles which he has published from time to time in the medical journals may be men- tioned the following: "Treatment of Scarlatina Nephritis," Pediatrics. Vol. 10, Nos. 7, 8, 10, II, 1900; "Further -Experimental Researches on the Effects of Different Anaesthetics on the Kidneys," Ne^d' York Medical Journal. November 18 and 25, and December 2, 1899; "Indications for Double-current Rectal Irrigation," Nezu York Medical Journal, March 13, 1897; "Experimental Researches with Entroclysis, Hypodermoclysis, etc.; Effects Produced on Intestinal Absorption, Renal Secretion, etc.," Nezo York Medical Journal, January 29, 1898; "Experimental Researches on the Ef- fects of Different Anaesthetics on the Kidneys," is the title of an article written by. Dr. Kemp in association with Dr. William H. Thompson, and published in the New York Medical Record, 1898. In May, 1898, Dr. Thompson read before the Association of American Physicians an article entitled, "The Care of Septic Endocarditis, and Ex- perimental Researches with Antistreptococcus Serum," prepared by himself in conjunction with Dr. Kemp ; "Hypodermocl3'sis, Experiments, Technique and Clinical Uses," Nezv York Medical Journal, February 28, 1903, and numerous other articles. Dr. Kemp is a member of the County Medical Society, the Academy of Medicine, the County Medical Association, the American Medical Associa- tion, the State Medical Association, the Manhattan Clinical Society, the American Urological Association, the Physicians' Mutual Aid Association, and the Alumni Association of Roosevelt Hospital. Pie belongs to the Greek letter societies — Delta Kappa Epsilon and Phi Beta Kappa. Dr. Kemp married. November 28, 189 1, Isabel Shields, of New York city. His address is 107 East Fifty-seventh street. MAUS ROSA VEDDER, M. D.— 1860. Dr. Maus Rosa Vedder, of New York city, was born in Schenectady, New York, March 19, 1835, and is the seventh representative of the Vedder family in America. This is an old and respected Dutch family, who have in their possession those solid ^lrtues which constitute the citizen pillar of the state. The progenitor of the American branch of the family was Harmon Albertse Vedder, son of Albert Vedder, a native of Holland, who came to this country about 1635, and was doubtless a cadet of one of the noble families of the Netherlands. Dr. Maus Rosa Vedder, seventh son of Nicholas A. Vedder, acquired his preliminary education at the Lyceum, and he was also given private in- struction by his elder brother; in 1852 he entered Union College, and after pursuing the usual course was engaged in mercantile life for one year. The 5i8 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. following year was spent in travel around the world, in visiting the West Indies, China, and California ; after his return from his travels he pursued a course of study in medicine under the competent direction of Kis brother, Dr. Alexander M. Vedder, then a full course at the Albany Medical College, and subsequently took a three years' course in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city, from which he was graduated in i860 with the degree of Doctor of Medicine. The thesis presented by him was a very able one on "Extra Uterine Gestation," which was awarded the Faculty prize. Shortly after his graduation he was appointed resident physician of Black- well's Island, later house physician at Bellevue Hospital, where he remained two years. He then offered his services to the government and was immedi- ately appointed assistant surgeon in the United States army, and assigned to duty at I'airfax Court House, Virginia ; at a later period he was ordered to Carver Barracks, Washington, D. C, where he performed the duties of discharging surgeon. Early in the spring of 1863 he resigned his position in the army to asso- ciate himself with his brother. Dr. Joseph H. Vedder, who was born in Schenectady, New York, March 2, 183 1, and began the study of medicine with his brother. Dr. Alexander Vedder; later he matriculated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and his post-graduate studies were pursued in hospitals in and near New York city. In 1854 Dr. Joseph H. Vedder estab- lished an office in Flushing, Long Island, and by his professional skill and exemplary character won the respect and confidence of the residents of the vicinity to a degree seldom attained by a young man starting on a profes- sional career. He made a specialty of surgery, and introduced a novel im- provement in the construction of splints for fractures, and an apparatus for making extension in hip and joint diseases ; after eight 5'ears of incessant labor in his profession he contracted pulmonary disease and in order to alleviate his suffering visited Minnesota and Cuba, but iinding that the climate did not improve his condition he returned to his native city, where his death occurred July 18, 1864, 'ind his remains were interred in the family burial plot in Vale Cemetery, Schenectady. He 'necame a member of the Reformed Dutch church of Flushing in i860, and at the time of his decease was the secretary of the Alumni Association of the College of Physicians and Sur- geons, of which he was an organizer. After the death of his brother in 1864, Dr. Maus R. Vedder continued to attend to the large and select patronage they had acquired in Flushing, but in 1866 the state of his own health demanded a brief respite from duty, and he again visited Europe, spending much of his time in the great hospitals and schools of Great Britain. He returned after a few months to Flushing, where he remained until 1870, when he located in New York city, where he has since been engaged in the practice of his profession, being recognized as a diagnostician of particular excellence. In June, 1897, he devised and perfected an improvement in the obstetrical forceps which has been viewed with great favor b}' several of the most eminent American obstetricians, a description of which appeared in the New York Medical Record of March 23, 1878. He is the author of an article enti<-]ed "The Plaster of Paris Splint OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 519 Improvement Based tipon Practice," published in the New York Medical Journal, September 15. 1888. Dr. Vedder is a prominent member of the Royal Arch ]\Iasons, the Union League Club, the St. Nicholas Society, the Holland Society, the Chi Psi Society and the Transporation and Manhattan Clubs. On April 14, 1863, Dr. Vedder married Miss Sarah Augusta Oulwater, only daughter of James Outwater, a respected and wealthy citizen of Tivoli-on-the-Hudson, well known for his success in developing river transportation. Six children have been born to them, all of whom are now living, with the exception of one, who died in infancy. Dr. Vedder is the owner of a beautiful summer resi- dence on the top of Watchung Mountain, Caldwell, Essex county, New Jer- sey, which he has occupied and enjoyed since 1890. His city home is at 708 Madison avenue. DANIEL MacMARTIN STIMSON, ^I. D.— 1868. Dr. Daniel ^Nlac^Martin Stimson was born January 2, 1844. in Edin- burg, Saratoga county. New York, and is the son of Azariah Ellithorp and Margaret (MacMartin) Stimson. The former, who was a man of influence in the community, served three terms in the New York state legislature. One of Dr. Stimson's paternal ancestors was Isaac Johnson, captain of the train band, who was killed in King Philip's war, while leading his troops into action. On the maternal side Dr. Stimson is descended from a Scottish family which for two generations has been influential in the state of New York. Judge Duncan MacMartin, of Broadalbin, Fulton county. New York, was the maternal grandfather of Dr. Stimson, and was for six years a mem- ber of the state senate. The boyhood of Dr. Stimson was passed in the state of Delaware, where he attended a select school, and in Albany, New York, where he graduated from the Albany Academy. In 1861 he entered the sophomore class of Union College, from which institution he was graduated in 1864, with the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and from which he received, in 1867, the degree of [Master of Arts. In undertaking the study of medicine, he desired to receive the instructions of Dr. Willard Parker, whose name is an inspira- tion to all members of the profession, and with this end in view entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, from Avhich he received, in 1868, the degree of Doctor of Aledicine. He then served for eighteen months as interne in the Charity (now the City) Hospital, after which he went abroad, where he studied, in Berlin and Vienna, such branches of medical science as would be specially serviceable in a career of general practice. From Vienna he went to Paris, where he pursued his studies in the Hotel Dieu and I'Hopital Charite. After a brief period spent in visiting the hospitals in London, he returned, in 1870, to the United States, and began private practice in Albany, New York, being made cit}^ physician and visiting surgeon to St. Peter's Hospital. In 1871 he came to New York, and formed a partnership with Dr. Willard Parker, his father-in-law, this asso- ciation remaining unbroken until 1886, when it was dissolved by the death of Dr. Parker. 520 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. For a number of years Dr. Stimson filled the chair of professor of anatomy in the Women's Medical College of the New York Infirmary, and also that of professor of surgery. He was visiting surgeon on the original staff of the Presbyterian Hospital, holding this position for two or three years, at the end of which time he resigned. In 1876 he became attending visiting surgeon to Mount Sinai Hospital, resigning this position about six years ago, since which time he has been consulting surgeon to the same institution, and holds the same position in the New York Infirmary for Women and Children. He was consulting surgeon to the State Immigrants' Hospital on W'ard Island until that institution was abolished, and is now connected in the same capacity with the Skin and Cancer Hospital, and the \Mllard Parker Hospital. He is a member of the consulting board of Loomis' Sanitarium at Libert}'. Xew York, and also belongs to the con- sulting board of the Sailors' Snug Harbor on Staten Island. He holds the position of consulting surgeon to the Northern Dispensary. In Albany Dr. Stimson served as surgeon to the Tenth Regiment, National Guard State of New York, with the rank of major, and since 1878 became major and sur- geon of the Seventh Regiment, National Guard State of New York, resign- ing this position after twenty-one and a half years of service. While a student in Union College Dr. Stimson belonged to the Philo- matheon Society, and the Kappa Alpha Society, the latter being a secret or- ganization. During his residence in Albany he was a member of the Beck Literary Society. He now holds membership in the Roman Medical Society, the Academy of ^vledicine, the County ^ledical Society, the ^Medical Society of Greater New York, the Medical and Surgical Society, and the City Hos- pital Graduates' Alumni Association. He is a member of the Century Asso- ciation, the University Club, the Players' Club, the Metropolitan Club, the Fencers' Club, the jNIurray Bay Golf Club, and of a Canadian fishing club. He belongs to the University Place Presbyterian church. Dr. Stimson mar- ried. April 13. 1871. Edith, daughter of Professor Willard Parker: they are the parents of one daughter, ]\Iargaret. Dr. Stimson's address is 11 West Seventeenth street, New York. PETER MURRAY, M. D.— 1884. Dr. Peter Murray was born in Letterkenny, county Donegal, Ireland, August 15. 1863. the son of Charles and Susan (McGlinchey) Murray, the former named being a prominent merchant of Letterkenny. where his ances- tors have resided for many generations. Dr. Peter Murray acquired his early literary education in the national and high schools of Ireland, which he attended until he attained the age of sixteen years. In 1879 he came to this country ; the same year he entered ^Manhattan College of New York, where he pursued a two years' course and subsequently matriculated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, from which institution he was graduated in the class of 1884. Immediately after receiving his diploma he was appointed assistant phvsi- cian to the New York City Asylum for the Insane, which position he retained OFFICERS AND ALUMNL 5^1 until October i, 1889, when he opened an cjffice at 206 Amsterdam avenue and for one and one-half years enjoyed a large practice; he then changed his residence to 204 Amsterdam avenue, where he resided for two years ; from there he removed to 208 Amsterdam avenue, and after a residence of five years there located at 157 West Seventy-first street, and finally purchased the house next door, 159 West Seventj'-first, where he has since continued in active practice. For four years he acted in the capacity of assistant surgeon to the New York Eye and Ear Iniirmary, and he has also been the medical examiner for the Penn Mutual Life Insurance Company of Philadelphia. Dr. Murray is a member of the County Medical Association, the New York State Medical Association, the American Medical Association, the Celtic Medical Society, and the Physicians' Mutual Aid Association. He is also a member of the Catholic Club and an attendant and member of the Roman Catholic church. Dr. Murray was united in marriage, April 28. iSgi, to Miss Helen J. Alorris, a native of New York city, where the ceremony was performed. WILLIAM MECKLENBURG POLK, LL. D.. M. D.— 1869. Dr. William Mecklenburg Polk, son of Leonidas and Frances Devereux Polk, was born in Ashwood, Maury county, Tennessee, August 15, 1844. His early education was obtained in Marion, Alabama, and at St. James College, Maryland, where he prepared for admission to the Military Insti- tute of Lexington, Virginia, then conducted under the personal direction of General (Stonewall) Jackson. There he pursued the mathematical and scientific course of study preparatory to entering" West Point Military Acad- emy. When the war between the states was begun he was in his seventeenth year, but physically well equipped, and with a knowledge of military tactics that enabled him at once to be of assistance to his government. He began service in 1861 under General (Stonewall) Jackson in Richmond as drill master of Virginia state troops, and later, while attached to the staff of General Zollicoffer, served as drill master of Tennessee state troops. From April, 1 86 1, to May, 1865, Dr. Polk was continually in active service, and it is doubtful if any soldier under either flag took part in more battles and skirmishes. He participated in the battles of Columbus (Kentucky), New Madrid, Fort Pillow, Shiloh, siege of Corinth, Munfordsville, Perryville, Stone River, Tullahoma, Chickamauga, Chattanooga, the Meridian campaign, Resaca, New Hope Church, Kennesaw, Atlanta, Allatoona, Franklin, Nashville, Blakely, Mobile, and at the final surrender at Meridian, Mississippi, in May, 1865. He was second lieutenant in Bankhead's battery of Smith's Brigade at Colum- bus, Kentucky, in 1861. In May, 1863, he was appointed assistant chief of artillery in Polk's Corps, later adjutant to regiment of artillery, Stewart's Corps, and subsequently captain in adjutant general's department. Army of the Tennessee, on the staff of General Joseph E. Johnston. His position in the Confederate army was such that he was often brought closely in contact with its leading figures, such as General Albert Sidney Johnston, General 522 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. Joseph E. Johnston, General Bragg, General Beauregard, General Hardee, General Wheeler and General Forrest. A large part of his experience in the Confederate army is interestingly recorded in a two-volume work which he wrote and puhlished in m.emory of his father, a brief biography of whom is incorporated in this memoir. At the close of the war Dr. Polk accepted a position as superintendent of the outdoor department of the Brierfield (Alabama) iron works, and while thus employed became interested in the study of medicine, beginning its study at that time under the direction of Dr. E. W. C. Bailey. He then attended the medical department of the University of Louisiana (now Tulane University). In 1868 he came to New York, where he continued his studies in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, from which he was graduated in 1869. Immediately thereafter he entered Belle\'ue Hospital as interne on the medical side and served the required eighteen months, during which time he was brought into close relations with Dr. John S. Metcalfe, Dr. Alonzo Clark, Dr. Austin Flint, Dr. James R. Wood and Dr. Alfred L. Loomis. At the close of his service he received an appointment as one of the curators to the pathological department of the hospital, in which capacity he served for one and a half years. Later he received an appointment as assist- ant demonstrator of anatomy in Bellevue Hospital Medical College, and was advanced to the position of professor of materia medica, tlierapeutics and clinical medicine in the same institution. After tilling this position for four years, in 1879 he accepted the appointment to the professorship of obstetrics and diseases of women in the medical department of the University of the City of New York. Meanwhile, in 1874, he had been appointed visiting physician to Bellevue Hospital, and in 1878 visiting physician to St. Luke's Hospital. After accepting the position of professor of obstetrics and diseases of women in the university. Dr. Polk resigned from the staff of St. Luke's Hospital in order to concentrate his attention upon gynecological work in Bellevue, where, in conjunction with Dr, W. Gill Wylie and Dr. W. T. Lusk, he devoted himself to the creation of the large gynecological service which sprung up in that institution under the combined efforts of these three men. Dr. Polk continued to devote himself mainly to surgical gynecology and gradually withdrew from the teaching of obstetrics, being succeeded in that department by Dr. J. Clifton Edgar, and restricted himself to gynecology with the title of professor of diseases of women. In 1890 Dr. Polk began to devote himself exclusively to surgical gynecology, and since then his pro- fessional labors have been devoted entirely to surgical operations upon women. In 1898, when, through the interest of Colonel Oliver H. Pozen in higher medical education, the medical department of Cornell University was inaugurated. Dr. Polk was honored by the appointment as dean of the faculty, a position which he now holds. He also fills the chair of diseases of women in the same institution. Upon him, together with Dr. Louis Stimson, de- volved the arduous labor of successfully organizing this department. He vigorously threw himself into the work of perfecting the school, and being surrounded with associates who ably assisted in executing his plans, at the OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 523 end of the fovirth year has succeeded in establishing a medical college which is now recognized as one of the leading institutions of its kind in America. To the medical department of Cornell University, and to special surgical work in diseases of women. Dr. Polk now gives all of his time and attention To the development of the institution and to the advancement of gynecology he hopes to be able to devote the remainder of his active life. Dr. Polk was president of the American Gynecological Society, president of the New York Obstetrical Society, vice-president of the New York Acad- emy of Medicine, is a member of the County Medical Society, the New York Medical Association, the New York Academy of Medicine, the Obstet- rical Society, the Medical and Surgical Society, Practitioners' Society, the Pathological Society, and corresponding fellow of the Societe Obstetricale et Gynecologicjue of Paris, France. He is also a member of the Century and Metropolitan Clubs, and a vestryman of Trinity Corporation of the city of New York. In 1893 the University of the South conferred upon him the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws. Dr. Polk was married November 14, 1866, to Miss Ida Ashe Lyon of Demopolis, Alabama. Mrs. Polk is a daughter of the late Hon. Francis S, Lyon, a distinguished lawyer, for many years representative in Congress from the middle district of Alabama. He was the author of the revised con- stitution of Alabama in 1878-9, but was especially distinguished for his work subsequent to the financial crisis of 1837, when as one of a committee of three appointed by the legislature he succeeded in having his own plans adopted, which saved the credit of the state by placing its finances upon such a sound basis that repudiation was avoided, and the state has ever since been able to meet its obligations. Dr. and Mrs. Polk are the parents of two sons : Francis Lyon Polk, born September 13, 1871, a member of the New York bar, and John Metcalfe Polk, ]\I. D., born May 5, 1875, now pursuing post- graduate studies in Vienna. The origin of the Polk family is obscure. An old traditioii of the derivation of the family name in its original form of Pollock is too clearly apocryphal to be worth repeating". The branch of the Pollock family from which Dr. Polk traces his descent was represented in the reign of James VI of Scotland and I of England, by John Pollock, a gentleman of some estate in Lanarkshire, not far from what was then the small but im- portant cathedral city of Glasgow. Those were troublous times in church and state, and John Pollock, who was an uncompromising Presbyterian, left his native land to join the new colony of Protestants which had been established in the north of Ireland. Robert Pollock, a son of John Pollock, served as a subaltern officer in the regiment of Colonel Tasker in the parliamentary army against Charles I, and took an active part in the campaigns of Cromwell. On the death of Cromwell and the accession of the second Charles, Robert Pollock resolved to emigrate with his wife and family to the American plantations. In 1659, after a stormy voyage, he landed on the eastern shore of Maryland. Soon after his emigration the surname of Pollock began to be written Polk, Among the descendants of Robert Polk were Charles Polk, governor of 524 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. Delaware, Trusten Polk, governor of Missouri and United States senator, and James K. Polk, speaker of the House of Representati\-es and president of the United States. John Polk, the eldest son of Robert Pollock, married Joanna Knox; William, their son, married Priscilla Roberts, and afterward removed to Carlisle, Pennsylvania, where his fourth son, Thomas Polk, great- grandfather of the subject of this memoir, was born. In 1753 Thomas Polk settled in ]\Iecklenburg county, in the western part of the province of North Carolina. In 1755 he married Susan Spratt. By industry and enterprise he prospered. His personal qualities made him a leader, and in 1769 he was chosen a member of the provincial assembly of North Carolina. He procured the passage of an act to establish Queens College in the town of Charlotte. In 1771 he was again a member of the provincial assembly and took a leading part in all the patriotic movements preceding the Revolution, becoming the leading spirit in the framing of the Mecklenberg declaration of independence, proclaiming the freedom of ^Nleck- lenburg from the control of Great Britain. This he read before a meeting of citizens at the county seat ]May 20, 1775, a year before the signing of the Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia. He participated as a colonel in the Revolutionary war, during three }"ears of the time under the direct command of Washington. William, the eldest son of Thomas Polk, was born on the 9th of July, 1758, near the town of Charlotte, in the county of ]\Iecklenburg, North Carolina. In April, 1775, before he was quite seventeen, he took up his sword in behalf of independence, and was chosen on the 26th of November, 1776, by the provincial congress of his state to be major of the Ninth Regi- ment of. the North Carolina troops, and joined his regiment in Halifax in March. 1777. Before he was eighteen years of age he took command of his regiment and marched it into the Jerseys to join the army of Wash- ington, under whom he served for several years, retiring with the rank of colonel. He -was twice married. He removed to Raleigh, and from 181 1 to 1819 was president of the State Bank of North Carolina. He resigned to devote more of his time and personal attention to his estate in Tennessee, which comprised an area of one hundred thousand acres. In 1812 he was appointed by President IMadison brigadier general in the army of the United States. He was remarkably tall, being six feet, four .inches in height. He died at his residence in Raleigh, on January 4, 1834, and was buried with military honors. Leonidas Polk was born in Raleigh. North Carolina. April 10. 1806. He was educated at the University of North Carolina, and entered ^^'est Point Hilitar}^ Academy, from which he was graduated in 1827, and immediately became second lieutenant of artillery. While there he was baptized by Rev. Charles P. Mcllvaine. chaplain of the academy and afterwards bishop of Ohio, who induced him to follow the ministry, and he accordingly resigned his commission the following December. He began the study of theology. and in 1830 was made deacon in the Protestant Episcopal church bv Bishop Moore, and in the following May was ordained priest by the same bishop. He served in the iNIonumental church. Richmond, as assistant rector for OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 525 about a year, when he went to Europe to recuperate his health. Upon his return he removed to Tennessee, and became rector of St. Peter's church, Columbia, in 1833. He was deputy to the general convention in 1835, and also a member of the standing committee of the diocese. On September 15, 1838, he was elected missionary bishop of the southwest, and was con- secrated in Cincinnati, Ohio, the following December. During his mission- ary episcopate he had charge of Arkansas, Indian Territory, Texas, Louis- iana, Mississippi and Alabama. He was elected bishop of Louisiana Octo- ber 16, 1841, and resigning the position of missionary bishop he entered upon the discharge of his duties in his new office the following January. His pioneer work was fraught with many perils by land and water. Travel was slow and fatiguing, and his journal records many instances of his having to swim several streams before reaching his destinations. During his epis- copate Bishop Polk made sixteen deacons, and ordained nineteen priests, and the number of churches increased from three to thirty-three. In 1856 he, in connection with Bishop Stephen Elliott, started the movement to establish the University of the South at Sewanee, Tennessee. On the outbreak of the Civil war he entered heartily into all the plans of the leaders for estab- lishing a southern confederacy and urged upon the Confederate authorities the importance of fortifying strategical points for defensive and offensive operation. In June, 1861, he accepted a commission as major general offered by President Davis, and was placed in command of all that territory extend- ing from the mouth of the Red river on both sides of the Mississippi to Cairo on the Ohio, with headquarters at Memphis, Tennessee. The works at New Madrid and Fort Pillow, Columbus (Kentucky), Island No. 10, Memphis, and other points were constructed tmder his supervision. General Polk commanded in person the Confederate troops at the battle of Belmont, fought November 7. 1861. In 1862 he was ordered to join the army of Generals Albert Sidney Johnston and Beauregard at Corinth, Mississippi, and as commander of the First Corps he took part in the battle of Shiloh, and in subsequent operations that ended in the evacuation of Corinth. He was in command at the battle of Perryville, and commanded the armies of Kentucky and Mississippi, conducting the Confederate retreat from the former state. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general in October, 1862. Through alleged disobedience of orders at Chickamauga, he was retired from his command, and ordered to Atlanta. President Davis dis- missed the charges and offered to reinstate him in his command, but he declined and was then placed in charge of the paroled prisoners of Vicksburg and Port Hudson at Enterprise, Mississippi, until December. 1863, wdien he was assigned to the department of Alabama, Mississippi, and east Louisiana in place of General Johnston, who had superseded General Bragg in the command of the Army of the Tennessee. He joined Johnston at Resaca, de- feating Sherman's attempt to take that place and thereby turn Johnston's left flank; he was engaged at New Hope Church. AVhile reconnoitering on Pine Mountain near Marietta, Georgia, he was killed by a cannon ball, June T4, 1864. In 1830 he was married to Frances Ann, daughter of John Devereux, of Raleigh, North Carolina, and left eight children. 526 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. RICHARD THEODORE BANG, A. M., M. D.— 1879 Richard Theodore Bang, A. M., M. D.. was born in New York city, December 3, 1855, the son of Henry and EHzabeth Eleanor (Bartels) Bang. His father was an oiiicer in the Prussian army, and came to America as a poHtical refugee in 1848: his mother was the daughter of a leading lawj^er in Hanover, Germany. He attended private schools in boyhood and was prepared for college by tutors, entering the freshman class of Columbia in 1872 and obtaining his A. B. in 1876. In the fall of this year he matriculated at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia and took the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1879, receiving in the same year that of Master of Arts from the University. He passed successfully the competitive exam- ination for the position of resident physician and surgeon of St. Luke's Hospital in Ncav York city, and filled that office for three years, when he resigned in order to begin private practice. He was assistant attending physician to the New York Hospital, out-patient department, for five years, and attending physician to the Good Samaritan Dispensary from 1887 to 1895. Since August, 1893, Dr. Bang has been United States examining surgeon for the pension department at Washington. Dr. Bang is a member of the New York County Medical Society, the New York Pathological Society, the New York County and New York State Medical Associations, the Physicians' Mutual Aid Association, the Academy of Medicine, the Alumni Association of St. Luke's Hospital, the National Association of United States Pension Examining Surgeons, the New York Alumni Association of the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity, the Colum- bia College Alumni Association, and several other societies and organizations. Dr. Bang married. May 18, 1882, Frances Goeller, and they have one child, Eleanor Richardson Bang. HENRY LING TAYLOR, Ph. B., M. D.— 1881. Dr. Henry Ling Taylor, born in New York city, March 17, 1857, is a descendant of the Rev. Edward Taylor who was born in England in 1642, and came to this country in 1668. He entered Harvard College, from which he was graduated in 1671, and for many j'ears served as pastor of the Congregational church in Westfield, Massachusetts. He married for his second wife Miss Ruth W3dlys, a granddaughter of John Haynes, governor of Massachusetts Bay in 1635 under the iirst charter, and the line of descent was continued through a son of this union. This branch of the Taylor family, in its near or remote connections, has furnished a number of presidents to Yale College. The Rev. Edward Taylor died in 1729. Dr. Charles Eayette Taylor, father of Dr. Henr}' Ling Taylor, was born in Vermont in 1827, and graduated from the medical depaitment of the University of Vermont in 1856. He went to London in the summer of 1856, and acquired a knowledge of the Swedish movements from Dr. M. Roth, who was a pupil of Dr. Ling, of Sweden. He subsequently inter- ested himself in the treatment of deformities and raised orthopedic surgery from a state of neglect to its present position of importance, and through v^ • OFJ^ICERS AXD ALUMNI. 527 his clear appreciation of correct principles of treatment and ingenuity in devising and utilizing various mechanical devices, made possible the cure of many crippling diseases and malformations, including Pott's disease of the spine. The New York Orthopedic Dispensary was founded through his instrumentality, in 1866. and he was the first orthopedic surgeon at St. Luke's Hospital, New York. He was united in marriage to ]Miss Mary S. Skinner, of AVilliston, Vermont. Dr. Henry Ling Taylor acquired his elementary education at private schools in America and at the Lyceum of Hanover, Germany, after which he entered the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale, from which he was grad- uated with honors in 1877, taking first prizes in French, German, geology and zoology. He then pursued his studies in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city, from which he received his degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1881, being also awarded the second Faculty prize of three hundred dollars. Dr. Taylor served as interne at the Roosevelt Hospital for eighteen months, and soon after established himself in private practice, devoting his attention to the treatment of joint and spinal affections and deformities. For a number of years he has been on the surgical staff of the Hospital for the Ruptured and Crippled, and has acted as consulting orthopedic surgeon to the New York State Epileptic or Craig Colony. He is now professor of orthopedic surgery, attending orthopedic sur- geon to the New York Post-Graduate Medical School and Hospital. As a specialist in the treatment of deformities, spinal and joint affections and kindred diseases, he is eminently fitted to occupy the place in the profession left vacant by the death of his father, and as a medical writer he is both competent and prolific, being the author of over fifty orthopedic papers and over a dozen on other subjects. The list of orthopedic papers is as follows : "Location, Age, and Sex in Pott's Diseases of the Spine," published in the Medical Record, August, 1881 : "Primary Crural Asymmetry," published in the Medical Record, April, 1884; "The Paralysis of Pott's Disease, and Its Behavior Under Protective Treatment," published in the Medical Record, June, 1886; "The Cure of Pott's Disease with Recession of the Deformity," published in the Medical Record, January, 1887; "A Case of Pott's Disease with an L^nusual Deformity," published in the Medical Record. November 19. 1887: "De- scription of Improved Spinal Apparatus," published in the Medical Record, November, 1887. and in the Transactions of the American Orthopedic As- sociation in 1888 : "A New Method for Overcoming Adduction at the Hip- joint," published in the Nezv York Medical Jountal, November, 1887; "The Mechanical Treatment of Senile Coxitis," published in the Ne-w York Med- ical Journal, December, 1888, and in the Transactions of the American Or- thopedic Association in 1888; "The Prevention and Treatment of Crural Adduction," published in the Medical News, March, 1889; "Principles and Methods of Examination in Orthopedic Practice," published in the Mary- land Medical Journal. July. 1889; "The " Therapeutic Value of Systematic Passive Respiratory ?vIovements," published in the Medical Record. May, 1889 ; "The Treatment of Pes Equino-A^arus b}' Continuous Leverage," 528 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. published in the Transactions of the American Orthopedic Association in 1889, and in the Medical Record. March, 1890; "The Rational Treatment of Hip-joint Disease/' published in the Transactions of the American Orth- opedic Association in 1889, and in the Times and Register. April, 1890: "A Ready Method for Counter-Extension at the Knee," published in the Bos- ton Medical and Surgical Journal, October, 1890, and in the Transactions of the American Orthopedic Association in 1890: "The Treatment of Lat- eral Curvature of the Spine,'' published in the Nczv York Medical Journal, November, 1890, and in the Transactions of the American Orthopedic As- sociation in 1890; "Adjusted Locomotion in the Recovering Stage of Hip- joint Disease," published in the N'czv York Medical Journal, July. 189 1; "Two Cases of a Peculiar Type of Primary Crural Asymmetry," published in the University Medical Magazine. October, 1891. and in the Transac- tions of the American Orthopedic Association in 1891 ; "The Value of ]\Ie- chanical Treatment in Old and Neglected Cases of Pott's Disease," pub- lished in the Medical Nezvs, December, 1891, and in the Transactions of the American Orthopedic Association in 189 1 : "The Treatment of Club-foot by Continuous Leverage," published in the N'ezv York Medical Journal, No- vember, 1892, and in the Transactions of the American Orthopedic Asso- ciation in 1892; "Osteitis Deformans (Paget) with Report of Two Cases," published in the Transactions of the American Orthopedic Association in 1892, and in the Medical Record, January, 1893: "Remarks on the IMan- agement of Suppuration, Complicating Tuberculous Disease of the Bones and Joints," published in the Annals of Surgery, April, 1893: "Report on Orthopedic Surgery,'' published in the A'Czv York Medical Journal. Feb- ruary 25, July 8, December 30, 1893, and September 15, 1894: "Lnproved Apparatus for Pott's Disease of the Spine," published in the Canada Medi- cal Record, November, 1893; "Improved Long Traction Hip-splint and Proper Method of Applying Adhesive Plaster," published in the Southern Medical Record, November, 1893: "Mechanical Treatment of Osteitis of the Knee," published in the Transactions of the American Orthopedic As- sociation in 1893, '^"fl '" ^'"'s Neiv York Medical Journal. November, 1893; "Lifantile Scorbutus and Its Relation to Orthopedic Practice." published in the Transactions of the American Orthopedic Association in 1894, and in the Archives of Pediatrics, September, 1894; "Congenital Luxation of the Knee," published in the Transactions of the American Orthopedic As- sociation in 1895 : "The Management of Infantile Cerebral Palsies," pub- lished in the Medical Progress. October, 1896; "Congenital Absence of the Radius," published in the Transactions of the American Orthopedic Asso- ciation in 1897; "The Present Status of Practical Orthopedics." published -in the Medical Nck's. October, 1897; "Laxity of the Ligaments with Con- genital Hip Luxation," published in the Transactions of the American Orthopedic Association in 1897, and in the iVac England Medical Monthly, February, 1898; "Growth of Spondylitics," published in the Transactions of the American Orthopedic Association in 1898, and the Nezu York Med- ical Journal. October. 1898: "A Bivalve Plastic Splint for Pott's Disease," published in the Transactions of the American Orthopedic x\ssociation in OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 529 i8g8, and in the Archives of Pediatrics, November, 1898; ''Enlarg-ement of the Tibial Tubercles, Two Cases," published in the Transactions of the American Orthopedic Association in 1S99, and in the Archives of Pedia- trics, August, 1899: eleven short papers on pediatrics, August 15. 1899, to March i, 1900; "Retardation of the Growth as a Cause of Shortening After Coxitis," published in the Transactions of the American Orthopedic Asso- ciation in 1900, and in the Philadelphia Medical Journal, January, 1901 ; "The Effect of Osteitis of the Knee on the Growth of the Limb," published in the Transactions of the American Orthopedic Association in 1901, and in the Neiv York Medical Journal, April, 1902; "Deformities of the Chest," Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences, published by W. Wood & Company, in 1901, Vol. 2, pages 804-812; "Diseases and Affections of the Patella." in Vol. 6 of the same work; "Chronic Joint Disease in Children," published in the Medical Nezcs, Augi'St 16, 1902; "The Surgery of Rick- ets,'' published in the Journal of the American Medical Association', Octo- ber II, 1902; "Final Results After the Mechanical Treatment of Pott's Disease," published in the Post-Graduate, January, 1903. and in the Trans- actions of the American Orthopedic Association, 1902 ; "The Lorenz Method," published in the Post-Graduate, January, 1903. Dr. Taylor's papers on other subjects are as follows: "A Case of Zoster Following Traumatism," published in the Nc7i' York Medical Jour- nal, June, 1884; "Hygiene of Retlex Action," published in the Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, March, 1888: "American Childhood from a Medical Standpoint," published in the Popular Science Monthly, October. 1892; "A Physiological Effect of Cave Visiting," published in the Science, May, 1893; "Infantile Scorbutus," published in the American Medico-Sur- gical Bulletin, February, 1894; "Exercise as a Remedy," published in Ap- pleton's Popular Science Monthly. March, 1896; "Ingrown Toe-nail Me- chanically Treated," published in the Transactions of the American Ortho- pedic Association in 1896, and in the American Medico-Surgical Bulletin, June, 1896: "Infantile Athletics — Babyhood," May, 1897; "Physical Train- ing in the Public Schools," published in the Dietetic and Hygiene Gazette, September, 1897; "Exercise and Vigor," ibid., August. 1898; "Exercise." pp. 404-417. Vol. i; "Gavage," pp. 435-436, Vol. i; "Massage," pp. 600- 610. Vol. I, in Practical Therapeutics, published bv D. Appleton & Com- pany, in 1896; "The Work of Charles Fayette Taylor, M. D., in the Field of Therapeutic Exercises," published in the American Physical Education Re-viezv, Vol. 4. No. 3. 1899, and "Memoir of J. Henry Fruitnight, M. D.." published in the Medical Nczvs, March, 1901. Dr. Taylor is ex-chairman of the orthopedic section of the New York Academv of Medicine, ex-president of the Northwestern Medical and Sur- gical Society, ex-vice-president of the American Orthopedic Association, member of the American Medical Association and the New York State and County Medical Associations, Roosevelt Hospital Alumni Society, the American Academy of Medicine, the Am.erican Association for the Ad- vancement of Science, the American Association for the Advancement of Physical Education, the Berzelius Societv at Yale, the Yale Club, the Na- 530 COLLEGE OF PHYSICL4NS AND SURGEONS. tiona! Arts and Good Government Club, and member of the Physical Edu- cation Societ}^ of New York and Vicinit}^ He is associate editor of the Physical Education Revieiv. Politically he is an independent and an active member of the Citizens' Union, and the Independent Club of the Twenty- first assembly district. On December 30, 1890, Dr. Taylor married Miss Daisy Louise Brodt, of Geneseo, New York, daughter of the late Rev. John Henry Brodt, a na- tive of Troy, New York. Their children are : Charles Fayette, born September 24, 1894; John Henry, born July 30, 1896; and Philip Brodt Taylor, born March 7, 1899. Dr. Taylor's address is 125 West Fifty- eighth street. EDWARD ^V. LAMBERT, M. D.— 1857. Dr. Edward W. Lambert was born February 15, 1831, in Boston. Massachusetts, and is the son of William G. and Sally (Perley) Lambert. The former was a member of the firm of A. A. Lawrence & Company, com- mission merchants of Boston. Dr. Lambert is descended from old New England stock, the founder of this branch of the family having emigrated to America in 1639, with the Rev. Dr. Robinson. This ancestor was one of the founders of Rowley, Massachusetts, Avhere he was the owner of a tract of land which is now in the possession of Dr. Lambert. The famil)^ was a leading one in the Massachusetts colonies, the grandfather of Dr. Lambert having been present at the battles of Lexington and Bunker Hill. The great-grandfather of Dr. Lambert on the maternal side also participated in these engagements, the Perley family having been a prominent one dur- ing the colonial period, and, in association with the Goulds, having founded the town of Boxford, Massachusetts. At the age of eight years Dr. Lambert was taken by his parents to Brooklyn, New York, where he received his early education in private schools. In 1844 the family returned to Boston, and in the town and high schools of that city Dr. Lambert completed his preparatory education. He was then employed as a shipping clerk in a drj^ goods store, some of his duties, among them the building of fires, being such as are not now classed among the requirements of the position. At Northampton Dr. Lambert was fitted for college, and in 185 1 entered Yale University as a sophomore, graduating in 1854 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He then entered the office of Dr. Willard Parker, serving as his right-hand man, and at the same time attending the lectures at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, from which institution he graduated in 1857 as a Doctor of Medicine. After serving for eighteen months as interne in Bellevue Hos- pital, he began practice as a medical examiner. For a year or two he was assistant demonstrator of anatomy under Dr. Sands, and in 1862 was ai:)- pointed attending physician to the DeMilt Dispensary. For ten years he filled the ofiice of visiting physician to St. Luke's Hospital, and for three years was attending physician to the Nurserjr and Child's Hospital. In 1859 he became medical examiner to the Equitable Life Insurance Com- CJld- La)^ <^^<:;.^^i^^ OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 531 pany, which position he still holds. From i860 to 1870 his professional services were devoted Avithout compensation to the indigent members of the church of the Holy Communion. Dr. Lambert is a member of the Academy of Medicine, the Pathologi- cal Society, the County Medical Society, the INIedical and Surgical Society, and the Society for the Relief of Widows and Orphans. He also belongs to the Lawyers' Club, the LTniversity, Century and Yale Clubs, and the col- lege societies of the Psi Upsilon and the Skull and Bones. His favorite recreations are found in fishing, golf, and in the exercise of walking. He is a member of the Broadway Tabernacle. Dr. Lambert married, in Se])- tember, 1858, Martha Waldron, a resident of Boston, but a native of Ports- mouth, New Hampshire, and a descendant of one of the old families of that state. They are the parents of four sons and four daughters : Samuel W., Alexander, Adrian Van S., all physicians ; Elliot C, Mrs. D. W. Richards, Mrs. W. R. Barbour, Mrs. K. D. Cheney, Jr., and Miss Katharine. Dr. Lambert's address is 120 Broadway, New York city. PERCIVAL RANNEY BOLTOX, M. D.— 1890. Dr. Percival Ranney Bolton was born in Cleveland, Ohio, and his preparatory education was received at St. Paul's School, Concord. New Hampshire: in 1886 he graduated from Yale Laiiversity with the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy. He then entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, receiving from that institution, in 1890, the degree of Doctor of Medicine. After serving for eighteen months as interne in the New York Hospital he entered upon private practice, in which he has devoted himself to general surgery. For four or five j'ears he was attending surgeon at the almshouse and workhouse hospitals, and for five or six years assistant surgeon to Bellevue Hospital. He now holds the positions of attending surgeon to the New York Hospital, and deputy attending surgeon to the House of Relief connected with that institution. He filled the position of instructor in surgery to the medical school of the New York LTniversity until the organization of the medical school of Cornell LTniversity, when he accepted the chair of professor of clinical surgery and instructor in surgery in that institution. Dr. Bolton is a member of the New York Surgical Society, and a fellow of the Academy of Medicine, and belongs to the Uni- versity Club. His New York address is 48 West Forty-ninth street. HERMAN ARTHUR EHRMANN, M. D.— 1886. Dr. Herman A. Ehrmann, a specialist of the nose, throat and ear, was born in New York city, March 14, 1865, a son of Frank and Lena (Guling) Ehrmann, the former named being for many years a prominent and suc- cessful pharmacist of New York city, residing at 30 West Fifty-ninth street. From 1873 to 1880 Dr. Ehrmann attended the Royal Gymnasium in Stutt- gart, Germany, where he acquired an excellent literarj^ education; he then returned to the United States and entered the College of the City of New 532 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. York, where he remained for a period of three years. Subsequently he took up the study of medicine in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city, from which institution he was graduated in the class of 1886, with the degree of Doctor of Medicine. Dr. Ehrmann then went abroad and perfected his medical studies in the Strassburg University, remaining until 1888, when he was appointed assistant to Professor Jvirasz at Heidel- berg in the Throat and Nose Clinic, and in the latter part of 1890 he acted in the capacity of assistant to Dr. Max Schaffer, of Bremen, nose and throat specialist. Shortly after his return to this country Dr. Ehrmann entered upon the active practice of medicine and surgery, making a specialty of nose, throat and ear diseases, being specially equipped for this branch of the profession both by study and experience; he is also actively connected with the throat and nose department of the German Dispensary of New York. Dr. Ehr- mann has contributed several articles on diseases of the nose and throat, the most important one being "The Use of Trichlor Acetic Acid in Nose and Throat Diseases," published in the Munich Medical Nczi's in 1890. He is a member of the German Medical Society, New York State Medical Associa- tion. New York Medical Association, and the Physicians' Mutual Aid Asso- ciation. He is also affiliated with the Phi Gamma Delta Greek letter society and the German Liederkranz Singing Society. On ]\Iarch 7, 1894, Dr. Ehr- mann v.-as united in marriage to Miss Amelia Schimper. of Union Hill, New Jersey. CONDICT WALKER CUTLER, B. S., M. D.— 1882. Dr. Condict A\\ Cutler was born at Morristown, New Jersey, Febru- ary 27, 1859. and traces his ancestry back to Sin Gevaise Cutler, who was born in London, England, came to this country in 1701, and settled in Boston, Massachusetts. His son was an active participant in the Revo- lutionary war, and for the bravery he displayed during that great struggle was promoted to the rank of colonel. Augustus W. Cutler, father of Dr. Cutler, was a prominent member of the legal profession, a state senator, and congressman from New Jersey for many 3-ears ; he was united in mar- riage to Julia R. Walker, a descendant of Peregrine White, who was born on board the Mayflower, in the harbor of Cape Cod, November 20. 1620, the son of William W. AYhite. ]\Ir. Cutler died January i, 1897, survived by his widow, who is a member of the Daughters of the Revolution and the Colonial Dames. Dr. Cutler obtained his preliminary education in the private schools of INIorristown, which he attended until 1875, when he became a student of Rutgers College, from which he was graduated in 1 879, with the degree of Bachelor of Science. He then took up the study of medicine in the Col- lege of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, from which institution he was graduated in the class of 1882, having obtained the first Harsen prize of five hundred dollars for proficiency. Immediately after his graduation he was appointed interne of the House of Relief attached to the New York ^^U^^A^yT^ OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 533 Hospital, but resigned at the end of six months to fill a similar position in Bellevue Hospital, where he remained twenty months ; the following three months he acted in the same capacity at St. John's General Hospital on Staten Island, and then commenced the private practice of his profession in New York city. In 1888 he was appointed physician in chief of the New York Dispensary: in 1892 became professor of dermatology in the Univer- sity of Vermont Medical College, which position he retained until 1896; was the attending physician to Randall's Island Hospital from 1896 to 1898; surgeon to the Eastern Dispensary during the year 1897, and in- structor of dermatology in the Post-Graduate Medical College from 1890 to 1892. Dr. Cutler is the author of the following named books : "Essentials of Physics and Chemistry," published in 1889 by G. P. Putnam's Sons; "Manual of Differential Medical Diagnosis," published in 1890 by G. P. Putnam's Sons: "Differential Diagnosis of Diseases of the Skin," published in 1892 by G. P. Putnam's Sons: "Lectures on Dermatology,'' published in 1896 by G. P. Putnam's Sons. He has also contributed several brochures which have been published in the .Vrzc York Medical Journal, among them being: "Treatment of Typhoid Eever," "Sweating and Its INIanagement," "Diseases of the Skin in General Practice." Dr. Cutler is a member of the Alumni of Bellevue Hospital, the County Medical Society, the New York Academy of Medicine, the American Der- matological Society, the Hospital Graduates' Club, the Physicians' Mutual Aid Association, and for a number of years was president of the New York Dermatological Society. He was also connected with the Zeta Psi, the Phi Beta Kappa and the New York Athletic Club. On January 30, 1885, in New York citv. Dr. Cutler married Miss Cora Carpenter, of Warsaw, In- diana. They have one child, Condict Walker Cutler, Jr. Mrs. Cutler is a member of the Colonial Dames, and traces her ancestry back to the early settlers of this country. Dr. Cutler and his wife are members of the Dutch Reformed church, of which he has been elder for many years. His New York address is 135 ^^'■est Seventy-sixth street. WILLIAM OLIVER MOORE, LL. B., M. D.— 1872. Dr. William Oliver Moore, of New York city, is a descendant of the Rev, John Moore, who traces his lineage back to William the Conqueror. Dr. William O, Moore is a son of Cornelius Luyster Moore, who was born at Astoria, New York, a descendant of the old English family of Moores, and Mary Ann Syers, who was born at Orange ^Mountain. New Jersey, a descendant of a Scotch-Irish ancestry. Dr. Moore acquired his early literary education at the academy, New- town, New York, then in the grammar school. Twenty-seventh street, New York, later attended the College of the City of New York, but was forced to withdraw, on account of sickness, at the beginning of the junior year; he then matriculated in the medical department of Columbia University, and was graduated in 1872 after a three years' course, with the degree of Doctor 534 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. of Medicine. He spent an interneship of two years at the Charity (now City) Hospital, Xew York; in 1873 he was appointed surgeon-in-charge of the smaUpox and typhoid-fever hospitals on BlackwelV-s Island, New York; acted as interne from 1873 to 1877 at the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary; assistant surgeon from 1877 to 1887: was professor of diseases of the eye and ear, medical department of the E'niversity of Vermont, from 1883 to ^889; filled the same chair in the Woman's ■Medical College of the New York Infirmary, 1887 to 1892; and acted in the same capacity at the New York Post-Graduate Medical School and Hospital, New York, since 1882. Dr. IMoore is the visiting ophthalmic surgeon to the Orphans' Home and Asylum of the Protestant Episcopal church. New York city, since 1885, and is also the consulting ophthalmic and aural surgeon to the Flushing Hospital, borough of Queens. New York. Thus it will be seen that much of his pro- fessional work has been devoted to charitable and humanitarian efforts. In 1877 Dr. Moore commenced the private practice of his profession in New York city, and devoted himself especially to ophthalmology and otolog}-. In addition to the duties of his private practice he acts in the capacity of medical examiner for the Union Central Life Insurance Company, the North- Westeru Mutual Life Insurance Company, and the Michigan Life Insurance Company. Dr. Moore possessed such a zeal for acquiring knowledge that he pursued a course of study in the Columbia Veterinary College of New "iork, where he received the honorary degree of Doctor of Veterinary Surgery in 1880. and during the years 1900-1901-1902 was a student at the New York University Law School, where he obtained the degree of Bachelor of Laws in June, 1902, but owing to the faithful and conscientious manner in which he pursued his studies during his spare monients from an active professional life, he passed the bar examination January 18, 1902, and was admitted to practice law as an attorney and counselor at law in the courts of the state of New York. Dr. JNIoore is one of the charter members of the New York Post-Gradu- ate Medical School and Hospital, and was treasurer and director from 1882 to 1888 ; he is a permanent member of the Medical Society of the State of New York; a member of the Medical Society of the County of New York, the Medical Association of the Greater New York, the New York Academy of Medicine, the New York Ophthalmological Society, the American Oph- thalmological Society, the New York Physicians' INIutual Aid Association, the Society of the Alumni of Charity Hospital, member of the Hospital Sat- urday and Sunday Association, also a trustee of the same. Dr. Moore is also identified with the Delta Chi fraternity. Chapter of the New York LTni- versity Law School, and the Republican Club of New York city. His writings show wide reading, careful study, original investigation and keen discrimination; he is the author of the "Joseph JNIather Smith" prize essay of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, on "The Physiological and Therapeutical Effects of Salicylic Acid and Its Compounds." 1878; "The Phvsiolcgical and Therapeutical Effects of the Coca Leaf and Its Alkaloid." 1888; "Gouty and Rheumatic Affections of the Eye," 1893; "The After Treatment of Cataract," 1893 ; "Exophthalmic Goiter." 1893 ; "Herpes Zos- OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 535 ter," in Wood's "Handbook of the Medical Sciences," 1890; "Diabetic Affec- tions of the Eye," 1894; "Diseases of the Eye Occurring in Affections of the Spinal Cord," 1895; "Affections of the Eye Associated with Lesions in the Kidneys," 1900. Dr. Moore was the editor of the Post-Gradtiatc from 1888 to 1892. In his religious views Dr. Moore is an Episcopalian by birth and con- firmation, but his ideas on the subject of religion are very liberal; his favor- ite pursuits are study and literature. On October 24, 1877, Dr. Moore married Miss Katherine Underbill, daughter of Abraham Underbill, Esq., an eminent attorney and counselor at law of New York city. Their children are: William Underbill, born May 25, 1879, secured the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1900, the degree of Master of Arts in 1901, at the Columbia University, and the degree of Bachelor of Laws from the same institution in 1902; Lawrence Spencer Moore, the second son of Dr. Moore, died in infancy. Dr. Moore's home is at 42 East Twenty-ninth street. New York city. DANIEL WOODBURY WYNKOOP, M. D.— 1896. Dr. Daniel Woodbury Wynkoop, of New York city, is a direct lineal descendant of Peter Wynkoop, who came to New York in 1630 as captain of The Arms of Rensselaerwyck ; the cargo of this ship consisted of shoes for the soldiers who were then fighting the Indians. Major Johannes Wyn- koop, the grandson of Peter Wynkoop, fought on the British side in 1689; Major Adrian Wynkoop in 1775 was placed in command of the First Regi- ment of Ulster county. New York, which consisted of two hundred men ; their duty was to command the passes of the Hudson; Gerardus Wynkoop was the speaker in the house of the general assembly of Pennsylvania in 1800. Judge Henry Wynkoop, brother of Gerardus Wynkoop, was a mem- ber of the first continental congress, in 1776, and a great personal friend of General Washington and Alexander Hamilton, and the following story is told of them : General Washington was in favor of styling the president, High Mightiness, and he asked General Muhlenburgh's opinion of the mat- ter; General Muhlenburgh replied, "If all the incumbents were to have the size and presence of yourself or your friend Wynkoop, the title might be appropriate, but if applied to some lesser men it would provoke ridicule." Captain Jacobus Wynkoop, another brother of Gerardus Wynkoop, was the commodore of the vessels on Lake Champlain at the' evacuation of Ticon- deroga in 1777. Dr. Gerardus Hillis Wynkoop, father of Dr. Daniel W. Wynkoop, mar- ried Miss Annie E. Woodbury, daughter of General Daniel Phineas Wood- bury, who was connected with the United States army engineer corps. He built the pontoon bridge across the Potomac which enabled the northern army to retire after the battle of Bull Run, when they were in full flight. Thus it will be seen that on both the paternal and maternal side Dr. Wynkoop is descended from ancestry that have occupied high official positions in the government. 536 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. Daniel Woodbury Wynkoop was born July ii, 1872. and was named in honor of his maternal grandfather, General Daniel P. Woodbury. Young Daniel matriculated at many preparatory schools both in America and Eu- rope; on the continent he had a limited experience in the public schools of Munich, Dresden and Zurich, and was also a student in the private institu- tions of Vevay, Switzerland and of Paris. After returning to his native country he attended St. Paul's School at Concord, New Hampshire, Cutler's School in New York, and received instruction from private tutors in New Haven and Staten Island. He then entered Yale College in the class of '96 and pursued an academic course, but withdrew at the end of the freshman year to enter the College of Physicians and Surgeons, from which he gradu- ated in 1896 with the degree of Doctor of Medicine. Immediately after his graduation he spent an interneship of one year and a half in the New York City Hospital, and on December i, 1897, he established an office in New York city, where he enjoys one of the largest medical and surgical prac- tices in the city. His professional ability is of a high order and has gained for him a very enviable reputation as an eminent representati\-e of his chosen calling. In addition to his extensive practice Dr. \\'ynkoop has held the follow- ing" offices : House surgeon of the City Hospital, the attending physician of the Northern Dispensar)', the assistant physician of the Vanderbilt Clinic in Dr. Delafield's Department of Medicine, the house surgeon of the New York Maternity Hospital, and the visiting surgeon of the Northern Dis- pensary. An article written by Dr. Wynkoop appeared in the Medical Record, September 24. 1898, entitled "Atypical Malaria as Seen Coming From Our Military Hospitals." Dr. Wynkoop is a member of the County Medical Societ3^ and the Greater New York Medical Society; he is also affiliated with the Delta Psi fraternity and the St. Anthony Club, New York city. In his hours of recreation he devotes himself to the sport of hunting, as best suited to his tastes and inclinations. He resides at 128 Madison avenue. New York city. EDWARD BENNET BRONSON, A. B., M. D.— 1869.- Dr. Edward B. Bronson was born in Hartford, Connecticut, June 12, 1843, the son of Thomas and Cynthia Bartlett Bronson, the father being a Presbyterian clergyman. Dr. Bronson prepared for college in the high school of Hartford, Connecticut, graduated from Yale College in 1865 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and subsequently matriculated in the Col- lege of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, from which institution he received the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1869. After spending a-n interneship of eighteen months in Bellevue Hospital, Dr. Bronson went abroad and remained three years pursuing his medical studies in the hos- pitals of Berlin, Vienna, Paris and London, giving especial attention to dis- eases of the skin. Upon his return he engaged in general practice in New York city, but of late years has gradually made a specialty of dermatology. He is professor of dermatology in the New York Polyclinic, visiting- phy- sician to the City Hospital and consulting physician to the Babies' Hospital. /T^^^-^^^-^J"*-*- — OFFICERS AXD ALUM XL 53/ He has contributed many articles on dermatolog)' and syphilis to the medical journals, the most important being a series of papers on "Itching of the Skin." Dr. Bronson is a member of the New York Academy of Aledi- cine, the American Academy of ^Medicine, the New York Dermatological Society, the American Dermatological Association, the American Therapeu- tic So'cietv, the Society of the Alumni of Bellevue Hospital and the New York County Medical' Society. He is also a member of the Century and Ihhversity Clubs of New York. His New York address is lo West Forty- ninth street. GABRIEL GRANT, M. D.— 1S51. Gabriel Grant, a native of Newark. New Jersey, is descended from Scotch ancestry, and is a son of Charles Grant, a prominent and worthy resi- dent of the city where his son was born. He received his literary education at Williams College, Massachusetts, from which he was graduated in 1846. He began the study of medicine in the office of Dr. Alexander N. Dougherty, a capable practitioner of his native city, and he afterward matriculated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city, from which he received the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1851. For nearly ten years following, he practiced successfully in Newark. In 1854 he rendered a public service of peculiar value. The appearance of Asiatic cholera had created great alarm, and in absence of a board of health the common council ap- pointed a health commission consisting of the mayor and two aldermen, with Dr. Grant as health physician. Upon Dr. Grant necessarily devolved the initiation of measures for resisting the spread of the dread disease, and for the treatment of thousands of sufferers. To these arduous tasks, necessi- tating unremitting labor and constant exposure, he applied himself devotedly, and with most satisfactory results, earning the warmly expressed gratitude of his associates and of the people. At one time during his early profes- sional residence in Newark, he went to Panama, in New Grenada. South America, where he passed a year, and where he was largely instrumental in establishing the first American hospital. The Civil war afforded him opportunity to enter a' field where his pro- fessional skill and excellent abilities as organizer and director proved highly useful. Moved by patriotic impulse, he was among the earliest to resp^ond to the call of President Lincoln for troops. Abandoning an excellent prac- tice, he entered the Second Regiment, Second Brigade. New Jersey Volun- teers, under Brigadier General Phil Kearney, and was commissioned surgeon of his regiment. After the first battle of Bull Run, in which he participated, he was examined bv the L^nited States army medical board at Washington, and was assigned to duty as brigade surgeon of volunteers, and he was subse- quently commissioned surgeon of United States volunteers, with the rank of major, under authority by Congress. December 12. 1861. he was assigned to duty with General French's brigade as brigade surgeon, and shortly after- ward as division surgeon in chief, in which capacity he participated in the 538 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. battles of Fair Oaks, Gaines' Mills, Peach Orchard Station, White Oak Swamp, Malvern Hill, Bull Run, Antietam and Fredericksburg. He gave his personal attention to the wounded at Williamsburg and South Mountain, and for his personal gallantry at Fair Oaks, Antietam and Fredericksburg he was commended in the reports of the generals commanding. He accom- panied General Stoneman in his grand reconnaissance in March, 1862, and he organized the brigade hospital at Camp California and the division hospital at Harper's Ferr}'. Februarj^ 18, 1863, he Avas transferred to the depart- ment of the Mississippi, and appointed medical director of hospitals at Evans- ville, Indiana, and while thus engaged he was sent by General Burnside to Grant's army, then operating in the vicinity of Vicksburg, and was placed in charge of the steamer Atlantic to convey to his hospitals the wounded Indiana soldiers. In June, 1863, he was surgeon in chief at the battle of Sartartia, Mississippi, and was highly commended by General Kimball in his report of that engagement. September 4, 1863, he was ordered to Madison, Indiana, and placed in charge of the extensive hospitals there, where were upwards of three thousand sick and wounded to be cared for. After one and one-half years' service at this post he tendered his resignation, and was relieved from duty February 4, 1865. The end of the war was then in view, and his army service had covered the long period of three years and four months, a period crowded with incessant labor and weighty responsibility, and involving great peril of life. This honorable record was crowned with conspicuous honors. He received from Congress the medal of honor which was conferred only upon such officers and soldiers as an examining board found worthy on account of most distinguished gallantry upon the field of battle, and the events upon which the award was made to him were his highly commended conduct in the battle of Fair Oaks, Virginia, June i, 1862, and in the battle of Sartartia, Mississippi, June 13, 1863. He was subsequently elected sur- geon general of the Medal of Honor Legion, and a companion of the Mili- tary Order of the Loyal Legion. After his resignation from the army Dr. Grant returned to Newark, but owing to impairment of health due to his arduous service in the field and hospital he abstained from practice except among a few of his personal friends and former patients. In 1870 he removed to New York city, where he has since made his residence. Since 1881, with his family, he has passed much of his time in Europe, principally in Germany, where the climate affords him comparative immunity from the ailments incurred in army service. Dr. Grant is a member of the Century Club. He married Miss Caroline Manice, daughter of Deforest Manice, of New York city, and of this union have been born three sons and one daughter. FRANK EBENEZER MILLER, M. D.— 1884. Frank Ebenezer Miller, physician and musical authority, was born in Hartford, Connecticut, April 12, 1859, the only child of Ebenezer Miller and Mayett (Deming) Miller. On the maternal side he is a descendant of the Tory Governor Tryon of New York, and of the Standish and Welles fami- (241UA.M^, OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 539 lies. Henry Deming, his grandfather, built several of the Florida forts. After passing through the high school, Dr. Miller entered Trinity College in Hartford, graduating in 1881, and securing the degree of Master of Arts in course. He also graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York in 1S84. He was substitute interne at the New York and Charity hospitals and resident interne at St. Francis". Recom- mended by Drs. Shrady and Ripley as assistant sanitary inspector, he passed the civil service examination, and was named for that position by General Franz Sigel. The following positions have brought him into association witli many of the best in the profession ; assistant to chair of otology, held by Professor Orin Pomeroy; to Professor Louis Emmet Holt at Western Dispensary ; to Dr. George Lefferts, Vanderbilt Clinic ; to Professor Joseph Howe,- New York University; and Dr. R. Lincoln, throat specialist; attend- ing physician at the Minerva Home in 1885, at the Wayside Nursery in 1886, and at St. Joseph's Hospital since 1887. He was also throat surgeon at the Vanderbilt Clinic from 1890 to 1893 and held the same office in the Bellevue outdoor department in 1886. Li 1890 the Metropolitan College of Music secured Dr. Miller as laryngologist. All through a very busy life Dr. Miller has found it possible to keep a home office, besides publishing some original ideas in the following works : "The Use of Gottstein's Improved Curette for the Removal of Post-Nasal Growths," "Vocal Hygiene, a Study of the Mucous Membrane," "Pathol- ogy, Etiology and Treatment of Vocal Nodules of Singers," "Views on Tuberculosis," "Scheme of Diagnosing Voice Failure," "Observation on the Voice and Voice Failure," written with the physicist, A. Theodore Wangemann, late with Thomas Edison; "Compend of Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat," by Drs. John E. Weeks, James McAvoy and Frank E. Miller. In the romance style, Dr. Miller produced an essay on the "Spirit of Mu- sic," and an essay on the "Force of Habit." His versatility also is shown in the wit and satire of "The Trojan Horse." As a lecturer Dr. Miller has read his own papers before the School of Expression, the Music Teachers' National Association and at the New York Music Teachers' Association, Troy, New York. As medical examiner the following organizations have Dr. Miller's services : The Albany Insurance Company, the Ancient Order of Aegis, the Royal Oak Benefit Insurance Company, the Provident Life Insurance Company. He is a member of the medical board of the Loomis Sanita- rium, and the Loomis Home, Liberty, New York, and a visiting physician to St. Francis' Hospital and secretary of its medical board. He was one of the originators and is now a director of Armour Villa Park at Bronx- ville. New York, and is also a director of the American Paper Goods Manu- facturing Company, and of the Ajax and Howard Envelope Companies. He is a member of the American Rhinological, Otological and Laryngologi- cal Society, the New York Medical Society, the Physicians' Mutual Aid Society and the New York Hospital Graduates' Club. In the interest of science and humanity, Dr. Miller has kept a close watch upon the cure of consumption. In 1892 he claimed that the best 540 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. success could be found primarily along hygienic and dietetic lines, prescrib- ing such foods (besides milk and raw eggs) as will create a soil hostile to the germ, rest to check destructive processes, noonday baths for high tem- perature and the more rapid elimination of ptomaines, with ventilation and altitude as valuable adjuncts. His works entitled "Views on Tuberculosis" and "Local Treatment of Phthisis by Means of Strong Inducton Current," have commanded the attention of the public and press. When Professor Koch first made known his discovery on the cure for consumption, Messrs. Arkell Brothers considered it of national importance to test the cure and place the results before their readers. Drs. Shrady and Ripley were chosen as a committee; the}' selected a Mr. Degnan as subject, diagnosed his case as one of perfect tuberculosis, but owing to a specific trouble could not determine. Dr. Miller was consulted and pronounced it tuberculosis laryngitis. The patient was sent to Professor Koch, and his diagnosis entirelv corroborated Dr. Miller's. As physician and specialist, and as vocalist, musician and musical writer. Dr. Miller has had a career as noteworthy for its conspicuous suc- cess as for its great versatility. From the Trinity College Glee Club he was engaged as first tenor for St. Thomas church. New York, and later as one of the original members of the Musurgia Glee Club he sang "The Nun of Nidaro" at their first concert. Subsequently he was first tenor at Christ's church and the First Baptist church, Hartford, Connecticut, Church of the Pilgrims, St. Thomas and Christ church, Brooklyn, New York, and Holy Trinity Church of the Puritans, New York city. Dr. Miller numbers a large percentage of patients among singers, artists and persons of prom- inence in judicial, legal, social and political life. He treats them by many original methods, and with extraordinary success. In observation of the voice, he has established a principle of hollow-space resonances, which is be- ing recognized and accepted by high authorities as the nearest perfect theory of voice production. The decoration of Busto del Libertador was conferred on him by President Crespo and Senor Miguel Antich of Venezuela. Dr. Miller married Emily Weston, of Yonkers, New York, in x'^pril, 1892, and they have two daughters. EDWIN STERNBERGER, B. L., M. D.— 1890. Dr. Edwin Sternberger was born January 6, 1867, in New York city, and is the son of Simon and Pauline Sternberger. The former, who is now deceased, was a New York banker. Dr. Sternberger received his early education in the public schools of his native city, subsequently attend- ing the College of the City of New York, and in 1887 graduated from Cor- nell University with the degree of Bachelor of Letters. In 1890 he re- ceived from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York the de- gree of Doctor of Medicine. After graduation he served for two years as interne in the medical and surgical departments of Mount Sinai Hospital, and for three months in the Sloane Maternity Hospital, and then went abroad, pursuing his studies in general medicine in Vienna and Berlin, un- 7y/^^ OFFICERS AXD ALUM XI. 541 der the guidance of Bilroth, Krauss and Krobach. Since his return to this country he has been engaged in general practice, and for nine years was connected with the out-patient department of Blount Sinai Hospital, serv- ing in the surgical clinic; this position he resigned in 1901. Dr. Sternberger is the author of some monographs on medicine and surger}', and of an article entitled, "Infusion," in the Medical Record, 1891. He is a member of the New York Academy of jNIedicine. the New York County Medical Society, the German Medical Society, the ^vl^tropolitan ]\Iedical Association, the Society of the Alumni of Mount Sinai Hospital, and the Sloane ]\Iaternity Alumni. He belongs to the Cornell University Club, the Century Country Club, the Hollywood Golf Club, and the Auto- mobile Club of America. His New York address is 43 East Sixtieth street. DUPREE MERIWETHER HALL. A. B.. A. M.. M. D.— 1894. Dr. Dupree ]\I. Hall was born in Lauderdale county, Tennessee, Novem- ber 20, 1871. the son of James D. and Addie (Henning) Hall. His educa- tional advantages were obtainef^l at the Christian Brothers College in Mem- phis, Tennessee, from which he was graduated in 1890 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and three years later received the degree of ]\Iaster of Arts from the same institution. He matriculated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city, and after pursuing the regular three years' course was graduated in the class of 1894. During his college term Dr. Hall took two courses in the New York Lying-in Hospital, and directly after obtaining his medical diploma wns appointed interne of the City Hospital on Blackwell's Island, which position he held from June, 1894, to June, 1896. He then returned to [Memphis, Tennessee, where he at once entered upon the private practice of his profession, which he has pursued ever since with the exception of the short period of time when he served his country during the Spanish-American war. He was appointed captain and assistant surgeon of the Second Infantry-. Tennessee Volunteers, and served with them until the regiment was mustered out of the United States ser\-ice at Columbia, South Carolina, in February, 1899. Dr. Hall is serving in the capacity of assistant to the chair of practice of medicine at the ^lemphis Hospital Med- ical College, quiz master on practice of medicine and clinical lecturer on rectal diseases of the same institution. Titles of Dr. Hall's essays, printed in Mem-phis Medical Monthly, are "Etiology of Acute Articular Rheumatism." "Acute Catarrhal Enteritis.'' and "Feeding in Fevers." He is a member of the Shelby County ^ledical Society, the Tennessee State Medical Society, the Tri-State iledical Society of Tennessee, Arkansas and IMississippi. the American jSIedical Association, and he also holds membership in the Chickasaw Guards of ^Memphis, Ten- nessee, the Woodmen of the World, and the Sons of Confederate A'eterans. Dr. Hall is an attendant at the services of divine worship in the ]\Iethodist Episcopal church, south, of JMemphis. Tennessee. On October 16. 1901, Dr. Hall married Miss ]Mar\- Cowden. of Westfield. Chautauqua countv. New York. 542 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. JOHN DUNCAN OUACKENBOS, A. B., A. M,. M. D.— 1871. Dr. John D. Ouackenbos, a specialist on nervous and mental diseases, is a direct descendant of Pieter and Martje van Quackkenbosch, who came from Oestgeest, Holland, to New Amsterdam about the year 1660; their son, Wouter van Ouackkenl:)osch. born in 1676, was united in marriage to Cornelia Bogaert. A subsequent member of the family by the name of Wouter, or Waltir, was a barrack master in General Washington's army while it was stationed in New York, and the family are proud of the fact that it was on Quackenbos soil that the first American flag was unfurled. Dr. George Clinton Quackenbos, grandfather of Dr. John D. Ouackenbos, served in the capacity of surgeon with the United States navy for a term of years, and subse(|uently practiced his profession in New York city mitil shortly before his death, which occurred in 1858. George Payn Quackenbos, LL. D., father of Dr. Quackenlios. was the well known educational author, being especially noted for his books on rhetoric, English gi"ammar, and American history, also as the American editor of Spiers French Dictionary. He married Louise B. Duncan, who was a direct descendant of the old and honored Brodie and Duncan families of Forres, Scotland. Dr. Quackenbos was prepared for college at the collegiate school of which his father was rector, entered Columbia in 1864, and was graduated in 1868 with the first honor and a percentage of 99 7-8. The same year the college conferred upon him the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and three j^ears later the degree of Master of Arts. In 1868 he matriculated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, from which institution he was graduated in 1871, with the degree of Doctor of Medicine. Dr. Quackenbos accepted the position of tutor in rhetoric and history in Colum- bia College from President Barnard, subseciuently served as instructor in English literature and gave voluntary courses in physiological psychology at the same institution ; he was also lecturer on psychology for ten years in other institutions. The premature death' of his father in 1881 cast upon him a weight of responsibility and labor of a literary nature, so that his active engagement in medicine came to an end for years, during which time he was occupied largely in revising, writing and rewriting- educational text books. In 1884 he was appointed adjunct professor of the English lan- guage and literature at Columbia, and in 1891 professor of rhetoric in the same university and at Barnard College for Women. In 1894 he retired from his chair, was appointed emeritus professor of rhetoric and at once resumed his medical studies and the practice of his profession in New York city and New Hampshire, making a specialty of nervous and mental dis- eases. His beautiful estate, Soo Nipe Park, on Lake Sunapee, New Hamp- shire, consists of four hundred acres, provided with every natural attrac- tion and modern means of recreation, including the most picturesque golf links in the state, and is the seat of a large hotel and cottage settlement, which furnishes accommodations for his many patients during the summer months. Dr. Ouackenbos has a world-wide reputation for his advanced experi- ments in psycho-therapeutics, has proved hypno-suggestion to be the most & \~4^i^ X) ' OtLcJ^ C*^ C^Jl^A^^^f^ OFFICERS AXD ALUMNI. 543 important moralizing" agent of the time, and has accomphshed along inspi- rational lines what has never before been attempted or dreamed of in the evocation of physico-spiritual control and the development of slumbering talent. He has prosecuted this work openly and fearlessly, with the courage of his convictions, and his reputation in this branch of therapeutics has brought him one of the largest practices in Xew York, every state and many foreign countries being represented among his clientele. This de- volves a large amount of work upon Dr. Ouackenbos, whose office hours of- ten extend from nine in the morning until midnight. He is the author of some twenty standard educational works on liter- ary and scientific subjects, the best known being. "A History of Ancient Literature. Oriental and Classical, Including Expositions of the Earliest Religions." "Enemies and Evidences of Christianity." "A History of the English Language.'" published by Appleton; "Physical Geographv." "Phys- ics," "Practical Rhetoric." He is also the author of the following named medical books and essays : "Tuberculosis. Its Prevalence, Communicabil- ity and Prevention." "Typhoid Fever, Its Poison, Causes. Prevention and Treatment from the Householder's Standpoint of Responsibility," "Causes and Recent Treatment of Neurasthenia," "The State Care of the Insane," "Conventional. Fraudulent, and Accidental Adulterations in Food Stuffs," "Medicines and Articles of Wear," "Emergencies and How to Deal with Them in the Family," "Standing Forests as Sanitary Factors," "Post Hyp- notic Suggestion in the Treatment of Sexual Perversions and Moral Anesthesia," "Hypnotism in Mental and IMoral Culture," "Hypno-Sugges- tion in Trained Nursing," "The Reciprocal Influence in Hypnotism and Its Bearing on Telepathic and Spiritistic Theories."' "Hypnotic Suggestion in the Treatment of Dipsomania.'" Dr. Ouackenbos is also well known as a lecturer, naturalist and sports- man : his essays on the brook and the Lake Sunapee trout have been widely read; he is credited with having brought to the notice of ichthyologists the presence of a fourth trout in New England waters, viz., the Sunapee Saib- ling, a form of Alpine Cliarr not known to exist on the American continent till discovered in Lake Sunapee in 1885. Dr. Ouackenbos has been instru- mental in planting this valuable food fish in Lake George. His fish library contains many valuable and rare works. He is a member of the London Society for Psychical Research, the New York Academy of Sciences, the American Medical Association, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, felloAv of the New York Academy of jNIedicine, and the New Hampshire Aledical Societ)', also a member of the University Club of New Hampshire. He is a member of the Reformed Episcopal church, accepts the Christianity of the four Gos- pels, but believes himself as well qualified to interpret the Greek of these memoirs as are ecclesiastical professionals. In his political affiliations he has remained firm to the principles of the independent party. Dr. Ouack- enbos was united in marriage in New Yoik city, in 1871, to Laura Amelia Pinckney, a member of a family who are well known in the history of the country. Their children are : Alice Pinckney, Caroline Duncan, George Pavn, and Kathrvn Ouackenbos. 544 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. HARRY HARTSHORNE SEABROOK, AI. D.— iS8i. The Seabrook family, of which Dr. Harry H. Sealirook is a representa- tive, is descended from Thomas SealDrook, who was killed by Indians in Westchester county, New York. Thomas Seabrook, great-grandfather of Dr. Harry Seabrook. was first major, then lieutenant colonel of the New Jersey state troops and First New Jersey Monmouth County Militia ; he fought with the continental army and was in command of his regiment at the close of the Revolutionary war, being' stationed on the south shore of Raritan Bay; he was also a member of the first provisional congress. The paternal grandmother of Dr. Seabrook was Anna Longstreet, a descendant of Dirk Stoeffel Longstreet, who married a squaw of the Lenni Lenape tribe. Henry Hendrickson Seabrook, father of Dr. Seabrook, was one of the first settlers of Keyport, New Jersey, a town planned by his father-in-law, Leonard Walling. Mr. Seabrook engaged in business there and in New York, and was the projector and manager of the steamboat line running be- tween these points ; he was also instrumental in the building of good roads and bridges in the locality of Keyport, secured a postoffice for the town and acted at first in the capacity of postmaster. As a school trustees he as- sisted largely in the development of the school system from the district schools to a large graded school, and he also acted as treasurer and presi- dent of various companies in the town. Mr. Seabrook was trustee, deacon and treasurer of the First Baptist church, was for years superintendent of the Sunday school connected with it, and of the Baptist Sunday school of Monmouth county. New Jersey. He was one of the founders of the Peddie Institute at Hightstown, New Jersey, serving in the capacity of trustee, and was a member or officer of various societies, both state and national. He was united in marriage to Miss Therese Walling, whose ancestors were the first settlers of Monmouth county. New Jersey. Dr. Harry H. Seabrook was born in Keyport, New Jersey, October 23, 1859, and attended Peddie Institute at Hightstown, where he pursued a scientific course. A.fter this he engaged in business for three years and then matriculated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city, from which institut'on he was graduated in the class of 1881. Shortly after receiving his diploma he was appointed interne upon the Third surgi- cal division of Bellevue Hospital, serving as assistant and house surgeon from October, 1881, to April. 1883. The following six months were passed upon the continent, and upon his return he entered upon the active practice of his profession at 105 East Seventy-third street. New York city. He afterward located at 1032 Lexington avenue, remaining for six years, after which he took up his residence at his present address, 118 East Sev- enty-second street. From 1885 to 1891 he was an assistant surgeon at the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, and was then appointed surgeon, which position he still holds. In April, 1894, he was appointed attending ophthal- mic surgeon to St. Luke's Hospital and resigned three years later: from 1888 to 1890 he was the instructor of ophthalmology in the University of OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 545 the City of New York, and h- also performed dispensary work in the eye and ear department of Bellevue and the Presbyterian Hospitals. Dr. Seabrook is the author of a book entitled "Heterophorias and In- sufficiencies," and he has also contributed a number of articles on the eye; among them: "Some Sq':int Statistics," published in the Archives of Opthahnology, 1892; "The Eyes and the Liver,'" Nciv York Medical Jour- nal, March 14, 1896; "The Natural Course of Cataract," Medical Record, September 12, 1891 ; and "Headaches," in the same journal, in July, 1901. On January 25, 1878, Dr. Seabrook was appointed lieutenant of Company G, Third Regiment, National Guard, State of New Jersey, bv Governor George E. McClellan, but on June 23, 1881, he tendered his resignation. He is a member of the Sons of the Revolution, Citizens" Union and the American Association for the Advance of Physical Education, American and New York State Medical Associations, Medical Society of the County of New York, Academy of Medicine, Harlem Medical Association, Society of the Alumni of Bellevue Hospital, Lenox Medical and Surgical Society. His favorite pursuits during his leisure hours are science and literature, es- pecially of a historical nature. At Montclair, New Jersey, on November 2, 1881, Dr. Seabrook mar- ried May Nason, of New York city, a daughter of Joseph Nason, a well known inventor, of New England descent, some of ■ whose ancestors served as officers in the French and Lidian, Revolutionary and Mexican wars. The biography of Joseph Nason has been recently written at the request of the Society of Mechanical Engineers. Dr. and Mrs. Seabrook are the parents of two children, Raymond and Alice Seabrook. JAMES FRANCIS McKERNON, M. D.— 1890. Dr. James F. McKernon, professor of otology in the New York Post- Graduate Medical School and Hospital, was born in West Cambridge, Wash- ington county. New York, March 13. 1865, the son of John Cochran and Jane (Dalland) McKernon. John C. McKernon was born in Elgin, Scot- land, where his ancestors for many generations were also born ; three of his brothers came to this country from Scotland during the progress of the Ci\'il war and joined the forces of the Union army. His wife, Jane (Dal- land) McKernon, was a descendant of a north of Ireland ancestry. Dr. McKernon attended the district school of West Cambridge, New York, where he was prepared to enter Greenwich Academy at Greenwich. New York, after which he pursued a course of instruction for two years from private tutors. In 1887 he matriculated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city, from which he was graduated in the class of 1890. His subsequent studies were devoted entirely to the nose, throat and ear. He then established an office at 359 Wset Forty-seventh street, on September 7, 1890, and remained until 1894; he then removed to 116 West Forty-eighth street, where he continued to practice his profession un- til May, 1900, when he changed his residence to 62 West Fifty-second street, his present address. From September, 1890, to 1892, he was the physician 546 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. in charge of the Berachah Mission Dispensary; from 1892 to 1897 acted as assistant surgeon in the throat department of the Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital; from 1893 ^o 1896 was assistant surgeon of the aural department of the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, and from the latter date to the present time (1903) has acted in the capacity of aural surgeon to the same institution; from 1897 to 1900 was the assistant to the chair of otology in the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, and in 1900 was appointed professor of otology in the New York Post-Graduate Medical School and Hospital, which position he still occupies. Dr. McKernon is the author of the following named articles: "Report of a Case of Torticollis Following" Adenitomy Epithelioma of the Nose," Report of Case; "Report of Three Cases of Intracranial Abscess," first two fatal, third, recovery, with remarks ; "Report of a Case of Brain Abscess Complicated by Thrombosis of the Lateral Sinus and Mastoiditis Resulting from Suppurative Inflammation of the Middle Ear," operation, death : "The Abortive Treatment of Acute Mastoiditis," contributions to the Technique of Modern Uranoplasty ; Sigmoid Sinus Thrombosis ; seven cases, the first non-infective, recovery, six infective, five recoveries, one fatal, with re- marks upon Symptomatology and Treatment; "Severe Hemorrhage Follow- ing Incision of Drum Membrane," "Treatment of Chronic Purulent Otitis Media," "Report of a Case of Tempero-Sphenoidal Abscess with Exhibition of Patient," "Congenital Cleft of the Palate," further report upon the opera- tive technique and its results. Dr. McKernon has also written a number of other articles on similar subjects, and at the present time is writing an ar- ticle on "Intracranial Complications of Middle Ear Diseases," for the Post- Graduate Surgeon. He is also the inventor of a complete mastoid set, now in general use by the United States army and navy surgeons. He is a member of the New York Academy of Medicine, the New York County Medical Society, the New York State Medical Societ)^ the Ameri- can Otological Society, the American Laryngological Association, the Amer- ican Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, and chairman of the otological section of the New York Academy of Medicine during the years 1901, 1902 and 1903. He is also a member of the New York Athletic Club, and his favorite pursuits during his leisure hours are hunt- ing, fishing and boating. On June 26, 1901, in New York city. Dr. Mc- Kernon married Anna Madeleine Wittmeyer, a daughter of the Rev. A. V. Wittnieyer, rector of the French Huguenot church and founder of the Huguenot Society in New York city. JOHN BLAKE WHITE, M. D.— 1874. Dr. John Blake White, born at Charleston, South Carolina, October 9, 1850, is a descendant of Sir John White, of Kent, England, whose title was suppressed on account of his being a Quaker, and who came to this country in company with William Penn and was conspicuous with him in the gov- ernment of the colony. His son, Blake Leay White, great-grandfather of Dr. White, settled in South Carolina before the Revolutionarv war, and OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 547 became one of the prominent planters in Upper St. Johns Parish, Berkeley, district of Charlotte. He married a daughter of Abraham Bourquin, a Hugxienot, who was a conspicuous patriot at the breaking out of the war of the Revolution, and \\'as early seized by the British and held on parole. John Blake White, grandfather of Dr. White, early in life developed a remarkable ability as an author and artist, later went to England and studied art under Benjamin West, and with his friend and relative, Wash- ington Alston. The following is a list of his historical paintings : The celebrated picture of "General Marion Inviting the British Officer to Din- ner in the Pedee Swamp,'" "The Battle of Fort ^Moultrie," "}vlrs. ^lotte Presenting the Burning Arrows to Generals jNIarion and Lee to Pire Her Own Residence for the Purpose of Dislodging the British,"' "The Rescue of the .American Prisoners from the British by Generals Jaspar and New- ton." All of these pictures hang in the halls of Congress, having been presented to that body by the artist's son. Dr. Octavius A. \\"hite. 3\Ir. White was the artist of several other important historical paintings, the most important one being the "Unfurling of the American Flag in the City of Mexico by the American jMinister Poinsett to Quell a Riot." This was destroyed by fire in Columbia, South Carolina, during the Civil war. Islr. AVhite married Anna 0"Driscoll, a daughter of ]\Iathias O'Driscoll, LL.D., M. D., of Ireland, who was a descendant from one of the oldest and most honorable families of Ireland, and who was educated at the famous College of St. Omar, came to this country in 1784, and settled in South Carolina, where he ranked among the first men of his day. Dr. Octavius A. \Miite, son of John Blake and Anna White, and father of Dr. White, was a noted physician of South Carolina. Dr. White prepared for college at Phillip's Academy. Exeter. New Hampshire, after which he entered Harvard University, from which insti- tution he voluntarily withdrew in 1872 to commence the study of medicine. He was graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city in 1874. and thereupon was appointed house surgeon in the Brooklvn City Hospital. The energy and success with which he discharged the duties of this office secured Dr. White, in 1S75, when only twenty-five years of age, the appointment of sanitary inspector of the New York de- ipartment of health. Subsequently he was assigned to special duty in the examination of milk, which was supposed to be largely adulterated when brought into the city. Dr. A\'hite remained in the health department about ten years, retiring from the service of the board in 1886, and during this period of aggressive and sustained activity he was largely instrumental in breaking up the wholesale shipment of impure milk into the city, which had previouslv become an intolerable evil, highly deleterious to the public health. During the years 1875 and 1876 Dr. White obtained special expe- rience in the inspection of and transfer of smallpox cases to Riverside Hospital, the disease being quite epidemic during those years, and thus he acquired a thorough familiarity and wide experience with that disease. In 1882 he was appointed attending surgeon of the New York Dispensary' for Children, and four years later was appointed visiting surgeon to the 548 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. Charity, now City, Hospital on Blackwell's Island, holding this position until 1898. In the early eighties Dr. White lectured in the Post-Graduate Medical College on Diseases of Children, and in 1889 received the appoint- ment of consulting surgeon to the House of Refuge ; about the same time he became the assistant to Professor Fessenden X. Otis, specialist in diseases of the genito-urinary organs. Simultaneously with these diversified profes- sional engagements, Dr. \A'hite made an extensive study of the heart and lungs, and he is regarded as an authority on typhoid fever and the medical and surgical diseases of the lungs. From time to time Dr. W'hite has read valuable scientific papers before medical societies, placing on record the results of his observation and ex- perience. These productions have been favorably noticed in the medical journals, some of them being republished in foreign medical journals. Among these contributions were: "The Diagnosis and Treatment of Uterine Flexions," read before the Yorkville Medical Association; "Treat- ment of Phthisis by Intrapulmonary Injection of Carbolized Iodine," read before the Yorkville Medical Association : "The Tubercular Diathesis Con- trolled by Gold and JNIanganese in Combination," read before the North- western i\Iedical and Surgical Association and the New York County Medical Association. It is important to note that a number of remark- able cures were effected by the treatment set forth in the two last named papers. He also wrote an article on "The Treatment of Spasmodic Stricture of the Urethra." He read a paper before the Yorkville ^ledical Society, Feb- ruary 23, 1888, "Remarks on Vesico-Urethral Erethism, Peculiar to Loco- motive Engineers." On December 17, 1890, he read a paper before the Northwestern Medical and Surgical Society, entitled "Remarks on the Intrapulmonary and Subcutaneous Treatment of Tuberculosis." Another A'aluable production on the same line of investigation was a paper, "A Case of Stricture Followed by Rupture of the Urethra and Extravasation of Urine, External Urethrotomy and Recovery," read before the American Association of Genito-Urinary Surgeons, June 3, 1890. On February 17, 1891, he read before the section of general medicine of the New York Academy of INJedicine, and on ]\Iay 10, 1891. before the New York Medical Union, by invitation, "The Value of the Subcutaneous Administration of Gold and Alanganese in the Treatment of Tuberculosis." Hardly more attention was attracted in the medical world by Dr. Koch's celebrated lymph than was aroused by Dr. White's new method of treating tuberculosis, and it is adopted by many physicians throughout the country with conspicuous success. He also read before the American Association of Genito-Urinary Surgeons at the National Congress held at Washington in 1891 a paper on "Cachexia." His "Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treat- ment of Pleurisy and also Report of Case of Tubercular Abscess of Lung, with Recovery after Operation," was published in transactions of the New York State Medical Association. His inventive mind suggested a much needed and quickly recognized improvement on Sim's Vaginal Speculum. Another practical result of Dr. White's ingenious labors is an instrument OFFICERS AND ALUM \' I. 549 for the correction of uterine displacements which he called "Metratrep." This was followed by another addition to the list of useful instruments, the "Urethrotone," invented in 1888, for the operating on strictures of the urethra of verj' small calilire. In 1891 he invented an antiseptic syringe for h3'podermic medication and published a description of the apparatus and an explanation of its uses. One of the most important of Dr. White's inven- tions is a double nasal spray and vaporizer, which was exhibited on Novem- ber 25, 1891, before the laryngological section of the New York Academy of Medicine. Throughout the whole course of his professional career Dr. White has been actively interested in medical societies in all parts of the country. He served as president of tlie Lenox Medical and Surgical Society, also of the Yorkville Medical and Surgical Society, is a member of the New York Academy of Medicine, New York County Medical Society, New York State Medical Association, American Association of Genito-Urinary Surgeons, Northwestern Medical and Surgical Society, Manhattan Medical and Sur- gical Society, and also acted in the capacity of chairman of the committee on admissions of the New York Academy of Medicine during the year 1903. In 1877 Dr. White married Miss Margaret Stuyvesant Jackson, a daughter of the late George E. B. Jackson, of Portland, Maine, and a great-grand- daughter of Genera! Diedrich Ten Broeck, of Revolutionary fame. Dr. White's address is 1013 Madison avenue. New York. ALEXANDER BRYAN JOHNSON, M. D.— 1885. Dr. Alexander Bryan Johnson was born September 16, i860, in Al- bany, New York, and is the son of Alexander Smith and Katherine Maria (Crysler) Johnson. The former, a native of Utica, New York, was judge of the United States circuit court of this circuit, and was formerly judge of the court of appeals of the state of New York. The paternal grand- father of Dr. Johnson, Alexander Bryan Johnson, was born May 29, 1786, in Gosport, Great Britain, and about the year 1799 came with his parents to the L'nited States, where they settled in Utica, in which city Alexander Bryan Johnson became a banker. He was a man of great importance in the place, a philosopher and a voluminous writer on philosophy. The mother of Dr. Johnson was of English and Dutch ancestry, and was a native of the town of St. Catherines, Canada. When Dr. Johnson was seven years old the family removed to Utica, and his earlv etlucation was received in the public schools of that place. He entered the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University in 1879, graduat- ing in .1882, with the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy. Having decided in boyhood to devote himself to the medical profession, he entered the Col- lege of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, and in 1885 re- ceived his degree, graduating as one of the Harsen honor men. After serving for nearly two years as interne in the second surgical division of Bellevue Hospital, he went, in the summer of 1887, to Germany, and spent the following year studying surgery and pathology in Heidelberg, Paris 550 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. and Vienna. In 1888 he returned to New York, where he began the prac- tice of medicine and surgery, devoting himself almost entirely to the latter. He immediately connected himself with the out-patient department of the Roosevelt Hospital as assistant surgeon, becoming in 1890 assistant to the attending surgeon in the hospital proper, which position he retained until 1898. From 1896 to 1898 he was attending surgeon to the out-patient department of the same hospital, and since the latter year has been attending surgeon to the New York Hospital. In the former institution he also held, for a time, the position of lecturer on minor surgery. In 1896 he was appointed instructor in surgery at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, afterward becoming clinical lecturer on surgery in the same institution. This posi- tion he resigned, and is now professor of clinical surgery in the Medical College of Cornell University. Among the contributions which Dr. Johnson has made to the literature of his profession may be mentioned the following : "Contribution to the Surgery of the Kidney; Report on Surgery of Kidney, Based Upon Cases in Roosevelt During Eight Years," Annals of Surgery, 1878 ; "A Personal Experience in Radiography," N'czv York Medical Record. This article was the occasion of inquiries from all parts of the civilized world. "Stereoscopic Radiography," Annals of Surgery, April, 1902: "Operative Treatment in Suppurative Conditions of the Kidneys," Medical Netvs, May 3, 1902; "Some Cases of Prostatectomy Observed After an Interval," read before the section of genito-urinary surgery of the New York Academy of Medi- cine; "The Diagnosis of Renal Calculus," read before the genito-urinary section of the Academy, 1902; "Local Anaesthesia," read before the gen- eral meeting of the New York Academy of Medicine; "Some Experiences in the Treatment of Inoperable Malignant Disease by Means of the X-rays," American Surgical Association, 1903. Dr. Johnson is also the author of several scientific articles, among them one of some length in a symposium of medical knowledge for popular use, entitled, "In Sickness and Health." Dr. Johnson is a member of the New York Surgical Society, the Amer- ican Surgical Association, the County Medical Society, the Linnaean So- ciety and the Bellevue Hospital Alumni Association. He belongs to the University and Union Clubs of New York. At different times he has found sources of interest and diversion in the study of monkeys, in the manufacture of salmon flies, in the development of tailless kites, and at present makes automobiling his chief recreation. His residence is at 12 East Fifty-eighth street, New York city. THOMAS EDWARD SATTERTHWAITE, M. D.— 1867. Dr. Thomas Edward Satterthwaite, son of Thomas AVilkinson and Ann Fisher (Sheafe) Satterthwaite, was born in what are now the city limits of New York, March 26, 1843. He pursued his preparatory studies in his native state, entered Yale College in the autumn of i860 at the age of sev- enteen, and was graduated with the class of 1864. In September of the latter year he entered the scientific department of Harvard University, <^^?^cZ^ Z^ ^e:^:^=r*:?'^^ /^«:3i*--<^;i>^ OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. _ 551 in the department of comparative anatomy, and was a private pupil of the eminent comparative anatomist, Jeffries Wyman. In the November following he entered the department of medicine, attended one course of lectures and then re-entered the medical department of the Scientific School, where he remained until July i, 1865. Three months later, when twenty-two years of age, he left Boston, and coming to New York entered upon a regular course at the College of Physicians and Sur- geons, from which he received the degree of M. D. in March, 1867. In August of the same year he entered the New York Hospital, then located on Broadway opposite Pearl street, in the capacity of an interne and after twenty months' experience in surgical operations received a diploma in that institution in 1869. With a view to a further prosecution of his medical studies Dr. Satterthwaite went abroad, taking up his residence in Vienna. Upon the breaking out of the Franco-Prussian war. Dr. Satterthwaite prof- fered his services as a surgeon in the Prussian army, was appointed assistant surgeon and afterwards full surgeon, with the grade of captain. Upon the conclusion of hostilities in the following spring he tendered his resignation, which was accepted. He received from Emperor William, in recognition of his services in the field, the decoration of the Iron Cross. Dr. Satter- thwaite then resumed his medical studies, taking special courses under the di- rection of Recklinghausen at Wurzburg. In the autumn of 1871 he returned to the United States and began the practice of medicine in New York city. Almost at the outset of his metropolitan career he began to reap the fruits of those special studies so industriously prosecuted abroad. In 1872 he was appointed microscopist of St. Luke's Hospital and subsequently path- ologist, holding these positions until 1882, a period of ten years. A year later he became pathologist of the Presbyterian Hospital and continued to discharge the functions of that post until 1888 (fifteen years). Wlien Dr. Satterthwaite first established himself in New York, Dr. Willard Parker occupied the chair of surgery in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and in 1873 ^^ became connected with the institution from which he had received his professional degree as clinical assistant to that distinguished pro- fessor. Later in the same year Dr. Satterthwaite took the initiative in a wholly new direction, in establishing what was probably the first institution of its kind in the United States. He opened a private laboratory for the regular instruction of students and physicians in normal and pathological histology,, continuing the experiment with great success for seventeen years. The results of his observations and experiments thus convinced Dr. Satterthwaite that something more advanced and quite different from any of the schools previously existing for providing technical education in medi- cine and surgery was imperatively needed, and he belie^'ed that progress could be attained only through the creation of the suitable instrumentalities for promoting it. Actuated by these reasonable views, he co-operated enthu- siastically in the movement for the organization of the Alumni Association of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, becoming one of its incorpora- tors and founders. The principal object sought in forming this association was to provide the means for extra-mural instruction in those branches of 552 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. medicine and surgery not successfully taught in the usual luidergraduate cur- riculum. The scheme met with the usual opposition encountered by pro- gressive plans, and, perhaps fortunately, in view of what followed, was early abandoned. This check was, however, not a defeat, but merely a change of plan ; another idea of Dr. Satterthwaite and his associates in the movement bore happy fruit in the Post-Graduate ^Medical School and Hos- pital, and the New York Polyclinic. These two celebrated institutions, which now have a permanent place in the medico-surgical educational system of the country, were the outcome, in 1882, of an organization among certain extra-mural professors, who adopted this method of obtaining their ends when the original plan had to be abandoned, after a considerable amount of money had been subscribed for carrying it into execution. To Dr. Satterthwaite belongs the honor and credit of having originated the system of post-graduate medical education exemplified in the Post-Grad- uate [Medical School, of which he was secretary during two of the most try- ing years in its history. He occupied the chair of pathological anatomy for one vear and of general medicine for seven years in his favorite institution. Owing to the pressure of other duties. Dr. Satterthwaite was compelled to resign in 1890, at which time he held the post of vice-president. For sev- enteen years he gave a large fraction of his time and attention to the study of practical patholog}" and for two years was lecturer on comparative pathol- og}" in the Columbia A'eterinary College, during which time he made an ex- tended investigation into the diseases of the lower animals. His interest in this subject made him an active and prominent member of the New York Pathological Society, of which he was president for two consecutive terms, in 1880 and 1881,' In 1881, in conjunction with other well known American specialists. Dr. Satterthwaite published simultaneously in Xew York and London, a "Manual of Histolog}'," and six years later published his "Practical Bacteri- ology," both of which works were received with favor on both sides of the Atlantic. \Miile carrying out these more extended literary undertakings. Dr. Satterthwaite has been an extensive contributor to the leading medical journals, and his papers on various topics have been widely noticed by his medical brethren. An idea of the general scope of his work and the ground covered by these periodical papers may be gleaned from the following statement of titles : "Bacteria" and their Relation to Disease," Medical Record. Decem- ber, 1875 : "The Structure and Development of Connective Substances" (prize essay). Monthly Microscopic Journal. London, 1876: "The Germ Theory of Disease," transactions of the Liternational ?*Iedical Congress, 1896; "Address on Comparative Pathology," Journal of Comparative Medi- cine and Surgery. 1882 : "Origin and Natural History of Tuberculosis." Medical Record,' Octohtr 28, 1892: "Carcinoma," Reference Handbook of the :\Iedical Sciences, Vol. i, 1885: "Renal Diseases," etc.. Medical Neivs, October 23, 1886; "Lithaemia and^ Allied Disorders," Medical Record, No- vember 19, 1887: "Ulcerative Endocarditis," idem. February 27. 1886: "Enlargements of the Liver," Reference Handbook of the ^ledical Sciences, OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 553 Vol. 4. 1887: "Abscess of the Liver." idem., 18S7: "•Scarlatina." Quarterly Bulletin of the Post-Graduate ]\[edical School. January. 1887: "Hodgkins" Disease," Post-Graduatc Journal April. 1888: "Pyothorax,'" Medical Rec- ord, November 17. 188S: "Progressive Pernicious Anaemia," Medical Rec- ord. i\Iarch. 1888; "Bronchial Pneumonia," Brifisli Medical Tournal, De- cember I, 18S9: "Pulmonary Syphilis," Boston Medical and Surgical Jour- nal, June 11-18, 1891; "Pathology^ of Diphtheria," Canada Lancet, March, 1874; and upwards of twenty-five articles on other medical topics, of which fifteen were on matters relating to the heart, to which subject of late years he has given special attention. Dr. Satterthwaite organized the first medical and surgical staff of the Chambers Street House of Relief ( now known as the Hudson Street Hos- pital), in 1875, and performed the first surgical operation in that mstitution. He was also one of the founders of the Babies' Hospital and for five years {1894-9) its president. He is now consulting physician to the Post-Grad- uate, Babies', the Orthopedic hospitals, and the Northeastern Dispensary. He is a member of the American Therapeutic Society and one of its found- ers; the New York Academy of Medicine, the Medical Society of the County of New York, the jMedical Society of the State of New York, Pathological Society, Medical Society of Greater New York, and New York Physicians' INIutual Aid Association : also of the City and Century Clubs. In 1S84 Dr. Satterthwaite was married to Isabella Banks, daughter of the late Dr. James Lenox Banks, of New York city. Dr. Satterthwaite has long taken an active interest in public affairs and labored earnestly to pro- mote municipal reforms and local good government. He continues to dis- charge the duties imposed by his private practice and to pursue those spe- cial inquiries for which he has been distinguished in the past and which have contributed so much to the advancement of medical and surgical science. Dr. Satterthwaite's paternal ancestors were of Huguenot extraction and his mother's forebears were Puritans. His grandfather, on the father's side, was an Englishman who came to New York before the Revolution and married a daughter of Theophylact Bache, an Englishman by birth, but of Huguenot extraction. He was one of the leading merchants of his time and had come over to New York from England in 1751, at which time he was established in business by his uncle, Paul Richard, a Huguenot, who was then mayor of the city. The family of the mayor had lived on Manhattan Island nearly a century, having emigrated from Holland in 1660. Dr. Sat- terthwaite's mother was the daughter of James Sheafe, of Portsmouth, New Hampshire, who, through his mother, Ann Fisher, was a lineal descendant of Lieutenant Governor John Wentworth, famous in the early annals of New Hampshire. The Sheafe family was of Puritan origin. Its founder, Jacob Sheafe, came over to New England in 1639, with a band of colonists headed by the Re\-. Henry Whitfield, afterwards private secretary to Oliver Cromwell, and Robert Kitchel, who subsequently united with other Con- necticut colonists in founding Newark, New Jersey. Both Whitfield and Kitchel married Sheaf es. and thev, with their associates, first established 554 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. themselves at Guilford, Connecticut, where Jacob Sheafe, the emigrant, was an influential citizen and pillar of the church. In his later years Jacob Sheafe removed to Boston, where upon his death his remains were interred in King's Chapel, and the tomb which marked his last resting place is said to have been the first monument in that burial ground. Dr. Satterthwaite's maternal grandfather. James Sheafe. already mentioned, was a Granite state merchant of loyalist tendencies, who after the establishment of independence and of the national government became a Federalist and took an active in- terest in political affairs. He served in both branches of the New Hamp- shire legislature, was elected to congress, served from 1789 to ]8oi; and from 1801 to 1802 sat in the United States senate. At one time he was Federalist candidate for governor of New Hampshire, and although he re- ceived a plurality of the votes cast, the election under the state constitution went to the lower house of the legislature, where he was defeated. Thomas AV. Satterthwaite, father of the physician, was for many years actively en- gaged in mercantile pursuits in New York in the first half of the centu^\^ and his father, Thomas W. Satterthwaite, Sr., was a partner of Theophylact Bache, Avhose daughter he had married as above mentioned. 3ilr. Bache was for a long period a conspicuous figure in the histor\- of New York, was pres- ident of the Chamber of Commerce, of the New York Hospital and the St. George's Society, and a warden of Trinity church. SAMUEL LLOYD, :\L D.— 1885. Dr. Samuel Lloyd was born August 4, i860, in Jersey City, New Jer- sev, and is the son of Gardner Potts and Emma (Disbrow) Lloyd. He is of AA'elsh descent, his ancestors, who were Quakers, being among the origi- nal settlers of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dr. Lloyd received his early ed- ucation in private schools, and was graduated from the John C. Green School of Science, Princeton, in the class of 1882, receiving the degree of Bachelor of Science. He studied medicine in the University of Vermont, and in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, receiving the degree of Doctor of Medicine from the L'^'niversity of Vermont in 1884, and from the latter university in the fall of 1885. For three years, 1884- 1887, he was a member of the house staff of the New York Post-Graduate Hospi- tal, and also was instructor in clinical and operative surgen,- at the New York Post-Graduate Medical School and Hospital from 1885 to 1891 ; from 1889 to 1898 he was instructor in clinical surgery, and for the year 1898 to 1899 ■^'^'^s adjunct professor of surgery; since that time he has been pro- fessor of surgery. During the years 1892-1896 he was attending surgeon to Randall's Island Hospital, and from 1893 to 1895 was surgeon in chief to Lebanon Hospital. He is also attending_ surgeon to the New York Post- Graduate Hospital, and to the Babies' wards, and is also attending surgeon to St. Francis" Hospital. Dr. Lloyd is a m-ember of the New York Academy of Medicine, the Lenox Medical and Surgical Society, the New York County JNIedical So- ciety, the Northwestern jMedical and Surgical Society, the Physicians' Mu- ^Wa^ ^ . ?a^tv^ J. OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 555 tual Aid Association, the Post-Graduate Hospital Alumni Association, the Medical Association of Greater Xew York, the Southern Surgical and Gynecological Association, and a permanent member of the Xew York State Medical Society. He belongs to the Princeton Club. In politics he is a Republican. Dr. Llo}'d married, June 11, 1888, Adele Ferrier Peck, of Brooklyn, Xew York. They have three children : Elisabeth Arm- strong, Adele Augustine and Samuel Raymond. Dr. Lloyd's address is 12 West Fiftieth street. HEXRY HALL FORBES, ^I. D.— 1890. Dr. Henry Hall Forbes was born JNIarch 20, 1868, in X'ew Bedford, Massachusetts, and is the son of Frank Herbert and Maria H. J. (Cox) Forbes. His paternal ancestors came from Scotland. His great-great- uncle was court physician in Scotland. His great-great-grandfather, James Hall, of ]\Iilford. Connecticut, was a Revolutionary soldier, died in a British prison ship in Xew York, in 1780, and was buried in the churchyard of Trinitv. on lower Broadway, X^ew York city. The father of Dr. Forbes, who was a prominent business man, served in the L'nited States navy, as master's mate, during the Civil war, and was one of the founders of the Grand Army of the Republic; he died in 1895, Dr. Forbes comes of Puritan stock, some of his ancestors having been among the early settlers of Milford, near X^^ew Haven. Dr. Forbes received his earh- education in the public schools of New York, and was a student at the College of the City of New York. In 1890 he graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of X^ew York, being awarded the first Harsen clinical prize. He studied in the office and was clinical assistant to Dr. Robert F. \\'ier. and served as interne in the surgical division of the Presbyterian Hospital for two years, and for one vear in the X^ew York Foundling Hospital. In private practice he devotes himself to general medicine and surgery. He was formerly assistant sur- geon to the out-patient department of the Xew York Hospital, instructor in g^mecology at the Post-Graduate Medical School and Hospital, attending gvnecologist to the X^ortheastern Dispensary, district obstetrician to the Marion Street Alaternity Hospital, assistant attending surgeon to Trinity Hospital, attending surgeon to the De^Milt Dispensary, and attending phy- sician to the department of diseases of cliildren in that institution. He is now instructor in diseases of the nose and throat at the Post-Graduate Medi- cal School, assistant surgeon to the ^Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital, and assistant attending physician to the French Hospital. He is assistant sur- geon in the naval militia of the state of New York, and Avas past assistant surgeon in the L"^nited States xidLvy during the Spanish-American war. Dr. Forbes is a member of the Society of Medical Jurisprudence, the County ]\Iedical Society, the State jMedical Society, the County and State Medical Associations, the American ^ledical Association, the X'ew York County jMedical Society, the Physicians' Mutual Aid Associa,tion, the Alumni of the Presbyterian Hospital, the Hospital Graduates' Club, and is 556 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. a trustee of the Northern Dispensary. He belongs to the Sons of the Revo- lution, the Sons of Veterans, the Veterans of the Spanish-American War and the City Clulj. He finds his chief recreation in boating, yachting and military matters. Dr. Forbes married, October 7, 1897, in New York, Jennie P. Mack, a resident of that city, and a daughter of the late Tohn Mack. They have one child, Rhoda Elizabeth, and their home is at 96 Park avenue. New York city. ROBERT HUGH MACKAY DAWBARN, M. D.— 1881. Dr. Robert Hugh Mackay Dawbarn, professor of surgery in the New York Polyclinic Medical School and Hospital, was born January 11, i860, in Westchester county, state of New York, and is the son of Charles and Mary E. (Mackay) Dawbarn. The former, who is a native of Wisbech, Cambridge, England, went, when a young man, to Canada, was engaged in Toronto in the wholesale seed business, and subsec|uently was one of the owners of the Penargyl slate quarries, near Easton, Pennsylvania. He has now retired from business, and resides at San Leandro, Alameda county, California. The Dawbarn family was originall}^ French Huguenot, but has been for many generations English. Dr. Dawbarn's maternal ancestors, the Mackays. were natives of In\'erness, Scotland, whence they emigrated to New England, where, for several generations, the family has been repre- sented. The maternal grandfather of Dr. Dawbarn was Dr. Hugh Mackay, who practiced medicine for about forty years near Greenwich, Connecticut. After graduating from the Greenwich (Connecticut) Academy, Dr. Dawbarn spent two years at home under the instruction of private tutors, and then studied for one year at the Long Island College Hospital of Brook- lyn, New York. Subsecjuently he went abroad, partly in quest of health, and pursued his studies for a time in London and Paris, simply "walking the wards'" of the hospitals, by the courtesy of several surgeons. On re- turning to this country he entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, where he remained two years, graduating at the end of that time, in March, 1881, as a Harsen honor man. Since 1883-4 he has been engaged in the practice of his profession, after serving for fifteen months at Mount Sinai Hospital, and for one year thereafter at the Nursery and Child's Hospital. Of late years he has devoted himself exclusivel}^ to general sur- gery. As an item of interest chiefly as showing the early opposition by poli- ticians to civil service reform it may be mentioned that Dr. Dawbarn took part in the first competitive examination ever held in New York city for a medical appointment under the city government ; the position in question be- ing that of police surgeon to the New York city police force. This exam- ination was held on the 3rd and 4th days of February, 1885, and Dr. Daw- barn's rating was one hundred per cent in each of the seven branches of medicine. Although he headed the successful list he was never appointed. Some four years later he discussed the matter in the Medico! Record, De- cember 7, 1889, under the title, "Doctors and Politicians," For the first eighteen years of his professional life Dr. Dawbarn con- ^. c^^U^yJ- i/fTTTt OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 557 ducted, with the help of a number of other doctors, a private school or "quizz'" of preparation, of a post-graduate nature, chiefl}- for candidates wish- ing to prepare for the examinations to become surgeons in the United States army and navy. In that period he was responsible for perhaps half of the gentlemen who became members of the junior grades of the military ser- vices. In 18S5 h^ ^^'^^ appointed and served for two years as instructor in minor surgery to the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York. Since 1885 he has been connected with the New York Polyclinic School, in which he is professor of surgery and also professor of anatomy. He also holds the position of visiting surgeon to the New York city and New York Polyclinic hospitals. Dr. Dawbarn is the author of a little work entitled, "An Aid to Materia Medica," which was published by G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York; also a work entitled, "The Treatment of Certain Malignant Growths by Excision of Both External Carotids," published in 1903 by the F. A. Davis Company, of Philadelphia. He has also published \-arious articles on surgerv, in- cluding (in Wood's Reference Handbook) the subjects of Contusions, Ex- ostosis, Fomentations, Hernia, Issues, Osteitis, Starvation of Cancers, and Splints. He is the author of the following articles: "Subcutaneous Emphy- ema," Neiv York Medical Journal, June, 1889; "Spinal Resection for Frac- ture," A''c'*zc' York Medical Journal, June, 1889; "Intestinal Anastomosis," Medical Record, June, 1891 : "Water as a Local Anaesthetic," Medical Rec- ord, November, 1891 ; "Medical Hemorrhage Surgically Treated," Medical Record, January, 1892: "Saline Infusion," Brooklyn Medical Journal, Octo- ber, 1892; "Arterial Saline Infusion," Medical Record, November, 1892; "Treatment of Tonsillar Hemorrhage," Medical Record, December, 1892; "Intestinal Surgical Technique," Annals of Surgery, February, 1893; "Frac- ture of Thigh Bone," Polyclinic Medical Journal, April, 1893; "Transplanta- tion of Testicles," Medical Record, ]Ma^^ 1895; "Technique of Appendi- citis," International Journal of Siirgery, May, 1895; "Thigh Amputation," Medical Record, January, 1893 ; "Symphyseotomy," American Journal of Obstetrics, February, 1896: "Bladder Drainage," Annals of Surgery, Aprils 1896, idem. October, 1899; "Appendicitis," Medical Record, June, 1896: "Anaesthesia," Atlanta Medical Journal, August, 1897; "Shock," idem., Oc- tober, 1897; 'Fracture of Bones at Elbow," Polyclinic Medical Journal, July, 1897; "Murphy Button versus Absorbable Vegetable Plates," Aiinals of Surgery,, 1896; "Shock and Saline Infusion,'' Medical Record, December, 1898, idem. Medical A^czi'S. February, 1899: "Tonsillar Amputation; Au- thor's Bloodless Method," Medical Nczi's, May and June, 1899; also Phila- delphia Medical Journal, July, 1899: "Pharyngeal False Tonsils," Philadel- phia Medical Journal, July, 1899; "Stigmata of Inherited Syphilis," A''('it' Yo7'k Medical Journal, April, 1899; "Antrum Disease," Items of Interest, New York, July, 1900; "Bloodless Surgery," Journal of the American Med- ical Association, February, 1901 ; "Certain New Points in the Ligation of Arteries," Annals of Surgery, Januar3\ 1903; "The Treatment of Certain 55S COLLEGE OF PHYSICL4NS AND SURGEONS. Malignant Growths by Excision of the External Carotids;" this is the title of an essay representing seven years' work in this field, to which was awarded by the trustees of the Philadelphia Academy of Surgery, in 1902, the Sam- uel D. Gross prize of one thousand dollars for the best original work in sur- gery during the preceding six years. Dr. Dawbarn is a member of the County Medical Society, the State Medical Society, the Academ}' of Medicine, the State Medical Association, the American Medical Association, the Pathological Society, the Surgical Society, the West End Medical Society, the Society of Medical Jurispru- dence, and the Ph}'sicians' Mutual Aid Association. He also belongs to the American Association of Anatomists. Dr. Dawbarn married, in 1886, Ethel Gordon, daughter of Charles Stuart Sussex Lennox, of Brooklyn, New York; she died in 1890, leaving one child. Waring Lennox. Li 1893 Dr. Dawbarn married Carolyn M., daughter of Professor Edward Lorenzo Holmes, president of Rush College, Chicago. They have two children, Robert Holmes and Ethel Gordon. Dr. Dawbarn's address is 105 AA'est Seventy-fourth street. New York. OLIVER SAIITH STRONG, A. M., Ph. D. Dr. Oliver S. Strong, tutor in comparative neurology in the department of zoology, Columbia University, and assistant in normal histology of the nervous system at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city, was born in Red Bank, New Jersey, December 30, 1864, the son of Benja- min and Adeline Torrey (Schenck) Strong. He accjuired his early education in a private school in Fishkill Landing, New York, and in the public schools of Newburgh, New York; he later entered Princeton University and after graduating in the class of 1886 remained as a graduate student and fellow in biology until 1890, when he went to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and became assistant in the Lake laboratory at that place. After remaining there for a year he returned east, having been appointed fellow in biology in Columbia University, and in • 1892 received the appointment of assistant in the de- partment of biology of Columbia University. He acted as tutor in zoology from 1895 to 1897 and as tutor in com- parative neurology since 1897: also assistant in histology at the College of Physicians and Surgeons from 1895 to the present time (1903). Dr. Strong has served as instructor in the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, since 1895, and is associate editor of the Jour- nal of Comparative Neurology. He is a member of the American Society of Naturalists, the American Society of Morphologists, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. EDWARD LASELL PARTRIDGE, A. M., M. D.— 1875. Dr. Edward Lasell Partridge, son of Joseph Lyman and Zibiah N. (Willson) Partridge, was born in Auburndale (now the fourth ward of the city of Newton), September 27, 1853. He is a lineal descendant of William Partridge (or Partrigg) who emigrated from Berwick-on-the- OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 559 Tweed, Scotland, to Hartford, Connecticut, whence he removed to Hadley. The famihes of Dudley, Strong, Dwight, Lyman and Huntington were among the intermarrying stocks in Dr. Partridge's line of descent. In 1854 his parents moved to Brooklyn, New York, whence some four years later they removed to Lawrence, Massachusetts, where Dr. Partridge remained until he was seventeen years of age, when he came to New York and began the study of medicine at the College of Physicians and Sur- geons, New York, with his cousin, Dr. Samuel B. Ward, now of Albany, New York, as preceptor. In 1873, as the result of a competitive examina- tion, he received the appointment of the first place on the house staff of the Charity Hospital, now City Hospital, Blackwell's Island, and continued his .:ervice there for the prescribed eighteen months. In 1875 he received the M. D. degree from the College of Physicians and Surgons and also rceived honorable mention for a thesis submitted at that time. In 1880 Williams College conferred upon him the honorary degree of Master of Arts. Upon the termination of service as interne in the hospital. Dr. Part- ridge began private practice, at first as an associate of Dr. J. AVilliston Wright, and his efiforts were crowned with success from the beginning. In 1876 he was appointed physician to the New York Dispensary ; in 1880 phy- sician to the out-patient department of the New York Hospital, and for a period of about eight years had charge successively of the classes in surgery, in skin and in gynecology. In 1880 he was chief of the skin clinic in the same institution. From 1876 to 1883 he was assistant attending obstetrician to the lying- in department of the Infants' Asylum; in 1882 he was appointed visiting physician to the Nursery and Child's Hospital, and held that position twelve years. During most of the time he also acted as secretary of the medical board. In 1883 he was appointed visiting physician to the New York City Maternity Hospital, where he also held clinics. He resigned in 1885 to be- come visiting physician to Sloane Maternity Hospital, where he taught in connection with the chair of obstetrics in the College of Physicians and Sur- geons. He was also during this time (1885-90) a member of the board of managers and secretary of the board. In 1888 he became visiting physician to the New York Hospital, but resigned in 1893, becoming thereafter con- sulting physician to that institution, and in 1894 consulting obstetrician to the New York Infant Asylum. In 1878 Dr. Partridge was appointed an examiner of obstetrics in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, and held that position until 1880, when teaching by corps of examiners was abolished. In 1883 he be- came professor of obstetrics in the New York Post-Graduate Medical School and Hospital. He resigned to become adjunct lecturer in obstetrics in the College of Physicians and Surgeons. A year later he became adjunct pro- fessor of obstetrics in that institution. Owing to the demands of a large practice he was compelled to resign in 1890, and since then has devoted him- self to private practice. Dr. Partridge has contributed valuable additions to medical literature, .almost exclusively upon obstetrics. In 1884 he translated, revised, com- 56o COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. piled and annotated Verriers "Practical Manual of Obstetrics," and during the year 1890 prepared a "Manual of Obstetrics." He is, or has been, a member of the following societies : The Xew York County A'ledical Society, the Pathological Society, the Clinical So- ciety, the New York Academy of Medicine, of which he was chairman of the obstetrical department for one year; the New York Obstetrical Society, of which at one time he was vice-president; the Practitioners' Society of the City of New York, the New York State Medical Society, the New York Medical and Surgical Society, the Society of the Alumni of the City Hos- pital, the Society for Instruction in First Aid to the Injured, of which he is medical director ; and an honorary member of the Society of the Alumni of Sloane Maternity Hospital. Dr. Partridge is domestic in tastes and habits, but is sociable and com- panionable, and is a member of the University and the Century Clubs. He is also a member of the Society of Colonial Wars. In September, 1884, Dr. Partridge was married to Miss Gertrude Edwards Dwight, daughter of Pro- fessor Theodore W. Dwight, LL. D., founder and for thirty-three years head of the Columbia College Law School. This was the fourth marriage between those of the names of Partridge and Dwight. Dr. and Mrs. Par- tridge have one son, Theodore Dwight Partridge, born December 26, 1890. ASA BARNES DAVIS, M. D.— 1889. Dr. Asa B. Davis was bom in Norwich, Connecticut, September 28, 1861, the son of Charles Crandall and PTarriet Frances (Barnes) Davis, both of whom are descendants of a Puritan ancestry. On the maternal side he is a descendant of Captain John Mason, born in England in 1600: who was one of the founders of Windsor, Connecticut, commanded a successful expedition against the Pequots in 1637; was deputy governor of Connecticut from 1660 to 1670, and two years later his death occurred in Norwich, Con- necticut. Andrew Gallup, his maternal great-grandfather, a descendant of John Gallup, who came from the parish of Mosterne, county Dorset, Eng- land, in 1630, was the owner of Gallup's Island, where he possessed a fineh^ cultivated farm, a meadow on Long Island, and a residence in Boston. An- drew Gallup participated as a soldier during the Revolutionary war, and on September 6, 1781, was severely wounded in the battle of Fort Griswold, Groton, Connecticut. Dr. Davis attended the common schools of Preston, now Norwich, Connecticut, later became a student in the Vermont Academy at Saxtons River, Vermont, where he graduated in 1886. In 1887 he matriculated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city, from which in- stitution he was graduated with the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1889. He received the appointment of interne in the New York Cancer Hospital, in which position he served from 1889 to 1890; was the resident physician of the Midwifery Dispensary on Broome street, New York, for one year. In December, 1894, he was appointed attending surgeon of the DeMilt Dis- pensary, remaining one year, and since 1892 has been assistant surgeon of the Lying-in Hospital, New York. curt^u OFFICERS AND ALUMXI. 561 In 1892 Dr. Davis liegan the private practice of his profession at 361 Lexington avenue. New York, later removed to 112 West Fortv-third street, and since 1S97 has made his residence at 42 East Thirty-fifth street. Dr. Davis is a member of the INIedical Society of the County of New York and the Physicians' Mutual Aid Association: also of the New York Yacht Club. On October 28, i8g6, at Westminster, Vermont, Dr. Davis married Miss Alma Fisher, a member of an old New England family. Their children are: Annette, born July 27, 1897: and Asa Barnes Da\-is, Jr., born June 3, 1902. JNIrs. Davis died in New York, August 24, 1902. WILLIAM HALLOCK, Ph. D.— 1881. The Hallock family, oi which Professor \A'illiam Hallock is a member, trace their ancestry back to Peter Hallock, a native of England, who upon his arrival in this country in 1640 settled on the east end of Long Island. He was a Church of England minister, but the branch of the family to which Isaac Sherman Hallock, father of Professor Hallock, belonged, were mem- bers of the Quaker faith. Isaac Sherman Hallock married Phoebe Hull, a descendant of a family who settled in Rhode Island and later located in Massachusetts, carlv in the seventeenth century : jMrs. Hallock's mother was a IMiss Gifford, of the family of the noted Duke of Buckingham, who aided Richard III in his usurpation of the English throne. Professor Hallock was born in Milton, Ulster county. New York, Aug- ust 14. 1857, and in early life attended a private school in his native town. He prepared for college under the supervision of private tutors, later en- tered Columbia, taking the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1879. At the time of his graduation he received a scholarship in physics and mechanics and a three-vear fellowship in science, and on these foundations he pursued his studies three years longer with Professor Kohlrausch at Wurzburg, Ba^•aria, devoting himself especially to physics, but also attending lectui-es Ml mathematics and chemistry. From No\-ember. 1880, to No\-ember, 1881, he ^\•as laboratory assistant in the \ATirzburg University, from which he re- ceived the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, suinma cum laude, in 1881, and until August of the following year acted in the capacity of private assistant to Professor Kohlrausch. In 1882 he returned to the United States and received the appointment of physicist on the United States geological survey, resigning from this position in December, 1891, to accept the office of assistant in charge of the astrophysical observatory in the Smithsonian Institution at Washington, D. C. From 1885 to 1887 he occupied the chair of physics at the Corcoran Scientific School m AA'ashington, D. C, and from October, 1889, to June, 1892, was professor of chemistry and toxicology in the National College of Pharmacy. In September, 1892, he was appointed adjunct professor of phvsics at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city, and later received the appointment of professor of physics in the same institution, in which connection he is still serving. He has written a number of scien- tific monographs and articles which have been published in the leading jour- nals of the countrv. 562 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. Professor Hallock is a member of the Philosophical Society of Wash- ington, D. C. New York State Science Teachers" Association, and a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the New York Academy of Sciences, and the American Physical Society. On October 15, 1885. Professor Hallock married Georgiana B. Ames, of Titusville, Pennsyl- vania. Three children were born to them, two of whom are living at the present time (1903). ARTHUR ALBERT BOYER, M. D.— 1887. Dr. Arthur Albert Boyer was born in 1861 in Sonora, California, and is the son of John F. and Sarah E. (Baker) Boyer. The former was born in 1824 in Kentucky, went to California in 1849, ^"^1 thence to Walla Walla, Washington, where he engaged in business as a merchant, and later as a banker, organizing the Baker-Boyer National Bank. He died in 1899, at the age of seventy-five. The mother of Dr. Boyer was a native of Illinois, and was the daughter of Dr. Ezra Baker, a physician. On the maternal side Dr. Boyer is a great-great-grandson of Elisha Baker, who was a delegate from Williamstown, Massachusetts, to the Berkshire congress of 1774, a member of the original "constitutional convention" that framed the Massa- chusetts constitution of 1780, and fought in the battle of Bennington; he was an uncle of Ethan Allen. Dr. Boyer received his early education and preparation for college at the ^Vhitman Seminary in Walla Walla, Washington, and in 1883. after a four years' course at Michigan University, received the degree of Bachelor - of Arts After a two years' course in the medical department of Micliigan University and one year at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, he received from the latter institution, in 1887. the degree of Doctor of Medicine. From the time of his graduation he has made a special study of diseases of the eye. ear, nose and throat, and also of nervous diseases. In 1887 he began practice at 33 West Thirty-third street, Ne\\' York, as tlie assistant of Dr. George T. Stevens, aiding him in the disco\'ery and correc- tion of ocular muscular defects. In 1898 he removed to 27 West Thirty- fourth street, and has since that time practiced alone, removing to his present address at 12 West Fortieth street in 1901. Dr. Boyer was the first to correct the declinations of the vertical meridians of the eyes by operations on the superior oblique muscles. In 1901 he was appointed clinical assistant to St. Bartholomew's Clinic, and the Metropolitan Hospital Dispensary, and in 1902 became assistant surgeon to the Manhattan Eye and Ear Flospital. Dr. Bover has contributed to the literature of his profession a number of papers, among which may be mentioned the following: "A Study of Some of the Drugs Used in Nervous Disorders," "The Relative Importance of Labyrinthine and Ocular Defects in the Etiology' of Vertigo." Dr. Boyer is a member of the Academy of Medicine, the American Medical Asso- ciation, the County Medical Society, the New York ^Medical Association, the Ophthalmological Society, the Neurological Society, and the Physicians' Mutual Aid Association. He belongs to the University Club, the Knicker- V. OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 563 bocker Athletic Club and the Michigan University Chib of New York, and also to the Essex County Country Club and the Golf Club of Orange, New Jersey. The favorite recreations of his leisure hours are found in the enjoy- ment derived from music, and in the pleasui'e resulting from outdoor sports, such as hunting, fishing, and canoeing. He is a member of the Protestant Episcopal church. Dr. Boyer married. May 30, 1888, at Ann Arbor, ^Michigan, Kate F. Celle. of New York city, formerly of Newburgh, New York. Their children are: Arthur Leslie, born October 6, 1889; Morris Stanley, born February 8, 1891 ; and Kathryn ^larie, born INIarch 2. 1896. SIGMUND POLLITZER. ^I. D.— 1884. Dr. Sigmund Pollitzer was born in .Staten Island, New York, June 12, 1859, the son of Morris and Anna Kuh Pollitzer, the latter named being a descendant of a family whose members have been noted medical practitioners for many generations. Dr. Pollitzer's boyhood days were spent in Beaufort, South' Carolina, and his early education was acquired from private tutors; in 1872 he left home to attend school in the city of New York. He was graduated from the Col- lege of the City of New York in 1879 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and three years later received the degree of jNIaster of Arts. He matriculated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city, was under the preceptorship of Dr. Teller, and in 1884 obtained his medical degree. He then visited the cities of Heidelberg, Berlin and Vienna for the purpose of studving physiology and pathology, working in the laboratory of Professors Kuehne, of Heidelberg, and Zuntz, of Berlin, and he also took a course in bacteriology in Wiesbaden under Professor Hueppe. being one of the first American physicians to take a systematic course in that branch. In 1885. during his stay abroad. Dr. Pollitzer received the appointment of surgeon with the rank of major in the Servian-Bulgarian war, served during the war and was given complete charge of the military hospital at Passarevitz, Servia. In 1886 he returned to the United States and began private practice at 306 West Thirtv-third street. New York city, where he remained until 1889, when he went abroad again to prosecute his studies in dermatology, in which branch of the profession he had become specially interested. He was appointed assistant in Dr. P. G. Unna's Clinic for skin diseases in Hamburg, which position he filled for one year and he also spent six months in London and Paris studying dermatology. L^pon his return to New York he devoted his whole private practice to dermatology and for the past ten years has been dermatologist to the German Dispensary, and from 1898 to 1901 acted as diagnostician in the New York health department. While in Berlin, in 1890, he was one of the secretaries to the dermatological section of the Tenth Inter- national Medical Congress of Berlin. Dr. Pollitzer has contributed the following named articles to the medical literature of the day : "The Temperature Sense," with a description of a new Thermo- Aesthesiometer, loitnial of Physiology, 1884; "Ueber den Naehrwerth einiger A'erdauungsproducte des Eiweisses," Pflucgcr's Archil', 564 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 1885; "On Curare," Journal of Physiology, 1886; "On the Physiological Ac- tion of the Peptones," Jounial of Physiology, 1886; "Ueber die Bedeutung der von Zander beschriebenen Koernerschicht in Embrj-onalen Nagel," Mo- natscli, J. F. prakt. Dcnnatol., 1889; "The Seborrhoeic W^art," British Jour- nal of Dermatology, 1890: "Report of the Section on Dermatology," Interna- tional Medical Congress, Berlin, 1890; "Akanthosis Nigricans," International Atlas of Rare Skin Diseases, 1891 ; "Multiple Dermoid Cysts, etc.," Journal of Cutaneous and Gcnito-Urinary Diseases, 1890; "Hydradenitis Destruens Suppurativa," Journal of Cutaneous and Gcnito-Urinary Diseases, 1892; "Ex- cision of the Syphilitic Chancre," Medical Record, 1892; "Histology of Xero- derma Pigmentosum," Journal of Cutaneous and Genito-Urinary Diseases, 1892 : "Prickly Heat," Journal of Cutaneous and Genito-Urinary Diseases, 1893: "Diseases of the Sweat Glands, Furunculosis, Anthrax, Actino-Mycosis, Rhinoscleroma, Adenoma Sebaceum, Equinia," in Morrow's System of Gen- ito-Urinary Diseases, Syphilology and Dermatology; "The Miliaria Group," Pan-American ]\Iedical Congress. Washington, 1893, in N'eit.' York Medical Journal. January, 1894; "A Case of Adenoma Sebaceum," Journal of Cu- taneous and Genito-Urinary Diseases, 1893; "Two Cases of Xanthoma," British Journal of Dermatology, 1893; "Xaevus Angiectodes Disseminatus," International Atlas of Rare Skin Diseases, 1897: "Xanthoma, Angioma, Mol- luscum Contagiosum, Psorospermosis, etc.," in "An American Text-Book of Genito-Urinary Diseases, etc." ; "The Pathology and Treatment of Eczema," read before the German Medical Society, January, 1896; "The Xanthomata," read before the American Dermatological Society in W'ashington, May, 1897, Ne-ci' York Medical Journal, July, 1899 : "Inflammatory Diseases of the X'ails,'' Journal of Cutaneous and Genito-Urinary Diseases, 1901 ; Articles in \\'ood's Compendium of ^Medical Science ; Article on Diagnosis in "A Practical Treatise on Smallpox," J. B. Lippincott Company, 1902. Dr. Pollitzer is a member of the American Medical Association, New York State Aledical Association, County Medical Society, County Medical Association, New York Academy of Aledicine, American Dermatological As- sociation, German ^ledical Society, Harlem iMedical Association, Physicians' Mutual Aid Association, and the Metropolitan Medical Society. On June 8, 1893, Dr. Pollitzer married Miss Alice Kohn, of New York city, a graduate of Barnard College. Their children are : Margaret and Alice Pollitzer. The family home is at 64 East Fifty-eighth street. GEORGE D. BLEYTHING, M. D.— 1870. Paternally Dr. Bleything traces his ancestry to Welsh gentry, posses- sing aristocratic connections, which at an eaidy date in the history of this country became identified with its social and material progress. Through his maternal ancestors he is connected with the struggle for independence through a family which took a patriotic part in the conflict. His great-grand- father was William Bleything, of AVrexham, in the county of Den.bigh, Wales, a gentleman of landed estates and of ancient lineage, the family coat of arms being borne by his American descendants. He married Ellen Duckworth, of ,^**«ifi?P''»*!fc.. f:^ A/^ cy^ / OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 565 the same county, and their second son. Joseph Duckworth Bleything, grand- fatlier of the subject of this memoir, became a prominent manufacturer of paper at Manchester, England, Whippany, Morris county. New Jersey, Pater- son, in the same state, and Westchester, New York. His largest interests were in this country, and it was at his establishment at Whippany that paper was first manufactured by machinery in the United States. The wife of Joseph Duckworth Bleything was an English lady of high connections, Mary Hughes, daughter of John Hughes, of the royal navy, and his wife, Mabel Beresford Hope, whose family, it is needless to say, has for many genera- tions occupied a place in the British peerage and taken a conspicuous place in the history of the mother country, many of its representatives being noted in the annals of the British army and navy, or in parliamentary and administra- tive affairs. Members of it have intermarried with a large number of the families of nobility and gentry in the United Kingdom, and it continues to the present day one of the most representative names of its class in England. Edward Langstroth Bleything, father of Dr. Bleything, was the son of Joseph Duckworth Bleything and his wife, Mary Hughes, and married Mary Ward Tuttle, of Morris county. New Jersey, whose family had participated in the Revolutionary war on the colonial side. The Burn at Whippany, near Morristown, now Dr. Bleything's country residence, occupies the site of the old colonial mansion in which the American and French officers of Washington were often hospitably entertained by the Bleything family wdien the conti- nental headc|uarters were established at Morristown. The estate was a colonial grant and was inherited by its present possessor through his mother, whose family was noted in the early history of Morris county, being- among the earliest people of social distinction in that part of the present state. The origi- nal papers relating to their grant are still in the possession of the family. Dr. George Dacre Bleything was born in Morris county. New Jersey, October 18, 1842. His literary education was obtained from tuition by private tutors and at school in Trenton. Having decided to enter the medical pro- fession, he entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, the medical department of Columbia University, from which he received his de- gree in 1870. Since then he has actively and successfully followed his pro- fession in New York city. He is a member of the leading medical societies, and has made some interesting and valuable contributions to medical litera- ture, from a list of which the following are selected for mention : "Scarlet Fever." "Extra Uterine Pregnancy Cured by Faradization," "The Stomach, Its Uses and Abuses," "Sarcoma of Tongue Cured by Operation," "Typhoid Fever, with Cases," "Hermianopsia Embolism." On May 27, 1874, Dr. Bleything was married to Miss Maria Howard Bulfinch, a native of Savannah, Georgia, daughter of Rev. S. G. Bulfinch, of Boston, Massachusetts, and Maria Howard, of Savannah, Georgia. Mrs. Bley- thing's maternal grandfather, Samuel Howard, was the first man after Robert Fulton to construct steamboats. Her maternal great-grandfather figured in the Boston tea party. Her paternal grandfather was the famous Charles Bul- finch, the leading American architect of the period succeeding the Revolution, whose work is still admired in the ^'enerable State House at Boston, and who built the rotunda and west wing of the Capitol at Washington. 566 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. FRANCIS WISNER MURRAY, M. D.— 1880. Dr. Francis Wisner Murray was born September 10, 1855, in Goshen, New York, and is the son of Ambrose S. and Frances (Wisner) Murray. On the paternal side he is of Scotch ancestry, his great-grandfather, George Murray, of Inverness, Scotland, having been a soldier in the British army in the colonial wars. On the maternal side he traces his descent from Henry Wisner, who was a member of tlie provincial as well as the continental con- gress. Dr. Murray received his early education at his native place, and after- ward attended the Episcopal Academy at Cheshire, Connecticut. He was fitted for college at St. Paul's School, Concord, New Hampshire, and gradu- ated from Yale in 1877 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He then took up the study of medicine at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, receiving his degree in 1880. During the ensuing two years he ser^'ed as interne at the Chambers Street Hospital, and then studied abroad at the Universities of Berlin, Vienna and Heidelberg, until 1883. He now devotes himself exclusively to surgery. He is a consulting surgeon at St. Luke's Hos- pital ; also consulting surgeon at the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, and since 1893 visiting surgeon at the New York Hospital. He has held for some time the chair of clinical surgery in the medical department of Cornell Uni- versity. From 1894 to 1896 he served as major and brigadier surgeon in the First Brigade of the National Guard of the State of New York. Dr. Murray is the author of a paper entitled "Surgical Treatment of Amoebic Dysentery," A]iiials of Surgery, May, 1901. He is a member of the American Surgical Association, the New York Surgical, Medical and Surgi- cal, and Clinical Societies, the Academy of Medicine, and the Union, Century and Yale Clubs. Dr. Murray married, October 26, 1886, Mary Gertrude Law- rence. They have four children: Francis Wisner, Jr., Caroline Lawrence, Lawrence Newbold and Gertrude Lawrence. Dr. Murray's address is 32 West Thirty-ninth street, New York. HENRY CLARKE COE, M. D.— 1882. Dr. Henry Clarke Coe, professor of gynecology in the L'niversity and Bellevue Hospital Medical College, was born February 21, 1856, in Cin- cinnati, Ohio, and is the son of Erastus Pease and Mary (Ross) Coe. The former was for twenty years a sea captain, and subsequently engaged suc- cessfully in business in Cincinnati, where he resided from 1848 until his death in 1874. He was a son of Adam Coe, who served with distinction in the war of 18 12, having command of Fort Adams in Newport harbor, and who was descended from Robert Coe, who emigrated to New England from Norfolkshire, England, in 1634. On the maternal side Dr. Coe is the grandson of the Rev. Arthur Ross, who was a Baptist clerg}mian of New- port, Rhode Island, and distinguished as an abolitionist. The maternal great-grandfather of Dr. Coe, Nathaniel Cook, served in the American navy under Captain John Paul Jones. Dr. Coe also numbers among his ancestors the famous John Alden of the Mayflower. OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 567 In boyhood Dr. Coe attended a private academy in his native city, and in 1878 graduated from Yale University as Bachelor of Arts, receiving in 188 1 the degree of ^Master of Arts. He studied three years in the medical department of Harvard University, then came to New York, and in 1882 graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons. He served for eighteen months in the Woman's Hospital, and then spent a year in hospi- tal study in \^ienna and other European cities, in 1884 receiving diplomas from the Royal Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons of London. Since the autumn of 1884 he has been engaged in practice in New York cit)", devoting himself exclusively to gynecology and obstetrics. He has been connected with the \\''oman"s Hospital as pathologist and assistant surgeon, with the New York ^Maternity Hospital as attending and consulting obstetric sufgeon, with the Presbyterian Hospital Dispensary as g}-necologist, with the New York Infant Asylum as attending and consulting obstetrician, and with the New York Cancer Hospital as assistant g}-necologist. Later he was con- sulting gynecologist to the J. Hood ^^'^ight Hospital. He is now gynecolo- gist to Bellevue and the General Memorial Hospitals, and consulting obste- trician to the Foundling Hospital. He was for ten years connected with the New York Polyclinic as lecturer on and professor of gynecology, and is now professor of gAmecology in the University and Bellevue Hospital !Medi- cal College. Dr. Coe was editor of "Clinical Gynecolog}'." and is the author of monographs in "^^'ood's Reference Handbook," "The American System of Gj^necolog}'," "The American System of Surgery," etc. Among the papers which he has published in Transactions of the American Gynecological So- ciety may be mentioned the following: "Accidental Hemorrhage. During the First Stage of Labor at Full Term," Vol. 16, 1891, 35, 38; "Death from Visceral Affections After Ovariotomy," Vol. 13. 1889, 170-21 18; "Internal Migration of Ovum," A^ol. 18, 1893, 268: "Is the ^Mortality of Gynecological Operations Affected by Season?" Vol. 15, 1890, 182: "Tetanus Following Aseptic Celiotomy," Vol. 26, 1901, 369: "Suture of Uterus versus Total Extirpation," Transactions of the .\merican Gynecological Society, Vol. 21, 343 ; "Crural Thrombosis Following Aseptic Celiotom}'," idem. Vol. 24, 218. The following papers appeared in the Transactions of the Southern Surgical and Gynecological Society : "A Contribution to the Study of Ab- ^dominal Pregnancy," Yo\. 5, 1892, 349; "Acute Oophoritis Complicating Pregnancy." A^ol, 4. 1901, 339. Dr. Coe has published translations of several French and German works on gynecology, and has contributed an article on "Anatomy" to the first volume of ]\Iann"s "System of Gynecolog}*," and one to the second volume on "Diseases of the Tubes and Ovaries." Dr. Coe has also contributed arti- cles to the Transactions of the New York Obstetrical Society, the Medical Record, between the years 1885 and 1890; the American Journal of Obste- trics, the Medical Nezi's, the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecol- ogy, the American Journal of Medical Sciences, the Neiv York Medical Journal, and the Medical Rez'iezu of Revieu's. Dr. Coe is a member of the IMedical Society of the County of New York, 568 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. the New York Academy of Medicine, the Chnical Society, the Obstetrical Society, the Harvard Medical Society, the Pliysicians' Mutual Aid Associa- tion, the New York State Medical Society, and the American Gynecological Society. He is also a member of the Military Order of Foreign Wars, the Society of Founders and Patriots of America, the Society of Mayflower Descendants, the Society of Colonial Wars, the Society of the Sons of the Revolution, the Society of the AVar of 1812. and the University, Yale and Harvard Clubs. He is a member of the Madison Avenue Reformed church. Dr. Coe married, September 7, 1882, .Sara Livingston Werden, of Pittsfield, Massachusetts. They have three sons : Fordyce Barker, Henry Clarke, Jr., and Arthur Paul. LOUIS FAUGERES BISHOP, M. D.— 1889. Dr. Louis Faugeres Bishop was born March 14, 1864, in New Brunswick, New Jersey, and is the son of James and Mary Faugeres (Ellis) Bishop. He was named in remembrance of a distinguished ancestor, Dr. Louis Faugeres, who died in 18 14. after practicing for more than half a century in the city of New York. Dr. Faugeres" name appears in the charter of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1807, as one of its organizing" members and trustees. Dr. Bishop received his preparatory education in NeAV Brunswick and at St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire. In 1885 he received from Rutger's College the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and in 1889 that of Master of Arts. After studying for a time with Dr. William Elmer, of Trenton, New Jersey, in 1886 he entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, from which he graduated in 1889 with the degree of Doctor of Medi- cine, and has since been engaged in general consultation work. From 1889 to 1892 he was one of the internes at St. Luke's Hospital, and served for three months at the Sloane Maternity Hospital. For five years he has been con- nected with the Vanderbilt Clinic, and holds the position of attending physi- cian at the Lincoln Hospital. Dr. Bishop's principal studies have been in diseases of the circulation. He has contributed many papers to periodical literature. Among the principal ones were : "The Course and Management of Complicating Myocarditis," read before the American Medical Association ; "Chronic Cardiac Disease and Its Management," read before the New Jersey State Medical Society; "A Clinical Study of Myocarditis," read before the American Medical Association ; "Early- Recognition and Management of Arterial Degeneration," read before the New York Academy of Medicine in 1901. Dr. Bishop is a member of the New York Academy of Medicine, the American Medical Association, the New York County Medical Society, the New York Medical Association, the New York Neurological Society, the New York Pathological Society, the Society of the Alumni of St. Luke's Hospital, the Society of the Alumni of the Sloane Maternity Hospital, and the New Jersey State Medical Society. In the New York Academy of Medicine he holds the position of corresponding secretary, and Avas, for two years, chair- man of the section on medicine. Dr. Bishop married, November 14. 1899, 77V. ^ OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 569 Charlotte Dater. daughter of the late Sigfried Gruner, at one time president of the Cotton Exchange of New York city. Dr. and Mrs. Bishop ha^•e one son, Louis Faugeres, Jr. Dr. Bishop's address is 54 "\^'est Fifty-fifth street, New York. GEORGE THOMAS JACIvSON, M. D.— 1878. Dr. George T. Jackson, instructor in dermatology in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, was born in New York city, December 19, 1852, the son of George T. Jackson, who was born in Dublin, Ireland, later came to New York city, and for many years was a merchant of the metropolis ; he married Letitia Jane Aitken, daughter of Dr. Samuel ]\Iacauley, an eminent physician of New York. Dr. Jackson received his early education in private and also in public schools of New York city, and this was supplemented by a thorough course in the College of the City of New York. He then entered a mercantile life, but after a short time he decided to become a member of the medical profession, and matriculated at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, from which he was graduated in the class of 1878. He served as interne in the New York Charity Hospital, now the City Hospital, and subsequently went abroad to pursue his medical studies at the universities of Berlin, Vienna and Strass- burg, where he remained two years. In January, 1881, he entered upon the practice of his profession in New York city, and in addition to his extensive private patronage he served as dermatologist to Randall's Island Hospital from 1889 to 1894; in 1890 he received the appointment of professor of dermatology in the Women's Medical College of the New York Infirmary, and also consulting dermatologist to the New York Infirmary for ^Vomen and Children: in 1892 he was appointed consulting dermatologist to the Presbyterian Hospital; in 1895 he was appointed to the chair of professor of dermatology in the medical department of the University of Vermont, and two years later was called to be instructor in dermatology at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, after having been chief of clinic for four years. Dr. Jackson served for several years on the editorial staff of the Nciv York Medical Journal, the American Medical Surgical Bulletiu. and has contributed papers and monographs on dermatolog}" and kindred subjects which have been published in the leading medical journals of the country. He has also published "Diseases of the Hair and Scalp." a standard work of which the first edition was exhausted and the second edition made necessary ; "Read}' Reference Handbook of Skin Diseases," which has run into the fourth edition. He is a member of "the New York Academy of Medicine, Medical Society of the County of New York, Medical Society of the State of New York, New York Dermatological Society, American Dermatological Association, Societ}- of the Alumni of the City and the Presbyterian Hospi- tals, and also a member of the Centur)' Association, American Museum of Natural History, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and the New York Zoological Society. Dr. Jackson was united in marriage October 3, 1878, to Miss Caroline Gerlach W' eidemeyer. Their children are : George Thomas, Jr., who died in 1888; Frederick AA'.. Robert M. and Arthur H. Jackson. 570 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. HARMON ALBERT VEDDER. A. B,, M. D.— 1891. Dr. Harmon A. Vedder was born at Flushing, Long Island, January 16, 1868, the son of Maus R. and Sarah (Cutwater) Vedder. He prepared for college in the private schools of New York city, graduated from Colum- bia College in 1888 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and in 1891 re- ceived the degree of Doctor of Medicine from the College of Physicians and Surgeons. After an interneship of eighteen months in the New York Hospi- tal and three months at the Sloane Maternity Hospital, Dr. Vedder went abroad and pursued a course of study at the Edinburgh University and the Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, Scotland. In 1893 he began the practice of medicine in New York city, and ever since has devoted his whole time and attention to the needs of a large and constantly increasing general practice. He also acts in the capacity of sta- tistician at the New York Hospital. He is a member of the Alumni Asso- ciation of Columbia College, the Alumni Association of Sloane Maternity Hospital, the Alumni Association of New York Hospital, the Greater New York Medical Association, the Delta Phi fraternity, the Quiz Medical So- ciety and the Holland Society. On December 12, 1894, Dr. Vedder was united in marriage to Effie Boultbee, of Toronto, Canada. Their children are : Harmon Boultbee, James Outwater and Glenn Turner Vedder. Dr. Vedder's address is 35 East Sixtjr-second street. New York. De LANCY CARTER, M. D.— 1881. De Lancy Carter, physician of New York city, was born in Brooklyn, October 18, 1855, ^^'^^ '^ the son of W. Frank Carter and Mary A., daughter of Luke Clark. He descends from the Carters of Virginia, who intermar- ried with the Breckenridge, Carroll, and Lee families of that state and Marv- land. His grandmother was Mary A., daughter of John A. Ellis, who emi- grated from New Hampshire to the Western Reserve, Ohio, and became one of the founders of Oberlin College. The father of John A. Ellis, Col- onel John Ellis, commanded the First New Hampshire Volunteers during the Revolution. The Ellis line has been traced- back to Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk. One of the sons of Dr. Carter's maternal grandfather, Luke Clark, was the celebrated General Clark of the Crimean war. The father of Luke Clark served in the French army during the French revolu- tion, while the doctor's great-great-grandfather, in this line, was a captain in the English army, stationed at Drogheda, province of Ulster, Ireland, and married the only child of Sir Phelim O'Neil, the last scion of the eldest branch of the O'Neils of Ulster. Dr. Carter was educated in the New York public schools, the College of the City of New York, was graduated as a civil engineer from the Uni- versity of the City of New York in 1878, and in 1S81 was graduated from the medical department of Columbia University. Between 1881 and 1883 he was house physician at the workhouse and almshouse, a branch of Charity Hospital. In 1884 and 1885 he was connected with the board of health of New York city. He was visiting physician of the Northeastern Dispensary oCxJu^a^^<—Ciy^^ce>\y OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. i/' from 1884 to 1893, and visiting physician to St. Luke's Home for Indigent Females from 1884 to 1897. He was president of the medical board of the latter institution from 1894 to 1896. He is a member of the New York Academy of ]\Iedicine. the ^Medical Society of the County of New York, the New York Pathological Society, the New York County Medical Associa- tion, the Medical and Surgical Society, the Lenox Medical and Surgical So- ciety, the Physicians" Mutual Aid Association, State Medical Society and American JNIedical Society. He is a member of the Delta L'psilon Society, the Alumni of the Univer- sity of the City of New York, and the Alumni, class of 1878, University of the City of New York, and the Alumni of Columbia University, med- ical department. He is past master workman of the Ancient Order of United Workmen, 1886; is a past district deputy grand master, 1887, and is a past member of the grand finance committee, 1888. He is a past re- gent. Royal Arcanum, 1889. He is also a prominent Mason. He is past master of Alma Lodge No. 728, 1894; is past high priest of Amity Chapter No. 160, 1S93: is a member of Union Council, Royal and .Select Alasters; is surgeon of Palestine Commandery. K. T. : is a member of the Lodge of Per- fection, Rose Croix, the Council of Princes of Jerusalem Consistory, thirty- second degree ]\Iason, and is a noble of the Alystic Shrine, ]\Iecca Temple. CLEAIENT CLEVELAND, M. D.— 1871. Dr. Clement Cleveland, attending surgeon at W'oman's Hospital, con- sulting gynecologist of the General ^Memorial and St. A'incent's Hospitals of New York city, was born in Baltimore, ^Maryland, September 29, 1843, the son of the late Dr. Anthony Benezett Cleveland, a native of Connecticut, and for many years a professor in the Universit}' of ^Maryland, and Mary W. (^Manning) Cleveland, a native of Massachusetts. On the paternal side one of his ancestors was an Episcopal clergj'man of Salem, Massachusetts, in 1630, and on the maternal side the ancestry dates back to 1640, when the progenitor of the family settled at Ipswich, ^Massachusetts. Dr. Cleveland was prepared for college at Phillips Exeter Academy, and in 1867 was graduated from Harvard University with the degree of Bachelor of Arts, taking the degree of ]\Iaster of Arts in the same institution in 1870. He taught for one year in a private classical school at Newport, Rhode Island, and in 1871 was graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city. He served for one year as interne at the City Hospital, Black- well's Island, and subsequently for one year and a half at the Woman's Hos- pital. He then served seven years as attending surgeon of the Citv Hospital, resigning in 1881 on account of his private practice, which at first was of a general nature, but for the past fifteen years has been confined to gv'necolog^^ He received the appointment of attending gynecologist of the General Mem- orial Hospital, is now the consulting surgeon and a member of the board of trustees ; acted as attending surgeon of the A^'oman's Hospital and consulting g}-necologist of St. Vincent's Hospital. He is the author of the following named medical contributions on gy^ne- 572 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. cology : "Some Observations upon the Feeding of Infants," "A Case of In- terstitial Pregnancy." "On Trachelorrhaphy," "On Laparo-Vaginal Hys- terectomy," "The Palliative Treatment of Incurable Carcinoma Uteri," Based upon Observations at the New York Cancer Hospital; "Description of a New Self-retaining Speculum," "Laparotomy in Treuddenberg's Posture with Ex- hibition of a New Operating Table," "The Treatment of Pelvic Abscess by Vaginal Puncture and Drainage," "'The Alexander Operation." Dr. Cleveland is a member of the New York Academy of Medicine, County ^ledical Society, Obstetrical Society, Practitioners' Society, Physi- cians" Mutual Aid Association, and the Alumni Association of the City and Woman's Hospitals, as well as the University Club, Century Association and Harvard Club. On June 17, 1874, Dr. Cleveland married Annie Ward Dav- enport of Boston, Massachusetts. Their children are : Henry Davenport, Elizabeth Manning and Clement Cleveland, Jr. The family reside at New- port, Rhode Island, in the summer, and their city home is at 59 West Thirty- eighth street. AATLLIAM VAN VALZAH HAYES, Ph. B., M. D.— 1893. Dr. William V. V. Hayes was born in Lewisburg. Union county, Penn- sylvania, September 22, 1867, the son of Alfred and Mary (Van Valzah) Hayes, Alfred Hayes being the great-grandson of Robert Hayes, who was a captain during the Revolution. Alfred Hayes' mother was a Quaker, a granddaughter of John Hulme, Jr., founder of Hulmeville, Pennsylvania, and a member of the state assembly. Alfred Hayes is a member of the Pennsylvania bar and a man of great influence in the community in which he resides; he was formerly a member of the Pennsylvania legislature. Mary Van Valzah was the great-granddaughter of Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Sutherland, and granddaughter of Robert Van Valzah, an eminent medical practitioner of central Pennsylvania. Mary Van Valzah was, on the maternal side, the great-granddaughter of Captain John Forster, an officer of the Revolution. Dr. Hayes acquired his early education in Bucknell Academy at Lewis- burg, Pennsylvania, and later entered Bucknell University', from which he was graduated in 1888 with the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy. He then went abroad and for one year devoted himself to the study of languages and preparation for his matriculation in the College of Physicians and Sur- geons of New York city, from which institution he was graduated in 1893, being one of the Harsen honor men. During his college term he acted in the capacity of assistant to Dr. McLane, Dr. Tuttle and Dr. Starn and after obtaining his medical degree he served for eighteen months, July, 1893, to December, 1894, in the New York Hospital as interne. He was then ap- pointed on the resident staff of the Sloane Maternity Hospital, where he re- mained three months, and subsequently became connected with the Found- ling Hospital, retaining this position for one year, July, 1895, till July, 1896. Since that time Dr. Hayes has been engaged in general practice in New York city, making a specialty of diseases of the system, and he is also ad- M^yLui-^ "^"^^ U7 OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 573 junct professor of diseases of the digestive system at the New York Poly- chnic. He is a member of the Society of Alumni of the New York Hos- pital, the Alumni Association of Sloane Maternity Hospital, the New York Academy of Medicine, the National Academy of Medicine, the County Medical Society, the County Medical Association, the State Medical Asso- ciation and the American Medical Association. Dr. Hayes is a member of the Brick Presbyterian church of New York, and treasurer of the intercol- legiate branch of the Young Men's Christian Association. He is a mem- ber of the Quill Clul) and of the Twenty-seventh Assembly District Republi- can Club, and his college fraternity is the Delta Upsilon. EDWIN FLETCHER WARD, M. D.— 1861. Edwin Fletcher Ward, M. D., the son of the Rev. Windsor and Lydia (Harvey) Ward, was born at Norwich, Connecticut, December 25, 1835. The ancestor of the Ward family was William Ward, who was a native of Yorkshire, England, and who settled in Sudbury, Massachusetts, in 1639. His son, William Ward, was born November 19, 1664, and in later years be- came a resident of Newton, Massachusetts, serving as selectman of that town in 1722. He had a son, John Ward, born February 23, 1690, and his son, Daniel Ward, born in 1732, was the father of John Ward, born in 1760, who established the family homestead at Buckland, Massachusetts, and whose name is recorded in the list of patriots who fought in the Revolutionary war. His son, the Rev. Windsor Ward, was a Methodist clergyman, born in 181 1, at Buckland, and married Lydia Harvey, a native of Ashfield, Massachusetts. Their son, Edwin Fletcher Ward, was educated in the public schools of the different towns of Massachusetts where his father, as a local preacher, was stationed ; he also received private instruction from his father on various sub- jects. In 1856 he went to the West Indies as clerk for D. P. Cotton & Co., merchants, and he resided in Barbados and Trinidad until the death of his father, when he returned to the United States, and engaged in the mercantile business in Boston, Massachusetts, for one year. With the intention of adopting medicine as a profession, he took an elementary course with Dr. D. W. Miner, of Ware, Massachusetts, until prepared to enter the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York, from which he was graduated in 1 86 1. He refused the appointment offered him at the City Hospital, and opened a private practice at Enfield, Massachusetts, where he remained until August, 1862, when he was appointed assistant surgeon of the Thirty-eighth Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. In 1863 he became surgeon of the regi- ment, with the rank of major. He was with the regiment when it engaged in the campaign under General Banks in Louisiana, and later under General Philip H. Sheridan in the battles of Winchester, Cedar Creek and Fisher's Hill. During his connection with the arm}^ he saw active service in twenty- one battles, and was present at the surrender of General Lee. Alx)ut October, 1864, he was appointed executive officer of the field hospitals at Winchester, Virginia, and subsecjuently served on General Sheridan's staff as acting assist- ant medical inspector of the Middle Military Division, where he remained until his regiment was mustered out at the close of the war, in 1865. 574 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. From 1865 to 1870 he practiced in Easthampton, jMassachusetts, then settled in New York cit}-. where he still maintains a general practice of medi- cine and surger}-. He is a fellow of the Academy of Medicine of New York, of which he was assistant secretary from 1877 to 1879 '^"d recording secretary from 1880 to 1882, and a member of several societies, among them being the County Medical Society, the Physicians" Mutual Aid Society and the Medical Asso- ciation of Greater New York. He has given considerable time to the study of metallurgy and chemistry, and has had experience in their practical appli- cation in the manufacturing arts. He is interested in church matters, and has been a member of the Broadway Tabernacle since 1873. He was married November 2, 1865, to Abby L. Sweetser of Millbury, Massachusetts.; she is a descendant of an old New England familv which originated in Holland. They have two children, Florence, a graduate of Smith College, and Warren Windsor, now a student in "Worcester Academy. Dr. Ward resides at 15 West Ninety-sixth street, New York. ■ HENRY KOPLIK, M. D.— 1881. Dr. Henry Koplik was born October 28, 1858, in New York city, and is the son of Abraham and Rosalie Koplik, the former being engaged in mercantile pursuits. The family emigrated from Austria to the United States about fifty years ago. The preparatory education of Dr. Koplik was received in the public schools of his native city, and he afterward became a student in the College of the City of New York, from which he graduated in 1878 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He then entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, from which he received, in 18S1, the degree of Doctor of Medicine, and was also awarded the Harsen first prize of five hundred dollars for general proficiency. His instructors in medicine were Dr. Mathew D. Mann and Dr. Francis Delafield, and for two years he conducted the cjuiz on general medicine and surgery of the latter's students, and at the same time acted as assistant to Dr. Prudden in labora- tory work, in pathology and histology. He then studied for a time in Ber- lin, Germany, and since his return has been continuously engaged in private practice as a specialist in the diseases of children and internal medicine. He was for fifteen years attending physician to the Good Samaritan Dispen- sary, and held the same position for one year in St. John's Guild. He is now attending physician, children's service, in Mount Sinai Hospital. Among Dr. Koplik's contributions to the literature of his profession, may be mentioned the following : A text book on "Diseases of Infancy and Childhood," published by Lea Brothers & Company, of Philadelphia, 1902 ; a numlaer of monographs, of which the appended list is a partial enumeration: "Etiology of Empyema in Children,"' Archives of Pediatrics. i8go; "Ster- ilizing Milk, etc.," Archives of Pediatrics. 1891 : "Urogenital Blenorrhoea in Children," Jonrual of Genito-Urinary Diseases, 1893: "Malarial Fever in Infants and Children," Nezv York Medical Journal, 1893: "Etiology of Acute Retropharyngeal Abscess in Infants and Children,"" Central Blaft fiir OFFICERS AXD ALUMNI. 575 Bacteriologie, 1894: "The Diagnosis of the Invasion of ileasles. from a Study of the Exanthein as it Appears on the Buccal [Mucous ^Membrane," Archives of Pediatrics, 1896; ''The Etiology of Pertussis," Central Journal of Bacteriology^ Germany, 1897. In addition to these publications Dr. Koplik is the author of a number of other articles on similar subjects, which have appeared from time to time in medical I'ournals. Dr. Koplik was one of the founders of the American Pediatric Society, and has since maintained his connection with that body. He is a member of the Association of American Physicians, the Academy of iSIedicine and the County Aledical Society. His Xew York address is 66 East Fifty-eighth street. WARREX STOXE BICKHA:\I. ^I. D.— 1887. Dr. ^^'arren Stone Bickham was born August 2^. 1861, in .Shreveport, Louisiana, and is the son of Charles Jasper and Annie (Gray) Bickham. His father was a physician and surgeon of high standing and extensive practice in his community, and connected with the medical department of Tulane Uni- versity and with the Charity Hospital. X'ew Orleans. The academic education of Dr. Bickman was received at the University of the South and at the Universities of Yale and Tulane. He received, in 1886, the degree of Doctor of Medicine and the degree of ]\Iaster of Pharmacy from the medical department of Tulane University, having", in the latter part of his course, been an interne of the Charity Hospital for eighteen months. A second degree of Doctor of Medicine was conferred upon him by the College of Physicians and Surgeons of X^ew York in 1887. After a post-graduate course of one winter at the Xew York Polyclinic he located in his old home. New Orleans, in 1888. where he practiced general medicine and surgerv until 1898. He was visiting surgeon to the Charity Hospital. X^ew Orleans, for eight years. He ■\\'as appointed demonstrator of operative surgen,'' in the med- ical department of Tulane University in 1893, organizing the laboratory of operative surgery and conducting this course for the following five years. Since leaving Xew Orleans in 1898 he has spent two years in Berlin, Vienna, Paris and London in professional work. "\Miile in London he successfully passed the examinations for which he applied at the Royal College of Sur- geons of England and the Royal College of Physicians of London, having but two examinations left for the degrees of M. R. C. S., England, and L. R. C. P., London, which he expects to take. He located in X'ew York in the summer of 1899. where he has practiced his profession ever since, with a special tendency to surgery. Shortly after settling in this citv he was ap- pointed instructor in surgery in the X^^ew York Polyclinic, and' also visiting Surgeon to the X'orthwestern Dispensary, both of which he resigned to accept the appointment of assistant instructor in operative surgery at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1900, which position he now occupies. During the last three years he has been engaged in writing "A Text-Book of Operative Surger}'," which is now in the hands of the publishers and is due to appear in the summer of 1903. Dr. Bickham is a fellow of the X'ew York Academv of ^Medicine, and a 576 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. member of the New York County Medical Society, tlie New York County Medical Association, the New York State Medical Association, the American Medical Association and the Medical Association of Greater New York. He belongs to the New York Southern Society and to the Scarsdale Golf Club. Dr. Bickham married Flora S. Brandon, of Barnstable, Massachusetts, in June, 1895, ^"d they make their home at 922 Madison avenue. New York city. BROOKS HUGHES WELLS, M. D.— 1884. Dr. Brooks H. Wells, editor of the American Journal of Obstetrics, was born in New Haven, Connecticut, July 28, 1859. His father, the Rev. Ed- ward Livingston Wells, D.D.. a clergyman of the Protestant Episcopal church, was born in Columbia, South Carolina, and was educated at New Haven, Connecticut, and at Paris, France. One of Dr. Wells' uncles. Dr. Charlton Wells, was a graduate of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York. Another uncle. Dr. William Lowndes Wells, a graduate of the same school, was a prominent practicing physician of New Rochelle, New York. The Rev. Dr. Wells was married to Mary Hudor Hughes, a descendant of an old New England ancestry and a Daughter of the American Revolution. Dr. Brooks H. Wells was a student in the Southport (Connecticut) Academy, and after his graduation intended to enter Yale College, but owing to altered circumstances he came to New York instead and obtained a position in a banker's office. Subsequently he decided to study medicine and matriculated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, from which he was graduated in 1884. While a student in the college he was under the preceptorship of Dr. Paul F. Munde and acted in the capacity of assistant to Dr. McLane in the department of obstetrics. After gradu- ation he was appointed to the Charity, now City, Hospital, and Maternity Hospital, where he passed an interneship of eighteen months. In 1885 he commenced the private practice of his profession in association with Dr. Munde, an association which continued for twelve years, during a greater part of which time he was also assistant editor of the American Journal of Obstetrics. Later Dr. Wells became editor of the Journal. He was editor of the American edition of Pozsi's Medical and Surgical Gynecology, and has written a number of articles on gynecology, obstetrics and abdominal surgery. Since graduation he has been actively connected with the depart- ment of gynecology at the New York Polyclinic, first under Dr. Munde as clinical assistant, then as adjunct professor and now as professor. Dr. Wells is a member of the American Gynecological Society, the New York Academy of Medicine, the Society of the Alumni of the City Hospital, of which he is an ex-president; the New York Obstetrical Society, and the New York County Medical Society. He is an expert amateur sailor and takes great pleasure in cruising, having sailed about eight thousand miles along the coast in a small yacht during his summer outings. On October 14, 1885, Dr. Wells married Mary Frances Pomeroy, of Southport, Con- necticut, a daughter of the late Benjamin Pomeroy and a descendant of an old New England family. Their children are May, Pauline, Josephine and Dorothy. />Oc7 OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 577 WILLIAM HEXRY WESTON. AI. D.— 1878. Dr. W^illiam Henry ^^'eston was born August 8. 1849. i" Hancock, New Hampshire, and is the son of Ephraim and Elvina (Gates) Weston. His paternal ancestry was Enghsh and Scotch-Irish, while on the maternal side he is of pure English descent. Dr. Weston's boyhood was passed on the home farm, where he alternately worked and attended school, until reaching the age of twenty-one. He then spent a year in the west, in Omaha, Nebraska, engaged in the grocery business, and on his return home fitted for college at the AlcCollom Institute. Alount Vernon, New Hampshire, teaching school and working for the farmers of his native town during vacations. He graduated from the institute in June, 1875. ^"d the same year began the study of medi- cine, graduating, in March. 1878. from the College of Physicians and Sur- geons of New York. For a short time he was associated with the late Dr. Jacob A. Woods, who made a specialty of spinal diseases. Since then he has been constantly engaged in the work of a general practitioner, for a few months in his native state, and the remainder of the time in New York city, having lived for twenty-two years at his present address. 400 W'est Twenty-second street. Dr. Weston is a member of the New York Academy of Medicine, the New York County Medical Society and the Physicians" Mutual Aid Association. In national politics he is a Repul)lican. and as to municipal affairs an independent. Dr. W'eston married. August 22. 1882. Frances Pope, daughter of the Hon. D. G. Pope, of Ogdensburg, New York. Their children are: Zady P., Frances Elvina. William Henry. Jr., and Helen. CHARLES HUNTOON KNIGHT. ^I. D.— 1874. Dr. Charles Huntoon Knight was born November 22, 1849, in East- hampton, Massachusetts, and is the son of Horatio Gates and Mary Ann (Huntoon) Knight. The former was the proprietor of a button factory which is still in existence, and served as lieutenant governor of Massachusetts for three consecutive terms, during one of which the ot^ce of governor was held by William Gaston. Mr. Knight died in 1896. The family is of Massachus- etts origin. Dr. Knight was educated in Williston Seminary, Easthampton, and in 1871 graduated from Williams College as Bachelor of Arts, receiving from the same institution, in 1876. the honorary degree of Master of Arts. In the autumn of 1871 he matriculated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, graduating in 1874 with the degree of Doctor of Medicine. For eighteen months after graduation he served as interne and house siu'geon at the Roosevelt Hospital, and in 1877 held for seven months the position of house surgeon and physician at the New York Hospital. He then went into practice as assistant to Dr. Freeman J. Bumstead. In 1878 he became con- nected with the throat department of the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, and has since made a specialty of diseases of the nose and throat. He has been, at different times, connected with the Northern and De ]\Iilt dispensaries for two years each, and for the same length of time with the Vanderbilt Clinic. 578 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. He also serx'ed for three years in the New York Dispensary. For three years he fiUed the position of instructor in laryngology to the medical school and hospital of the New York Polyclinic, and was then appointed professor of the same department at the Post-Graduate JNIedical School. He is now pro- fessor of laryngology at the medical school of Cornell University, surgeon to the throat department of the [Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital and consulting laryngologist to St. Luke's Hospital, Bayonne, New Jersey. Dr. Knight is the author of many articles on laryngology, which have appeared from time to time in the medical journals, and is now preparing a manual on the nose and throat. He is the inventor of nasal forceps, scissors, and a tonsil instrument, which are known by his name. He is a fellow of the Academy of Medicine, and a member of the County Medical Society, the County Medical Association, the Pathological Society, the Northwestern Med- ical and Surgical Society, the American Academy of Medicine, the American Therapeutic Society,the Alumni Association of Roosevelt Hospital,the Alumni Association of the New York Hospital, the Hospital Graduates' Club and the American Laryngological Association, in which he formerly held the office, first, of secretary and then of president. He belongs to the New England Society, the Sons of the Revolution, the Barnard, Grolier and University Clubs, and the Delta Psi fraternity. He has been for many years a member of the Mendelssohn Glee Club, finding his favorite recreation in the pleasure derived from music. Dr. Knight .married, June 28, 1893, in St. ^Mary's church, New- York, Mrs. Lucy Ellen Tolford Macenzie, a resident of that city, and widow of Dr. Colin ]\Iacenzie. They now reside at 147 West Fifty-seventh street. AUSTIN WILKINSON HOLLIS, M. D.— 1890. Dr. Austin W. Hollis" ancestors of both the Hollis and AVilkinson fam- ilies were among the early settlers of Bermuda in 1600, and were closely re- lated to early English families of Virginia. John Hollis was an officer in the Briti.sh navy during the war of the Revolution, later was united in mar- riage to Miss Jane Mason, a royalist from Maryland, and their descendants have followed the sea either in the British naval or merchant ser\-ice ever since. Captain Henry Hilgrove Hollis, father of Dr. Hollis, was a captain and ship owner in the merchant marine, and is now living a retired life in Bermuda, where he was born ; he married Louisa Jane Wilkinson, who is also living at the present time (1903). Dr. Austin W. Hollis was born in Bermuda, November 24, 1868, and his early education was acquired in the private schools of Bermuda ; he grad- uated from Upper Canada College, Toronto, Canada, in 1887, and subse- quently began the study of medicine in the College of Physicians and Sur- geons of New York, from which he was graduated in 1890, receiving the first Harsen prize of five hundred dollars for proficiency in examination. He received an appointment to the medical staft' of St. Luke's Hospital, where he remained two years, receiving the hospital diploma in 1892 ; the following six months he served as assistant physician at the Nursery and Child's Hospital, and in January, 1893, began the active practice of his pro- \.yf/^c^oi2^'*^ /y • \yv'^^'^^(^^^^L<^ OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 579 fession in association with Dr. Edward W. Peet at 56 West Forty-seventh street, removing shortl}^ afterward to 20 West Forty-third street. This connection continued until 1895, when Dr. Holhs removed to his present ad- dress, III West Forty-seventh street, where he devotes his time and atten- tion to general practice and the teaching of physical diagnosis, having met with marked success as an independent teacher. He is also the attending physician at the New York Dispensary, being appointed in 1893; the physi- cian in chief of the outdoor department of St. Luke's Hospital since 1896 and attending physician to the training school connected with St. Luke's Hospital. He is a member of the County Medical Society, St. Luke's Alumni Society, Upper Canada College Old Boys' Association and a fellow of the Academy of Medicine of New York. Dr. Hollis is a member of the Protestant Episcopal denomination, be- ing an attendant of the services in the Church of the Heavenly Rest. His favorite pastimes are yachting and horseback riding. At St. Paul's church, Halifax, on August 22, 1898. Dr. Hollis was united in marriage to Amy Edith King, daughter of Joseph G. King, of Port Arthur, Ontario, where he has been instrumental in making Canada's northwest a great and success- ful grain growing country ; he is the inventor and developer of a method of cleaning smutty wheat. Dr. and Mrs. Hollis are the parents of one child, Edith Constance, born Januar)^ 31, 1900. ALFRED NATHANIEL STROUSE, M. D.— 1885. Dr. Alfred N. Strouse, ophthalmologist of the City Hospital, and oph- thalmologist and aurist to the Orphan Asylum of St. Vincent de Paul, resid- ing at 79 West Fiftieth street, New York city, was born in New York city, September 27, 1863, the son of Joseph and Franciska (Blun) Strouse. Dr. Strouse prepared for college at grammar school No. 35, New York city, for two years and a half was a student in the College of the City of New York, and subsequently matriculated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, from which institution he recei\'ed the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1885. He was appointed interne at Mt. Sinai Hospital, where he served the full term of eighteen months : he then went to Europe and visited the cities of Berlin, Heidelberg, Vienna and Paris, where for two years and a half he devoted his attention to diseases of the eye, ear, nose and throat. In 1889 he established an office in New York city for the general practice of medicine, and in addition to these duties he served for ten years in the oph- thalmological department of Mt. Sinai Hospital, and was instructor of oph- thalmology in the New York Polyclinic between three and four years. Dr. Strouse has contributed to the medical literature of the day, being the author of the following articles: "Sarcoma of Corneal Limbus," Archives of Oph- thalmology, 1897; "Curettage in the Treatment of Trachoma," Medical Nezus, January 1 1, 1896. He is also the inventor of the "curette for performing cur- ettage in treatment of trachoma," and the "Strouse nasal spray." He is a member of the Academy of Medicine, New York State Medical Association, Society of Alumni of Mt. Sinai Hospital, German Medical Society, Physi- cians' Mutual Aid Association and Metropolitan Medical Society. 58o COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. HEZEKIAH BEATTIE BROWN, M. D.— 1890. Dr. Hezekiah B. Brown was born in New York city, November 23, 1862, the fourtli son of John H. and Abigail ]M. (Beattie) Brown. John H. Brown was a .e;raduate of Union College and for many j^ears was inter- ested and associated with the educational affairs of New York city, remov- ing to Yonkers in 1864. Both Mr. Brown and his wife are descendants of an old and honored Scotch ancestry. Dr. Brown's early education was acquired in the public schools of Yonkers and in Hooper's private preparatory school, and upon the comple- tion of his studies he engaged in mercantile and railroad pursuits, which he followed for eleven vears. In this way he accumulated sufficient funds to enable him to enter upon the study of medicine, for which vocation he had a natural taste and inclination ; he matriculated in the College of Physi- cians and Surgeons of New York city, receiving his degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1890. He studied under the competent preceptorship of Dr. Matthew Beattie and Dr. James E. Newcorab while a student in the college, and immediately after his graduation was appointed interne of St. John's Hospital, Yonkers, which position he filled for one year, declining a second term. In June, 1891, Dr. Brown began active practice in Yonkers, serving, in addition to his large consulting patronage, as the consulting surgeon to the East View Hospital, which position he has held for six years ; he was also appointed a member of the visiting staff of St. John's Hospital in 1891, and after ten years' continuous service in this capacit}^ he resigned, since his private practice required his entire time and attention. He has also con- tributed a number of articles on several subjects for publication in the various medical magazines, and holds membership in the Westchester County Medical Society and New York Academy of ^Medicine, section on otology. Dr. Brown is a member of the Athena Debating Society, the Indepen- dent Order of Odd Eellows, the Junior Order of United American JMechan- ics, the Patriotic Order Sons of America, having served as state master of forms, and is at present state vice-president of the latter. On June -25, 1896, Dr. Brown married Frances R. Smith, of Yonkers, New York, and two children have been born to them, Frances Elizabeth and Kathryn Beattie Brown. Both Dr. Brown and his wife are faithful members of the First Presbyterian church of Yonkers, the former having served as ruling elder for many years in that denomination. FRANCIS HECTOR :McNAUGHT, M. D.— 1878. Dr. Francis H. McNaught, professor of obstetrics in the Denver and Gross College of Medicine, was born in Hobart, New York, in 1854, the son of Dr. John S. and Helen (Hoy) McNaught, residents of Hobart, New York. Dr. McNaught attended the public schools of Hobart, where he obtained an excellent literary education ; later he matriculated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city, from which he was graduated in the class of 1878. Immediately after receiving his diploma he engaged in active prac- CP%~y^!^sLj:o^^ct:^^ — 7 ~:> OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 581 tice in Hobart, Xew York, where he remained until 1883. when he located in Franklin, New York, remaining until 1890, after which he removed to Den- ver, Colorado, where he has since devoted his time and attention to the needs of a general practice. In 1889 Dr. ^IcXaught served in the Xew York Polyclinic, and since his removal to Denver, Colorado, has acted in the capacity of professor of Ob- stetrics in the Denver and Gross College of Medicine, chief surgeon of the Colorado and Southern Railroad, acting chief surgeon of the Colorado ]\Iid- land Railroad, surgeon on the staff of St. Luke's Hospital, surgeon on the staff of the Maternity and Woman's Hospital, member of the obstetric staff' of the Arapahoe County Hospital, consultant of the Colorado Maternity and Children's Hospital and member of the staff' of the Colorado Cottage Home. He has also contributed several medical articles which have been presented before the various societies. He is a member of the University Club of Den- ver, Colorado, and affiliates with the Masonic fraternity. In his religious belief he is an adherent of the doctrines of the Presbyterian church. In 1S80 Dr. McXaught was united in marriage at Hobart, New York, to Helen Cowan, a native of that city. Their children are Hector C, a student at Stanford University; and Grace I., a student at Vassar College. JOHX OSCROFT TAXSLEY, M. D.— 1877. Dr. John Oscroft Tansley was born in 18.^.4, in Basford, a suburb of XTottingham, England, and is the son of William and ]\Iiriam (Oscroft) Tansley. The father came to Enfield, Connecticut, in 1847, and there built a mill and engaged in the manufacture of hosiery. On the paternal side Dr. Tansley traces his descent from John Tansley, who was knighted by King- Edward the Second, the coat of arms being "Sa. a chev. vair between three leopards' heads erased or.", and the crest being "A hand holding a branch of laurel all ppr." The name of Tansley has remained unchanged for many generations, which seems to prove that the famih^ was small, and also that its members were persons of education, judged by the standards of their times, being able to write correctly, an accomplishment very unusual even so late as three centuries ago. Dr. Tansley received his early education in the common school of the village of Scitico, near Enfield : at the Williston Seminary, Easthampton. Massachusetts : and at the Providence Conference Seminary, East Green- wich, R. I. In connection with his other pursuits, he studied music, painting and art in various branches, intending to adopt it as a profession, his mother's family having been one of artists. At eighteen he accepted a position as manager of a hosiery factory in Thompsonville. This position he resigned at about the age of twenty-fi\-e, owing to poor health, consequent upon too close application to business, and for four or five years traveled in cjuest of recuperation. During this time he began the study of medicine under the guidance of Dr. E. L. Draper, of Flolyoke, Massachusetts, and entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, where he was graduated in 1877, the title of his graduation thesis being "Tinnitus Aurium." Within 582 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. two weeks after graduating he received, unsolicited, the appointment as assistant surgeon to the ^Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital. He began prac- tice at 107 West Fort3'-first street, where he remained for two years, re- moving then to 107 AA'est Fortieth street. Since 1887 he has practiced at his present address, 28 AVest Forty-third street. He was assistant surgeon to the Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital from 1877 to 1894. surgeon to the Northeastern Dispensary from 1879 to 1885, surgeon to the Dispensary of Hol}^ Trinity from 1877 to 1883, physician (out- side) to the Dispensary of Holy Trinity from 1877 to 1880, lecturer at the New York Polyclinic from 1889 to 1892; lecturer for the New York board of education in the "Free Lectures for the People." from its inception in 1888 to 1902. He is a member of the ]vledical Society of the County of New York, fellow of the New York Academy of ]\Iedicine, member of the New York Medical Union, member of the New York Society for the Relief of Widows and Orphans of IMedical Men, member of the American Otological Society, member of the American Ophthalmological Society, corresponding fellow of the ]\Iaine Academy of ^Medicine and Sciences. For one year Dr. Tansley was a regular contributor to Pediatrics, having an article published in each issue of the journal, and other articles published elsewhere are as follows : "Removal of a Sequestrum of the Petrous Bone, including the Semicircular Canals ;" "Nasal Difhculties in Ear Diseases :" "An Improved Aural Salve;" "A New Bandage for Mastoid Cases;" "Acute Atti- cal Disease and Its Treatment;" "Deviated Septae in Ear Diseases, with New Operation for their Correction ;" "A Piece of Bougie in the Eustachian Tube;" "New Eye Instruments;" "A Persistent Case of Iritis;" "A Congeni- tal Ptosis Case with New Operation;" "Cyst of the Vitreous, with Patient;" "Congenitally Inefficient External Rectus with Binocular Vision." and many others. The instruments invented or modified by Dr. Tansley are as follows : "New Lachrvmal Svringe." "New Laclirvmal Probe. Weber-Tansley Series," "Lachrymal" Style,"' "New Polypus Snare for the Ear." "3>Iodified Nasal Splint," "New Mastoid Bandage," "Modification of Siegle's Otoscope." "Eye Forceps," "Aluminum Cotton Carrier," etc.. etc. Dr. Tanslev finds his chief recreation in the exercise of mechanical ingen- uity. He is a member of the Protestant Episcopal church. Dr. Tansley has been twice married; October 25, 1870. to Helen Dudley Joslin, at West- minster, ^Massachusetts, who bore him two children, Frank Dudley and John Randolph, the latter of whom was drowned in 1885 ; the second marriage was to Imogene Verginia Powers, at Belleville. New Jersey, November 8. 1900, this marriage without issue. ■'to"- THOMAS HERBERT ALLEN. M. D.— 1875. Dr. Thomas Herbert Allen, of New York city, is of Irish and Scotch descent, his paternal grandfather having been for more than twenty years recorder of Sligo, Ireland, and his mother having been the sister of the Earl of Kirkcudbright, Scotland. Thomas Herbert Allen was born May 24, OFFICERS AXD ALUMNI. 583 1854, in ]\Iillbrook. Ontario, Canada, and is the son of the very Venerable Archdeacon Thomas AA'ilHam Allen, archdeacon of Petersborough, Canada, and of Jessie (]McClellan) Allen. He is the third of eight sons, the others being: George Gordon, residing in Manitoba; the Rev. W. C. Allen, dean of Durham, Canada ; John Allen, gentleman farmer : the Rev. Alexander Al- len, rector of Christ church, Springfield; Henr}' Burke Allen; Dr. Norman Allen, medical health officer, city of Toronto, Canada; and Walter McClel- lan Allen, lawyer, Springiield. Dr. Allen was educated in the academy in Goderich, Canada, graduated as chemist and druggist from the Ontario College of Pharmacy, and re- ceiving his degree as a Doctor of Medicine in 1875, after which he came to New York and enjoyed the benefit of two years' experience in Charity Hos- pital. He then began private practice. Dr. Allen also served for a time as visiting physician to the almshouse and workhouse hospitals and was presi- dent of its board. It was to his persistent efforts alone that these institutions were established, in 1877, by the commissioners of public charities. He is consulting gynecologist to the City Hospital, and was elected president of the board, which position he resigned after serving one year. He is one of the board of trustees of the Home for the Blind for New York City and Vi- cinity. Dr. Allen's contributions to the literature of his profession include a paper read before the State ^ledical Association at a meeting in Brooklyn, entitled "Traumatic Peh'ic Cellulities,'' reprinted in Gaillar's Medical Jour- nal of September, 1889: and is the author of various other brochures. Dr. Allen was surgeon to Cavalry Squadron A twelve years and a half, and vol- unteered for service in Porto Rico during the Spanish war, resigning after the restoration of peace; he is now an honorary member. He has recently been offered the position of surgeon general % General Charles F. Roe, which he declined, owing to lack of time. Dr. Allen is a member of the New York Medical Association, the State Medical Association, New York Acad- emy of ^Medicine, New York County JNIedical Society and Association. Dr. Allen is an enthusiastic sportsman, his favorite diversions being those which are found in the excitement of the chase and the meditative pastime of the angler. He is a member of the Protestant Episcopal church, and is an attendant at the Church of Heavenh* Rest. Dr. Allen married, in 1880. Blanche Douw Townsend, of New York, a daughter of General John F. Townsend, ]\I. D., LL. D., of Albany; they have one daughter, Jessie Louise. HENRY SWIFT UPSON, M. D.— 1884. Dr. Henry Swift Upson was born December 22, 1859, in Akron, Ohio, and is the son of AA''illiam H. and Julia (Ford) Upson. The former was judge of the supreme and circuit courts of' Ohio. In 1880 Dr. Upson grad- uated from the Western Reserve University of Hudson, Ohio, with the degree of Bachelor of Arts, after which he studied for a year in Germany, and in 1 88 1 entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, re- ceiving from that institution in .1884 the degree of Doctor of JNIedicine. For 584 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. two j^ears he served as an interne in the Roosevelt Hospital, and during the two j'ears following studied in Berlin and Heidelberg. Since September, 1887, he has been engaged in the practice of his pro- fession in Cleveland, Ohio. He is attending physician to the Lakeside Hos- pital, consulting neurologist to the St. Alexis Hospital and former consulting" neurologist to the City Hospital. He occupies the chair as professor of dis- eases of the nervous system in the medical school of the Western Reserve University. Dr. Upson is a member of the American Medical Association, and the Cleveland Medical Society, in which, in 1900, he held the office of president. He belongs to the Union and University Clubs. ^^^\RREN SCHOONOVER, M. D.— 1867. Dr. Warren Schoonover was born February 17, 1838, at Honesdale, Pennsylvania, and is the son of the late Daniel and Eliza Schoonover of that place. His grandfather, William Schoonover, was one of the pioneers of northern Pennsylvania, and purchased the first patent of land granted in Wayne countv, Pennsylvania, in 1793: his uncle, Levi Schoonover, was the first white male child born in that county. In 1864 Dr. Schoonover graduated from Union College, Schenectady, New York, with the degree of Bachelor of Arts, receiving, in 1867, that of Master of Arts. Li the latter year, having studied in the College of Physi- cians and Surgeons of New York, he graduated from that institution as Doctor of Medicine, after which he sen.'ed as house physician in Charity Hospital until March, 1868. From 1868 to 1870 he was assistant curator of the Charity Hospital, and has been for thirty years house physician for the Northeastern Dispensary and secretary of its board of managers. He has written several articles for the medical journals. Dr. Schoonover is a member of the County Medical Society, Medico- Surgical Society, Physicians' Mutual Aid Association, the New York State Medical Association, the American Medical Association, the American Academy of Medicine and the American Public Health Association. He is an active member of the Masonic order, having been initiated, in 1866, in Astor Lodge No. 603, and subsec[uently enrolled successively in Ph(ienix Chapter No. 2, and Morton Commandery No. 4. Afterward he affiliated with Alma Lodge No. 728, Amity Chapter No. 160, and Palestine Com- mandery No. 18. He has served as master of his lodge for two successive years, and as high priest of his chapter for three successive years, at the ex- piration of which time the chapter members held his services in such esteem that they presented him with an engrossed and framed set of resolutions. He has held the office of treasurer of his chapter for twenty successive years. He now holds the position of surgeon in his commandery, and is also a member of the Cerneau Consistory, Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite, having received its highest, or thirty-third, degree. He was at one time secretary of the Grand Consistory of New York state. He is connected with Mecca Temple, Mystic Shrine, and is active in nearly every branch of Masonrv in which his name is enrolled. He belongs also to many other OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 585 societies, such as tlie American Legion of Honor, Chosen Friends and Royal Arcanum, in all of which he has served as presiding officer. He was married August 10, 1870, to Miss Amanda M. Mathewson. They have four children: Mattie Eliza, Warren, Jr., Amanda and Clififord Schoonover. Warren Schoonover, Jr., is a practicing physician in the city of New York, and Clifford is a student in the medical department of Cornell University. Dr. Schoonover's New York address is 115 East Fifty-ninth street. AELAN McLANE HAMILTON, M. D.— 1870. Alexander Hamilton and Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase share the honor of having originated the financial system of the United States. No one acquainted with our national history needs to be informed about the dis- ordered state of the treasury when the first secretary of that department was called to take charge of it and become a member of Washington's first cabinet in 1789. He quickly evolved order out of chaos, and prepared the way for the prosperity that followed. Abilities of a very different kind but of an equally high order were to be transmitted to his grandson. Dr. Allan McLane Hamilton, son of Philip and Rebecca (McLane) Hamilton, who was born in Brooklyn, New York, October 6, 1848. His father was a son of Alexander Hamilton, the first secretarj^ of the treasury, and his mother was a daughter of Louis McLane, secretary of state under President Jackson. The heritage of the rare intellectual powers of his grandfathers manifested itself early in the life of the fortunate heir to this liberal legacy of mental force. He obtained his academic preparation in the schools of his native city, and pursued his medical studies in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, from which he was graduated in 1870, at the age of twentv-two years. At this time he competed for and won the Harsen prize medal and the first Facult}' prize for a paper entitled "Galvano Puncture." Nine years later he read a paper on "Diseases of the Lateral Columns of the Spinal Cord," to which was awarded the prize of the American Medical Association. Almost from the outset of his practice Dr. Hamilton gave particular attention to the study of nervous diseases, and the success with which he prosecuted his studies in this direction early made him a recognized American authority in the department of neurology. To him must be ascribed the credit of having been the first physician on this side of the Atlantic to prescribe and recommend nitro-glycerine in the treatment of nervous and vascular dis- eases, and he was also among the first in the LTnited States to use the galvano- cautery and electrolysis in medicine and surgery. Dr. Hamilton's continued inquiries have repeatedly led him into new paths. One of the most noticeable of the innovations that followed from his initiative came as the sequel of a paper on "Intestinal Autotoxis as a Cause of Insanity," which he read in 1898 before the Medical Society of London. The points there brought out produced a profound impression and have since led to a radical change in the treatment of mental diseases. Throughout the entire course of his prac- tice Dr. Hamilton's official connections have been in line with his chosen specialty. In 1872-3 he was physician in charge of the New York State Hos- ;86 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. pital for diseases of the nervous system and for several years was visiting sur- geon to the Epileptic and Parahtic Hospital on Blackwell's Island. Other appointments held by him in the earlier part of his career were attending physician to the New York Hospital for Nervous Diseases, consulting phy- sician to the New York Insane and Idiot Asylums and consulting physician to the Hudson River State Hospital for the Insane and the New York Institution for the Ruptured and Crippled. His latest collegiate appointment which he still holds is professor of mental diseases at Cornell University Med- ical College. Naturally, from his eminence as a neurologist. Dr. Hamilton has been fre- quently called as an expert in murder cases and other celebrated criminal trials in which the sanity of the accused was one of the issues to be determined. In this capacity he appeared on behalf of the government at the trial of Charles I. Guiteau for the murder of President Garfield. Other cases in which he was summoned to give evidence on behalf of the prosecution were the cases of Maria Barberim. Carlyle AA^ Harris and AA^hittaker. all of which attracted wide attention at the time. Departures from beaten paths in any particular science are not brought about by sporadic pamphlets and fugitive contributions to the periodical press, and accordingly Dr. Hamilton has not confined himself to this ineffectual and transitory method of giving his ideas to the world. In 1873 he published his since famous treatise on "Clinical Electro-Therapeutics," which quickly became a text book throughout the world and was translated into many languages, including Japanese. Other works of equal originality and world- wide authority have since appeared from his pen. A treatise entitled "Ner- vous Diseases" was published in 1878 and immediately upon its appearance was adopted by the profession both here and abroad. In 1895 Dr. Hamilton published his work on medical jurisprudence, which immediately commanded general recognition. For several years he was editor of the American Psy- chological Journal. From time immemorial the world's philosophers or meta- physicans were accustomed to study mental phenomena without regard to the physical environment, without which the psyche, or ego, cannot be, in the sense of being within the pale of human observation. Dr. Hamilton has aimed to supply the missing physiological elements, and thus to give psychol- ogy a phvsico-spiritual stamp impressed upon it bj' nature. Dr. Hamilton is president of the Psychiatric Society, a member of the Society of Neurology, of which he was secretary in 1875 ; a member of the American Neurological Association, a member of the New York County Medical Society, a corresponding fellow of the Medical Society of London, and in 1899 was elected fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburg. COLMAN AVARD CUTLER, AI. D.— 1889. Dr. Colman AA'ard Cutler was born April 23, 1862, in New London, Connecticut, and is the son of AVilliam A¥. and Mary (AA'illiams) Cutler. He is of New England ancestry, tracing his descent from James Cutler, who emigrated in 1635 from England, probably from Norwich, in the county of Norfolk, and settled in AA''est Brookfield, Massachusetts. •I' ■ rf*^ /tiu^c/kudM^ OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. ' ■ 587 Dr. Cutler received his preparatory education in Russell's Collegiate and Commercial Institute of New Haven, and in 1885 graduated from Yale University with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. In 1889 he received from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York the degree of Doctor of Medicine. He served for two years as interne in the medical department of St. Luke's Hospital, and then went abroad. He spent some time in Vienna, receiving the instructions of Professor Fuchs, and also studied in Berlin and Paris, giving special attention to ophthalmology. Since 1895 he has engaged in the practice of his profession. In 1896 he was appointed attending ophthalmologist at Randall's Island Hospital, and assistant sur- geon to the Eye and Ear Infirmary, also attending ophthalmologist to St. Luke's Hospital. The first position he resigned in 1898, and the two latter he still holds. He was for two years instructor in ophthalmology at Cornell University, resigning this position in 1902, and since 1899 has been con- sulting ophthalmologist to St. John's Hospital at Yonkers, and has recently been appointed attending ophthalmologist to the New York Foundling Hos- pital. Dr. Cutler has contributed to the medical journals a number of articles relating to ophthalmology. He is a member of the County Medical Society, the American Ophthalmological Society, the New York Ophthalmological Society, St. Luke's Alumni Society, the Therapeutic Club and the Prac- titioners' Society of Yonkers. He belongs to the University and the Yale Clubs, and is a member of the Protestant Episcopal church. Dr. Cutler married, in 1891, in Oakland, California, Jennie Adelia Lohman, a resident of that city. They are the parents of five children, Paul Colman, Ralph Williams, Miriam Adelia, Richard Pliney and Phoebe. Dr. Cutler's address is 36 East Thirty-third street. New York. CORNELIUS COLE BRADLEY, M. D.— 1885. Dr. C. Cole Bradle}', a specialist of ophthalmology, at 51 West Fiftieth street. New York city, traces his ancestry back for three generations on the paternal side to natives of Connecticut, who originally came to that state from England. On the maternal side he is descended from an old and honored Dutch ancestry. Dr. Bradley Avas born in Middletown, New York, November 22, 1862, the son of Benjamin W. and Mary (Cole) Bradley. He acquired his preliminary education in the public schools of Newburg, New York, later was a student in the New York Col- lege of Pharmacy, from which he received his degree of Graduate of Phar- macy, and subsequently matriculated in the College of Physicians and Sur- geons of New York city, from which institution he was graduated in the class of 1885. He served in the capacity of interne on Randall's Island from 1885 to 1886, after which he established an office in Fordham, where he conducted a general practice until 1892. The following two years he spent abroad, devoting his attention to the study of ophthalmology in the universities of Vienna. Berlin, London and Paris, and since his return in 1894 has confined COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. his practice altogether to that branch of the profession. For many years he was the attending ophthahnologist to the House of the Good Shepherd and the House of Refuge, and at the present time (1903) is filhng the posi- tion of ophthahiiologist to the New York Catholic Protectory, to St, Joseph's Orphan Asylum and to St. Joseph's Deaf and Dumb Institute; he is also the consulting ophthalmologist to the Home for Incurables, Dr. Bradley is the author of an article on "Blepharospasm," published in the Reference Hand- Book of Medical Sciences (Buck). On August 20, 1900, Dr, Bradley married Elizabeth Ellis Riblet, of New York city. They have one child, Catherine Du Bois Bradley. Their private residence is at 2541 Marion avenue. New York city. ROBERT TUTTLE MORRIS, M. D.— 1882. Dr. Robert Tuttle Morris was born May 14, 1857, in Seymour Con- necticut, and is the son of Luzon Burritt and Eugenia Laura ( Tuttle) Mor- ris. The former was at one time governor of Connecticut, and the latter is well known as an author. Both the ]\Iorris and Tuttle families have been associated with the history of the state of Connecticut from the earliest colonial period. Dr. iMorris attended the Hopkins grammar school of New Haven, Con- necticut, after which he took a three years" course in biology at Cornell L^ni- versity, which he completed in 1879, and in 1882 received from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York the degree of Doctor of Medicine. During the next two years he was a member of the house staiT of Bellevue Hospital, after which he devoted himself to work in various European clinics until 1885. In that year he began practice at The Cumberland, 173 Fifth avenue. New York city, removing two years later to 133 West Thirty- fourth street. He has now been practicing for several years at 49 ^\^est Thirty-ninth street, his residence being at 58 \\'est Fifty-sixth street. He is professor of surgery in the New York Post-Graduate ^Medical School and visiting surgeon to the Post-Graduate Hospital. Dr. Morris is the author of a brochure entitled "How- \\'e Treat Wounds To-day," published in 1886 by the Putnams. This work had a large sale, and was especially effective in reaching those far removed from the metropolitan centers. His "Lectures on Appendicitis," published in 1895 by the Putnams, is used as a text book in medical colleges. The report of his studies upon the nature of appendicitis, presented at the meeting of the Pan- American Medical Congress in 1893, "^^'^^ accepted as authoritative in this countrv and Europe. He is the author of various monographs recorded in the Index ]\Iedicus and Index Catalogue of the surgeon general's office. Among them may be mentioned the following, which represent original investigations : "Potts Fracture Compared with Fracture of the Fibula by Inversion of the Foot,'' Neiv York Medical Journal, December, 1887; "The Anatomy and Mechanism of the Injury Known as Subluxation of the Head of the Radius," A''^ OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 605 turer to the surgical department of the Xew York Polyclinic. Dr. William- son is a member of the County Medical Society, the West End Medical So- ciety, the Alumni of Bellevue Hospital and the Physicians' ^lutual Aid As- sociation. He belongs to the Phi Beta Kappa Alumni Association and the Quill Club. His Xew York address is 163 West Seventy-fourth street. EDWIX RUTHVIX CHADBOURXE. M. D.— 1879. Dr. Edwin Ruthvin Chadbourne was born June 26, 1855, in Bridgton, Elaine, and is the son of George Eaton and Louisa Barker (Libby) Chad- bourne. He was the second son in a family of six children, and is descended in the ninth generation from W'illiam Chadbourne. who was sent to Ports- mouth. X"ew Hampshire, in the year 1631 by the English government. The boyhood of Dr. Chadbourne was passed on the farm on which he was born, his early education being received in the common school and at the Bridgton high school. He was fitted for college at the Bridgton Academy. During his school vears Dr. Chadbourne made a study of entomology under the instruction of Dr. Thomas F. Perley. collecting and mounting specimens of nearlv all varieties of insects known in X'ew England. Later, under the guidance of Dr. Perley. Dr. Chadbourne began reading medicine, afterward entering the Portland School for >.Iedical Instruction at Portland, ]\Iaine. Subsequently he spent one year at Bowdoin ^Medical College, and in 1877 entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Xew York, from which he graduated February 28, 1879, with the degree of Doctor of INIedicine. " On April i. 1879. Dr. Chadbourne entered the Xew York Foundling Hospital, being its first resident physician, and at the end of one year re- ceived, both from the medical board and from the sisters in charge, a cordial invitation to remain another year. This invitation he accepted, finding his second vear of service both pleasant and profitable, and on the expiration of the term was elected a member of the regular visiting staff as orthopedic surgeon and secretary of the medical board of the hospital, offices which he continued to hold until he left Xew York. In ^lay, 1881, he was appointed visiting physician to the Infant Asylum at Universits^ Place and Xinth street. There he found children dying from well marked symptoms of four or more contagious and infectious diseases. In view of the fact that they were not quarantined in any way whatever. Dr. Chadbourne called upon the health de- partment to remove them, but the department had no hospital for such cases. He invoked the aid of Hon. Elbridge T. Gerry and his society, and the mayor was successfully appealed to. with the result that the health department ob- tained necessarv- quarters for cases of the kind in question. In 1884 he was appointed assistant visiting physician to the out-patient department of the New York Hospital, which position he resigned in 1886. April i, 1881, Dr. Chadbourne became associated in private practice with Dr. James B. Rey- nolds at 29 West Fourteenth street, removing, April i. 1883. to 20 West Twenty-fifth street, and April i. 1884. to 31 ^^■est Twenty-fifth street. Since October 20. 1897, he has been engaged in the practice of medicine in Pasa- dena, California, where he is a member of the consulting board of the Pasa- dena Hospital. 6o6 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. In 1879 and 1880 Dr. Chadl^onrne treated cases of chronic Sup Otitis media, by inserting a drainage tube stretched on a probe in order to make it small, and then allowing it to contract in length and expand, thus opening the canal for free drainage, and producing great pressure upon the granula- tions therein. The results were such that the cases were reported by Dr. Oren D. Pomeroy, who gave Dr. Chadbourne credit for this method of suc- cessfully treating these distressing cases. Dr. Chadbourne is a member of the New York Academy of Medicine, the New York County Medical Society, the Physicians' Mutual Aid Asso- ciation, the Society of Medical Jurisprudence, the American Medical Asso- ciation, the Pasadena Medical Association, the Los Angeles County Medical Association, the Southern California Medical Societ}' and the California State Medical Society. He belongs to the Alumni Association of Columbia University in California ; the Pasadena Country Club, of which he has been a director since its organization in 1897, and holds the office of chairman of the house committee; and has been, since 1884, a life member of the New England Societv of New York. In 1892 he was elected a member of the Union League Club of New York, but resigned in 1900. The favorite recrea- tion of Dr. Chadbourne is target rifle practice. He was formerly a member of the New York Rifle Club, in which for several years he held, at different times, the offices of secretary, treasurer and president. He has a record of 38, 42 and 46 consecutive bullseyes, on the standard American target, ofif- hand, at a distance of two hundred yards. At the time these records were made they were probably the best which had been hitherto officially recorded. Dr. Chadbourne is a member of the Presbyterian church. He married, Oc- tober 12, 1882, in North Bridgton, Maine. Annie I\Iaria Howe, who was born in the same year and month as himself, and had been from early child- hood a plavmate and schoolfellow. They had no children. !\Irs. Chadbourne died in New York October 27, 1887, of pneumonia. JOSEPH EDWARD ROOT, B. S.. :\I. D.— 1883. Dr. Joseph E. Root is a descendant of some of the most eminent and illus- trious of men who have made the name conspicuous in the history of New England, and who also have been among its earliest settlers. Dr. Root is a lineal descendant on the paternal side from John Root, the son of John Root, of Badby, Nottinghamshire. England, where the son was born in 1608; he came early to New England, and was one of the first settlers of Farmington, in 1640, which point was settled by persons mainly from Boston, Newtown and Roxbury. Soon after his location in this city he married Mary Kil- bourne, who was born in 1619 at Wood Ditton, England, whence she came to this country in the ship Increase in 1635. From this emigrant ancestor the line of descent is as follows : Thomas Root, son of John and Mary Root, was born about 1648, in Farmington, and married in 1675 for his second wife, Mary Spencer; later he removed to Westfield, Massachusetts, where his death occurred in 1709. Timothy Root, son of Thomas and Mary Root, was born in 1685, and in 17 10 he married Sarah Pease, daughter of JOSEPH E. ROOT. OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 607 John Pease, of Enfield. Connecticut ; lie removed from W'estfield to Enfield, and in 1713 located in Somers. Connecticut, being one of the first settlers of that town. Timothy Root, second son of Timothy and Sarah Root, was bom in 1719, in Somers, Connecticut, and married Jemima Wood, daughter of Josiah Wood, of Somers. Joseph Root, son of Timothy and Jemima Root, was born in 1753. in Somers, and served for a period of four years in the war of the Revolution, being at the battle of Bunker Hill, the siege of Charlestown. and the siuTender of General Burgoyne; he married Elizabeth Pomei'oy, daughter of Deacon Joshua Pomeroy. Captain John Root, son of Joseph and Elizabeth Root, was born in 17S9, in Somers, and in 1816 mar- ried Lucy Reynolds, a daughter of Deacon Samuel Reynolds, of Somers ; later Captain Root settled in Greenwich, Massachusetts, where he died in 1855. Hon. Thomas Pitkin Root, son of Captain John and Lucy Root, and the father of Dr. Root, was born July 8, 1824, in Greenwich, IMassachusetts ; upon attaining young manhood he removed to Barre, Massachusetts, where he was one of the most prominent citizens. He served two terms in the house of representatives and the senate, and for nearly forty years has acted in the capacity of deacon of the Congregational church. In 185 1 he married Seraph INIarsh Haynes, daughter of Reuben and Betsey Haynes, of Green- wich, jMassachusetts. Betsey (Marsh) Haynes, wife of Reuben, and a daugh- ter of Lucy (Putnam) and Tyler Marsh, was a descendant of John Marsh, an English emigrant who settled at Salem, ^Massachusetts, as early as 1637, and of John Putnam, who was the ancestor of General Israel Putnam, of Revo- lutionary fame. The children of Thomas Pitkin and Seraph ]\Iarsh Root were: Francis Pitkin, born February 13, 1852; Joseph Edward, born ]\Iarch 4, 1854; William, died when young; and Charles Samuel, born March 18, i860. Dr. Root is also a descendant of the Rev. Dr. Peter Reynolds and the Rev. Dr. Stephen Williams, through his grandmother, Lucy (Reynolds) Root; she was born in 1789. was a daughter of Deacon Samuel and Maxy (Pitkin) Reynolds, and the granddaughter of Samuel Reynolds, M. D., and Martha (Williams) Reynolds, the latter couple being a son and daughter, respectively, of the Rev. Dr. Peter Reynolds and the Rev. Dr. Stephen ^^'illiams. The Rev. Dr. Peter Revnolds was the second minister in Enfield. Connecticut, and a descendant from Captain Nathaniel, Avho came from England about the year 1644; while the Rev, Dr. Stephen Williams, born in 1693, was a son of the Rev. John Williams, of Deerfield, a descendant in the third generation from Robert, of Roxbury, who, it is thought, came to this country from Norwich, England, about 1638. The Rev. John Williams and family were of the number taken prisoners in February, 1704. at Deei-field, Massachusetts, dur- ing Queen Anne's war, several of the children being killed and the father and son taken to Canada and kept captives, the father until 1706 and the son until 1705. The latter named was but a lad at that time, and after his release he graduated from Harvard, served as chaplain of the army during several campaigns; w-as at the capture of Louisburg and was with Colonel Ephraim Williams at the battle of Lake George in September, 1755, when the latter-named was killed. The Pitkins. too, of this line of Dr. Root's ancestors, were a historic 6o8 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. and illustrious family. Mary Pitkin descended from the Hon. William Pitkin, who came from England in 1659. and from 1675 *^o 1690 was a member of the colonial assembly from Hartford, and who, earlier, was prosecutor for the colony, attorney general and treasurer; the next in descent was William Pitkin, who for twenty-six years was in the general assembly, and also chief justice of the supreme court of Connecticut : next Colonel Thomas and then Thomas Pitkin. Dr. Joseph E. Root, second son of Hon. Thomas Pitkin and Seraph Marsh Root, was born March 4, 1854, in Greenwich, Massachusetts. His early educational advantages were obtained in the public schools of Barre and the Barre high school. In 1876 he received the degree of Bachelor of Science from the Massachvisetts College, at Amherst, where he was one of the Farnsworth prize speakers in his freshman and sophomore years, and a commencement speaker at graduation ; in the same year he received a like degree from Boston University. During his college course he taught school for two winters at Barre Plains, and after his graduation entered Dr. Brown's Institute at Barre, remaining until the spring of 1879, when he was engaged at the AValnut Hill Asylum in Hartford, Connecticut. He then matriculated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, from which he was graduated in 1883. He was then appointed assistant physician at the Retreat for the Insane in Hartford, where he remained until August 20, 1884, after which he began the practice of medicine in that city. Dr. Root, in 1884 was instrumental in reorganizing the Hartford Dispensary, of which he has acted as secretary and treasurer, and he has also been chief of the department of general medicine and nervous diseases at the dispensary. He was appointed on many commissions of importance by Governors Harrison and Morris during their administrations. From 1889 to 1894 he was a delegate for the Connecticut Medical Society to the meetings of the American Medical Association, and as such attended the meetings held respec- tively at Newport, Rhode Island, Washington, D. C, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and San Francisco, California. In April, 1891, he was elected secretary of the Hartford County Medical Association, which office he held until April, 1894, and during his term of office much of the responsibility pertaining to the centennial celebration of the association devolved upon him, and he also delivered the historical address. In 1895 Dr. Root was elected a member of the board of physicians and surgeons to the Masonic Home at Walling- ford, Connecticut, and the following year was made its president, after which he was chosen chairman of the building committee for the new Masonic Hospital. He was appointed medical examiner for the IMutual Reserve Life Insurance Company, of New York, in 1890; of the Massachusetts Mutual Life in 1894; of the Home Circle in 1895; and of the Fidelity In,surance Company in 1898. In 1896 Dr. Root was appointed surgeon on Major Warren's staff of the First Company. Governor's Horse Guard, which position he still fills. He is also a member of the Hartford and Hartford County and the State Medical societies, and of the American Medical Association. In January, 1900, he was chosen secretary of the Hartford (City) Medical Society, and he was also appointed a delegate from the Connecticut Medical OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 609 Society to the Thirteenth International ^Medical Congress held in Paris, France, which he attended, as also to the sixty-eighth annual meeting of the British Medical Association at Ipswich, England. In 1898 he was elected surgeon to the Putnam Phalanx of Hartford, and was appointed a member of the surgical staff of St. Francis Hospital as orthopedic surgeon, and also fills a similar position at the Home for Incurables at Newington, Connecticut, besides being a member on the advisory board of the Connecticut Institute for the Blind. In April, 1900, under Mayor Harbison's adminis- tration, he was made one of the health commissioners of Hartford, which position he still occupies. He is a prominent member of the Hartford Scien- tific Society. In addition to his various professional duties. Dr. Root devotes much time and attention to literature, and his works have given him a wide and well deserved prominence, among them being "Early Discovery of America by the Norsemen," "Hunting Trips in the Rocky Mountains" (Lecture) ; and the following medical treatises: "Epilepsy," "Essay on Electricity in Ner- vous Diseases," "Arteritis of the Brain," "Hygiene of School Life," "Elec- tricity in Diseases of Women," "Hip Joint Disease" and "Centennial History of the Hartford County Medical Association." Socially Dr. Root is a member of the Sons of the American Revolution. He is both a York and Scottish Rite Mason, and is a member of the following bodies: St. John's Lodge No. 4, ^^'ashington Commandery No. i. Charter Oak Lodge of Perfection, Princes of Jerusalem, Rose Croix and Connecticut Consistory, thirty-second degree; also of Sphinx Temple of the Mj^stic Shrine, in which he holds an official position. His political affiliations are with the Republican party, and his religious connections are with the P'arm- ington avenue Congregational church. On March 4, 1885, Dr. Root married Miss Ella Goodman Moseley, of Hartford, and their daughter. Seraph Doro- thy Rowell Root, was born November 10. 1897. HENRY HOWARD WHITEHOUSE, M. D.— 1889. Dr. Henry H. AVhitehouse. instructor in dermatology at the Cornell Medical College, was born in Hartford, Connecticut, April 6, 1864, the son of Abraham and Frances (Chaffee) Whitehouse, the former being a noted in- ventor and engaged in the mechanical line. His ancestors for generations back have been natives of England. Dr. AA^hitehouse attended the graded and high school of Hartford, where he was prepared to enter the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale Universitj' in 1882, and after pursuing the regular three years' course was graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy ; he was placed on the prize thesis list, having presented an original thesis on a biological subject. He then pursued a post-graduate course in physiolog- ical chemistry under Professor Chittenden, and upon the completion of this special course in 1886 matriculated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city, from which he was graduated in the class of 1889. Fle spent an interneship of one year and a lialf (June. i88q- December. 1890) in the Skin and Cancer Hospital, after which he became 6io COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. the assistant of Dr. Bulkley, and also attended to a general practice on his own account. Since 1891 he has acted as clinical assistant in the dispensary attached to the Skin and Cancer Hospital and has recently been appointed as- sistant visiting" phj^sician to the same institution, becoming at the same time chief of the clinic in the dispensary: during the years 1894 and 1895 he was instructor at the Post-Graduate School : later filled a similar position at the DeMilt Dispensary, having charge of the skin class there at the present time (1903) ; and since 1900 has been connected with the Cornell Medical College in the capacity of instructor in dermatology. He is also consulting dermatolo- gist to the Manhattan State Hospital. Dr. A\'hitehouse has written monographs for three groups : "Erythe- matous, Bullous, and Pustular Affections of the Skin" in "The Twentieth Century Practice," by William Wood & Company, 1896. Buck's Reference Hand-Book of Medical Sciences, 1901, Vol. 3. the complete article on Ec- zema. He has also contributed numerous other monographs which have been read before the various societies and published in the leading periodicals of the day. He is a member of the County Medical Society, New York Dermatological Societ^^ of which he was president in 1901 : Societ}' of Der- matology and Genito-Urinary Surgery, of which he is treasurer; Physicians' Mutual Aid Association, American Dermatological Association, Yale Club, etc. He also holds membership in the Brick Presbyterian church of Nev/ York city, of which Dr. Van Dyke is pastor. On October 11, 1893, Dr. Whitehouse married Lillian Van Winkle, of Brooklyn, New York. They have one son, Irving P. Whitehouse. Dr. Whitehouse's address is 24 West Thirty-sixth street. New York city. WILLIAM WHITEHEAD GILFILLAN, M. D.— 1890, y^ Dr. William Whitehead Gilfillan, of New York city, was born in Brook- lyn, New York, December 14, 1S68, the only son of \A'illiam and Caroline (Ladd) Gilfillan. The former, who was born near Londonderry, Ireland, graduated from the University of Edinburg with the degree of Doctor of Medicine, and later became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons and a member of the Royal College of Physicians, or of Preceptors. His paternal grandfather, Alexander Gilfillan, of the royal navy, was a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of London, England, and was appointed surgeon on the ships Dorothea and Trent on the expedition of Sir John Franklin in search of the north pole. On the maternal side he is a de- scendant of Joseph Judson, who was born in 1619 and died in 1690; he served as lieutenant in King Philip's war which occurred in 1675, served in the same capacity in the Woodbury Train Band in 1684: served as ensign at Stratford. Connecticut, and was appointed on the committee to defend the coast against Admiral De Reuter in 1665. Dr. Gilfillan is the seventh in direct line from James Bishop, who was deputy governor of Connecticut, secretary of the New Haven colony from 1661 to 1665, acted as assistant to the governor of the Connecticut colony from 1668 to 1683, and again served as deputy governor from 1683 to 1691 : his death occurred in the latter named OFFICERS AND ALUMNL 6ii year. Another ancestor was Hon. Samuel Sherman, who was Ijorn in 1618 and died in 1684; he served as deputy general of the court of Connecticut in 1637, acted as assistant to the general from 1663 to 1668, and was ap- pointed one of the committee to defend the coast against the Dutch, who in- vaded it under the command of Admiral De Renter in 1665. Another an- cestor was Paymaster Hezekiah Thompson, who was Ijorn in 1735 and died in 1803; was a member of the Connecticut assembly from 1782 to 1784, and served in Captain Waite Hinman's company, which was sent to the relief of Fort Henry, New York, in 1757. Dr. W. Whitehead Gilfillan acquired his literary education at the Brook- lyn Poh^technic Institute, and after his graduation from that institution matriculated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city, from which he was graduated in 1890 with the degree of Doctor of Medicine. Immediately after his graduation he served as assistant to Dr. Herman Knapp at the New York Ophthalmic and Aural Institute for a period of time, after which he went abroad and pursued his studies in Vienna, Berlin, Paris and London, making a specialty of the eye and ear, under the competent precep- torship of Professors Politzer, Gruber, Fuchs and De Wecker. AVhile resid- ing in London Dr. Gilfillan was appointed clinical assistant at the Royal Ophthalmic Hospital (Moorfields). In 1892 he returned to New York and has since pursued his vocation, making a specialty of the eye and ear; he has rapidly worked his way upward to a leading position in the ranks of the medical fraternity, and his skill and ability have been many times demon- strated, gaining him high rank as a member of the calling to which he has devoted his entire energy. He was fonnerh' ophthalmic surgeon to the hospital on Randall's Island, and at the present time (1902) he is ophthalmic surgeon to the City Hospital, French Hospital, oculist to Sailors' Snug Harbor and to the House of Refuge, and assistant surgeon to the Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital. Dr. Gilfillan is the author of a number of valuable medical papers, among them being "A Case of Spontaneous Rupture of the Eyeball," published in the Medical Nezvs, January 25, 1902, and "The Prevention and Treatment of Trachoma at the House of Refuge, Randall's Island, New York, pul> lished in the Medical Journal, October 28, 1898. He is a member of the New York County Medical Society, a fellow of the Academy of Medicine, a corresponding member of the Richmond County Medical Society, and an as- sociate member of the Alumni Society of the Cit}' Hospital. He is also an active member of the New York Yacht Club, the New York Athletic Club, the Society of Colonial Wars, and the Sons of the Revolution. His New York home is at 24 AVest Fifty-ninth street. JESSE LEE MORRILL, M. D.— 1869. Dr. Jesse L. Morrill is a descendant on the paternal side of an old New England family who settled in this country in the seventeenth century, and on the maternal side he traces his ancestry to a representative New York fam- ily. His grandfather, Samuel J. Morrill, was a prominent sailing master 6i2 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. and an active participant in the Revolutionary war. His father, Joseph Mor- rill, was engaged in the merchant marine service, being actively connected with the Indian and South American trade. He was prominently identified with the commercial interests of New York city, and was looked upon as an authority on sailing vessels. He was united in marriage to Miss Phoebe E. Rodman. Dr. Morrill was born in New York city, February 4. 1848, acquired his early education in the private schools of that city, which was supplemented by the regular course at Lyons Collegiate Institute. He then entered Columbia College, but having decided to study medicine he matriculated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city, from which institution he received his medical degree in 1869. In the same year he established an office in Ncav York, where he has since devoted his attention to a general practice. For several 5'ears he was actively connected with the New York Asylum for Lying-in Women; served in the New York Dispensary between six and seven years, and for three years was a member of the staff of the Presbyterian Dispensary. During the later years of his practice he has con- fined himself mostly to obstetrics and gynecology. His numerous contributions to medical literature comprise several papers on obstetrics, a pamphlet on appendictis and puerperal infection, besides nu- merous papers printed in the medical journals, American Medico-Surgical Bulletin, American Gynecological Journal, and Journal of Obstetrics. Dr. Morrill is a member of the Countj^ Medical Society. Obstetrical Society, Lenox Medical and Surgical Society, Yorkville Medical Association, Med- ical Association of Greater New York, and Physicians' Mutual Aid Association. He was formerly interested in athletics, but of late years his favorite pursuits have been art and fine paintings. Dr. Morrill has been twice married, his first wife having been Julia Murray, of New York. For his second wife he married Elizabeth M. Baker, also a native of New York. His present address is 67 East Seventy-ninth street. ALBERT HEMAN ELY, A. B., M. D.— 1888. Dr- Albert H. Ely is a lineal descendant of Nathaniel and Richard Ely, who settled in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1634. and who, two years later, were associated with the Rev. Thomas Hooker in the first settlement of Hartford. Connecticut. His paternal great-grandfather was Justin El)', of West Springfield. Massachusetts, and his grandfather was Hemian Ely, who removecl from the to^^'n of \\^est Springfield to the AVestern Reserve, was one of its pioneers and in 1817 established a settlement some twenty-five miles west of the town of Cleveland, Ohio, and named it Elyria. Heman Ely, father of Dr. Ely, was prominently identified with the banking interests of Elyria, Ohio; he served for twenty-four years as grand treasurer of Su- preme Council, having received all the degrees of Masonry up to and includ- ing the thirty-third. Mr. Ely was united in marriage to Mary Day. a daugh- ter of Thomas Day, of Hartford, Connecticut. Her uncle, Jeremiah Day. D. D., LL. D., ninth president of Yale, was born in New Preston, Connecticut, OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 613 August 3, 1773; in 1846, after holding the office for twenty-nine years, President Day resigned and was immediately elected a member of the cor- poration; his death occurred in New Haven, Connecticut, August 22, 1867. Dr. Ely was born in Elyria. Ohio. November 22, i860, prepared for college at the Brooks School, Cleveland, Ohio, and at Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts, after which he entered Yale and obtained the degree of Bachelor of Arts with the class of 1885. He began the study of medicine in the College of Physicans and Surgeons of New York city, from which institution he was graduated in 1888. After a regular attendance of eighteen months at St. Luke's Hospital, New York city, he went abroad and for one year and a half continued his studies in Vienna, principally post-graduate work, and in the Rotunda Maternity Hospital in Dublin. In the fall of 1890 he located in New York city, where he has practiced continuously to the present time, devoting his attention chiefly to Gynecology and Gyneco- logical surgery. For six years he served as gynecologist to the out-patient department at Roosevelt Hospital : was lecturer on gynecology at the Poly- clinic, and since 1896 has been the attending gynecologist of the City Hos- pital. Dr. Ely has written a number of brochures on gynecological subjects which have been presented before the various societies and published in the medical journals. He is a member of the New York Academy of Medi- cine, the County Medical Societ}', the Obstetrical Society, the Alumni As- sociation of St. Luke's Hospital, and the Therapeutic Club. He also holds membership in the University Club. Yale Club, Southampton (Long Island) Club, and St. Thomas Protestant Episcopal church of New York city. At Rochester, New York, October 7. 1891, Dr. Ely married Maud Louise Mer- chant. Their children are : Reginald, who died in early infancy ; Albert Heman, Jr.. Gerald Day Ely, who died aged four years, and Francis Mer- chant Ely. The family now reside at 47 West Fifty-sixth street, New York city. XENOPHON CHRISTMAS SCOTT, M. D.— 1869. Dr. Xenophon Christmas Scott, of Cleveland. Ohio, was born December 4, 1843, ^t Hayesville, Ashland county, Ohio, and is the son of John and Elizabeth Christmas- (Rowland) Scott. The former was the son of John and Matilda (Weakly) Scott, of Hayesville, Ohio, and the great-grandson of Arthur Scott, one of the heroes who passed the winter with Washington in Valley Forge. The mother of Dr. Scott was the daughter of James and Maria (Christmas) Rowland. The former was a Presbyterian minister and preached at Mansfield, Ohio, for over forty years. The father of Dr. Scott died in 1888 and his mother passed away April 2, 1899. Dr. Scott was fitted for college at Vermillion Institute, Hayesville, Ohio, and in 1865 graduated as Bachelor of Arts from Washington and Jefferson College, Cannonsburg, Pennsylvania, receiving from the same institution, in 1868, the degree of Master of Arts. During the Civil war he served one year in the army as a private, and afterward as chief clerk in the quarter- master's department of the Army of the Tennessee and Mississippi. During 6i4 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. his senior year in college he began the study of medicine with Dr. John Weaver, of Cannonsburg. Pennsylvania, continuing his studies in Cleveland and at Chillicothe. Ohio, under the instruction of his uncle, Dr. D. H. Scott, and at the same time attending lectures at the medical department of the AA^estern Reserve University, then the Cleveland Medical College. From this institution he received, in 1867, the degree of Doctor of Aledicine, and then passed a year in the Brooklyn (New York) City Hospital as house physician and surgeon, meanwhile attending lectures at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York. He passed the regular examination and took his degree in 1869. His graduating thesis was entitled "A New ^Method of Treating Fractures of the Forearm by Extension. Counter Extension and Forced .Supination." For the accomplishment of this purpose, it recommend- ed a peculiar kind of splint, cuts of which are found in all books on frac- tures of the forearm published after 1869. In the editions of Dr. Frank H. Hamilton's work on "Fractures and Dislocations."' published after this year, it received special mention. He went to Europe after graduation for the pur- pose of further study, and during the Franco-Prussian war served most of of the time as assistant surgeon on the German side, having charge of a military hospital at Heidelberg. For one year he held the position of first assistant surgeon in the Oph- thalmic Hospital of Heidelberg University under Professor Otto Becker, where he at the same time pursued his studies. When Professor Helmholtz went from Heidelberg to Berlin Dr. Scott went with him in order to continue his studies in physiological optics and acoustics. He also spent some time in London. Returning to New York, he served for one year as house surgeon in the Ophthalmic and Aural Institute of that city, and in December, 1872, went to Cleveland, where since January i, 1873, he has been engaged in the practice of his profession and where he opened a private hospital for the treatment of eye and ear diseases. From 1872 to 1883 he was professor of ophthalmology", otology' and laryngology in the Cleveland ^Medical Col- lege (medical department of AA'estern Reserve University) : professor of eye and ear diseases in the medical department of the University of Wooster from 1883 to 1886: formerly visiting and consulting surgeon to the- Fake Side, St. Vincent's. University and Germ.an Hospitals; president of the German Hospital staff; ophthalmic surgeon to the New York, St. Louis and Chicago Railroad. Dr. Scott is the inventor of a special splint for treating fractures of the forearm, the one which was mentioned in his graduating thesis, and has an excellent reputation as an ophthalmic and aural surgeon. He read a paper before the Mississippi \"alley Medical Association on the treatment of Frac- tures of the forearm, which was afterwards published in the Journal of the American Medical Association. In 1894 he read a paper before the ophthal- mic section of the American ^Medical Association on the treatment of "Puru- lent Ophthalmia and its Treatment," and in which he attacked the usual way of treating this affection. Dr. Scott is a member of the Ohio State Medical Society, the North- western Ohio iSIedical Society, the Northeastern ^ledical Society, Northern OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 615 Ohio ^ledical Society, the American ^Medical Association and the ^Mississippi Valley ^Medical Association, in which, in 1894. he held the office of president. For fifteen years he was a member of the judicial council of the American Medical Association, and was one of the three who in 1877 organized the section of ophthalmology- and otology^ in this association, and in 1885 he filled the office of president of the section. \A'hile not subscribing to an)' creed. Dr. Scott is a believer in a Supreme Being, and in the doctrine of per- .sonal responsibilit}-. Dr. Scott married. May 30, 1878. Edith L. Cole, of Elyria, Ohio. Their children were : Edith Gertrude, born February 26, 1880; and Xenophon C. Scott, Jr., born July 6, 1882. ]\Irs. Scott died De- cember 4. 1886. from phthisis pulmonalis. following pneumonia. Dr. Scott married, June i, 18S8, in Cleveland. Ohio, Alay F. Allen. They have one child, Kenneth A., born April 21, 1891. FELLOWES DAMS, Jr.. ^1. D.— 1899. Dr. Fellowes Davis, of 57 ^\'est Forty-eighth street. Xew York city, clinical assistant in genito-urinary diseases in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, was born in Xew York city, August 4, 1872. He is of X'ew England origin and among his paternal ancestors were William Davis, who settled in Roxbury, ^Massachusetts, in 1638, being of the old manorial fam- ily of Davis, long seated at Twickenham. England : Colonel Aaron Davis, who serA-ed as colonel of the militia during the Revolutionarj^ war, and was also a prominent member of the ^Massachusetts legislature; Captain Aaron and ;Moses Davis, both of whom were Revolutionary soldiers; John Win- throp and Thomas Dudley, governors of Massachusetts Bay under the first charter: Rev. John ^^'oodbridge and Colonel Winthrop Hilton, the latter of whom resided in Exeter, Xew Hampshire, and was killed by the Indians; and Captain Jonathan Fellowes, of Gloucester, ^Massachusetts, who served in the French and Indian wars. On the maternal side he is descended from Governor Dudley and the Rev. John ^^'oodbridge. as well as from Robert Baker, who came over with Endicott's fleet and received a grant of land from the crown at Salem, [Massachusetts, in 1637: from Jonathan Baker, who distinguished himself in the French and Indian war; from Ebenezer Baker, of Salem, [Massachusetts, who was wounded in a naval battle fought in 1675; and from Benjamin Baker, who participated in the battle of Bunker Hill, and Jesse Davidson, also a Revolutionary- soldier. Fellowes Davis, father of Dr. Davis, is the son of Vrilliam and Alaria Davis. He has been for a number of years a member of the X^ew York Stock Exchange, and serves in the capacity of director of the Cincinnati, Hamilton and Da^iion Railway Company. Fie is a member of the council of tlie [Militarv Order of Foreign ^^'ars, the Union Club, the Society of Colonial \\'ars and the Xew York Historical Society; he is also one of the board of managers of the Society of the Sons of the Revolution. In 1871 he married [Marie Antoinette Baker, of Boston. [Massachusetts. Their chil- dren are: Fellowes, Jr., [Marie Antoinette, Pierpont and Dudley Davis. Dr. Davis was a pupil at St. [Mark's School, Southborough, Massa- 6i6 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. chusetts, for seven years, after which he entered the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard, graduating in 1895. He continued his medical studies at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city, where he ob- tained the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1899. Previous to his gradua- tion he received the appointment of interne at the New York Hospital, serv- ing the full term of eighteen months He commenced the private practice of his profession in New York city, where he has since continued. While a student at Harvard he joined the Delta Kappa Epsilon, Institute of 1770 and Zeta Psi Societies, the Porcellian and Hasty Pudding Clubs, and was quite actively interested in athletics. He is now a member of the Harvard and Knickerbocker Clubs of New York. JAMES PEDERSEN, M. D.— 1890. Dr. James Pedersen was born August 16, 1864, in New York city, and is the son of Joseph S. and Victoria (Cox) Pedersen. The former, who was a merchant, died at the age of thirty-five: the latter is still living. The paternal grandfather of Dr. Pedersen was a Norwegian sea captain and ship owner, engaged in the China trade. His maternal grandfather. Joseph Cox, a native of Birmingham, England, was a member of the firm of J. & I. Cox, pioneer dealers in gas fixtures. Dr. Pedersen received his early education in one of the private schools of New York, and in public grammar school No. 35. In 1884 he was graduated from the College of the City of New York with the degree of Bachelor of Science. For a period of two years and a half he was in the ofiice of a wholesale dr3f-goods house, then went abroad, and upon his return in the autumn of 1887 entered the College of Physicians and Sur- geons of New York, from which he was graduated in 1890 with the degree of Doctor of Medicine. After serving for eighteen months as interne on the medical division of the New York Hospital, he spent seven months in Vienna, doing post-graduate work, with special reference to genito-urinary diseases and internal medicine. Thereafter he studied for a short time in Dublin and returned to New York. Since then he has been engaged in practice as the associate of Dr. L. Bolton Bangs. Until recently he was assistant visiting surgeon to the genito-urinary department of Bellevue Hos- pital. He is an adjunct professor of genito-urinary surgery and venereal diseases at the New York Post-Graduate Medical School and Hospital, and an instructor in the University and Bellevue Hospital Medical School. He was a contributor to "An American Text Book of Genito-urinary Diseases, Syphilis and Diseases of the Skin," edited by Bangs and Hardaway, 1898. He has written several articles and papers on subjects in his specialty. Dr. Pedersen is a member of the New York Academy of Medicine, the New York County Medical Society, the Medical Society of the State of New York, the Alumni Association of the New York Hospital, the New York Medico-Surgical Society, the Hospital Graduates" Club and the Therapeutic Club. In tile spring of 1902 he was elected a member of the American As- sociation of Genito-urinary Surgeons. OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 617 He belongs also to the Civil Service Reform Association, the Adirondack League Club, the Uni\-ersity Club, Quill Club and the Delta Kappa Epsilon Club. The enjoyment derived from books and pictures and life in the woods are his favorite modes of recreation. His summer home is near Hulett's Landing, on Lake George, New York, and his New York address is 20 East Forty-sixth street. He is a member and vestryman of the Protestant Episco- pal church of the Holy Apostles. Dr. Pedersen married, June 10, 1896, in St. Louis, Anna S. Vieths, whose father was a prominent contractor and builder of that city, and who assisted in the construction of the Eads bridge and many other public works. R/Ir. Vieths died in October, 1896. JOHN HERBERT CLAIBORNE, M. D.— 1883. Dr. John H. Claiborne, instructor in ophthalmology at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city, was born in Louisburg, North Carolina, June 29, 1861, and is the fifth in descent from Colonel Augustine Claiborne, sixth from Captain Thomas Claiborne, seventh from Colonel Thomas Claiborne, and eighth from Colonel William Claiborne, the famous colonial secretary of the Jamestown colony. Dr. John Herbert Claiborne, father of Dr. Claiborne, was born in Brunswick county, Virginia, March 16, 1828, the son of Rev. John G. and Mary (VVeldon) Claiborne. He acquired his education in the University of Virginia and in Jefferson Medical College, with a supplementary course in the Philadelphia Hospital. He obtained his degree of Doctor of Medi- cine from the University of Virginia in 1849, fi'om Jefferson in 1850, and the following year began the practice of his profession in Petersburg, Vir- ginia. For several years he made a specialty of diseases of women and chil- clren. He was the author of "Clinical Reports from Private Practice," and also wrote essays on "Dysmenorrhoea" and "Diphtheria," which were pub- lished by the Medical Society of Virginia. Li 1857 he was elected senator from the second Virginia district, and during the Civil war served as sur- geon in the Confederate states' army. He also served as president of the Blue Ridge Springs Company of Virginia. On May 3, 1853, Dr. Clai- borne married Sarah J. Alston, daughter of Joseph J. Alston, of Halifax, North Carolina. Dr. Claiborne was a student in the University School at Petersburg, Virginia, and in June, 1883, was graduated from the medical department of the University of Virginia, after a course of elective academic studies ; he supplemented this medical course by study in the universities of Berlin, Paris and London. In the fall of 1886 he opened an office in New York city and devoted his attention to diseases of the eye and ear. He has served as at- tending surgeon of the Northwestern Dispensary, clinical assistant to the Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital, assistant surgeon to the New Amsterdam Eye and Ear Hospital, adjunct professor of diseases of the eye in the New York Polyclinic and instructor in ophthalmology at the College of Physi- cians and Surgeons for fourteen years. He has written two text books on his specialty, and has also contributed many other articles which have been 6i8 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. published in the leading medical journals. He is a member of the American Medical Association. American Ophthalmological Society, New York Acad- emy of Medicine, Virginia Medical Society, New York County Medical Society and the New York County Medical Association. He is also a mem- ber of the Uni^•ersity. Calumet and Fencers' Clubs, Naval and Military Order of the Spanish-American War, the Southern Society and the Vir- ginians. Dr. Claiborne was a m.ember of the National Guard of New York for five years, and during that time served in Troop A, and afterward in Squadron A. At the beginning of the Spanish-American war he en- listed in the Twelfth New York Volunteers, served until its close, and acted in the capacity of second lieutenant, first lieutenant, battalion adjutant, regi- mental adjutant, and captain of Company G. FORBES HAWKES, A. B., M. D.— 1891. Dr. Forbes Hawkes was born in New York city, August 25, '1865, the son of ^\'ootton Wright and Eliza (Forbes) Hawkes, the former named being a prominent lawyer of this city. He acquired his early education, from 1871 to 1881, in the government lycee at Tours and at Paris, France, and at a private school in ^larburg, Germany. He then returned to his native country, prepared for college in New Haven and entered Yale University, graduating there in 1887 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts; he then matriculated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, and after pursuing a four years' course was graduated in 1891 with the de- gree of Doctor of Medicine. During the first six months after his graduation he "substituted" in the surgical division in various hospitals in the city, then went abroad and spent the summer and fall of 1892 studying in Ed'inburg and Vienna, pur- suing special courses in surgery in the general hospitals there. In 1893 he was appointed surgical interne in the Presbyterian Hospital, New York, and went through the two years' course there both on the surgical and on the medical divisions. In 1895 he established an office at 42 East Twenty- sixth street, where he has since continued in a general practice of surgery. The following year Dr. Hawkes received the first appointment as surgical registrar to the Presbyterian Hospital, also as instructor and later as adjunct professor of operative surgery in the New York Post-Graduate College and Hospital. He was also made assistant surgeon to Trinity Hospital, surgical assistant to the Vanderbilt Clinic, attending surgeon to the De Milt Dispensary, surgeon to the Presbyterian Hospital Dispensary, and chief of surgical clinic in the same institution: passing from these positions to those of attending surgeon to Trinity Hospital, assistant surgeon to the Presbyterian Hospital, adjunct professor of clinical surgery at the New York Post-Gradu- ate College and Hospital and consulting surgeon to the Nassau Hospital of Long 'island. Dr. Hawkes is a member of the New York Academy of Medicine, the American Academy of Medicine, the Hospital Graduates' Club, the Lenox Medical and Surgical Society, the Alumni Association of the Presbyterian Hospital, the Surgical Society, the Urological Society, the OFFICERS AND ALUMNL 619 Northwestern IMedical and Surgical Society and the Society of Dermatology and Genito-Urinary Surgery. He is also a member of the Order of Cincin- nati, of the St. Nicholas Society and of the University Club. Dr. Hawkes has written a number of articles which have been presented before the medical societies, and published in the various journals, among them being the following: "Report of Sixty-six Cases of Appendicitis." Presbyterian Hospital Report of 1897; "Surgical Treatment of Appendicitis," in collaboration with Dr. McCosh, American Journal of Medical Sciences, May, 1897 ; "Inflammation of the Bursa Gastrocnemio-Semimembranosa," Annals of Surgery, July, 1899; "Hysterectomies," Presbyterian Hospital Re- port, 1895; "Subphrenic A.bscesses," Presbyterian Hospital Report, 1000; "Functional Results in Old Fractures and Dislocations in Children," Pres- bA'terian Hospital Report, 1900: "The Recording and Classification of Sur- gical Histories," Presbyterian Hospital Report, 1900; "Suprapubic and Sub- mucous Prostatectomy," Post-Graduate. February, 1900: "The Question of Operation in Appendicitis," Nezv York Medical Journal. January 12, T901 ; "Volvulus Following Appendicitis," Presbyterian Hospital Report, 1902; "Calculus of the Right Ureter." Presbyterian Hospital Report, 1902; "Cases of [Multiple Exostoses," Presbyterian Hospital Report, iqo2. JOHN CABOT, :\I. D.— 1886. Dr. John Cabot, clinical assistant of dermatology in the College of Phy- sicians and Surgeons of New York city, traces his ancestry, on the paternal side, to John Cabot, who came to this country from Wales in 1702, settled in Salem, Massachusetts, and was united in marriage to Anna Druce, a na- tive of that town. Another ancestor, John Cabot, rendered material assist- ance to the Massachusetts authorities during the Revolutionary war. ad- vancing money from his private purse to equip the troops. George Dodge Cabot, father of Dr. Cabot, was born in Jamaica Plain in 1812, and subse- quently married Harriet Story Dodge, also a native of the same town. Dr. Cabot obtained his literary education in the public schools of his native city and the Lawrence high school, graduating from the latter insti- tution in 1 87 1. The folloAving two years he devoted to special study of chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, after which he went to Chicago, Illinois, and engaged in business pursuits from 1876 to 1880. He then returned to Lawrence and secured employment with the Lawrence Gas Company, but having decided to become a physician he ma- triculated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city, graduating in 1886. He supplemented his medical course by a year's expe- rience in hospital work in New York city, after which he completed his studies in the universities of Vienna, Prague. Leipsic. Berlin, Stockholm and Paris. In 1890 he took up the practice of his profession in New York citv. and shortlv afterward became interested in dermatological work. He received the appointment of assistant physician in the skin department of the Vanderbilt Clinic, which position he has since retained. For a number of years he was the assistant attending physician in the out-patient depart- 620 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. ment of Roosevelt Hospital, but the increasing demands of his private prac- tice forced him to resign this position. In 1896 he was elected one of the managers of the New York Society for the Relief of Widows and Orphans of Medical Men. in which capacity he still serves. He is a member of the Academy of Medicine, County Medical Society, New York Society of Dermatology and Genito-Urinary Surgery, Manhattan ISIedical Society, and the Alumni Association of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York. He is also connected with the Barnard Club, American Gas Light Association,, Guild of Gas Managers and Massachu- setts Institute of Technology Society. On May 17, 1877. Dr. Cabot mar- ried Caroline A. Cabot, of Lawrence, Massachusetts. Their children are : John, Jr., and George D. Cabot. Dr. Cabot's address is 34 Clinton Place, Mt. Vernon. New York. JOHN VAN DOREN YOUNG. M. D.— 1888. Dr. John \'an Doren Young, chief in gynecology at St. Luke's Hospital, out-patient department. New York city, was born in Plainfield. New Jersey, in 1864. The family were originally natives of Scotland, but later settled in the north of Ireland, where they resided for many generations, some of the family still making their home there. His great-grandfather, William Young, was a prominent physician of Ireland, as was also his grandfather, Charles Hamilton Young, who came to this country in 1820, and settled in Cold Spring on the Hudson, where he was engaged as a general practitioner until his death. He married Sarah Lyttle, a descendant of an old and honored Scotch ancestry. Dr. John Young, father of Dr. John Van Doren Young, was born at Port Glenone, county Antrim. Ireland, April 16. 1822. He was educated in the public schools of Cold Spring on the Hudson and by private tutors, and in 1S41 began the study of medicine at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city, from which institution he was graduated in the class of 1844. The same year he engaged in active practice of his profession at Cold Spring on the Hudson, remaining until 1856.- when he removed to New York city and established an office in the Astor House. In 1867 he located at Fishkill-on-the-Hudson, continued his practice there and also at Cold Spring and Garrison, New York. Dr. Young was truly a doctor of the old school: he began practice in tjie country in 1844. when it was not a life of ease, returned to the city in 1856, his practice being in the lower end of the island, as the city then centered around the Astor House. He remained in New York all through the troublesome times of the Civil war, leaving it for a country doctor's life in 1867. He was a member of the Medical Society of the County of Dutchess, and the ^Medical Society of the State of New York. Dr. Young was a great lover of nature, being at the time of his death largely interested in the growing of flowers. He was a consistent member of the Dutch Reformed church. At Garrison, in 1850, Dr. Young married Mary Jeanette Garrison, daughter of the late Judge John Garrison. Their children were : Charles, deceased ; Frank ;^ m 5r»?v OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 621 Wood, deceased; Martha Dominick, deceased; Anna Weir, Sarah Lyttle, Mary Garrison, Agnes Josephine Hunt, and John Van Doren Young. Dr. John Van Doren Young attended the private and public schools of Fishkill-on-the-Hudson, and this was supplemented by a course of study at the Newburgh Academy, Newburgh, New York. He spent two and a half years in business as clerk in Wall street, but tending this not to his liking he then matriculated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city, from which he was graduated in 1888, after which he spent one year in the study of comparative anatomy under the competent supervision of Pro- fessor Huntington. Directly after his graduation he received the appointment of interne at St. Luke's Hospital, remaining one year, and the following year served in the Nursery and Child's Hospital. In 1890 he established an office at 24 West Forty-first street. New York city, removing in 1893 to his present address, 60 West Seventy-sixth street. Dr. Young has held many important professional positions, being clinical assistant in the class of dis- eases of children at the Presbyterian Hospital, from which he resigned; as- sistant of general medicine at the Vanderbilt Clinic, from which he resigned; assistant in gynecology for five and one-half years at the New York Hospital, from which he resigned ; assistant in gynecology for two and a half years at the Vanderbilt Clinic, from which he resigned; and at the present time (1903) he is serving as chief in gynecology at St. Luke's Hospital, which position he has held for six years, and as attending gynecologist to St. Eliza- beth's Hospital. He is the author of an article on "Eclampsia," and "Illustrative Cases of Uterine Fibroids." Dr. Young is a member of the Medical Society of the County of New York, secretary of the Physicians' Mutual Aid Association, fellow of the Academy of Medicine, member of the Committee on Ad- missions, member of the Hospital Graduates' Club, St. Luke's Alumni Asso- ciation, West End Medical Society, and a fellow of the Obstetrical Society. He is also actively connected with Kane Lodge No. 454, F. &. A. M., Sons of the Revolution, and the Dutch Reformed church of New York city. WILLIAM BREWSTER CLARK, M. D.— 1879. Dr. William B. Clark was born in Newark, New Jersey, August 12, 1850, the son of William H. and Elizabeth S. (Munn) Clark, the former named being a prominent merchant of that city. The original ancestor of the family, Samuel Clark, came from England in 1680 and took up his resi- dence in New Jersey. Dr. Clark acquired his literary education in private schools in Brooklyn, New York, to which city his family had moved, and at the age of fourteen years he turned his attention to the woolen importing business, in which he earned sufficient money to pursue a course of study under the direction of a private tutor who prepared him for Amherst College, from which he was graduated in the class of 1876 with the degree of Bach- elor of Science. He began his professional studies in the College of Physi- cians and Surgeons of New York city, from which he was graduated in 1879. 622 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. He then entered private practice in association \\\\h Dr. Roswell Park Collin, and this connection continued until the death of the latter, which oc- curred December 21, 1891. For several years he devoted a portion of his time to dispensary work, being connected with the Center Street Dispensarj^, the DeMilt Dispensary, St. Bartholomew Clinic and other dispensaries. Since March 2, 1882, Dr. Clark has been the New York state medical referee of the Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Compan}^, and chief medical exammer in New York city for the Connecticut Mutual Life Insurance Company. He is a member of the New York Academy of Medicine, the New York County Medical Society and the Medical Society of Greater New York; he is also connected with the Alpha Delta Phi Club, the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity, the City Club, the L^niversity Club, the Sons of American Revolution and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. At Orange, New Jerse}^ October 13, 1887, Dr. Clark married Fanny Hazard Cox, a descendant of an old Philadelphia famil}'. Their son, Wilham Evans Clark, born August 9, 1888, is a student at the Hill School, Pottstown, Pennsyl- vania. The family home is at 50 East Thirty-first street. New York. ALFRED AATLD GARDNER, M. D.— 1890. Dr. Alfred Wild Gardner was born January 6, 1858, in Sharon Springs, New York, and is the son of John H. and Almeda (Landon) Gardner. The former was, from 1838 to 1842, proprietor of the old City Hotel of New York, now 115 Broadway. For sixty years he has been connected with Sharon Springs, having done much to develop the possibilities of the place, which, when he Avent there, contained but one house. He was a can- didate for congress on the Republican ticket in the Schoharie and Albany districts in 1864. The maternal great-grandfather of Dr. Gardner was a minute man during the Revolutionary war, and his m.aternal grandfather took part in the war of 1812. George Gardner, great-grandfather, moved from Rhode Island and settled in Troy as a merchant. He married Miss Croix, of Troy. He had one son, George Gardner, grandfather of Dr. Gardner ; his wife died and he married Miss Townsend, of Troy,, by whom he had several children. George Gardner became a merchant in Troy ; he married Christianna Rosenberry, who bore him George W., Reyanna, John H., father of Dr. Gardner; Asa and William Gardner. William Gardner was at the time of his death dock commissioner of the city of New York ; he was an iron merchant. George Gardner moved to New York in 1820 and died in 1826. Dr. Gardner was educated in Mr. Churchill's military school at Sing Sing, and at St. John's School, then Adams Academy, at Quincy, Massachu- setts. In 1877 he became associated in business with his father in Sharon Springs Hotel and Cottages. Having ahvays been fond of medicine, and having read much on the subject, he determined to study, and entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, from which he graduated in 1890 with the degree of Doctor of Medicine. He began practice in Sharon Springs, where he has since spent five months of each year, as (M^^ CA/-^ OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 62^ medical director of the Sulphur Baths. For six years he was connected v.'ith the department of general medicine in the Vanderbilt Clinic, and is now instructor in internal medicine in the New York School of Clinical ^ledi- cine. Dr. Gardner is a member of the New York County jNIedical Society, the Physicians' ilutual Aid Association and the ]\Iedical Association of Greater New York. He belongs to the Union League, the New York Ath- letic Club and the Sons of the Revolution. His favorite recreations are found in athletics and outdoor sports. He is chairman of the board of trus- tees of Trinity Protestant Episcopal church at Sharon Springs. Dr. Gardner married. Alay 16. 1883, in New York. ]\Iary E. Burchell,, a resident of that city. They have three children : Alary B.. Henry B. and Alfred \\'. Dr. Gardner's New York address is 325 ^^'est Eighty-ninth street. \VILLIAAI CANTINE GILLEY. AL D.— 1885. Dr. ^Villiam C. Gilley. clinical assistant in genito-urinary diseases at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, was born in New York city Aug- ust 23. 1 85 1. His father, William Franklin Gilley, Avas a descendant of an English ancestry, while his mother. ]\Iary Cantine Heath, traced her origin to English and French Huguenot ancestors. Dr. Gilley acquired an excellent literary education in the public schools of New York citv. and desiring to enter a professional career matriculated in the College of Ph}'sicians and Surgeons of New York cit}". from which he was graduated with the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1S85. The three years previous to his matriculation he spent in Europe, one year in Paris, and two j^ears in Stuttgart. He is a member of the Count}^ Medical Association of New York, the New York Physicians' ^Mutual Aid Associa- tion, the Society of the Alumni of the City (Charity) Hospital, and several other professional and scientific societies. His address is 59 Banlv street, New York city. JOHN BEACH KNAPP, :\I. D.— 1876. Dr. John B. Knapp was born in Hatfield, ^Massachusetts, ]March 11, 185 1, the son of Jared O. Knapp, D. D.. a clergyman of the Congregational denomination, whose death occurred in i860, and Sarah E. (Beach) Knapp. The familv originated in Saxony, a province of Germany, and later settled in England, where they were given an original coat of arms in English her- a:idry. Roger Knapp, the progenitor of the American branch of the family, was born in England, came to this countn,- in 1630 and settled in New- Haven, Connecticut. Dr. Knapp prepared for college at the high school of Hartford, Con- necticut, but before entering Yale he was attacked with typhoid fever and was compelled to forego his classical course. He intended to pursue a course of study in theology, but changed his plans and matriculated in the College of Phvsicians and Surgeons of New York cit\-. in which institution he had a high standing and from which he was graduated in the class of 624 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 1876. He received the appointment of interne at Roosevelt Hospital, which position he filled for the entire term of eighteen months. He then estab- lished an oi^ce in New York city, where he has since been engaged in a gen- eral practice of medicine and snrgery. For a period of twenty years he was connected with the University Mecdial College, first as tutor, then instructor and finally adjunct professor of materia medica. He is a member of the New York County IMedical Society, Medical Association of Greater New York, Physicians' Mutual Aid Association, and a fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine. He is a member of the Catholic Apostolic church, the ritual being similar to that of the Episcopal church, controlled by the College of Apostles in London, England. In 1879 Dr. Knapp married Miss Isabella Rintoul, of New York city. Their children are: James R., John Beach, Jr., Gertrude. Harold, Elizabeth and Edith Knapp. Dr. Knapp and his family li\-e at 35 West Seventy-fifth street. New York. HARRY LAVINTON PURDY, M. D.— 1890. Dr. Harry L. Purdy was born at Bluft' Point, Yates county. New York, June 1 6th, 1867, a descendant of a family that orginally claimed Holland for their birthplace. His grandfather, Abijah Purdy, was born in Orange county, New York, but later took up his residence in Yates county, New York, and was an active participant during the war of 1812. His father, Stephen C. Purdy, was born in Yates county. New York, participated as a private during the war of the Rebellion: he was united in marriage to, Pauline V. Ray, and they are now residents of Brooklyn, New York, where Mr. Purdy is enjoying a few years of retirement from the active duties of a busi- ness career. Dr. Purdy attended grammar school No. 49, New York city, where he was prepared to enter the College of the City of New York. After pursuing the regular course in this institution he began his business career by enter- ing the employ of the Hanover National Bank, remaining two years. Hav- ing decided to lead a professional life he matriculated in the College of Phy- sicians and Surgeons of New York, from which institution he was graduated in the class of 1890. He spent an interneship of one j'ear in the medical and surgical division of the J. Hood Wright Hospital, after which he acted in the capacity of associate to Dr. H. T. Hanks, remaining in this position until the death of the latter in 1900. Dr. Purdy then established an ofiice at 180 East Seventy-second street, later remo\'ed to 163 East Seventy-first street, then to 766 Madison avenue and finally settled at his present address, 116 East Seventy-fourth street, where he conducts a general practice of medicine and surgery, although the larger portion of his time is devoted to gynecology and obstetrics, having written quite a number of valuable articles on these subjects. For five years he was the lecturer on gynecology in the Post-Graduate Hospital and Medical College, was attending physician in the class of general medicine in the dispensary of the Presbyterian Hospital, and for three years was the attending physicians to the Baptist Home for Aged People. He is OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. . 625 a member of the County Medical Society, the Lenox Medical and Surgical Society and the Alumni Association of the J. Hood Wright Hospital. He is also affiliated with the Masonic fraternity, Royal Arcanum. On October 4, 1891, Dr. Purdy married Mabel Edith Howard, of New York city. Their children are Edith Pauline and Helen Muriel Purdy. ALBERT WARREN FERRIS, M. D.— 1S82. Dr. Albert Warren Ferris was born December 3, 1856, in Brooklyn, New York, and is the son of Richard Burchan and Sarah A. (Demarest) Ferris. The former, who graduated from the New York University in the class of 1844, was fifty years in the Bank of New York, in Wall street, and from 1882 to 1898 was its vice-president. He is a lineal descendant of Jeffreys Ferris, who came from Leicestershire, England, and settled in Con- necticut, dying at Greenwich, in that state, in x666. Jeffreys' son John was born in Connecticut in 1639. He removed to New York in 1654, and became one of the first patentees of the town of West Chester under Governor Nichols, in 1667, and was a grantee under an Indian deed, 1692. He was a local justice and a member of all prominent councils and committees, and died in 171 5. Peter, the son of John, lived at West Chester, New York, and was the father of Gilbert, who married Sarah Fowler, and died in 1777. Their son John was born in 1771, at Eastchester, followed the busi- ness of a contractor and builder, served as captain and quartermaster in the Second New York Artillery in the war of 1812, was the first to command the New York state fortification known as "the Battery," at Castle Garden, New York city; he married Sarah Watkins, and died in New York city in 1824. Their son Isaac, who graduated from Columbia University in the class of 1816, was chancellor of the New York University from 1853 to 1870, and was the father of Richard Burchan, mentioned above as the father of Albert Warren. The Rev. Isaac Ferris, D. D., LL. D., was born in New York city in 1798, served as bombardier during the latter part of the war of 1 81 2, married Catherine Ann Burchan of New York, and died in Roselle, New fersey, in 1873. Their son, Richard Burchan Ferris, was born in Albany, New York, in 1827, and served during part of the Civil war in the "Home Guard" of Brooklyn, afterward mustered into the service as the Twenty-third Regiment, National Guard, State of New York. Dr. Ferris received his early education principally at the Adelphi Acad- emy of Brooklyn, the Newark (New Jersey) Latin School, and the Has- brouck Institute of Jersey City, New Jersey, and entered New York Univer- sity in 1874, graduating the president of his class ; he was literary editor of the LTniversity Quarterly, University representative in Greek in the Inter- collegiate Literary Association, and graduated with the Greek Salutatory and the Second Fellowship prize, receiving the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1878. In 1885 he received the degree of Master of Arts. In the spring of 1879, after teaching a few months, he entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, graduating in 1882. From 1883 to 1885 he was medical and surgical interne at Kings County Hospital, Flatbush, Long 626 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. Island, and during the following six years was resident physician and as- sistant to the superintendent at Sanford Hall, a private insane asylum, at Flushing, Long Island. Since 1891 he has been engaged in the private prac- tice of his profession in New York city; he held the position of assistant in neurology in Columbia University from 1893 to 1901. Since 1898 he has also been assistant to the professor of general medicine at the University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College. In 1896 he was physician in charge of Dr. Choate's House, Pleasantville, New York. From 1891 to 1893 he was trustee and treasurer of Rutgers Female College of New York city, and since 1899 has been trustee and financial secretary of the Pringle Memorial Home. He has been visitor to the Manhattan State Hospital for the Insane, by appointment of the supreme court, since 1901. Dr. Ferris was editor in collaboration of the American' Aledico-Siirgical Bulletin during 1894-1895-1896, and has been medical editor of the Year Book of the International Cyclopedia since i8g8, and of the New International Ency- clopedia since 1900. He has been associate editor of The Medical Critic since its foundation in 1901. Dr. Ferris is a member of the New York County Medical Society, the Medical Association of Greater New York, the New York Neurological Society, and the New York Academ}^ of Medicine, in which he was chairman of the section on neiu^ology and psychiatry from 1897 to 1898. He belongs to the African Colonization Society and the Delta Upsilon Club, and the New York University Historical Society, of which he is president. Since his college days he has been a member of the Delta Upsilon and the Phi Beta Kappa fraternities. He was vice president of the Delta Upsilon fraternity in 1902-3. Dr. Ferris married, September 29. 1897, Juliet Anne Gavette; he has no children, and his residence is at 343 Madison avenue. EMIL FREI, M. D.— 1892. Dr. Frail Frei, of Brooklyn, New York, is of German ancestry, but a native of the United States, having been born in Brooklyn July 2, 1871. He was educated in the Polytechnic Institute, from which he graduated in the class of 1888. Having selected as his life work the profession of medicine, Dr. Frei entered upon a course of preparatory study under the guidance of Dr. Francis A. Schlitz, subsequently matriculating in the College of Phj^si- cians and Surgeons of New York, from which institution he graduated in the class of 1892. He then received an appointment as interne in the German Hospital of New York, where he remained fifteen months. This experience Dr. Frei further supplemented by a visit to Europe, where he continued his studies for three years in Berlin, Leipsic and Vienna. After this exceptionall}' thorough equipment for his future career. Dr. Frei returned in 1896 to the United States and entered upon the practice of his profession in his native city of Brooklyn, where he has since remained, and where he has built up a large and satisfactory practice. Dr. Frei is a member of the Brooklyn Medical Society, and the German Physicians' Medi- cal Society. He is highly respected by his professional brethren and is well liked sociallv. OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. ■ 627 EDWARD IRVING FORD, U. D.— 1860. Dr. Edward Irving Ford, for many years active in the work of his profession, both as soldier and citizen, was born June 28, 1825, at Newark Valley, Tioga county. New York, and is the son of the Rew Marcus and Clarissa (Clizbe) Ford. The former was a Presbyterian clergyman, and for forty years was pastor of the Presbyterian church at Newark Vallejr. He was a man of exceptional ability as minister, pastor and friend. Dr. Ford received his early education in the schools of his native vil- lage and at Owego, and under the private tuition of his father was prepared to enter Williams College, from which he graduated in the class of 1849, with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. Thereafter he followed for a time the profession of teaching, filling the position of principal of the Academ}' of Athens, Pennsylvania, for two years, and, for about the same length of time, holding a similar office in the Academy of Elmira, New York. Deciding to adopt as a profession the practice of medicine, he entered upon a course of preliminary study under the preceptorship of Dr. R. B. Root, of Newark Valley, and subsequently enjoyed the benefit of the instructions of Dr. Brooks, of Binghamton. On completing his period of preparation, he matriculated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, from which institu- tion he graduated in the class of i860, and immediately entered upon the active practice of his profession in Binghamton, Broome county. New York. During the progress of the Civil war it became evident to Dr. Ford that his sphere of usefulness was with the Union army, and in Ma}', 1863, he offered his services to the United States government; he received the appoint- ment of acting assistant surgeon of the United States arm}', and was assigned to duty at Evansville, Indiana. Subsequently he was transferred to Jefferson Barracks, Missouri, and later to the field hospital at Chattanooga, Tennessee, and soon after to the General Hospitals at Nashville, where he remained until 1864, when he was commissioned surgeon of the One Hundred and First Regi- ment of the United States Colored Troops, with the rank of major, and served until he was honorably discharged in 1866. After attending a post- graduate course in Philadelphia, Dr. Ford returned to Binghamton and re- sumed the practice of his profession, strengthening and extending the reputa- tion which he had already acquired, of a skillful, progressive and conscientious physician. In 1881 Dr. Ford went to Asbury Park. New Jersey, and established the Sea Side Sanitarium. In this benevolent enterprise, the far-reaching results of which it is impossible to estimate fully, he was very successful, but the labor and responsibility incident to the undertaking undermined his health and compelled him in 1894 to return to Binghamton. He has since with- drawn from the active duties of a medical practitioner, but is reaping the fruits of his long and useful career in the knowledge of the good which has resulted from his labors. He is a member of the Broome County Medical Society, and fellow of the Binghamton Academy of Medicine. Dr. Ford married. July 16, 185 1, Anna Shepard, daughter of George A. and Julia Anna (Shepard) Perkins, of Athens, Pennsylvania. The ancestors of Mrs. Ford, on both paternal and maternal sides, Avere early settlers of the 628 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. Susquehanna Valley, near Athens, and Mrs. Perkins was the author of a •work entitled "Earh' Times on the Susquehanna," which is a recognized au- thority on the subject. It is found in leading libraries, where the demand for it is so great as to call for the reprinting of the book. During the Civil war Mrs. Ford was deeply and enthusiastically interested in the work of the Christian Commission, and during Dr. Ford's period of military service gave between two and three years of efficient and sympathetic labor to the cause in caring for the soldiers who were lying sick and wounded in the hospitals. Both Dr. and Mrs. Ford look back upon the period of their service in the army as the most helpful experience of their lives. They were the parents of two children, both of whom died in infanc}', but they have one adopted daughter, Jessie, who is the wife of F. E. Hoover, an architect of Newark, New Jersey. On July i6, 1901, Dr. and Mrs. Ford celebrated their golden wedding, receiving, on that occasion, the heartfelt congratulations of a large circle of relatives and friends. GEORGE WACKERHAGEN, M. D.— 1869. Dr. George W'ackerhagen, son of George Augustus Girard and Chris- tina (Rockfeller) Wackerhagen, was born in Alban}', New York, October 2, 1845. He attended Trinity School, Tivoli, Dutchess county. New York, where he obtained a thorough practical education. At the age of sixteen, while engaged in the study of chemistry, he enlisted as a private soldier in the One Hundred and Fifty-sixth New York Volunteers. In his first en- gagement at the battle of Fort Beasland, Louisiana, when seventeen years of age, the battalion to which he belonged began to retreat, but by his acts of daring and personal exposure to the fire of the enemy, the flight of his fellow soldiers was arrested, order restored, and a portion of the enemy's works captured. After the siege of Port Hudson he was taken sick and in- capacitated for duty. On his recovery he was appointed apothecary to the hospital, where he continued the study of medicine. After examination he was recommended by the surgeon general for the position of executive hos- pital steward, United States Army, and was appointed to that position by the secretary of war, April 12, 1864. He was subsequently appointed act- ing assistant surgeon and stationed at the United States general hospital, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. In 1866, desiring to continue his medical studies in New York, he ten- dered his resignation, which was accepted. He registered at the University Medical College, New York city, and pursued his studies in that institution for one year. In 1867 he changed to the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and received the degree of Doctor of Medicine in March, 1869. He held the position of operating surgeon to the Southern Dispensary and Hosjjital for several years, and was also appointed consulting surgeon. He also held the position of visiting surgeon to the Norwegian Hospital. He also held the position of visiting and consulting surgeon to the House of St, Giles in Brooklyn. Dr. Wackerhagen is the author of the following articles and clinical OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 629 cases published in the New York and Brookl}'!! Medical journals and presented before the New York Pathological and Brooklyn Sur- gical Societies. These are: "Remarks on a Vaginal Speculum," N'ezi' York Record, January, 1873 ; "A Method of Applying Plaster- of-Paris for Fracture of the Bones of the Leg," New York Medical Journal, October, 1874; "A Case of Posterior or Angular Curvature of the Spine with Permanent Muscular Contractions," A^rtc York Medical Journal. August, 187^ : "Free Incision with Drainage Tubes, versus Paracentesis in the Treatment of Pyothorax," A-czv York Medical Journal, January, 1875; "An Improved Method of Obtaining Support m Fracture of Bones of the Leg," Nezu York Medical Journal, 1875; "^ Case of Plastic Surgery," "A Case of Ligature of the Femoral Artery," and "A Case of Resection of the Hip Joint," Proceedings of Kings County Medical Society, April, 1877 ; "A New Frac- ture Dressing." Proceedings of Kings County Medical Society, August, 1876; "A Convenient and Rapid Method of Removing Plaster-of-Paris in Frac- tures," Nezv York Medical Journal, November, 1880; "Extirpation of Can- cer of the Face," Nezv York Medical Record, INIarch, 1883 ; "A New Needle for Continuous or Interrupted Suture," A^eiv York Medical Record, October, 1884; "Colpo-Hysterectomy for Carcinoma, with Remarks Upon Antiseptic Surgery in Private Practice." Nciv York Medical Journal, October, 1887; "A Case of Deformity of the Right Hand. Improved by Plastic Operation," Neiv York Medical Record, March, 1887; "Tubercular Invasion of Bone." Brooklyn j\ledical Journal, July, 1888; "A Case of Tubercular Disease of The Ankle Joint;" Brooklyn Medical Journal, 1889; "A Case of Ovariotomy, Operative Surgery," Brooklyn Medical Journal, January 17, 1889; "A Case of Syphilitic Disease of Ankle Joint, A Case of Tali]'jes Varus (Operation), A Case of Excision of the Thumb." Brooklyn Medical Journal, March, 1890; "Report of a Case of Pistol Shot Wound of the Right Thigh," Brooklyn Surgery Society, February 5. 1891 : "Partial Excision of the Wrist Joint," Brooklyn Medical Journal, April 21, 1892; "Accumulation of Pus in the Fallopian Tubes." Brooklyn Medical Journal, December, 1892 ; "A Case of Appendicitis," Brooklyn Medical Journal, 1892; "Interstitial Fibriod of the Uterus (Operation)." Brooklyn Medical Journal, 1892; "Surgical Treat- ment of Carcinoma of the Breast," Brooklyn Medical Journal, May, 1896; "Recurring Appendicitis." Brooklyn Medical Journal, Januar}', 1897; "A Case of Carcinoma of Breast." Brooklyn Medical Journal, 1897 ; "An Im- proved Accessory Apparatus for Enteroraphy," Nezv York Medical Journal, January 29. 1898; "Report of a Case of Hystero-Oophorectomy, With Speci- mens," Brooklyn Medical Journal, 1898; "A Method of Attaching a Glass Ball to the Murphy Button in Gastro-Enterotomy," Brooklyn Surgical Soci- ety, December,. 1897; "An Important Attachment to the Otis Dilating Ureth- rotome," Nezu York Medical Journal, January 24, 1891 ; "Digestible Wafer Cylinders for Support of Intestinal Operations," Nezu York Medical Jour- nal, April 2, 1898, and "Two Cases of Appendicitis Presented Before the Brooklyn Surgical Society." March 2. 1899. Many of the articles on sur- gery which he has written have also been republished in France and Germanv. Dr. Wackerhagen is a member of the Medical Society of the County of 630 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. Kings, the Brookh-n Pathological Society, the Brooklyn Surgical Society, of which he was president in 1895, and the New York Pathological Society. He was married October 13, 1875, to Miss Ehzabeth B. Hazlett, of Brooklyn. They had five children : Frederick William and Louis Hazlett, deceased : Henrietta Caroline, Elizabeth Christina, and Fredericka Antoin- ette. The history of the \\^ackerhagen family is traced back through many generations. The first reports obtainable make mention of them about the middle of the fifteenth century. Their descendants held many public offices of trust and responsibility in church and state. George Rudolph was born in 1778, became a cadet before he was fourteen years of age and engaged in the war in Flanders. He later engaged in the war with Spain and became a member of the staff of the Duke of Wellington; was engaged in the siege of Bayonne, Spain, and, although shot in both knees, he prevented the French from penetrating the English lines : he was afterward taken prisoner. He entered the Anglo-German Legion in 1803, and after many j-ears of service retired from the army with the rank of major. He was subsequenth^ made lietTtenant colonel, was also consul at Lisbon, Portugal, and died in 185 1, at Pattensen, the original homestead of the Wackerhagens. The father of Dr. W'ackerhagen, George Augustus Girard ^^'ackerhagen, was born in Hanover, Germany, and died at Hammonton, Atlantic county. New Jersey, at the age of seventy-four years. He was a teacher by profession. The great-uncle of Dr. Wackerhagen, the late Rev. Augustus Wackerhagen, D. D., was born in Hanover, Germany, and died in Clermont, Columbia county, New York. He was educated in the University of Goettingen, Germany, and after completing his theological studies came to the Lnited States in 1801. LEAVIS HACKALIAH MILLER, A. B., M. D.— 1880. Dr. Lewis H. Miller, actively engaged in the practice of medicine and surgery at 287 Clinton avenue, Brooklyn, New York, was born March 16, 1852, in Bedford, Westchester county. New York, the son of Horace and Hannah Maria (Miller) Miller. Dr. Miller acquired his preliminary educa- tion at the Bedford Academy, and in 1870 he was well qualified to enter Madison (now Colgate) LTniversity, from which institution he was grad- uated in 1874 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts; three years later the same university' conferred upon him the degree of Master of Arts. From 1874 to 1876 he was engaged in the occupation of teaching school, being employed in various public institutions in the country and in Yonkers, and he also did some job work in civil engineering. Wishing to enter a pro- fessional career he began the study of medicine under the personal guidance of Dr. Seth Shove, of Katonah. Subsequently, in 1876, he matriculated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city, and four years later was graduated with the degree of Doctor of Medicine. Dr. Miller began the active practice of his profession in Pat- terson, Putnam county, New York, where he remained nine months. He then returned to New York city and acted as an interne in OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 631 the Colored Home and Hospital until the fall of 1881, when he established an office in Brewstei", Putnam county. New York. Here he conducted a general practice and met with more than an average degree of success. He displayed remarkable skill and ability in the treatment and cure of disease, and was appointed health officer in 1887, which position he re- tained until 1890. In Alay. 1893, I-*''- ^fihei' removed to Brooklyn and de- voted his attention to special work on the throat and nose at the Post-Gradu- ate Medical School, and he also pursued a special course of instruction on the ear at the [Manhattan Eye and Ear Infirmary, being engaged as clinical assistant in the ear department of that institution for six years. He acted as laryngologist and rhinologist to the Long Island College Hospital Dispen- sary for six years, and the past three years as acting laryngologist and rhinologist in the Polhemus JNIemorial Clinic. At the present time (1902) Dr. IMiller is instructor in diseases of the throat and nose in the Long Island College. He is the author of a number of valuable medical articles which ha\-e appeared in print, among them being "Pemphigus Cb.ronicus A^'ulgaris of the ]\Iouth and Epiglottis." which ap- peared in the Nezv York Medical Journal, July 3, 1897, and "Congenital Double Fistula of the Lower Lip Simulating a Supernumerar)- Nose," pub- lished in the Medical Record. January, 1896. He is a prominent member of the New York State Medical Society, having been a delegate for four years from Putnam county: is a member of the Kings County Medical So- ciety, the Brooklyn Pathological Society, the American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, the Associated Physicians of Long Is- land and the Physicians" ^Mutual Aid Association. He is a member of the Delta Phi society. He is a Alason and has passed through the chapter, com- mandery and is Noble of the Mystic Shrine. In 1885, at the Strong Place Baptist church of Brooklyn, Dr. Miller was united in marriage to Miss Florence Mansfield, of Brooklyn, New York. Their children are : Florence and Lewis E. Miller. Dr. and Mrs. Miller are members of the Marcv Ave- nue Baptist church, and while a resident of Brewster. New York, Dr. Miller acted as treasurer of the Baptist church there. CHARLES EZRA SIMMONS, M. D.— 1864. . Dr. Charles Ezra Simmons, of New York city, was born in Tro^^ New York, August 16. 1840, and is the son of Joseph Ferris and Mary Sophia (Gleason) Simmons. On the paternal side he is descended froin German ancestors who settled in Rensselaer county. New York, in the early colonial days, and he traces his genealogy through his mother from an English family that came to Massachusetts in 1654. His early education was received in the public and private schools of his native city, and a.t a boarding school in Sand Lake, near Troy. In 1861 he entered Williams College, leaving at the end of his junior year to enter Beloit College, Wisconsin, from which he graduated in the same year with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He then applied himself for a year to the study of medicine at the University of Goet- tingen, Germany. On his return to the LTnited States in 1862 he spent a year 632 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. in the Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia, and then returned to Troy, where he continued his medical studies in the office of Dr. Thomas C. Brins- made. In the autumn of 1863 he entered the College of Physicians and Sur- geons of New York, from which he graduated in the following spring, with the degree of Doctor of Medicine. The same year he opened practice in Troy in association with his former preceptor, Dr. Brinsmade, and in 1868 came to New York city, where he has since remained. From 1866 to 1869 Dr. Simmons was surgeon of a Troy regiment. Since taking up his abode in New York city he has acted as public school trustee from the nineteenth ward, holding this position for five years, and for ten years, from 1885 until 1895, filled the office of commissioner of charities and corrections. In politics he has always been allied with the Democratic party, affiliating with the Tammany Society, in which he has the rank of sachem. Dr. Simmons is a member of the New York County, the St. Nicholas, and the New England Medical societies, the American Medical Association, the Academy of Medicine, the County, Greater New York City and New York State Medical associations, and the Society for the Relief of Widows and Orphans of Medical Men. He is a member of Kane Lodge No. 454, F. and A. M., and belongs to the University, Manhattan, Liederkranz. New York Athletic and Democratic clubs. Dr. Simmons married. June 29, 1865, Ruby, daughter of General Jacob Gould, of Rochester, New York. Their children are: Edward De Forrest, Mary Sophia, now Mrs. Henry King Browning, of New York, and Ruby Gould. JAMES COLE HANCOCK, M. D.— 1889. James Cole Hancock, M. D., of Brooklyn, New York, is the son of Chauncey Bradley Hancock and Lenna (Cole) Hancock. The Hancocks are descendants of the family of John Hancock, the first signer of the declaration of independence, and the Coles from an ancient Irish family of that name who came to this country early in the nineteenth century. Chauncey Brad- ley Hancock was for many years a prominent member of the New York Produce Exchange, and died January 21, 1895. His son. James Cole Han- cock, began his schooling at public school No. 1 1 in Brooklyn and graduated from there in 1883. He then entered the Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute to gain some knowledge of Latin before beginning his medical course. From here he entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons, from which he graduated in the class of 1889. After sixteen months as interne at the Chambers Street Hospital and twenty months as interne at the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, he spent six months in Europe studying ophthal- mology in London, Paris and Berlin: in the latter city with Professors Hirschberg and Schweigger. He began the practice of medicine on October I, 1893, with an office at 43 Cambridge Place, Brooklyn, and one at 143 West Twenty-first street. New York. The New York office was given up in two years. During the first two years he served as assistant surgeon to the New York Eve and Ear Infirmary and resigned this position because of a CL<>^.i!3^^\N^^./>^ ^L>5r-^. OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 633 se^■ere injur}- to his right knee, making it necessary to give up hospital work for an extended period. His present address is 43 Cambridge Place, Brook- lyn, New York, where he confines his work entirely to ophthalmology. He is ophthalmic surgeon to the Eastern District Hospital, ophthalmic surgeon to the Long Island State Hospital. Brooklyn, assistant surgeon to the Brook- lyn Eye and Ear Hospital, lecturer to the training schools of the New York and Eastern District Hospitals. Dr. Hancock is a member of the following societies : Aledical Society of the County of Kings, and delegate from this to the New York State Medi- cal Society for three years from 1900; Kings County Aledical Association and member of the executive committee, New York State Medical Associa- tion, and in 1901 fellow to the annual convention, alternate in 1903 to same convention ; American ]\Iedical Association, Associated Physicians of Long Island, and at present secretary and member of the board of directors ; Long Island Medical Society, of which he was secretary and member of the coun- cil in 1901 ; Ophthalmological Section of the IMedical Society of the County of Kings, Brooklyn Pathological Society, chairman of membership commit- tee ; Brooklyn Neurological Society. Medical Society of the Brooklyn East- ern District Dispensary and Hospital, of which he was president in 1900; Society of the Alumni of the New York Hospital, American Association for the Advancement of Science. The social societies of which he is a member are : Omega Club of the College of Physicians and Surgeons ; and is a mem- ber of the Episcopal church and attends the church of the IMessiah in Brook- lyn, of which he is a member; Crescent Athletic Club of Brooklyn. New York. Dr. Hancock is author of the following articles : "Headaches Due to Eye Strain," read before the Medical Society of the Brooklyn Eastern Dis- trict Dispensary and Hospital August 10. 1899. and published in the A\'t>.' York Medical Record for November 4, 1899 : "Trachoma," read before the Associated Physicians at Northport, Long Island, June 16, 1900, and pub- lished in the Nczc York Lancet for July, 1900: "Reflex Indigestion," read be- fore the Long Island Medical Society on March 5, 190 1, and is noAV in press; "Factors in the Ordinary Treatment of Eye Diseases," read before the Aledi- cal Society of the County of Kings, September 16, 1902. and published in the Brooklyn Medical Journal for lanuary, 1903. Dr. Hancock in^'ented the Han- cock Trachoma Expression Forceps. HOMER L. BARTLETT, U. D.— 1S55. Dr. Homer L. Bartlett was born October 17, 1830, in Jericho, Chitten- den county, Vermont, and is the son of Elias and Eliza (Wheelock) Bartlett. The former was a wealthy and highly intelligent farmer, and a descendant of Dr. Josiah Bartlett, of Revolutionary memory. On the maternal side Dr. Bartlett is descended from the Rev. Eleazar Wheelock, who was one of the first to preach the gospel to the North American Indians, and wielded great influence among them. Dr. Bartlett received his early education at an academy in his native village, and later at the Academy of Bakersfield, A^ermont. then under the 634 COLLEGE OF PHYSICL4NS AND SURGEONS. care of J. S. Spalding, a most sviccessful and painstaking educator. At school he was noted for his proficiency in mathematics and the natural sciences, and especially for his facility in writing and speaking, being regarded as one of the leaders at the -weekly meetings of the debating society connected with the institution. His father, being the possessor of large landed property, desired that his sons should become farmers, but only the eldest yielded to his wish, Homer and his younger brother, Edwin, both deciding to adopt the profession of medicine. The former began his studies in the othce of his father's family physician. Dr. J. Hamilton, of Jericho, and attended his frrst course of lectures in Woodstock, Vermont. When Dr. Hamilton shortly afterward removed to Albany, New York, his pupil accompanied him, continued his studies, and attended a course of lectures at the Albany Medical College. At the end of a year, by the advice of his former preceptor, he came to New York and entered the office of Dr. Willard Parker, then at the height of a career which was an inspiration to the profession and a blessing to the world. In the winter of 1854-55 he attended his third course of lectures at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, from which institution he received his diploma in the latter year. After his graduation he recei\ed the appointment of assistant physician to the Kings County Hospital, then under the care of Dr. Thomas Turner, and during his term of service, in addition to his usual duties in the hospital, and in connection with Dr. D. B. Simmonds, afterward medical missionary to Japan, he arranged a complete anatomical cabinet, besides preserving numerous pathological specimens. Just before the close of his service illness obliged him to take a vacation. In the autumn of 1856 he returned to New York, and by the advice of Dr. Parker opened an office on Eighty-sixth street. He had been there exactly one week when he receivd an urgent call to take the place of Drs. Dubois and Crane, who had died fighting the yellow fever scourge in New Utrecht. He 3'ielded to the importunity an immediate re- sponse, closed his office, and removed to New Utrecht, where he remained until the subsidence of the fever. In the spring of 1857 he became a resident of Flatbush, v.diere he has since remained. He was appointed consulting physician to the Kings County Hospital, which position he still holds. He was also physician to the Kings County Penitentiary for twelve }'ears. He was largely instrumental in originating the health board of the town of Flatbush, of which he was health officer for twelve years, and was also one of the originators and the first president of the Flatbush police board. Dr. Bartlett has been a liberal contributor to current medical literature, and has also frequently written for the daily papers. He has made himself thoroughly accjuainted with the early history of Long Island, particularly with that of Flatbush, and is the author of a work entitled "Sketches of Long Island," some of the materials for which were derived from history, while others have been gathered from old legends. Dr. Bartlett is a member of the Kings County Medical Society and the Physicians" Mutual Aid Association. He is a permanent member of the American Medical Association, from which he was a delegate to the Inter- national Medical Congress held in London, in August, 1881. He is a member OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 635 of the Masonic fraternity, was master of his lodge for three years, -unl has written and lectured on suljjects connected with the order. He was one of the founders and the first president of the Midwood Club. He was one of the organizers of the gas company and also of the waterworks department of Flatbush, being now \'ice-president of the latter organization. Dr. Bartlett married, in 1859, Alargaret Strong, daughter of Henry Scott, of Cooperstown, Xew York. In 1876 Mrs. Scott died, leaving four children, and in 1888 Dr. Bartlett married Harriette Forde, daughter of William Moore, of Belfast, Ireland. Dr. Bartlett's residence in Flatbush is named "Fenimore."" after J. Fenimore Cooper, the novelist, a neighbor and a life-long friend of the Scott family. CHARLES F. CHAPMAN, M. D.— 1890. Dr. Charles F. Chapman, of Mount Kisco, New York, who, although not yet in the prime of life, is regarded as the leading physician and surgeon of that place, is the son of Dr. J. Francis Chapman, who has been for many years eminent in the medical profession. Dr. J. Francis Chapman was born at East Pepperell, Massachusetts, near Boston, where as a young man he en- gaged in mercantile pursuits. During the Civil war he was in the service of the quartermaster's department of the Seventh ]Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, and afterward settled in Katonah, New York, where, having decided to enter the ranks of the medical profession, he pursued his preparatory studies under the instniction of Dr. Seth Shove, one of the first settlers of Katonah, and for half a century one of the most prominent surgeons of that place. Dr. Chapman attended lectures at the College of Physicians and Sur- geons in New York, from which institution he graduated in June, 1869, after which he returned to Katonah,- where his success was marked, and where he has held for a number of years his present high standing in the ranks of the profession. Dr. Chapman married Irene, daughter of Dr. Seth Shove, his first preceptor in the science of medicine. Dr. Charles F. Chapman, son of Dr. J. Francis and Irene (Shove) Chap- man, was born in Katonah, W'^estchester county, New York, February 23, 1868, passed his early years in his native place and prepared for college in the New York Collegiate School. By reason of his youth he was obliged to receive an academic course under private instruction, after which he entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, from which he gradu- ated on the 13th of June, 1890. He then devoted three months to special surgical work in Bellevue Hospital, took charge for a short time of his father's practice, and then opened an office in Mount Kisco. He was not long in obtaining recognition, and is now in the enjoyment of an extensive and profitable practice. Although Dr. Chapman is pre-eminently a student, given to deep research and close investigation, he shows no less ability in the prac- tical application of his wide and varied information, and this combination in his character of the theoretical and the executive has no doubt contributed largely to his success. Dr. Chapman is a member of the New York State INIedical Society, treas- 636 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. urer of the Westchester County Medical Society, consulting physician and surgeon of the state reformatory for women at Bedford, and officer in the Westchester District Nursing Association, and has been for six years health ofificer of Mount Kisco, in which position he has given much attention to the sanitary improvement of the village. Politically Dr. Chapman is a Republi- can, but is free from partisanship, and has never accepted any official position. He is a member of Kisco Lodge No. 708, F. and A. M., of which he has been at different times master, and assistant grand lecturer of the Grand Lodge. He is a member of Buckingham Chapter, R. A. M., \\'estchester Commandery. K. T., Mecca Temple of the Mystic Shrine. Dr. Chapman takes an active interest in everything relating to the improvement of his town and county, and is a member of the Village Improvement and Library Association. He is an elder in the Presbyterian church. Dr. Chapman married, in October, 1890, Ella J. Whitlock, daughter of Daniel D. Whitlock, of New York city. Mr. Whitlock, who belonged to one of the old families of Katonah, was a native of that place, and during the Civil war had ser\-ed in the L'nion army with the rank of first lieutenant. Mrs. Chapman, who is a woman of great culture and refinement, is a gradu- ate of the New York City Normal College. Dr. and Mrs. Chapman, who are both distinguished for their musical taste and proficiency, are prominent mem- bers of the Bedford Musical Society. HENRY HEIMAN, M. D.— 1889. Dr. Henry Heiman, of 56 West One Hundred and Twentieth street. New York city, was born in Ludom, Provinz Posen, German}-, March 21,, 1865, a son of Aaron and Johanna (Ziegel) Heiman. Aaron Heiman was the son of Hugo and Paulina Heiman, and his wife was the daughter of Robert, and Cecilia Ziegel, all of whom were natives of Provinz Posen, Prussia. Dr. Heiman was a student in the Royal Gymnasium (Rogasen and Lissa) from October i, 1873, to Septemlaer 2y. 1880, where he acquired his literary education. He then entered the medical department of the Arkansas Industrial University, from which he was graduated in March, 1888, and during the summer of 1888 he attended the New York Polyclinic School and Hospital ; later he matriculated in the College of Ph3'sicians and Surgeons of New York city, from which institution he was graduated in October, 1889. Dr. Heiman then went abroad and continued his studies in the Koenigliche Fredrich Wilhelm Universitaet during the winter semester of 1889 and 1890, and during the summer semester of 1890 he was a student in the Wiener Universitaet. LTpon his return he became actively connected with Mt. Sinai Hospital Dispensary, acting in the capacity of chief for the outdoor childrens' department, later on adjunct attending physician for the children and lec- turer for the training school : he was also lecturer on children's diseases in the New York Polyclinic School and Hospital. In 1889 Dr. Heiman was appointed a member of the summer corps of physicians for the board of health, was secretary of the pediatric section of New York Academy of Medicine for the 3'ears of 1 899-1 900-1 901. In 1903 he was elected chairman, and ser\-ed ^^^^^^^yin/i>^ CTCe^i^^L^v^i OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 637 as trustee of the Harlem Medical Association for the years 1 889- 1890- 1902- 1903. Dr. Heiman is a member of the County Medical Society, the Academy of Medicine, the Pathological Society, the German Medical Society, the Har- lem Medical Association, the Metropolitan Medical Society and the Poly- clinic Clinical Society. Dr. Heiman is the author of a number of valuable articles, among them being the following: "Longevity of the Tubercle Bacillus," a convenient and rapid method of coloring the organism ; the effects of the strong anti- septics on its chemical decomposition ; published in the New York Medical Journal, March 12, 1892; "The ReniDval of a Pessary from the Uterus of a Seventy Year Old Woman," published in the Medical Record, March 17, 1894; "Twin Birth, One Child Dead, the Other Living," published in the Medical Record, August 24, 1895; "-^ Clinical and Bacreriological Study of the Gonococcus ( Neisser) as Found in the Male C'rethra and in the Vulvo- vaginal Tract of Children," published in the Medical Record, June 22, 1895 ; "A Further Study of the Biology of the Gonococcus with Contributions to the Technique," a paper based on the morphological and biological examina- tion of exudates in cases of chronic urethritis, published in the Medical Record, in 1896: "Further Studies (Third Series) on the Gonococcus (Niesser)," publishefl in the Medical Record. June 15, 1.898; "Tubercular Meningitis Diagnosis by Lumbar I^mctures with Verification by Inoculation Experi- ments on a Guinea Pig," Archiz'es of Pediatric;, February, 1899: "A Case of Amaurotic Family Idiocy," Archives of Pediatrics, 1897: "An Epitome of Current Methods of Blood Examinations with Demonstrations," Neiv York Medical lonrnal. May 7, 1898; "Case of Crescent Malaria Occurring in a Boy, Aged Five Years, Always Resident in New York," Medical Record, August 12, 1899; "Remarks of the Pathogenesis and Prophylaxis of Acute Rheumatic Fever in Children," Archives 'of Pediatrics, 1901 ; "The Etiology and Prophylaxis of Summer Diarrhea in Children," Archives of Pediatrics. June, 1902; "Peliosis Rheumatica in Children with a Brief Review of the Literature and Report of Cases," Archives of Pediatrics, December, 1902. On June 8, 1898, Dr. Heiman married Bertha Tannenbaum, and their children are Ruth and Arthiu^ Heiman. ADOLPHUS G. WIPPERN, M. D.— 1892. Dr. Adolphus G. AVippern was born in St. Louis, Missouri. July 12, 186S, a son of Adolphus and Mary Catherine (Korf) Wippern, and the famih^ is of German ancestry. He began his education in the public schools of his native city and there continued his studies until he had completed the high school course. His collegiate training was received in the German university at Vienna. In 1887 he became a student in the St. Louis College of Phar- macy, in which he was graduated in 1889. Having become imbued with a desire to enter the medical profession he matriculated in the Missouri Medical College, in which he was graduated with the class of 1890, and after practic- ing medicine a year and a half in Vermont, in 1892 he completed the course in the College of Physicans and Surgeons of New York city. From June of that year until May, 1895, Dr. Wippern was abroad 638 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. studying and traveling in Europe, visiting many of the most noted hospitals and universities of the old world, in which he continued his investigation along the line of his profession until he is today regarded as one of the best informed members of the medical fraternity in Chicago. On the ist of May, 1895. ^'^^ located in Chicago, where he has remained continuously in practice, the profession and the public recognizing his marked capacity in the line of his specialty. He is now professor of ophthalmologj" and otology in the Chicago Eye. Ear. Nose and Throat College, and in connection with Dr. Ballenger he wrote the text book called ''Eye. Ear, Nose and Throat."" On the 28th of December. 1898. Dr. Wippern was united in marriage to ]Miss Bertha Schaub. and they have one son. Virgil, born i\Iarch 28. 1901. JOSEPH EDAA'ARD JANA^RIN. :\I. D.— 1864. Dr. Joseph Edward Janvrin. of New York city, the son of Joseph Adams and Lydia A. (Colcord) Janvrin. was born in Exeter, New Hamp- shire. January 13. 1839, and he can claim an ancestry distinguished in the history of New England. He is a lineal descendant of Governor Thomas Dudlev and Governor Simon Bradstreet of the JNIassachusetts Bay colony, of John Alden of the Plymouth colony, of Edward Colcord, who was a mem- ber of tlie -Massachusetts Bay colony in 1630, and became one of the founders of Exeter. New Hampshire, in 1638. of Captain John Janvrin, a native of the Isle of Jersey, who settled at Portsmouth. New Hampshire, in 1705. and was united in marriage to jNIiss Elizabeth Knight, a native of that town. His grandmother on the maternal side was Abigail A-dams, daughter of Dr. Joseph Adams, of Portsmouth, and a cousin of President John Adams. Dr. Janvrin acquired his preliminary education at the private schools and at Phillips Academy at Exeter, from which he was graduated in 1857. Two years later he began the study of medicine under the competent instruc- tion of Dr. William G. Perry, of Exeter, New Hampshire, but when the Civil war broke out in the spring of 1861 he joined the Second Regiment of New Hampshire Volunteer Infantry and was soon appointed an assistant surgeon. In 1862 he was assigned to the same position in the Fifteenth Regiment of the New Hampshire Volunteer Infantry, and continued' in active service until mustered out, August 13, 1863. Dr. Janvrin then resumed his studies by attending lectures at Dartmouth ^Medical College under the able preceptorship of Professor E. R. Peaslee. after which he matriculated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city, from which he received his degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1864. During the remain- der of that year he served an interneship in the Emory General Hospital in Washington, D. C. and upon his return to New York became associated with Professor Peaslee and so continued until the death of the latter in January, 1878, since which time Dr. Janvrin has practiced alone, making a specialty of gvmecolog}^ in which branch of the profession he ha'; attained a high repu- tation among his colleagues as well as in the community. Erom 1868 to 1872 Dr. Janvrin was visiting phj'sician to the DeMilt Dispensary and the Orphans' Home of the Protestant Episcopal church; from 1872 to 1882 assistant surgeon to the Woman's Hospital, New York ^ .^^ JPne Lewis Jiiilishinii Co. OFFICERS AND ALUMNI. 639 state, and since 1882 has served in the capacity of gynecologist of the New York Skin and Cancer Hospital. Among his literary contributions the most noticeable are: "A Case of Interstitial Pregnancy," published in the American Journal of Obstetrics, November, 1874; "The Simultaneous Clos- ure of the Ruptured Cervix and Perineum with Report of Fifteen Cases," published in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children, May, 1884: Dr. Janvrin had at that date performed a large number of these operations besides those reported in this paper, the first one in March, 1874. "A Case of Tubal Pregnancy of Unusual Interest, with Some Remarks as to the Treatment of Such Cases," read before the Ameri- can Gynecological Society, September 21, 1886; "On the Indications for Primary Laparotomy in Cases of Tubal Pregnancy," read before the Ameri- can Gynecological Society at \Vashington, D. C, September 18, 1888; in both these papers Dr. Janvrin took the advanced ground that all such cases should be diagnosed as tubal pregnancy, and should be immediately operated by laparotomy. "A Clinical Study of Primary Carcinomatous and Sar- comatous Neoplasms Between the Folds of the Broad Ligaments, with a Re- port of Cases," read before the American Gynecological Society at Wash- ington, D. C. 1891 ; "Limitation for Vaginal Hysterectomy in Malignant Diseases of the Uterus," published in the Neii.' York Medical Record, July 9, 1892; "Vaginal Hysterectomy for Malignant Diseases of the Uterus," published in the Neii' York Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Septem- ber, 1892; "The Palliative Treatment of Such Cases of Malignant Diseases of the L'terus and Adnexa as Are Not Amenable to Radical Operation," pub- lished in Gaillard's Medical Journal, January, 1893; "The L'ltimate Results, in My Own Experience, of Vaginal Hysterectomy for Cancer Originating in the Cervix Uteri," published in the Medical A^ezus, February 29, 1896; "Two Interesting Cases of Surgery of the Kidney," Transactions of the New York State Medical Association for 1896: "Selection of Operation in Cases of Cancer of the Cervix Uteri, and of the Uterus Also," published in the Ameri- can Gynecological and Obstetrical Journal, May. 1897; "The Use of Catgut Sutures in Ventro-fixation of the LTerus," published in the Memphis lancet, December. 1898: "Why Vaginal Hysterectomy Should Be Done in Cases of Cancer of the Uterus in Its Early Stage." read before the Woman's Hospital Society. February 25, 1902. Dr. Janvrin was one of the founders of the International Congress of Gynecology and Obstetrics, was president of the New York Obstetrical So- ciety from 1890 to 1892, and president of the New York County Medical Association for the years 1896 and 1897. In addition to these he is a member of the American Medical Association, the New York State and County Medical Associations, and the New York Academy of jMedicine, for which he acted in the capacity of trustee for five years ; the American Gyne- cological Association, and he has long been a corresponding member of the Gynecological Society of Boston, Massachusetts. He is also connected with many social and patriotic organizations, such as the Union League Club, the Military Order of the Loyal Legion, the New York Society of Mayflower Descendants, of which he has been surgeon, the Societj' of Colonial Wars, 640 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. and the New England Society. On September i. 1881, Dr. Janvrin mar- ried Miss Laura Louise La Wall of Easton, Pennsylvania, and their children are: Edmund Randolph Peaslee, born January 25, 1884; and Marguerite La Wall, born September 20, 1889. HERBERT MORTON EDDY, M. D.— 1870. Dr. Herbert Morton Eddy, for more than thirty years engaged in the active practice of his profession in Geneva, New York, was born November 27, 1845, in Cayuga, New York, and is the son of Dr. Hiram L. and Hetty (Peterson) Eddy. At the age of thirteen years he was taken by his parents to Geneva, receiving his preparatory education in the Geneva high school, where he was prepared to enter Hobart College, graduating from that insti- tution in the class of 1866. His father was a capable physician, and the son determined upon engaging in the same profession. His preliminary studies were pursued under the paternal direction, and later he came under the pre- ceptorship of Dr. Hiram N. Eastman, after which he matriculated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, from which he was gradu- ated in the class of 1870, having previously graduated in the Gene\-a Medical College. After practicing for a few months in Seneca Falls, he removed to New York city, where he practiced for a while, and finally located at Geneva in the summer of 1870. He is a member of the staff of the Geneva City Hos- pital and of the Ontario County Medical Society. Dr. Eddy married, in 1873, Miss Hattie Hugbie, a native of Little Falls, New York. Their family consists of a son, William H., and a daughter, Katharine Eddy. AUGUSTUS ALPHONSO HUSSEY, M. D.— 1896. Dr. Augustus Alphonso Hussey, a physician of well established reputa- tion in Brooklyn, New York, was born May 28, 1872, and received his pre- paratory education in the Ricker Classical Listitute. where he was fitted to enter Bowdoin College, from which he graduated in the class of 1893 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He matriculated in the College of Physi- cians and Surgeons of New York, from which institution he graduated in the class of 1896. For eighteen months subsequent to his graduation Dr. Hussey served as interne in the Brooklyn Hospital, gaining thereby that practical experience so indispensable to future success in all professions, but especially in that of medicine. In 1899 ^""^ opened an office in Brooklyn and engaged in general practice, finding himself, ere many months had elapsed, in the possession of an extensive and steadily increasing patronage. He holds ■the position of clinical assistant gynecologist in the Brooklyn Hospital. During the Spanish-American war Dr. Hussey's services, together with those of many of his professional brethren, were called into requisition by the United States government. He received the appointment of acting assist- ant surgeon, holding that position throughout the summer and autumn of 1898, and discharging the services required of him in the most satisfactory manner. Dr. Hussey is a member oi the Kings County Medical Society, the Long Island Medical Society, and the Brooklyn Pathological Society. ! t '-liiiiiiiSiiawiiiiii&iSii !;;;);!!;; i;)i;!i;':